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Colony 
 
 ^tate 
 
 1623-1888 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN N. MCCLINTOCK 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 B. B. RUSSELL, Cornhill 
 
 1889 
 
COPVKIGIIT, l88S, 
 
 By John N. McClintock. 
 
 PRINTED AT THE 
 
To 
 
 HIS EXCELLENCY CHARLES H. SAWYER, 
 
 Governor of New Hampshire, 
 This work is respectfully dedicated by the 
 
 AUTHOR. 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 For " Rev. William Burdet " read " Rev. George 
 
 Page 21. For " Mohegan" read " Monhegan." 
 
 " 39. For " Cape Anne " read "Cape Ann." 
 
 " 40. 
 
 Burdet." 
 
 " 58. Title of illustration should read " House of the Seven- 
 teenth Century." 
 
 " 69. 7^(7r "George" y^a^ "Governor." 
 
 " 71. For "Rev. James Langdon" read "Rev. Samuel 
 Langdon." 
 
 " 76. Illustration, " First Fort at the mouth of the Piscata- 
 qua," was omitted. 
 
 " 91. Illustration, "The Bell House, New Castle," was 
 omitted. 
 
 " 108. Illustration, "Our Alley," was omitted. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The Author and Compiler of this work desired to produce a 
 book of reference for the home, for the office, and for the 
 public library, which would be available for the student and of 
 interest to the general reader. For his facts he has drawn 
 liberally upon Rev. Dr. Jeremy Belknap's History of New 
 Hampshire, George Barstow's History, John M. Whiton's His- 
 tory, Prof. E. D. Sanborn's History ; the ten volumes of the 
 Provincial and State Papers, edited by Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Bou- 
 ton ; the six volumes edited by Isaac W. Hammond, A. M. ; 
 the eight volumes issued by the New Hampshire Historical 
 Society ; the three volumes, published by Farmer and Moore ; 
 the five volumes of the Adjutant-General's Reports, 1865, 1866, 
 and 1868; Major Otis F. R. Waite's New Hampshire in the 
 Rebellion ; the Life of William Plumer ; the Life of Jeremiah 
 Mason ; the works of John Scribner Jenness ; the many town 
 histories, county histories, and registers ; Manuscript Records 
 in the Office of the Secretary of State ; Official Succession, by 
 Hosea B. Carter ; the Author's unpublished History of Pem- 
 broke ; and the eleven volumes of the Granite Monthly. From 
 the last he has taken bodily many sentences, paragraphs, and 
 whole articles, which he considered especially worthy of repro. 
 duction, from the pen of ex-Governor Charles H. Bell, LL. D. ; 
 Samuel C. Bartlett, LL. D., President of Dartmouth College ; 
 ex-Chief Justice J. Everett Sargent, LL. D. ; ex-Judge George W. 
 Nesmith, LL. D. ; Hon. Joseph B. Walker ; Hon. Charles Levi 
 Woodbury ; Mr. George Wadleigh ; General George Stark ; 
 Rev. Dr. Alonzo H. Quint ; Mr. John Albee ; L. A. Morrison, 
 A. M. ; Mr. Fred Myron Colby; Mr. C. S. Spaulding; Rev. 
 Dr. F. D. Ayer ; John M. Shirley, Esq. ; Rev. Dr. C. W. 
 Wallace ; Mr. Asa McFarland ; Mr. C. C. Lord ; Dr. William 
 
O PREFACE. 
 
 G. Carter ; Rev. Daniel Rollins ; Mr. W. F. Whitcher ; Mr. L. 
 W. Dodge ; and many others, — proper credit to whom is given 
 in footnotes. 
 
 By an oversight, several corrections were not made as marked 
 in the proof, and errors have been printed in the whole edition 
 but are noted among the Errata. . 
 
 Necessarily many facts and events of interest in New Hamp- 
 shire history have been omitted ; many have simply been 
 alluded to which would require many pages for their proper 
 recital. There is enough history connected with every town 
 in the State to require a large volume to contain it. A history 
 of every regimental organization during the R,ebellion should 
 be, and is to be, printed. Hon. Charles H. Bell is preparing a 
 History of the Bench and Bar of New Hampshire ; and Dr. 
 Irving A. Watson is to issue an account of the doctors and 
 the medical profession of the State. 
 
 This work, such as it is, is submitted to the Public with the 
 hope, on the Author's part, that it will be kindly received, and 
 awaken an interest in historical research and in the preservation 
 of the history of New Hampshire. 
 
 J. N. M. 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Discovery and Settlements, 1623-1641. 
 
 Pago 
 
 Introduction — Description — Early Voyagers — Martin Pring — Cap- 
 tain John Smitii — Winter Fislieries — Aborigines — Virginia — Coun- 
 cil of Plymoutli — Sir Ferdinando Gorges — Captain John Mason — 
 Mariana — Maine — David Thomson — The Hiltons — First Settle- 
 ment- — Little Harbor — Dover Neck — Landing — Character — Pro- 
 gress — Thomas Morton — Massachusetts Charter — New Hampshire 
 Grant- — Laconia — Hilton's Patent — Isles of Shoals — Piscataqua 
 Grant — Walter Neal^ — -White Mountains- — Dixy Bull — Division of 
 Patent — Death of Mason — Thomas Wiggin — ■ Dover — Captain 
 John Underbill — Rev. John Wheelwright — Exeter — Rev. Stephen 
 Batchelor — Hampton — Union with Massachusetts .... 17 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 Union with Massachusetts, 1641-1679. 
 
 Laws — Courts— Judges — Masonian Claim — Deputies — Magistrates 
 
 — Dover — Norfolk County — Town Lines — Roads — Portsmouth — 
 Survey of Northern Boundary — Endicott Rock — Market — Dun- 
 stable — Witchcraft — Quakers — King's Commissioners — Co rbet — 
 Masts — Sabbath Laws — Harvard College — Oyster River — Indian 
 War — Effect of Union — Church History: Hampton — Exeter — 
 Dover — Portsmouth — Massachusetts Governors — Magistrates and 
 Deputies 49 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Kii G Philip's War, 1675-1678. 
 
 Long Peace — Character of Indians — Edward Randolph — French — 
 Dutch — New York — Mohawks — Causes of War — Indian Vices — 
 Sachem Philip — Mount Hope — ^Rum — Indian Shortcomings — Lic- 
 ensing the Sale of Arms — Loss to the Colonies — Loss to the Indians 
 
 — Philip's Straits — Terms of Peace — French Estimate of Indian 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Pag. 
 
 Character — Kindness to Quakers — Injustice to Indians — Indian 
 Youtii anxious for War — Squando — Insult to Squaw — Attitude of 
 Penacooks and Cochecos — Praying Indians — Tlieir Lots — Murder 
 of tlieir Old People — Indian Depredations in New Hampshire — 
 Peace — Death of Philip — Simon, Andrew, and Peter — War in 
 Maine — Treachery at Major Waldron's Garrison — Expedition to 
 Ossipee — Mohawks warring on Friendly Indians — Defeat at Black 
 Point — Major Andros and Peace — Independence of the Colonists — 
 St. Castine 77 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Royal Province, 1680-1692. 
 
 Condition of affairs — John Cutt — Council — Assembly — Laws — 
 Capital Offences — Penal Offences — Grants Confirmed — Randolph 
 
 — Barefoote — Mason — Richard Waldron — Tax-Payers in New 
 Hampshire — Cranfield — Edward Gove's Rebellion — Lawsuits — 
 Appeal to King — Riots — Joshua Moodey — Dudley — Andros — Re- 
 volution — Union with Massachusetts — King William's War . . 93 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 King William's and Queen Anne's Wars, 1689-1713. 
 
 Causes — St. Castine — Grievances — Richard Waldron's Death — 
 Dover — Oyster River — Salmon Falls — Newington — Lamprey 
 River — Wheelwright's Pond — Sandy Beach — Portsmouth — Ran- 
 gers — Durham Massacre — Widow Cutt — Breakfast Hill — Return 
 of Captives — Treatment of Captives — Qiieen Anne's War — Peace 
 at Pemaquid — Eastern Settlements ravaged — Hampton — Kingston 
 
 — Removal of Indians to Canada — Dunstable — Death of Colonel 
 Winthrop Hilton — Peace — Condition of Parties .... 109 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Royal Province, 1692-17 15. 
 
 Samuel Allen — John Usher — New Council — Small Pox — Post Office 
 
 — New Castle incorporated — Kingston incorporated — William Part- 
 ridge— Piscataqua Rebellion— Earl of Bellomont — Governor Allen 
 — John Usher — Mutilation of Records — New Trial of Claim — 
 Appeal to King— Joseph Dudley — Decision of English Courts — 
 Nashua — Offers of Compromise — Death of Allen— Renewal of 
 Suit— New Trial — Death of Thomas Allen — Hampton Falls — 
 Newington j2, 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Royal Province, 1715-1722. 
 
 Introduction — George Vaughan — Samuel Shute — John Wentworth 
 — Commerce — Two-Mile Slip — Scotch-Irish — Londonderry — Early 
 Settlers — Chester 
 
 I'agc 
 
 •36 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 IloYAi, Province, 1722-1740. 
 
 Lieutenant-Governor John Wentworth — Govet'nor Samuel Shute — 
 Fourth Indian, or Lovewell's War — Indian Grievances — Depreda- 
 tions in New Hampshire — Attack on Nashua — John Lovewell's Three 
 
 Expeditions — Suncook — Peace — • Penacook — Rye — Rumford 
 
 Timothy Walker — ^First Church of Concord — Hollis — Bow — Sun- 
 cook Settled — Other Settlements — Newmarket — William Burnet — 
 Jonathan Belcher — Death of Wentworth — Character — David Dun- 
 bar — Durham — Amherst — Boscawen — Charlestown — Riot at Exe- 
 ter — Commerce^ — Episcopal Chapel — Throat Distemper — Suncook 
 
 — Boundary Line adjusted — Massachusetts Documents — Windham 
 
 — Retirement of Belcher . . 151 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Royal Province, 1741-1760. 
 
 Governor Benning Wentworth — Wentworth Hall — Martha Hilton — 
 A Cold Winter — -Epping — Windham —Brentwood — French and 
 Indian War — Louisburg — SirWilliam Pepperrell — Pepperrell House 
 
 — William Vaughan • — Number Four — Incorporation of various 
 Towns — Rumford (Concord) — Wrestling Matches — Old Style and 
 New Style — The Bow Case — Coos County — The "Seven Years' 
 War"- — Rogers' Rangers-Rev. John Houston — An Audacious Re- 
 connaissance — A Fierce Fight in the Woods — John Stark — Con- 
 quest of Canada — Saint Francis Indians — Quebec and Montreal — 
 Pontiac and Major Rogers — Rogers House 189 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Royal Province, 1760-1775. 
 
 Hampshire Grants — Taxation by Parliament — Stamp Act — Its Re- 
 peal — Resignation of Governor Benning Wentworth — Governor 
 John Wentworth — His Popularity — Early Settlers — Their Customs 
 
 — Gilmanton — Marlboro — Canaan — Enfield — Lyme — Orford — 
 Bath — Lebanon — Hanover — GofFstown — Newport — Plainfield — 
 
lO CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 Danville — Peterborough — Bow Controversy — Suncook — Candia 
 
 — Wilton — New Ipswich — Lisbon — Gilsum — Lancaster — Clare- 
 mont — Wentworth — Salisbury — Milan — Berlin — Hillsborough — 
 Fitzwilliam — Annals of Portsmouth — Paul Revere — Capture of 
 Fort William and Mary — Holderness and the Livermores — White- 
 
 ■ field — White Mountain Notch — Colonial Laws . . . . -251 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 The Revolution, 1775-1783. 
 
 Lexington — Portsmouth Fortified — Bunker Hill — General Stark — 
 General Reed — Nottingham — Meshech Weare — House of Repre- 
 sentatives — Gov. John Wentworth — Gen. John Sullivan — Siege of 
 Boston — Exeter in 1776 — Committee of Safety — Bennington — 
 Stillwater — Saratoga — First Schoolm.asters — Keene Raid — Free- 
 will Baptists — Samuel Livermore and Family — Slavery — North- 
 field — Shakers — Canterbury — General Stark ..... 314 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 State under First Constitution, 17S4-1792. 
 
 Constitution of 1784 — First Legislature — First President — Council 
 
 — Senate — House of Representatives — Lawlessness — Trouble at 
 Keene — Mock Convention at Concord — John Langdon — John 
 Sullivan — Mob at Exeter — Federal Constitution — Littleton — 
 United States Constitutional Convention — Election under Constitu- 
 tion — Members of the Continental Congress — Officials at Ports- 
 mouth — Josiah Bartlett — Town of Bartlett — Orange — Revision 
 
 of Statutes — Constitutional Convention — Ancient Singing . . 401 
 
 CHAPTER XIIL 
 
 State Government, 1792-1812. 
 
 John Taylor Gilman — Walpole — Mr. West — Milford — Turnpikes — 
 Portsmouth — Methodists — Centre Harbor — Tithing Men — Death 
 of Washington — Second New Hampshire Turnpike — Banks — 
 Laws — Judge Smith — Middlesex Canal — Judge Pickering — Fed- 
 eral Judges — Fourth New Hampshire Turnpike — Republicans — 
 Post-Offices — Daniel Webster — Burnham — Navigation on the 
 Merrimack — Embargo — Patriots — Governor Jeremiah Smith — 
 Crow Bill— William Plumer 444 
 
CONTENTS. II 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 War of 1812 — 1812-1815. 
 
 Page 
 Causes of the War — Right of Search — Orders in Council — Declara- 
 tion of War — Governor William Plumer — State Militia — Daniel 
 Webster — Governor John Taylor Gilman — Federalists restored to 
 Power — Change of the Judiciary — Jeremiah Mason — Defence of 
 Portsmouth — False Alarms — Hartford Convention — Peace . . 487 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Struggle for Toleration, 1815-1819. 
 
 The Federalists disband as a Party — Dartmouth College — September 
 Storm — Middlesex Canal — Dartmouth University — State House 
 
 — Chief Justice Richardson — Daniel Webster — Baptist Denomina- 
 tion — President Monroe's Visit — Governor Samuel Bell — Bristol 
 
 — The Town House — The Toleration Act — Colonial Laws for the 
 Support of the Ministry and Public Schools . ! . . . 507 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 Era of Good Will, 1819-1828. 
 
 Power-Loom at Amoskeag — Shelburne • — -New Hampton Hurricane 
 
 — Levi Woodbury — David L. Morril — Great Freshet — Militia — 
 General Lafayette's Visit — The Farmer — Governor Benjamin 
 Pierce and Family — John Bell — Franklin. . . . . . SS^ 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Turnpikes, Canals, Railroads, 1828-1840. 
 
 Journey from New Hampshire to Philadelphia — War against Turn- 
 pikes — Matthew Harvey — Concord — Canal and River Navigation 
 
 — Samuel Dinsmoor — Visit of Andrew Jackson — Murder in Pem- 
 broke — ■ New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane — William Badger 
 
 — Nathaniel P. Rogers — Parker Pillsbury — Railroads — Isaac Hill 
 
 — Surplus Revenue — Judge Boswell Stevens — End of Turnpikes 
 
 — John Page — Edmund Burke — James Wilson ^- Eastern Railroad 556- 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 AntI-slaverv Agitation, 1841-1860. 
 
 Stephen S. Foster — Harry Hubbard — Pittsburg — Indian Stream 
 War — John H. Steele — John P. Hale — Anthony Colby — Man- 
 chester — Jared W. Williams — Samuel Dinsmoor, Jr. — Dr. Noah 
 Martin — Franklin Pierce — Kansas — Countess Rumford — Nathan- 
 iel B. Baker — Ralph Metcalf— Daniel Clark — William W. Haile 
 
 — Ichabod Goodwin — Reminiscences 5^^ 
 
12 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 War of the Rebellion, 1861-1865. 
 
 Page 
 
 Election of Abraham Lincoln — Seceding States — Firing on Sumter 
 
 — First Regiment — Mason W. Tappan — Old Militia — Governor's 
 Horse Guards — Tiiomas L. Tullock — Second Regiment — Gilman 
 Marston — J. N. Patterson — Nathaniel S. Berry — Third Regiment 
 
 — Enoch Q. Fellows — John H. Jackson — John Bedel — Fourth 
 Regiment — Thomas J. Whipple — Louis Bell — Fifth Regiment — 
 Edward E. Cross — Charles E. Hapgood — Edward E. Sturtevant — 
 Sixth Regiment — Simon G. Griffin — Henry H. Pearson — Seventh, 
 Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, 
 Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Regiments — Colonel Henry 
 O. Kent — Joseph A. Gilmore — Eighteenth Regiment — Cavalry, 
 Artillery, and Sharpshooters — Summary of Number of Volunteers 
 
 — E. H. Durell — George Hamilton Perkins 61 r 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Irish in New Hampshire. 
 
 Early Irish Settlers — Soldiers in Indian Wars — At Louisburg — Con- 
 quest of Canada — Revolution — Emigration of 1S40-60 — Ship 
 Fever — Terrors of the Plague — Hawthorne's Description — Mob in 
 Manchester — Rebellion — Growth of Catholic Church — Bishop 
 Bradley 631 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 Since the Rebellion, 1865-1888. 
 
 Frederick Smyth — Sylvester Marsh — Provincial Papers — Rev. Dr. 
 Bouton — Walter Harriman — Public Instruction — Academies and 
 High Schools — John B. Clark — J. C. Moore — People — News- 
 papers — Onslow Stearns — James A. Weston — Bishop Baker — E. 
 A. Straw — Asa Fowler — J. E. Sargent — Charles H. Burns — P. 
 C. Cheney — Phillips Exeter Academy — Constitutional Convention 
 
 — B. F. Prescott — J. F. Briggs — White Mountains — Natt Head 
 
 — Charles H. Bell — Frank Jones — Ossian Ray — S. W. Male — 
 C. H. Bartlett — J. H. Gallinger —Moody Currier — C. H. Sawyer — 
 Jonathan Sawyer — Joseph Wentworth — Jonathan Kittredge — W. 
 E. Chandler — Harry Bingham — Railroads — J. W. White — Dr. 
 Edward Spalding — Summer Resorts — Manufacturing — George H. 
 Emery 646 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Seal of Province .... 
 
 Seal of State . . . . 
 
 Old Langdon Farmstead . 
 
 White Mountain Range, from Milan 
 
 Great Bay ..... 
 
 Scene in White Hills 
 
 Summit of the Ravine, White Mountains 
 
 Farmhouse of Seventeenth Century 
 
 Governor John Winthrop 
 
 The First Fort at the Mouth of the Piscataqua 
 
 An Indian visiting the Settlers 
 
 Garrison House, built about 1645 
 
 Treaty of Peace between the Indians and the Settlers 
 
 Death of King Philip 
 
 The Conflict .... 
 
 The Bell House, Newcastle 
 
 Our Alley .... 
 
 Garrison House in King William's War 
 
 Hannah Dustin at the Massacre . 
 
 The Well ..... 
 
 Rev. John Emerson 
 
 Portion of Old Province House . 
 
 Old Church, New Castle . 
 
 Autograph and Seal of Theodore Atkinson 
 
 Seal of Richard Jose 
 
 Map of New Castle 
 
 Cape Road, New Castle 
 
 New Castle Fishermen 
 
 First Congregational Church at Concord 
 
 Plan of Eastern Part of Suncook, or Lovewell's Township 
 
 Rural Scene 
 
 Piscataqua Gundalow 
 
 Old Wentworth House, Rye 
 
 Mantel, Old Wentworth House 
 
 Frontier Block House, 1746 
 
 White Mountain Scene 
 
 Scene in Coos County 
 
 New Hampshire Farm Scene 
 
 Title Page 
 It 11 
 
 16 
 »9 
 32 
 35 
 36 
 S8 
 75 
 76 
 78 
 85 
 86 
 
 87 
 90 
 
 91 
 108 
 
 112 
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 123 
 124 
 126 
 126 
 127 
 135 
 150 
 166 
 170 
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 188 
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 193 
 206 
 226 
 227 
 276 
 
14 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 Warren 
 
 Plymouth . 
 
 View from Bridge in Berlin 
 
 Governor John Wentworth's House, Portsmouth 
 
 Paul Revere's First Ride 
 
 Notch of White Mountains 
 
 Battle of Lexington 
 
 Post Rider of the Revolution 
 
 Jaffrey Cottage, New Castle 
 
 Governor John Taylor Oilman's House, Exete 
 
 Town House, Exeter 
 
 Residence of Mr. Joseph B. Walker, Concord 
 
 Littleton 
 
 View of Portsmouth Harbor 
 
 Giant Stairs, Bartlett 
 
 Old Blodgett Mansion, Amoskeag Canal, Manchester 
 
 With Wind and Current 
 
 Boat entering Locks 
 
 Tow-path of the Canal 
 
 Mending Lobster Nets 
 
 Fort McClary 
 
 On the Beach 
 
 Whaleback Light 
 
 Walbach Tower 
 
 Daniel Webster 
 
 Gateway of Fort Constitution 
 
 Shot of Lumber coming out of a Lock 
 
 Pushing against the Current 
 
 State House, Concord 
 
 Squam Lake and Mount Chocorua 
 
 New Hampton Institute 
 
 Residence of Prof. A. B. Meservey 
 
 Mount Carter, from Gorham 
 
 New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane 
 
 Railroad Cut 
 
 View near Meredith Village 
 
 Mount Washington Railroad 
 
 Phillips Exeter Academy 
 
 Echo Lake, Franconia Notch 
 
 Castellated Ridge of Mount Jefferson 
 
 Governor Charles H. Bell 
 
 Hooksett .... 
 
 Concord Depot 
 
 Laconia 
 
 George H. Emery 
 
 Pembroke Academy 
 
 Page 
 
 277 
 
 278 
 
 279 
 
 288 
 
 294 
 
 296 
 
 313 
 
 3^5 
 
 361 
 
 362 
 
 369 
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 567 
 581 
 610 
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 665 
 669 
 670 
 
 675 
 688 
 690 
 694 
 696 
 697 
 
LIST OF STEEL ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 Governor Charles H. Sawyer 
 Chief Justice Jeremiah Smith 
 Hon. John P. Hale 
 Hon. Abraham P. Olzendam 
 General Oilman Marston . 
 Hon. Thomas L. Tullock 
 Colonel Henry O. Kent . 
 Judge Edward H.JDurell . 
 Right Rev. Dennis M. Bradley, 
 Governor Frederick Smyth 
 Colonel John B. Clarke . 
 Hon. Joseph C. Moore 
 Governor Onslow Stearns 
 Governor James A. Weston 
 Chief Justice J. Everett Sargent 
 Hon. Charles H. Burns 
 Governor Person C. Cheney 
 Hon. Daniel M. Christie . 
 Hon. James F. Briggs 
 Hon. Aretas Blood 
 Hon. Frank Jones 
 Hon. Virgil C. Gilman 
 Hon. Ossian Ray . 
 Governor Samuel W. Hale 
 Hon. Charles H. Bartlett 
 Hon. Jacob H. Gallinger . 
 Governor Moody Currier 
 Mr. Jonathan Sawyer 
 Colonel Joseph Wentworth 
 Hon. William E. Chandler 
 Hon. Harry Bingham 
 Mr. Jeremiah W. White . 
 Hon. Edward Spalding . 
 Governor Anthony Colby 
 Governor Noah Martin 
 Governor Ichabod Goodwin 
 Captain George H. Perkins, U.S, 
 Governor Walter Harriman 
 Judge Asa Fowler . 
 
 ishop 
 
 of Manchester 
 
 N. 
 
 Page 
 Frontispiece. 
 48t 
 59+ 
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-jr.;..i,'J'.'.i!-''*-'''-" _ ^ ,^.=__- — — _ - — -Its ■ I- 
 
 •Old LancjdoqTarmsteacl- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENTS, 162^-1641. 
 
 Introduction — Description — Early Voyagers — Martin Pring — Cap- 
 tain John Smith — Winter Fisheries — Aborigines — Virginia — 
 Council of Plymouth — Sir Ferdinando Gorges — Captain John 
 Mason — Mariana — Maine — David Thomson — The Hiltons — First 
 Settlement — Little Harbor — • Dover Neck — Landing —Character 
 
 — Progress — Thomas Morton — Massachusetts Charter — New 
 Hampshire Grant — Laconia — Hilton's Patent — Isles of Shoals 
 
 — PiscATAQUA Grant — Walter Neal — White Mountains — Dixy 
 Bull — Division of Patent — Death of Mason — Thomas Wiggin — 
 Dover — Captain John Underhill — Rev. John Wheelwright — 
 Exeter — Rev. Stephen Batchelor — Hampton — Union with Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 ' I ''HE history of New Hampshire involves an account of the 
 first settlements at the mouth of the Piscataqua and on the 
 shores of Great Bay, their growth into towns and their union 
 under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Colony ; the forma- 
 tion of the Royal Province of New Hampshire ; the woful 
 conflict with the Indians and with the French ; the inroad into 
 the province of the Scotch-Irish and the spread of Massachusetts 
 settlers up the valleys of the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers ; 
 the contest of the inhabitants with the Masonian proprietors ; 
 the part taken by the people of the province in achieving national 
 independence ; the formation of an independent State govern- 
 ment ; the compact settlement of the State and the growth of 
 
l8 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['523 
 
 manufactures, railroads, and cities ; the share taken in the 
 Great Rebellion ; the changes in the laws, habits and customs 
 of the people ; together with some account of those men who, 
 in the different generations, have guided and directed the 
 destinies of the people in church, state and municipal affairs. 
 It is the story of the evolution of a settlement of poor, unedu- 
 cated, bigoted and brave people, fresh from the tyranny of the 
 laws of the old world, and imbued with the prejudices of theii^ 
 time, into a sovereign state, a liberal and enlightened common- 
 wealth, one of the partners in the great Republic, the United 
 States of America. 
 
 New Hampshire, one of the New England States and one of 
 the original thirteen . colonies which formed the American 
 Union, lies between 70° 37' and 72° 37' west longitude, and 
 between 42° 40' and 45° 18' 33" north latitude, and has an 
 area of 9,336 square miles. It is bounded on the north by tne 
 Province of Quebec, the line following Hall's stream to its 
 source and the watershed between the valley of the St. Law- 
 rence and the Atlantic coast ; it is bounded on the east by the 
 state of Maine and the ocean, the Salmon Falls and Piscataqua 
 rivers forming a part of the boundary ; it is bounded on the 
 south by the State of Massachusetts, the line running north of, 
 parallel with, and generally three miles from, the Merrimack 
 river, from its mouth to where the course of the river is south, 
 thence due west by compass to the Connecticut river ; and 
 it is bounded on the west by the State of Vermont, the west 
 bank of the Connecticut river being the boundary line. The 
 general shape of the State is that of a triangle, with a base of 
 one hundred miles and a length of one hundred and eighty -five 
 miles. If is drained on the west by the Connecticut river, on 
 the east by the Androscoggin, the Saco and the Piscataqua 
 rivers, while the central and southern part of the State is 
 drained by the Merrimack river and its tributaries. Between 
 the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers there, is a high ridge, 
 frequently rising to lofty elevations, extending from the Massa- 
 chusetts line to the Franconia and White Mountain ranges, the 
 loftiest summits on the Atlantic seaboard. The northern 
 
20 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [ > 542 
 
 section of the State is very mountainous. In the central part 
 there are many large ponds and lakes, the grandest of which is 
 Lake Winnipiseogee, with an area of seventy square miles, 
 elevated five hundred feet above the ocean. The height of 
 Mount Washington is 6,293 feet, and the mountainous tract of 
 which it is the highest elevation occupies a territory of fourteen 
 hundred square miles, sometimes called the Switzerland of 
 America. The average elevation of the State above the sea is 
 estimated to be twelve hundred feet.^ 
 
 Soon after the discovery of land beyond the Western Ocean 
 by Christopher Columbus, in 1492, adventurous sailors from 
 Spain, Portugal, France, Holland and England hastened to 
 imitate the great discoverer and crossed the Atlantic in search 
 of fame and fortune. As early as 1523, Verazzano, an Italian 
 captain in the employ of the French government, sailed from 
 Europe and struck America south of Cape Hatteras ; thence 
 he followed the shore northward. From his accurate descrip- 
 tion of the prominent landmarks, he probably landed, the fol- 
 lowing summer, at or near the mouth of the Piscataqua river, 
 and traded with the natives. He stated that the Portuguese had 
 been before him in these parts. It was admitted by contem- 
 porary writers that for half a century, from as early as 1 504, 
 the Basques were whaling and fishing on the American coast. 
 The patent authorizing a settlement in Newfoundland, in 1610, 
 says that the coast had been used for more than fifty years for 
 the fishery by the English. In 1527, John Rut, sent by Henry 
 VIII to explore, reported that he saw in the harbor of St. 
 Johns "eleven sail of Normands, one Breton and two Portu- 
 giiese barks, all a fishing." A French fisherman rescued his 
 party from starvation. Jacques Cartier, in 1534 and 1535, 
 explored the gulf and river of St. Lawrence, and reported that 
 he met many ships of France and Brittany. Robeval, in 1 542, 
 found "seventeen ships of fishers" at St. Johns. 
 
 The official explorers found on their voyages fleets of fisher- 
 men already practical pilots of the coasts and harbors.^ , 
 
 Martin Pring, with two small ships, sailed into the Piscataqua 
 
 ' Prof. C. H. Hitchcock. ' Charles Levi Woodbury. 
 
I614] DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENTS. 31 
 
 in June, 1603. The French discoverer, De Champlain, visited 
 the river in July, 1605, and claimed the discovery of the Isles of 
 Shoals. 1 
 
 Of the voyagers who visited the northern coast of America, 
 for the sake of its furs aiid fish, one of the most remarkable 
 was Captain John Smith, who ranged the shore from Penobscot 
 to Cape Cod, in 1614, and, in his route, discovered the river 
 Piscataqua, which he found to be a safe harbor with a rocky 
 shore. ^ He states that, prior to this voyage, he had procured 
 seven or eight charts from the fishermen and traders, who had 
 been in the habit of frequenting the coast of New England, and 
 that he did not enter the Merrimack river because two French 
 ships were lying there. The French had traded with the 
 natives in the vicinity for several years. ^ 
 
 The map which Captain Smith made was presented to 
 ('rince Charles, who gave to the whole country the name of 
 New England. 
 
 Early in the seventeenth century it was discovered that fish- 
 .ng along the New England coast was more profitable in winter 
 ^han in summer, a fact which soon led to permanent settle- 
 ments, not only at the Isles of Shoals and at Little Harbor, 
 but at Dover Point, York, Portland, Pemaquid and Mohegan, 
 and at other points to the eastward. In fact, voyagers coming 
 west attempted to make their landfalls at Mohegan and the Isles 
 of Shoals, and took their departure from them, when returning 
 to Europe.^ 
 
 Before the advent of the first white settlers, there were living 
 within the present limits of New Hampshire a powerful tribe 
 of Indians. For how many generations they had occupied the 
 country and who were their predecessors, are unsettled ques- 
 tions. There are few or no traces of a more civilized race 
 having lived here before the Penacook Indians, a tribe of the 
 Algonquin family. Their chief rendezvous was in the neighbor- 
 hood of Concord, where they rudely cultivated the Indian corn. 
 They subsisted chiefly on fish and game, and made annual 
 migrations from the interior to the seaboard. In prehistoric 
 
 > John K. Lord. ^ John Farmer". Belknap, p. 2. 3 Charles Levi Woodbury. 
 
22 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. [r620 
 
 times there is a tradition tliat a fierce battle occurred between 
 them and their enemies, the Mohawks of tlie west, on the east 
 bank of the Merrimack, near the village of East Concord. In 
 the early part of the seventeenth century their number is said 
 to have been greatly reduced by ajjlague. One of their favorite 
 haunts was about the shores of Lake Winnipiseogee, where many 
 traces of them may yet be found. The names they gave to the 
 lakes and streams and mountains have been adopted by those 
 who came after them. They continued to live within the 
 limits of the State for a hundred years after the first settlement 
 by Europeans, and their history is closely linked with that of 
 the settlers, until the remnant, left after many disastrous wars, 
 withdrew and joined their people on the banks of the St. Law- 
 rence. In the main they were friendly to the colonists, but 
 seem to have been drawn into hostilities by neighboring tribes, 
 under the influence of the French. 
 
 The importance of effecting permanent settlements on the 
 coast having become apparent. King James, in 1606,' granted 
 a patent limiting the dominion of Virginia from the thirty-fourth 
 to the forty-fourth degree of northern latitude. This territory 
 was subdivided into North and South Virginia ; South Virginia 
 was assigned to certain noblemen, knights and gentlemen of 
 London ; North Virginia was granted to others of Bristol, Exeter, 
 and Plymouth. 2 
 
 In-1620,^ the King, by his sole authority, constituted a council 
 of forty, by the name of " The council established at Plymouth, 
 in the county of Devon, for the planting, ruling and governing 
 of New England, in America."* 
 
 They were a corporation with perpetual succession, by election 
 of the majority, and their territories e.xtended from the fortieth 
 to the forty-eighth degree of northern latitude. This patent, or 
 charter, is the foundation of all the grants that were made of 
 the country of New England. For some unexplained reason, 
 their affairs were transacted in a confused manner from the 
 beginning, and the grants which they made were so inaccurately 
 
 ' April 10. 2 Farmer's Belknan. 
 
 3 November 3. 4 Hazard's Collection, 103-1 iS. 
 
l62l] DISCOVEKV AND SETTLEMENTS. 23 
 
 described and interfered so much with each other as to occasion 
 difficulties and controversies of a serious character.* 
 
 Two of the most active members of this council were Sir 
 Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason. The former 
 had been an officer in the navy of Queen Elizabeth, intimately 
 connected with Sir Walter. Raleigh, and had been appointed by 
 King James governor of the fort and island of Plymouth. While 
 he resided there, Captain Weymouth brought from Pemaquid 
 into the harbor of Plymouth five American Indians, whom he 
 had treacherously kidnapped.^ Three of these Gorges retained' 
 in his service several years, treated them kindly, won their 
 affection, and learned from them the character of New England. 
 He became very enthusiastic about the new world, fitted out 
 several expeditions to visit this coast, and upon the formation 
 of the Plymouth Council was elected its president. Captain 
 John Mason was a merchant of 'London, who became a sailor 
 and was appointed governor of Newfoundland. While there he 
 befriended two Indians, who had been forcibly abducted from 
 New England and sold into slavery by Thomas Hunt, a lieuten- 
 ant of Captain John Smith, and won their good will by sending 
 them to their homes. 
 
 While in Newfoundland he acquired a knowledge of America, 
 it being asserted by late writers that, in company with his friend 
 Gorges, he personally explored the coast of his future province, 
 and upon his return to England, receiving the appointment of 
 governor of Portsmouth in Hampshire, he became interested in 
 the Plymouth Council. A vacancy occurring he was elected a 
 member and became the secretary. He procured a grant from 
 the council, in 1621,^ of all the land from the river Naumkeag, 
 now Salem, round Cape Ann to the river Merrimack, and all 
 land embraced by these two rivers to their heads, and all out- 
 lying islands within three miles of the shore. The district was 
 called Mariana, and was granted on the supposition that the two 
 rivers forming its bounds flowed directly east from their source 
 to their outlet. The following year* Gorges and Mason received 
 
 • Farmer's Belknap. " J. C. A. Abbott. 
 
 3 March 9, 1622. Palfrey, 204. * August ro, 1622. 
 
24 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [162I 
 
 jointly the grant of territory, whicli included all the land between 
 the Merrimack and the Sagadahock rivers, from the ocean to the 
 great lakes and rivers of Canada.^ 
 
 The grant of that date in the New Hampshire Provincial Pa- 
 pers^ gives the name The PiJovince of Maine to the territory, 
 which is thus described : " All that part of the main land in New 
 England lying upon the sea-coast betwixt ye rivers of Merrimack 
 and Sagadahock, and to the furthest heads of the said rivers, and 
 soe forwards up into the land westward until three-score miles 
 be finished from ye first entrance of the aforesaid rivers, and 
 half way over: that is to say, to the midst of the said two rivers." 
 
 Under the authority of this grant. Gorges and Mason, who 
 united with them several merchants of London, Bristol, Exeter, 
 Plymouth, Shrewsbury and Dorchester, attempted the establish- 
 ment of a colony and fishery at the river Piscataqua. 
 
 ^ The time when, the manner in which, and the individuals by whom the 
 first settlements were made by Europeans at Little Harbor and Dover Point, 
 where, it is generally acknowledged, the original " planting" of New Hamp- 
 shire was commenced, are so obscure, and have been so frequently a matter 
 of controversy, that historians gladly welcome all attempts which are made 
 to elucidate them. 
 
 For more than two hundred years, on the authority of Hubbard, Prince, 
 and other early historians, followed by Belknap, the facts in relation to 
 these settlements, briefly stated and generally accepted, were, that Sir 
 Ferdinando Gorges and Capt. John Mason, having obtained from the 
 Council constituted by the King of Kngland, " for the planting, ruling and 
 governing of New England," a grant of all the land between the rivers 
 Merrimack and Sagadahock, extending back to the great lakes and river of 
 Canada, formed a company with several merchants of London and other 
 cities, and styling themselves " The Company of Laconia," attempted the 
 establishment of a colony and fishery at the mouth of the Piscataqua river. 
 For this purpose, in the spring of 1623, they sent out David Thomson and 
 Edward and William Hilton, who had been fishmongers in London, with a 
 number of other people, in two divisions, furnished with all the necessaries 
 for carrying out the design. Thomson landed at the river's mouth, at a 
 place which he called Little Harbor, where he built a house, afterwards 
 known as " Mason Hall," erected saltworks, and made other preparations 
 for carrying on his business, but the Hiltons set up their fishing stages eight 
 miles further up the river, on a neck of land which the Indians called Winni- 
 chahannet, but they named it Northam and afterwards Dover. Thomson, 
 
 ' Palfrey and Belknap. * Provincial Papers, vol, i, p. 10. 3 George Wadleigh. 
 
l62l] DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENTS. 2^ 
 
 not being pleased with his company or situation, removed the next spring, 
 or u sliort time after, to an island in Massacliusetts Bay, where he lived and- 
 soon alter died, while the Hiltons and their associates remained and made a. 
 permanent settlement at Dover. 
 
 All efforts to ascertain the precise date of their arrival, or the ship in 
 which they came, had proved unavailing. The day of the month and the 
 month were unknown. In 1823, at the celebration of the 200th anniversary 
 of the settlement of the State, at Portsmouth, when it was considered desir- 
 able to fix upon the day of their arrival, if possible, for the purpose of suit- 
 ably observing it, all etVorts to do so were found to be in vain. It was then 
 declared that " Prince, the most laborious of all antiquaries in New England, 
 in 1736, could give no precise date, and no discovery of documents since has 
 made it more definite" than that they arrived in the spring- of the year. 
 From the fact that no vessel was known to have arrived from England in 
 that year until about June i, it was conjectured that the colonists might 
 have been landed at the Piscataqua late in May, and May 23 was accord- 
 ingly selected for the celebration. 
 
 These statements remained unquestioned and were incorporated in all our 
 histories and school books, until a document found among the ancient 
 papers of Gov. Winthrop' gave a different reading to our early history. 
 This document is an indenture, dated Dec. 14, I622, between David Thomson 
 on the one part, and three merchants, Abraham Colmer, Nicholas Sherwill 
 and Leonard Pomroy, all of Plymouth, England, on the other part. 
 
 Ihe indenture recites that the Council for New England had granted to- 
 Thomson (Oct. 16, 1622) six thousand acres of land and one island in New 
 England, and that Thomson had conveyed one quarter part of the island to 
 the three merchants named and agreed also to convey to them one quarter 
 part of the six thousand acres, on these conditions: — ■ 
 
 1. That the three merchants, at their own charge, should provide and 
 send that present year two men with Thomson, in the ship Jonathan of 
 Plymouth, to New England, with such victuals, provisions, &c., as shall 
 suffice them till they are landed. 
 
 2. The three merchants, at their own charge, were also to provide and 
 send the same year three additional men in the ship Providence of Plymouth, 
 if they could so soon be gotten, or in some other ship, to New England ; the 
 charges of these three men to be borne equally by all the parties. 
 
 3. Two other men were also to be sent the same year in the Jonathan; 
 the charges to be borne by all the parties equally. 
 
 4. Thomson, with the seven men, as soon as landed, was to find a fit 
 place and make choice of six thousand acres of land and a fit place to settle 
 and erect buildings. 
 
 Further provision was made for dividing the property at the end of five 
 years agreeably to the indentures, three fourths to Thomson and one fourth 
 
 ' Now in the possession of his descendant, Hon. Robert C. Winthrop. A copy of it has beeir 
 Dublished in the proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, with notes by Charles; 
 Deane, Esq. 
 
26 HiaXOKV Of NEW HAMPSHIRE. [162I 
 
 to the other three. Three fourths of the charge for planting, building, 
 ■&.C., was to be borne by Thomson, and one fourtli by tlie others. All 
 the profits from fishing, trading, &c., were to be divided equally, the 
 three merchants having liberty to employ the ships to fish, at their own 
 charge, if Thomson did not choose to bear his share of such charge. 
 
 From this agreement it appears reasonably certain that Thomson did 
 come over as stipulated, arriving at the mouth of the Piscataqua sometime 
 in the spring of 1623, as Hubbard has recorded. By the indenture he was to 
 proceed "this present year" (1622). By the method of reckoning at that 
 time, the year ended on the 24th of March following. It is equally certain, 
 however, that he did not come out as the agent of the Company of Laconia, 
 for that company was not then in existence, not having been formed until 
 1631. This error appears to have originated with Dr. Belknap, who knew 
 that Mason and Gorges had a grant (Aug. 10, 1622) embracing the terri- 
 tory between the Merrimack and Sagadahock, which they intended to call 
 the Province of Maine, but of which they never made any use, as the council 
 iifterwards made other grants covering the same territory. Dr. Belknap 
 also knew that Mason and Gorges, with other persons, were members of the 
 Company of Laconia. From this and some statements of Hubbard, he 
 <loubtless concluded that the grant of 1622 was the Laconia grant, and that 
 the associates, under the name of the Company of Laconia, began the settle- 
 iiient at Little Harbor and Hilton's Point in 1623. It is now known that the 
 Laconia Patent was not issued until Nov. 17, 1629, and the company was 
 formed soon after. 
 
 There is no direct evidence in the indentures, that the Hiltons were 
 associated with Thomson in the enterprise, either as partners or servants. 
 From this fact and other considerations drawn from contemporaneous 
 history, Mr. Jenness, in his "Notes on the First Planting of New Hamp- 
 shire," discredits the statement of Hubbard, and claims that the Hiltons 
 never saw Dover Point until five or six years after Thomson and his party 
 landed at Little Harbor, or at least that no settlement could have been made 
 there in 1623, as has been generally believed. 
 
 To establish this position he quotes the early historians to show that no 
 ■such place was known to, or once spoken of, by any of the visitors of Thom- 
 .son, of whom there were several, during the years 1623 and 1624; that it is 
 absurd to suppose that Edward Hilton, without any colony to assist him, 
 should have gone so far from the succor of his friends, into the wilderness, 
 in the midst of treacherous and cruel savages, when the whole country 
 practically lay open before him, to go in and occupy where he would; that 
 the "stages," which it is alleged were set up at the Point, were "large and 
 expensive structures " intended for use in the fishing business, and that " no 
 ■experienced fisherman would have selected such a site for a fishing estab- 
 lishment, five or six miles above the mouth of the Piscataqua, a stream of 
 •such rapidity that it is often impossiblii for a boat to contend against it, 
 while the great cod fisheries are several miles out at sea, which a fisherman, 
 leaving Hilton's Point at the very turn of the ebb tide, could not reach and 
 return from the sjiir.e day. If he stopped to cast his hook." 
 
l62l] DISCOVKKV AND SETTLEMENTS. . 2/ 
 
 As to the fact of priority of settlement, if a mere fishing and trading post 
 is to be regarded as such, we may as well admit that at Little Harbor (now 
 in the town of Rve) the first planting of New Hampshire was commenced. 
 There is no doubt that Thomson and his men first disembarked, at or near 
 that place, and pitched their tents or erected such huts as were requisite for 
 shelter. Its site is now known as Odiorne's Point, and was well chosen for 
 defence against the attacks of an enemy. Seven men were to be furnished to 
 assist him. Four were to come over in the Jonathan, and three more were 
 to be provided the same year. 
 
 It is reasonable to conclude that Edward Hilton may have come over from 
 l'"njjland in one of the vessels which brought David Thomson and his then to 
 tb-.- I'iscataqua, on his own account, if not as an assistant of Thomson, as 
 Hubbard asserts. David Thomson is described by Thomas Morton, in "The 
 New England Canaan," as " a Scottish gentleman that was conversant with 
 those people (the natives), a scholar, and a traveller that was diligent in 
 taking notice of these things, as a man of good judgment." The Hiltons 
 had been fishmongers in London, and were acquainted with at least one 
 br.Tnch of the business in which Thomson was to engage. They were just 
 the men who would be selected to assist in the enterprise. William Hilton 
 had previously been in America. He came to Plymouth in 1621, and his 
 wife and two children came over in 1623. He may have gone back and 
 returned with them, or they may have come over to join him here. Hubbard, 
 who wrote in 1680, is supposed to have been personally acquainted with the 
 Hiltons, and must have had some knowledge of their history and movements. 
 William Hilton had a grant of land in Plymouth in 1623, but he left that 
 place soon after, apparently on account of some disagreement in relation to 
 church matters, and is found next at Piscataqua with his brother. 
 
 As the business of Thomson and his assistants was to be fishing, and 
 trading with the Indians, it is not probable that they would all remain ( 
 permanently in the same place. I The Hiltons, with one or more ofthe party, 
 jafter seeing the others safely established at the mouth ofthe river, may have 
 jcome up to the Point, as Hubbard records. Or, as the party is said to have 
 jcome over in " two divisions," it is more probable that they did not arrive 
 until after Thomson and the four men who came in the Jonathan had estab- 
 lished themselves at Little Harbor. Ofthe other three who were to be 
 provided and sent over in the Providence, the Hiltons may have been two. 
 The tradition has always been that Thomas Roberts was one of the original 
 emigrants with them. If he was, this would complete the number which was 
 to be provided. 
 
 The distance between Little Harbor and the Point was but six or seven 
 miles, and the location at the Point was doubtless at first selected for the 
 convenience of trading with the Indians about the falls of the Cochecho, a 
 favorite resort with them. It was also in the vicinity of good fishing 
 ground, for the various branches of the Piscataqua, up to their first falls, 
 mupt at that day (as they did long after and do now at some seasons) have 
 swarmed with fish, and there was no need of going far to cast the hook and 
 obtain them. 
 
28 HISTORY OF NEW llAMPSHIKE. [162I 
 
 It is not supposed that a party of three men, at the most, would go miles 
 at sea to the great fishing grounds, to obtain fish, when there was an abun- 
 dance offish so near them, or that large and expensive stages were required 
 for curing them. By the terms of the indenture, the owners of the Jonathan 
 were to pursue the fishing business independently of Thomson and his men, 
 if he did not choose to bear part of the charge. It is probable that the 
 vessels from England attended to the deep sea fishing, while th; parties on 
 shore confined their operations to the harbor and rivers. 
 
 If the Hiltons were never mentioned by visitors to Little Harbor in 1623. 
 and 1624, the same may be said of the other men who were with Thomson. 
 The name of no man who was with him — and there were seven — is known, 
 unless we accept the statement of Hubbard. 
 
 It may have been that the fishing and trading post at the Point was at the 
 outset regarded rather as a temporary than permanent settlement — a place 
 to which at first they resorted only during the day, returning at night to the 
 common rendezvous at the moulh of the river. But its advantages must 
 have been soon seen and appreciated. The " whole country was open before 
 them, to go in and occupy where they would," and they could hardly have 
 found a more inviting place than the Point, either for fishing, planting, or 
 trading with the Indians- — exchanging such articles as they brought with 
 them from England for the beaver skins and other peltries of the Indians. 
 For safety, no resort could have been better than this narrow neck of land, 
 and from which, by their boats, there were such immediate means of escape, 
 if escape was at any time necessary. For planting, also, in which they were 
 to engage, so far at least as they could contribute to their own wants, the 
 Point was of all places the spot which they would select, and was far prefer- 
 able to any land nearer to Little Harbor. 
 
 Thomson's enterprise, it appears, was not a success. He abandoned it 
 after about three years' residence (by some accounts " the next year ") and 
 removed to Massachusetts, Hubbard says, " out of dislike either to the place 
 or his employers." His son is said to have been the first white child born 
 in New Hampshire. He never set up any claim afterwards to the patent, nor 
 does it appear that his partners in England reaped any advantages from 
 it. Thomson's men are supposed to have remained at Little Harbor after 
 his departure, but even this is uncertain. The only evidence that it was occu- 
 pied is that there was a settlement somewhere at " Piscataquack," besides 
 Hiltons' in 1628, and that such a settlement paid £2: 10 as its contribution 
 for expelling Morton from Merry Mount. What is there more probable than 
 y that the Hiltons may have remained at the Point or in its vicinity, with 
 (i some of the other men of the company, after Thomson left ? 
 '*5- If, as it is alleged, there is no authentic information of Edward Hilton's 
 being in this vicinty previous to 1627 or 1628, the information which we get 
 of him at that time is sufficient to show that he must have been settled here 
 for some years and that he had a considerable stake in the country. In 1628, 
 as recorded by Bradford, he was assessed £1 toward the expense of the war 
 upon Morton of Merry Mount, already alluded to, the whole expense of the 
 
1623] DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENTS. 29 
 
 campaign being £12 : 07, of which the Plymouth colon_}' paid £2 ; 10, or but 
 little more than twice the amount contributed by Hilton. It is also evident 
 that the Hiltons must have been among the men which the partners of 
 Thomson provided and sent over in 1623, from the fact that they settled so 
 near to Little Harbor, on territory which must have been included within 
 that which Thomson's patent covered, where they would not have been, by 
 any right, had they not been connected with Thomson's company, and that 
 ■when in 1630 Edward Hilton obtained a patent from the council of Plymouth 
 of the land upon which he had settled he had been for some considerable time 
 established thereon, so long, in fact, that the place had come to be known 
 by his name, for his patent included "all that part of the river Piscataqua 
 called or known by the name of Hilton's Point, with the south side of said 
 river, up to the falls of Squamscott and three miles into the main land for 
 breadth," and it sets forth that Hilton and his associates had "transported 
 thither servants, built houses and planted corn, and intended the further in- 
 crease and advancement of the plantation." 
 
 It cannot be believed that Hilton founded a plantation at Hilton's Point in 
 1623, seven years before he got a deed of the land. If he came out with or 
 «oon after Thomson, it is seen for what purpose he came. He was one of the 
 men sent out by Thomson's partners, the merchants in England, to assist in 
 the enterprise, and as a representative of their interest in it. He had no legal 
 claim to the soil under the patent. Thomson gave up his claim and went off 
 before the expiration of the iive years, when the profits of the enterprise as 
 well as the land were to be divided between the parties. The patent granted 
 was evidently regarded by him as of little value, because neither he or his 
 heirs, or his partners, ever afterwards set up any claim to it. All the interest 
 ■which they possessed at Little Harbor passed into the hands of the Laconia 
 Company, of which Gorges and Mason were chiefs, under a new grant from 
 the council, when Edward Hilton, for his own security, finding himself aban- 
 <ioned by Thomson and the company by which he had been employed, ob- 
 tained, in 1630, a patent for the settlement at the Point. This patent he after- 
 wards sold in part to other parties, who appointed Captain Thomas Wiggin 
 their agent, by whom, in 1633, a considerable acquisition was obtained to the 
 popu lation. 
 
 The Laconia Company, in the meantime, having obtained possession of the 
 lands granted to Thomson at Little Harbor, appointed Captain Neal as their 
 agent, not for the settlement of a colony, but for the management of a fish- 
 ing and trading company, a speculation similar to that in which Thomson 
 had been engaged. In a few years this company broke up and the servants 
 were discharged ; the "whole scheme proving a failure. On a division of the 
 property Mason bought the shares of some of his associates and sent over a 
 "new supply of men, set up saw-mills, and soon after died. 
 
 The Thomson house erected at Little Harbor in 1623, though built of stone, 
 could have been no such substantial structure as is imagined. It is not 
 probable that "it presented the general appearance of the dwelling 
 houses of the time of James I., vast numbers of which still remain in good 
 
30 IHSTOKY OF NKW IIAMPSIIIKE. [1623 
 
 preservation all over the old country," as Mr. Jenness states. Had it been of 
 this character it would hardly have been reduced to the dilapidated condition 
 in which it was found by Hubbard in 1680, less than fifty years after its erec- 
 tion, when only " the chimney and some parts of the stone wall were stand- 
 ing." It is probable that, as it must have been hastily built, it only sufficed 
 for the immediate needs of Thomson and his little party, as a shelter from the 
 elements. Such as it was it passed into the hands of Mason's men, and was 
 sometimes called his " stone-house," though it is now conceded that the term 
 *' Mason Hall'* was never, as has been popularly supposed, applied to it. 
 
 Further researches, which will undoubtedly be made by those who feel an 
 interest in the early history of the State, may remove any doubts which now 
 exist in relation to its first settlement. In England there are in all proba- 
 bility records which would throw light on the subject. Until this investigation 
 is made Little Harbor is entitled to the monument which it is proposed to 
 erect " in commemoration of the first settlement of New Hampshire," be- 
 cause it is the place where Thomson, the leader in the enterprise, and his as- 
 sociates, first touched its soil ; and Dover Neck, the site of the first meeting- 
 house erected in the State, is also entitled to a monument in commemoration 
 of that fact as well as that contemporaneous with the settlement at Little 
 Harbor, or very soon thereafter, a portion of the same company established 
 themselves in that vicinity. 
 
 Under the lead of David Thomson, this little band of ad- 
 venturers, evidence to the contrary not being obtainable, prob- 
 ably arrived at the mouth of the Piscataqua sometime in the 
 early summer of 1623 ; and as their little vessel, with its high 
 stern and antique prow, floated into the land-locked harbor 
 of Portsmouth, with its islands decked to the water's edge 
 with verdure, and on every side the lofty pines, the stately 
 oaks, and the flowering shrubs of the primeval forest indicat- 
 ing a generous soil, the change from a long sea voyage, with 
 its storms and fogs and terrors, to a peaceful haven, — more 
 enchanting then in its wild and picturesque beauty than now, 
 with its navy yard, coal pockets, spile-bridge, and evidences of 
 thrift and commerce, — must have been welcome. Their not 
 leaving on record an account of their hardships is evidence 
 that they arrived at an auspicious time. They must have been 
 delighted with the prospect. Here they and their children were 
 to found a State. 
 
 It was a goodly scene. Fair islands lav. 
 In virgin beauty, greening to their marge. 
 
1614] DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENTS. 3*^ 
 
 Enfolded in the atmosphere of June. 
 The birds sang welcome to the stranger ships, 
 And from their coverts timid deer looked out 
 To shyly scan the unfamiliar sight. 
 
 Far swept the coast, marked by its piny fringe, 
 And there upon the near horizon's verge 
 Rose gentle isles, with verdure clad, that seemed 
 Fair satellites of the majestic main, 
 Resting, like emerald bubbles, on the sea. 
 And all was wonderful and new and grand I 
 
 It is probable that before disembarking their goods they met 
 the grave and friendly natives in council, and in return for 
 knives, fish-hooks, gaudy beads, and such commodities, obtained 
 the good will of the lords of the soil, permission to start their 
 settlement, and the right to all the land they could use for years 
 to come. 
 
 The Hilton brothers, who afterwards became so prominent in. 
 the plantations, |)robably explored the river'and Great Bay and 
 located their infant colony with reference to the future agricul- 
 tural prospects of the region round about. They may have 
 bought of the Indians a deserted corn field, — cleared land being 
 of the utmost importance to those early comers, — but the sea 
 afforded a never-failing supply of cod-fish ; salmon and trout 
 were in the river and brooks ; clams were on the shore ; game 
 was in the woods, and birds were flying overhead or feeding in 
 the marshes. 
 
 Any land about Great Bay, with its islands, creeks, and sinu- 
 osities, like a section of a park in the domain of some mighty 
 monarch, must have seemed good to these Englishmen. All 
 their lives they had been cramped for room on the estate of 
 some landowner of the old world, who valued his game and his 
 trees more than the lives of his tenants. Here they could have 
 land for the taking; its value would depend on the labor ex- 
 pended. Here they could grow, and their children in coming gen- 
 erations would rival, in store of worldly goods and breadth of 
 mental culture, the descendants of the ancient nobility of Europe. 
 
 1 By B. P. Shillaber, a native of Portsmouth. 
 
32 
 
 IllSTOKV OF NEW IIAMPSHIllE. 
 
 [1620 
 
 They were fishermen, farmers, laborers and servants. Some of 
 them ignorant of the learning of the schools, superstitious, imbued 
 with the prejudices of the time ; some of the Established Church, 
 some Puritans, but all pious after a fashion ; the most of them 
 honest, believing in fair play and scorning treachery and hypoc- 
 risy. They were self-reliant and law-abiding, and being left in 
 a few years without lawful authority over them were competent 
 to establish a little State of their own. Without a lawfully consti- 
 tuted ruler, they did not lapse into anarchy, but accepted of tlieir 
 own will the strong government and stern justiceof their ascetic 
 neighbors of the Bay colony. 
 
 GREAT BAY. 
 
 The scattered settlements from Plymouth to the Piscataqua, 
 made during these years, maintained a neighborly intercourse, 
 following their respective employments of fishing, trading and 
 planting, until, in 1628, they were united in a common alarm by 
 the course pursued by Thomas Morton, who, from his station at 
 Mount Wollaston or Merry Mount, was charged with furnishing 
 arms and ammunition to the Indians. Eight settlements along 
 the coast shared the expense of arresting Morton and sending 
 
1632] DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENTS. 33 
 
 him to England for trial. The settlement at the mouth of the 
 Piscataqua paid towards the expense the same as the colony at 
 Plymouth, and over twice as much as that at Dover, showing 
 their relative importance.* 
 
 Morton is said to have returned to New England and is re- 
 ported to have died at one of the Piscataqua settlements. 
 
 To understand the early history of New Hampshire it becomes 
 necessary to consider the various grants issued by the Plymouth 
 Council, for these grants led to a conflict of interests and a strug- 
 gle which lasted for over a hundred years and was not finally 
 settled until the breaking out of the Revolution. The grant to 
 Gorges and Mason of 1622 was not perfected, nor was the earlier 
 one to Mason of Mariana, for we learn from a grant by the 
 Plymouth Council to Sir Henry Roswell, dated March 19, 1627-8, : 
 that he and his associates were entitled to all lands embraced 
 between the Charles river and the Merrimack river, and also 
 all lands "which lie * * within the space of three English 
 miles to the northward * * of the Merrimack or to the north- 
 ward of any and every part thereof." The following year^ King 
 James I chartered the Massachusetts Company, confirming to ; 
 them the early grant to Roswell. 
 
 November 7, 1629, the Plymouth Council, "upon mature de- 
 liberation, thought fit, for the better furnishing and furtherance 
 of the plantations in those parts, to appropriate and allot to 
 several and particular persons divers parcels of land within the 
 precincts of the aforesaid granted premises," and deeded to 
 Captain John Mason "all that part of the mainland in New Eng- 
 land lying upon the sea-coast, beginning from the middle part of 
 the Merrimack river, and from thence to proceed northwards 
 along the sea-coast to Piscataqua river, and so forwards up with- 
 in the said river and to the furtherest head thereof, and from 
 thence north-westward until three score miles be finished from 
 the first entrance of Piscataqua river; also from Merrimack 
 through the said river and to the furtherest head thereof, and so 
 forwards up into the lands westwards, until three score miles be 
 finished ; and from thence to cross overland to the three score 
 
 ■ John Farmer. ' March 4, 1628-9. 
 
34 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1632 
 
 miles end accompted from Piscataqua river; * * whicii said 
 portions of land, * * the said Captain John Mason, with 
 the consent of the President and Council, intends to name New 
 Hampshire."^ 
 
 It would seem that Mason had the earliest claim to the three- 
 mile strip north of the Merrimack river from previous grants; 
 but his claim was never sustained, and the land, so far up the 
 river as Pawtucket Falls, went into the undisputed possession of 
 the Massachusetts Company and remained there ever after. 
 
 Captain John Mason died in November or December, 1635,2 and 
 left his title to lands in New England to be a source of litiga- 
 tion to his heirs for several generations, as will hereafter appear.^ 
 
 In the spring of 163 1, Edward Hilton and his associates 
 received from the Plymouth Council the grant of Dover Neck. 
 
 After his grant of 1629 had been confirmed to him, Captain 
 Mason was especially active in advancing the interests of his 
 manor in New Hampshire. He sent over eight Danes to build 
 mills, saw timber, and make potash, and forwarded twenty-two 
 women to the colony. At Newichwannock he built the first 
 saw-mill and corn-mill in New England, and a large house, well 
 fortified. The " great house," so-called, was at Piscataqua, or 
 Strawberry Bank. He imported a large number of cattle, from 
 which descended the so-called native cattle of New Hampshire 
 and Maine. At about this time, the Isles of Shoals, which, 
 while one of the earliest, was one of the most important fishing 
 stations on the coast, was divided between Gorges and Mason, 
 the southern section, in after years, becoming incorporated as a 
 New Hampshire town by the name of Gosport. 
 
 After the grant to Hilton, Captain John Mason and his asso- 
 ciate adventurers obtained a further grant from the Plymouth 
 Council of " that part of their patent on which the building and 
 salt-works were erected, situate on both sides the harbor and 
 river Piscataqua, to the extent of five miles westward by the 
 sea-coast, then to cross over towards the other plantation in the 
 
 ' N. H. Provincial Papers, vol. i. p. 24. ' N. Bouton, D.D. 
 
 3 By patent of Plymoutti Council to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason, dated 
 Nov. 27, 1629, Laconia was granted, including " lands lying and bordering upon the great lakes and 
 rivers of the Iroquois and other nations adjoining," 
 
1632] 
 
 DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 35 
 
 hands of Edward Hilton." The whole interest having been 
 divided into two parts, Captain Thomas Wiggin was appointed 
 agent for the upper, and Captain Walter Neal for the lower 
 plantation. With Neal were associated Ambrose Gibbons, 
 George Vaiighan, Thomas Warnerton, Humphrey Chadbourne, 
 and Edward Godfrey, as superintendents of trade, fishery, salt- 
 making, building and husbandry. Neal resided at Little Harbor 
 with Godfrey, who had the care of the fishery. Chadbourne 
 built the great house at Strawberry Bank, in which Warnerton 
 resided. Gibbons had the care of the saw-mill, and lived in the 
 fortified house at Newichwannock, where he carried on trade 
 with the Indians. He afterwards removed to Sander's Point, 
 and was succeeded by Chadbourne. The proprietors provided 
 for the defence of the settlement by sending to the plantation 
 several cannon ; and a fort was planned on the northeast point 
 of the Great Island at the mouth of the harbor.^ 
 
 SCENE IN WHITE HILLS. 
 
 Captain Neal's mission was to explore and report on the 
 province of Laconia, and accordingly, in 1632, in company with 
 
 ' Belknap. 
 
36 
 
 HISTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [163: 
 
 Jocelyn and Darby Field, he set out on foot to discover the 
 interior, and establish a trade with the Indians. The party 
 visited the White Mountains, whicii they christened the Chrys- 
 tal Hills ;^ but probably they did not go beyond the foot-hills 
 of the great White Mountain range. 
 
 Some writers, depending on a statement in Rev. Samuel 
 Danforth's Almanac for 1647, have ascribed this visit to June 
 
 SUMMIT OF THE RAVINE, WHITE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 4, 1642. ^Among recent authors, however, Chandler E. Potter 
 was of the opinion that the original account of Dr. Belknap was 
 the true one, that Walter Neal, Jocelyn, and Darby Field 
 went to the White Hills in 1632, that the Jocelyn here 
 mentioned was not the author of " New England Rarities Dis- 
 covered," whose first visit to New England was in 1638. This 
 
 ' Belknap, 
 
 ' Prof. J. H. Huntington. 
 
1633] DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENTS. 3/ 
 
 among other things had given discredit to Dr. Belknap's account. 
 By some it is thought that the man referred to was Mr. Henry 
 Jocelyii. The first mention of the White Hills in print was by 
 Mr. John Jocelyn, in the book just mentioned. It is stated that 
 about a month after Field's first visit, he went again with five 
 or six in his company, and that the glowing account he gave 
 "caused divers others to travel thither, but they found nothing 
 worthy their pains." Among those who went are mentioned' 
 Thomas Gorges and Mr. Vines, two magistrates of the province 
 of Sir Ferdinando Gorges. They went about the end of August, 
 of the same year. Prof. E. Tuckerman, in 1840, endeavored to 
 trace the path of these early explorers, and he had little doubt 
 that Field entered the valley of Ellis River, and left it for 
 the great south-east ridge of Mount Washington, the same 
 which has since been called Boott's Spur. Not finding minerals 
 or precious stones, but only high mountains with narrow valleys 
 and deep gorges, there were no inducements for further explor- 
 ations. 
 
 Neal, on his return from this expedition, raised a force of 
 forty men from both plantations, and in company with a party 
 of twenty from Boston, pursued the pirate Dixy Bull to Pem- 
 aquid, which place the latter had pillaged. The freebooter hav- 
 ing gone further east, and the party pursuing being detained by 
 contrary winds and bad weather, they returned in their four 
 small vessels to the Piscataqua, stopping long enough on their 
 way to hang an Indian at Richmond's Island.^ During the 
 following year, 1633, the proprietors were put to large expense 
 in the way of wages to their employees on the Piscataqua, for 
 the settlements were not self-supporting. Very little attention 
 had been paid to agriculture, and not only provisions, but 
 clothing, utensils, medicines, articles of trade, implements for 
 building, husbandry, and fishing had to be furnished to the 
 plantations, so that the proprietors, discouraged in the hope of 
 the discovery of mines or a remunerative commerce, one after 
 the other lost their interest or sold to the original and more 
 hopeful proprietors, Gorges and Mason. 
 
 > Belknap. 
 
38 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1633 
 
 Captain Walter Neal recorded that (in company with Captain 
 Thomas Wiggin) he divided the patent into four townships in 
 this year, 1633, which were afterwards known as Portsmouth, 
 Dover, Exeter and Hampton ; and later in the year, returned 
 to England.^ John Albee, the graceful writer, and historian 
 of Newcastle, thus writes of the first governor of New Hamp- 
 shire : 
 
 Captain Walter Neal was a true soldier of fortune; always ready for an 
 expedition or campaign ; always seeking that kind of employment from the 
 English court or any transient patron among the gentry; always begging 
 for something and not averse to recounting his own services, merits or 
 demerits. He describes himself, when seeking an appointment in these 
 parts, as never having had any other profession but his sword, nor other 
 fortunes than war; and he adds, pathetically, that his debts are clamorous 
 and his wants insupportable. When not otherwise engaged he acted as 
 captain and drill master of the London Militia. lie was a free lance, among 
 the last of the knighte-errant and of the Round Table. Such was the first 
 governor of New Hampshire and all the lands to the eastward of Massachu- 
 setts Bay. He has nothing in common with the solemn and pragmatical 
 Winthrops and Endicotts, and instead of settling down at Mason Hall to 
 found a church and raise corn, he goes in search of the fabled land of 
 Laconia, in expectation of finding precious stones and mines of gold. For 
 three years he explored the woods, planned fortifications, drilled the settlers 
 in arms, and chased pirates. He is a typical character, of the same family of 
 Raleigh, Smith and Standish, men who discovered new countries, founded 
 colonies, — uniting the real and romantic as never before, — and went trading 
 and exploring round the world, writing love songs and marvelous narratives, 
 and all as if it were the pastime of the moment and every day would bring a 
 " noble chance." 
 
 Although the names bestowed upon the towns were not given 
 until several years afterward, it may be well to believe that some 
 such a survey was made during the year, although not recorded 
 until later, when the towns were named. Certain it is, how- 
 ever, that in 1633 the Massachusetts authorities intimated that 
 their jurisdiction extended over New Hampshire.^ There was 
 Mason's claim to Mariana interfering with their grants from the 
 Charles river to the Merrimack, which had to be offset by a claim, 
 founded on however doubtful an origin, upon New Hampshire. 
 
 ' Belknap. = Winthrop's History of New England, and Provincial Papers, vol. i. p. io6. 
 
1635] DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENTS. 39 
 
 These differences were in the way of an amicable adjustment at 
 the time of Captain Mason's death, Henry Jocelyn, representative 
 of Captain Mason, agreeing with Matthew Cradock, first gov- 
 ernor of the Massachusetts Company, to give Massachusetts 
 that land about Cape Anne secured to Mason by a patent 
 granted before the Massachusetts patent, while Cradock agreed 
 that " Captain Mason should have that land which was beyond 
 Merrimack and granted to the Massachusetts'.' ^ This agree- 
 ment was sent to Henry Jocelyn to get recorded at Boston, but 
 before he could have leisure to go there, he heard of Captain 
 Mason's death and failed in his duty. To this time very little 
 improvement had been made on the lands ; the lakes were not 
 explored ; the vines were planted, but came to nothing ; no mines 
 were found but those of iron, and those were not wrought; 
 three or four houses only were built during the first seven 
 years. The peltry trade with the Indians was of some value, 
 and the fishing served for the support of the inhabitants, but 
 yielded no great profit to the adventurers, who received but 
 inadequate returns in lumber and furs. Bread was either 
 brought from England or Virginia.^ 
 
 In 1634, Mason and Gorges gave new life to the settlement 
 by sending over a fresh supply of servants and materials for 
 carrying on the plantation, and appointed Francis Williams their 
 governor, — a gentleman of such good sense and discretion, and 
 so acceptable to the settlers, that when they combined in a body 
 politic they continued him at their head. The next year, 1635, 
 the Plymouth Council surrendered their charter to the King, 
 first securing, or having confirmed, certain grants to individ- 
 uals ; and Captain John Mason died, an event of much importance 
 to the New Hampshire settlers. It had been his design to 
 establish in his province of New Hampshire a manor, but 
 death overtook him before his plans had been consummated. 
 His personal property in New England seems to have been 
 appropriated by his former servants and agents, with what 
 Justice it is unnecessary to inquire, while his interest in the 
 
 ' Hutch. Coll. Papers, p. 423. F. Belknap, 58. ^ Farmer's Belknap, 13. 
 
40 HISTORY OF NliVV IIAMFSHIKE. [1635 
 
 land was left to youthful heirs, who were in no condition to 
 assert their rights until many years afterward. 
 
 In the meanwhile, the affairs of the settlement on Hilton's 
 Patent, at Dover, were managed by Captain Thomas Wiggin 
 with sagacity. In 1633 he brought from England Rev. Wil- 
 liam Leveridge, a worthy and able Puritan minister, and settled 
 him over the parish, building for him the first church in 
 New Hampshire. Mr. Leveridge remained a short time only, 
 removing to the Plymouth colony. During the year the 
 small-pox raged among the Piscataqua Indians, greatly reduc- 
 ing their numbers. The next year, 1634, Rev. William Bur- 
 det, an artful impostor,^ who had been minister at Yar- 
 mouth, England, and who was a good scholar and plausible in 
 his behavior, settled in Dover, and " continued for sometime 
 in good esteem with the people as a preacher, till, by artful 
 insinuations, he raised such a jealousy in their minds against 
 Wiggin, their governor, that they deprived him of office and 
 elected Burdet in his place." 
 
 Burdet, while loyal to the Church and King, was not in sympathy 
 with the authorities of the Massachusetts colony and com- 
 plained of them as hypocritical and disaffected with the govern- 
 ment, as was shown by intercepted correspondence in 1638. 
 He received the exiles from the Bay colony and was at length 
 forced to remove to Agamenticus, whence he was again obliged 
 to remove, finally going to England and joining the royal- 
 ists.^ It was charged that he was not altogether circumspect in 
 his habits while residing in New Hampshire. Among the Anti- 
 nomians, who were banished from Boston and took refuge in these 
 plantations, was Captain John Underbill. He had been a 
 soldier in the Netherlands and was brought over to New 
 England by Governor Winthrop, to train the people in military 
 discipline. He served the country in the Pequod war, and was 
 in such reputation in the town of Boston that they had chosen 
 him one of their deputies. Coming into conflict with the 
 Massachusetts authorities, from his sympathy with Wheel- 
 wright, he came to Dover, where he procured the office of 
 
 ' Belknap. 
 
1638] DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENTS. 4I 
 
 governor in place of Burdet. Being settled in his government he 
 gathered a church at Dover. Rev. Hansard KnoUys was chosen 
 minister, who was not only not orthodox, but an Anabaptist 
 and. an Antinomian, which rendered him very obnoxious to the 
 Puritans of Boston. They complained to the principal inhabit- 
 ants on the river of a breach of friendship in advancing Under- 
 bill, and summoned both Underbill and Knollys to appear before 
 the court at Boston to answer to charges. The people of Dover 
 voted Underbill out of office and chose Thomas Roberts in his 
 place. Rev. Thomas Larkham, a native of Lyme, Dorsetshire, 
 a minister from Northam, near Barnstable, differed from the 
 church authorities of Boston, and settled in Dover, where he 
 drew away the followers of Knollys and caused much trouble, 
 which terminated in a riot. Underbill siding with Knollys, the 
 Larkham party called in the intervention of Governor Francis 
 Williams of the lower settlement, and at a trial Underbill was 
 found guilty of disorderly conduct and banished from the plan- 
 tations. Knollys was dismissed from the church and returned 
 to England, where he died over sixty years later, "a good man 
 in a good old age." ^ Captain Underbill returned to Boston, 
 and later went to the Dutch settlement on the Hudson, where 
 he received important commands in the military service of that 
 colony. After Knollys' departure, Mr. Larkham, for whom the 
 township was named Northam, charged with moral obliquity, 
 hastily left the colony, returning to England, where he died 
 some thirty years afterwards, "well-known there for a man of 
 great piety and sincerity." 
 
 One of the exiles from Massachusetts was Rev. John Wheel- 
 wright, a preacher at Braintree, who, having been banished 
 from Massachusetts on account of his Antinomian principles, 
 obtained a grant from the Indians, and settled, in 1638, with 
 many of his followers, at the falls of Squamscott, giving the 
 place the name of Exeter. Wheelwright was a friend and fel- 
 low collegian of Oliver Cromwell ; had been vicar of Bilsby, in 
 Lincolnshire, England, and brought his family to this country 
 in 1636. Landing in Boston, the next year he was banished 
 
 > Belknap. 
 
42 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [164O 
 
 from the colony. There is a distinct tradition that there 
 were residents at Exeter before Wheelwright arrived. He 
 at once gathered a church there, built a meeting-house, a 
 primitive structure of small dimensions, and became the 
 minister. He drew up a form of civil government, called 
 a "combination," which, in a modified form, was signed 
 by him and thirty-four others in 1640. He remained at 
 Exeter until the extension of the jurisdiction of Massachusetts 
 over the settlements of New Hampshire, when he withdrew, with 
 some of his warmest supporters, to Wells, in Maine. In the 
 year 1638, Rev. Stephen Patchelor, with whom was soon after 
 associated Timothy Dalton and a party, chiefly from Norfolk, in 
 England, to the number of fifty-six, made a settlement at Hamp- 
 ton at a place known to the Indians as Winnicumet. This 
 was strictly a Massachusetts colony ; and although their settle- 
 ment was objected to by the agents of the Mason estate and 
 the settlers at Exeter, it. was persisted in, and soon after led to 
 the claim of Massachusetts to jurisdiction over the whole of the 
 territory of New Hampshire. After the death of Captain 
 Mason, his widow and executrix sent over Francis Norton as 
 her attorney to manage the estate. The expense exceeding the 
 income, she was obliged to relinquish the care of the plantation, 
 and to let the servants shift for themselves. They shared the 
 goods and cattle, — Norton driving one hundred head to Boston 
 and there selling them. Some removed to other parts, but many 
 remained, claiming their lands and betterments, and formed a 
 permanent settlement about Strawberry Bank. 
 
 At this time there were four distinct governments, including 
 Kittery, on the Piscataqua river, united by mutual " combinations " 
 or forms of government. The political revolution in England 
 deprived the people of hope of receiving the royal attention, 
 and being divided among themselves, the Massachusetts party,, 
 which had been strengthened by large additions among the new 
 settlers of Dover, prevailed, and it was resolved by the " more 
 considerate persons " to treat with Massachusetts about tak- 
 ing them under their protection. The affair was more than a 
 year in agitation, but was finally concluded, April 14, 1641, when 
 
1632] DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENTS. 43 
 
 Strawberry Bank, and the inhabitants of Hilton's Patent, 
 or Northam, and Exeter, submitted to the jurisdiction of the 
 Massachusetts colony. This was greatly desired by the authori- 
 ties at Boston, for they hoped thus to stretch the limits of 
 their patent so as to take in a great extent of territory. It 
 was of advantage to the people of the Piscataqua, for it gave 
 a strong government, which to them was the same as peace 
 and justice. 
 
 Exeter at that time was not very orthodox, nor was Dover ; 
 while the people of Strawberry Bank inclined to the Established 
 Church of England. So the people demanded and received 
 several concessions before consummating the union. Captain 
 Thomas Wiggin seems to have been the most influential man 
 in the colony in bringing about the desired end, and was 
 rewarded by high magisterial authority, under the new order of 
 things. One of the most important concessions made was that 
 a representative from the Piscataqua could serve, though he 
 was not a church member. 
 
 Thus was formed a union, under which, for nearly forty years. 
 New Hampshire submitted to the laws and jurisdiction of Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 Of the second governor of the Piscataqua settlements, 
 Francis Williams, who succeeded Walter Neal and continued 
 as governor until the union with Massachusetts, little is known 
 to the writer, save that he became a magistrate, and an associate 
 justice in Norfolk county, and continued in office until 1645. 
 
 The obscurity which surrounds the first settlement of New 
 Hampshire has been partially cleared up by the researches of 
 the late John Scribner Jenness. A careful perusal of the fol- 
 lowing extracts from his "Notes on the First Planting of New 
 Hampshire and on its Piscataqua Patents," may be of general 
 Interest, especially as the work was privately printed, and had a 
 very limited circulation : 
 
 " Advancing from this starting-point (the settlement of 
 David Thomson and his company, in 1623, at Pannaway, or 
 Little Harbor), only a few steps further into the early history of 
 New Hampshire, the student is again shut in by a dense fog. 
 
44 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1632 
 
 through which, for a long time, he is compelled to grope his 
 uncertain way. Before the year 1632 is passed, he finds him- 
 self in the midst of a number of patents on the Piscataqua, none 
 of which can he clearly make out and define. He perceives 
 long and bitter contests between those rival patents, the true 
 ground of which he cannot understand. He discovers that at 
 last all these contending patentees and planters are in some 
 way swept into the jurisdiction of Massachusetts Bay, but the 
 dexterous legerdemain by which the annexation was effected 
 entirely escapes his detection. In vain does he seek for light in 
 the pages of the Pilgrim or the Puritan historians. That whole 
 confraternity, indeed, avowedly look upon the Piscataqua plan- 
 tations with utter contempt, and waste little or no time upon 
 the annals of those 'sons of Belial' who haunted about the 
 lower part of the river." It became the policy of the Bay 
 Colony, in prosecuting their designs over the Piscataqua, to say 
 or write as little as possible on the subject, so that in case they 
 should ever be called to account for their conduct in the matter, 
 they could not, in any event, be condemned out of their own 
 mouths. 
 
 The instrument which has been the chief cause of the confu- 
 sion and obscurity was the patent granted in 1629-30 to 
 Edward Hilton and his associates — a petty conveyance of a 
 small tract of land around Dover Neck — covering "all that 
 part of the river Piscataquack, called or known by the name of 
 Wecanacohunt or Hilton's Point, with the south side of the 
 said river, up to the fall of the river, and three miles into the 
 main land by all the breadth aforesaid." Beginning at Hilton's 
 Point or Dover Neck, the boundary line ran up along the south- 
 erly side of the Piscataqua river to the lower, or Quampegan 
 Falls, a distance of seven or eight miles, and reached back into 
 the interior country three miles along the entire river frontage. 
 Formal possession was given to Hilton, July 7, 163 1. 
 
 Before Hilton's title was perfected. Strawberry Bank had 
 begun to be settled. No less than sixty men were employed 
 in the Laconia Company's business on the Piscataqua, and 
 a plantation had been established at Newichwannock, not 
 
163 1] DISCOVEUV AND SETTLEMENTS. 45 
 
 far from Quampegan Falls, and on the opposite side of the 
 river from Hilton's grant. 
 
 As the Laconia patent conveyed to the adventurers no por- 
 tion of Piscataqua river, and as during two years' occupation 
 they had acquired an accurate knowledge of the region and its 
 many advantages for traffic and commerce, it was their first 
 care to procure a grant of the desired region not previously con- 
 veyed to Edward Hilton. Their grant was dated November 3, 
 163 1, and embraced all lands east of Great Bay, and five miles 
 south of Little Harbor, and a width of three miles on the north 
 and east of the Piscataqua from the sea to Quampegan Falls- 
 It included the present town of Portsmouth, Newington, Green- 
 land, Newcastle and Rye. It did not conflict with the Hilton 
 patent, as it was made by the same grantor, the grand council 
 for New England. 
 
 The charter of Massachusetts Bay passed the seals March 4, 
 1628-29, i^^s ante-dating Mason's patent of New Hampshire 
 as well as both the Piscataqua river grants. If the Massachusetts 
 construction of their charter should prevail, then all the patents 
 on the river would be swept away ; the whole of that region 
 would fall by prior title into their hands and jurisdiction, and 
 neither Mason nor Hilton could have offered any effectual 
 opposition. 
 
 This ingenious interpretation of the charter having been hit 
 upon, there appeared as early as 163 1, upon the banks of the 
 Piscataqua, one Captain Thomas Wiggin, a stern Puritan, and a 
 confidential friend of Governor John Winthrop, who spent his 
 whole after-life in maintaining the title of Massachusetts Bay 
 Colony, under their great charter of 1628, to the lands about the 
 Piscataqua. 
 
 As the construction the Bay Colony put upon their charter 
 would, if enforced, have swept away the entire property of all 
 the Piscataqua planters, it must have encountered a hot and 
 determined opposition from the whole river. The Massachu- 
 setts perceived that the Piscataqua planters were bitterly hostile 
 to them in political and religious principles, and would on that 
 account be likely to receive official aid from the old country in 
 
46 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [164O 
 
 case of an open conflict. In these difficulties, tlie Bay magis- 
 trates deemed it prudent to breaic up and confuse, if possible, 
 the solid front of opposition before making an attack; and to 
 that end they resolved to get into their own hands the entire 
 Hilton patent. 
 
 Accordingly, after concerting the plan with Governor Win- 
 throp and his assistants, Captain Wiggin, shortly after his quar- 
 rel with Captain Walter Neal over possession of Bloody Point, 
 went out to England in 1632, and forming a company of 
 "honest men," as Winthrop calls them, succeeded, with their 
 aid, in purchasing from Hilton and his Bristol associates the 
 entire Hilton patent, at the price of j£2,\c,o. The purchasers 
 were all Puritans and friends of the Massachusetts colony who 
 had been "writ unto." 
 
 Captain Wiggin, appointed manager for the new company, 
 returned to New England in 1633, with reinforcements and 
 supplies, and took immediate steps to submit the territory to 
 the jurisdiction of Massachusetts ; but Wiggin found it impos- 
 sible to complete the bargain. Intense hostility against the 
 design sprang up at once among the original Hilton Point 
 planters, many of whom were Royalists and Churchmen, who 
 could not maintain their titles to land before a legal tribunal; 
 and they set up an independent government among themselves 
 under the name of a combination. In 1637, they chose George 
 Burdet, a staunch Churchman, as their governor, in place of 
 Wiggin. 
 
 Captain John Underbill, who was chosen governor in 1638, 
 on account of his supposed opposition to the Massachusetts 
 claim, was found to be plotting with his ally, Hanserd Knollys, 
 to establish that claim. This led to the riot in which Mr. 
 Larkham led the people against the governor, and was sustained 
 by Governor Francis Williams of Strawberry Bank. Underbill 
 and Knollys were both ordered out of the Piscataqua plantations 
 by a court presided over by Mr. Williams. 
 
 But now at last, in 1640, amidst the turmoils and bitter quar- 
 rels among the inhabitants, Massachusetts saw her long awaited 
 opportunity to spread her jurisdiction over the Piscataqua, 
 
1640] 
 
 DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 47 
 
 Hugh Peters and two others were sent "to understand the minds 
 of the people, to reconcile some differences between them, and 
 to prepare them." On his return in 1641, he reported to 
 Governor Winthrop that the Piscataqua people were "ripe for 
 our government. They grone for Government and Gospel all 
 over that side of the Country. Alas! poore bleeding soules." 
 
 " The precise methods used in preparing the people for the 
 Puritan annexation have never been fully disclosed. Edward 
 Hilton's assent was purchased by a covenant. Governor Francis 
 Williams, of the lower plantation, was secured for the measure, 
 but the manner is not revealed. The chief inducement, however, 
 held out to the^population at large seems to have been the prom- 
 ise of the Bay Colony, that they should "enjoy all such lawful 
 liberties of fishing, planting and felling timber as formerly." 
 
 The inhabitants at Strawberry Bank and vicinity at the' time of the Union, 
 1640, were : 
 
 Jno. Wall. William Berry. 
 
 Robert Puddington. Jno. Pickering. 
 
 Mathew Cole. Jno. Billing. 
 
 Henry Sherburne. Jno. Wolten. 
 
 John Lander. Nicholas Row. 
 
 Henry Taler. William Palmer. 
 John Jones. 
 
 Among the stewards and servants sent to New Hampshire by Captain 
 John Mason were : 
 
 Gov. Francis Williams. 
 Asst. Ambrose Gibbons.* 
 William Jones. 
 Dr. Renald Fernald. 
 |ohn Crow ther- 
 Anthony Bracket. 
 Michael Chatterton. 
 
 ^Jlip.ni as^ Qom ack. 
 William Raymond. 
 George Vaughan. 
 Thomas Wannerton. 
 Henry Jocelyn. 
 Francis Norton. 
 Sampson Lane. 
 Ralph Goe. 
 Henry Goe. 
 William Cooper. 
 Henry Longstaff.* 
 Hugh James. 
 William Bracket. 
 William Brakin. 
 
 Wm., Wm. Jr., and Hum- 
 phrey Chadbourne. 
 
 Jeremiah and Thos. Wal- 
 ford. 
 
 Thomas Chatherton. 
 
 John Williams.' 
 
 John Goddard.* 
 
 Thomas Fernald. 
 
 Thomas Withers. 
 
 Thomas Canney.* 
 
 John Symonds. 
 
 John Peverly. 
 
 Thomas Moore. 
 
 Alexander Jones. 
 
 James Newt.* 
 Francis Mathews.* 
 Francis Rand. 
 James Johnson. 
 Anthony Ellins. 
 Henry Baldwin. 
 Thomas Spencer. 
 Thomas Furrall. 
 Thom as Herd- 
 Roger Knight. 
 William Seavey. 
 Joseph Beal. 
 John Ault.* 
 James Wall. 
 
 Eight Danes and twenty-two women. 
 
 * Settled in Dover. 
 
48 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [1640 
 
 Among the Dover settlers at the time were also: 
 
 Thomas Beard. Thomas Johnson. 
 
 George Burdet. Hanserd Knowles. 
 
 Edward Colcott. Thomas Larkham. 
 
 John Darn. Thomas Layton. 
 
 William Furber. William Leveridge. 
 
 John Hall. James Nute. 
 
 John Heard. Hatevil Nutter. 
 
 Edward and Wm. Hilton. James Ordway. 
 
 At Exeter the signers of the " combination " were : 
 Rev. John Wheelwright. Chr. Helme. 
 
 Augustus Storre. 
 Thomas Wight. 
 William Wentworth. 
 Henry Elkins. 
 George Walton. 
 Samuel Walker. 
 Thomas Pettit. 
 Henry Roby. 
 William Wenbourn. 
 Thomas Crawley. 
 Robert Smith. 
 
 Darby Ffield. 
 Robert Reid. 
 Edward Rishvorth. 
 Francis Matthews. 
 Ralph Hall. 
 Robert Soward. 
 Richard BuUgar. 
 Christopher Lawson. 
 George Barlow. 
 Richard Morris. 
 
 Fourteen of whom made their ma 
 
 Richard Pinkham. 
 Wm. Pomfret. 
 Thomas Roberts. 
 Henry Tebbits. 
 John Tuttle. 
 Richard Waldron. 
 Thomas Wiggans. 
 
 Nicholas Needham. 
 Thomas Willson. 
 George Rawbone. 
 William Coole. 
 James Wall. 
 Thomas Leavitt. 
 Edmond Littletield. 
 John Crame. 
 Godfrey Dearborn. 
 Philemon Pormot. 
 Thos. and Wm. War- 
 dell, 
 rks. 
 
 At Hampton were early 
 Rev. Stephen Batchelor. 
 Mr. Christopher Hussey. 
 Thomas Cromwell. 
 Samuel Skullard. 
 John Osgood. 
 Samuel Greenfield. 
 John and Thomas Moul- 
 
 ton. 
 William Estow. 
 William Palmer. 
 Robert Caswell. 
 William Marston. 
 John Philbrick. 
 Henry Ambrose. 
 Moses Cox. 
 Thomas Ward. 
 Daniel Hendrick. 
 
 the following settlers : 
 William Fuller. 
 William Sargeant. 
 Richard Swayne. 
 William Sanders. 
 Robert Tucke. 
 John Cross. 
 John Brown. 
 Edmund Johnson. 
 Thomas Jones. 
 Robert Saunderson. 
 Arthur Clark. 
 Joseph Austin. 
 Wm. English. 
 Wm. Wakefield. 
 Thomas King. 
 Giles Fuller. 
 John Wedgewood. 
 
 James Davis. 
 Abraham Perkins. 
 Philemon Dalton. 
 John Huggins. 
 Jeoflfrey Mingay. 
 Thomas Marston. 
 Lieut. Wm. Hayward. 
 Isaac Perkins. 
 Francis Peabody. 
 Robert Page. 
 Joseph Smith. 
 Walter Roper. 
 Wm. Fifield. 
 Anthony Taylor. 
 Wm. Saunders. 
 Thomas Chase. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS, 1641-1679. 
 
 Laws — Courts — Judges — Masonian Claim — Deputies — Magistrates 
 — Dover — Norfolk County — Town Lines — Roads — Portsmouth 
 
 — Survey of Northern Boundary — Endicott Rock — Market — 
 Dunstable — Witchcraft — Quakers — King's Commissioners — Cor- 
 bet — Masts — Sabbath Laws — Harvard College — Oyster River 
 
 — Indian War — Effect of Union — Church History: Hampton — 
 Exeter — Dover — Portsmouth — Massachusetts Governors — Mag- 
 istrates AND Deputies. 
 
 A T the time of the union, the breach between the Puritans 
 and the Established Church of England was not so wide as 
 it was soon destined to become. Most of their early ministers 
 were regularly ordained and many had been educated at Oxford 
 or at Cambridge. The differences were not so much in the 
 creed as in church government and the forms of worship. Even 
 the ritual had not been entirely discarded. There were at that 
 time, and for many years after, even until the creation of the 
 royal province, two parties within the New Hampshire towns, 
 the Puritan or republican party, and the opposition, made up 
 of ardent Churchmen, Royalists, Anabaptists,^ Antinomians,^ 
 Quakers, freethinkers, and free lances. 
 
 During the union of these plantations with Massachusetts 
 they were governed by the general laws of that colony and the 
 terms of the union were strictly observed. Exeter and Hamp- 
 ton were at first annexed to the jurisdiction of the courts at 
 Ipswich, till the establishment of a new county, which was called 
 
 * The Anabaptists denied the validity of infant baptism and believed in immersion. 
 2 The Antinomians believed in " the indwelling of the person of the Holy Ghost in the heart of 
 the true believers " and encouraged the women in taking part in religious meetings. 
 
so HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l64t 
 
 Norfolk, and comprehended Salisbury, Haverhill, Hampton, 
 Exeter, Strawberry Bank and Dover. These towns were then 
 of such extent as to contain all the lands between the rivers 
 Merrimack and Piscataqua. The shire town was Salisbury, but 
 the Piscataqua settlements had always a distinct jurisdiction, 
 though they were considered as part of this new county. A 
 court was held in one or the other, sometimes once and some- 
 times twice in the year, consisting of one or more of the magis- 
 trates or assistants, and one or more of the commissioners, chosen 
 by the General Court out of the principal gentlemen of each town. 
 This was called the Court of Associates, and their power extended 
 to causes of twenty pounds' value. From them there was an appeal 
 to the Board of Assistants, in Boston, which, being found incon- 
 venient, it was, in 1670, ordered to be made to the county court 
 of Norfolk. Cases under twenty shillings in value were settled in 
 each town by an inferior court, consisting of three persons. 
 After some time, the towns had liberty to choose their associate 
 justices, which was done by the vote of both towns, opened at a 
 joint meeting of their selectmen, though sometimes they re- 
 quested the Court to appoint them as before. "That mutual 
 confidence between rulers and people which springs from the 
 genius of a republican government is observable in all their 
 transactions." ^ 
 
 2 The extension of the jurisdiction of Massachusetts over New 
 Hampshire could not fail of being noticed by the heirs of 
 Mason ; but the distractions caused by the civil wars in England 
 were invincible bars to any legal inquiry. The first heir named in 
 Mason's will dying in infancy, the estate descended after the 
 death of the executrix to Robert Tufton, who was not of age 
 till 1650. Joseph Mason came over as agent to look after the 
 Masonian interests. He found the lands at Newichawannock 
 occupied by Richard Leader, against whom he brought suit in the 
 county court of Norfolk ; but a dispute arising, whether the lands 
 in question were within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, there 
 was an appeal to the General Court at Boston, which resulted in 
 the survey by Jonathan Ince and John Sherman. Two experi- 
 
 ' Farmer's Belknap, pp. 53, 54. 2 Belknap. 
 
1641] UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS. SI 
 
 enced ship masters determined that the parallel of latitude ex- 
 tended from the outlet of Lake Winnipiseogee to a point in Casco 
 Bay, on the coast of Maine, and this line was determined by the 
 General Court to be their northern boundary, thus including 
 the most of the territory granted to Mason. They also decided 
 that a quantity of land proportionable to Mason's disbursements, 
 with the privilege of the river, should be laid out to his heirs. 
 The agent made no attempt to recover any other. part of the 
 estate, but returned to England, and the estate was given up 
 for lost, unless the government of England should interfere. 
 During the Commonwealth, and the protectorate of Cromwell, 
 there could be no hope of relief, as the family had always been 
 attached to the royal cause, and the colony stood high in the favor 
 of the Parliament and of Cromwell. 
 
 At the restoration of Charles II, Robert Tufton, who took 
 the name of Mason, applied to the King for redress, and the 
 attorney-general decided that the claim of Mason to the province 
 of New Hampshire was good and legal. The commissioners 
 who came over in 1664 were to inquire into this as well as other 
 matters. The reception of the commissioners resulted in a re- 
 port to the King unfavorable to the Massachusetts claims. 
 While in New England they took many affidavits, but made no 
 deterpiination of the controversy. After the return of the 
 commissioners, the government took no active measures for the 
 relief of Mason, who became discouraged and joined with the 
 heirs of Gorges in proposing an alienation of their respective 
 rights in the provinces of New Hampshire and Maine to the 
 crown, but the Dutch wars and other foreign transactions pre- 
 vented any determination concerning them till the country was 
 involved in all the horrors of a general war with the natives. 
 
 From the annals of New Hampshire, gathered with great 
 care by the late Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Bouton, from town records, 
 court records, Massachusetts records, and New York documents, 
 and published in the first volume of the " Provincial Papers," 
 are extracted most of the following items of more or less 
 interest. 
 
 The union of the four New Hampshire towns with Massa- 
 
52 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [164I 
 
 chusetts was perfected by an act passed by the General Court 
 held at Boston on the "9th day of the 8th month, 1641." The 
 preamble having asserted that, according to the Massachusetts 
 patent, the Piscataqua river was within their jurisdiction and that 
 a conference had been had with the people living there, who con- 
 sented to the arrangement, it was ordered that the people " in- 
 habiting there are and shall be accepted and reputed under the 
 government of the Massachusetts " ; that " they shall have the 
 same order and way of administration of justice and way of 
 keeping courts as is established at Ipswich and Salem " ; " that 
 they shall be exempted from all publique charges other than 
 those that shall arise for or from among themselves " ; " shall 
 enjoy all such lawful liberties of fishing, planting, felling timber 
 as formerly " ; that " Mr. Simon Bradstreet, Mr. Israel Stough- 
 ton, Mr. Samuel Symonds, Mr. William Tynge, Mr. Francis 
 Williams and Mr. Edward Hilton, or any four of them, whereof 
 Mr. Bradstreet or Mr. Stoughton to be one, shall have the 
 same power that the Quarter Courts at Salem and Ipswich have " ; 
 that "the inhabitants there are allowed to send two deputies 
 from the whole river [settlements] to the Court at Boston " ; 
 that the commissioners have power to appoint two or three to 
 join with Mr. Williams and Mr. Hilton to govern the people for 
 the ensuing year as was done in Massachusetts ; and that the 
 authority exercised by the ofificers of the " combination " should 
 continue until the arrival of the commissioners. 
 
 On the loth of December, 1641, " Mr. Wiggin, Mr. Warnerton 
 and Mr. Gibbons " were joined in commission. In May, 1642, 
 Captain Wiggin, Mr. Edward Hilton, Mr. Warnerton and Mr. 
 William Waklron were commissioned magistrates on the Piscata- 
 qua, with whom were associated William Hilton and Edward 
 Colcord ; and William Hayward, John Crosse and James Davis, 
 at Hampton ; with power to settle cases under ;^20. 
 
 During the year it was granted that all the inhabitants of Pis- 
 cataqua who formerly were free there should have the liberty 
 of freemen in their several towns to manage all their town affairs, 
 and that each town should send a deputy to the General Court, 
 though he was not a church member. During the year Northam 
 
1647] UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS. 53 
 
 was regularly incorporated and Samuel Dudley, William Paine, 
 Mr. Winslow and Mathew Boyes were appointed to settle the 
 town limits or bounds. The' town was called Dover the follow- 
 ing year. 
 
 In 1643 Norfolk county was established, containing Salisbury, 
 Hampton, Haverhill, Exeter, Dover, Strawberry Bank. Exeter 
 petitioned to have its bounds determined ; and William Wen- 
 bourn, Robert Smith and Thomas Wardell were appointed 
 magistrates. 
 
 In 1644 l^he inhabitants of Exeter were enjoined from gather- 
 ing a church and settling the Rev. Mr. Batchelor before their 
 reconciliation and fitness was manifest. The decree of banish- 
 ment against Rev. Mr. Wheelwright was recalled. Passaconaway 
 and his sons submitted to the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. 
 The bounds between Dover and Strawberry Bank were deter- 
 mined. Samuel Greenfield, innkeeper of Exeter, had his license 
 revoked, and Richard Bulgar of Hampton was commissioned 
 lieutenant of the militia. Francis Williams, Mr. Fernald and 
 William Sherburne were appointed magistrates at Strawberry 
 Bank. Trouble between Mr. Batchelor and Hampton was re- 
 ferred to a commission. 
 
 In 1645 Philemon Dalton was licensed to marry at Hampton. 
 Anthony Stanyan, Samuel Greenfield, Robert Smith and John 
 Legatt were appointed magistrates of Exeter; Captain Wiggin, 
 Mr. Williams and Mr. Smith, associate magistrates at Dover. 
 The General Court discountenanced the holding of slaves at 
 Piscataqua and ordered that a negro brought from Guinea 
 should be returned. 
 
 In 1646 the bounds between Exeter and Hampton were deter- 
 mined by Samuel Dudley, Edward Rawson and Edward Carle- 
 ton. William Waldron was appointed recorder of deeds at Dov- 
 er, and Mr. Waldron and Lieutenant Hayward laid out a road 
 from Dover to Salisbury. The court of the Piscataqua district 
 was holden twice at Dover and Captain Wiggin, Mr. Smith and 
 Ambrose Gibbons were appointed associate magistrates. A road 
 was laid out across the Hampton marshes. 
 
 In 1647 a road was laid out from Haverhill to Exeter ; and 
 
54 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIPE. [l6S2 
 
 " towne marks " agreed upon by the General Court " for horses, 
 [were] ordered to be set upon one of the nere quarters. S(traw- 
 berry-banke) N(ortham) H(ampton) E(xeter)." 
 
 In 1648 it was ordered that court should be holden at Salisbury, 
 the neglected shiretown of Norfolk county, and also at Hamp- 
 ton. Musters for military training were held eight times a year. 
 Samuel Dudley, Captain Wiggin and Robert Clements were com- 
 missioned justices for the county and authorized to administer 
 the oath to the three commissioners for small causes in the sev- 
 eral towns. Edward Starbuck was tried, having been charged 
 with "profession of Anabaptism." The courts had to deal jus- 
 tice for the crime of murder, as in the case of Mrs. Willip, as 
 well as for the crime of wearing the hair long, and professing 
 "Anabaptism." 
 
 In 165 1 the inhabitants of Strawberry Bank petitioned for a 
 survey of their bounds and for the establishment of a court and 
 for the protection against the heirs of John Mason. Brian Pen- 
 dleton and Henry Sherburne were appointed associate magis- 
 trates with Captain Wiggin, and the line between Strawberry 
 Bank and Hampton and between Hampton and Exeter was or- 
 dered to be determined. Exeter was authorized to choose a con- 
 stable " acceptable to the court." Four hundred acres of land 
 between Hampton and the Piscataqua were granted to Captain 
 William Hathorne and six hundred acres to Emanuel Down- 
 ing. Governor John Endicott, learning that the inhabitants of 
 Strawberry Bank were designing to throw off their allegiance to 
 Massachusetts and set Up an independent government, com- 
 manded Captain Wiggin to arrest the ringleaders and send them 
 to Boston for trial. Dover was fined ;Cio for not sending a 
 deputy to the General Court. 
 
 In 1652 court was holden by Mr. Bellingham at Hampton, Sal- 
 isbury, Dover and Strawberry Bank, and Mr. George Smith, 
 Mr. Richard Waldron and Mr. Valentine Hill were appointed 
 associate justices. Captain Simon Willard and Captain 
 Edward Johnson were appointed commissioners to determine 
 the most northerly part of the Merrimack river. They accord- 
 ingly employed John Sherman of Watertown and Jonathan 
 
1652] UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS. 5$ 
 
 Ince, a student at Harvard College, to determine the latitude of 
 Aquadahian, the name of the Merrimack where it issues out of 
 Lake Winnipiseogee ; and on August i they found the latitude 
 was forty three degrees, forty minutes, and twelve seconds, "be- 
 sides those minutes which are to be allowed for the three miles 
 more north which runs into the Lake." 
 
 ' One of the most interesting objects connected with the early history of 
 New Hampshire, yet one that is little known, is the " Endicott Rock," which 
 is situated on the head of a small island in the channel, at the Weirs. Prob- 
 ably the exploring party who left their names chiseled upon it, were the 
 first white men that ever gazed upon the waters of the beautiful lake. Al- 
 though two and a half centuries have elapsed since that time, yet this inscrip- 
 tion still remains as a monument to their bravery and endurance. 
 
 The inscription can still be entirely read by much study, but is fast wearing 
 away, and must soon entirely disappear under the constant action of the ele- 
 ments. Recognizing this fact, the Lake Company, on whose domain it stands, 
 have had several plaster casts taken, one of which is to be seen in their 
 office at Lake Village ; while others have been presented to the Historical 
 Societies of New Hampshire and Massachusetts. 
 
 When, and by whom, the discovery of this interesting relic was made, is 
 not definitely known, but is supposed to have been made by Stephen Lyford 
 and Nathan Batchelder of Meredith Bridge, the constructors of the "Old Bel- 
 knap," as they built a dam across the channel on the Meredith side, in 1832, 
 for the purpose of deepening the other one, in order that that famous steamer 
 could pass down to Lake Village, which was then a thriving village of about 
 a dozen houses. Others claim that Messrs. Daniel Tucker and John T. Coffin, 
 president and cashier of the Meredith Bridge Savings Bank, were the original 
 discoverers. The State has recently provided for the preservation of this 
 interesting monument. 
 
 The inscription reads as follows : — 
 
 EI SW. 
 
 W. P. lOHN 
 ENDICVT 
 GOV 
 
 Dover was declared entitled to send two deputies to the 
 General Court and Strawberry Bank one. It was determined 
 that the northern bounds of Dover should extend from the first 
 fall of the Newichawannock river upon a north by west line four 
 miles ; and the Lampereel river was confirmed as the bound be- 
 tween Exeter and Dovei'. 
 
 ' Granite Monthly. 
 
56 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l6S5 
 
 In 1653 the inhabitants at Strawberry Bank, claiming to have 
 between seventy and eighty men able to bear arms, and between 
 fifty and sixty families, desired the privileges of a township, 
 and were incorporated by the name of Portsmouth. The free- 
 men of Dover chose Captain Waldron and Valentine Hill as 
 associates ; and their choice was confirmed by the General Court. 
 
 In 1654 William Pomfret was " appointed and authorized to 
 marry such at Dover as shall be duly published and otherwise 
 fitt to joyne in marriage according to law: "and Roger Shaw 
 of Hampton was " impowered and ordered to sell wine of any sort 
 and strong liquors to the Indians as * * shall seeme meete and 
 necessary for their relief, in just and urgent occasions, and not 
 otherwise." The rates assessed for supporting the ministry 
 were payable in money, beaver, beef, pork, wheat, pease, malt, 
 cheese, butter, or in any one of these commodities ; and the dep- 
 uties at the General Court at Boston dined together during the 
 session at Lieutenant Phillips' tavern, at the expense of the col- 
 ony, and " the keeper of said tavern shall be paid for the same 
 by the treasurer by discounting the same in the custom of wine : " 
 and they were also lequired to provide boarding-places for the 
 deputies who should succeed them. Lieutenant Phillips charged 
 three shillings a day for breakfast, dinner and supper, fire and 
 bed, " with wine and beer between meals," or eighteen pence for 
 dinner alone, "with wine and beer betwixt meals." The Great 
 and General Court defined the law thus : "and by wine is in- 
 tended a cup for each man at dinner and supper, and no more." * 
 
 In 1655, "at the request of the towne of Hampton, by theire 
 deputy, itt is ordered that there shall be a market kept there on 
 one day in every week, viz., on the fifth day, which is theire lec- 
 ture day." 
 
 In August, 1655, Captain Simon Willard and Edward John- 
 son, surveyors, who were employed by the provincial court of 
 Massachusetts, came from Woburn with an exploring company, 
 which usually consisted of a guard of eight or ten men, to pro- 
 tect the surveyors from Indian invasion as they penetrated the 
 
 • The deputies were paid by the towns they represented. The Dover deputy was allowed thirty 
 shillings for travelling expenses, two shillings and sixpence per day l>esides his" diet," while In at- 
 tendance. 
 
1656] UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS. 57 
 
 unbroken forests. They are supposed to be the first white men 
 ever in West Dunstable, — traversing the Merrimack river and 
 its tributaries, going up Pennichuck brook to Pennichuck pond, 
 also exploring what has been known for a period of over two 
 hundred years as the Witch Brook Valley, and embraced that 
 portion of West Dunstable known later as Monson and Hollis. 
 
 Witch Brook was discovered by those who belonged to the ex- 
 ploring company of Johnson and Willard. Some of their number 
 went up this brook quite a distance, and, leaving its bank to get 
 a view of the surrounding forests, were unfortunate enough to 
 lose their way. Night came on before they regained the brook ; 
 and a thick fog set in, which rendered it extremely difficult for 
 the men to follow it. Some one of their number remarked that 
 the place was bewitched, and that the brook was bewitched; 
 hence, it received its present name long before any settlement 
 was made in the vicinity. There were many considerations 
 which helped to promote the early settlements there. One was, 
 that a great portion of meadow land was made available by 
 reason of the beavers building their dams for the purpose of 
 flowing ponds, wliich hunters and trappers would break ; and 
 the whole tract was drained, leaving a mowing-field already 
 cleared for the new settler. Another consideration was, that 
 the Indians had planted fields of corn on the uplands as late as 
 1665, which were found ready for cultivation. And still another 
 reason that actuated the people in settling in the. section was 
 that its facility for fur catching was second to no other in the 
 State.* 
 
 In 1656 the witchcraft craze reached New Hampshire. 
 March 30, Susannah Trimmings of Little Harbor, Piscataqua, 
 going home at night with Goodwife Barton, separated from her 
 at the freshet next her house. On her return, ^between Good- 
 man Evans' and Robert Davis' she heard a rustling in the 
 woods, which she at first thought was occasioned by swine, and 
 presently after there did appear to her a woman, whom she 
 apprehended to be Goodwife Walford, who asked her where her 
 consort was and wanted to borrow a pound of cotton. Upon 
 
 •CS. Spaulding. 
 
58 
 
 HISTORY OF NliW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [1656 
 
 being refused, the old woman threatened and then left her, 
 vanishing toward the water side in the shape of a cat, while Sus- 
 annah was struck as with a clap of fire on the back. She returned 
 to her home and was ill a number of days. This statement was 
 sworn to before Brian Pendleton, fienry Sherburne and Renald 
 
 THE MILES STANDISH HOUSE, DUXBURY. 
 
 Fernald, and the fact of her sickness was corroborated by the tes- 
 timony of others. Agnes Puddington testified that a little after 
 sunset she saw a yellowish cat ; that her husband, John Pudding- 
 ton, saw a cat in the garden and took down his gun to shoot her. 
 
l6S7] UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS. 59 
 
 "The cat got up on a tree, and the gun would not take fire," 
 and afterwards the lock would not work. She afterwards saw 
 three cats. On this and similar testimony, Goodwife Walford 
 was bound over to the next court. At the court of associates, 
 holden in June, Jane Walford was bound over' until the next 
 court, "upon suspicion of being a witch." The complaint was 
 probably dropped at the next term, for some years afterwards 
 Goodwife Walford brought an action for slander against one 
 Robert Couch, for calling her a witch, and recovered five 
 pounds and costs. 
 
 By an act of tlie General Court this year, a fine of one hundred 
 pounds was imposed on any ship master who should import a 
 Quaker, and that " what Quakers soever shall arrive in this 
 country from forraigne parts, or come into this jurisdiction from 
 any parts adjacent, shall be committed to the house of correction, 
 and at their entrance to be severely whipt." A penalty of five 
 pounds was imposed for importing any Quaker books, the same 
 for keeping on hand such books ; while any person within the 
 colony defending the opinions of the Quakers, for a first offence 
 should be fined forty shillings, four pounds for the second offence, 
 while a third offence would subject the guilty party to imprison- 
 ment and banishment from the realm. The act closed with the 
 gentle assurance that " what person or persons soever shall 
 revile the office or person of magistrates or ministers * * shall 
 be severely whipt or pay the some of five pounds." 
 
 In 1657 the land and properties of "the honored Capt. 
 Wiggin," not hitherto within the limits of any town, were placed 
 within the limits of Hampton. The people of Portsmouth built 
 a meeting-house, and the next year settled Rev. Joshua Moody 
 as minister. This year the law against Quakers was made more 
 severe. Whoever harbored them was fined forty shillings for 
 every hour's entertainment or concealment of Quakers. Any 
 Quaker who should return to the jurisdiction of the colony after 
 having been banished, should, if a male, for the first offence, 
 have one of his ears cut off; for the second offence, have the 
 other ear cut off ; if a woman, she should be "whipt severely." 
 For a third offence, every Quaker, he or she, " shall have their 
 
60 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l663 
 
 tongues bored through with a hot iron, and kept at the house of 
 correction, close to worke, till they be sent away at their own 
 charge." A native Quaker fared the same as a foreign Quaker. 
 Our ancestors sought, in the wilderness, to obtain religious 
 freedom for themselves, without toleration for other creeds than 
 their own. A party of eight persons were drowned off Hamp- 
 ton during the year. The line between Hampton and Salisbury 
 was determined, beginning at the ocean in the middle of 
 Hampton river. 
 
 In 1658 the inhabitants of Portsmouth were ordered to attend 
 all military service under command of Capt. Brian Pendleton, and 
 to observe the laws concerning the selling of strong liquors and 
 to keep good order in ordinaries. Dover this year voted to 
 raise twenty pounds for the maintenance of a schoolmaster, 
 who could " reid, write, cast accompt * * as the parents shall 
 require." 
 
 In 1659 occurred the execution, at Boston, of several Quakers, 
 under the authority of the law passed in 1656. 
 
 The forefathers must have been sorely afflicted with Quakers^ 
 for in 1661 the General Court decreed that any discovered 
 within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts should " be stripped 
 naked from the middle upwards, and tied to a cart's tayle and 
 whipped thro' the towne, and from thence immediately conveyed 
 to the constable of the next town towards the borders of our 
 jurisdiction ; * * so from constable to constable, till they be 
 conveyed thro' any the outwardmost townes of our jurisdic- 
 tion;" and for a third offence should be branded on their left 
 shoulder with the letter R. Truly, in those days, these shores 
 may be said to have been inhospitable. The unkindest part of 
 this act was in the provision that "the constables of the several 
 townes * * were empowered * * to impresse cart, oxen, and 
 other assistance." The Isles of Shoals were incorporated as a 
 town by the name of Appledore, during the year. 
 
 In 1662 Eunice Cole, a reputed witch of Hampton, after an 
 iijiprisonment, was banished from the colony. A New England 
 poet, John G. Whittier, has immortalized the name of Eunice 
 Cole, in his " Tent on the Beach," as the witch of Hampton 
 
1665] UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS. 61 
 
 who caused the drowning of the party off the mouth of Hamp- 
 ton river, in the year 1657. Still more cruel was the execution 
 of the sentence imposed by Richard Waldron upon Anna Col- 
 man, Mary Thompkins, and Alice Ambrose, Quakers, who 
 received ten strokes each on their naked backs, while made fast 
 to a cart's tail, in each of the towns of Dover and Hampton on 
 their way through Massachusetts. The order to the constables 
 was dated at Dover, in midwinter, December 22, 1662. The 
 order was executed in Dover, Hampton, and Salisbury, but in 
 the last named town the women were rescued by Walter Bare- 
 foote, who sent them out of the Province. They were probably 
 shipped to Rhode Island, the Barbadoes, or Nova Scotia. 
 
 In July, 1664, the King's commissioners. Sir Robert Carre, 
 George Cartwright and Samuel Maverick, arrived at the Piscat- 
 aqua, and during their visit found the King's authority of very 
 light weight within the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts colony. 
 They informed the Massachusetts authorities that the King did 
 not grant away his sovereignty when he granted powers to the 
 corporation to make wholesome laws and to administer justice 
 by them. Nor had he parted with his right of judging 
 whether those laws were wholesome, or whether justice were 
 administered accordingly or no. He had not granted supreme 
 authority over such of his subjects as were within the jurisdic- 
 tion of Massachusetts. The King reserved that authority and 
 prerogative for himself. The commissioners threatened the 
 Massachusetts Colony with the loss of their charter. They 
 were not kindly received by the authorities, and having made a 
 tour of the settlements, in 1665, they made a report, in which 
 they charged that Massachusetts had usurped authority over 
 the Province of New Hampshire as well as over Maine, writing 
 of the former: "This Province reaches from three miles north 
 of the Merrimack river to Piscataquay, and sixty miles into the 
 country. We find many small patents in it, and the whole 
 Province to be now under the usurpation of the Massachusetts, 
 who once set up a bound house three larg miles north of the 
 Merrimacke and owned it for about twelve years, yet since 
 claims all this and sixty miles more to the north to be within 
 
62 HISTORY OK NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1665 
 
 their patent." " We were up with the Piscataquay River, July 
 the 9 (1665), when we received his Majesty's letter of Janu- 
 ary 28. There being an excellent harbor, large and safe, and 
 seven or eight ships in it, and great store of -masts, we sent 
 warrents to 4 towns upon that river, with an intent to have 
 gotten that harbour fortified by them ; but the Massachusetts 
 sent a prohibition to them and a letter to us, by their Marshall, 
 which put a stop to our endeavours. This place, we think, 
 deserves fortifying as much as any place in New-England." 
 " We are told by some of themselves that they have appointed a 
 General Court * * to consider how to manage their opposition, 
 for * * they intend to maintain the bounds of their patent as 
 far as they have stretched them." 
 
 Then came a conflict of authority on the Piscataqua. The 
 King's commissioners having settled the Province of Maine 
 underthe King's immediate government, one Abraham Corbett, of 
 one of the Piscataqua towns, who had assisted the commis- 
 sioners by circulating petitions and obtaining evidence, was 
 summoned by the Massachusetts authorities to appear at court, 
 and was arrested by the marshals of Dover and Portsmouth, and 
 lodged in jail in Boston. Bail was refused for him. 
 
 In the report of the King's commissioners are the following 
 charges against the Massachusetts colony: "To elude His 
 Ma"'"' desire of their admitting men civill and of competent 
 estates to be free-men, they have made an act whereby he that 
 is 24 years old, a house keeper, and brings one certifi- 
 cate of his civill life, another of his being orthodox in matters of 
 faith, and a third of his paying ten shiUings (beside head money), 
 at a single rate, may then have liberty to make his desire known 
 to the. court and it shall be put to vote. 
 
 "The comiss''^ examined many townshipps and found that 
 scarce three in a hundred pay los. at a, single rate ; yet if this rate 
 was general it would be just; but he y' is a church member, 
 though he be a servant and pay not 2d., may be a free- man. 
 
 "They will not admit any who is not a church member of 
 their church, to the communion, nor their children to baptisme, 
 yet they will marry their children to those whom they will not 
 
1665] UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS. 63 
 
 admit to baptisme, if they be rich, They did imprison and 
 barbarously use Mr. Jourdain for baptising children. 
 
 " Those whom they will not admit to the communion, they 
 compel to come to their sermons by forcing from them five shill- 
 ings for every neglect ; yet these men thought their own paying 
 of one shilling, fornot coming to prayer in England, was an in- 
 surportable tyranny. 
 
 " They have put many Quakers to death of other Provinces. 
 * * First they banished them as Quakers upon pain of death, 
 and then executed them for returning. * * 
 
 " They have beaten some to jelly, and been (other ways) exceed- 
 ing cruell to others. * * They yet pray constantly for their 
 persecuted bretheren in England. 
 
 " They have many things in their lawes derogatory to His 
 Ma''='' honour ; of which the Com" made a breviat and desired 
 that they might be altered ; but they have yet done nothing in 
 it. Amongst others, whoever keeps Christmas day is to pay 
 Five Pounds. 
 
 " They caused, at length, a map of their Territories to 
 be made, but it was made in a chamber by direction and 
 guess. In it they claime Fort Albany, and beyond it all the 
 land to the South Sea. By their south line they intrench upon 
 the colonies of New-Plymouth, Rode Island and Conecticot, and 
 on the East they have usurped Captain Mason's and Sr Ferdi- 
 nand Gorges patents. 
 
 "The comiss"^ being at Piscataquay when they receaved His 
 Ma''"='' letter, which comanded them to see the Harbours 
 fortified, &c., sent their warrants to fower towns upon that river 
 requiring them to meet at such time and place to heare his 
 Ma'""'^ letter read ; one of these warrants was sent po^t to 
 Boston, from whence two marshalls were sent by the Governor 
 and Councell, with another warrant to forbid the townes either 
 to meet or to do anything comanded th^m by the Com"- at 
 their utmost perill. 
 
 " Colonel Whalley and Goff [the regicides] were entertained 
 by the magistrates with great solemnity, and feasted in every 
 place; after,' they were told they were Traytors, . and ought to 
 
64 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['665 
 
 be apprehended. They of this colony say that King Charles 
 y' First gave them power to make laws and execute them * * 
 and that they are not obliged to the King, but by civility. 
 
 " This colony furnished Cromwell with many instruments out 
 of their corporation and their colledge; and those that have 
 retreated thither since His Ma''«'^ happy returne, are much 
 respected and many advanced to be magistrates. They did 
 solicit Cromwell, by one Mr. Winsloe, to be declared a Free 
 State, and many times in their lawes stile themselves this State, 
 this Commonwealth, and now believe themselves to be so. 
 
 "They demand what taxes they please, but their accounts 
 could never yet be seen. Some few soldiers they keep at their 
 castle. * * They convert Indians by hiring them to come and 
 hear sermons * * which the more generous natives scorne. 
 
 " This colony, which hath engrossed the whole trade of New 
 England, and is therefore the richest, hath many towns, but not 
 one regularly built within its limits; W^'' the comiss" find to be 
 Seconnet Brook on the southwest and Merrimack River on the 
 northeast, and two right lines drawn from each of those two 
 places till they come within twenty miles of Hudson's River. 
 
 " The comodities of the countrey are fish, which is sent into 
 France, Spaine and the Streights, pipe-staves, masts, firr-boards, 
 some pitch and tarr, pork, beif, horses and corn ; which they 
 send to Virginia, Barbadoes, &c., and take tobacco and sugar 
 for payment, which they (after) send for England. There is 
 good store of iron made in this Province. Theire way of govern- 
 ment is Common-wealth-like ; their way of worship is rude and 
 called Congregationall ; they are zealous in it, for they persecute 
 all other forms." 
 
 The action of the Massachusetts authorities was prompt in 
 arresting Corbet, who was an innkeeper at Portsmouth and had 
 been active in circulating the petition to the King, but revealed 
 that he was not alone in his wish to escape from the tyranny of 
 the elders. The next year he was arraigned before the General 
 Court and fined j£20, and costs £$, and put under bonds of ;£ioo 
 for his peaceable demeanor, " prohibiting his irregular practices 
 by retailing Beer, Cider, Wine or Licquors," and disabling him 
 
l66g] UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS. 6$ 
 
 from "bearing any office in the town where he lives." During 
 the year 1665, the General Court so far complied with the wishes 
 of the King, as expressed by the King's commissioners, as to vote 
 a fortification at the mouth of the Piscataqua, and the people of 
 Dover voted a "Terrett" upon the meeting house " for to hang a 
 bell." 
 
 In 1666 the Massachusetts colony received a summons from 
 King Charles II to send as delegates four or five persons to 
 represent their cause before him, and explain their course towards 
 the King's commissioners, and were forbidden to punish any 
 one for petitioning or appealing to the King. 
 
 In 1667 the General Court granted a township, six miles 
 square, above Dover, to be within the jurisdiction of Dover, to 
 pay for fortifying the mouth of Piscataqua, and ordered that all dis- 
 affected persons seeking to change the form of government of 
 the townships on the Piscataqua should be sent to Boston for 
 trial. 
 
 In 1667 the fur trade with the Indians had become so import- 
 ant that the Provincial Court of Massachusetts passed an act 
 regulating it ; and the exclusive right of this trade upon the 
 Merrimack river was sold to Major Simon Willard for thte sum 
 of £2$. The trade on Nashua river was sold at the same time 
 for ;£8 ; that of Penichuck brook and its tributaries was sold to 
 Joseph Burroughs for £4. Almost all the first land grants were 
 selected by eager adventurers, with a view of having within their 
 borders the greatest facilities for trapping. 
 
 In 1 668 the bounds of Exeter were determined, and trees 
 fit for masts were reserved as public property, and a proper 
 observance of the Sabbath was commanded. No servile work 
 was allowed that day, save works of piety, of charity, or of 
 necessity. The penalty was more severe in case of " prophan- 
 ers or high handed presumption." Who ever should " travell 
 upon the Lord's day, either on horse backe or on foote, or by 
 boats from or out of their owne towne to any unlawful assembly 
 or meeting not allowed by law," were "declared to be pro- 
 phaners of the Sabbath," as were those who did "servile work." 
 In 1669, Portsmouth appropriated £60 per annum for seven 
 
66 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1676 
 
 years for aid to Harvard College. The inhabitants of that 
 part of Dover, called Oyster River, petitioned the General Court 
 for parish privileges, and that they might have a minister set- 
 tled over them. They mustered seventy soldiers. 
 
 In 1670 there were sixty soldiers in Exeter, and John Oilman 
 was commissioned lieutenant. A causeway was built across the 
 marsh at Hampton. Dover and Portsmouth seem to have been 
 raised to the dignity of a county. 
 
 In 1671 the custom dues on imported goods and powder, 
 raised at Portsmouth, were declared due to the colonial treasury, 
 except such as were imported by the inhabitants of the river 
 settlements. 
 
 The next year, 1672, the duties collected at Portsmouth, as well 
 as rates derived from the selling of beer and wine, were voted to 
 be used in fortifying the harbor. Dunstable, including Nashua 
 and a part of Hudson, Londonderry, Litchfield, Merrimack, 
 Amherst, Milford and HoUis, was incorporated by Massachusetts 
 authority, Oct. 15, 1673; and a tract of land for a village was 
 laid out above Dover township to the inhabitants of Portsmouth. 
 
 The soldiers of Great Island, with the soldiers of Kittery, 
 from Spruce Creek eastward, were detailed to garrison the fort 
 on Great Island, and Richard Cutt was appointed commander-in- 
 chief of the fort and garrison. 
 
 In 1674 Mr. Stoughton was appointed to hold court in Nor- 
 folk county, and Major Thomas Clark in Dover and Portsmouth, 
 as well as in Yorkshire, in Maine. 
 
 In 1675 the inhabitants of Oyster River were granted liberty 
 to choose their selectmen. A company of forty men was placed 
 under command of Major Waldron, twenty-two of whom were 
 from Essex County. Hampton was assessed ;^28 and Exeter 
 jC8, to defray the expenses of the war, which will be treated 
 of in another chapter. 
 
 In 1676 a force of seventy men from Essex, and sixty from Mid- 
 dlesex, were sent as a reinforcement to the Piscataqua. Exeter 
 and Haverhill were declared frontier towns. Scouting parties 
 were maintained, and a bounty was offered for scalps of Indians. 
 The county of Dover and Portsmouth were authorized to make 
 
1679] UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS. 6/ 
 
 a special rate of taxation to meet the expenses of the war. 
 The refugees from the eastward were enrolled ; and seventy 
 soldiers from Suffolk were sent to reinforce Piscataqua. Major- 
 General Denison was appointed commander-in-chief. During 
 the war a contest was being carried on in England of much im- 
 portance to New Hampshire, as Robert Tufton Mason, grand- 
 son of Captain John Mason, had presented his petition to the 
 King, claiming the Province of New Hampshire as his patrimony, 
 while his claim was being combatted by William Stoughton 
 and Peter Bulkley, the agents of the Massachusetts colony. 
 The hearing was had in April, 1677. Gorges, the claimant of 
 Maine, who brought his suit jointly with Mason, won his case, 
 when his claim was promptly bought up by the Massachusetts 
 agents. Mason's claim was not for the government but for 
 the land, and was left open for further adjudication. , Edward 
 Randolph, Mason's kinsman and agent, visited New England in 
 the summer of 1676, and rather caustically reported on the 
 state of affairs in the colonies to the Council of Trade : " No 
 advantages, but many disadvantages, have risen to the English 
 by this warr, for about six hundred men have been slain and 
 twelve captains, most of them stout and brave persons and of 
 loyal principles, whilst the Church members had liberty to stay 
 at home and not hazard their persons in the wilderness." So it 
 is not surprising that the next year, 1677, a more stringent 
 observance of the Sabbath was ordered. " Offenders that shall 
 any way transgress against the Laws, title Saboath, either in 
 meeting house by abusive carriage or misbehavior, by making 
 any noyse or otherwise, or during the day * * shall * * 
 be * * put into a cage in Boston, set up in the market place," 
 * * and in other towns where county courts shall appoint, and 
 there remain till tried. The Indians about the Piscataqua who 
 had submitted were held on a reservation at Cocheco, and were 
 forbidden to carry arms unless licensed by Major Waldron. 
 
 The commission constituting a President and Council for the 
 Province of New Hampshire passed the Great Seal of England, 
 Sept. 18, 1679. 
 
 The erection of New Hampshire into a royal province was 
 
68 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^^79 
 
 undoubtedly due to the claims of Mason, who could get no 
 redress from the Massachusetts courts. As events proved, he 
 found the people of the new Province, who had enjoyed possession 
 of their lands for over half a century, as bitterly opposed to his 
 claims and demands for rent as ever. They threw every obsta- 
 cle in his way, and he got very little satisfaction from the 
 arrangement. He died a disappointed man. 
 
 During the union with Massachusetts the Congregational, or 
 republican form of church government, had become firmly 
 seated in the four townships, and the people had become accus- 
 tomed to self-government, in open town meeting. From feudal 
 dependents they had become independent freemen, jealous of 
 their rights and impatient of an irresponsible authority. Many 
 of the more severe laws of the Bay Colony, on account of public 
 sentiment, were a dead letter in their courts. Their descend- 
 ants have only to blush at the whipping of some Quaker women. 
 On the other hand, they had submitted to strict laws, established 
 an impartial judiciary, built churches and settled learned 
 orthodox ministers, called in the schoolmaster and contributed 
 to the enlargement of Harvard College, and had been greatly 
 prospered in their agriculture and in their commerce. Already 
 the foundation of large fortunes had been gathered in Ports- 
 mouth and on Great Island. 
 
 They had become not only a law-abiding, but a religious com- 
 munity, and as Church and State were closely identified in 
 those early days, before considering the Indian wars, it may 
 be of interest to glance at the 
 
 Church History. 
 
 To appreciate fully the importance of the Church in early colonial history, 
 it must be remembered that it was not until nearly half a century after the 
 Revolution that Church and State were finally separated in New England. 
 Over the most of the civilized world, at that period, the Pope claimed and 
 exercised supreme authority. Northern Germany and northern Europe gen- 
 erally had followed the lead of Luther, Calvin and other reformers, and had 
 separated from the Church of Rome. In England, commencing with Henry 
 VIII, the crown had assumed to be at the head of spiritual as well as 
 temporal affairs, and arbitrarily dictated the creed and the forms of wor- 
 ship. To escape this tyranny, the Pilgrims and Puritans, from among 
 
T792 UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS. 6g 
 
 whom came the early settlers of Hampton, Exeter and Dover, had obtained 
 their charter for New England. The form of government which they estab- 
 lished was a theocracy as well as a democracy, under which the Church was 
 all important. The Puritans, however, while claiming toleration for them- 
 selves, were not willing to grant toleration to others. Respect for the 
 Church and for the ministers and for the ordinances of religion was rigidly 
 enforced, severe punishment being inflicted for the slightest departure from 
 uniformity of belief. The ministers, in one sense, were the rulers of the 
 community, and as such deserve a place in the civil history of the Common- 
 wealth. Descent from one of these early magnates, to a New Englander, is 
 equivalent to a patent of nobility. 
 
 When the township of Hampton was granted for a plantation, in Septem- 
 ber, 1638, some of the grantees were already "united together by Church 
 government." The original members of the Church and the first settlers of 
 the toivn, generally, were Puritans. They brought a pastor with them, and 
 soon after their arrival they selected a site and built a meeting-house. Rev. 
 Stephen Batchelor, the first pastor, may be regarded as the father and founder 
 of the town. At that time he was not far from seventy-seven years old. On 
 landing in Boston, in 1632, he joined his son-in-law, Christopher Hussey, at 
 Lynn, and later made the settlement at Hampton. In 1639, Rev. Timothy 
 Dalton was associated with Mr. Batchelor, but dissensions arose and Mr. 
 Batchelor accepted a call to Exeter. In 1656, or 1657, he returned to England, 
 where he died at the age of one hundred years. His associate, Mr. Dalton, 
 was six'y years of age when he settled in Hampton. In 1647 he had asso- 
 ciated with him Rev. John Wheelwright, formerly pastor of the church at 
 Exeter, and later from Wells, who remained ten years. In 1658, Mr. Wheel- 
 wright was in England, where he met his old collegefriend, Oliver Cromwell, 
 but on the restoration of Charles 11 he returned to America and was settled 
 over the church in Salisbury, where he died,' the oldest pastor in New 
 England. Rev. Seaborn Cotton,' eldest son of Rev. John Cotton, of 
 Boston, was associated with Mr. Dalton, in 165S, and on Mr. Dalton's 
 death, in 1660, was ordained pastor. He died suddenly in April, 1686, 
 "a thorough scholar and an able preacher." The town gave Mr. 
 Cotton a farm of two hundred acres. His wife was Dorothy, daughter 
 of George Simon Bradstreet. After his father's death, Rev. John Cotton, 2d, ^ 
 preached occasionally, as did Rev. John Pike, who had been driven from 
 Dover by Indian depredations. Mr. Cotton was ordained minister at Hamp- 
 ton in 1696. He was "beloved and respected, and died, very much lamented," 
 in 1710, very suddenly, and was succeeded by Rev. Nathaniel Gookin, who 
 continued as pastor until 1734. Mr. Gookin's successor was Rev. Ward 
 Cotton, who continued to preach until 1765, when he was dismissed and was 
 succeeded by Rev. Ebenezer Thayer,'' whose labors terminated with his life, 
 in 1792. After his death, there came a rupture between town and church, the 
 
 * November, 1679. 
 
 '^ Born in 1633 (Harvard College, 1651), while his parents were crossing the Atlantic 
 
 3 Born in 1658, Harvard College, 1678. < Born 1734, Harvard College, 1753. 
 
70 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMrSHIKE. ['656 
 
 former calling and settling, in 1796, Rev. William Pidgin,' and voting them- 
 selves Presbyterians; the latter ordaining Rev. Jesse Appleton,' the same 
 year. Mr. Appleton remained at Hampton until elected second president of 
 Bowdoin College in 1807. He married, in 1800, Elizabeth, daughter of Hon. 
 Robert Means of Amherst, and their daughter was the wife of President 
 Franklin Pierce.' Mr. Pidgin was also dismissed in 1807, receiving a call to 
 Minot, Maine, and afterwards dying at Portland.' After this the two factions 
 became united, and settled, in 1808, the Congregational minister, Rev. Josiah 
 Webster, who continued with the church until his death in 1837. ^^ ^'"* 
 followed, in 1838, by Rev. Erasmus D. Eldredge; in 1849, ^y R-6V. Solomon 
 PaysonFay; in 1855, by Rev. John Colby. From this account it will be 
 seen that the Congregational church of Hampton is the oldest in the State. 
 
 At Exeter, after Mr. Wheelwright removed to Wells, in 1641, there was no 
 settled minister, on account of divisions in the church, until Rev. Samuel 
 Dudley, a son of Governor Thomas Dudley of Massachusetts, was settled in 
 1650. There is no record of a churcli during his ministry, which lasted until 
 his death, in 16S3. A church was organized and Rev. John Clark' Wiis 
 settled in 1698. Rev. John Odlin* was settled in 1706; married the widow of 
 his predecessor, and ministered to the town until his son, Rev. Woodbridge 
 Odlin, was ordained as his father's colleague and successor in 1743. The 
 sou's ministry continued thirty-two years. Rev. Isaac Mansfield ' was 
 ordained in 1776 and dismissed in 1787. He moved to his native town and 
 became a magistrate. Rev. William F. Rowland" was settled in 1790 and 
 dismissed in 1828. He was succeeded in 1829 by Rev. John Smith ; in 1838, 
 by Rev. William Williams; in 1843, by Rev. Joy H. Fairchild; in 1845, by 
 Rev. Roswell D. Hitchcock. There was a rupture, in 1744, of the church of 
 Exeter, when the second church was formed, and Rev. Daniel Rogers" was 
 first pastor. He was a descendant of John Rogers, the martyr of Smithfield, :i 
 friend of Whitefield, a pall-bearer at his funeral, and closed his ministry and 
 life in 1785. He was succeeded in 1793 by Rev. Joseph Brown, a native of 
 Chester, England, who remained five years. In 1817, Rev. Isaac Hurd was 
 settled and continued three years in the ministry. Rev. Asa D. Mann was 
 settled, in 185 1, as a colleague pastor. 
 
 Rev. William Leveridge, the first minister of Dover, received the degree 
 of A. B. from Cambridge College, England, in 1625; that of A. M. in 1631. 
 He was an able and worthy Puritan minister, — ardent, industrious, enter- 
 prising, and possessed a good deal of independence of character. He left 
 Dover in 1635, from want of support, and died on Long Island in 1693. He 
 was succeeded, in 1637, by George Burdet, a minister from Yarmouth. 
 England, — restless, intriguing and ambitious,— whose course has been 
 
 « Dartmouth College, .794. ' Born .772, Dartmouth College, ,7™ 
 
 3 Mr. Appleton died at Brunswick in .8.9. 4 In .848, aged seventy-five. ' 
 
 5 Bom in Newpury, Mass., in 1670; he died in 1705. 
 
 ' Bom in Boston, 1681 ; Harvard College, 1702 ; died in 1754. 
 
 ' Bom at Marblehead, 1750: Harvard College, 1767; died in 1826. 
 
 • Born in Plainfield, Conn., in 1761 ; Dartmouth College, 1784 ; died in .S4j. 
 
 9 Harvard College, 1725, 
 
1641] UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS. 7I 
 
 noted. Then came Hanserd Knollys,' who landed at Boston in 1638 and 
 the same year settled and organized the first church in Dover. In 
 the trouble with Larkham, the more ardent Puritans sustained Knollys, 
 who, however, in 1641, became weary of contention and left the field, 
 returning to his aged father in England, where he joined the Baptists, and 
 was persecuted till he died fifty years after. Thomas Larkham' was an able 
 and learned man, but as turbulent as Burdet. He favored the Episcopacy, 
 using its liturgy in burial services. He returned to England in 1642, became 
 a devotedly pious man, and died in 1669. The Puritans having gained the 
 ascendancy in Dover, the people applied to the authorities in Boston, for a 
 minister, and D.iniel Maud, a graduate o£ Emanuel College, Cambridge, a 
 schoolmaster in Boston, was settled and continued to minister to the parish r 
 from 1643 till his death in 1655. He was succeeded by Rev. John Rayner, 
 Rev. John Rayner, Jr., and Rev. John Pike, before the separation from Massa- 
 chusetts. Under the former came the trouble with the Quakers, the 
 exchange of a drum for a bell for calling the worshippers together, and the 
 building of a meeting-house at Oyster River; under the latter came the 
 Indian troubles. 
 
 Among the assets of Captain John Mason, there were articles which indi- 
 cated that some attention had been paid to religion — of the Established 
 form. As early as 1640, a glebe of fifty acres was deeded to the church- 
 wardens and a chapel and parsonage seem to have been built. The first 
 orthodox minister was Joshua Moody, who was settled in 1658. To encour- 
 age him, those who slept or took tobacco on the Lord's day during service 
 were doomed to a cage. A church of eight members was organized in 1671. 
 After the separation from Massachusetts, he got into trouble, in 1684, with Gov- 
 ernor Cranfield, for refusing to administer the sacrament of the Lord's Supper 
 indiscriminalingly, was imprisoned and released only on his promising to 
 leave the colony. He returned in 1693 and died in 1697. He was succeeded by 
 Rev. Nathaniel Rogers, who was succeeded, in 1723, by Rev. John Fitch; in 
 1746, by Rev. James Langdon, who was called to be presidentof Harvard Col- 
 lege in 1774; in 1779, by Rev. Joseph Buckminster; in 1812, by Rev. Israel W. 
 Putnam. 
 
 There is one feature of the union of New Hampshire and 
 Massachusetts, the distorted construction of the Hilton Patent, 
 which Mr. Jenness has carefully investigated, and from his 
 valuable pamphlet the following extracts are taken : 
 
 Having obtained jurisdiction over the territory about the 
 Piscataqua river, the Massachusetts General Court, in June, 1641, 
 enacted a law defining the Hilton Patent as extending from 
 the mouth of the river at Strawberry Bank, thence around the 
 
 ■ Born in 1598, at Cawkwell, England; a graduate at Cambridge, England, ordained In the Estab* 
 lisl-ed Church in 1629. 
 2 Rorn in 1601 ; a graduate of Jesus College, Cambridge. 
 
72 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1665 
 
 shores of the Great Bay up the Exeter river to Squamscott Falls, 
 and three miles back into the country. The additional terri- 
 tory thus embraced was known as the Squamscott Patent. 
 This construction was never fully carried out, but served to 
 furnish the Bay Colony with a pretext for jurisdiction. In the 
 act of annexation, the voluntary submission of the planters 
 and patentees was not mentioned, although their course alone 
 made ■ annexation possible; but the Massachusetts authorities 
 sagaciously resolved that the whole territory was " within the 
 Massachusetts bounds." 
 
 Having securely extended their jurisdiction, they had little or 
 no further interest in the river patents; but difficulties and 
 injustices of many sorts soon sprang up all over the annexed 
 territory, which long disturbed the quiet of the new govern- 
 ment. When Dover was laid out, in 1642, Bloody Point was 
 excluded from the new township. The following year, how- 
 ever, the marsh and meadow and four hundred acres of upland 
 on Bloody Point were annexed to Dover ; and in 1644 the entire 
 neck of land was joined to that township. The inhabitants of 
 Strawberry Bank and of Dover were hostile to the construc- 
 tion placed upon the Hilton or Squamscott Patent. The lower 
 plantation on the Piscataqua, after 1641, had undergone a com- 
 plete transformation, civil and religious. A party of strict 
 Puritans had, by the aid of Massachusetts, gotten possession pf 
 that plantation, and under the system of the Bay Colony were 
 enabled to perpetuate their power at their own pleasure, and to 
 allot among themselves, some eight or ten in number, nearly all 
 the valuable common lands within their limits. According to 
 a petition to the King, made in 1665 by some of the non-free- 
 men of Portsmouth, " five or six of the richest men of the 
 parish ruled, swayed, and ordered all offices, both civil and 
 military, at their pleasure," and " have kept us under hard servi- 
 tude, and denied us our public meeting, the common prayer 
 sacraments, and decent burial of the dead;" and "have also 
 denied us the benefit of freemen * * and have engrossed the 
 greatest part of the lands within the limits of the plantation 
 into their own hands." 
 
1665] UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS. 73 
 
 In 1655 the General Court attempted a compromise, and 
 appointed a committee to settle the bounds of the Squamscott 
 Patent, and excluded all the settlements below Boiling Rock. 
 John and Richard Cutts, Captain Brian Pendleton, Richard Mar- 
 tyn and Joshua Moodey, and a few others who then ruled the 
 lower plantation and were owners of the Piscataqua or Great 
 House Patent, accepted this line, but soon acquired by pur- 
 chase, for a nominal sum, nearly all the lands embraced by their 
 own claim. 
 
 The only substantial advantage derived from the Massachusetts construction 
 of the Hilton Patent was taken by the Massachusetts themselves. Jurisdic- 
 tion over the Piscataqua had been obtained by the skilful use of that 
 instrument, and onee got it was firmly kept, after that instrument had dis- 
 appeared. But this usurpation, of which it was said by Judge Potter, "a 
 more unjust and tyrannical act never was perpetrated on this continent," was 
 not destined to endure for many years. The people of the lower Piscataqua 
 were in spirit deadly hostile to the Massachusetts Bay. Shortly after the 
 annexation, a few of the Puritan sort and faith had crept into the country, 
 and by the aid of the Bay had seized on the offices and places of power and 
 appropriated to themselves nearly all the common lands; but the original 
 planters grew dally more, and more incensed. In 1651 the inhabitants 
 of Strawberry Bank openly rebelled and attempted to withdraw their subjec- 
 tion to the Boston government. But this outbreak was suppressed. Another 
 effort was made to the same purpose on the arrival of the Royal Commis- 
 sioners, in 1664, though without permanent success. But in 1679, the 
 Massachusetts usurpation over the Piscataqua was terminated by the erection 
 of New Hampshire into a Royal Province. 
 
 Thus did the last fruits of the Hilton Patent decay and perish; thus were 
 the angry broils of forty years composed. The proprietors of the Patent 
 had, after all, profited little or nothing by the attempted appropriation of 
 Piscataqua lands. The Massachusetts were in the end comnelled to disgorge 
 the purloined jurisdiction they had so uneasily obtained and kept, and thus, 
 retributive justice was at last meted out to all actors in the transaction. 
 
 It was the desire of Massachusetts Bay to include the Piscataqua region 
 within her limits and to secure there a good neighborhood of" honest men," 
 which led her magistrates to effect, through their friend, Captain Thomas 
 Wiggin, in 1633, a purchase and transfer of the Hilton Point Patent to the 
 Puritan Lords and Gentlemen of Shrewsbury, whose successors in 1641, in 
 accordance, we suppose, with the original understanding, made a full sub- 
 mission of the Patent to Massachusetts jurisdiction. At the same time, in 
 furtherance of the same general design, a statutory construction was pu^ 
 upon the Patent, by which it was split into two distinct portions, and the- 
 lower or Squamscott portion was violently stretched, so as to cover the whol* 
 southern bank of the river from Squamscott Falls to its mouth. 
 
74 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['665 
 
 The Hilton Patent having thus served its political and religious purpose, 
 was never fully enfoixed. Large portions of its territory were granted to 
 Dover, and a still larger part was letained hy Strawberry Bank, and in the 
 conclusion of the whole matter, the Squamscott patentees took but trifling 
 advantages from the distorted misconstruction of their grant. 
 
 The long controversy was no doubt of trifling importance, but whoever 
 will study it attentively will see displayed such a stubborn conflict between 
 patentee and planter, such a hot contention between Royalist and Round- 
 head, such a fierce hatred between Puritan and Churchman, and at all times 
 such political sagacity and vigor of thought, as make the story of the Hilton 
 Point Patent the most instructive, if not entertaining, in the early annals of 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Until a very recent date, the only original materials for a real history of 
 New Hampshire during the first half century of its existence, available 
 to students, were the scanty relics of town and county records, and a 
 few documents preserved among the archives of Massachusetts, or in 
 private hands, together with some casual hints and prejudiced notices of the 
 Piscataqua to be found among the historians of Plymouth and the Bay. 
 
 Governors of Massachusetts during the Union. 
 
 At the time of the union, Richard Bellingham was governor of Massachu- 
 setts. He was re-elected in 1654 and again in 1665, serving eight years for 
 his last term. He died Dec. 7, 1672, aged eight}' years. 
 
 John Winthrop, a former governor, was re-elected in 1642, 1643, 1646 
 1647 and 1648. He died Match 26, 1649, aged sixty-one years. 
 
 John Eiidicott was elected governor in 1644, 1649, 1651, 1652, 1653 and 
 every year for ten years from 1655. He died March 15, 1665, aged seventy- 
 six years. 
 
 Thomas Dudley was elected governor in 1645, and was re-elected in 1650. 
 He died July 13, 1653, aged seventy-seven years. 
 
 John Leverett was elected governor in 1673 and served six years. He died 
 March 16, 1679. 
 
 Simon Bradstreet, elected governor in 1679, served until 1685. He was 
 again elected in 1689 and served three years. He died March 27, 1697, aged 
 94 years. 
 
 During the union with Massachusetts, Hampton was represented at the 
 General Court at Boston by Lieutenant William Hayward,* William English, 
 William Estow,* Jeoffrey Mingay, Roger Shaw, Mr. Anthony Stanyon,* 
 Henry Dow, Mr. Robert Page, Lieutenant Christopher Hussey, Mr. William 
 Fuller, Mr. Samuel Dalton,* Captain William Gerrish, Mr. Thomas Marston, 
 Mr. Joshua Oilman. 
 
 The magistrates of the town, aside from the representatives, were William 
 Wakefield, John Cross, and James Davis. 
 
 * Magistrates. 
 
GOVERNOR WINTHROP. 
 
76 HISTORY OF NEW II AMJ'SIUKK. [^^79 
 
 Strawberry Bank, or Portsmouth, was represented at the General Court 
 by Mr. James Parker, Mr. Stephen Winthrop, Mr. Brian Pendleton,* Mr. 
 Henry Sherburne,* Mr. Nathaniel Fryer,* Mr. Elias Stileman,* Captain 
 Richard Cutt,* Mr. Rich. Martyn,* John Cutt, of whom Brian Pendleton and 
 Richard Cutt were longest in service. 
 
 The magistrates of the town, during the union aside from the representa- 
 tives, were Francis Williams, Thomas Warnerton, Ambrose Gibbons, Renald 
 Fernald and Thomas Daniell. 
 
 Dovtr was represented at the General Court by Edward Starbuck, Mr. 
 William Hilton,* Captain Thomas Wiggin,* William Heath, William Wal- 
 dron,* William Furbur, Lieutenant John Baker, Mr. Valentine Hill,* Major 
 Richard Waldron,* Lieutenant Richard Cooke, Lieutenant Peter Coffin, 
 Anthony Nutter. Aside from these, the magistrates were Edward Hilton, 
 William Waldron, George Smith, William Pomfret, John Hale, Thomas 
 Clarke and Edward Colcord. Richard Waldron, first elected in 1654, was 
 re-elected twenty-three consecutive times, twenty-five times in all, being in 
 command of a force during the King Philip war in I676. In 1679 he was 
 elected from Kittery. During eight sessions he was chosen speaker. 
 
 Exeter sent no representative. Robert Smith and John Legatt were 
 magistrates. 
 
 * Magistrates. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR, 1675-1678. 
 
 Long Peace — Character of Indians — Edward Randolph — French 
 — Dutch — New York — Mohawks — Causes of War — Indian Vices — 
 Sachf.m Philip — Mount Hope — Rum — Indian Shortcomings — Lic- 
 ensing the Sale of Arms — Loss to the Colonies — Loss to the 
 Indians — Philip's Straits — Terms of Peace — French Estimate of 
 Indian Character — Kindness to Quakers — Injustice to Indians 
 — Indian Youth anxious for War — Squando — Insult to ScyjAW — 
 Attitude of Penacooks and Cochecos — Praying Indians— Their 
 Loss — Murder op their Old People — Indian Depredations in 
 New Hampshire — Peace — Death of Philip — Simon, Andrew, and 
 Peter — War in Maine — Treachery at Major Waldron's Garrison 
 — Expedition to Ossipee — Mohawks warring on Friendly Indians 
 Defeat at Black Point — Major Andros and Peace — Independence 
 OF THE Colonists — St. Castine. 
 
 OOON after the jurisdiction of Massachusetts was extended 
 over New Hampshire and -the coast of western Maine, a 
 combination had been effected between the New England colon- 
 ies for offensive and defensive purposes. According to its 
 provisions, the quota of men and money required from each 
 of the members of the combination was strictly determined in 
 case of war ; and it had all the advantages of a .centralized, 
 although a republican, government. It made possible the defeat 
 and extermination of Philip and his followers. 
 
 The colonists had been settled along the shores of New England 
 for half a century before there was any general trouble with the 
 natives. With the exception of the Pequod war, in which that 
 tribe was practically exterminated, there had been a profound 
 peace, the Indians in their contact with the white men even 
 
78 
 
 lilSTOKV Ol'' NEW liAMPSlllKli. 
 
 ['67s 
 
 submitting to the colonial laws. They were held accountable 
 for crimes the same as the settlers, and even the hanging of an 
 offending Indian, if done legally, did not provoke hostility 
 between the races. We have been accustomed to take the 
 Massachusetts view of the trouble which so exasperated the 
 
 AN INDIAN VISITING THE SETTLERS. 
 
 Indians that a general war was waged all along the New England 
 coast. Supposing the reader familiar with the often told story 
 of the bravery of their ancestors, and the treachery and cruelty 
 of their savage foes, a view of the other side may be of interest. 
 Physically the American Indian is a splendid type of manhood. 
 
1775] KING PlllLJP's WAR. 79 
 
 As he was found by the first comers, he was honest, honorable, 
 and hospitable. He welcomed the new comers as neighbors and 
 surrendered to them for a paltry consideration his most valuable 
 lands and privileges. 
 
 The settlers did not treat them fairly. They were " children 
 of the forest " and should have been treated as children or wards. 
 
 4 
 
 The land was theirs by every human law and their rights should 
 have been protected and guarded. Under a proper cultivation, a 
 very small part of their territory would have amply sufficed for 
 their maintenance and would have been as valuable as the vast 
 area which they did not use and needed only for the wild game. 
 For fifty years they had lived beside the settlers as friends. 
 
 Edward Randolph came to New England in 1676, and from 
 his report to the Council of Trade a few extracts may show the 
 view taken of the war by an unprejudiced Englishman. 
 
 " The French have held a civil correspondence with the inhabitants of 
 Hampshire, Maine and the Dulte's Province, althougli the government of 
 Boston, upon all occasions, is imposing upon the French and encouraging 
 an interloping trade, which causeth jealousies and fears in the inhabitants 
 bordering upon Acadie, that the French will some time or other suddenly 
 fall upon them, to the breach of the national peace. The government of the 
 Massachusetts hath a perfect hatred for the French, because of their too near 
 neighborhood and loss of their trade, and look upon them with an evil eye, 
 believing they had a hand in the late war with the Indians. * * * 
 
 For the government of theMassachusetts loves no government that is not like 
 their owne, and therefore they were more kind and friendly to the Dutch (even 
 in time of warr) when they were possessed of New York, than they are to their 
 countrymen, the English. 
 
 However, the governor of New York hath proved very friendly and 
 serviceable to the Massachusetts in this warr, and had the magistrates of 
 Boston either conferred with or hearkened to the advice of Colonel Andross, 
 the Indian warr had either been diverted or proved less destructive, for he 
 offered and would have engaged the Mohawks and Maquot Indians to have 
 fallen upon the Sachem Phillip and his confederates ; but his friendship, 
 advice and offers were slighted. 
 
 Nevertheless, Colonel Andross, out of his duty to his Majestie kept the 
 aforesaid Indians from taking any part with the Sachem Phillip. 
 
 Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of' the late Indian 
 
 wars. Some impute it to an an imprudent zeal '' \ the magistrates of Boston 
 
 to Christianize those heathens, be'bre they were civilized, and enjoining 
 
 them to the strict observation of their laws, which, to people soe rude and 
 
 • N. H. P. P., vol. i, p. 441. 
 
So mSTOKV OK NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^775 
 
 licentious hath proved even intolerable; and that the more, for while the 
 magistrates, for their profit, severely putt the laws in execution against the 
 Indians, the people on the other side, for lucre and gain, intice and provoke 
 the Indians to the breach thereof, especially to drunkenness, to which these 
 people are so generally addicted, that they will strip themselves to the skin 
 to have their fill of rum and brandy. 
 
 The Massachusetts government having made a law that every Indian being 
 drunk should pay ten shillings or be whipped, according to the discretion of 
 the magistrate, many of these poor people willingly offered their backs to 
 the lash, to save their money. Upon the magistrate finding much trouble 
 and no profit to arise to the government by whipping, did change that pun- 
 ishment of the whip into a ten days' work, for such as would not or could 
 not pay the fine of tenn shillings; which did highly incense the Indians. 
 
 Some believe that there have been vagrant and Jesuitical priests, who have 
 made it their business and design for some years past to go from sachem to 
 sachem, to exasperate the Indians against the English and to bring them 
 into a confederacy, and that they were promised supplies from France and 
 other parts, to extirpate the English nation out of the continent of America. 
 
 Others impute the cause to arise from some injuries oftered to the Sachem 
 Phillip, for he being possessed of a tract of land called Mount Hope, a very 
 fertile, pleasant and rich soil, some English had a mind to dispossess him 
 thereof, who, never wanting some pretence or other to attain their ends, 
 complained of injuries done by Phillip and his Indians to their stocks and 
 cattle. Whereupon the Sachem Phillip was often summoned to appear 
 before the magistrates, sometimes imprisoned, and never released but upon 
 parting with a considerable part of his lands. 
 
 But the government of the Massachusetts (to give it in their own words) 
 <Joe declare these are the great and provoking evils which God hath given the 
 barbarous heathen commission to rise against them : 
 
 The woful breach of the fifth commandment, incontempt of their authority, 
 ■which is a sinn higlily provoking to the Lord. 
 
 For men wearing long hair and perriwigs made of women's hair. 
 
 For women wearing borders of hair and for cutting, curling dnd laying out 
 their hair and disguising themselves by following strange fashions in their 
 apparel. 
 
 For prophaneness of the people in not frequenting their meetings, and 
 others going away before the blessing is pronounced. 
 
 For suffering the Qiiakers to dwell among them, and to sett up their 
 thresholds by God's thresholds, contrary to their old laws and resolutions, 
 with many such reasons. 
 
 But whatever was the cause, the English have contributed very much to 
 their misfortune^, for they first taught the Indians the use of arms and 
 admitted them to be present at all their musters and trainings, and showed 
 them how to handle, mend and fix their musquets, and have been constantly 
 furnished with all sorts of arms by permission of the government, soe that 
 the Indians are become excellent firg-men, and at Natick, a town not far 
 
1775] K-iNG Philip's war. 8i 
 
 distant from Boston, there was gathered a church of praying Indians who 
 were exercised as trained bands, under officers of their own. These have 
 been the most barbarous and cruel enemies to the English above any other 
 Indians, — Captain Tom, their leader, being lately' taken and hanged at 
 Boston, with one other of their chiefs. 
 
 That notwithstanding the ancient law of the country, made in 1633, that 
 no persons should sell any arms or ammunition to any Indian: ♦ * yet 
 the government of the Massachusetts, in the year 1657 (upon design to 
 monopolize the whole Indian trade to themselves), did publish and declare 
 that the trade of furs and peltry with the Indians, within that jurisdiction, 
 did solely and properly belong to their commonwealth, and not to every 
 indifferent person ; and did enact that no person should trade with the 
 Indians for any sort of peltry, except such as were authorized by that Court: 
 * * giving liberty to all such as should have license from them to sell unto 
 any Indians, guns, swords, powder and shot, paying, etc. * ♦ By which 
 means the Indians have been abundantly furnished with great store of arms and 
 ammunition, to the utter ruin and undoing of many families in the neigh- 
 boring colonies, for to enrich some few of their relations and church 
 members. 
 
 No advantages, but many disadvantages, have arisen to the English by the 
 warr, for about six hundred men have been slain and twelve captains, most 
 of them stout and brave persons and of loyal principles, whilst the church 
 members had liberty to stay at home and not hazard their persons in the 
 wilderness. 
 
 The loss to the English in the several colonies, in their habitations and ■ 
 stock, is reckoned to amount unto one hundred and fifty thousand pounds; 
 there having been about twelve hundred houses burnt, eight thousand head of 
 cattle, great and small, killed, and many bushels of wheat, pease and other 
 grain burnt (of which the Massachusetts colony hath not been damnified one 
 third part, the great loss falling upon New Plymouth and Connecticut 
 colonies), and upward of three thousand Indians, men, women and children, 
 destroyed, who, if well managed, would have been very serviceable to the 
 English: which makes all manner of labor dear. 
 
 The warr, at present, is near ending, for Sachem Phillip, not being able to 
 support his party or confederates, hath left them to make the best terms they 
 can: he himself sculking in the woods with a small party of two or three 
 hundred men, being in despair of making his peace. 
 
 In Plymouth colony the Indians surrender themselves to Governor Wins- 
 low upon mercy, and bring in all their arms, and are wholly at his disposal, 
 excepting life and transportation ; but for all such as have been notoriously 
 cruel to women and children, soe soon as discovered, they are to be executed in 
 the sight of their fellow Indians. 
 The government of Boston have concluded a peace upon these terms : 
 
 1. That there be from henceforward a firm peace between the English and 
 Indians. 
 
 2. That after the publication of the articles of peace by the General Court, 
 
82 HISTORY OF NEW IlAiMPSHIRE. ['775 
 
 ifany English shall ivillfully kill an Indian, upon due proof he shall die lor 
 the fact; and if an Indian kill an Englishman and escapeth, the Indians are 
 to produce him, and he to pass tryal by the English laws. 
 
 3. That the Indians shall not conceal or entertain any known enemies to- 
 the English, but shall discover them and bring theip to the English. 
 
 4. That upon all occasions the Indians are to aid and assist the English 
 against their enemies, and to be under English command. 
 
 5. That all Indians have liberty to sit downe at theirformer habitations 
 without any lett or interruption. 
 
 By this report it will be seen that the English lost six hundred 
 men — the Indians, three thousand men, women and children. 
 
 Mens, du Bratz says of the Indians : " There needs nothing 
 but prudence and good sense to persuade these people to what 
 is reasonable and to preserve their friendship without interrup- 
 tion. We may safely affirm, that the differences we have had 
 with them have been more owing to the French than to them. 
 When they are treated violently' or oppressively, they have no 
 less sensibility of injuries than others." They are said to have 
 been cruel. So have been all races and nations, rude or civilized, 
 from the Persians, Romans, Carthaginians, to the modern Euro- 
 pean people. The English have always been cruel. There 
 are cruel laws on the statute books of New Hampshire to-day. 
 If they were treacherous, so were their foes. A Quaker would 
 trust them, it seems, rather than the tender mercies of the Mas- 
 sachusetts magistrates, who bored his tongue, lopped off his ears, 
 and put him to death. 
 
 It is said that Philip was forced on by the fury of his young 
 men, sorely against his own judgment and that of his chief 
 counsellors ; and that as he foresaw that the English would, in 
 time, establish themselves and extirpate the Indians, so he 
 thought that the making war upon them would only hasten the 
 destruction of his own people. The inhabitants of Bristol show 
 a particular spot where Philip received the news of the first 
 Englishman that was killed with so much sorrow as to cause 
 him to weep : a few days before he had rescued one who had 
 been taken captive by his Indians and privately sent him home. 
 
 There dwelt near the river Saco, a sachem named Squando, 
 a person of the highest dignity, importance and influence among 
 
ifi/S] KIXC; I'lULlp's WAR. S3 
 
 all the eastern Indians. His squaw, passing along the river in 
 a canoe, with her infant child, was met by some rude sailors, 
 who, having heard that the Indian children could swim as natu- 
 rally as the young of the brute kind, in a thoughtless and un- 
 guarded humor overset the canoe. The child sunk and the 
 mother instantly diving fetched it up alive, but the child dying 
 soon after, its death was imputed to the treatment it had received 
 from the seaman ; and Squando was so provoked that he con- 
 ceived a bitter antipathy to the English and employed his groat 
 art and influence to excite the Indians against them.' 
 
 The first alarm of the war in the Plymouth colony spread 
 great consternation among the distant Indians and held them a 
 while in suspense what part to act. Quarrels and misunder- 
 standings soon drew the Eastern Indians into the contest. ^ 
 
 In this first war it is uncertain just what part the native New 
 Hampshire Indians took. In 1660, Passaconaway, the chief of 
 the Penacooks, to whom all the New Hampshire Indians were 
 in subjection, had relinquished all authority over his tribe to his 
 son Wannalancet. Numphow, who was married to one of Pas- 
 saconaway's daughters, was the chief for some years of the vil- 
 lage at I'awtuckct Falls. In 1669, Wannalancet, in dread of the 
 Mohawks, went down the river with his whole tribe, and located 
 at Wani2sit, and built a fortification on Fort Hill, in Belviderc, 
 which was surrounded with palisades. The white settlers in the 
 vicinity, catching the alarm, took refuge in garrison houses. In 
 1674 there were at Wamesit fifteen families, or seventy-five souls, 
 enumerated as Christian Indians, aside from about two hundred 
 who adhered to their primitive faith in the Great Spirit. Nump- 
 how was their magistrate as well as chief. The log meeting 
 house presided over by the Indian preacher, Samuel, stood near 
 the Eliot church in Lowell. In May of each year came Eliot 
 and Gookin : the former to give spiritual advice, the latter to 
 act as umpire or judge, having jurisdiction of higher offences 
 and directing all matters affecting the interests of the village. 
 Wannalancet held his court as sachem in a log cabin near 
 Pawtucket Trails. At the breaking out of King Philip's War, 
 
 ■ Bellttiai). 
 
84 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [iS/S 
 
 he, with the local Indians, are said to have remained faithful to 
 the counsels of Passaconaway to be friends with the English, and 
 either took sides with the colonists or remained neutral. Be- 
 tween the two parties they suffered severely. Some were put 
 to death by Philip, for exposing his designs; some were put to 
 death by the colonists, as Philip's accomplices ; some fell in 
 battle, fighting for the whites ; some were slain by the settlers, 
 who mistrusted alike praying and hostile Indians. During the 
 following year, 1676, the able-bodied Indians of Wamesit and 
 Pawtucket withdrew to Canada, to be out of the contest, leaving 
 a few of their helpless and infirm old people at the mercy 
 of their neighbors. When the Indians returned, after peace had 
 been declared, their old people and dependents were no more, 
 having been wantonly murdered, and their lands confiscated. 
 After a while, having been located on an island in the river, 
 they had parted with their last acre, and in after years took 
 refuge with the St. Francis tribe on the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Squando, possibly, was the chief who directed the attack on 
 the New Hampshire settlements. The war raged mainly to the 
 ■eastward and to the westward, the trouble in New Hampshire 
 being caused by one or more small companies of mischievous 
 Indians. In September they burned two houses at Oyster 
 River, killed two men in a canoe and carried away two captives, 
 both of whom soon after made their escape. About the same 
 time a party of four laid in ambush near the road between 
 Exeter and Hampton, and killed Goodman Robinson. His son, 
 who was with him, escaped into the swamp, and reached Hamp- 
 ton about midnight. They took another captive, who escaped 
 by the help of an Indian. A few days later they made an 
 assault on a house in Newichawannock and captured two children. 
 The two following days they made several appearances on both 
 sides of the river, using much insolence, and burning two houses 
 and three barns, with a large quantity of grain. Five or six 
 . houses were burned at Oyster River and two more men were 
 killed. A scouting party from Dover, of twenty young men 
 came upon a party of five Indians near a deserted house, two of 
 whom they captured, the others escaping. All the plantations 
 
1675] 
 
 KING Philip's war. 
 
 85 
 
 at I'iscataqua were now filled with fear and confusion. Business 
 was suspended, and every man was obliged to provide for his 
 own and his family's safety. They took up their quarters in 
 the garrison houses and were on guard night and day, subject 
 to continual alarms.* 
 
 GARRISON HOUSE, BUILT ABOUT 1645. 
 
 In October, a day of fasting and prayer was observed. Soon 
 after, an old man named Beard was killed at Oyster River. A 
 party of Indians threatened Portsmouth from the Maine side, 
 but a pursuing party compelled them to abandon their packs 
 and plunder. They soon after did more mischief at Dover and 
 Lamprey River, and killed one or two men at Exeter. The 
 Massachusetts government planned an attack, late in the fall, 
 upon the Indian settlement at Ossipee or Pigwacket, but it was 
 not carried out on account of the deep snow and the severity of 
 the vireather. 
 
 These Indians, during the winter, were pinched with famine, 
 and having lost about ninety of their number, by war and want 
 of food, sued for peace. They came to Major Waldron, expressed 
 
86 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIUE. 
 
 [1676 
 
 great sorrow for what had been done and promised to be quiet 
 and submissive. By his mediation, a peace was concluded with 
 the whole body of eastern Indians, which continued until 
 August, 1676. The restoration of the captives made the peace 
 more pleasant. 
 
 TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN THE INDIANS AND THE SETTLERS. 
 
 The affairs of Philip, who renewed hostilities in the spring, 
 became more and more desperate. Many of his allies and 
 dependents forsook him, and he was slain in August. The 
 western Indians who had been engaged in the war, now fearing 
 total extirpation, endeavored to conceal themselves among their 
 brethren of Penacook who had not jomed in the war, and with 
 those of Ossipee and Pigwacket who had made peace. Several 
 of them were taken at different times and delivered up to public 
 execution. Three of them, Simon, Andrew and Peter, who had 
 been concerned in killing Thomas Kimball of Bradford,' and 
 
 ' Belknap. 
 
1676] 
 
 KING I'lULU- S WAK. 
 
 87 
 
 lukiiig his family captive, restored the woman and five children. 
 It being doubted whether this act of submission was sufficient 
 atonement, they were committed to Dover prison for trial. 
 Fearing the result of the trial, they escaped and joined the 
 Indians of the Kennebec and Androscoggin, who renewed hos- 
 tilities in August, and later they were active in distressing the 
 people on the Piscataqua. 
 
 DEATH OF KING PHILIP. 
 
 This renewal of hostilities in 1676 occasioned the sending of 
 two companies to the eastward, under Captains Joseph Syll and 
 William Hathorne. In the course of their march they came to 
 Cocheco early in September, "where four hundred mixed 
 Indians were met at the house of Major Waldron, with whom 
 they had made peace and whom they considered as their friend 
 and father. The two captains would have fallen upon them at 
 once, having it in their orders to seize all Indians who had been 
 concerned in the war. The major dissuaded them from that 
 purpose, and contrived the following stratagem "* —or treach- 
 
 ' Ilelknap. 
 
88 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1676 
 
 ery, which led to untold horrors in years to come. " He pro- 
 posed to the Indians to have a training the next day, and a sham 
 fight, after the English mode ; and summoning his own men, 
 with those under Captain Frost of Kittery, they, in conjunction 
 with the two companies, formed one party, and the Indians 
 another. Having diverted them for a while in this manner, 
 and caused the Indians to fire the first volley, by a peculiar 
 dexterity the whole body of them (except two or three) were 
 surrounded before they could form a suspicion of what was 
 intended. They were immediately seized and disarmed, without 
 the loss of a man on either side. A separation was then made. 
 Wannalancet, with the Penacook Indians and others who had 
 joined in making peace the winter before, were peaceably dis- 
 missed; but the strange Indians (as they were called), who liad 
 fled from the southward and. taken refuge among them, were 
 made prisoners, to the number of two hundred, and being sent 
 to Boston, seven or eight of them, who were known to have 
 killed any Englishmen, were condemned and hanged. The rest 
 were sold into slavery in foreign parts." " This action was 
 highly applauded by the voice of the colony." i 
 
 "The remaining Indians, however, looked upon the conduct of 
 Major Waldron as a breach of faith, inasmuch as they had taken 
 those fugitive Indians under their protection and had made 
 peace with him." 
 
 "A breach of hospitality and friendship, as they deemed this 
 to be, merited, according to their principles, a severe revenge, 
 and was never forgotten or forgiven. The major's situation on 
 this occasion was, indeed, extremely critical, and he could not 
 have acted either way without blame. It is said that his own 
 judgment was against any forcible measure, as he knew that 
 many of those Indians were true friends of the colony." 
 
 Late in the fall an expedition was undertaken to Ossipee to 
 destroy the Indian fort at that point, but they returned without 
 meeting a hostile Indian. A peace was brought about in Nov- 
 ember, through Mogg, a Penobscot Indian, with the Penobscot 
 and Eastern tribes, and several captives were returned. A fear 
 
 > Belknap. 
 
1677] KING Philip's wak. 89 
 
 that the Indians did not make the peace in good faith led to an 
 expedition under Major Waldron in February, 1676-7, as far 
 east as Pemaquid. The company started, " a day of prayer 
 having been previously appointed for the success of the enter- 
 prise," and again Major Waldron was charged with treachery, 
 inasmuch as the company returned after having killed thirteen 
 Indians in time of peace. Hostilities again commenced in 1677. 
 Two envoys from Massachusetts visited the warlike Mohawks 
 a n,l secured their alliance to punish the eastern Indians. About 
 thj middle of March the Mohawks made their appearance at 
 Amoskeag Falls, when they fired upon a son of Wannalancet. 
 " Presently after this they were discovered in the woods near 
 Cocheco. Major Waldron sent out eight of his Indians, whereof 
 Blind Will was one, for further information. They were all 
 surprised together by a company of Mohawks, — two or three 
 escaped, the others were either killed or taken." Blind Will, 
 who was a chief of much influence, was killed. Two who were 
 taken with him, and escaped, reported that the mission of the 
 Mohawks was to kill all the Indians in these parts without 
 distinction. As the attacks of the Mohawks happened to be 
 always on the friendly and unarmed Indians, they became 
 estranged from the English and took refuge with the French in 
 Canada. From friends many of the Cocheco tribe became cruel 
 enemies. Nor did the Mohawks inspire the hostile Indians of 
 Maine with terror; they commenced hostilities early in the 
 spring. The three Indians, Simon, Andrew, and Peter, before 
 mentioned, killed John Keniston in Greenland. In May six 
 friendly Indians were surprised near Portsmouth by a party led 
 by Simon. In June, four men of Hampton were killed. An 
 expedition of two hundred Natick Indians and forty soldiers, 
 under Captain Benjamin Swett of Hampton, started on an expe- 
 dition to the Kennebec, but at Black Point, at the mouth of the 
 Scarborough river, were decoyed into a general engagement 
 with the Indians, and lost sixty of their number, including the 
 captain, before they could retreat into the fort. The victorious 
 savages then surprised about twenty fishing vessels, at anchor 
 along the coast, their crews falling an easy prey. All through 
 
9'J 
 
 HISTOUV OF NEW IIAMPSIIIKE. [l^/S 
 
 the summer, the Indians continued their depredations and kept 
 the settlers along the eastern coast in constant alarm, while the 
 war greatly reduced their number. 
 
 THE CONFLICT. 
 
 In August, Major Andros, governor of New York, took pos- 
 session of the district of Maine, which had been granted to the 
 Duke of York, fortified Pemaquid, and concluded a treaty of 
 peace with the Indians, who returned their prisoners and the 
 captured fishing vessels. 
 
 In the spring of 1678, commissioners were appointed to settle 
 a formal treaty of peace with Squando, which was made at 
 Casco, when the remaining captives were returned to their 
 friends. 
 
 Thus ended a war of three years duration. The Massachu- 
 setts government carried it on without appealing to the King 
 for assistance, and took upon themselves all the expense. 
 Through it all they conducted themselves as an independent 
 State. Contemporary authority states that the Indians were 
 
1678] KING Philip's war. 91 
 
 supplied with arms and ammunition by the Baron de St. Castine, 
 who occupied a plantation on the east side of Penobscot Bay, 
 where the town of Castine is situated, but tlris was never cor- 
 roborated. The settlers themselves had furnished the Indians 
 enough ammunition for the campaign. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 ROYAL PROVINCE, 1680- 1692. 
 
 Condition of Affairs — John Cutt — Council — Assembly — Laws — 
 Cai'ital Offences — Penal Offences — Gkants Confirmeu — Ran- 
 dolph — Barefoote — Mason — Richard Waldron — Tax-Payers in 
 New Hampshire — Cranfield — Edward Gove's Rebellion — Law- 
 suits — Appeal to King — Riots- — Joshua Moodey — Dudley — An- 
 DROs — Revolution — Union with Massachusetts — King William's 
 War. 
 
 npHE people of the four towns of New Hampshire were 
 incorporated as a Royal Province without being consulted 
 as to their wishes. They had become accustomed to the laws 
 enacted by the Bay Colony, and their deputies had assisted 
 in framing them. They enjoyed many privileges under the 
 republican government which had been over them, which they 
 could foresee were to be abridged ; and they knew that the new 
 government was imposed upon them to help Mason perfect his 
 claim to the Province. During the union, the Massachusetts 
 settlements had spread out over the State across the Connec- 
 ticut river ; while the four New Hampshire towns, save for the 
 natural increase within their "borders, remained in statu quo, 
 from the fact that there was no competent authority to grant 
 townships or lands. They had become attached to their homes 
 and farms, their hills and valleys, with a patriotism natural to 
 the Saxon race, had defended their possessions from savage 
 Indians, and were united and determined to hold them against 
 any claimants. They made no claim to the wild lands, but 
 demanded peaceful possession of what they had reclaimed from 
 the wilderness, had occupied over half a century, and had 
 defended with their best blood. 
 
l6So] ROYAL PROVINCE. 93 
 
 When the four towns of Portsmouth, Dover, Exeter and 
 Hampton were taken from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, 
 and elevated to the ambitions condition of a Royal Province, they 
 included within their bounds two hundred and nine qualified 
 voters — less than are now registered in many of the smaller 
 towns of the State — and they would be now entitled to only 
 two representatives 'in our present Legislature. Their export 
 trade consisted of masts, planks, boards, staves and other lumber, 
 of great bulk and little value. The fishing business had sought 
 other ports. There was not enough grain raised for home con- 
 sumption, and the people were slowly recovering from their losses 
 incurred by the disastrous Indian conflict, in which houses and 
 barns had been burned, stock killed, fields laid waste, and many 
 of the most promising of the rising generation had fallen victims 
 to the fatal tomahawk and scalping knife. Taxes, under the 
 circumstances, were very burdensome. 
 
 There was a fort, for the protection of the harbor, erected on 
 Great Island during the Dutch war of 1665, which mounted 
 eleven six pounders. There was also a battery of five guns at 
 Portsmouth for the defence of the town against Indians. 
 
 The records of the port for the year 1680 show that twenty- 
 two ships, twenty barks and brigs, and five smaller vessels 
 entered the harbor, mostly unladen, and seeking a load of 
 lumber. 
 
 For a number of years the inhabitants had been accustomed 
 to the confinement and inconvenience of garrison life, and at 
 the first indication of danger would hasten to the protection of 
 a neighboring block-house. Arms were kept in readiness at all 
 times for instant use, and were generally carried on all occa- 
 sions, — in the field, at church, at town meeting and at all social 
 gatherings. 
 
 The commission constituting a president and council for the 
 Province of New Hampshire was issued by Charles II, and 
 passed the Great Seal, Sept. 18, 1679, ^"^ went into effect 
 Jan. 21, 1680. The jurisdiction of Massachusetts was declared 
 illegal, and John Cutt of Portsmouth was named the first presi- 
 dent. With him, as a council, were associated Richard Martin, 
 
94 HISTORY OF NliW HAMPSHIRE. [168O 
 
 William Vaughan and Thomas Daniel of Portsmouth, John 
 Gilman of Exeter, Christopher Hussey of Hampton and Rich- 
 ard Waldron of Dover. In accordance with the commission 
 from the King, they chose to join them in the council Elias 
 Stileman of Great Island, who had been a clerk of the county 
 court, and whom they appointed secretary; Samuel Dalton of 
 Hampton, and Job Clements of Dover. The president nomi- 
 nated Waldron as deputy or vice-president, Richard Martin 
 was appointed treasurer, and John Roberts marshal. 
 
 The administration included the leading men in the four 
 townships. The president was one of three brothers, John, 
 Robert, and Richard Cutt, from Wales, who settled on the 
 Piscataqua before 1646. Richard at first carried on the fish- 
 eries at the Isles of Shoals, and was afterward in command of 
 the fort on Great Island. He died in Portsmouth in 1670. 
 Robert Cutt located at Great Island, and afterwards at Kittery, 
 where he carried on ship building. IVesident John Cutt settled 
 at Strawberry Bank, where he acquired much wealth from mer- 
 cantile pursuits, but was aged and infirm when appointed to 
 office. He was of acknowledged probity, and held in high 
 esteem in Portsmouth. His daughter, Hannah, married Colonel 
 Richard Waldron, son of Major Richard Waldron of Dover. 
 His widow, Ursula Cutt, was killed by the Indians, in the 
 summer of 1694, at "The Pulpit," a few miles up the Piscata- 
 qua. President Cutt died in March, 168 1. The Cutt brothers 
 were the largest landowners in Portsmouth in their generation. 
 
 Of the council, Richard Martin was a man of good character 
 
 and great influence, and had been very active in procuring the 
 
 settlement of a minister in the town. He died thirteen years 
 later. 
 
 William Vaughan was a wealthy merchant, generous and 
 public spirited, and of undaunted resolution. He was of Welsh 
 extraction, but had been bred in London. He died in 17 19. 
 
 Thomas Daniel was a person of much note and importance 
 He died three years after he was appointed to office. 
 
 John Gilman was a leading and influential man in Exeter, 
 and the ancestor of many men of note in Province and State. 
 He died in July, 1708, at the age of eighty-four years. 
 
l68o] KOYAL PROVINCE. 95 
 
 Christopher Hussey was a principal man in Hampton. He 
 died four years later, at the age of seventy-five years. 
 
 Major Richard Waldron of Dover, was a native of Somerset- 
 shire, and one of the early settlers on the river. He had been 
 especially prominent in military affairs, a justice in the Court of 
 Associates, and many years a member of the Massachusetts 
 General Court. According to Brewster, the "Rambler" of 
 Portsmouth, his son was elected to the council the following 
 year, and succeeded Cutt as president. Belknap and p-armer 
 state that it was the father who succeeded Cutt. 
 
 The commission was brought to Portsmouth by Edward Ran- 
 dolph, whose caustic report of the causes and results of King 
 Philip's war were noted in the preceding chapter, but three 
 weeks elapsed before it was published. Dr. Belknap is of the 
 opinion that the council accepted their offices with reluctance, 
 and only to prevent others from being appointed whose aims 
 might not be to the best interests of the commonwealth. 
 "This change of government gratified the discontented few, 
 but was greatly disrelished by the people in general, as they 
 saw themselves deprived of the privilege of choosing their own 
 rulers, which was still enjoyed by the other colonies of New 
 England, and as they expected an invasion of their property 
 soon to follow." When writs were issued for calling a General 
 Assembly, the persons in each town who were judged qualified to 
 vote were named in the writs, and the oath of allegiance was 
 administered to each voter. A public fast was observed, to ask 
 divine blessing on the approaching Assembly, which met at 
 Portsmouth about the middle of March, and was opened with 
 prayer and a sermon by Rev. Joshua Moodey. 
 
 Portsmouth, with seventy-one qualified voters, sent as depu- 
 ties Robert Elliot, Philip Lewis and John Pickering ; Dover, 
 with sixty-one voters, sent Peter Coffin, Anthony Nutter and 
 Richard Waldron, Jr. ; Hampton, with fifty-seven voters, sent 
 Anthony Stanyan, Thomas Marston and Edward Gove ; and 
 Exeter, with twenty voters, sent Bartholomew Tippen and 
 Ralph Hall. 
 
 Their first act was to acknowledge the royal favor of the 
 
96 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [168O 
 
 commission creating a distinct government ; their next, to 
 address the authorities of Massachusetts, excusing their acts of 
 independence ; and then they proceeded to frame a series of 
 laws for their future government. They discovered sixteen 
 crimes worthy of capital punishment, and twenty-one penal 
 offences. Among the former were idolatry, blasphemy, treason, 
 rebellion, murder, witchcraft, perjury, man-stealing, cursing 
 parents, and rebellion against parents ; among the latter were 
 swearing, profaning the Lord's day, contempt of God's Word or 
 ministers, forgery, bribery, defacing records or landmarks, lying, 
 burning or breaking down fences, gaming, lottery, drunkenness, 
 and firing woods. 
 
 The first act in the new code provided "that no Act, Imposi- 
 tion, Law or Ordinance be made or imposed " without the 
 approval of the Assembly, council and president. 
 
 All charters and grants of land were confirmed ; the General 
 Court were a supreme court of judicature ; law cases were to 
 be tried by juries, and inferior courts were constituted at Dover, 
 Hampton and Portsmouth. 
 
 The military establishment of the Province consisted of one 
 company of foot soldiers in each town, one company of artillery 
 dt the fort, and one troop of horse, all under the command of 
 Major Waldron. 
 
 The authorities were especially jealous of their rights and 
 resolutely withstood any encroachment of their privileges by 
 Randolph, who had been commissioned collector, surveyor and 
 searcher of the customs for all New England. Captain Walter 
 Barefoote was the deputy collector at Portsmouth. In the exe- 
 cution of his commission, Randolph seized a vessel belonging to 
 Mark Hunking of Portsmouth, bound from Maryland to Ireland, 
 which put into the harbor for a few days. For this he was sued 
 at a special court and had to pay damages and costs. The dep- 
 uty collector was also indicted and fined "for disturbing and 
 obstructing his Majesty's subjects in passing from harbor to 
 harbor" in requiring that all vessels should be entered and 
 cleared with him. 
 
 In December, Mason, the claimant, came from England with 
 
i68o] 
 
 ROVAL PROVINCE. 
 
 97 
 
 a royal command requiring the council to admit him to a seat on 
 the board. Having become a member he commenced to make 
 demands, persuading some of the people to take leases of him, 
 threatening others, forbidding them to cut firewood and timber, 
 asserting his right to the Province, and assuming the title of 
 lord-protector. The people became very uneasy, and petitions 
 came into the Assembly from every town. At length Mason 
 was indicted for an offence which was deemed "an usurpation 
 over his Majesty's authority" as established in the Province, but 
 escaped arrest by flight to England, in March, i68i, about the 
 time of President Cutt's death. Another vacancy was caused 
 in the council by the death of Samuel Dalton of .Hampton, and 
 Richard Waldron, Jr., of Portsmouth and Anthony Nutter of 
 Dover were elected to the office. Richard Waldron was presi- 
 dent of the council from the death of Cutt to the arrival of 
 Lieut.-Governor Edward Cranfield early in October, 1682. Wal- 
 dron died in June, 1689, aged eighty. 
 
 Tax Payers in Hampton, in May, 1680. 
 
 Nathaniel Bachilder. 
 
 James Samuel, Philbrick.* 
 
 ■ Godfre, Thomas, 
 
 Jacob, Tho., Ben., Jon., 
 
 Caleb and Jacob Perkins. 
 
 Hen. and John Dear- 
 
 Browne. 
 
 Joseph Palmer. 
 
 born. 
 
 Nath'l Boulter, Sen. & Jr. 
 
 ■• Henry Roby. 
 
 John Hussy. 
 
 John Blake. 
 
 *Jon. Redman, Sen. and 
 
 Jon., Nehemiah and 
 
 Mark Baker. 
 
 Jr- 
 
 Morris * Hobs, Sen. 
 
 * Moses Cocks (Cox). 
 
 Tho. Row. 
 
 and Jr. 
 
 Edw. and Sam'l Colcord. 
 
 Jon. and Will. Sanborne, 
 
 Tim. Hilyard. 
 
 Joseph and Sam'l Cass. 
 
 Sen. 
 
 James Johnson. 
 
 Abraham Di-ake, Sen. and 
 
 Richard and Jon. San- 
 
 Francis Jennis. 
 
 Jr. 
 
 born, Jr. 
 
 John Knowles. 
 
 Alexander Denham. 
 
 * Ant. and Jon. Taylor. 
 
 Aretus, ♦Tho. and 
 
 Gershom Elkins. 
 
 Samuel and Daniel Tilton. 
 
 Hizrom Lovitt. 
 
 * Will, and John Fuller. 
 
 Phillips Towle. 
 
 Daniel Lamprey. 
 
 Sam'l Fogg. 
 
 John Tuck. 
 
 Samuel Sherborn. 
 
 Ben. and Will.* Fifield, 
 
 Tho. Thurtten. 
 
 Benj. and Jos. Swett. 
 
 Sen. 
 
 Mr. Andrew Wiggin. 
 
 ♦Anthony and Jno. 
 
 Henry and Abra. Greene. 
 
 Mr. Tho. Wiggin. 
 
 Stanyen. 
 
 Jon. and Isaac Godfree. 
 
 Nath'l Weare. 
 
 ♦ Robard Smith. 
 
 • Edw. Gove. 
 
 Tho. Warde. 
 
 Jon. Smith, tayler. 
 
 Jon. artd Jacob Garland. 
 
 Tho. Webster. 
 
 Jon. Smith, cooper. 
 
 * Between 70 and 90 years. 
 
98 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [1680 
 
 Isaac, Jon. and Eph. 
 
 •Thomas, Will, and 
 
 James Marston. 
 Henry, Jon., Joseph and 
 
 Benj. Moulton. 
 *Jon. Marion. 
 Jon. Masson. 
 Joseph Mead. 
 Tho. Nud. 
 
 *Abra. and Isaac Perkins. 
 Francis and Tho. Page. 
 Tho. Philbrook, Jonathan 
 Christopher Palmer and 
 
 sons. 
 
 Jonathan and David 
 
 Wedgwood. 
 Ralph Welch. 
 Nath'l Wright. 
 Tho. Rachel and James 
 
 Chase. 
 Abra'm Isaac, Cole. 
 Benj. and Tho. Cram. 
 Israel, *John Clifford, 
 
 Sen. and Jr. 
 Elias Crichitt. 
 Henry, Jos. and Daniel 
 
 Dow. 
 
 *Tho. Sleeper. 
 
 Jos. and Ben. Shaw. 
 
 Will Swaine. 
 
 Joseph Smith. 
 
 Will Sanborne, Jr. 
 Jon. Sleeper. 
 
 George Swete. 
 Samuel Dalton, 
 John Sanborne, 
 Henry Moulten, 
 Nathaniel Weare, 
 John Smith, 
 
 Selectmen. 
 
 Tax Payers at Exeter, in April, 1680. 
 
 Imp. Gov. Robt. Wadlee. 
 Mr. Moses Gillman. 
 Mr. John Thomas. 
 Mr. Barthol'w Pipping. 
 Mr. Edward Hilton. 
 Mr. Sam'l Hilton. 
 Mr. Richard Scamon. 
 Mr. Wiggin's mill. 
 Major Sharpleigh, for Hil- 
 ton's mill. 
 Major Clark, for his mill. 
 Nic. Norris. 
 Peter FoUsham. 
 Christian DolhofF. 
 Sam'l Leavitt. 
 Moses Leavitt. 
 David Lawrence. 
 ■ John FoUsham, Jun. 
 Sam. FoUsham. 
 Ephraim FoUsham. 
 Nat. FoUsham. 
 Edward Gillman. 
 John Gilnian, Jun. 
 Cornelius Larey. 
 
 George Jones. 
 Jona'n Robinson. 
 Jeremy Canaugh, 
 Eleazer Elkins. 
 Alexander Gorden. 
 Robt. Smart, Sen. 
 John Young. 
 David Robinson. 
 Will'm Hilton. 
 Sam'l Hall. 
 Ralph Hall. 
 Kinsley Hall. 
 John Sinckler. 
 William Moore. 
 Phillip Cartey. 
 John Wedgewood. 
 Henry Magoon. 
 Jonathan Thing. 
 Joseph Taylor. 
 Anthony Goff. 
 Charles Gledon. 
 Edw'd Sowell. 
 Jonathan Smith. 
 Samuel Dudley, Jr. 
 
 CocHECo Tax Payers. 
 
 Robert Stewart. 
 
 Humphrey Wilson. 
 
 Robert Powell. 
 
 Andrew Constable. 
 
 Nic. Listen. 
 
 John Bean. 
 
 Tege Drisco. 
 
 Joell Judkins. 
 
 Ephraim Marston. 
 
 Theop. Dudley. 
 
 Thos. Mekins. 
 
 Biley Dudley. 
 
 Robt. Smart, Jun'r. 
 
 Rich'd Morgan. 
 
 Thos. Tidman. 
 
 John Clark. 
 
 James Kid. 
 
 Nad. Lad. 
 
 James Perkins. 
 ' John Gillman, Sen. 
 Ralph Hall, 
 Edw'd Smith, 
 Trustees of Exeter. 
 
 Major Richard Waldron. 
 Left. Peter Coffin. 
 
 Isaac Hanson 
 Widow Hanson. 
 
 Rich. NasEon. 
 Jno. Ellis. 
 
 * Between 70 and 90 years. 
 
i68i] 
 
 ROYAL PROVINCE. 
 
 99 
 
 Jno. Ham. 
 Will Horn. 
 Zacherie Field. 
 Jinkin Jones. 
 Tho. DowneSjJr. 
 Benjamin Herd. 
 Ezekill Winfoid. 
 Sam'l Wentworth. 
 Elder Wentworth, 
 (Jeorge Ricker. 
 Tho. Paine. 
 Gorshem Wentworth. 
 Jno. Heard, Sen. 
 John Heard, Jr. 
 Will Harford. 
 Stephen Ottis. 
 Tho. Hanson. 
 Peter Masson. 
 Robert Evens. 
 Tobias Hanson. 
 
 J:no. Dam, Sen. 
 Jno. Cox. 
 Jno. Roberts, Sen. 
 Tho. Roberts, Jr. 
 Widow Tibets. 
 Jeremy Tibets. 
 Wildrum Dam. 
 Abraham Nutt. 
 Phillips Cromwell. 
 Tho. Whitehouse. 
 
 William Furber, Sen, 
 William Furber, Jr. 
 Richard Roe, 
 Left. Nutter. 
 John Dam, Jr. 
 John Bickford, Jr. 
 Samuel Rawlens. 
 James Rawlens. 
 
 Capt. Jno. Gerrish. 
 Jonathan Watson. 
 Ralph Twomlej. 
 Tho. Austin. 
 Humphrey Barney. 
 Mr. Will. Partridge. 
 Tho. Douns, Sen. 
 Nathan'l Stephens. 
 Jno. Church. 
 Mark Goyles. 
 Tho. North. 
 Mr. John Evens. 
 Timothy Hanson. 
 Mr. Goff. 
 Jno. Frost. 
 William Kim. 
 James Stagpoll. 
 Harvey Hobbs. 
 Rich. Ottis, Sen. 
 Rich. Ottis, Jun. 
 
 Dover Neck Tax Payers. 
 John Pinkham. 
 Will. Willey. 
 John Hall, Jr. 
 John Hall, Sen. 
 John Tuttle. 
 Rich. Rich. 
 Job. Clements, Esq. 
 Joseph Beard. 
 Joseph Canie. 
 Nathan Hall. 
 
 Bloody Point Tax Payers. 
 Iccobad Rawlins. 
 Jno. Hudson. 
 Widd. Cattor. 
 Jno. Bickford, Sen. 
 Michael Brown. 
 Henry Longstof. 
 Widd. Trickie. 
 Joseph Trickie. 
 
 Rich Seamon. 
 Wm. Yerington. 
 Jno. Knight. 
 Joseph Sanders. 
 Maturin Ricker. 
 Jno. Windicot. 
 Will. Gifford. 
 Will. Tasket. 
 Jno. Derry. 
 James Derry. 
 Phillips Chesley. 
 Tho. Chesley. 
 Jno. Roberts, Jr. 
 Nath'l Kene. 
 Abraham Clarke. 
 Edward Tayler. 
 Jno. Michill. 
 Edward Eayers. 
 Will. Tomson. 
 James Hawkins. 
 
 James Nutt, Sen. 
 James Nutt, Jr. 
 Edward Allin. 
 Tho. Perkins. 
 Isaac Stokes. 
 Tho. Young. 
 Thos. Roberts, Sen. 
 Mr. Will. Henderson. 
 Jno. Cooke. 
 John Meader, Jr. 
 
 Isaac Trickie. 
 William Shackford. 
 Nicholas Harris. 
 Joseph Hall. 
 Luke Mallune. , 
 William Gray. 
 Benjamin Rawlins. 
 Eframe Trickie. 
 
 Portsmouth Tax List, Sept., i68r. 
 Jno. Cutt. Jno. Partridge. Robt. Rousley. 
 
 Jno. Dennet. Jno. Fabins. Antho' Elms' Estate. 
 
 Geo. Hunt. George Fabins. Edward Cate. 
 
lOO 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [1682 
 
 Mr. Rich. Walden. 
 
 Mr. Otsella Cutt. 
 
 Rich. Watts, and negro. 
 
 Mr. Jno. Huckins. 
 
 Mrs. Elenor Cutts. 
 
 Wm. Hara. 
 
 Rich. Jaclcson and sons. 
 
 Wm. Earle. 
 
 Jno. Cotton. 
 
 Ruben Hull. 
 
 Rich. Martyn, Esq. 
 
 Jno. Seward and man. 
 
 Francis Mercer. 
 Jno. Hard/. 
 
 Sam'I Case. 
 
 Jno. Frenchman, smith. 
 
 Phil. Severet. 
 
 Obad Moss. 
 
 Edward Melcher. 
 
 George Loveis & Son. 
 
 Jno. Fletcher. 
 
 Jno. Cutt, mariner and 
 
 man. 
 Jno. Tucker and three 
 
 heads. 
 Tho. Harvey and man. 
 George Snell. 
 Sam. Clark. 
 Mat. Nelson. 
 Tim. Davis. 
 Jean Jose and Richard. 
 Rich. Door. 
 Peter Ball. , 
 Mark Hunckins. 
 Rich. Shortridge, 
 Lewis Williams. 
 Jno. Brown. 
 Rob't Pudington. 
 Rob't Lang. 
 Rich. Waterhouie. 
 
 Jno. Pickering. 
 Wm. Sheller. 
 Jno. Jackson, seaman. 
 Jno. Bartlet. 
 Walter Ell. 
 Wm. Pitman. 
 Alexander Denet, Jr. 
 Wm. Brookin. 
 Nat. White. 
 Tho. Stevens. 
 Rich. Monson. 
 Francis Jones. 
 Jno. Bandfield 
 Phil Tucker. 
 Dan. Duggin. 
 Ja. Jones. 
 Wm. Cotton. 
 Neh. Partridge and 2. 
 Rich. Webber. 
 Tho. Ladbrooke. 
 Tho. Jackson. 
 Geo. Bramhall. 
 Jno. Light. 
 Hen. Kerch. 
 Sam'I Whidden. 
 Jno. Whidden. 
 Tho. Gubbtail. 
 Jno. Presson. 
 Leo. Drown. 
 Wm. Richards. 
 Hugh Leer. 
 Hen. Savage. 
 Wm. Walker. 
 Wm. Cate. 
 David Griffith. 
 Francis Huckins. 
 Jno. Jones. 
 Joseph Jewell. 
 Roland, at Hunt's. 
 Anthony Furbur. 
 
 Jno. Shipway. 
 Wm. Vaughan, Esq. 
 Ja. Treworgie. 
 Wm. Williams. 
 
 " Crafts. 
 Tho. Gill. 
 Tho. Wakan. 
 Lodwick Fouler. 
 Edward Holland. 
 Jno. Seavie. 
 Robt. Williams. 
 Wm. Mason. 
 Mr. Moody, for Mary 
 
 Cutts' land. 
 Dan'l Westcot. 
 Ephriam Linn. 
 Jno. Wakan. 
 Jno Baker. 
 
 Jno. Chevalier & man. 
 Wm. Rocklief. 
 Nico. Walden. 
 Rich, at Jno. Tucker's. 
 Hubertus Matton. 
 Ditto Journaman. 
 Phil Founds. 
 . Ja. Levet. 
 Wm. Roberts. 
 Jno.Muchmore. 
 Robt. Almonie. 
 Tho. Daniel. 
 Jno. Jackson, Sen. 
 Jno. Jackson, Jr. 
 Tho. Pickering. 
 Peter Harvey. 
 
 [Signed by ] 
 Elias Stileman 
 William Vaughan. 
 Thom. Daniel. 
 Robert Elliot. ' 
 
 Cranfield had been commissioned by the King, and instructed 
 by the English authorities to sustain the claims of Mason. He 
 arrived in New Hampshire in October, 1682, and published his 
 
 ' p. p., vol. i, 414-28. 
 
1682] ROYAL PROVINCE. . lOI 
 
 commission. His council consisted of Mason, styled proprietor, 
 Waldron, Daniel, Vaiighan, Martin, Oilman, Stileman and Clem- 
 ents, of the old board, and Walter Barefoote and Richard 
 Chamberlain. Mason had mortgaged his whole interest in the 
 Province to Cranfield, who made no secret of his intention to 
 reap a rich harvest. Within a week after his arrival, Waldron 
 and Martin were suspended from the council, Cranfield having 
 the supreme authority. When the Assembly, which had been 
 summoned, met about the middle of November, Waldron and 
 Martin were restored to their seats in the council, and conciliation 
 was attempted by both parties. The Assembly voted the governor 
 ;^25o and adjourned. At the next session, in January, 1683, 
 there was an open rupture. He vetoed the bills of the Assembly 
 and they would not accede to his wishes, so he dissolved them, 
 after he had suspended Stileman from the council and from the 
 command of the fort. Stileman's offence was in allowing a vessel 
 under seizure to go out of the harbor. Barefoote was made cap- 
 tain of the fort in his place. The dissolution by the governor of 
 the Assembly, a thing before unknown, aggravated the popular 
 discontent and secured him the ill-will of the men of New 
 Hampshire; and soon the feeling of resentment rose so high as 
 to result in a rebellion. In a report made to the Board of Trade 
 by Randolph, there is an account of this rebellion : 
 
 A short time after [the dissolution], one Edward Gove, who served [in the 
 Assembly] for the town of Hampton, a leading man and a great stickler for 
 the late proceedings of the Assembly, made it his business to stir the people 
 up to rebellion by giving out that the governor, as vice-admiral, acted by the 
 commission of his royal highness, who was a Papist, and would bring Popery 
 in amongst them ; that the governor was a pretended governor, and his 
 commission was signed in Scotland. He endeavored, with a great deal of 
 pains, to make a party, and solicited many of the considerable persons in 
 each town to join with him to recover their liberties infringed by his 
 Majesty's placing a governor over them ; further adding that his sword was 
 drawn, and he would not lay it down till he knew who should hold the gov- 
 ernment. He discoursed at Portsmouth to Mr. Martyn, treasurer^ and soon 
 after to Captain Mall of Dover, which they discovered to the governor, who 
 immediatel3' dispatched messengers -with warrants to the constable of Exeter 
 and Hampton to arrest Gove; and fearing he might get a party too strong 
 for the civil power (as indeed it proved, for Justice Weare and a marshal 
 were repulsed), the governor forthwith ordered the militia of the whole 
 
I02 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['683 
 
 Province to be in arms; and understanding by the marshal tliat Gove could 
 not be apprehended at Hampton hy himself and a constable, but had gone to 
 his party at Exeter (from whence he suddenly returned with twelve men 
 mounted and armed with swords, pistols, and guns, a trumpet sounding, and 
 Gove with his sword drawn riding at the head of them), was taking horse, 
 and with a part of the troop intended to take Gove and his company ; but the 
 Governor was prevented by a messenger from Hampton, who brought word 
 that they were met withal, and taken by the militia of the town, and were 
 secured with a guard; the trumpeter forcing his way escaped, after whom 
 a hue and cry was sent to all parts, but as yet he is not taken. This rising 
 was, unexpectedly to the party, made on the 21st day of January, 1683. 
 It is generally believed that many considerable persons, at whose houses 
 Gove either sent or called to come out and stand for their liberties, would have 
 joined with him had he not discovered his designs, or appeared in arms at 
 that day. For upon the 30th of January being appointed by the governor a 
 day of public humiliation, they designed to cut off the governor, Mr. Mason, 
 and some others whom they affected not. The governor sent a strong party 
 of horse to guard the prisoners, then in irons, from Hampton to Portsmouth. 
 They were brought before the governor and council and examined, when 
 Gove behaved very insolently. 
 
 When arrested, Gove and his companions were put under the 
 charge of Captain Walter Barefoote at New Castle, so the record 
 quaintly says, " In regarde that ye prison was out of repaire." 
 While in custody there, Gove wrote a letter to the justices who 
 were about to try him, and in it he describes his condition. He 
 says : " My tears are in my eyes, I can hardly see. * * If 
 ever New England had need of a Solomon or David it is now. * * 
 We have a hard prison, a good keeper, a hard Captain, irons an 
 inch over, five foot seven inches long, two men locked together, 
 yet I had, I thank God for it, a very good night's rest." On the 
 15th of February, 1683, a special court was called to try Gove and 
 his comrades, and " after long consideration the jury found Gove 
 guilty of high treason, * * and all the rest in arms. * * The 
 governor ordered the court to suspend its judgement (on the 
 latter) till His Majesty's pleasure should be known therein; 
 most of them being young men and unacquainted with the law." 
 The judge, Richard Waldron, who, it is said, shed tears while 
 sentencing Gove, pi^onounced the dreadful sentence that he 
 should be hung, drawn and quartered, — that being the punish- 
 ment for the offence. 
 
1683] ROYAL PROVINCE. IO3 
 
 Most of Gove's companions were pardoned ; and Gove himself, 
 after being sent over to England and confined in the Tower for 
 some years, was pardoned and sent back to Hampton. There 
 is on file in the State Paper Office in England a petition of his 
 wife to pardon her husband. She gives as his excuse that he 
 was intoxicated at the time, and hints at a streak of insanity 
 which ran in his family. After his return to America he lived 
 but a short time, and always contended that a slow poison had 
 been administered to him in prison. His house, a part of it, 
 still stands in Seabrook, and there is growing on the premises a 
 pear-tree which it is said he brought from England with him. 
 His descendants became Quakers, and some of them still wor- 
 ship in the old Quaker meeting-house in Seabrook, which was 
 formerly a part of Hampton ; and it is near this old church that 
 Gove's remains lie buried. 
 
 Thus ended the first rebellion in New England. It hastened 
 Cranfield's removal, but was of little permanent consequence 
 compared with that which occasioned the downfall of Sir Edmund 
 Andros six years afterward, when Cranfield, Randolph and many 
 other supporters of tyranny went down with Sir Edmund. Ran- 
 dolph, who had been active in punishing Gove, was himself 
 imprisoned in Boston, and wrote many piteous letters to King 
 William, asking to be set free.^ 
 
 The governor and the people of the Province could not arrive 
 at an amicable adjustment of their conflicting interests. The 
 former, as well as Mason, was rash and impetuous, and in deal- 
 ing with such sagacious men as Major Waldron, John Wingate 
 and Thomas Roberts, three of the principal landowners in 
 Dover, they were easily led into the wrong. The governor 
 made extravagant threats, but the people were not intimidated. 
 They had offered to refer the matter to the King, and their offer 
 being refused, they felt that they had justice on their side. On 
 some fresh pretence, Waldron, Martin and Gilman were sus- 
 pended from the council, and the deaths of Daniel and Clem- 
 ents left two other vacancies. Vaughan held his seat the 
 longest, but was at last thrust out. Their places were filled by 
 
 ■ J. C. Sanborn. 
 
I04 HISTORA OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1683 
 
 Nathaniel Frye,' Robert Elliot, John Hinckes, James Sherlock, 
 Francis Champernoon and Edward Randolph, a council made up 
 to the governor's satisfaction. The courts were overturned. 
 Walter Barefoote, the deputy governor, was judge. Mason was 
 chancellor. Chamberlain was clerk, Randolph was attorney- 
 general, and Sherlock was provost-marshal and sheriff. Some, 
 "awed by threats or flattered by promises," took leases from 
 Mason, and served for deputy sheriffs, jurors and witnesses. 
 Then followed a multitude of lawsuits, which were not contested 
 by the landowners; and Mason came into possession of most 
 of the cultivated land of the Province. No attention was paid 
 to legal forms; and as the only redress laid in a direct appeal to 
 the King, Nathaniel Weare of Hampton was privately fur- 
 nished with petitions and statements, and sailed from Boston 
 for England, as the agent for the towns. William Vaughan 
 accompanied Weare as far as Boston, and on his return was 
 thrown into prison and confined for nine months. In the mean- 
 while Cranfield had assumed the whole legislative power, pro- 
 hibited vessels from Massachusetts to enter the port, altered 
 the value of silver money, changed the bounds of townships, 
 sued the former treasurer of the province, and was altogether 
 arbitrary and tyrannical. Finding that he could not raise 
 money for his wants, he summoned the Assembly in January, 
 1684, and demanded that they should pass an act which had 
 been approved by the council. They took time to deliberate, 
 going from Great Island during the night to Portsmouth 
 to consult with Mr. Moodey, and on their return refused to do 
 as the governor desired. They were dissolved, and many of 
 them were immediately appointed constables, liable to fines for 
 not collecting the rates. Moodey became an object of hatred ; 
 and an early opportunity was taken to visit the governor's dis- 
 pleasure upon him. He was prosecuted as a Non-conformist, 
 according to a law in force in England, sentenced to imprison- 
 ment, and confined with Major Vaughan at the house of Captain 
 Stileman on Great Island for thirteen weeks. Rev. Seaborn 
 Cotton of Hampton fled to Boston to escape persecution. Mr. 
 Moodey was released from confinement on his promising to 
 leave the Province. 
 
1685] ROYAL PROVINCE. 10$ 
 
 All through the year 16S4, disorder ruled in New Hampshire. 
 The people united to resist the oppression of Cranfield. His 
 marshals and sheriffs were treated to a great variety of abuse. 
 They were welcomed with hot water and clubs. One was tied 
 to his horse and carried to Salisbury. The militia was called 
 out to suppress the riot, but not a trooper appeared. At length 
 Cranfield, finding his authority all gone, was forced to desist. 
 In the meanwhile Weare had received a hearing in England, 
 and the governor was called upon to defend his course. Upon 
 receiving the letter from the Board of Trade, he suspended 
 Mason's suits till the question concerning the legality of the 
 courts should be decided. 
 
 At a hearing in March, 1685, it was decided by the English 
 court that Cranfield had exceeded his authority and had not 
 pursued his instructions. Having received a leave of absence 
 with the report, he gave over the contest, and quietly embarked 
 for Jamaica. He was afterwards collector at Barbadoes, and 
 died about the year 1700. 
 
 After Cranfield's departure in May, 1685, his authority de- 
 volved on Walter Barefoote, deputy governor ; and he and his 
 friend Mason, the claimant, had a very uneasy time of it. One 
 Thomas Wiggin, in company with Anthony Nutter, a large and 
 powerful man, called at Barefoote's house on Great Island, 
 where Mason was sojourning. Wiggin took the law into his 
 own hands and gave Mason a thrashing. Barefoote interfering, 
 received his share of the assault, in which he lost a tooth and 
 had two ribs broken. Nutter left his friend to do the whipping, 
 while he stood by laughing, and prevented outside interference. 
 The authority of the deputy governor was held in as much con- 
 tempt as had been that of the governor. 
 
 Charles II died in February, 1685, and was succeeded by his 
 even more arbitrary and tyrannical brother, James II, who 
 immediately put in force a new scheme for the government of 
 New England. A commission was issued to a president, Joseph 
 Dudley, a son of the former governor, Thomas Dudley of Massa- 
 chusetts, and to a council, only one member of which, John 
 Hinckes, was a resident of New Hampshire, for the governing 
 
I06 HISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1688 
 
 of all New England. The territory was divided into the four 
 counties of Suffolk, Middlesex, Essex and Hampshire, and the 
 three provinces of Maine, New Hampshire and Narragansett. 
 New courts were established. The new form of government 
 went into effect in May, 1686; and from the tolerable decency 
 with which it commenced operations, the way was paved for the 
 appointment of a governor general. At the end of the year Sir 
 Edmund Andros, who had been governor of New York, arrived 
 at Boston, with a commission appointing him captain-general 
 and governor-in-chief of the territory and dominion of New 
 England, which was made to include Plymouth colony, with the 
 counties and provinces before mentioned. In the council of 
 fifteen, besides Hinckes, were Robert Mason and Edward Ran- 
 dolph. No Assembly was provided for. Members of the council 
 were judges. The governor and any five of the council consti- 
 tuted a quorum ; seven were a full board, and were authorized 
 to make laws, execute them, and preside as justices. Andros 
 commenced his administration with the fairest professions, but 
 soon became a tyrant. Those of his council who did not sustain 
 him in all his designs were not summoned. Randolph and 
 Mason were his confidants. The press was restrained, liberty 
 of conscience infringed, and exorbitant fees and taxes de- 
 manded. The people had no privilege of representation. Titles 
 to land were annulled. Indian deeds were declared " no better 
 than the scratch of a bear's paw." New patents were issued, 
 covering old grants, as the charter was vacated. The only town 
 meeting allowed was for the election of town officers. No per- 
 son was permitted to go out of the country without express 
 leave from the governor. An appeal to the King was of no 
 effect. 
 
 All through the year 1687 and 1688 the people submitted to 
 the encroachments of the government. In England, at the 
 sam? time, the people were subjected to like obnoxious laws, 
 and were preparing for a change. On the annexation of New 
 York to New England, Andros found ready tools for his service, 
 and neglected Mason and his claims. Having received a favor- 
 able verdict before the English court of appeal. Mason returned 
 
1690] ROYAL PKOVINCE. lO/ 
 
 to New England to take possession of his province, when he 
 was met by a new difficulty. The new authorities seemed 
 jealous of his increased importance, and would not grant execu- 
 tion, or allow that he had the power to grant land by leases. 
 In the midst of his troubles he died, in July, 1688, leaving his 
 claims and lawsuits to his two sons, John and Robert Mason. 
 
 On the news of the landing in England of William Prince of 
 Orange reaching Boston, Andros imprisoned the messenger; 
 but the people of Massachusetts rose in April, 1689, and seized 
 the governor and his accomplices, whom they imprisoned, and 
 afterward sent as prisoners of State to the old country. The 
 magistrates under the old charter, with Bradstreet^ the late 
 governor, at their head, assumed the name of a Council of 
 Safety, and maintained a form of government until orders were 
 received from England. 
 
 New Hampshire was left without a government. 
 
 The people of the Province were persuaded by some of the 
 leading men to meet in convention and take measures for 
 their future government. The following deputies were chosen : 
 From Portsmouth, Major William Vaughan, Richard Waldron, 
 Nathaniel Fryer, Robert Elliot, Thomas Cobbet and Capt. John 
 Pickering ; from Dover, Capt. John Woodman, Capt. John 
 Gerrish, John Tuttle, John Roberts, Thomas Edgerly and 
 Nicholas Follet ; from Exeter, Robert Wadley, William Moore 
 and Samuel Leavitt. Hampton was in sympathy with the move- 
 ment, but dissensions arising in town meeting no deputies were 
 sent. At an adjourned meeting of the convention in January, 
 1690, it was decided to renew their union with Massachusetts 
 until the King's pleasure should be known. A petition signed 
 by 372 "inhabitants and trained soldiers of the Province of 
 New Hampshire " was presented to the Massachusetts authori- 
 ties, and favorably received. 
 
 This union was the more desired on account of the breaking 
 out of what was known as King William's War, and lasted until 
 the appointment, in 1692, of Governor Samuel Allen and Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor John Usher. 
 
I08 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1692 
 
 During the union, Portsmoutli was represented at tlie Massachusetts Gen- 
 eral Court in 1690, 1691 and 1692, by one or two of their delegates, Elias 
 Stileman, John Foster, Richard Waldron and John Pickering. The military 
 and civil officers of the Province during the union approved by the governor 
 and council were: Samuel Penhallow, treasurer; John Pickering, recorder; 
 William Vaughan, Richard Martin and Nathaniel Fryer, justices of the peace, 
 at Portsmouth : John Gerrish, at Dover: Robert Wadleigh, at Exeter; Major 
 William Vaughan, commanderof the military forces. Ofthe military company, 
 at Dover, John Gerrish was commissioned captain; John Tuttle, lieutenant; 
 William Furber, ensign : at Oyster River (Durham), John Woodman, captain ; 
 James Davis, lieutenant ; Stephen Jones, ensign : at Portsmouth, Walter 
 Neale, captain; John Pickering, lieutenant; Tobias Langdon, ensign: at 
 Exeter, William Moore, captain; Samuel Leavitt, lieutenant; Jonathan 
 Thing, ensign: at Great Island (New Castle ), Nathaniel Fryer, captain; 
 Thomas Cobbet, lieutenant; Shadrach Walton, ensign : at Hampton, Sam- 
 uel Sherburne, captain; Edward Gove, lieutenant; John Moulton, ensign. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 KING WILLIAM'S AND QUEEN ANNE'S WARS, 
 
 1689- 1713. 
 
 Causes — St. Castine — Grievances — Richard Waldron's Death — 
 Dover — Oyster River — Salmon Falls — Newington — Lamprey 
 River — Wheelwright's Pond — Sandy Beach — Portsmouth — 
 Rangers — Durham Massacre — Widow Cutt — Breakfast Hill — 
 Return of Captives — Treatment of Captives — Queen Anne's War 
 
 — Peace at Pemacjuid — Eastern Settlements Ravaged — Hampton 
 
 — Kingston — Removal of Indians to Canada — Dunstable — 
 Death of Colonel Winthrop Hilton — Peace — Condition of Par- 
 ties. 
 
 ' I -HE first Indian war resulted to the advantage of the set- 
 tlers. A large proportion of the New England Indians had 
 been exterminated. The most stalwart and the fiercest, who 
 survived, nursed their wrath, magnified their grievances, and 
 plotted future vengeance. Their anger was increased by artful 
 enemies of the English settlers, until the basest treachery and 
 demoniac cruelty became a part of their character in their deal- 
 ings with the New England colonies. The war became one of 
 extermination on both sides. The French made it a little less 
 fearful by offering a much larger bounty for captives than for 
 scalps. A bounty on scalps was offered also by the colonial 
 authorities. In 1689 commenced a contest of races, which, with 
 but a brief suspension of hostilities, was destined to be pro- 
 longed for a quarter of a century, a generation, and to result 
 in the practical dispersion of the aborigines from the whole ter- 
 ritory of New England, their former home and hunting ground. 
 King William's War was the most disastrous as it was the 
 most prolonged of the many contests in which the New Engl- 
 
no HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l689 
 
 and colonists were engaged. It lasted with but an occasional 
 truce for ten years, and was the more fierce because to race 
 hatred was added religious fanaticism. Besides, the Indians had 
 a base of supplies in Canada, and counted on the French as 
 allies and confederates. Before the French monarch, Louis 
 XIV, had made war on William and Mary, the sovereigns of 
 England, in the interest of James II, the dethroned king, An- 
 dros, by his overbearing and arbitrary course in New England, 
 had prepared the way, before he was driven from office, for a 
 general Indian war, the horrors of which were greatly increased 
 when war was declared between the home governments of 
 France and England. France held all land to the eastward of 
 Penobscot river by treaty, and Baron de St. Castine had for 
 many years resided on the peninsular of Castine and carried on 
 a large trade with the Indians. A new line was run which left 
 Castine within English territory, and soon afterward, in 1688, 
 Andros went with an armed force and plundered De Castine's 
 house and fort. Thereupon the Frenchman, who had the sym- 
 pathy and confidence of the Indians to the fullest extent, incited 
 them to open hostility. This was the more easily done as they 
 had grievances of their own for which they could obtain no 
 redress. Their tribute of corn was withheld, seines obstructed 
 their fishery, cattle destroyed their crops, and their land was 
 granted to settlers without their consent. To this was added 
 the fact that they had become Catholics, and considered the 
 English as heretics and their natural enemies. War com- 
 menced in Maine. Andros led an army of seven hundred men 
 into their territory ; but the only loss was sustained by his own 
 force, for not an Indian was seen on the march. 
 
 The treachery of Major Waldron, a dozen years before, still 
 rankled in the memory of the Cocheco, the Pigwacket, and the 
 Penacook tribes. The strage Indians, who had been sold into 
 slavery in foreign countries, and had escaped and returned, 
 were thirsting for revenge, and formed a confederacy for sur- 
 prising the Cocheco settlement and taking vengeance. Their 
 plans were carefully matured. Wannalancet, as chief of the 
 Penacooks, was succeeded by Hagkins, who had been treated 
 
1689] KING William's war. iu 
 
 with neglect by Cranfield and was ready to listen to Castine's 
 emissaries. 
 
 Ostensibly they were at peace with the Province, when near 
 the last of June, 1689, they assembled in the neighborhood 
 of Dover. The veteran magistrate, Richard Waldron, feared no 
 treachery. Some of the inhabitants were uneasy on account of 
 meeting so many Indians and warned Waldron without effect. 
 An official warning was on its way from Boston, but arrived 
 too late. There were at the time five garrisoned houses near the 
 first falls of the Cocheco river, Waldron's, Otis's and Heard's on 
 the north side of the river ; Peter Coffin's and his son's on 
 the south side. The Indians sent two squaws to each of the 
 garrisoned houses in the evening, to ask shelter for the night, and 
 they were welcomed at all, except the younger Coffin's, and 
 allowed to sleep by the open fire when the family had retired. 
 One of the chiefs, Mesandowit, was hospitably entertained by 
 Major Waldron the day before, and the squaws told him to 
 expect a trading visit from the Indians the following day. 
 When all was quiet, the squaws opened the gates and admitted 
 their confederates. Waldron, on being aroused, sprang from his 
 bed and bravely defended himself until he was overpowered 
 and cruelly put to death, amid the jibes of his captors. His 
 son-in-law, Abraham Lee, was also killed. The Otis garrison, 
 next to Waldron's, shared the same fate. Heard's and Elder 
 Wentworth's were accidentally saved. The elder Coffin's was 
 surprised, and his son surrendered to save his father ; but both 
 families escaped while the Indians were plundering the houses. 
 Twenty-three people were killed and twenty-nine were carried 
 away captives. Five or six houses and the mills were burned, 
 and the Indians had departed with their prisoners and booty 
 before assistance arrived from other parts of the town. The 
 prisoners were carried to Canada and sold to the French ; and 
 they were said to have been the first ever carried there. A 
 pursuing party, under command of Captain Noyes, destroyed 
 the corn of the Indians at Penacook ; and another party, under 
 Captain Wincol, killed several Indians at Lake Winnipiseogee, 
 and despoiled their fields. 
 
1 1: 
 
 HISTOKV OF NEW IIAMPSIIIUE. 
 
 [1690 
 
 In August, the Indians surprised Huckin's garrison at Oyster 
 River and killed them all, to the number of eighteen, while at 
 
 work in a field, and took the children, after killing three or four 
 of their number, and the women into captivity. 
 
 In 1690, Count de Frontenac, the French governor of Canada, 
 
1^93] KING v/illiam's war. 
 
 113 
 
 entered resolutely into the war and furnished the hostile Indians 
 with arms and supplies. He offered a bounty for scalps and 
 prisoners. Salmon Falls was attacked in March by a combined 
 French and Indian force, and twenty-seven of its brave defenders 
 were slain, and fifty-two, mostly women and children, were car- 
 ried into captivity. After plundering the place, the houses, mills, 
 and barns, together with the stock within them, were burned. 
 The assailants were followed on their retreat and an engagement 
 ensued, in which four or five of the pursuing party were killed 
 and the rest retired. The enemy lost two of their number. 
 
 In May, the Indians made an assault on Fox Point, in New- 
 ington, burned several houses, killed fourteen people, and 
 retreated with six captives. They were pursued by Captains 
 Floyd and Greenleaf, and some of the captives escaped, but the 
 Indians made good their retreat. 
 
 In July, the enemy were very active. Within three days they 
 killed eight at Lamprey river, eight at Exeter, and sixteen at 
 Wheelwright's pond, in Lee, taking only one captive. The loss 
 in Exeter was in defending the Hilton garrison house. The 
 loss at Wheelwright's pond was in a bloody engagement in which 
 Captain Wiswall, Lieutenant Flagg and Sergeant Walker were 
 killed. Both parties retreated. Within a week following the 
 Indians killed forty people between Lamprey river and Ames- 
 bury. Captives, if not healthy and vigorous, were cruelly tortured 
 and put out of the way. There were very few instances of 
 mercy during the war. In the fall there was a cessation of 
 hostilities, which lasted until June, 1691, when two men were 
 killed at Exeter. In September, the Indians came from the 
 eastward in canoes, landed at Sandy Beach, or Rye, and killed 
 or carried away twenty-one persons. Captain Sherburne of 
 Portsmouth was killed during the year. 
 
 In 1692, the frontiers were guarded by ranging parties in the 
 woods, after the destruction of York ; and the Indians found it 
 difficult to surprise a garrison. A party of them near Cocheco 
 were themselves surprised and only one of their number escaped. 
 Tobias Hanson of Dover was the only victim during the year 
 1693, except a poor family captured at Oyster River. A truce 
 
114 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1696 
 
 was agreed upon at Pemaquid in August, and the settlers had a 
 respite for the rest of the year. They had become so disheart- 
 ened that they were almost persuaded to leave the Province. 
 To add to their troubles, there was a misunderstanding with the 
 Massachusetts authorities, who had been rather occupied with 
 witchcraft trials than the prosecution of the war, and assistance 
 was sparingly afforded to their neighbors. At length all the 
 Massachusetts soldiers were withdrawn. 
 
 After the middle of July, 1694, a long meditated attack was made 
 by two hundred and fifty Indians, led by Sieur de Villieu, upon 
 the settlement at Oyster River (Durham). There were block- 
 houses for the defence of the inhabitants ; but, not suspecting 
 danger, many families were at their own unfortified homes, and 
 the garrisons were unprepared for an attack. Of the twelve 
 fortified houses five were destroyed. Fourteen people were 
 surprised and killed in one. The deserted houses were set on 
 fire. Over ninety people were killed or carried into captivity. 
 There were many narrow escapes and many scenes of frightful 
 cruelty. A French priest accompanied the expedition, which 
 was composed of Maine and New Brunswick Indians, from the 
 Kennebec, Penobscot and St. John rivers, and French troops. 
 Seven of the garrison houses were bravely and successfully de- 
 fended. The enemy, having done what mischief they could, 
 retired ; and the scalps taken were afterward presented to Count 
 Frontenac, in Canada. 
 
 Within a few days a wandering party of Indians killed Madam 
 Ursula Cutt, widow of the first president, and three of her 
 laborers, while haymaking at a place called the Pulpit. In July, 
 1695, two men were killed at Exeter. In May, 1696, John 
 Church was killed at Cocheco. Near the end of June the Indians 
 came from the Nubble, at York, in cahoes, and landed at Sandy 
 Beach, or Rye, and made an attack on five houses at once. 
 At Sagamore's Creek, in Portsmouth, fourteen people were in- 
 stantly killed and four carried into captivity. The whole number 
 slain, according to John Farmer, was twenty-four. A pursuing 
 party recovered the prisoners at Breakfast Hill, but the Indians 
 escaped and eluded a fleet of boats sent to cut off their retreat 
 
1697] KING William's war. 115 
 
 to the eastward. In July, a party in Dover were waylaid while 
 returning from church. Three were killed, three wounded, and 
 three carried away captives. , In August, one settler was killed 
 in Rye and another at Lubberland, on Great Bay. In June, 
 1697, an attack was planned on the town of Exeter, which was 
 averted by an accident. One person was killed, another wounded, 
 and a third carried into captivity. During the year a grand in- 
 vasion of the country of New England was planned by the 
 French, but was happily postponed until the towns were fortified, 
 when peace was declared. A final treaty was made with the 
 Indians at Casco early in January, 1699, and many captives 
 were restored to their friends. Many of them, however, had 
 become members of Indian tribes and did not return to civili- 
 zation. 
 
 During the war of ten years the four towns in the province of 
 New Hampshire and the adjoining settlements at York, Kittery, 
 and Berwick, lost, in killed, wounded and captives, about four 
 hundred of their number. The stories narrated by the returning 
 captives were full of woe. They had been forced to look upon 
 the torture and death of many of their companions, who had 
 incurred the ill-will of the savages. They had been forced to 
 hasten through a wilderness, without proper food or raiment, 
 and had beeen subjected to so many hardships that only the 
 most robust and healthy survived. The Indians, from friendly 
 neighbors, had become relentless foes. The treachery of Major 
 Waldron, from which they had lost faith in the English settlers, 
 and the attack of the Mohawks on the peaceably inclined Indians, 
 had converted them into fiends incarnate. Nothing seemed too 
 horrible for them to imagine and perpetrate. From superstition 
 or some other cause they respected the chastity of their female 
 captives, but would as ruthlessly murder them as their male 
 prisoners. During an incursion made upon Haverhill, in 1697, 
 the Indians attacked the house of Hannah Dustin. Her husband 
 effected the rescue of his children, but the mother fell into the 
 hands of the attacking party, who murdered her babe and com- 
 pelled her to rise from a bed of sickness, and, with her nurse, to 
 follow them towards Canada. During their journey, the party, 
 
ii6 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [1697 
 
 captors and captives, stopped for the night at the small island 
 at the mouth of the Contoocoolc river at Penacook. Here the 
 two captive women with the assistance of a boy, planned and 
 
 HANNAH DUSTIN AT THE MASSACRE. 
 
 Upon this spot (the island of Contoocoolc, N. H.) stands a monument erected to the memory of 
 Hannah Dustin, through the efforts of Colonel Robert B. Caverly, poet and historian. 
 
 executed an escape, which was done by killing ten of the twelve 
 Indians of the party, and following the river back to the settle- 
 ments. As a matter of course, they were forced to take their 
 
1708] QUEEN ANNe's WAR. II/. 
 
 captors at a disadvantage, killing them while they were asleep, ' 
 and possibly drunk. 
 
 The peace of Ryswick, which closed King William's War, was 
 of short duration. Louis XIV proclaimed the Pretender king 
 of England, and his governor, Villebon, had orders to extend the 
 Province of Acadia to the Kennebec river. The English claimed 
 to the St. Croix river. Governor Dudley had particular orders 
 to rebuild the port at Pemaquid, but the Massachusetts Assembly 
 would not consent to the expense. He met at Casco delegates 
 from the tribes of the Norridgewock, Penobscot, Pigwacket, 
 Penacook and Androscoggin Indians, and concluded a firm peace 
 with them in June, 1703. This did not prevent the Indians, 
 however, after the declaration of the Queen Anne War, from join- 
 ing the French and invading New England. They killed and 
 took captive one hundred and thirty people between Casco and 
 Wells in a few weeks, burning and destroying all before them. 
 About the middle of August a force of thirty killed five people at 
 Hampton, a Quakeress among the number, and plundered two 
 houses; but fled before a pursuing party. Instantly the whole 
 frontier was in arms. A visit of a company to Pigwacket in the 
 fall led to the death of six and the capture of six Indians. During 
 the winter the settlers were very active in carrying the war into the 
 enemy's country, under the command of Major Winthrop Hilton 
 and Captains John Oilman of Exeter, and Chesley and Davis of 
 Oyster River. 
 
 During the year 1704 the aggressive policy of New England 
 was continued, yet the Indians succeeded in killing and captur- 
 ing several people in the Province, one at Oyster River in April, 
 and several at Lamprey River the next day. In August they 
 killed several at Oyster River. In January, 1708, Colonel Hilton 
 led a force against Norridgewock, which was only successful in 
 destroying the village. During the year another attempt was 
 made to settle the township of Kingston, which did not succeed. 
 Amongst the settlers were Ebenezer Webster, an ancestor of 
 Daniel Webster, Moses Elkins, Jonathan Sanborn, Ichabod 
 Robie, Aaron Sleeper, Thomas Webster, Thomas Philbrick and 
 
Il8 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['709 
 
 Jabez Colman. The first birth in the town was that of Benjamin 
 Webster, in 1701. In 1725 the town contained eighty-one fami- 
 lies. In 1732, it had one hundred and sixty-four ratable inhabi- 
 tants and one hundred and fifteen dwelling houses, of which 
 sixty-four were two stories high. 
 
 An attempt was made to settle Rev. William Thompson in 
 1720. Rev. Ward Clark was ordained and settled in 1725 ; Rev. 
 Peter Coffin, in 1737; Rev. Amos Tappan, in 1762 ; Rev. Elihu 
 Thayer, D. D., in 1776; Rev. John Turner, the last minister 
 settled by the town, in 18 18. 
 
 The Indians of New England had been encouraged to remove 
 to Canada by the French governor, and accordingly had been 
 incorporated with the St. Francis tribe on the St. Lawrence and 
 were thus more readily wielded against the English. At the re- 
 opening of hostilities, in 1706, after a short truce, a small party 
 of Indians attacked the house of John Drew, at Oyster River, in 
 April, and killed eight and wounded two; but the women suc- 
 cessfully defended the place. On the retreat of the Indians 
 they killed John Wheeler, his wife and two children, who fell 
 into their hands. In June two men were killed in Dover. In 
 July two men were killed at Dunstable. In August an attack 
 was made on Dover, in which ten men lost their lives or were 
 carried into captivity. The Indians also killed several others 
 during the summer at Dunstable, Hampton, and along the fron- 
 tier. During the winter of 1707, Colonel Hilton was successful 
 in cutting off a party of twenty-two, near Black Point, in Maine. 
 During the following summer, while a force of a thousand men 
 were attacking Port Royal, a harassing warfare was kept up by 
 the enemy alongthe frontier and several men were killed at Oyster 
 River, at Kingston, and at Exeter. The Indians were accustomed 
 at this time to wander in small parties and the settlers were 
 always armed and generally within the protection of their block- 
 houses. In September, a lumbering party was surprised at 
 Oyster River by a party of French Mohawks and eight of their 
 number were instantly killed. 
 
 New Hampshire escaped any loss during the year 1708, but in 
 the spring of 1709 several men were captured in Exeter, and one 
 
17 1 3] QUEEN ANNE's WAR. II9 
 
 was killed at Oyster River. One of the Exeter captives was in- 
 humanly tortured. During the year an expedition was planned 
 against Canada, but was not carried into effect. 
 
 In July, 1 7 10, the Indians, who had before made several at- 
 tempts, succeeded in killing Colonel Winthrop Hilton. Two of 
 his companions were killed at the same time, and two others were 
 captured. Colonel Hilton was the son of Edward Hilton and Ann 
 (Dudley) Hilton. Edward Hilton was the son of Edward 
 Hilton, the first settler of Dover. Ann Dudley, Colonel 
 Hilton's mother, was the daughter of Rev. Samuel and Mary' 
 (Winthrop) Dudley, and was the granddaughter of Governor 
 Thomas Dudley and Governor John Winthrop. His loss was 
 severely felt in the Province, and he was buried with military 
 honors. Soon after the attack on Hilton's party, the Indians 
 killed or took captive several persons at Exeter, four at Kingston 
 and one at Cocheco. During the summer Colonel Shadrack 
 Walton led the New Hampshire quota of one hundred men to 
 help capture Port Royal. Late in the fall he led a force to the 
 eastward, and slew several hostile Indians. In the spring of 
 1711 five men were killed at Dover, and a party returning from 
 church fell into an ambush. During the summer a formidable 
 expedition of some six thousand troops were sent to reduce 
 Canada, but lost a thousand of their number in the St. Lawrence 
 river during a stormy night, and the balance of the fleet returned 
 to Boston. 
 
 The Indians, encouraged by the. failure of this attack, com- 
 menced their aggressions in the spring of 17 12, killing a settler 
 in Exeter, another at Dover, and another at Oyster River. A 
 marauding party of eight Indians were surprised and killed on 
 the Merrimack. During June and July the enemy attacked the 
 settlers at Exeter, Kingston and. Dover, and caused some loss of 
 life. In the autumn the news of the peace of Utrecht was 
 received and a suspension of arms was proclaimed at Ports- 
 mouth. In July, 171 3, a formal treaty of peace was made with 
 the Indians, and an exchange of prisoners was brought about 
 the next summer. During the whole war. Usher was a faithful 
 officer. He frequently came into the province by Dudley's 
 
I20 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['7 '3 
 
 direction, and sometimes resided in it several months, inquiring 
 into the state of the frontiers and garrisons, visiting them in 
 person, and consulting with the officers of the militia as to the 
 proper methods of defence. 
 
 The drain of the war had been fearful on the little province 
 of New Hampshire, still it was more than offset by the large 
 families and the natural increase within the colony. It had 
 bred a race of men skilled as the Indian in the arts of wood- 
 craft and the peculiar stratagems of Indian warfare. Children 
 had been reared amidst the alarms of the dread war-whoop and 
 the whistle of the hostile bullet. Boys were trained as soldiers 
 at an early age, and even the women, on occasion, successfully 
 defended their homes from the prowling savages. Hannah 
 Dustin is a typical heroine of that era. After such a school 
 those boys could never wear the yoke of servitude. Henceforth 
 they were freemen. 
 
 The Indians, on the other hand, suffered from war and famine. 
 Sleuth hounds, for the sake of the reward or to revenge the 
 massacre of a family, in the shape of desperate man-hunters, 
 rangers and scouts, were continually on their trail and diminish- 
 ing their numbers. In endurance the white man was their superior 
 and was bound to be the victor in the end. 
 
 ra°^ 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 ROYAL PROVINCE, 1692-1715. 
 
 Samuel Allen — John Usher — New Council — Small Pox — Post 
 Office — New Castle Incorporated — Kingston Incorporated — 
 William Partridge — Piscatac^ua Rebellion — ,Earl of Bellomont 
 — Governor Allen — John Usher — Mutilation of Records — New 
 Trial of Claim — Appeal to King — Joseph Dudley — Decision 
 OF English Courts — Nashua — Offers of Compromise — Death of 
 Allen — Renewal of Suit — New Trial — Death of Thomas Allen — 
 Hampton Falls — Newington. 
 
 'T^HE administration of John Usher, as lieutenant-governor, 
 representing his father-in-law, Samuel Allen, and Gover- 
 nor Joseph Dudley, was at a time the most mournful in the his- 
 tory of the Province or the State, and the most illy suited for 
 the establishment of claims to lands which were occupied by 
 people defending them from a savage foe, and exciting sympa- 
 thy in the minds of home and foreign judges by their bravery 
 and sacrifices. According to the common law of England, 
 Allen was undoubtedly right. The discovery and occupation of 
 a vast continent, however, brought different elements into the 
 legal questions involved. The right of even a prince to grant 
 land to the exclusion of actual settlers in long and undisturbed 
 possession is seriously questioned. When to the difficulties of 
 the case is added the purchase of the territory from its un- 
 doubted owners, the Indians, and thereafter the maintaining the 
 possession by right of conquest, one's sympathy must lean towards 
 the settlers. In a foreign war, it is the patriotic duty of a citi- 
 zen to sustain his government, right or wrong ; but even in that 
 c-ise, when it becomes a matter of history, he may question the 
 justice and equity of the course pursued by the public or the 
 State. 
 
122 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [1692 
 
 In the midst of the Indian war, the Province of New Hamp- 
 shire was placed under a new government. The people desired 
 for the most part to continue their union with Massachusetts, 
 but Samuel Allen of London, who had purchased the interest 
 of the heirs of Mason to New Hampshire, claimed recognition 
 of his title from the crown, and a commission for the govern- 
 ment of the province. A petition from the people for a union 
 with Massachusetts was neglected, and the power of govern- 
 
 \(, 3^e\ ^»\e<59\V 
 
 ment was conferred upon Allen. His son-in-law, John Usher, 
 was appointed lieutenant-governor in his absence. The coun- 
 cillors named in the commission were John Usher, John Hinckes, 
 Nathaniel Fryer, Thomas Graffort, Peter Coffin, Henry Greene, 
 Robert Elliot, John Gerrish, John Walford and John Love. 
 To these were afterwards added Major Vaughan, Nathaniel 
 Weare and Richard Waldron. 
 
 The lately appointed lieutenant-governor arrived and pub- 
 lished his commission in August, 1692. His council were gen- 
 erally men who had the confidence and good will of the people, 
 but Usher himself was unpopular on account of his connection 
 
1692] 
 
 ROYAL PROVINCE. 
 
 123 
 
 with the government under Andros and his interest in Allen's 
 claim to the lands. He was, a native of Boston, a tradesman 
 of considerable wealth, and had successfully conducted the 
 
 :"]^miNCE "Mouse : 
 
 negotiations on the part of Massachusetts for the purchase 
 from Gorges of the Province of Maine. He had been treasurer 
 in the government of Sir Edmund Andros, and was largely 
 
124 
 
 HISTORY OF NliW HAMPSHIKE. 
 
 [1692 
 
 interested in land speculation. He was good-natured, open, 
 and generous ; but no statesman or courtier. He was not aSa.- 
 
 l^«LW-(astle. J 
 
 ble, but rather stern and severe. He prided himself on his 
 authority, was consequential and dictatorial, but fairly gov- 
 erned during the Indian troubles. 
 
1692] ROYAL PROVINCE. 12$ 
 
 During the year 1692, besides the terror of the Indian war, 
 a very fatal epidemic of small pox raged at Portsmouth and 
 Greenland. 
 
 In 1793 the first post-ofSce in the Province was established at 
 Portsmouth. During the same year Great Island, Sandy Beach 
 (Rye), and Little Harbor were incorporated as the town of 
 New Castle. Great Island had been a place of considerable 
 importance. During Cranfield's administration it was the seat 
 of government. It was afterwards reduced in size by the incor- 
 poration of Rye, until to-day, with an area of only 458 acres, it 
 is the smallest township in the State. It was the home in later 
 years of Theodore Atkinson, chief justice of the Province. 
 
 Rev. Samuel Moody preached at New Castle before 1700 ; Rev. 
 John Emerson was ordained in 1704; Rev. William Shurtleff, 
 in 1712; Rev. John Blunt, in 1732 ; Rev. David Robinson, in 
 1748; Rev. Stephen Chase, in 1750; Rev. Oliver Noble, in 
 1784. 
 
 ^ What was the population of New Castle at the date of its 
 charter, it is quite impossible to determine accurately. On one 
 occasion forty men signed a petition, which list included none 
 of the government officials. It is probable that, in 1693, there 
 were within the whole territory of this town not far from five 
 hundred inhabitants. 
 
 The records of the town from 1693 to 1726 were lost for 
 many years, and were not recovered until 1873, when they were 
 found in the hands of a private gentleman of England, who pre- 
 sented them to the town authorities. 
 
 The following description of a New Hampshire town meeting 
 is taken from Mr. Albee's readable History of New Castle : 
 
 In general, it may be said that it is an occasion wlien some public busi- 
 ness is transacted, of the necessary sort, and the year's accumulation of 
 criticism, grievances, and personal grudges be discharged. In New Castle 
 ■vve deliberate with our hats on, after the manner of the British Parliament. 
 We always think there is time enough to take them off when we go to bed. 
 No sooner is a new town government elected than it begins to be watched 
 and found fault with. Then appears that almost natural impulse of our race, 
 or, perhaps, inherited in its long contests for freedom, which impels it to 
 
 ' John Albee. 
 
126 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['^93 
 
 consider its civil rulers natural enemies. In town governments this watch- 
 fulness and criticism are not always an unmixed good; they often become 
 frivolous, and turn on personal or party sympathies and antipathies. 
 
 " How can I find my family history ?" said a gentleman to a genealogist- 
 "Simply by running for an office," was the answer. The selectmen are 
 seated behind a long table, on which are the records, the account books and 
 papers, and a law book or two — the town officer, perhaps, and the statutes 
 of the State. They look nervous, but defiant. Indeed, it does put a man on 
 his mettle to face a body of citizens to whom he is directly accountable. 
 Before the selectmen stand their fellow citizens — perhaps fifty, perhaps two 
 hundred — ready to listen to the report of the year's transactions; ready, 
 also, to put the most provoking questions. The town methods of conducting 
 business are clumsy, absurd, informal ; the manners of the meeting rough — 
 now violent, now indifferent; matters proceed confusedly; but the ends 
 attained are the pride of our civilization, — equitable taxation, safe roads and 
 bridges, care of the poor, public order, and equal and sufficient education 
 for all. 
 
 There was a period in the history of all New England towns when they 
 had the care of religion. 
 
 That the ancient town meetings were much like the modern, is evident 
 from careful reading of the records. It is clear enough when matters are in 
 contention ; it is clear what is of public interest from year to year. 
 
 The first town clerk of New Castle, by election, was Theodore Atkinson. 
 
 Below is the seal of Richard Jose, sheriff' of the Province and town, in the 
 seventeenth century. 
 
 There was a regular night watch for all parts of the town ; and every night 
 the constable, with four men of the watch, visited all public houses to 
 enforce the regulations concerning them. No strangers were allowed in 
 New Castle above fourteen days, without notice to the selectmen. Whoever 
 
1693] 
 
 ROYAL PROVINCE. 
 
 127 
 
 sold liquor to a common drunkard was liable to fine ; and the selectmen gave 
 
 to the innkeeper the names of persons to whom they were forbidden to sell. 
 
 The selectmen, in early times, met monthly to attend to any business 
 
 Xst in&tca&iv) longu loCUSt inbuK ]>i>rtu... 
 illicit objrct^i. |attruiii,<|uibu% oinnis ab &lt 
 
 Jn calum bc«p»ili, quorum sub vevlke lata 
 
 .^^^uor4 tuti &il«*>t ' • 
 
 InlusAt(ulE €lulctt>,vivo<]ue eedilil 5>»xo; 
 K^mpharum dumu.s.lUt fci&as nonAvihcu\?k^Tl.aVi 
 -TJIIa. "Itntnt: untonorv alligat ancord. liioriu. 
 
 brought before the board. They also sat as judges, deciding trivial matters 
 appertaining to the community. 
 
 Sampson Sheafe, a graduate of Harvard College, was the first schoolmaster 
 Among the inhabitants of New Castle for two centuries, appear the names 
 
128 HISTOKV Ol- NliVV HAMPSHIRE. ['694 
 
 of Amazeen, Bell, Frost, Lear, Meloon, Tarlton, Vennard, White and 
 Yeaton. Here have lived those of the name of Atkinson, Elliot, Estwick, 
 Fryer, Hinckes, Jackson, JaflVey, Jones, Jordan, Langmaid, Leach, Odiorne, 
 Parker, Rand, Randall, Seavy, Stileman, Trefethen, Tucker, Waldron, Wal- 
 ford, Wallls, Walton, Sargent, and Prescott. 
 
 The following year, 1694, an attempt was made to extend the 
 settlements, and the township of Kingston was granted to a 
 party of twenty men from Hampton and the town was incorpo- 
 rated ; but within two years the settlers deserted the place and 
 did not return until peace was declared in 1799. 
 
 Grantees of Kingston. 
 
 James Prescott, Sen. Benjamin Sanborn. John Mason. 
 
 Thomas Philbrook, Jr. Daniel Moulton. Nathaniel Sanborn. 
 
 Samuel Colcord. Isaac Godfrey. John Moulton. 
 
 Samuel Dearborn. Gershom Elkins. Francis Towle. 
 
 Jacob Garland. Thomas Webster. 
 
 Ebenezer Webster. William Godfrey. 
 
 During the two or three first years of Usher's administration 
 the public charges were provided for by an excise on wines and 
 liquors and a tax on merchandize, the Assembly voting them year 
 by year. During the year 16^5 the deputies became unmanage- 
 able and refused to grant money, except for the defence of the 
 Province. Nor could Usher obtain money from Allen, the pro- 
 prietor of the Province, for his drafts were dishonored. He de- 
 sired Governor Allen to take the government into his own hands 
 or find a successor to himself. The people, however, had antici- 
 pated him, for having removed Hinckes, Waldron and Vaughan 
 from the council, on account of their opposition of the proprie- 
 tary claim, he so irritated the leading men of the Province that 
 they conspired for his removal, and privately recommended Wil- 
 liam Partridge as his successor as lieutenant-governor. " Part- 
 ridge was a native of Portsmouth, a shipwright, of extraordinary 
 mechanical genius, of a politic turn of mind, and a popular 
 man." * He was treasurer of the Province, largely concerned in 
 trade, well known in England as a dealer in masts and timber for 
 the navy, and he received his commission as lieutenant-governor 
 
 > Belknap 
 
1696] ROYAL PROVINCE. I29 
 
 in June, 1696. He returned to New England and assumed the 
 duties of ofifice in January, 1697, and the suspended councillors 
 resumed their seats. John Pickering, "a man of rough and ad- 
 venturous spirit, and a lawyer," was made King's attorney, and 
 the records which Usher had compelled him to deliver up were 
 deposited in the hands of Major Vaughan, who was appointed 
 recorder. 
 
 Usher, who resided in Boston, claimed these acts to be illegal, 
 and sent his secretary, Charles Story, to England, with an 
 account of what he styled the "Piscataqua rebellion;" and re- 
 ceived directions from the English authorities to keep his office 
 of lieutenant-governor until Partridge was legally " qualified." 
 He was frustrated in his . designs, for Partridge went through 
 the required forms and duly " qualified " himself the day after 
 Usher arrived in Portsmouth with his commission, in December, 
 1697. 
 
 The Assembly met early in January, 1698, and approved what 
 had been done, and sent Ichabod Plaisted to meet the Earl of 
 Bellomont, the newly-appointed governor of New England, upon 
 his arrival in New York. During the year, Governor Allen, a 
 man " of a pacific and condescending disposition," came from 
 England, and, as his commission was still in force, took the oaths 
 and assumed the command. Usher was reinstated in the coun- 
 cil, Partridge was suspended, and an altercation ensued between 
 the governor on the one part and the council and the Assembly 
 on the other. Elliot withdrew, and was soon followed by Coffin 
 and Waldron ; the Assembly refused to appropriate money ; and 
 the governor dissolved them. Fryer, of the old board, alone re- 
 mained in the council. Joseph Smith of Hampton and Kingsley 
 Hall of Exeter were appointed to the council, and Sampson 
 Sheafe, the secretary, and Peter Weare, made up a quorum. 
 
 In the summer of 1699, the new governor-general, the Earl of 
 Bellomont, "a nobleman of distinguished figure and polite man- 
 ner, a firm friend to the revolution, a favorite of King William, 
 and one who had no interest in oppressing them," published his 
 commission in New Hampshir^, to the great joy of the people. 
 Upon the change in rulers, Partridge took his seat as lieutenant- 
 
I30 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^70l 
 
 governor, and the displaced councillors were again called to the 
 board. Richard Jose was made sheriff in place of William 
 Ardell, and Charles Story secretary in the room of Sheafe. 
 
 Peace within and without the Province having been tempora- 
 rily restored, and the government modelled in favor of the peo- 
 ple, both parties in the land suits agreed to leave the decision to 
 properly constituted courts. The Assembly having voted Bello- 
 mont ;^SOo, he left the Province within three weeks to the gov- 
 ernment of his lieutenant-governor, Partridge. Partridge ap- 
 pointed Hinckes chief justice and Peter Coffin, John Gerrish, 
 and John Plaisted assistants; and Waldron chief justice of the 
 inferior court, with Henry Dow, Theodore Atkinson, and John 
 Woodman, for assistants. 
 
 During the summer of 1700, Colonel Romer, a Dutch engineer 
 under Bellomont's direction, planned a fortification for the harbor 
 to cost £6,000, but the Assembly pleaded their poverty as an 
 excuse for not building it. In the mean while, Allen saw very 
 little chance for him to recover his rights under the new courts 
 as then constituted. The records of the superior court having 
 been mutilated, all evidence of judgments recovered by Mason 
 were lost and suits had to be commenced from the beginning. 
 Waldron, one of the principal land-holders, and a strenuous 
 opposer of the proprietary claim, was singled out to stand 
 foremost in the controversy with Allen, as his father had with 
 Mason. The decisions were invariably given in favor of the 
 defendant with costs. " Allen's only refuge was in an appeal to 
 the King, which the courts, following the example of their 
 brethren in Massachusetts, refused to admit." He then petiti- 
 oned the King, who granted an appeal, and censured the court for 
 not permitting it. 
 
 During the year 1701, Bellomont died in New York; and the 
 Assembly confirmed the grants of land within their townships 
 and ordered their township lines to be determined. But Allen 
 prevented the laws being enacted and sent Usher to England 
 to attend to his appeal before the English courts. 
 
 King William having died. Queen Anne, his successor, ap- 
 pointed Joseph Dudley, a former president of New England, to 
 
1702] ROYAL PROVINCE. I3I 
 
 be governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, and his 
 commission was published in Portsmouth in July, 1702. The 
 Assembly, by a well-timed present, interested him in their favor; 
 but Usher was successful before the Queen, and not only won 
 Allen's case, but secured for himself the appointment of lieu- 
 tenant-governor of the Province, against the protest of Waldron, 
 who represented the people of New Hampshire. 
 
 In 1703 the attorney-general of the English court reported, 
 that Allen's claim to the waste land of the Province of New 
 Hampshire was valid, and late in the year Usher published his 
 commission in Portsmouth. 
 
 1 During the year of 1702 the colonial court of Massa- 
 chusetts built a trading-house for the Indians, and established a 
 fortified garrison at Watanic — the Indian name for Nashua — 
 which was afterwards called Queen's garrison, and situated about 
 sixty rods easterly of Main street, in Nashua, and about as far 
 north of Salmon brook. This was the head-quarters of trade 
 with the Indians for many years. 
 
 If we consider the appearance and extent of the primitive 
 forests, in the midst of natural scenes like these, it is not sur- 
 prising that these bold pioneers should select a place like this in 
 which to rear their log huts ; for, as Governor Wentworth said, 
 the royal or mast pines of Dunstable plains were the best in 
 New Hampshire ; and they presented a majestic appearance. 
 These trees often grew to the height of tviro hundred feet, and 
 as straight as an arrow, many of them forty inches in diameter. 
 These pines were, by royal enactment, reserved for the king's 
 navy, and were designated by the surveyors of the woods by a 
 mark made to represent an Indian arrow, and the owners of the 
 land were forbidden to cut them. 
 
 The town of Greenland was set off from Portsmouth in 1705, 
 and incorporated as a parish in 1 706. There were at the time about 
 320 inhabitants. Settlements had commenced within the terri^ 
 tory many years before ; and men, women and children had been 
 accustomed to walk six and eight miles to attend services and 
 meetings at Portsmouth. Rev. William Allen was ordained and 
 
 * (Iranite Monthly. 
 
132 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [1704 
 
 settled as their minister in 1707 ; Rev. Samuel McClintock, D.D., 
 in 1756; Rev. James Neal, in 1805; Rev. Ephraim Abbott, in 
 1813; Rev. Samuel W. Clark, in 1829; Rev. Edwin Holt, in 
 1848; Rev. Edward Robie, in 1852. 
 
 John Allen. 
 Daniel Allen. 
 Joseph Berry. 
 Nathaniel Berry. 
 James Berry. 
 Robert Bryant, Jr. 
 John Bryant. 
 John Cate. 
 Samuel Davis. 
 Daniel Davis- 
 John Docom. 
 Robert Goss. 
 
 InIIAHITANT!) of GllKIiNLANlJ 
 
 William Haines. 
 Matthew Haines. 
 William Hodge. 
 Nathaniel Hugen. 
 Ebenezer Johnson. 
 John Johnson. 
 Nathan Johnson. 
 James Johnson. 
 Sarah Jackson. 
 James March. 
 Israel March. 
 Samuel Neal. 
 
 IN 1714. 
 John Neal. 
 Thomas Perkins. 
 Thomas Packer. 
 Joshua Peirce. 
 John Philbrook. 
 John Philbrook. 
 Benjamin Skilan. 
 Nathaniel Watson. 
 Joshua Weeks. 
 Jonathan Weeks. 
 Joseph Weeks. 
 Samuel Weeks. 
 
 The year 1704 was remarkable for the renewal of the Indian 
 •war and dissensions between the lieutenant-governor and his 
 ■council and the Assembly. The recorder refused to deliver the 
 records to Penhallow, the secretary, without a vote of the Assem- 
 , bly. The latter appropriated thirty-eight shillings towards 
 Usher's support, and voted him the use of two rooms at New 
 Castle, — a rather meagre allowance, considering the wealth and 
 state of the lieutenant governor. The decision of the English 
 courts having been communicated to the Assembly by Cover-, 
 nor Dudley, they signified their consent to the proprietor's claim 
 to the waste lands of the Province, but asserted that he had 
 gone beyond his rights in taking possession of the commons 
 within the incorporated township. In fact, Allen had served 
 legal papers upon Waldron, and urged the governor's presence 
 to enforce the Queen's decree ; but Dudley was attacked by a 
 seasonable fit of sickness at Newbury, which prevented his 
 attendance at court. At length, fairly worn out by the contro- 
 versy with such determined adversaries, Allen made advan- 
 tageous offers of compromise, in 1705, accepting for himself a 
 tract forty miles long and twenty miles wide, at the head of the 
 old township, and reasonably large farms in each of the settled 
 
I715J ROYAL PROVINCE. 1.^3 
 
 towns and ;£2,ooo in cash, while he released all title to the bal- 
 ance of the territory of the province. Death again prevented 
 this happy arrangement, for Samuel Allen' died in May, 1705, 
 the day after the necessary papers were to have been signed. 
 He was "a gentleman of no remarkable abilities, and of a soli- 
 tary rather than a social disposition ; but mild, obliging, and 
 charitable. His character as a merchant was fair and upright, 
 and his domestic deportment amiable and exemplary. He was 
 a member of the Church of England, but attended the Congre- 
 gational services at New Castle." He died in his seventieth 
 year, leaving one son and four daughtei-s. 
 
 The year after his death, his son, Thomas Allen of London, 
 renewed the suit in the inferior court of the Province, in 1706, 
 and was defeated. On an appeal to the superior court, in 1707, 
 he was again defeated. This was the most celebrated trial of 
 the case. James Menzies and John Valentine appeared for the 
 proprietor and John Pickering and Charles Story for the de- 
 fence. The jury paid no attention to the Queen's directions, 
 and the case was again appealed to the English courts. Then, 
 on the account of the loyalty of the people, and their sufferings 
 during the war, no decision was arrived at until the case was 
 abruptly closed by the death of Allen, in 1715. 
 
 Hampton Falls, originally a part of Hampton, set off in 1709, 
 was incorporated in 171 2, when Rev. Theophilus Cotton was 
 settled as the minister. He was succeeded in 1727 by Rev. 
 Jo.seph Whipple; in 1757, by Rev. Josiah Bayley; in 1763, by 
 Rev. Paine Wingate; in 1781, by Rev. Samuel Langdon, D. D., 
 for several years president of Harvard College; in 1798, by 
 Rev. Jacob Abbott, the last Congregational minister, who was 
 dismissed in 1827. 
 
 Petitioners for Incorporation of Hampton Falls. 
 
 John Brown. Jonathan Fifield. Robect Reed. 
 
 William Brown. Jonathan Filbrook John Swayn. 
 
 Israel Black. John French. Caleb Swayn. 
 
 Nath. Bacheler. John Gove. Joseph Sweet, Jr. 
 
 Benj. Bacheler. Ebenezer Gove. Jacob Stanyan. 
 
 Moses Blake. Isaac Green. John Sanborn. 
 
 Philemon Blake. Nathan Green. Wm. Sanborn. 
 
134 
 
 HlSfORV OF NKW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 LI7IO 
 
 Timothy Blake. 
 John Cass. 
 Joseph Cass. 
 John Cram. 
 John Cram. 
 Thomas Cram. 
 Benjamin Cram. 
 Zachariah Clifford. 
 Israel Clifford, Jr. 
 Jacob Clifford. 
 John Drown. 
 John Eaton. 
 Joseph Emons. 
 Benjamin Fifield. 
 
 Ephraim Hoit. 
 Timothy Hutchins. 
 Benj. Hillyard. 
 Saml. Healy, 
 Nehemiah Heath. 
 John Morginn. 
 Saml. Melcher. 
 Bonos Norton. 
 Benj. Perkins. 
 Caleb Perkins. 
 Jonathan Prescott. 
 Nath. Prescott. 
 James Prescott, Sen. 
 Thos. Phllbrook. 
 
 Joseph Swett. 
 Samuel Shaw. 
 Caleb Shaw. 
 Joseph Sanborn. 
 Enoch Sanborn. 
 William Shipperd. 
 Joseph Tilton. 
 Daniel Tilton. 
 Jethro Tilton. 
 David Tilton. 
 Peter Weare. 
 Nathl. Weare. 
 Nathl. Weare, Jr. 
 Edward Wilkins. 
 
 During all these years of war, John Usher continued in his 
 office of lieutenant-governor. " His austere and ungracious 
 manners, and the interest he had in Allen's claim, prevented 
 him from acquiring that popularity which he seems to have 
 deserved." What was most remarkable, he had to serve for the 
 honor of the office without any of the emoluments. 11 is prede- 
 cessor had been liberally paid, but even the great popularity of 
 Dudley could not induce the Assembly to give Usher a salary. 
 Their first allowance to him was less than J[,2 for travelling 
 expenses from Boston, which amount they increased to ;£^5, and 
 in a fit of generosity, at Dudley's suggestion, they again in- 
 creased it to ;£io. They also provided him with quarters on 
 Great Island, which he complained of as not fit for his servants. 
 Upon his retiring from office, in 171 5, he returned to Medford, 
 where he lived in state for nearly a dozen years, dying at the 
 age of seventy-eight years. 
 
 He was succeeded in office by George Vaughan, in October, 
 171 5. Governor Dudley had become very popular. His salary 
 was freely appropriated, and petitions were sent to the Queen 
 to keep him in office; but he was superseded in October, 17 16, 
 by Samuel Shute. 
 
 With the departure of Usher and the death of Allen, the 
 Masonian claim was taken from the courts for the last time, but 
 in another generation it was destined to arise and trouble 
 people in another way for many years to come. 
 
I7I4] 
 
 ROYAL PROVINCE. 
 
 13S 
 
 Newington was named, in 1714, by Governor Dudley, and had 
 already been incorporated as a parish. It included the disputed 
 territory called Bloody Point, which, in 1644, had contained 
 twelve families. The settlers at that time were : James John- 
 son, Thomas Canning, Henry Longstaff, Thomas Fursen, John 
 Fayes, William Frayser, Oliver Trimings, William Jones, Philip 
 Lewis, Thomas Trickey, John Goddard and one other. It had 
 town privileges as early as 1737. Rev. Joseph Adams was 
 ordained and settled in the town in 1715, and was followed, in. 
 179s. by Rev. James Langdon, the last settled Congregational' 
 minister. 
 
 ^^. y^'Caft^v^V 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 ROYAL PROVINCE, 1715-1722. 
 
 Introduction — George Vaughan — Samuel Shute — John Wentworth 
 — Commerce — Two-Mile Slip — Scotch- Irish — Londonderry — Early 
 Settlers — Chester. 
 
 pEACE having been assured, by a treaty with the French and 
 Indians, from 1715 to 1722 the Province took rapid strides in 
 the line of progress. Commerce was fostered, and settlements 
 were rapidly advanced upon hitherto ungranted lands. The 
 power of the Indians had been broken by repeated contests, 
 and only a few of them remained, scattered over the Province, 
 to impede the advance of settlers. The- rights of the proprietors, 
 under the Masonian grant, had fallen into the hands of minors, 
 or non-resident claimants, and were not very definite. From 
 repeated suits the representatives of the claim had come to 
 realize that the people of the Province would never submit to 
 hold their lands as tenants under a landlord. The claimants 
 watched the progress of events, but could not control them. 
 
 Up to this, time the settlements had been confined to a narrow 
 territory bordering upon the ocean and Great Bay. On account 
 of the uncertainty of title, the inland valleys and meadows had 
 not been occupied. Within ten years, the frontiers were advanced 
 nearly fifty miles into the interior. 
 
 George Vaughan, the lieutenant-governor, who superseded 
 John Usher, arrived in the Province and opened his commission 
 in October, 17 15. After his arrival. Governor Dudley, daily ex- 
 pecting his successor, did not come into New Hampshire, but left 
 the government to Vaughan. George Vaughan was the son of 
 Major William Vaughan and received the office as a recognition 
 
1717] ROYAL PROVINCE. 137 
 
 of the services of his father, who had suffered financially and 
 physically in defending the colonists from the rapacity of the pro- 
 prietors. Lieutenant-Governor Vaughan held the office of chief 
 magistrate one year before the arrival, in October, 1717, of 
 Governor Samuel Shute. He summoned the Assembly, who re- 
 fused to make appropriations for a longer time than one year, 
 whereupon he dissolved them. 
 
 Samuel Shute, governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, 
 made several changes in the council upon his arrival in Ports- 
 mouth, confining his new appointments to residents of that 
 town. This was not satisfactory to the rural portion of the 
 Province, who remonstrated with the governor, and complained 
 that the traders of Portsmouth were favored in imposing taxes 
 to the injury of the farmers. The governor judiciously left the 
 matter to be settled by his council. 
 
 In 1717, the authorities, at the recommendation of the gover- 
 nor, issued bills of credit or bonds, to the amount of ;^ 15,000, 
 bearing 10 per cent, interest. A difficulty soon arose between 
 Governor Shute and Lieutenant-Governor Vaughan. The latter 
 claimed to be chief magistrate in the absence of the former and 
 suspended councillors and dissolved the Assembly on his own 
 authority. To this Governor Shute objected, and the council 
 sustained him ; whereupon he suspended Vaughan, reinstated 
 Penhallow, a deposed councillor, and recalled the dissolved Assem- 
 bly. John Wentworth, sometime later in the year, received 
 the appointment of lieutenant-governor, his commission arriv- 
 ing early in December. 
 
 Wentworth had accumulated considerable property. He was 
 prudent, obliging, and popular with the people ; and, having 
 served five years in the council before he was appointed lieuten- 
 ant-governor, he was familiar with the forms and duties of the 
 office. As a merchant, he could develop the resources of the 
 Province to the best advantage, and, as it was a time of peace, 
 find for the lumber and naval stores a ready and profitable 
 market. 
 
 Under Wentworth's wise administration various industries 
 were fostered. An old Massachusetts grant was revived, and a 
 
138 mSTOUV 01' NKW HAMPSHIRE. [1722 
 
 Strip of land bordering on Dover, called the two-mile slip, was 
 given to encourage the mining of iron ore. Besides masts, there 
 was considerable commerce in tar, pitch, and turpentine ; and a 
 start was made in raising hemp. All the available land in the 
 Province already granted was not sufficient for the wants of the 
 people. 
 
 At this juncture, a large party of emigrants from the north of 
 Ireland arrived in New England and requested of Governor Shute 
 the grant of a township on which to settle. He sent a party of 
 them along the eastern coast, but they returned to Boston with- 
 out finding land that suited them. Hearing of a desirable place 
 ungranted above Haverhill, they chose to locate their grant of 
 a township there. This was in 17 19. A new difficulty now 
 arose. Who could grant the territory .■• The King could not do 
 so without interfering with private property, for his predeces- 
 sors had already granted it. Some three years before, the 
 authorities of Massachusetts and New Hampshire had attempted 
 to decide their boundary line, but could not agree. There were 
 many claimants under the Masonian grant ; and there was an 
 Indian title. The new settlers at first bought the latter title 
 and applied to Usher, representative of the Masonian claim, for 
 a deed from him for his interests, but could not obtain one. So 
 they laid out their township, and, as 'they could do so, perfected 
 their titles. They brought with them the cultivation of the Irish 
 potatoes, and the necessary materials for the manufacture of 
 linen. They came with their ministers and their school-masters ; 
 and were pious, brave and frugal. They at once organized a 
 church, and receiving an act of protection from the New Hamp- 
 shire authorities, were permitted to have a justice of the peace, 
 James McKeen, apd a deputy sheriff, Robert Weir, among 
 them. Their number was rapidly increased by later arrivals, 
 so that, in 1722, the town was incorporated by the name of 
 Londonderry. 
 
 The Scotch-Irish, so called in New England history, were of 
 Saxon lineage, with their blood unmixed, in the seventeenth 
 century, with the half barbaric Scotch highlanders, or their rude 
 cousins, the Irish Celts. They were rigid Presbyterians, fol- 
 
1722] ' ROVAL PROVINCE. I39 
 
 lowers and admirers of Oliver Cromwell, enemies of Popery and 
 the Established Church of England, brave, zealous, lovers of 
 learning and libertv, and withal bigoted in their advanced 
 notions. Cromwell had peopled the waste districts of northern 
 Ireland with these, his most trusted and reliable troops, to pacify 
 that land most effectually. A change in the government 
 i)r()ught careless King Charles- II to the throne, a Catholic at 
 heart, an Episcopalian by profession, a voluptuary in practice, who 
 withdrew his support from, and deprived of arms for defence, 
 the Scotch colony planted in Ireland, leaving them to the mercy 
 of a revengeful peasantry. Who so ready to welcome a revolu- 
 tion as these brave Scots, oppressed by the government, cruelly 
 persecuted by their neighbors, and powerless to oppose ? William 
 of Orange became their champion, and, like the Ironsides of 
 Cromwell, their fathers, they drove the Irish from their borders, 
 and withstood the most determined siege in history within the 
 walls of Londonderry, resisting the power of the Irish and 
 French troops seeking to reduce them. 
 
 They could present a brave front to an open attack, but they 
 were not equal to withstanding the petty encroachments of the 
 Established Church insidiously undermining their beloved Kirk. 
 The Pilgrims had found religious freedom in a new and undeve- 
 loped country, and thither the Scotch-Irish sent agents to spy 
 out and report the condition of the land and its fitness for 
 occupation. The Irish had not intimidated them ; they scorned 
 the untutored Indian. Like an invading host they flocked to 
 the sea-board and poured into New England, Pennsylvania, and 
 the southern provinces, pushing the frontiers rapidly into the 
 untrodden wilderness, and settling the fertile valley.s and hill- 
 sides far in advance of their predecessors. One stream striking 
 Boston was diverted to Londonderry. The Scotch-Irish colony 
 located there in 1719 came to stay. Hundreds followed in their 
 footsteps, tarried awhile with their friends so happily settled, 
 and pressed on into the wilderness, over the hills to the Falls of 
 Amoskeag, up the Merrimack, by Hooksett Falls, to the fertile 
 valley of the Suncook. still further to the blooming intervales of 
 Penacook and the wide meadows of tlie Contoocook. They 
 
I40 HISTORY Or NliW HAMPSHIRE. ['722 
 
 were cultivating fields in Epsom before the township was laid 
 out to the grantees. The Massachusetts surveying party laying 
 out Concord reported that they were in possession of the inter- 
 vales, and were. protected by a fort from disturbance of friend or 
 foe. The law dislodged them from that favored spot, now the 
 site of the village of East Concord, and was invoked to keep 
 them out by the first settlers: for among the first regulations 
 adopted by the proprietors of " Penacook " was one forbidding 
 the alienation of any lot without the consent of the community 
 under penalty of forfeiting the right to the lot to the proprietors 
 — a rule evidently intended to exclude a "parcel of Irish people " 
 known to be seeking homes in the neighborhood. 
 
 The proprietors of Suncook no doubt found the land occupied 
 by these same strangers and aliens, but the same prejudice did 
 not prevail, for early in the records of the township the Scotch- 
 Irish were holding " original rights," were admitted as pro- 
 prietors and freeholders, and even as early as 1737 were claiming 
 a majority. No doubt they held the title to their lands first by 
 possession and occupation, next by legal conveyance from the 
 Suncook proprietors. Bejng in a majority they claimed a voice 
 in the settlement of a minister to preach the gospel, but were 
 " counted out," and paid their rates towards the support of a 
 minister not to their liking with evident disrelish. 
 
 * What wealth of associations is connected with the name of 
 Londonderry ! The Scotch Covenanters, stern, brave men, who 
 made a garden of the north of Ireland, who so stubbornly and 
 successfully defended their devoted city, who helped so manfully 
 to maintain the monarch and the cause that later would oppress 
 them as aliens, surrounded by enemies at home, burdened by 
 obnoxious laws enforced by their allies of the Established 
 Church, sought in the wilderness of America liberty and that 
 religious freedom which the Puritans, a century earlier, had suc- 
 cessfully gained. A young man, Holmes by name, son of a 
 Presbyterian minister, brought a good account of the promised 
 land. Four congregations, led by their respective clergymen, 
 commenced the exodus, which, in a few years, rendered possible 
 
 ' Hon. L. A. Morrison, A. M. 
 
I7'9] ROYAL PKO\'INCE. I4I 
 
 the American Revolution. Governor Shute, of Massachusetts, 
 was above the narrow prejudices of his contemporaries in the 
 colony, and welcomed this band of hardy settlers, resolute 
 warriorS; scholars and skilled artisans, and generously granted 
 them a large section of land. April ii, 1719, the congregation, 
 under the spiritual guidance of Rev. James MacGregore, arrived 
 at Horse Hill and commenced the settlement of the township of 
 Londonderry, a tract, as originally granted, twelve miles square. 
 It cornered on the present Massachusetts State line, and was 
 bounded on the south by Pelham, on the west by Litchfield, on 
 the north by Chester, and on the east by Hampstead. It in- 
 cluded the present towns of Londonderry, Derry, and Windham, 
 and tracts now embraced within the towns of Salem, Hudson, 
 and the city of Manchester. 
 
 These settlers, whose descendants have removed the odium at- 
 tached to the name of Scotch-Irish, and have written their 
 names on the imperishable pages of history, receiving their 
 original grant from Massachusetts, had it confirmed to them by 
 the authorities of New Hampshire, purchased the right claimed 
 under the Wheelwright deed and evidently entered into a compact 
 with the Indians, for they were never disturbed in their possess- 
 ions, although a frontier town. During the first summer they 
 united in cultivating a field in common, amicably dividing the 
 produce in the autumn. Although not rich, they brought with 
 them considerable property from the old country, and very soon 
 were surrounded with many of the comforts and even luxuries 
 of civilization. A two-story house was built for their minister, 
 and a commodious church for public worship. Schools were estab- 
 lished in different parts of the town and much attention 
 given to the education of the young. It is a characteristic fact 
 that ninety-five out of one hundred of the original proprietors 
 left their autographs in a fairly legible hand on various petitions. 
 
 The progress made by the town of Londonderry was remark- 
 able. Its wealth and population increased rapidly. In 1775 
 it contained 2,590 inhabitants, ranking next to Portsmouth in im- 
 portance. By 1820 Gilmanton and Sanbornton had outstripped 
 it, and it held the fourth position among the New Hampshire 
 towns. 
 
142 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [1719 
 
 The vanguard of the Scotch-Irish invasion which settled Londonderry, ac- 
 cording to John Farmer, were : 
 
 Randel Alexander. 
 Samuel Allison. 
 Allen Anderson. 
 James Anderson. 
 John Barnet. 
 Archibald Clendenin. 
 
 James Clark. 
 James Gregg. 
 John Mitchell. 
 John Morrison. 
 James McKean 
 
 John Nesmith. 
 Thomas Steele. 
 Sterrett. 
 John Steward. 
 Robert Weir. 
 
 Within a few years they were followed by 
 
 James Adams. 
 John Adams. 
 James Aiken. 
 Nathaniel Aiken. 
 James Alexander. 
 John Andersen, 
 Robert Arbuckel. 
 John Archbald. 
 John Barnett. 
 Moses Barnett. 
 John Barr. 
 Samuel Barr. 
 John Bell. 
 James Blair. 
 John Blair. 
 James Caldwell. 
 James Campbell. 
 David Cargill. 
 Benjamin Chamberlain, 
 Matthew Clark. 
 Andrew Clendenin. 
 Ninin Cochran. 
 Peter Cochran. 
 Robert Cochran. 
 William Cochran. 
 Thomas Cochran. 
 John Conaghie. 
 Hugh Craige. 
 John Craig. 
 Jesse Cristi. 
 John Cromay. 
 John Dinsmore. 
 Patrick Douglass. 
 William Eayrs. 
 James Oillmor. 
 
 Robert Gillmor. 
 John Goffe. 
 John Goffe, Jr. 
 Samuel Graves. 
 John Gregg. 
 William Harper. 
 James Harvey. 
 John Harvey. 
 William Hogg. 
 Abraham Holmes. 
 Jonathan Hollme. 
 John Hopkins. 
 Solomon ?Iopkins. 
 Thomas Horner. 
 Samuel Houston. 
 William Humphrey. 
 David Hunter. 
 Alexander Kelsey. 
 Robert Kennedy. 
 Benjamin Kidder, 
 James Leslie. 
 James Lindsay. 
 Edward LinkHeld. 
 Daniel McDuffie. 
 Robert McFarlin. 
 Nathan McFarlin. 
 James MacGregore. 
 David MacGregore. 
 Robert McKean. 
 Samuel McKean. 
 Archibald Mackmurphy, 
 John McMurphy. 
 Alexander MacNeal. 
 John McNeill. 
 William Michell. 
 
 Hugh Montgomery. 
 
 John Moore. 
 
 William Moore. 
 
 James Morrison. 
 
 Robert Morrison. 
 
 Samuel Morrison. 
 
 David Morrison. 
 James Nesmith. 
 
 Alexander Nickels. 
 
 Hugh Ramsey. 
 James Ruid. 
 
 Matthew Reid. 
 Alexander Renkine. 
 
 naniuel Renkin. 
 James Rodgers. 
 
 Hugh Rogers. 
 John Shields. 
 Archibald Stark. 
 Charles Stewart. 
 Thomas Stewart. 
 James Taggart. 
 John Taggart. 
 James Thomson. 
 William Thomson. 
 Robert Thompson. 
 Andrew Todd. 
 Samuel Todd. 
 Alexander Walker. 
 James Walles. 
 Archibald Wear. 
 Robert Weir. 
 Benjamin Willson. 
 James Willson. 
 Hugh Wilson. 
 Thomas Wilson. 
 
I720J ROYAL PROVINCE. 143 
 
 And later by those of the 
 
 name of 
 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 Pierce. 
 
 McAlester. 
 
 Gibson. 
 
 Spaulding. 
 
 Livermore. 
 
 Burns. 
 
 Prentice. 
 
 McClintock. 
 
 Parker. 
 
 Wallace. 
 
 Knox. 
 
 Proctor. 
 
 Choate. 
 
 Mann. 
 
 Thornton. 
 
 Patterson. 
 
 Cunningham. 
 
 Thorn. 
 
 Fisher. 
 
 Daniels. 
 
 Simonds. 
 
 Pinkerton. 
 
 Martin. 
 
 The granting and incorporation of Londonderry to new com- 
 ers was distasteful to men who for a generation had suffered to 
 maintain a foothold along the coast against the attacks of a 
 cruel and treacherous enemy, cramped for land as they and their 
 large families had become ; and immediately all kinds of reasons 
 were advanced why townships should be granted, both in New 
 Hampshire and in what was then claimed as Massachusetts, 
 bounded by a line parallel with the Merrimack river, extending to 
 Governor's Island in Lake Winnipiseogee, and thence running 
 due west across the present State of Vermont to the east line 
 of the Province of New York. Some of these petitions were 
 favorably received and acted upon. In 1722, Governor Shute, 
 as his last official act, granted and incorporated, in the name of 
 the King, the four townships of Chester, Nottingham, Barrington, 
 and Rochester. 
 
 1 The records of Chester commence with the proceedings of 
 a meeting of the " Society for settling the Chestnut Country, 
 held at said country, the fifteenth of October, 1719." The 
 society had probably existed some time, and was composed 
 principally of men of Hampton and Portsmouth. Afterward 
 duplicate records were kept at Hampton. The number of the 
 society was restricted to ninety. They had preferred a petition 
 to the governor and council, and in March, 1720, it was with- 
 drawn, and another presented. They also voted to keep three 
 men on the ground, and a possession fence was built. They 
 also laid out lots before obtaining any grant. This meeting was 
 probably at Walnut Hill, near the south east corner of the town- 
 ship. There was also another company of Massachusetts men, 
 
 ' Benjamin Chase. 
 
144 msTOKV OI-- NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1722 
 
 headed by John Calf, who were endeavoring to procure a grant. 
 John Calf was a clothier at the Falls, in Newbury, and was a 
 grantee under the charter of Chester, and moved and carried 
 on the trade there. They also tried to have possession. There 
 is a deed on the records to Samuel Ingalls of " Cheshire," 
 blacksmith, dated Oct. 23, 1717. He appears afterward, indeed, 
 to be of Haverhill, but he had a constructive residence in 
 Chester, and a constructive possession of the territory. There 
 seems, by the House and council records, to have been other 
 parties endeavoring to obtain a grant. There is a deed on 
 Rockingham records, dated May, 1722, wherein Stephen Dud- 
 ley, of Freetown (Raymond), in consideration of affection, con- 
 veys to Francis James of Gloucester, his right to 400 acres in 
 Freetown, to be taken out of that tract bought of Peter Penuit, 
 and Abigail his squaw, by deed, dated on Jan. 17, 17 18. 
 
 This was probably a move for color of title and possession 
 for some of the parties. There was a compromise made by 
 admitting certain persons of the Massachusetts party, and also 
 of Exeter, and a grant was obtained Jan. 4, 1720; but the char- 
 ter of the town was dated May 8, 1722. The governor and 
 lieutenant-governor had each a farm of 500 acres, and a home 
 lot, by a vote of the society ; and the charter provided that the 
 first settled minister should have a right, also one for a parson- 
 age, and one for a school. The boundaries commenced at the 
 south-east corner, at the supposed intersection of Haverhill 
 and Kingston lines. In 1674, Haverhill lines were run from 
 Holt's Rocks (a little east of the Rock bridge), north-west ; and 
 from Merrimack river due north, until it cut the first line. 
 
 At this spot was " erected a great pillar of stones," which 
 two old men, more than sixty years ago, told Benjamin Chase 
 they had seen in Chester South Woods. When the Province 
 line was settled in 1741, Daniel McDuffee and Hugh McDuffee, 
 who lived near Kimball's corner in Derry, were cut off from 
 Haverhill. 
 
 When the town was laid out into lots, there were 1 17 grantees ; 
 and each member of the council had a right. The home lots 
 of 20 acres, from the corner by Kingston, and the old Haver- 
 
7/2 2] ROYAL PROVINCE. I4S 
 
 liill line, to the head of Chester street, and a ten rod way cross- 
 ing at right angles, where the Centre now is, on which the 
 first meeting-house was built, were laid out in 1719, before any 
 grant was made. In 1724, an additional lot of fifty acres was 
 laid out to each grantee. The beavers had built dams on the 
 stream, which killed the growth, and when the beavers were 
 killed and the dams went down, the grass came in, and in 
 1728 a meadow lot was laid out to each right. There is a 
 stream, which heads near the Congregational church in Auburn, 
 extending into Londonderry, with meadows, which was called 
 the "Long Meadows"; and what is now Auburn was the 
 "Long Meadows." In 1728, the first part of the second 
 •division of lOO acres, called the " Old Hundreds," which is the 
 present town of Raymond ; in 1736 the second part of the 
 second division of 100 acres ; in 1739 the third division of 80 
 acres, all in Candia; in 1745 the fourth division of 60 acres; 
 and in 1752 the fifth division of 40 acres, all in Hooksett, were 
 laid out. Maps of these divisions were made at the time, and 
 have been preserved by copying, and all deeds gave the number 
 and division of the lot, so that one can locate every settler 
 whose deed is on record. The first settler was Samuel Ingalls, 
 born in Andover, 1683, and moved to Haverhill, and had six 
 children before coming to Chester ; and his daughter Meheta- 
 ble, born 1723, was the first child born in Chester. She married 
 Samuel Moore, who afterwards lived at Candia corner. She 
 died in 1818. There is a tradition that he came to Chester . 
 in 1720. In March, 1722, Samuel Ingalls of Winfield, otherwise 
 Cheshire, sold a right, reserving the home lot, number 64, "on 
 which I live." He built the first farmhouse about 1732; held 
 the office of moderator, selectman and town clerk. In 1731, 
 Samuel Ingalls is styled captain on the record and Ebenezer 
 Dearborn, lieutenant, and Jacob Sargent, ensign, which was the 
 first military organization. January, 1720, he and three others 
 had land and a privilege granted to build a saw-mill, and in 
 1730 John Aiken had a grant of land to build a grist-mill. 
 
 Londonderry was granted to settlers, already on the ground, 
 but there were but six of the original grantees of Chester who 
 
146 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1722 
 
 ever lived here, except the Rev. Moses Hale, the first minister 
 who settled on the minister's lot. The first settlement was at 
 Walnut Hill, near the south-east corner, but settlers soon came 
 in from different parts and settled in different places. The 
 charter provided that every proprietor should build a house and 
 settle a family in three years, and break up and plant three 
 acres in four years, and a meeting-house should be built in 
 four years, provided that there should be no Indian war in that 
 time. The settlers, who were grantees, were Samuel Ingalls, 
 William Healey of Hampton Falls, Dea. Ebenezer Dearborn of 
 Hampton, who had five sons ; Nathan Webster of Bradford, who 
 had three sons ; John Calf, who lived in Chester, and Thomas 
 Smith of Hampton. 
 
 The sons of grantees were John and Samuel Robinson, sons 
 of Ichabod of Hampton Falls ; Ephraim, Thomas, and John 
 Haselton, sons of Richard of Bradford ; Anthony and Francis 
 Towle, sons of Caleb of Hampton, and Elisha, a grandson, 
 settled in Raymond ; and John Shackford, son of Samuel of 
 Portsmouth ; and Samuel Emerson, son of Jonathan of Haver- 
 hill. His name first appears on the records in 1731, when he 
 was elected town clerk, and was re-elected every year until 
 1787, when he died. His son John succeeded him until 18 17. 
 He was a land surveyor, and laid out the second part of the 
 second division in 1736, and all subsequent divisions. He did 
 all the surveying and wrote most of the deeds. He was a man 
 of such judgment and integrity, and the people had such confi- 
 dence in him, that nearly all the minor controversies were 
 referred to him without any legal formalities, and his decision 
 was beyond appeal or review. His son, Nathaniel, was a promi- 
 nent man in Candia. Among the early settlers were Enoch 
 and Benaiah Colby, and Paul and Sylvanus Smith of Hampton ; 
 Ensign Jacob Sargent from Amesbury, Sampson Underbill 
 from Salisbury, Cornet John Lane from Rye ; Henry, Jonathan, 
 and Nathaniel Hall from Bradford ; Thomas, Moses, Daniel, 
 and Caleb Richardson ; also, Benjamin Hill, who was the first 
 representative elected, but not received ; and Abel Morse, who 
 was the first representative received, from Newbury: who were 
 
1722] ROYAL PROVINCE. I47 
 
 Congregationalists. Then of the Scotch-Irish, who were Pres- 
 byterians ; the grandfather, James Wilson, who died 1739, aged 
 100; the son, James, and his four sons, William, James, Robert, 
 and Hugh. They came from Ireland to Stratham, thence to 
 Chester in 1728; Alexander Craige, William White, William 
 Crawford, John Talford, William and Robert Graham, John 
 Aiken, and James Shirley. In 1 728, the meeting-house was located 
 at "Centre where four principal roads met," near the minister's 
 lot. The dimensions were fifty by thirty-five feet, and each 
 proprietor was to pay forty shillings. The house was not fin- 
 ished until several years afterwards, and in 1737 land was 
 granted to Peter and Thomas Cochran, the builders. This 
 house stood until 1773, when a new and noble house was 
 erected, and since has been modernized. 
 
 In 1729, Mr. John Tuck of Hampton was called to be the 
 minister, with a salary of ;£i20, which he declined. January 
 15, 1729, Rev. Moses Hale was called to be the minister with a 
 salary of ;^I20. He was ordained October 20, 1731. He was 
 born at Newbury, 1702; graduated, Harvard, 1722. He built 
 a house on the minister's lot, and purchased Governor 
 Wentworth's home lot, which was sold to his successor. Rev. 
 Ebenezer Flagg. Mr. Hale soon became deranged, and was 
 dismissed in 173S, and moved to Haverhill. June, 173S, Rev. 
 Timothy White was called, but declined. June 23, 1736, Rev. 
 Ebenezer Flagg was called, with a salary of £,\20, silver at 
 twenty shillings per ounce. He was ordained September, 1736. 
 He was born at Woburn, October 18, 1704; graduated Harvard, 
 1725; died November 14, 1796, and was succeeded by Rev. 
 Nathan Bradstreet, 1792. 
 
 The Presbyterians joined in building the meeting-house and 
 paying Mr. Hale ; but before he left they had hired the Rev. 
 John Wilson, and afterwards built a meeting-house about a mile 
 south of the other, and they protested against hiring or settling 
 any other minister. They appealed to the governor and coun- 
 cil by a document, in an excellent handwriting and language 
 and noble sentiments ; and the result was an act was passed, 
 1740, incorporating two parishes. There is in existence one of 
 
148 HISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l722 
 
 Mr. Wilson's manuscript sermons, dated 1734. There was a 
 small meeting-house built at the Long Meadows, and about one 
 third of the preaching was there. In 1793, the two were taken 
 down and a new one built at the Long Meadows. Mr. Wilson 
 died February i, 1778, succeeded in stated supplies by a Mr. 
 Clark, Mr. Amran and others, and Mr. Colby, installed 1863. 
 
 The first grant for a saw-mill was made to Samuel Ingalls 
 and others, and a grist-mill to John Aiken. About 1734, John 
 Calf moved to Chester, and in 1735, had a grant of land and 
 privilege to build a fulling mill on the stream running into the 
 pond, above the present mill-pond. There probably was none 
 to the north of it for a long time, and an extensive business 
 was done. His son Robert succeeded him, and built a saw- 
 mill there. Samuel Shirley had built a corn-mill on the present 
 site, and Calf's dam being cut away, he and his son-in-law, 
 Joseph Blanchard, purchased Shirley's in 1777, and the privi- 
 lege has been used for a grist-mill, saw-mill, clothing-mill and 
 for other manufactures. 
 
 In 1739, land and privilege was granted to John McMurphy 
 to build a grist-mill on Massabesic river, below the pond, re- 
 serving the right to build iron works, should ore be found. 
 The first inventory on record was, in 1741, returned to the 
 secretary's office to make a proportion of Province rates, on 
 which are 150 names, 124 houses, 97 horses, 78 oxen. In 1776, 
 there were 916 inhabitants. In 1744, a writ for the election of 
 a representative was sent to Chester by the governor, and 
 Benjamin Hill was elected, but was sent back because the writ 
 was not issued by the Assembly. In 1748, Captain Abel Morse 
 was received. 
 
 The committee of the society voted that when the next pro- 
 prietor forfeited his lot, it should be appropriated to a school ; 
 January, 1721. In 1737, jC^o were raised for a school ; the 
 master to be removed to different parts of the town. In 1740, 
 -.,it was voted that a school should be maintained through the 
 ' year, partly by masters and partly by dames. In 1744, the town 
 was divided, and school-houses built probably then. It was 
 voted in 1750, that Charming Fare (Candia) and Freetown (Ray- 
 
1722] ROYAL PROVINCE. I 49 
 
 mond) should have their share of the school money. The town 
 was required by law, having loo families, to have a grammar 
 school. The selectmen were once indicted for not having such 
 a school. 
 
 It will be seen that Chester was a very large town, and now 
 constitutes several towns. At the annual meeting, March, 1751, 
 it was voted that "a tract at the south-west corner of the town, 
 four miles long and five miles and three quarters wide, may be 
 adjoined to a part of Londonderry, and the lands about Amos- 
 keag may be set off as a separate parish." The land between 
 Chester and the river called Harrytown had never been incorpo- 
 rated into any town. 
 
 Chester old line was about a mile from the city hall of Man- 
 chester. This was incorporated into a township, called Derry- 
 field, September 3, 1751. The name was altered to Manchester, 
 in 1810. 
 
 At the annual meeting, March, 1762, "voted that a tract 
 about four miles and a half long, and four miles wide, may be 
 incorporated into a parish;" incorporated December 17, 1793; 
 named Candia. At a meeting, January 22, 1763, it was voted 
 "that the north parish or Freetown shall be set off as a town or 
 parisii ; " incorporated by the name of Raymond, May 9, 1764. 
 
 The inhabitants of that part of Chester, commonly called 
 "Chester Woods," extending to Allenstown, suffering inconven- 
 iencies, the farthest having to travel seventeen miles to town 
 meeting, preferred a petition to be set off, and at the annual 
 meeting, March, 1822, the town passed a vote in favor, and July 
 2, this, with a part of Dunbarton, was incorporated by the name 
 of Hooksett. 
 
 In 1845 the town was divided, and the west part, which had 
 been called the Long Meadows, containing about two-fifths of 
 the territory and inhabitants, was incorporated by the name of 
 Auburn. 
 
 Settlements were not commenced at Nottingham and Roches- 
 ter until after the Lovewell war. Barrington was settled about 
 1732. 
 
ISO 
 
 IllSTOKV Ol' NEW irAMPSIIlKE. 
 
 I 1722 
 
 In February, 1717, occurred the greatest fall of snow recorded in the an- 
 nals of New England — almost burj-ing under the frozen mass the small log- 
 houses of the new plantations. In Boston the snow was six feet deep. Dur- 
 ing the year the laws of the Province were printed for the first time, at Boston, 
 in a folio volume of sixty pages.' 
 
 ■ Whilon. 
 
 ■){iwctfi]U Y'^'^'^'^"*• 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 ROYAL PROVINCE, 1 722-1 740. 
 
 Lieutenant-Governor John Wentworth — Governor Samuel Shute — 
 Fourth Indian, or Lovewell's War — Indian Grievances — Depre- 
 dations IN New Hampshire — Attack on Nashua — John Lovewell's 
 Three Expeditions — Suncook — Peace — Penacook — ■ Rye — Rum- 
 ford — Timothy Walker — First Church of Concord — IIollis — 
 Bow — Suncook Settled — Other Settlements — Newmarket — 
 VViLLiAM Burnet — Jonathan Belcher — Death of Wentworth — 
 Character — David Dunbar — Durham — Amherst — Boscawen — 
 Charlestown — -Riot at Exeter — -Commerce — Episcopal Chapel — 
 Throat Distemper — Suncook— ^ Boundary Line Adjusted — Massa- 
 chusetts Documents — Windham —Retirement of Belcher. 
 
 ^"T^H ERE were within New Hampshire at this period not far 
 from ten thousand inhabitants. Except for the Lovewell 
 War, in which the Indians were by far the heaviest losers, it was a 
 time of foreign and domestic peace ; and the Province advanced 
 rapidly in numbers and in wealth. From the unfortunate 
 quarrel between the royal governor and many of the leading 
 men of the Province, the way was prepared for an independent 
 and a separate government. The older towns continued to be 
 nurseries for hardy and stalwart pioneers, who steadily pushed 
 the settlements further and further into the wilderness. The 
 gun had done its share in conquering the land, and now the 
 axe and the plough became the instruments of civilization. 
 The log huts of the settlers were rapidly replaced by the old- 
 fashioned frame houses, and the adjoining fields became more 
 and more extended. Husbandry, the chief occupation of the 
 people, produced a race of men hardy, healthy and happy. 
 Large families were the rule ; and sons, when they had chosen 
 
152 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1725. 
 
 their mates, were sure of obtaining a home in the woods, where 
 their industry would soon provide them with a farm. 
 
 Lieutenant-Governor John Wentworth was chief magistrate 
 of New Hampshire from the date when Governor Samuel Shute 
 left the colonies for England, in June, 1723, to the arrival in 
 America of his successor, Governor William Burnet, in 1728. 
 
 A violent party in Massachusetts had made such strenuous 
 opposition to him, and caused him so much vexation, that 
 Governor Shute found it desirable to ask leave to return ta 
 England. He is said to have been a man of humane, obliging 
 and friendly disposition ; but having been used to military com- 
 mand, for he was a colonel in the English army before his ap- 
 pointment, he could not bear with patience the collision of 
 parties, nor could he keep his temper when provoked. Fond of 
 ease, and now in the decline of life, he would gladly have spent 
 his days in America, if he could have avoided controversy. The 
 people of New Hampshire were satisfied with his administra- 
 tion, as far as it respected them ; and were more liberal to him 
 in voting him a salary than Massachusetts, in proportion to- 
 their means. He died' April 15, 1742, at the age of eighty 
 years.^ 
 
 Governor Shute left New England suddenly, while the people 
 were in the distress and perplexities of Lovewell's Indian war. 
 Upon his departure Lieutenant-Governor Wentworth conducted 
 the affairs of the Province with prudence and energy. A 
 system of garrisons and scouts being adopted, he saw that the 
 garrisons were supplied with stores, and frequently visited the 
 frontier posts personally, to see that duty was performed. He 
 joined with Lieutenant-Governor William Dummer of Mass- 
 achusetts in remonstrating with the governor of Canada for 
 assisting the Indians. 
 
 The fourth Indian war, commonly called Lovewell's War, 
 broke out in the summer of 1722. France and England were 
 at peace at the time. The Indians were thought to have been, 
 instigated to assume the offensive by the French of Canada, 
 and by Jesuit priests resident among them. Fr. Ralle, at 
 
 * farmer's Belknap, 
 
1724] ROYAL PROVINCE. ISJ 
 
 Norridgewock, escaped from a force sent to arrest him ; but his 
 papers, which fell into the hands of the English, confirmed their 
 belief in French intervention. The chief grievance of the 
 Indians was the rapid growth of the settlement along the coast 
 of Maine, interfering with their fishing and hunting privileges. 
 At first disputes arose between the settlers and the Indians, 
 quickly followed by active hostilities, until the authorities of 
 Massachusetts were at length forced to declare war. New Hamp- 
 shire, situated between the two divisions of Massachusetts, was 
 drawn into the controversy. Colonel Shadrach Walton, Col- 
 onel Thomas Westbrooke of the council, and Captain John 
 Penhallow, were New Hampshire men, who were active in carry- 
 ing on the war to the eastward. The military of the Province 
 was organized, garrison houses fortified, and scouting parties- 
 were kept in the field. A bounty of one hundred pounds was 
 offered for every Indian scalp ; a sum equal at that time tO' 
 about two hundred Spanish dollars. 
 
 The first appearance of the enemy in New Hampshire was- 
 at Dover, in 1723, where they surprised and killed Joseph Ham^ 
 and took three of his children captives. The rest of his family 
 escaped into the garrison. Soon afterwards they killed Tristram 
 Heard. At Lamprey River, in August, they killed Aaron 
 Rawlins and one of his children, taking his wife and three other 
 children into captivity 
 
 In the spring of 1724, the Indians killed James Nock, at 
 Oyster River, and in May, captured Peter Colcord and Ephraim- 
 Stephens and two children. Colcord soon afterwards escaped. 
 A week later they killed George Chesley and Elizabeth Bum- 
 ham at Oyster River ; and took Thomas Smith and John Carr 
 at Chester, who both escaped. In June, Moses Davis and his 
 son were killed at Oyster River ; and one Indian was killed and 
 two were wounded. In Dover, Ebenezer Downes, a Quaker, 
 was taken ; and a part of the family of John Hawson, another 
 Quaker, were killed and the rest taken into captivity. On 
 account of these atrocities an expedition was planned to- 
 Norridgewock, which resulted in the death of Fr. Ralle and 
 eighty Indians, the release of several captives, and the recovery 
 
154 HISTORY Of NEW IIAMPSHTKE. [^7^4 
 
 of considerable plunder. The Indians who were out on the war 
 path continued their depredations, killing Jabez Colman and son 
 at Kingston, but avoided their own villages, to escape a similar 
 fate to what befell Norridgewock. 
 
 On the morning of September 4, 1724, Thomas Blanchard 
 and Nathan Cross started from the harbor with a basket of 
 lunch, a jug, and the indispensable gun, for the pine forest on 
 the north side of Nashua river, to " box " trees for the manufac- 
 ture of turpentine. Tradition in the Cross family locates their 
 operations on Lock street, immediately back of the cemetery. 
 The day proving wet and drizzly, they put the gun and dinner 
 basket into a hollow log, for the purpose of keeping the powder 
 and food from getting wet. How long they pursued their work 
 is unknown, but some time before night a party of seventy 
 French Mohawks from Canada fell upon them and made them 
 prisoners. The people at the Harbor, or Salmon Brook, finding 
 they did not return at night-fall, started out a party of ten to 
 look for them. Arriving at the place where they had been at 
 work, they found several barrels of turpentine had been spilled 
 on the ground, and judged, from several marks made upon the 
 trees with wax and grease, that the men had been carried away 
 alive. The ^^arty, under the lead of Lieutenant French, decided 
 to follow them and rescue their friends, if possible; but on 
 arriving near the brook which flows from Horse Shoe pond, in 
 Merrimack, to the Merrimack river, they were ambushed by the 
 savages, and all killed except Josiah Farwell. 1 This, of course, 
 ■ended pursuit, and Blanchard and Cross were taken to Canada 
 as prisoners. After nearly a year's confinement they succeeded 
 in effecting their own ransom, and returned home, finding their 
 basket, jug and gun ^ in the hollow log as they had left them. 
 
 Aroused by these depredations, John Lovewell, Josiah Far- 
 well, and Jonathan Robbins petitioned the Provincial Govern- 
 ment of Massachusetts for authority to raise and equip a com- 
 pany of scouts to " kill and destroy" their enemy, the Indians. 
 Receiving proper encouragement, Capt. Lovewell, with a com- 
 
 ^ Josiah Farwell was one of the grantees of Suncook. 
 
 ' At the January meeting of tlie Nashua Historical Society, in 1874, the musket was presented W 
 the society by Levi S. Cross. 
 
1725] ROYAL PROVINCE. ISS 
 
 pany of men zealous to revenge their injuries, caried the war 
 into the country of the enemy, ranged up the Merrimack valley 
 and to the northward of Lake Winnipiseogee, and succeeded 
 in obtaining one captive and slaying one Indian. 
 
 On the second expedition of Captain John Lovewell's com- 
 pany, the following January, 1725, they surprised and killed ten 
 Indians in the neighborhood of Tamworth. The third expedi- 
 tion, of forty-six men, left Dunstable April 16, 1725. 
 
 The following detailed account of the battle is taken from the 
 ■woik of Rev. Thomas Symmes, edited by Rev. Dr. Nathaniel' 
 Bouton, and published in May, 1861: 
 
 They had travelled but a short distan'ce before Toby, an Indian, 
 falling sick, was obliged to return, which he did with great re 
 luctance. 
 
 When they had marched as far as Contoocook, Mr. William 
 Cummings of Dunstable became so disabled by a wound that 
 he had received from the enemy some time before that the cap- 
 tain dismissed him, together with a kinsman of his to accompany 
 him back. 
 
 They proceeded on to Ossipee, and at this place Mr. Benjamin 
 Kidder of Nutfield, falling .sick, the captain made a halt, and 
 tarried while they built a small fortification for a place of refuge 
 to resort to if there should be occasion. 
 
 Here he left his doctor, a sergeant and seven other men, to 
 take care of Kidder. And they left at this place, also, a con- 
 siderable quantity of their provisions, to lighten the loads of the 
 men and facilitate their march, and which they intended should 
 serve as a recruit on their return. 
 
 With his company now reduced to only thirty-four men, with 
 himself, Captain Lovewell, not at all disheartened by his mis- 
 fortunes, proceeded on his march from his fortification at Ossipee 
 for Pigwacket, about forty, miles distant from said fort, through 
 a rough wilderness. 
 
 The names of those who proceeded on from Ossipee, and who 
 engaged Paugus, with his gang of about eighty Indians, are as 
 follows (except one who, like a coward, ran from them at the be- 
 ginning of the engagement, and sneaked back to the fort, and 
 
156 HISTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['725 
 
 whose name is unworthy of being transmitted to posterity), — 
 being those brave fellows who boldly and successfully contended 
 with more than twice their number, namely, 
 
 Capt. John Lovewell, 
 Lieut. Joseph Farwell, Sergeant Noah Johnson, * 
 
 Lieut. Jonathan Robbins, Robert Usher, 
 
 Ensign John H'arwood, Samuel Whiting, 
 
 all of Dunstable. 
 Ensign Seth Wyman, ' Ichabod Johnson, 
 
 Corp. Thomas Richardson, Josiah Johnson, 
 
 Timothy Richardson, 
 
 all of Woburn. 
 Eleazer Davis, Eleazer Melvin, 
 
 Josiah Davis, Jacob Farrar, 
 
 Josiah Jones, Joseph Farrar, 
 
 David Melvin,. 
 
 all of Concord, Mass. 
 
 Chaplain Jonathan Frye, of Andover. 
 
 Sergeant Jacob Fullam, of Weston. 
 
 Corp. Edward Lingfield, of Nutfield. 
 
 Jonathan Kittridge, and Solomon Keyes, 
 
 of Billerica. 
 John Jefts, Elias Barron, 
 
 Daniel Woods, Isaac Lakin, 
 
 Thomas Woods, Joseph Gilson, 
 
 John Chamberlain, 
 
 all of Groton. 
 Ebenezer Ayer, and Abiel Asten, 
 
 of Haverhill. 
 From the Thursday before the battle the company were ap- 
 prehensive they were discovered and dogged by the enemy ; 
 and on Friday night the watch heard the Indians about the 
 camp and alarmed the company, but it being very dark, they 
 could make no further discovery. 
 
 On Saturday, the 8th of May, while they were at prayers, 
 
 ' Noah Johnson was the last survivor of this company. He was one of the first settlers of Pem- 
 broke, where he was a deacon of the church. He received a pension from the Massachusetts govern* 
 ment of £ti per year. He removed to Plymouth, N. H., in his old age, and died there August 13, 
 1798, in the one hundredth year of his age. 
 
1725] ROYAL PROVINCE. 157 
 
 very early in the morning, they heard a gun ; and some little 
 time after they espied an Indian on a point that ran into Saco 
 pond. 
 
 They now concluded that the design of the gun and the 
 Indian's discovering himself was to draw them that way. They 
 expected now without fail to be attacked, and it was proposed 
 and consulted whether it would be prudent to venture an en- 
 gagement with the enemy (who they perceived were now 
 sufficiently alarmed), or endeavor a speedy retreat. The men 
 generally and boldly answered : " We came to see the enemy ; 
 we have all along prayed God we might find them ; and we had 
 rather trust Providence with our lives, yea, die for our country, 
 than try to return without seeing them, if we might, and be 
 called cowards for our pains." 
 
 The captain readily complied to lead them on, though not 
 without manifesting some apprehensions ; and, supposing the 
 enemy were ahead of them (when, as it proved, they were in the 
 rear), ordered the men to lay down their packs, and march with 
 the greatest caution, and in the utmost readiness. 
 
 When they had marched about a mile and a half, or two miles, 
 Ensign Wyman espied an Indian coming toward them, where- 
 upon he gave a signal, and they all squatted, and let the Indian 
 come on. In a short time several guns were fired at him ; upon 
 which the Indian fired upon Captain Lovewell with beaver-shot, 
 and wounded him mortally (as is supposed), though he made but 
 little complaint, and was still able to travel, and at the same time 
 wounded Mr. Samuel Whiting. Ensign Wyman immediately 
 fired at and killed the Indian, and Mr. Fry and another scalped 
 him. 1 
 
 ' Gov. Hutchinson, in his history of Massachusetts, has ranked this Indian with the Roman 
 Curtius, who devoted himself to death to save his country. Dr. Belknap, who visited the spot in 
 1784, thinks there is no foundation for the idea that he was placed there as a decoy ; and that he had 
 tio claim to the character of a hero. The point on which he stood was a noted fishing place ; the 
 gun which alarmed Lovewell's company was fired at a flock of ducks ; and when they met him he 
 was returning home with his game, and two fowling pieces. The village was situated at the edge of 
 the meadow, on Baco river, which here forms a large bend. The remains of the stockade were found by 
 the first settlers of Fryeburg forty years afterward. Walter Bryant, of Bow, who was employed as 
 surveyor in a company engaged in the intended expedition against Canada, in 1747, passed over the 
 ground where the sanguinary conflict took place. He there "discovered Indian camps large enough 
 to hold thirty men — saw the spot where Lovewell was killed, and the trees full of bullet-holes, hav- 
 
IS8 niSTOKY OF NliW HAMPSIilKE. [l725 
 
 They then marched back toward their packs (which the enemy- 
 had found in the mean time and seized), and about ten of the 
 clock, when they came pretty near to where they had laid them, 
 at the north-east end of Saco pond, on a plain place, where there 
 were few trees and but little brush, the Indians rose up in front 
 and rear in two parties, and ran toward the English, three or 
 four deep, with their guns presented. The English also in- 
 stantly presented their guns, and rushed on to meet them. 
 
 When they had advanced to within a few yards of each other 
 they fired on both sides, and the Indians fell in considerable 
 numbers ; but the English, most, if not all of them, escaped the 
 first shot, and drove the Indians several rods. Three or four 
 rounds were fired on both sides ; but the Indians being more 
 than double in number to our men, and having already killed 
 Captain Lovewell, Mr. Fullam (only son of Major Fullam of 
 Weston), Ensign Harwood.John Jefts, Jonathan Kittredge, Dan- 
 iel Woods, Ichabod Johnson, Thomas Woods, and Josiah Davis, 
 and wounded Lieutenants Farwell and Robbins and Robert 
 Usher, in the place where the fight began, and striving to 
 surround the rest, the word was given to retreat to the pond, 
 which was done with a great deal of good conduct, and proved 
 a great service to the English (the pond covering their rear), 
 though the Indians got the ground where the dead of our party 
 lay. 
 
 The fight continued very furious and obstinate, till towards 
 night — the Indians roaring and yelling and howling like wolves, 
 barking like dogs, and making all sorts of hideous noises — the 
 English frequently shouting and huzzaing, as they did after the 
 first round. At one time Capt. Wyman is confident the Indians 
 were diverting themselves in powowing, by their striking upon 
 the ground,' and other odd motions; but Wyman, creeping up 
 and shooting their chief actor, broke up their meeting. 
 
 Some of the Indians, holding up ropes, asked the English if 
 they would take quarter ; but were briskly answered, that they 
 would have no quarter but at the muzzles of their guns. 
 
 ing, also, imitations of men's faces cut out upon them." When Dr. Belknap was there the names of 
 the dead, on the trees, and the holes where balls had entered and been cut out, were plainly visible. 
 The trees \Kd the appearance of being very old, and one of them was fallen— f/ist. Coll., vol. i, pp- 
 29. 30. 
 
1725] ROYAL PROVINCE. 1 59 
 
 About the middle of the afternoon the ingenious Mr. Jon- 
 athan Frye {only son of Captain James Frye of Andover), a 
 young gentleman of liberal education, who took his degree at 
 Harvard College, 1723, and was chaplain to the company and 
 greatly beloved by them for his excellent performances and 
 good behavior, and who fought with undaunted courage till that 
 time of day, was mortally wounded. But when he could fight 
 no longer he prayed audibly several times for the preservation 
 and success of the residue of the company. 
 
 Sometime after sunset the enemy drew off and left the field 
 to our men. It was supposed and believed that not more than 
 twenty of the enemy went off well. About midnight the Eng- 
 lish assembled themselves, and upon examination into their 
 situation they found Jacob Farrar just expiring by the pond, 
 and Lieutenant Robbins and Robert Usher unable to travel. 
 
 Lieutenant Robbins desired his companions to charge his gun, 
 and leave it with him, which they did ; he declaring that " As 
 the Indians will come in the morning to scalp me, I will kill one 
 more of them if I can." 
 
 There were eleven more of the English who were badly 
 wounded, namely, Lieut. Farwell, Mr. Frye, Sergeant Johnson, 
 Samuel Whiting, Elias Barron, John Chamberlain, Isaac Lakin, 
 Eleazer Davis and Josiah Jones ; but they, however, marched 
 off the ground with the nine others who received no consider- 
 able wounds, namely, Ensign Wyman, Edward Lingfield, 
 Thomas Richardson, the two Melvins, Ebenezer Ayer, Abiel 
 Asten, Joseph Farrar and Joseph Gilson. These all proceeded 
 on their return for the fort, and did not perceive that they were 
 waylaid or pursued by the enemy, though they knew our men 
 had no provision, and must therefore be very faint. 
 
 Four of the wounded men, namely, Farwell, Frye, Davis and 
 Jones, after they had travelled about a mile and a half, found 
 themselves unable to go any further, and with their free consent 
 the rest kept on their march, hoping to find a recruit at the 
 fort, and to return with fresh hands to relieve them 
 
 As they proceeded on they divided into three companies one 
 morning, as they were passing a thick wood, for fear of making 
 
l60 lUSTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^7^5 
 
 a track by which the enemy might follow them. One of the 
 companies came upon three Indians, who pursued them some 
 time. Meanwhile Elias Barron, one of this party, strayed from 
 the others, and got over Ossipee river, by the side of which his 
 gun case was found, and he was not heard of afterward. 
 Eleven, in another party, reached the fort at Ossipee ; but to 
 their great surprise found it deserted. The coward who fled in 
 the beginning of the battle ran directly to the fort, and gave 
 the men posted there such a frightful account of what had liap- 
 pened that they all fled from the fort and made the best of their 
 ■way home. 
 
 Solomon Keyes also came to the fort. When he had fought 
 in the battle till he had received three wounds, and had become 
 so weak by the loss of blood that he could not stand, he crawled 
 up to Ensign Wynian, in the heat of the battle, and told him he 
 was a dead man ; but (said he) if it be possible I will get out of 
 the way of the Indians that they may not get my scalp. Keyes 
 then crept off by the side of the pond to where he provident- 
 ially found a canoe, when he rolled himself into it, and was 
 ■driven by the wind several miles toward the fort ; he gained 
 strength fast, and reached the fort as soon as the eleven before 
 mentioned, and they all arrived at Dunstable on the 13th of 
 May, at night. 
 
 On the 1 5th of May, Ensign Wyman, and three others, arrived 
 at Dunstable. They suffered greatly for want of provisions. 
 They informed that they were wholly destitute of all kinds of 
 food from a Saturday morning till the Wednesday following, 
 when they caught two mouse-squirrels, which they roasted whole, 
 and found to be a sweet morsel. They afterwards killed some 
 partridges and ather game, and were comfortably supplied till 
 they got home. 
 
 Eleazer Davis arrived at Berwick, and reported that he and 
 the other three who were left with him waited some days for the 
 return of the men from the fort, and at length despairing of 
 their return, though their wounds were putrefied and stank, and 
 they were alpnost dead with famine, yet they all travelled on 
 several miles together, till Mr. Frye desired Davis and Farwell . 
 
1725] ROYAL PROVINCE. 16I 
 
 not to hinder themselves any longer on his account, for he found 
 himself dying, and he laid himself down, telling them he should 
 never rise more, and charged Davis, if it should please God to 
 bring him home, to go to his father and tell him that he expected 
 in a few hours to be in eternity, and that he was not afraid to die. 
 They left him, and this amiable and promising young gentleman, 
 who had the journal of the march in his pocket, was not heard 
 of again. 
 
 Lieutenant Farwell, who was greatly and no doubt deservedly 
 applauded and lamented, was also left by Davis within a few 
 miles of the fort, and was not afterward heard of. But Davis, 
 getting to the fort, and finding provision there, tarried and re- 
 freshed himself, and recovered strength to travel to Berwick. 
 
 Josiah Jones, another of the four wounded who were left the 
 day after the fight but a short distance from the scene of action, 
 traversed Saco river, and after a fatiguing ramble arrived at 
 Saco (now Biddeford), emaciated and almost dead from the loss 
 of blood, the putrefaction of his wounds, and the want of food. 
 He had subsisted upon the spontaneous vegetables of the forest, 
 and cranberries, &c., which he had eaten came out at a wound 
 he had received in his body. He was kindly treated by the peo- 
 ple at Saco, and recovered of his wounds. 
 
 Several of the Indians, particularly Paugus, their chief, were 
 •well known to Lovewell's men, and frequently conversed with 
 each other during the engagement. 
 
 After the return of the English from their fight. Colonel Tyng, 
 with a company, went to the place of action, where he found 
 and buried the slain. 
 
 Colonel Tyng found where the Indians had buried three of their 
 men, which were dug up, and one of them was known to be the 
 bold Paugus, who had been a great scourge to Dunstable. 
 
 This encounter resulted in the course of a few years in the 
 grant by Massachusetts authority of the township of Suncook, 
 or Lovewell's township, to the survivors and to the heirs of those 
 •who had perished of Captain Lovewell's heroic company. With 
 Rumford this township conflicted with the township of Bow and 
 the matter was not settled until the incorporation of Pembroke, 
 
l62 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1726 
 
 many years after, and the grantine of another township within 
 the district of Maine. 
 
 Early in the year 1725, Theodore Atkinson, joined with two 
 commissioners from Massachusetts, visited the French governor 
 at Montreal and entered a formal protest against his encourag- 
 ing the Indians in the war. He denied the responsibility, but 
 admitted having much influence with them ; and brought about 
 a meeting of some of the chiefs with the commissioners. Upon 
 their return to New England, by way of Crown Point and Albany, 
 under escort to the frontiers, they brought sixteen captives whom 
 they had ransomed, and made arrangements for the ransom of 
 others. 
 
 The last attack of the Indians during the war was upon a 
 party in Dover. Benjamin and William Evans were killed. 
 John Evans was wounded, scalped and left for dead, but re- 
 covered, and lived fifty years after. The attacking party eluded 
 pursuit, and took Benjamin Evans, Jr., a lad of thirteen, captive 
 with them to Canada. 
 
 A treaty of peace was brought about in December. 
 
 That New Hampshire escaped with so little loss during this 
 war is attributed to the fact that the fury of the enemy was di- 
 rected to the destruction of the eastern settlements, and because 
 the men of the whole Province, by training, had become veterans, 
 soldiers, and scouts. 
 
 In May, 1726, the governor and council appointed Nathaniel 
 Weare, Theodore Atkinson and Richard Waldron, Jr., a commit- 
 tee to warn off the settlers at Penacook ; a commission promptly 
 attended to, for they reported the same month that they had 
 visited the locality known as Penacook, where they had found 
 forty men clearing the land and laying out a town. In April, the 
 Lieutenant-Governor, John Wentworth, addressed the General 
 Assembly, held at Portsmouth, stating the case, and called for 
 supplies to press upon the home government the need of deter- 
 mining the boundary of the Province adjoining the Massachusetts 
 colony. The Assembly voted .;£ioo to Mr. Agent Newman, for 
 him " to prosecute and endeavor a speedy settlement of the lines 
 between this Government and that of the Mass." - 
 
1726] ROYAL PROVINCE. 163 
 
 The township of Rye, taken from Portsmouth, Greenland, and 
 Hampton, was incorporated in 1726. It was settled as early as 
 1635, and for many years it was known as Sandy Beach. The 
 inhabitants having been obliged to attend religious services in 
 neighboring towns, had at length built a meeting house of their 
 own, in 1725, and demanded and received a town charter the 
 following year. They had suffered, in common with adjoining 
 towns, by the depredations of the Indians during the forty years 
 of alternate war and peace preceding their incorporation. 
 
 Rev. Nathaniel Merrill was settled in 1726; Rev. Samuel 
 Parsons, in 1736 ; Rev. Huntington Porter, in 1784, who 
 preached his half century sermon in 1835. He died in Lynn 
 in 1844, aged nearly eighty-nine years. 
 
 The first settlers of the town were of the names of Berry, 
 Seavey, Rand, Brackett, Wallis, Jenness and Locke. 
 
 The Puritans were distinguished for their large families ; and 
 the older settlements, near tide-water, in the course of several 
 generations, had become crowded. The young men viewed 
 with envy the prosperity of the Scotch-Irish rftw comers. Why 
 should not they receive land for actual settlement as well as 
 aliens and strangers ? Had not their fathers and grandfathers 
 done good service in the various Indian wars.' Many petitions 
 were sent to the Great and General Court of Massachusetts, 
 claiming grants on a multitude of pretexts. This northern part 
 of the colony was even then in dispute, and might at any time, 
 by decision of the home government, be decided to be within 
 the limits of the Royal Province of New Hampshire. 
 
 The township of Penacook was granted by Massachusetts, 
 January 11, 1725, to Benjamin Stevens, Ebenezer Eastman and 
 others, and included seven miles square. Settlement was com- 
 menced the following year In 1727, Captain Ebenezer East- 
 man moved his family into the place. In 1728, the south boun- 
 daries of the town were extended, as an equivalent for lands 
 within the limits before granted to Governor Endicott, and 
 claimed by heirs of Judge Sewall. 
 
 The first settlers of the plantation of Penacook were carefully 
 selected men, brave, law-abiding, God-fearing, chosen from 
 
164 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ' [1726 
 
 among their fellows by a committee of the court, to establish a 
 model community. They came to stay. Very many of the 
 first families are represented by iheir descendants to this day. 
 They laid out wide and beautiful Main street substantially as it 
 is now; they divided the land into home lots and farms, cleared 
 away the forest trees, built log-houses at first (which were soon 
 replaced by frame buildings, some still standing), and a meeting- 
 house. Their plantation was incorporated, under the name of 
 Rumford, in 1733. They built several garrison-houses for the 
 protection of their families, for an Indian war broke out soon 
 after the settlement was effected. For a number of years this 
 was a frontier post, exposed to the attacks of the savages. Of 
 a Sunday their minister would go into the pulpit, armed with 
 the best gun in the parish, and preach to a congregation armed 
 and equipped to repulse a possible Indian surprise. Men went 
 lo their work in the fields with an armed escort. 
 fr ^The First Congregational Church in Penacook or Rumford 
 or Concord was organized in November, 1730. The proprietors 
 of the town, at a meeting in Andover, Mass., in February, 1726, 
 voted to build a block-house, which should serve the double pur- 
 pose of a fort and a meeting-house. Early in 1727, the first 
 family moved into the town, and Rev. Bezaleel Toppan was 
 employed to preach one year from May. Mr. Toppan and Rev. 
 Enoch Coffin, both proprietors of the town, were employed by 
 the settlers to preach till October, 1730, when it was resolved 
 to establish a permanent ministry. Rev. Timothy Walker was 
 at once called to be the minister of the town. 
 
 He was a native of Woburn, Mass., and a graduate of Har- 
 vard College, in the class of 1725. He died suddenly, on 
 Sabbath morning, in September, 1782, aged seventy-seven years, 
 deeply mourned by the people he had so faithfully served and 
 led, and between whom and himself the mutual attachment had 
 remained strong to the last. 
 
 The deep impress of this early ministry has never been 
 effaced, and the influence of Mr. Walker, to a large degree, 
 decided the moral tone and habits of the town. For more than 
 
 • Rev. F. D. Aycr. 
 
1/26] ROYAL PROVINCE. 165 
 
 half a century he directed the thought, and was the religious 
 tcAcher of the early settlers ; and his clear convictions, his bold 
 utterances, and his firm adherence to practical principles, made 
 him a wise leader. He served the town as well as the church. 
 His wise counsel and prompt and judicious action in relation to 
 every matter of public interest were of great benefit to the 
 people, and gavj him a wide and acknowledged influence. Three 
 times he visited lingland, as agent for the town, to confirm its 
 endangered rights, and was enabled by his personal influence 
 and wisdom to make secure forever the claims and privileges of 
 the settlers. His influence will be acknowledged, and his name 
 remembered with gratitude by future generations. His daugh- 
 ter married Benjamin Thompson, afterwards Count Rumford, 
 and was the mother of the Countess of Rumford. 
 
 The first mceting-housc of Concord was built of logs, in 
 1727, and served as a fort and a place of worship. It stood near 
 West's brook, and was occupied by this church twenty-three 
 years. The second house was that so long known as the "Old 
 North." The main body of the house was built in 1751. In 
 1783 it was completed with porches and a spire, and in 1802 
 enlaigcd so as to furnish sittings for twelve hundred people, and 
 a bell was placed in the tower. Central in its location, it was 
 for a long time the only place of public worship in the town, 
 and was used by the Church for ninety years. It served the 
 State also. In this house the Convention of 1788 met " to form 
 a permanent plan of goverimient for the State." Here, with 
 religious services, in 1784, the new State Constitution was first 
 introduced, and here, too, in June, 1788, the Federal Constitu- 
 tion was adopted, by which New Hampshire became one of the 
 States of the Union. This was the ninth State to ado])t that 
 Constitution, the number required to render it operative ; so 
 that, by this vote, it became binding upon the United States. 
 After another church edifice was built this was used by the 
 "Methodist Biblical Institute" till 1866. When it was de- 
 stroyed by fire, in November, 1870, there passed from sight 
 the church building which had associated with it more of 
 marked and precious history than with any other in the State. 
 
i66 msTOKV (IF m;\v iiAMPsnii<rc. [1727 
 
 The third house of woishi[) was dedicated in iS42and I'urned 
 in 1873. The present iiouse of worship was dedicated in 1876. 
 
 FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH AT CONCORD. 
 
 From the parent churcli have lieen separated tlie Soutii church 
 and tiie ciuirclies at ICiisl and West f'onconl. To Mr. WalUer 
 
1727] ROYAL PROVINCE. 167 
 
 succeeded Rev. Israel Evans, a chaplain in the continental army, 
 Rev. Asa McFarland, Rev. Nathaniel Bouton, D. D., the State 
 historian, and the present pastor. Rev. Franklin D. Ayer, D.' D. 
 
 Concord was incorporated by New Hampshire, June 7, 1765. 
 
 ^ So great was the security felt by the settlers at the close of 
 Lovewell's war, that they emigrated into the wilderness in every 
 direction. The first settlement in that part of West Dunstable 
 known as Witch Brook Valley was made about the year 1728 
 by Caleb Fry, according to a copy of an original draft or plan . 
 of the township of Dunstable by Jonathan Blanchard, dated June, ' 
 1720. This plan is now in a tolerable state of preservation, to 
 be seen at the office of the Hillsborough county registry of deeds 
 at Nashua. Mr. Fry held a land grant west of Timothy Rogers's 
 grant, lying on the west of Penichuck pond, and embraced 
 nearly all the territory now included in District No. 8 in the town 
 of Hollis, lying west of the school-house. According to tradi- 
 tion, he came from Andover, was a son of James Fry, who was a 
 soldier in the Narragansett war of 1676, and a brother of James 
 Fry, of Andover, one of the grantees of Souhegan West, after- 
 wards called Amherst. 
 
 That Mr. Fry was the first one to occupy his own land grant 
 in all this section is evident from the fact that he built a turn- 
 ing mill, and operated it a number of years. This mill was sit- 
 uated on the Little Gulf brook, east side of Ridge hill, so called, 
 about twenty rods south of the road at the Spaulding place, in 
 the north part of Hollis. At a short distance easterly from 
 this mill is still to be seen the place of an old cellar-hole, indi- 
 cating that a dwelling once stood there. It was on this spot 
 in the wilderness that Mr. Fry erected his log-hut. It is evident 
 that he cultivated a piece of land, and set out thereon three 
 apple-trees, one of which is now standing, and in bearing con- 
 dition, over one hundred and fifty years old, and is the largest 
 apple-tree in the town of Hollis. Mr. Fry also manufactured 
 wooden ware, and was employed a portion of the time in trap- 
 ping. At what time he left is unknown, but it was before 1746. 
 
 The early landmarks have disappeared, and it is not easy to 
 
 ' C. S. Spaulding. 
 
l68 HISTOKY OF NliVV HAMPSHIRE. ['727 
 
 reproduce the scenes in which they planted their habitations. 
 To men employed in subjugating the forests, fighting wild men 
 and wild beasts, clearing lots, and making paths, there was no 
 leisure, and little disposition, to make records of their doings. 
 
 The survivors of Captain John Lovewell's expedition to Pig- 
 wacket petitioned the General Court of Massachusetts for the 
 grant of a township as a recompense for their sufferings, and 
 received the grant of Suncook, or "Lovewell's Township." 
 
 Meanwhile the authorities of the Province of New Hampshire 
 had jealously watched the proceedings of the Massachusetts 
 Bay people. The township of Bow was incorporated May 20, 
 1727, conflicting with the grants of Penacook and Suncook. 
 The township was laid out January 28, 1728-9, by Andrew 
 Wiggin, William Moor, and Edward Fifield. 
 
 April 5, 1725, Colonel Tyng, in command of a scouting party 
 ascending the Merrimack valley to Lake Winnipiseogee, reported 
 meeting a company of "Irish," who were located on and occupy- 
 ing the lands on the intervale about the village of East Concord. 
 They had built a fort for protection against the savages. Later 
 they were dislodged from those fair fields and forced to move 
 on. Previous to the granting of Epsom, in May, 1727, certain. 
 Scotch-Irish families, from Londonderry, had settled within that 
 territory. It is probable that the fruitful and fertile lands of 
 Lovewell's township had been thoroughly examined by these 
 hardy pioneers before it was granted by either Province. They 
 were not allowed to purchase land in Penacook ; the proprietor 
 forfeited his right if he sold to one of the race. No such re- 
 striction kept them from purchasing the rights of the proprietors 
 of Suncook, or Lovewell's township ; and a fair field was opened 
 for their settlement. 
 
 There is reason to believe that the first movement toward a 
 settlement of Suncook was in the summer of 1728. It was the 
 custom of the young men to start early in the spring for the 
 newly-granted wild lands, build a rude log shanty for temporary 
 shelter, and proceed at once to clear away the forest growth 
 from their lots. The axe and fire-brand were the means em- 
 ployed. Not unfrequently the crop of the first season nearly 
 
17-29] ROYAL PROVINCE. 169 
 
 paid for the land. After the harvest the toilers would return 
 to a more settled community in which to pass the winter. 
 
 Tradition asserts that Francis Doyne and his wife were the 
 first white inhabitants who ever wintered in the township, 
 1728-9, and they may be said to have been the first permanent 
 settlers. Their log hut is said to have been located about in 
 the middle of the field west of Pembroke street, just north of 
 the road leading toward Garvin's falls. After a severe snow- 
 storm they were visited by a party from Penacook, who were 
 anxious as to their safety, and were found in a roughly-built 
 cabin, comfortable, contented, and protected against the incle- 
 mency of the weather. Doyne was one of Captain Lovewell's 
 soldiers. During the same summer, 1728, the property was 
 probably visited, both by many of the original grantees, their 
 heirs, and others wanting to purchase. The amount of work 
 accomplished during this first year towards effecting a perma- 
 nent settlement is unknown ; but there is reason to believe that 
 the active settlement was undertaken during the summer of 
 1729. Land certainly was not at a premium at that time, 
 when the right to three hundred and sixty-five acres, with the 
 chance of drawing the best lands in the township, was sold for 
 twenty-four pounds. As silver was reckoned at twenty shillings, 
 or one pound, to the ounce then, the land brought but six and a 
 half cents for an acre. 
 
 In a general sense the settlers of the township displaced the 
 Indians, but no particular tribe is known to have occupied the 
 territory save as a hunting-ground and fishing rendezvous. The 
 name of one Indian only has come down to us as having any 
 connection with the place, and his record is very traditional and 
 vague. Plausawa, in whose honor the hill in North Pembroke 
 is named, is said to have had his wigwam in that locality. With 
 his comrades, Sabatis and Christi, he was a frequent visitor to 
 this and neighboring sections, until war was declared, when he 
 cast his lot with the St. Francis tribe. The three are charged 
 with having led or instigated the attack upon Suncook and Ep- 
 som in after years. During a cessation of hostilities, Plausawa 
 and Sabatis were killed while on a friendly visit to Boscawen, 
 in 1753- 
 
I70 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSIirKE. 
 
 [1730 
 
 Lovewell's township, or Suncook, was a frontier town for 
 many years after its settlement. That it suffered no more dur- 
 ing the contest was owing to the fact that its young men were 
 constantly on the scout toward the enemy. 
 
 or 
 
 tTlt 
 
 r« 
 
 The settlers were the Puritans, from the old Bay Colony ; the 
 Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, from the settlement of London- 
 
1730] ROYAL PROVINCE. I7I 
 
 deny ; and, lastly, the New Hampshire settlers from the neigh- 
 borhood of Exeter, Dover and Kingston, who came in later under 
 How titles. Truly the town was not homogeneous. A French 
 family was the first to locate in town, and several Welsh families 
 settled there later. 
 
 The inroad of settlers in 1730 was probably rapid. The 
 n;iants of the forest fell before the woodman's axe, and the log 
 cabin was rendered homelike by the presence of women and 
 •children. The few scattering Indians remaining in the neigh- 
 borhood were indifferent or friendly, and doubtless the settlers 
 received occasional calls from them. 
 
 The log houses built by the pioneers of the last century have 
 been replaced by framed buildings, b.ut they may still be seen 
 in the logging camps of Grafton and Coos counties, and in all 
 new countries. In summer the life was not unpleasant ; the 
 river teemed with shad, salmon, and trout ; the deer and the 
 bear wandered in the neighboring forests ; the virgin soil yielded 
 wonderful harvests. Their fare was simple, but with prudence 
 and foresight one could provide for the family during the long 
 winter months, with ordinary exertion. Fuel was at their very 
 <loors, to be had for the chopping, and pitch pine knots answered 
 for candles and gas. 
 
 Wolves, lean and hungry, might howl about their safely 
 barred windows, but could not enter their dwellings ; nor could 
 the cold affect them, with logs hospitably piled in the open fire- 
 place. The Bible and New England Primer might form their 
 thoroughly read library, but tradition was a never failing source 
 of interest to them 
 
 James Moore probably erected his house this year, said to 
 have been the first framed building in the township, and the 
 frame to-day forms a part of Samuel Emery Moore's house. 
 Neighbors from Buckstreet and Concord assisted at the raising, 
 and a few Indians are said to have helped. Tradition asserts 
 that one of the latter was worsted in a friendly contest and trial 
 of strength, usual from time immemorial on such occasions, and 
 became very angry at his overthrow, threatening vengeance. 
 His wrath was appeased by a potation from a brown jug which 
 
i;: 
 
 lllsTUKV Ul- NEW llAMrSlUKi:. 
 
 [1730 
 
 Note. Very early in the Suncook records is a mention of a conflict between the Orthodox and 
 Presbyterian churches. By the former Rev. Aaron Wh'ttemore was settled as the minister of the 
 parish, the latter entering a formal protest. At the time of his settlement the Presbyterians were in 
 a majority in the township ; but absent grantees, residents in Massachusetts, claimed the right of 
 voting by proxy, and maintained control of the political and religious affairs of the town. 
 
 Uev. Aaron Wluitcmorc was a graduate of Harvard College, and for a third of a century sus- 
 tained a leading position in the affairs of Suncook and Pembroke. During the French and Indian 
 war his house was garrisoned by an armed force, and he had a commission in the militia. Many 
 prominent families in the State trace back their ancestry to him, and his descendants are very 
 numerous and influential. Among them are the Kittredges and Woodmans, besides the Whittemores 
 scattered throughout the State from Nashua to the Upper Coos. 
 
 Submitting to the inevitable the Presbyterian members of the parish became reconciled ; and for 
 many years listened to the preaching, and paid their rates towards the support, of Mr, Whittemore, 
 
 The Province line, as determined, must have been to the latter a grievance, for he was a faithful 
 son of the Bay Colony and in favor of its laws and institutions. 
 
1730] UOYAL PUOVINCE. 1 73 
 
 had already come into use. Moore was very sagacious in his 
 treatment of the Indians, and gained their friendship ; his place 
 was avoided by them in after years during the hostilities, 
 although it was fortified to repel an attack. 
 
 Besides granting the township of Bow, the New Hampshire 
 authorities, in 1727, granted Epsom, Barnstead, Chichester, Can- 
 terbury and Gilmanton to companies intending to form perma- 
 nent settlements, thus extending the frontier out into the interior. 
 Epsom and Canterbury were immediately occupied and garri- 
 soned later during the French and Indian wars, while the other 
 townships were not reclaimed from the wilderness until the re- 
 turn of peace. 
 
 Newmarket was cut off from Exeter in 1727. Rev. John 
 Moody was ordained and settled in 1730; Rev. S. Tombs, in 
 1794; Rev. James Thurston, in 1800. 
 
 Governor William Burnet assumed the office of chief magis- 
 trate of Massachusetts and New Hampshire in July 1728, com- 
 ing from New York, where he had acted in the same capacity. 
 He was welcomed at Boston by a committee of the council and 
 assembly of the Province of New Hampshire, and was after- 
 wards granted a regular salary. He died in September, 1729, 
 having visited New England but once, and was succeeded by 
 Governor Jonathan Belcher. 
 
 Governor Burnet had been very popular in New York, and 
 was described by Lieutenant-Governor Wentworth, in one of his 
 speeches, as " a gentleman of known worth, having justly ob- 
 tained a universal regard from all who have had the honor to 
 be under his government." He died at the early age of forty- 
 one years. 
 
 Belcher, a native of New England, was a merchant of large 
 fortune and unblemished reputation. He had spent six years in 
 Europe and had been presented at court. " He was graceful in 
 his person, elegant and polite in his manners ; of a lofty and 
 aspiring disposition ; a steady, generous friend ; a vindictive, but 
 not implacable enemy." ^ 
 
 A controversy soon arose between the new governor and 
 
 * Belknap. 
 
174 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW IIAMPSIIIKE. [173^* 
 
 Wentworth, the lieutenant-governor of the Province, on account 
 of a letter which Wentworth had written to Governor Shute, 
 and all friendly relations between the two ceased. Belcher took 
 active measures to express his enmity, curtailing the importance 
 and emoluments of the office of lieutenant-governor, to the dis- 
 gust and disappointment of Wentworth and his many friends. 
 Wentworth himself did not long survive, but died Dec. 12, 1730, 
 at the age of fifty-nine years. 
 
 Lieutenant-Governor John Wentworth was the son of Samuel 
 and Mary (Benning) Wentworth of New Castle, and the grand- 
 son of Elder William Wentworth of Exeter, who signed the 
 "combination " in 1639. He was born in June 16, 1672, and in 
 early life was a sea-captain. After leaving the sea he was a mer- 
 chant, and was reputed a fair and generous dealer. " He was a 
 gentleman of good natural abilities, much improved by conver- 
 sation ; remarkably civil and kind to strangers ; respectful to 
 the ministers of the gospel ; a lover of good men of all denomi- 
 nations ; compassionate and bountiful to the poor ; courteous 
 and affable to all." ^ In Eebruary, 1711-12, he was appointed 
 a councillor by Queen Anne, in place of Winthrop Hilton, de- 
 ceased, and was justice of the Court of Common Pleas from 171 3 
 to 17 18. He was appointed lieutenant-governor in 1717, and 
 held the office until his death. Of his sixteen children, fourteen 
 survived him, of whom one was Benning Wentworth and another 
 the wife of Theodore Atkinson. 
 
 The course pursued by Governor Belcher was resented by the 
 friends of Wentworth and the opposition was led by Benning 
 Wentworth and Theodore Atkinson ; but Belcher disregarded 
 his opponents and apprehended no danger from their resent- 
 ment. 
 
 Mr. Wentworth was succeeded as lieutenant-governor by 
 David Dunbar, a native of Ireland, formerly a colonel in the 
 British service, and unfriendly to Governor Belcher. He had 
 been commander of the fort at Pemaquid, and upon his appear- 
 ance in New Hampshire, in 1731, he joined the party in opposi- 
 tion to the governor. Soon after his arrival a petition was sent 
 
 * llelknap. 
 
173 1] ROYAL PROVINCE. 1/5 
 
 to England, praying for the removal of Governor Belcher, "alleg- 
 ing that his government was grievous, oppressive, and arbitrary." 
 Richard Waldron, with a party friendly to the governor, drew up 
 an address in Belcher's favor, and forwarded it at the same time. 
 As a result of letters and petitions, Theodore Atkinson, Benning, 
 Wentworth, and Joshua Peirce were appointed councillors, but 
 being kept out of office for two years, the two former were elected 
 to the Assembly, where they maintained their opposition. 
 
 Dr. Belknap is of the opinion that it was the design of Gov- 
 ernor Belcher to effect a union of New Hampshire with Massa- 
 chusetts ; but the people could not be brought to ask for it. 
 The opposition favored a government entirely distinct from 
 Massachusetts. The chief trouble which they encountered was 
 the poverty and limited area of the Province, and so they ad- 
 vocated its enlargement. They were in favor of determining 
 the boundary lines of the Province, which the governor and his 
 friends were by no means anxious to settle. The New Hamp- 
 shire authorities became more zealous to have the line deter- 
 mined than Massachusetts, although they realized that it would 
 not greatly benefit them personally, as the territory would either 
 revert to the King, to again grant, or become the property of 
 the heirs of Mason and Allen. 
 
 The governor, as obliged by his instructions, frequently urged 
 the settlement of the lines in his speeches; and a committee 
 from both provinces met at Newbury, in the autumn of 1731, to 
 arrange the affair ; but the Massachusetts party prevented an 
 accommodation ; whereupon the New Hampshire authorities de- 
 termined no longer to treat with Massachusetts, but to petition 
 the King to decide the controversy. 
 
 Accordingly, in 1732, John Rindge, a merchant of Portsmouth, 
 who had influential friends in England, was appointed by the 
 Assembly agent for the Province. He visited the old country, 
 and presented to the King a petition, requesting the establish- 
 ment of the line between the two provinces ; and upon his re- 
 turn to America the affair was left to the management of Cap- 
 tain John Thomlinson, a merchant of London, a gentleman of 
 great penetration, industry and address. This petition, how- 
 
176 mSTOKV OK NEW IIAMI'SHIKE. ['732 
 
 ever, was not endorsed by the governor or by his council; but 
 was authorized by the Assembly and the lieutenant-governor. 
 
 Governor Belcher charged Dunbar with being " false, perfidi- 
 ous, malicious, and revengeful, a plague to the governor and a de- 
 ceiver of the people." The opposition alleged that the governor 
 consented at every session of the Massachusetts Assembly to 
 grants of land within the disputed territory. 
 
 In 1732, a vote of the proprietors of Suncook is the first 
 mention in the town records of the Bow controversy. In case 
 the claim of Massachusetts was sustained, the right of the gran- 
 tees of Suncook would' be established ; in case New Hampshire 
 obtained jurisdiction, the right to the land would be legally 
 vested in the heirs of John Mason. 
 
 Oyster River, a parish of Dover, was incorporated as Durham 
 in 1732. It had been madeaparish in 1651 ; separated in 1675 ; 
 incorporated in 1716. It had suffered severely during the Indian 
 wars, the enemy frequently committing depredations within its 
 limits. A church was built in 1655. The first minister, settled in 
 the parish in 1674, was John Russ, who died in 1736, at the age of 
 one hundred and eight years. He was also the parish physician. 
 Rev. Hugh Adams was settled in 171 8 ; Rev. Nicholas Oilman, 
 in 1741 ; Rev. John Adams, in 1748; Rev. Curtis Coe, in 1780, 
 who was dismissed in 1806. 
 
 The township of Narragansett No. 3, Souhegan West, or Am- 
 herst, was granted, in 1733, by Massachusetts. The first settle- 
 ment was commenced, in 1734, by Samuel Walton and Samuel 
 Lampson and others from Essex county. A meeting house was 
 built in 1739. The town was incorporated in 1760, as Amherst, 
 and upon the organization of Hillsborough County it was made 
 the shire town. Milford, in 1794, and Mount Vernon, in 18031 
 were separated from Amherst. A church was organized in 
 1 741, and Daniel Wilkins was settled as minister, and continued 
 there until his death, in February, 1784. Rev. Jeremiah Bar- 
 nard was settled in 1779 ; Rev. Nathan Lord, in 18 16, after- 
 wards president of Dartmouth College. 
 
 The township of Contoocook, afterwards Boscawen, was 
 granted by Massachusetts in 1733, and a settlement was made 
 
1733] ROYAL PROVINCE \^^ 
 
 the next year by Nathaniel Danforth, Andrew Bohonnon, Moses 
 Burbank, Stephen Gerrish and Edward Emery, a colony from 
 Newbury, Massachusetts. Soon twenty or thirty families were 
 settled within the township. A fort, one hundred feet square 
 and ten feet high, was built in 1739, in which the inhabitants 
 were obliged to take refuge for a period of twenty-two years. 
 Rev. Phinehas Stevens was settled as minister in 1737, and a 
 meeting house was built the next year, as large as that at Rum- 
 ford and " two feet higher." Mr. Stevens was succeeded, in 
 1 76 1, by Rev. Robie Morrill ; in 1768, by Rev. Nathaniel Merrill ; 
 in 1 78 1, by Rev. Samuel Wood, who continued in the ministry 
 for over fifty years. The town was incorporated in 1760, and 
 named in honor of Admiral Boscawen. 
 
 Settlements were pushed up the valley of the Connecticut as 
 far as Charlestown soon after 1735, in which year that town, by 
 the name of No. 4, was granted by Massachusetts to the citizens 
 of Northampton, Hadley, Hatfield, Deerfield and Sunderland. 
 The first settlers were several families by the name of Parker, 
 Farnsworth, Sartwill from Groton, Hastings from Lunenburg, 
 and Stevens from Rutland. In 1743 a fort was built, under the 
 direction of Colonel Stoddard of Northampton ; and the first 
 mills were erected the following year. The town was temporarily 
 abandoned by the inhabitants in 1747, on account of the Indian 
 war, but a garrison was stationed at the fort as a protection 
 to the frontiers. Charlestown was incorporated in July, 1753. 
 Rev. John Dennis was settled as minister in 1754; Rev. Bulkley 
 Olcott, in 1761 ; Rev. Jaazaniah Crosby, in 1810; Rev. J. De 
 F. Richards, in 1841 ; Rev. Worthington Wright, in 1851. 
 
 In the meanwhile, the relations between Governor Belcher 
 and his lieutenant-governor, Dunbar, were not of an amicable 
 character. Dunbar had no seat in the council, and was de- 
 prived of command of the fort at New Castle, and as many of 
 his perquisites as possible, by the governor. In anger, Dunbar 
 retired to his fort at Pemaquid, where he remained two years. 
 Upon his return, he was treated with less severity by the 
 governor. 
 
 Dunbar, in his office of surveyor-general of the King's woods, 
 
178 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['737 
 
 was frequently arbitrary in his dealings with the people upon 
 the Piscataqua, and incurred their enmity. At Exeter, while 
 enforcing some of his obnoxious regulations, he was set upon by 
 a force disguised as Indians, and, together with his party, re- 
 ceived rough usage. They were obliged to tramp back to 
 Portsmouth, as their boat was rendered unserviceable. For this 
 offence he could receive no legal redress, as his assailants were 
 unknown. As a retaliation, he ordered that courts should be 
 holden only at Portsmouth, instead of at Exeter, Dover, and 
 Hampton, as formerly. He was caressed by the opponents of 
 Belcher, and, in 1737, went to England to prosecute his design 
 of creating New Hampshire into an independent province, of 
 which he desired to obtain control. Disappointed in his ambi- 
 tion, he accepted an office offered by the East India Company, 
 and was appointed governor of St. Helena. 
 
 The trade of the Province at this time consisted chiefly in 
 the exportation of lumber and fish to Spain and Portugal, and 
 the Caribbee Islands. The mast trade was wholly confined to 
 Great Britain. In the winter, small vessels went to the south- 
 ern colonies with English and West India goods, and returned 
 with corn and pork. Woollen manufacture was diminished, as 
 sheep were scarce, but the manufacture of linen had greatly in- 
 creased by the emigration from the north of Ireland. ^ 
 
 In 1732, an Episcopal church was organized at Portsmouth, 
 and a chapel built, which was consecrated in 1734 ; and two years 
 later. Rev. Arthur Brown was settled as their minister, with a 
 salary from the " Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign 
 Parts." In 1735, the Province was visited with a new epidemic, 
 known as the throat distemper ; and of the first forty who had 
 it none recovered. It first appeared at Kingston. In the 
 whole Province not less than one thousand persons died of the 
 disease, of whom some nine hundred were children. Over two 
 hundred died at Hampton Falls, and over one hundred at 
 Exeter, Kingston, and Durham. 
 
 In 1737, the settlers at Suncook bargained with John Coch- 
 ran of Londonderry to erect a saw-mill and a grist-mill on the 
 
 ' Belknap. 
 
'737] ROYAL J'ROVINCE. 1 79 
 
 Suncook river, and agreed to deed to him lot No. i, which 
 embraced the compact part of the present village of Suncook, 
 in the town of Pembroke. The conditions of the grant he evi- 
 dently complied with, for the deeds of all property within that 
 area can be traced to him. 
 
 In accordance with a vote the first road to Rumford was laid 
 out. It led diagonally across the lots, very directly from the 
 first meeting house, built in 1733, at the north-east corner of the 
 cemetery, over intervening land to the bridge over the Sou- 
 cook, thence by the river bank to the great bend in the Merri- 
 mack, where a ferry was early established, about a mile below 
 the lower bridge in Concord, and nearly as far above the rail- 
 road bridge. 
 
 A bounty of sixpence a tail was voted for every rattlesnake 
 killed in the township. 
 
 The north and east part of the town was then a wilderness, 
 covered by the primeval forest. The Suncook settlers, for the 
 most part, were on the home lots, which were on each side of 
 what is now Pembroke street. Their meadow lots, on the Sun- 
 cook, Merrimack and Soucook rivers, were reached by winding 
 paths through the forest, and were valuable to the pioneers 
 from the wild grass that grew upon them. The intervale lots 
 along the Merrimack are said to have been open at the first 
 settlement, from inundations of the river, or kept so by the 
 Indians, the former occupants of the land, as corn fields. . 
 
 An old man once said that the pioneers settled on high land, 
 not on account of its fertility, but to avoid the trails of the 
 savages, which were made by the river 'bank; that the Indians 
 would never turn from their march to do malicious injury, 
 except when on the war path ; and because from an elevation 
 the clearings could be better protected by a stockade and 
 garrison house. 
 
 Thomlinson, the agent of New Hampshire in England, was 
 indefatiffable in his efforts in behalf of the little Province. It 
 was greatly due to him that the chapel was built at Portsmouth, 
 and that a minister was settled over the parish. Through his 
 instrumentality, commissioners from among the councillors of 
 
l80 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l737 
 
 New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Nova Scotia, all 
 from royal governments except those from Rhode Island, and 
 with that colony Massachusetts had a controversy respecting 
 boundaries, were appointed to adjudicate the dispute on boun- 
 dary line. The commissioners, three from Nova Scotia, and 
 five from Rhode Island, met at Hampton, August i, 1737. 
 Here they were met by a committee of the New Hampshire 
 Assembly, who presented the demands of the Province, while 
 agents of Massachusetts stated their claims, i On the loth of 
 August, the General Court of Massachusetts met at Salisbury, 
 while the General Court of New Hampshire met at Hampton 
 Falls. The latter, however, were not united, as the Council 
 were of the Massachusetts party, while the Assembly favored 
 the New Hampshire pretensions. The commissioners, how- 
 ever, could not determine definitely the line between the two 
 Provinces, but referred the matter to the King and Council. 
 Here the New Hampshire interests were again entrusted to 
 Thomlinson, who was a host in himself. Not receiving the nec- 
 'essary papers from the New Hampshire authorities to prosecute 
 their claim, he manufactured such as he thought would be most 
 powerful for the benefit of his clients of New Hampshire. 
 While the matter was pending, in 1738, Thomlinson bought up 
 the Masonian claim to the Province for ;£i,ooo, on his own 
 responsibility, in behalf of the New Hampshire Assembly. 
 
 In this appeal. New Hampshire had the advantage of the 
 
 most skilful advocates, who represented the " poor, little, loyal, 
 
 distressed Province of New Hampshire " as crowded and op- 
 
 ■ pressed by the " vast, bpulent, overgrown Province of Massar 
 
 chusetts ; " and New Hampshire won the case. The question 
 
 was settled by his Majesty, in council, March 5, 1740, and the 
 
 present southern and eastern boundary of New Hampshire was 
 
 established. Many townships granted by Massachusetts were 
 
 found to be without the jurisdiction of the Province that had 
 
 . granted their charters, and within a Province governed by differ- 
 
 ■' ' ent laws, and where the title to the wild land was in dispute. 
 
 This was the more bitter to the inhabitants of the territory 
 because of the Masonian claim. This hung over their heads, 
 
1737] ROYAL PROVINCE. I8I 
 
 aiul affected their ownership in the lands which they had 
 recovered from a wilderness by years of toil and exposure; The 
 Province of New Hampshire gained jurisdiction over a strip of 
 land fourteen miles wide, extending its whole width, and was 
 supposed to include the present State of Vermont. Twenty- 
 eight newly granted townships, between the Merrimack and 
 Connecticut rivers, were cut off from Massachusetts and 
 annexed to New Hampshire. The latter Province gained seven 
 hundred square miles more than the authorities had claimed, 
 besides the territory west of the Connecticut river." 
 
 Kensington was detached from Hampton, and incorporated 
 in 1737, when Rev. Jeremiah Fogg was settled as minister over 
 the town. He was succeeded, in 1793, by Rev. Napthali Shaw; 
 in 18 1 2, by Rev. Nathaniel Kennedy. 
 
 'Civil Engineer Nelson Spoflord, of Haverhill, boundary line surveyor on 
 the part of Massachusetts in the present controversy with New Hampshire, 
 is in receipt of valuable and important copies of maps and other documents 
 relative to this subject from the Public Records office of England. 
 
 In 1883 Mr. Spoiford made inquiries of Minister Lowell as to the necessary 
 proceedings in order to ascertain what documents might be found on record 
 relative to the settlement of the boundary line controversy in 1741. 
 
 Mr. Stevens was employed to search the records, and he forwarded to Mr. 
 SpolTord a list of twenty-five documents and maps relating to this subject, 
 with the cost of copying; and here the matter rested until the Boundary 
 Line Commission was organized, in 1885, when Mr. SpofTord was directed 
 to order copies of such documents as might appear to be of the most import- 
 ance, but owing to delays from various causes these documents have been 
 but recently received. 
 
 The list embraces some three hundred pages foolscap of closely written 
 matter, and copies of three maps. Among the documents appear the 
 following : 
 
 No. I. 
 Public /Record Office of England. • 
 
 Colonial Correspondence Bd. of Trade New England. 
 Oceder of the King in Council. 9 April 1740. 
 Indorsed, New England, Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire Order of Council 
 dated April 9th 1740 directing the Board to prepare an Instruction 
 to the Governor of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire for 
 settling the Bounds of these Provinces pursuant to a report of the 
 Committee of Council. 
 
 At the Court of St. James the 9th. April 1740 
 
 Present 
 
 The Kinujs most Excellant M.ijestv in Council 
 
l82 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l737 
 
 WAcreas: His Majesty was this day pleased by Jiis order in Council, to 
 signify liis approbation of a Report made by the Lords of the Committee in 
 Council upon the respective Appeales of the Provinces of the Massachusetts 
 Bay and New Hampshire for the Determination of the Commissioners — ap- 
 pointed to settle the Boundarys between the said Provinces, and to direct in 
 what manner the said Boundarys should be settled, and also to require the 
 Governor and the respective Councils and Assemblys of the said Provinces 
 to take especial care to carry His Majestys commands thereby signified into 
 due execution, as by a copy of the said Order hereto annexed may more fully 
 appear. And His Majesty being desirous to remove all further pretence for 
 continuing the Disputes which have subsisted for many years between the 
 said Provinces on Account of the said Boundary, and to prevent any delay 
 in ascertaining the Boundary pursuant to the said order in Council, Doth 
 Hereby Order that the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations do 
 prepare the Draught of such an instruction as they shall conceive proper to 
 be sent to the Governor of those Provinces, for enforcing the due execution 
 of the said order and requiring him in the strongest terms to cause His 
 Majestys Commands in this behalf to be executed in the most effectual and 
 expeditious manner, to the end that his Majestys Intentions for promoting 
 the Peace and Qjiiet of the said Provinces, may not be frustrated or delayed. 
 And they are to lay the said Draught before the Right Honorable the Lords 
 of the Committee of Council for Plantation Affairs. — 
 
 (Signed) Temple Stanyan 
 
 No. IL 
 Order of Committee of Council 9 April 1741 
 Indorsed (with petitions) Massachusetts Oreder of the Lords of ye Com- 
 mittee of Council dated ye 9th of April 1741 referring to this board ye 
 Petition of Thomas Hutchinson of Boston Esq. praying his Majesty 
 to direct that the several Line Townships which by the Line directed 
 to be run by his Majestys Order in Council of ye 9th April 1740 will 
 be cut off from the Province of Massachusetts Bay may be united to 
 that Province. 
 At the Council Chamber Whitehall 
 
 the 9th. of April 1741 By the Right Honorable the Lords of the 
 Committee of Council for Plantation Affairs. 
 
 His Majesty, having been pleased by his order in Council of the 9th of 
 February last, to refer unto this Committee the humble petition of Thomas 
 Hutchinson of Boston in his Majesty Province of Massachusetts Bay Esqr. 
 humbly praying that His Majesty will be graciously pleased to direct that 
 the several Townships, commonly known by the name of the line townships, 
 which by the Line directed to be run by his Majfestys Order in CouncilBf the 
 9th of April 1740, will be cut off from the said Province of Massachusetts 
 Bay may be United in that Province — The Lordsof the Committee this day 
 took the said petition, together with several others thereto annexed, from the 
 said Township into Consideration, and are hereby pleased to refer the same 
 
1737] ROYAL PROVINCE. 183 
 
 to tlie Lords Comniissioneis for Trade and Plantations, to examine into the 
 said Petitions, and report tiieir Opinion thereupon to this Committee 
 
 (Signed) Temple Stanyan. 
 
 Banning Wentworth to the Board of Trade 8th December 1742 
 Indorsed New Hampshire Letter from Mr. Wentworth Governor of New 
 Hampshire to the Board, dated Portsmouth ye 8th December 1742 
 
 Referring to the petitions of the inhabitants who had without their consent 
 been summarily transferred from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts to that of 
 New Hampshire, and who had petitioned the King to be returned to Massa- 
 chusetts, Wentworth says, — I 
 
 And unless it should be His Majesty's pleasure to put an end to Applications 
 of this Nature, It will be impossible for me to carry his Royal Instructions 
 into Executi on. 
 
 New Hampshire sits down by his Majesty's determination, and has showed 
 the greatest obedience thereto by paying the whole expense of running and 
 marking out the boundaries in exact conformity to the royal deter- 
 mination, and therefore thinks it a great hardsliip that Massachusetts should 
 lead them into any new charge, in a dispute that had subsisted near four 
 score years, and which has been so solemnly determined. 
 
 And it may be added here, also, that the legislature of New Hampshire 
 supplemented tlie above appeal of Governor Wentworth with a prayer to the 
 King, never, under any circumstances, to admit of the slightest infraction 
 of the boundary line, thus determined and established according to his royal 
 will and pleasure; and to the credit of that Province and State it may also 
 be stated here that that work, the boundary line as then established and recorded, 
 has never been called in question by either, and the State has never gone back 
 on her own record 
 
 Jonathan Belcher to the Board of Trade. 
 7 May 1 741. 
 Indorsed Massachusetts, new Hampshire Letter from Mr. Belcher Governor 
 of New England, dated at Boston ye 7th of May 1741, concerning a difficulty, 
 arisen upon ye construction of His Miijesty's Judgment respecting ye Bounda- 
 ries betwixt ye Province of Massachusetts Bay and that of New Hampshire. 
 
 This is a very important document, and, as will be seen, effectually disposes 
 of all claims New Hampshire may have been supposed to have to a slice of 
 Massachusetts, and forms a very valuable and important State paper. 
 
 In connection with these documents, Mr. Spoftbrd has also received copies 
 of three very important and valuable maps relating to the boundary line con- 
 troversy of 1741. 
 
 No. I is a map of Merrimack river and the boundary line at three miles 
 distant on the north side thereof, by George Mitchell, surveyor. This map 
 is about 18x24 inches, and bears the following inscription on the upper left 
 hand corner, enclosed in icroll work: 
 
1 84 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. U737 
 
 To 
 
 His Excellency Benning Wentworth Esqr. 
 Captain General & Commander in Chief over His Majesty's Province of New 
 
 Hampshire 
 This map is humbly inscribed by 
 His Excellencys 
 Most Obdt. Servt. 
 George Mitchell Surv'r. 
 And immediately under this we find the following note : 
 By Lines drawn on the North side of ye River there is as much land as 
 water, which have their corresponding parallels at three miles distance; but 
 as ye Sudden Bends renders it impracticable to come up to the Truth, the dif- 
 ference is divided equally in General. 
 
 In the lower left hand corner is the following note : 
 
 Received April 20th, with Governor Wentworth's Letter dated at Portsmouth 
 in New Hampshire 6th March 1741&2 
 In the lower right hand corner is the title enclosed in scroll work. 
 
 A MAP 
 Of the River Merrimack 
 from the Atlantick Ocean 
 to Pawtucket Falls de- 
 scribing Bounds between 
 His Majesty's Province of 
 New Hampshire and the • 
 Massachusetts Bay, agree- 
 able to His Majestys Or- 
 der in Council 1741 
 On the back of the map we find the following sworn statement: 
 George Mitchell makes Oath, that this survey made by him of the River 
 Merrimack, from the mouth of said River to Pawtucket Falls, is true and exact 
 to the best of his skill and knowledge, and that the line described in the plan 
 is as conformable to His Majestys determination in Council, as was in his 
 power to draw, but finding it impracticable to stick to the letter of said deter- 
 mination, has in some places taken from one Province, and made ample allow- 
 ance for the same in the next reach of the River. 
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, March 8th, 1741. 
 George Mitchell, 
 
 Sworn C Jotham Odiorne ) Jus. 
 
 \ \ot the 
 
 before ( H. Sherburne J Peace 
 
 Thus it will be seen that Mitchell was no tool or emissary of Belcher's, but 
 he drew the boundary line according to his interpretation of the King's De- 
 cree, as it appears from examination of the map that he Burveyed the river, 
 made his plan, and then proceeded to lay oflf a strip of land three miles wide 
 on the north side thereof. This he did by first drawing straight lines along 
 
1737] ROYAL PROVINCE. 185 
 
 the north shore of the river, passing so as to take one half of the river into- 
 his estimate, projecting these lines from the ocean to Pawtucket falls, and then 
 draws the boundary line at three miles distance from these straight lines. 
 Consequently no part of his line appears on the south side of the river. 
 Mitchell does not seem to have understood the gymnastics of modern survey- 
 ing. 
 
 This map shows no small degree of artistic ability in the surveyor who pro- 
 jected it, so much so that Mr. Spofford already has applications for copies- 
 from parties interested in works of this description. 
 
 But this map not only indicates asuperior draughtsman, but a remarkably 
 skilful and accurate surveyor. 
 
 His plan of the river, reduced by pantograph to the scale of the map accom- 
 panying the recent report of the New Hampshire Commissioners to the leg- 
 islature of that Stats, shows the survey to have been made and platted with a 
 wonderful degree of accuracy. 
 
 This latest survey and plan were executed with the very best of modern ap- 
 pliances, by a skilful and experienced surveyor but recently from the United 
 States Government survey of the Mississippi river, and neither time nor ex- 
 pense was spared to make it as accurate as could be platted on a scale of 2,500 
 feet to one inch; still, on comparing the latest product of modern skill, it is 
 little more than ^ fac simile, oi Mitchell's work done with the rude instru- 
 ments of a century and a half ago. 
 
 Map No. 3. 
 This map is on a sheet about 24x36 inches, and is the work of the same 
 surveyor, and executed in the same general style as No. 2. The title reads- 
 as follows : 
 
 A Plan of the Rivers and Boundary Lines referred to in the Proceedings and 
 Judgment to which this is annexed. George Mitchell Surveyor 
 
 Note 
 
 Reed. Dec. 20 1737, with Letter from ye Commissioners for settling tht 
 Boundary Lines between ye provinces of Massachusetts Bay & New Hamp- 
 shire Cenr 79 
 
 The commission of 1737, it will be remembered by persons familiar with 
 this question, reported in substance as follows: 
 
 That if the second charter of the Province of Massachusetts Bay covered 
 all the territory that the first charter covered, then the line should commence 
 at the Atlantic ocean, three miles north of the mouth of the Merrimack river, 
 and thence running westerly and northerly, keeping at three miles' distance 
 from the river to the junction of the Winnipiseogee and three miles further 
 north, thence due west to his majesty's other dominions; but if it did not, 
 then the dividing line should begin at a point three miles north of the Black 
 Rocks and thence due west to his majesty's other dominions. These lines 
 are all shown on the plan. 
 
 But both parties appealed from this decision, and the matter was carried 
 before the King in council. This august body seems to have been run by 
 
I 86 HISTOKV Ol'' NliW HAMPSHIRE. ['737 
 
 • 
 New Hampshire s paid agent, one George Thomlinson, and the line was estab- 
 lished at three miles north of the river to Pawtucket falls, and thence due 
 ivest, etc. This gave New Hampshire some 700 square miles of Massaclui- 
 setts more than that Province had ever claimed, consequently her willingness 
 to pay all the expenses of running the lines that make the area of that State 
 to-day 1,400 square miles larger than Massachusetts. 
 
 These records and maps are not only interesting historical documents, but 
 they show past all controversy that the boundary line matter was settled by 
 the king's decree, that the execution was served, the land set off, the lines 
 run and marked on the ground, the plans returned, accepted and recorded, 
 and the whole business executed as perfectly and thoroughly as it was possi- 
 ble to fix any division line anywhere at that time. It was all done with the 
 cordial assent and concurrence of New Hampshire. Massachusetts protested 
 against it, but without avail. The line thus established has been the line of 
 jurisdiction ever since. Massachusetts set the bounds stones at the angles 
 in 1827 : they are all there to-day, and mark the angles in the line. Mr. Spof- 
 ford has run on the ground, and there is not the slightest doubt of its correct- 
 ness substantially, and why any person should now suppose for a single mo- 
 ment that a boundary line thus established by both parties can be changed at 
 the option of one, and without the consent and against the wishes of the in- 
 habitants living near it, is a mystery we shall not attempt to solve. 
 
 East Kingston was incorporated in 1738. Rev. Peter Coffin was settled as 
 minister the following year and was dismissed in 1772. 
 
 ' The Scotch settlers of Londonderry came to this wintry land to have 
 
 " A faith's pure shrine," 
 and 
 
 *' To make a liappy fireside dime 
 For weans and wife." 
 
 They were hard-headed, long-headed, level-headed, uncompromising, uncon- 
 quered, and unconquerable Presbyterians. They were of a ?tern and rugged 
 type. They clung to the tenets of the Presbyterian faith with a devotion, con- 
 stancy, and obstinacy little short of bigotry, and in it was mingled little of 
 that charity for others of a different faith " which suffereth long;" nor is this 
 surprising, when we consider the circumstances of their lives, and the stock 
 to which they belonged. They were the descendants of a brave and heroic 
 race of men and women, who had resisted the encroachments of the " Estab- 
 lished Church" of England, risen in opposition to it, and in 1638 entered in- 
 to a "solemn league and covenant" to maintain the reformed religion in 
 Scotland, and to resist and put down popery and prelacy : hence the name of 
 " Covenanter." 
 
 For the preservation of their religious liberty and their form of faith the 
 Covenanters had struggled, and fought, and suffered amid the moors and 
 mountains and fastnesses of Scotland with a fortitude and heroism unsur- 
 passed. Many laid down their lives to secure its preservation; many strug- 
 gled bravely on during the troubled years, bearing aloft the ensign of their 
 
 * Hon. L. A. Morrison. 
 
1/37] ROYAL PROVINCE. iS/ 
 
 faith, which they believed to be the only true faith, and their banner the only 
 true standard of the cross. 
 
 The foot of the persecutor followed the faithful to Ireland, and there they 
 felt the avenging arm of resisted and arbitrary power. Some of those who 
 had taken part in the brave defence of Londonderry, Ireland, owned land hert 
 which was occupied by their sons. The story of the past, of the conflicts in 
 Scotland, the flight to Ireland, the endurance and sufferings and sacrificer 
 and final triumph at the "siege of Derry," were fresh in their memories, 
 they were engraven on the tablets of their souls, and the lessons influenced 
 their lives. So the faith of the stern, grim Covenanter was transplanted, to 
 Londonderry. It took root and flourished on this soil, and grew with t 
 strong, steady, and solid growth. The Scotch settlers were a conservativt 
 and thinking people, and their institutions were the result of thought. Manj 
 of the characteristics, sentiments, and much of tVie feelings of the Cove- 
 nanters were here, and these have not entirely died out of their descendants. 
 The religious side of the characters of the first residents was largely developed. 
 
 The town of Windham, incorporated in February, 1739, has been strongly 
 orthodox from the beginning. Man)' families attended meeting at what is 
 now East Derry. After attending to their morningduties, the whole family, — 
 men, women, and children, — would walk eight or nine miles to meeting, 
 listen to two long sermons, and then return to their homes, seldom reaching 
 them until after dark. So they prized the sanctuary, and appreciated and 
 dearly loved the faith in which the}' trusted. 
 
 The first religious meetings were holden in barns during the warm season 
 for eleven years, when, in 1753, the first meeting house was built, on a high 
 elevation south-east of Cobbett's pond, now known as " Cemetery Hill." 
 
 Their Scotch ancestors, exiles from the lochs and glens of Scotland, could 
 not forget the customs of the dear old father-land. So they located the burial- 
 place of themselves and their kindred in the shadow of the kirk. It is a 
 leautiful spot. The lovely lake nestles at the foot of this white-washed hill, 
 shimmering with brightness in the summer sun, and in the autumn mirroring 
 in its bosom all the beauty of the forest trees. It is a pleasant place on which 
 to pitch one's tent after the weary march, when with folded arms the silent 
 ones will rest undisturbed till the reveille call at the great awakening. So the 
 dead rested near where the living worshipped, where in summer days, through 
 the opened windows which let in the sunshine and the breath of flowers, the 
 -words as they fell from the lips of the living preacher might be borne by the 
 breezes which gently waved the grass that grew and the flowers that bloomed 
 on the mounds of the peaceful sleepers. 
 
 The first pastor was Rev. William Johnston, who received a call to settle 
 here in July, 1746. 
 
 The towns cut off from Massachusetts petitioned to be re- 
 annexed,, but their plea was met and successfully combated by 
 Thomlinson. " About the same time, Governor Belcher procured 
 a petition, from his six friends of the council of New Hamp- 
 
1 88 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW IlAMPSHfKK. 
 
 [1740 
 
 shire, to the King, praying that the whole Province might be 
 annexed to the government of Massachusetts. This matter had 
 been long in contemplation with these gentlemen ; but was now 
 produced at the most unfortunate time which could have been 
 chosen. Their petition was at once rejected." ^ 
 
 The boundary line between the two Provinces was finally 
 surveyed and determined in 1741 ; the curved line from the 
 ocean to Pawtucket Falls being determined by George Mitchell ; 
 the line thence to the Connecticut river being surveyed by 
 Richard Hazen ; and the eastern boundary by Walter Bryant. 
 
 The enemies of Governor Belcher in both Provinces finally 
 triumphed and accomplished his downfall. He was succeeded 
 in Massachusetts by Governor William Shirley, and in New 
 Hampshire by Governor Benning Wentworth. 
 
 Governor Belcher was soon after appointed governor of New 
 Jersey, where he was held in the highest esteem, and where he 
 died in August, 175 1, in his seventy-sixth year. In some in- 
 stances Governor Belcher was imprudent and unguarded. He 
 was zealous to serve his friends, and hearken to their advice. 
 He paid no court to his enemies, but openly treated them with 
 contempt. His language to them was severe and reproachful. 
 He had by far too mean an opinion of their abilities, and the 
 interest which they had at court. He had a consciousness of 
 the general integrity of his own intentions, and appears to have 
 been influenced by motives of honor and justice.^ 
 
 ' Delknap. 
 
 Tl4CAT^Q^J^ Gu^^0^l.OW 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 ROYAL PROVINCE, 1741-1760. 
 
 Governor BenninoWentworth — Wentworth Hall — Martha Hilton 
 
 — A Cold Winter — Epping — Windham — Brentwood — French and 
 Indian War — Louisburg — Sir William Pepperrell — Pepperrell 
 House — William Vaughan — Number Four — Incorporation of 
 various Towns — Rumford (Concord) — Wrestling Matches — Old 
 Style and New Style — The Bow Case — Coos County — The" Sev- 
 en Years' War " — Rogers' Rangers — Rev. John Houston — An Auda- 
 cious Reconnaissance — A Fierce Fight in the Woods — John Stark 
 
 — CoNcyjEST OF Canada — Saint Francis Indians — Quebec and 
 Montreal — Pontiac and Major Rogers — Rogers House. 
 
 "DENNING WENTWORTH was commissioned governor of 
 the royal Province of New Hampshire in 1741. From the 
 graceful pen of Fred Myron Colby is the following tribute to 
 his memory : — 
 
 Few names hold more exalted rank in the annals of the old 
 thirteen colonies than that of Wentworth. The progenitor of 
 our colonial family was William, a cousin of the ill-fated chan- 
 cellor of Charles the First, who arrived in New Hampshire as 
 early as 1640. Benning Wentworth was a great-grandson of 
 William. His father was John Wentworth, who was lieu- 
 tenant-governor of New Hampshire from 1717 till 1730. The 
 son graduated at Harvard, and afterwards was associated with 
 his father and uncle in the mercantile business at Portsmouth. 
 He several times represented the town in the Provincial As- 
 sembly, was appointed a King's councillor in 1734, and finally, 
 in 1741, became the royal governor of the Province. His life 
 
IQO 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [1741 
 
 was long, active and distinguished, and during his career New 
 Hampshire advanced rapidly in wealth and prosperity, though 
 
 not so fast as the governor did. He laid heavy tribute on the 
 Province, and exacted heavy fees for grants of land. He had 
 
174'] ROYAL PROVINCE. IQI 
 
 the right perhaps. That he was a right brave and distinguished 
 looking cavalier, and well fitted to lead society at a provincial 
 court, his portrait at Wentworth Hall abundantly shows. It 
 represents him dressed in the height of fashion, with a long 
 flaxen peruke flowing in profuse curls to his shoulders. He has 
 a handsome, dignified face, the lips wearing an engaging smile, 
 and the air generally of face and figure of one who is " lord of 
 the manor." Indeed, there was everything in the career of the 
 worthy governor to give him, what in Europe used to be called, 
 the "bel air." Fortune had taken him by the hand from the 
 very cradle, and some beneficent fairy, throughout all his life, 
 seemed to have smoothed away all thorns in his path, and scat- 
 tered flowers before him. He died at the age of seventy-four, 
 having lived as fortunate and splendid a life as any gentleman 
 of his time in the new world. 
 
 Despite its air of grandeur, Wentworth Hall, at Little Harbor, 
 is an architectural freak. It is seldom that one will find so 
 large a house that is as irregular and straggling as this one is. 
 The rambling old pile looks as if it had been put together at 
 different periods, and each portion the unhappy afterthought of 
 the architect who designed it. It is simply an extension of 
 wing upon wing, and this whimsical arrangement is followed up 
 in the interior. The chambers are curiously connected by 
 unlocked for steps and capricious little passages, that remind 
 one of those mysterious ones in the old castles, celebrated by 
 the writers of the Anne Radcliffe school. 
 
 It was in 1749 that he commenced to build this mansion, and 
 it was completed the next year. He had been fascinated by 
 the beauty of the place, and the magnificent structure which 
 rose at his command was worthy of its situation. Where he 
 obtained his plan no one knows, but perhaps the irregularity of 
 the structure was compensated by the grandeur and sumptu- 
 ousness of its adornments. Everything about the mansion was' 
 on a grand scale. The stables held thirty horses in time of 
 peace. The lofty gateways were like the entrance to a castle. 
 The offices and out-houses might have done credit to a Kenil- 
 worth or a Middleham. As it now stands, girt by its ancestral 
 
1^2 HISTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['741 
 
 trees, looking out upon the sea, the house seems a patrician of 
 the old regime, withdrawing itself instinctively from contact 
 with its upstart neighbors. Having an existence of four gener- 
 ations and more, a stately, dignified, hospitable home before 
 Washington had reached manhood, the Wentworth house may 
 claim the respect due to a hale, hearty old age, as well as that 
 due to greatness. 
 
 Few houses in America have had as many illustrious visitors. 
 Rooms under its roof have been occupied by Governor Shirley 
 of New York, Lord Loudon, commander-in-chief of the British 
 forces in America, Sir Charles Knowles, Admiral Boscawen, 
 George Whitefield, and other worthies of that period. Stately 
 merrymakings have been celebrated in its old halls. 
 
 The first door on the right hand of the hall opens into the 
 grand parlor of the old governor, which still retains all of its 
 former magnificence. The paper on the walls is the same that 
 was put on at the time the mansion was erected, and the carpet 
 on the floor was put there by Lady Wentworth more than 
 ■eighty years ago. 
 
 In this room, surrounded by the wondering invited guests of 
 the governor, was consummated the marriage ceremony which 
 Longfellow has celebrated in his "Tales of a Wayside Inn," 
 between Wentworth and his chamber-maid. It was something 
 of a change for Martha Hilton. She was a girl of matchless 
 beauty, but very poor. When young she had scandalized her 
 neighbors by glimpses of bare ankles as she promenaded in 
 scant costume. A puritanic dame one time remonstrated with 
 the maiden in rather severe terms for exhibiting so much of her 
 beauty. But Martha answered not abashed, " Never mind how 
 I look ; I yet shall ride in my own chariot, ma'am." It was a 
 true prophecy. After a lapse of years, attracted by her grace, 
 her beauty, her wit and good sense, Benning Wentworth offered 
 Tier his hand, and they were married on the governor's sixtieth 
 birthday. 
 
 Around the Council Room are some grand old portraits, thir- 
 teen in all. They are all in handsome gilt frames and some of 
 them have rare histories, if they could be told. 
 
•741] 
 
 ROVAI. PROVrNCE. 
 
 193 
 
 At the entrance of the Council Chamber are seen the racks 
 for the twelve guns, carried when occasion required by the 
 governor's guards. In the billiard room, which adjoins this 
 
 apartment, still remains the ancient spinet, now time-worn and 
 voiceless, but whose keys have many a time been touched by 
 
194 HISTORY Ol'- NICW HAMPSHIRE. ['741 
 
 the jewelled white fingers of aristocratic belles. Washington 
 listened to its music once when he visited here in 1790, the 
 guest of the hospitable Colonel Wentworth. Here, too, is seen 
 in one corner, the old buffet which, in the olden time, has held 
 many a full and empty jjunch bowl. Opening out of the larger 
 apartment are little side rooms where illustrious guests, General 
 Loudon, Admiral Boscawen, Lord Pepperell and many others, 
 have played at cards and other games, until the "wee sma' 
 hours." About the whole hall there is a choice venerableness. 
 
 In 1770, Benning Wentworth breathed his last in the arms of 
 his faithful wife. The governor rewarded her care and faithful- 
 ness by bequeathing her his entire estate. The great house 
 was not long without a master, however. Lady Wentworth, 
 after living single about a year, fell into the matrimonial traces 
 again, but without changing her name. She outlived her second 
 husband several years, and at her death, in 1804, left the old 
 mansion to her daughter Martha, whom she had by Colonel 
 Michael Wentworth. She was buried beside her first husband, 
 in the churchyard of St. John's, in Portsmouth. 
 
 The mansion at Little Harbor continued to be occupied by the 
 second Martha Wentworth, who was also a Lady, her husband 
 being Sir John Wentworth, until 18 16, when they went to 
 England, from whence they never returned. 
 
 The winter of 1741 was famous throughout New England as 
 much colder than any which preceded it. Probably no year 
 since could furnish testimony for cold either so intense or pro- 
 tracted. The snow, which covered the whole country as early 
 as the 13th of November, was still found the next April covering 
 the fences. The Boston Post Boy for January 12th, reports a tent 
 on the Charles River for the entertainment of travellers. The 
 Boston Neivs Letter for March 6th, tells us that "people ride 
 every day from Stratford, Conn., to Long Island, which is three 
 leagues." Even as far east as New London, we are told that 
 the " ice extended into the sound as far as could be seen from 
 the town;" and that Fisher's Island was united to the main- 
 land by a solid bed. On March 28th, the Boston News Letter 
 reports that the people living on Thompson's Island had crossed 
 
1742] ROYAL PROVINCE. I95 
 
 over to Dorchester to church on the ice for tlie fifteen preceding 
 Sundays. 
 
 As late as the gth of July, a letter from New London, Conn., 
 reports on the east side of the Connecticut river a body of ice 
 as large as two carts can draw, clear and solid, and adds very 
 artlessly that "it might lay there a month longer, were it not 
 that so many resort, out of curiosity, to drink punch made out 
 of it." On the 17th of July snow was still lying in a mass in 
 the town of Ipswich, Mass., nearly four feet thick. But the 
 most marvellous record of that season is the statement made by 
 Alonzo Lewis, author of the "Annals of Lynn," Mass., that 
 " Francis Lewis, the signer of the Declaration of Independence, 
 drove his horse from New York to Barnstable, the whole length 
 of Long Island Sound on the ice." 
 
 lipping was set off from Exeter in 1741. Rev. Robert Cut- 
 ler was the first minister, settled in 1747. He was succeeded 
 in 1758, by Rev. Josiah Stevens ; in 1793, by Rev. Peter Holt ; 
 in 1826, by Rev. Forest Jefferds ; in 1842, by Rev. Calvin 
 Chapman ; in 1849, by Rev. Lyman White. 
 
 The town has claimed among its distinguished residents, 
 General Henry Dearborn, Governor William Plumer, Senator 
 John Chandler, William Plumer, Jr., and Governor Benjamin F. 
 Prescott. 
 
 The Quakers and Baptists had a foothold in the town very 
 early in its history. Jonathan Norris, Joshua Folsom, and his 
 son, Benjamin Folsom, were among the leaders of the former 
 society. Among the Baptists, Rev. Dr. Samuel Shepard was a 
 preacher for nearly half a century. 
 
 1 Windham, from 1719 to 1742, was a parish of Londonderry, 
 a part and parcel of that historic Scotch settlement. 
 
 It is doubtful if any permanent settlements were made till the 
 advent of the Scotch in 1719 in the Londonderry colony. The 
 first house in Windham was established on Copp's hill, soutii- 
 east of Cobbett's pond, about 1720. Its occupant was John 
 Waddell. In 1 721 David Gregg, son of John Gregg, of London- 
 derry, Ireland, and grandson of Captain David Gregg, a Scotch- 
 
 ^ L. A. Morrison. 
 
196 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMI'SIUKE. ['742 
 
 man and captain in Cromwell's army, established himself in the 
 west side of the town. He was the uncle of Andrew Gregg, 
 member of the U. S. Senate from Pennsylvania, in 1806-7. 
 
 This David Gregg was joined by Alexander McCoy from the 
 highlands of Scotland. In 1723 John Dinsmoor, son of John 
 Dinsmoor of Scotland, located near the Junction. In 1728 or 
 '29 John Archibald settled in the north part of the town. 
 
 About 1730, Lieut. Samuel Morrison, son of Charter James 
 Morrison of Londonderry, N. H., and grandson of John Morri- 
 son of Scotland, settled in the east of the town, in the "Range." 
 He was the ancestor of the Morrisons at Windham. 
 
 In 1733, Henry Campbell of Londonderry, Ireland, and the 
 grandson of Daniel Campbell of Scotland, settled in the east 
 of the town, on Beaver river, and where his descendants 
 " live unto this day." About this same date Alexander Simpson 
 and Adam Templeton struck for settlement here. 
 
 John Cochran, of Scotch blood, came in 1730, hewed from the 
 ■wilderness his farm, upon which his descendants have since 
 lived. Alexander Park and John Armstrong appeared soon 
 after. 
 
 These are some of the pioneer fathers : William and Robert 
 Thompson, Joseph Waugh, Thomas Quigley, Alexander and 
 James Dunlap, John Kyle, John Morrow, Hugh Graham, John 
 and James Vance, Samuel and William McAdams, James Gil- 
 more, Andrew Armour, John Hopkins, Daniel Clyde, William 
 Thorn, John Stuart, Hugh Brown, Samuel Kinkead, Francis 
 Smilie, Alexander Ritchie, William Jameson, Nathaniel Hemp- 
 hill, James Caldwell, who were here in early times, and, with 
 the exception of William Thom, not a single descendant of any 
 of this list, bearing the family name, remains in town to-day. 
 
 Immediately after the first settlement had been made in Lon- 
 donderry, near what is now the east village, individuals would go 
 from home to the more distant glebes to work in summer, and 
 would return in the winter. Many young men lived in this 
 manner several years, laboring thus to prepare a home for their 
 future companions. When the home was provided they went 
 or sent to Scotland, or to the Scotch settlements in Ireland, 
 
1/42] KOYAI. PROVINCE. IQ/ 
 
 for the brave lass who had consented to cross the wide ocean 
 to meet her stern lord in the wilderness, and by her presence 
 to cheer, to brighten, and to bless his home and life. 
 
 Land was cheap, and John Hopkins purchased a large tract 
 for a web of linen cloth. Neighbors were far apart, oftentimes 
 as far as three miles, and it was said, "we were obliged to go 
 three miles to borrow a needle, not being able to buy one." 
 
 There were no grist-mills nearer than Haverhill or Andover, 
 Mass., so the grain was carried on poles trailed from the horse's 
 back. They often broke their corn into meal by placing it be- 
 tween two revolving stones, this being a hand-mill called a cairn. 
 They lived mainly on what could be raised in the ground. They 
 possessed but little wealth, for their lot was like their father- 
 land, Scotland, cast in a cold wintry land, with a hard and rocky 
 soil. 
 
 North Hampton and South Hampton were incorporated in 
 1742. ■ 
 
 Brentwood was incorporated in 1742. It was taken from 
 Exeter, including the present town of Freemont, and had been 
 known as Keenborough. A meeting-house had already been 
 built. Rev. Nathaniel Trask was settled as the first minister 
 of the place. Ho was succeeded, in 1801, by Rev. Ebenezer 
 t'lint ; in 1813, by Rev. Chester Colton ; in 1826, by Rev. Luke 
 A. Spofford ; in 1831, by Rev. Jonathan Ward ; in 1833, by Rev. 
 Francis Welch; in 1839, by Rev. John Gunnison ; in 1841, by 
 Rev. James Boutwell ; in 1854, by Rev. Charles Dame. Elder 
 Samuel Shepard was settled over a society of Baptists in the 
 town in 1775 and continued until his death, in 18 16. 
 
 Governor Benning Wentvvorth had been received at Ports- 
 mouth with great marks of popular respect upon the publir 
 cation of his commission in December, 1741. He had been a 
 heavy loser by the failure of Spanish ofificials to meet their obli- 
 gations to him, and his claim and other neglected claims of 
 English merchants against the Spanish government led to the 
 declaration of war on the part of Great Britain to seek redress. 
 In his first address to the General Court of New Hampshire he 
 "did not forget to recommend a fixed salary for himself, not 
 
198 IlISTORV OK NICW HAMPSHIHE. ['744 
 
 subject to depreciation ; nor the payment of expenses which 
 had arisen on account of the boundary lines." ^ 
 
 "The Assembly, in their answer, acknowledged the wisdom 
 and justice of the King in determining the long controversy 
 between them and Majssachusetts,"^ but claimed that half the 
 expense of settling the boundary lines should be borne by the 
 adjoining Province. They promised "ample provision for his 
 honorable support " ^ as soon as practicable. They voted a salary 
 of ;^2SO to the governor, which they increased to ;£soo, and 
 an additional sum for house rent. They presented their agent, 
 Thomlinson, with ;£'500 sterling for his faithful services. They 
 also issued paper money to the amount of ^^25,000. The 
 governor's salary was further increased by ^800 sterling, his 
 pay as surveyor of the woods, an office which Dunbar was in- 
 duced to resign upon receipt of ;!^2,ooo sterling. Thomlinson 
 brought about the appointment of Wentvvorth to the office upon 
 the surrender of his claim of ;^ 56,000 against the Spanish 
 c.own.i 
 
 The good fortune of Governor Wentworth did not fail to 
 raise up envious enemies, but their schemes for his overthrow 
 were futile. 
 
 In 1744 the proprietors of Suncook chose Colonel Benjamin 
 Rolfe, Mr. Andrew McFarland, and Deacon Noah Johnson, to 
 treat with the proprietors of the Town of Bow, at their next 
 meeting, and "to see upon what terms or agreement they will 
 come into with us concerning our lands which they have in 
 dispute with us, and see if said proprietors will take up with 
 such offers or proposals as the Province or Provinces shall make 
 unto them ; or some other way; so that all controversies or law- 
 suits may be ended for the future, that so it may be for theirs 
 and our peace and benefit." 
 
 The war commenced between England and Spain soon in- 
 volved nearly all Europe. When France became an ally of the 
 Spaniards, New England became interested. The French garri- 
 son at Cape Breton, having early information of the declaration 
 of war, surprised and captured the unprepared English fishing 
 
 ' BelknaD. 
 
1744] ROYAL PROVINCE. I99 
 
 station at Canseau, near the northern part of Nova Scotia, and 
 were assisted by the Indians. As a consequence the govern- 
 ment of Massachusetts declared war against the French and 
 Indians in October, 1744, and offered a bounty for scalps and 
 prisoners. 
 
 From the pen of Rev. Daniel Rollins, a descendant of the 
 chief actor in the romantic drama of the Louisburg war, comes 
 the following accounts : 
 
 France had declared war on the isth of March, 1744; and 
 about six months prior to that time. Governor Shirley sent a letter 
 to Colonel Pepperrell, desiring him to hold his regiment in readi- 
 ness to protect the frontier against the Indians. He accordingly 
 sent copies of it to each of his captains, and also added the 
 following spirited sentence : " I hope that He who gave us our 
 brcatli will give us tiic courage and prudence to behave ourselves 
 like true-born Englishmen." 
 
 Colonel Pepperrell was born at Kittery Point, Maine, June 27, 
 1696. The colony was then under the jurisdiction of Massa- 
 chusetts : both being subject, of course, to the crown. 
 
 The capture of Louisburg, the " Gibraltar of America," was 
 the leading event in our Colonial history; but it was followed 
 so closely by the Revolution, that it is somewhat obscured in 
 the light of that great struggle. The town of Louisburg, 
 named after " le grand moiiarqice" is situated in the south- 
 eastern part of Cape Breton Island, adjoining Nova Scotia, and 
 controls the entrance to the Gulf and River St. Lawrence. It 
 commanded the fisheries by its position. The island also pro- 
 duced large quantities of excellent ship timber. That ripe 
 scholar, the Rev. Jeremy Belknap, in his exhaustive description 
 of its capture, says the town of Louisburg "was two and a half 
 miles in circumference, fortified in every accessible part, with a 
 rampart of stone from thirty to thirty-six feet high, and a ditch 
 eighty feet wide. * * * On an island at the entrance to the har- 
 bor, which was only four hundred yards wide, was a battery of 
 thirty cannon, carrying twenty-eight pound shot ; and at the 
 bottom of the harbor, directly opposite to the entrance, was the 
 grand or ro)al battery, of twenty-eight forty-twos, and two 
 
2CX) HISTORY Ob" NEW H.AMPSHIKE. [l745 
 
 eighteen-pound cannon. * * * The entrance to the town was at 
 the west gate, over a drawbridge, which was protected by a 
 circular battery of thirteen twenty-foiir-pound cannon. These 
 works had been twenty-five years in building, and, though un- 
 finished, had cost France not less than six millions of dollars." 
 It is worthy of notice that only New England troops took part 
 in the siege. Colonel Pepperrell was selected to command the 
 forces, with the rank of lieutenant-general. He already occupied 
 the next highest post to that of the governor, viz., president 
 of the council. He was also very wealthy and popular, and 
 likely to draw soldiers to his standard, as indeed proved to be 
 the case. " Nil desperaiiduni Christo diice," was the motto of 
 the invaders. Colonel Pepperrell advanced five thousand 
 pounds from his own fortune, and threw himself into the work 
 of preparation with all the impetuosity of his nature. 
 
 The West India squadron, under Commodore Warren, which 
 was to co-operate with the New-England troops, failed to arrive 
 at the appointed time ; but they set sail without them on March 
 24, 1745, and after a short passage reached Louisburg, and began 
 at once to disembark and invest the town. On the 24th of 
 April, Warren and three of his men-of-war joined them, and 
 others arrived later. It appears that they took part in the bom- 
 bardment to some extent, birt most of the work had necessarily 
 to be done by the land forces with their heavy siege-guns. The 
 ships also served to good purpose in preventing reinforcements 
 and supplies from entering the harbor. But space will not per- 
 mit a detailed account of the capture of the " Dunkirk of 
 America." Suffice it to say that the place capitulated after 
 a seven-weeks arduous attack by land and sea. The cross of St. 
 George had supplanted the lilies of France. On the 17th of 
 June, 1745, General Pepperrell marched into the town at the head 
 of his troops, and received the keys, although Commodore 
 Warren had vainly flattered himself that he or one of his 
 officers should have the honor of receiving the surrender of the 
 place. He had even gone so far as to send a letter to the 
 French governor, ordering him to deliver the keys to some one 
 whom he should afterwiirds desigi-.ate. General Pepperrell did not 
 
1745] ROYAL PROVINCE. 20I 
 
 know of this action at the time ; and he probably never learned 
 of it, as they continued to be good friends. Very likely he 
 knew of Warren's desire to assume the glory ; for this was the 
 general opinion among the people of New England at the time, 
 and, indeed, feeling ran very high on the subject. Dr. Chauncey 
 expressed their sentiments when he wrote the following to General 
 Pepperrell. He said : "If the high admiral of England had been 
 tliere, he would not have had the least right to command any- 
 where but aboard his own ships." A good instance of the 
 American spirit thirty years prior to the Revolution. 
 
 Smollett says: "The conquest of Louisburg was the most 
 important achievement of the war of 1744." 
 
 Ward, in his edition of " Curwen's Journal of the Loyalists, "^ 
 says : " That such a city should have yielded to the farmers, 
 merchants, and fishermen of New England, is almost incredible. 
 The lovers of the wonderful may read the works which contain 
 accounts of its rise and ruin, and be satisfied that truth is 
 sometimes stranger than fiction." 
 
 Pepperrell received a letter from the Duke of Newcastle, dated 
 at Whitehall, August lO, 1745, acquainting him that his Majesty 
 had sent a patent from Hanover creating him a baronet of Great 
 Britain, — an honor never before conferred on a native of 
 America. Commodore Warren was also promoted to the rank 
 of admiral. 
 
 A trophy of the capture of Louisburg lies almost at our 
 doors. The visitor, on approaching the massive and stately 
 building known as Gore Hall, at Cambridge, may see a gilded 
 cross over one of its doors, which was taken from a French 
 church and eventually found a resting-place there. The granite 
 pile stands. for learning and progress. The cross may well re- 
 mind the students and all the friends of the university of its 
 motto, "Christo et Ecclesiae," that its meaning may never be 
 forgotten in our onward march. 
 
 Sir William Pepperrell embarked in Admiral Knowles's 
 squadron for Boston, Sept. 24, 1746, and arrived there on the 
 2nd of October, after a stormy passage. 
 
 He set sail for London in September, 1749, and was cordially 
 
202 IllSTOKY OK NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['745 
 
 received at court'by his Majesty, King George II. He was also 
 the recipient of many attentions from the Prince of Wales and 
 Lord Halifax. The mayor of London waited on him, and pre- 
 sented him with a set of plate in honor of his distinguished ser- 
 vices. Sir William was a man of fine appearance, somewhat 
 inclined to be portly, and his dignified and elegant bearing made 
 him noted, even at the court of St. James. A description of 
 the dress which he wore when presented has not come down to 
 us, but he ordinarily dressed in the rich apparel customary for 
 gentlemen in his day, viz., a suit of scarlet cloth trimmed with 
 gold lace, silk stockings and silver shoe buckles, and the usual 
 powdered wig. He also wore lace ruffles at his wrists, and the 
 long vest then in fashion. There is extant a full-length portrait 
 of him by the gifted Smibert, in the Essex Institute at Salem. 
 It belongs to, and was formerly in, the Portsmouth Athenaeum, 
 where it should have remained. 
 
 He lived in great style at Kittery, and kept open house for 
 all his friends, although he was choice in his acquaintance. 
 His library was the best in that part of the country, and was 
 much consulted by scholars, especially the clergy. His large 
 and substantial house was hung with beautiful paintings and 
 costly mirrors. His cellar was filled with rare old wines, — not 
 to mention the highly-prized New England runi, that had been 
 mellowed by its voyage to the Indies and back. His park was 
 stocked with deer; he kept a coach-and-six, and also had a 
 splendid barge, manned by six slaves in uniform. 
 
 He owned immense tracts of land in Maine ; and it is said 
 that he could travel from Portsmouth to Saco River, a distance 
 of thirty miles, all the way on his own soil. All these vast 
 estates were confiscated during the Revolution. 
 
 Still another honor awaited him : for he received a commis- 
 sion of lieutenant-general in the royal army, bearing date Feb. 
 20, i'fS9' giving him the command of all the forces engaged 
 against the French and their savage allies. But the old veteran 
 could not take the field, for his health was failing : and he died 
 on the 6th of July, 1759, •" the sixty-third year of his age. His 
 remains were placed in the family tomb, on his estate at Kittery 
 Point. 
 
1746] KOVAL PROVINCE. 203 
 
 ' Tlie old Pepperrell House, built nearly two hundred years 
 dgo, which has seen more of splendor, and sheltered more 
 famous individuals than any other private residence on this side 
 of the sea, is still the object of frequent pilgrimages to Kittery 
 Point. The house was built by the first William Pepperrell, the 
 great merchant and ship-builder of his time. He accumulated 
 va t wealth by trade, and his mansion reflected the boundless- 
 ness of his means. Grand as any old English castle, it stood 
 looking out to sea, girt by a great park where droves of deer 
 sported. His son, the famous Sir William Pepperrell, enlarged 
 and adorned it at the time of his marriage in 1734. This Lord 
 Pepperrell, the only American baronet after Sir William Pliipps, 
 -was a remarkable man. He was the richest merchant in the 
 colonies, and had at times two hundred ships at sea. His suc- 
 cess at Louisburg proved him a skilful general, and his political 
 influence was second to that of no man's in the colonies. The 
 style he lived in recalled the feudal magnificence of the great 
 barons. The walls of his great mansion were adorned with rich 
 carvings, splendid mirrors, and costly paintings. In his side- 
 board glittered heavy silver plate and rare old china. Wine a 
 hundred years old, from the delicate, spicy brands of Rhineland 
 to the fiery Tuscan, was in his cellars. He kept a coach with 
 si.\ white horses. A retinue of slaves and hired menials looked 
 to him as their lord ; and he had a barge upon the river, in 
 which he was rowed by a crew of Africans in gaudy uniforms. 
 The only man in all the colonies worth two hundred thousand 
 pounds sterling, reigning grandly over grand estates; for, like 
 an English peer, he might have travelled all day long upon his 
 own lands, sovereign lord, in fact, if not in name, of more than 
 five hundred thousand acres, — timber, plain and valley, — i.i New 
 Hampshire and Maine. Sir William Pepperrell could do this, 
 and yet not live beyond his means. 
 
 The original paper remains on the walls of the wide iiall, as 
 do the deer antlers above the doors. The observatory upon the 
 roof affords a fine view of the surrounding country. /. noble 
 avenue of elms, a quarter of a mile in length, formerly i-,^ from 
 
 ^ Irevl Myron Colby. 
 
204 HISTOKY OF NKW II AMI'SIIIKE. ['746 
 
 the street to the door. The trees were about one rod apart. 
 The perspective effect of this grand avenue must have been 
 peculiarly graceful and impressive. Some vandal cut down the 
 trees years ago. But no one can destroy the beauty of the 
 noble site on which the mansion stands. The late James T. 
 Fields, an honored son of Portsmouth, endeavored, among 
 others, to purchase it for a summer residence. 
 
 One of the prime movers and most enthusiastic supporters 
 of the expedition against Louisburg was William Vaughan, son 
 of Lieut.. Governor Vaughan of New Hampshire, who was exten- 
 sively engaged in fishing along the eastern coast. Some claim 
 that he originated the idea. Governor Shirley, of Massa- 
 chusetts, having determined upon the matter, Vaughan rode 
 express from Boston to Portsmouth, where the New Hampshire 
 Assembly was sitting. Governor Wentworth, between whom 
 and Governor Shirley the most amicable relations existed, im- 
 mediately laid the matter before them, and proposed a confer- 
 ence of the two houses to be held on the next day. The house 
 of representatives having caught the enthusiasm of Vaughan 
 were impatient of even this delay, and immediately took favor- 
 able action, appropriated ^£^4,000, and authorized the governor 
 to select two hundred and fifty men and i^rovide stores and 
 transports. To raise the necessary money, they had to go beyond 
 the power vested in them by the crown, but were advised to do so 
 by Governor Shirley. ]iy the middle of February their quota of 
 men were enlisted, eager to serve under such a popular man as 
 Colonel Pepperrell. Governor Wentworth was at first inclined 
 to take command of the force, but was persuaded to stay at 
 home. The famous George Whitefield gave the expedition a 
 motto. Nil Desperandum Christo Diice, which almost gave it the 
 character of a crusade. 
 
 Including the crew of an armed sloop in command of Captain 
 John Fernald, New Hampshire furnished three hundred and 
 fifty men, organized into a regiment under command of Colonel 
 Samuel Moore, besides one hundred and fifty men enlisted in 
 Mas.sachusetts regiments, or one-eighth of the whole land force. 
 The New Hampshire troops arrived at the rendezvous at Can- 
 
174'j] K()\AI. IM^OVIXCE. 205 
 
 scan the last day of March, two days before the arrival of their 
 comrades. 
 
 The expedition was planned by a lawyer, executed by a mer- 
 chant, at the head of a body of husbandmen and mechanics, 
 animated indeed by ardent patriotism, but destitute of professi- 
 onal skill and experience. " If any one circumstance had taken 
 a wrong turn on our side, and if any one circumstance had not 
 taken a wrong turn on the French side, the expedition must have 
 miscarried." ' 
 
 The impregnable fortress capitulated after a short siege, in 
 which New Hampshire lost eleven men, five killed and six died 
 of sickness. Lieutenant-Colonel Vaughan especially distin- 
 guished himself. The British navy, however, reaped most of 
 the rich harvest from the victory ; but ^yentworth and Shirley 
 were confirmed in their governments as a result. 
 
 During the year 1746 the conquest of Canada was planned by 
 the British ministry, and the American Colonies were directed 
 to prepare for the contest. The Indians attached to the inter- 
 ests of the French had already commenced their depredations 
 along the whole frontier, destroying the fields and cattle, burn- 
 ing houses and mills, and killing and carrying away the inhabi- 
 tants. So an offensive campaign was designed to carry the war 
 into the country of the enemy. Eight hundred men were 
 enlisted in New Hampshire in June, and ready for embarkation 
 in July, under command of Colonel Atkinson; but the English 
 fleet which was to co-operate with it did not arrive. The arri- 
 val in Nova Scotia of a French army and fleet alarmed New 
 England, and for a time they acted on the defensive, strength- 
 ening the forts at the mouth of the river and preparing for an 
 attack. But the French fleet met with misfortunes and losses, 
 gave up their proposed attempt to subdue New England, and 
 returned to France greatly discouraged. To New Englanders 
 the troubles of the French seemed providential. Colonel 
 Atkinson's regiment during the fall and winter was stationed 
 on the frontier in the neighborhood of Lake WinnipLseogee. 
 
 During the war Massachusetts sustained garrisons in the 
 
 * lielknap. 
 
20^ 
 
 IIISTOKV OF NKW 11 AMl'SlllKE. 
 
 [1746 
 
 valley of the Connecticut, in townships that had been granted 
 by that Province within New Hampshire, to protect their 
 northern frontier. They had forts at Number Four, or Charles- 
 town ; Great Meadow, or Westmoreland ; Great Fall, or Walpole ; 
 Fort Dummer, or Hinsdale ; Upper Asluielot, or Keene ; and 
 Lower Ashiielot, or Swanzey. New Hampshire maintained 
 garrisons along the frontier of their settlements at Penacook, 
 or Concord ; Suncook, or Pembroke ; Contoocook, or Boscawen ; 
 New Hopkinton, or Hopkinton ; Souhegan liast, or Merrimack : 
 
 ^"^-'"iTf iif r/ji'Ti"' "" ' • 
 
 
 FRONTIER BLOCK HOUSE, 1746. 
 
 Souhegan West, or Amherst ; and at Londonderry, Chester, 
 Epsom, and at Rochester. In the garrison houses the inhabitants 
 took refuge by night and never left them with a feeling of security. 
 They went constantly armed. Nor were their fears without 
 foundation. Although parties of scouts were kept ranging the 
 woods, surprises and attacks, more or less successful, were of 
 frequent occurrence. 
 
 The first ai^pearance of the enemy in the Province was at 
 Great Meadows, early in July, 1744, where they killed William 
 Phips. The same week they killed Joseph h'isher of Upper 
 Ashuelot. 
 
1746] ROYAL PROVINCE. 20/ 
 
 In October the Indians captured Nehemiah How and killed 
 David Rugg at Great Meadow. 
 
 In the spring of 1746 the Indians captured John Spofford, 
 Isaac Parker, and Stephen Farnsworth, at Number Four, 
 and killed their cattle. In April they attempted to surprise 
 the Fort at Upper Ashuelot. John Ballard and the wife of 
 Daniel McKenny were killed and Nathan Blake was taken into 
 captivity. They burned several houses and barns. About 
 the same time they surprised a garrisoned house at New 
 Hopkinton and captured and took to Canada Samuel Burbank 
 and David Woodwell and six members of their families. Mary 
 Woodwell, one of the captives, afterwards joined the Shakers 
 at Canterbury. 
 
 In May a small party made an attack upon Number Four, and 
 killed Seth Putnam, but were repulsed by Major Josiah Willard. 
 
 At Contoocook Elisha Cook and a negro were killed and 
 Thomas Jones taken captive. At Lower Ashuelot, Timothy 
 Brown and Robert Moffat were captured. Near the end of 
 the month there was quite a battle at Number Four, in which 
 five were killed on each side. 
 
 In June another engagement occurred at the same place, 
 in which one settler lost his life. Captain Phinehas Stevens 
 was in both battles. At Bridgman's Fort, near Fort Dummer, 
 William Robbins and James Baker were killed, and Daniel How 
 and John Beaman were captured. At Rochester, they killed 
 Joseph Heard, Joseph Richards, John Wentworth, and 
 Gershom Downs, and wounded and captured John Richards 
 and took a boy named Jonathan Door. 
 
 In August they killed one Phillips at Number Four, Joseph 
 Rawson at Winchester, and Moses Roberts at Rochester. 
 At Contoocook two men were taken. At Rumford, on the road 
 to Millville, were killed Samuel Bradley, Jonathan Bradley, 
 Obadiah Peters, John Bean, and Peter Lufkin. Alexander 
 Roberts and William Stickney were carried into captivity. The 
 Indians lost four killed and several wounded, two of them 
 mortally. A monument marks the site of the massacre on 
 the outskirts of the precinct of the city of Concord. A Mr. Es- 
 tabrook was killed near the same place in November. 
 
208 niSTOKV Ol'- NEW IIAMI'SHIKE. ['747 
 
 In the fall ot 1746, Massachusetts withdrew her garrisons 
 from the towns within New Hampshire and many of the inhab- 
 itants left at the same time. Four families, who remained at 
 Shattuck's fort, in Hinsdale, successfully defended it against 
 an Indian attack 
 
 In the Spring of 1747, Captain Phinehas Stevens, with a 
 ranging company of thirty men, occupied the fort at Number 
 Four, and within a few days sustained a most determined attack 
 from a party of French and Indians, which was kept up for 
 three days, when the enemy retired Robert Beard, John 
 Folsom, and Elizabeth Simpson were killed at Nottingham. 
 In theautumn, Bridgeman's fort (Hinsdale) was captured, with 
 its garrison, several of whom were killed and the others 
 taken to Canada. 
 
 That wide stretch of hilly country lying between the Mer- 
 rimack and Connecticut rivers was, ^ at that time, a densely- 
 wooded wilderness. The few who would have ventured to 
 occupy it well knew that so long as the French remained in 
 possession of Canada the region was in continual danger from 
 attacks by the Indians. In 1746 these attacks had become 
 so frequent and successful, that many of the settlements com- 
 menced in the central and southern parts of the State had been 
 abandoned. There remained on the Merrimack small openings 
 at Nashua, Litchfield, Concord, Amoskeag, Suncook, Boscawen, 
 and Canterbury, and one at Hinsdale and another at Charles, 
 town on the Connecticut ; but the entire midland between thesu 
 valleys was an unbroken, heavy-wooded country. 
 
 In the fall of 1747 two explorers from Dunstable, Nehemiah 
 Lovewell and John Gilson, started from the present site of 
 Nashua for the purpose of examining the slope of the Mer- 
 rimack, and of crossing the height of land to Number P'our, 
 now Charlestown, which was known as the most northern 
 settlement in the Connecticut valley. Knowing the difficulties 
 in traversing hills and valleys mostly covered with underbrush 
 and rough with fallen timber and huge bowlders, they carried as 
 light an outfit as possible — a musket and camp-blanket each, 
 
 * John H, Guudale. 
 
1747] ROYAL PROVINCE. 20g 
 
 with five clays' provisions. Following the Souhegan to Milford 
 and Wilton, they then turned northward, and crossing the 
 height of land in the limits of the present town of Stoddard, had 
 on the afternoon of the third day their first view of the broad 
 valley westward, with a dim outline of the mountains be- 
 yond. The weather was clear and pleasant, the journey 
 laborious but invigorating. On their fourth night they camped 
 on the banks of the Connecticut, some ten miles below Charles- 
 town. At noon of the next day they were welcomed at the rude 
 fort, which had already won renown by the heroic valor of its 
 little garrison. 
 
 At this time the fort at Number Four was commanded by 
 Captain Phinehas Stevens, a man of great energy and bravery. 
 Lovewell and Gilson were the first visitors from the valley 
 of the Merrimack, and their arrival was a novelty. That night, 
 as in later days they used to relate, they sat up till midnight, 
 listening to the fierce struggles which the inmates of this 
 rude fortress, far up in the woods, had encountered within 
 the previous eight months. The preceding winter this fort had 
 been abandoned, and the few settlers had been compelled to 
 return to Massachusetts. But Governor Shirley felt that so im- 
 portant an outpost should be maintained. As soon as the 
 melting of the deep snow in the woods would 'permit. Captain 
 Stevens, with thirty rangers, left Deerfield for Number Four 
 and reached it on the last day of March. The arrival was most 
 fortunate. Hardly was the fort garrisoned and the entrance 
 made secure when it was attacked by a large force of French 
 and Indians. Led by Debeline, an experienced commander, 
 they had come undiscovered and lay in ambush for a favorable 
 moment to begin the attack. But the faithful dogs of the 
 garrison gave notice of the concealed foe. Finding they were 
 discovered the Indians opened a fire on all sides of the fort. 
 The adjacent log houses and fences were set on fire. Flaming 
 arrows fell incessantly upon the roof. The wind rose and the 
 fort was surrounded by flames. Stevens dug trenches under 
 the walls and through these the men crept and put out the 
 fires that caught outside the walls. 
 
2IO HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['747 
 
 For two days the firing had been kept up and hundreds 
 of balls had been lodged in the fort and stockade. On the 
 morning of the third day Debeline sent forward a flag of truce. 
 A French officer and two Indians advanced and proposed 
 terms of capitulation, which were that the garrison should 
 lay down their arms and be conducted prisoners to Montreal. 
 It was agreed that the two commanders should meet and Captain 
 Stevens's answer should be given. When they met, Debeline, 
 without waiting for an answer, threatened to storm the fort and 
 put every man to the sword if a surrender was not speedily- 
 made. Stevens replied that he should defend it to the last. 
 " Go back," said the Frenchman, " and see if your men dare 
 fight any longer." Stevens returned and put to the men the 
 question, " Will you fight or surrender.' " They answered, 
 "We will fight." This answer was at once made known to the 
 enemy, and both parties resumed arms. Severe fighting was 
 kept up during the day. The Indians, in approaching the 
 stockade, were compelled to expose themselves. They had 
 already lost over a dozen of their number, while not one of the 
 defenders was slain. The French commander, reluctantly 
 giving up all hopes of carrying the fortification, returned 
 towards Canada. The cool intrepidity of the rangers saved 
 Number Four. Sir Charles Knowles, then in command of the 
 fleet at Boston, sent Captain Stevens an elegant sword. Subse- 
 quently in his honor, Number Four was called Charlestown. 
 
 After various perils and a narrow escape from capture by the 
 Indians, Lovewell and his companion arrived safely at Dunstable. 
 
 In the spring of 1748, Captain Stevens was again in com- 
 mand at the fort at Number Four, with a garrison of one hun- 
 dred men. A scouting party of eighteen, sent from the fort, 
 lost six of their number. 
 
 During the summer, the Indians made an attack on Roch- 
 ester, in which the wife of Jonathan Hodgdon was killed ; and 
 later, three men were killed at Hinsdale's Fort, — Nathan French, 
 Joseph Richardson, and John Frost. William Bickford, of the 
 seven prisoners taken, died of his wounds. 
 
 Captain Hobbs, with a scouting party of forty men, was 
 
1745] ROYAL PROVINCE. 211 
 
 attacked near West River, in Hinsdale ; and, after a battle of 
 three hours, withdrew with the loss of three men killed and four* 
 wounded. The same party of the enemy killed two men and 
 captured nine in the same neighborhood. Peace was declared 
 between France and England in 1749, but an attack was made' 
 upon Number Four in the early summer, in which one man, 
 Obadiah Sartwell, was killed, and a son of Captain Stevens was 
 captured and taken to Canada. 'Peace was destined to continue 
 until 1754. 
 
 During this war the Indians did not murder nor torture their 
 prisoners, but treated them humanely, according to the testi- 
 ■ mony of many who returned. 
 
 During the continuance of the war had occurred an event of 
 much interest to New Hampshire. It will be remembered that 
 Thomlinson had purchased of the last Mason heir his interest in 
 New Hampshire, promising him ;;^ 1,000 in behalf of the As-' 
 sembly. After the settlement of the line between the prov- 
 inces, and during the attack on Louisburg, in which Mason had 
 command of a company, Governor Wentworth frequently called 
 the attention of the General Court to the matter, but that body 
 hesitated to appropriate the necessary funds to complete the 
 purchase. At length Mason, becoming impatient, and the 
 entail having been docked, made a trade with certain gentlemen 
 of the Province, and, January 30, 1746, disposed of his whole 
 interest for ;£i,5oo currency, on the very day a committee of 
 the Assembly called upon him to arrange the matter. The 
 purchasers were Theodore Atkinson, M. H. Wentworth, Rich- 
 ard Wibird, John Wentworth, George Jaffrey, Nathaniel Me- 
 serve, Thomas Packer, Thomas Wallingford, Jotham Odiorne, 
 Joshua Pierce, Samuel Moore, and John Moffat. Their act 
 raised a storm of indignation ; but they prudently filed at the 
 recorder's office a quit-claim deed to all the towns which had 
 been granted by New Hampshire authority, viz., Portsmouth, 
 Dover, Exeter, Hampton, Gosport, Kingston, Londonderry, 
 Chester, Nottingham,. Barrington, Rochester, Canterbury, Bow, 
 Chichester, Epsom, Barnstead, and Gilmanton. 
 
 In 1746 the towns of Merrimack, Pelham, Hudson, Hollis, 
 and Dunstable were incorporated. 
 
212 HISTORY OF NKW HAMPSHIRE. [1/46 
 
 Merrimack, formerly Souhegan East, had been settled about 
 thirteen years. A Mr. Hassell was among the first settlers. 
 The first house in town had been built many years before any 
 permanent settlement was made, and was occupied by John 
 Cromwell for purposes of traffic with the Indians. The house , 
 was standing near the Merrimack River in 1679, but was after- 
 ward burned. Rev. Jacob Burnap, D. D., was settled as min- 
 ister in 1772, and died in 1821 ; Rev. Stephen Morse, in 1825; 
 Rev. Stephen T. Allen, in 1839; Rev. E. G. Little, in 1850. A 
 church was organized in the south part of the town in 1829. 
 The town was the home for many years of Hon. Mathew 
 Thornton. 
 
 The first settlements were made in Pelham, in 1722, by' John 
 Butler and William Richardson, the grandfather of Chief- 
 Justice Richardson. A meeting house was built in 1747, and 
 Rev. James Hobbs was ordained as minister in 175 1. He was 
 succeeded by Rev. Amos Moody, in 1765 ; by Rev. John H. 
 Church, in 1798 ; by Rev. John Keep, in 1835 ; by Rev. Cyrus 
 W. Allen, in 1843; by Rev. Charles Rockwell, in 1854. 
 
 Hudson was incorporated as Nottingham West, and formed a 
 part of Dunstable. It was settled as early as 17 10. Some of 
 the early names were Blodgett, Winn, Lovewell, Colburn, Hill, 
 Greeley, Cross, Cummings, Pollard, Marsh, and Merrill. A man 
 by the name of Cross was taken prisoner to Canada from the 
 town. Rev. Nathaniel Merrill was settled as minister in 1737 ; 
 Rev. Jabez L. Fisher, in 1796; Rev. William K. Talbot, in 
 1825; Rev. D. L. French, in 1852. 
 
 HoUis, known to the Indians as Nisitissit, was, before its in- 
 corporation, the west parish of Dunstable. The first settlement 
 was made by Captain Peter Powers, in 173 1. A church was 
 organized, and Rev. Daniel Emerson was settled as the minister 
 in 1743. He was chaplain during the French and Indian War. 
 He died in 1801. Rev. Eli Smith was settled as colleague pastor 
 ,-.,in 1793; Rev. David Perry was settled in 183 1 ; Rev. James 
 j Aiken, in 1843 ; Rev. Matthew D. Gordon, in 1849; Rev. P. B. 
 ' Day, in 1852. Among the notable families who have lived in 
 the town are those by the name of Powers, Goodhue, Cum- 
 
1747] ROYAL PROVINCE. 21$ 
 
 niiiigs, Emerson, Burge, Farley, Proctor, Kendrick, Worcester, 
 Blood, Jewett, Tenney, Eastman, Hardy, Smith, Holt, and 
 Savvtcll. 
 
 The old town of Dunstable was granted in 1672, and was 
 divided in 1740 by the Province line. Among the early settlers 
 appear the names of Weld, Blanchard, Waldo, Cumings, French, 
 Lovewell, Farwell, Lund, and Colburn. Hon. Edward Tyng 
 was among the earlier settlers, and the town received its name 
 in honor of his wife. A church was' organized in 1685, when 
 Rev. Thomas Weld was settled as minister. He was killed by 
 the Indians in 1702. Rev. Nathaniel Prentice was settled in 
 1718, and ministered to the people until his death in 1737. He 
 was succeeded, in 1738, by Rev. Josiah Swan ; in 1748, by Rev. 
 Samuel Bird; in 1767, by Rev. Joseph Kidder; in 1813, by 
 Rev. Ebenezer B. Sperry ; in 1826, by Rev. Handel G. Nott ; 
 in 1836, by Rev. Jonathan McGee ; in 1842, by Rev. Matthew 
 Hale Smith; in 1846, by Rev. Samuel Lawson ; in 1849, by 
 Rev. Daniel March. The Olive Street church separated in 
 1834; the Pearl Street church in 1846. 
 
 The towns of Hampstead, Newton, Plaistow, and Litchfield 
 were incorporated in 1749, and the township of Salisbury was 
 granted the same year. 
 
 With great wisdom the Masonian proprietors sought to dis- 
 arm antagonism to their claims by granting townships to peti- 
 tioners, often without fees, and always without quit-rents. 
 "They quieted the proprietors of the towns, on the western side 
 of the Merrimack, which had been granted by Massachusetts, 
 before the establishment of the line ; so that they went on 
 peaceably with their settlements. The terms of their grants 
 were, that the grantees should, within a limited time, erect 
 mills and meeting-houses, clear out roads, and settle ministers. 
 In every township, they reserved one right for the first settled 
 minister, another for a parsonage, and a third for a school. 
 They also reserved fifteen rights for themselves, and two for 
 their attorneys ; all of which were to be free from taxes, till 
 sold or occupied. By virtue of these grants, many townships 
 were settled, and the interest of the people became so united. 
 
214 IHSTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['750 
 
 with that of the proprietors, that the prejudice against them 
 gradually abated." ^ 
 
 The towns of Suncook and Rumford were not included in 
 this general amnesty. 
 
 In November, 1750, a suit was commenced against Deacon 
 John Merrill, "by the proprietors of the common and undivided 
 lands lying and being in the town of Bow," in an action of 
 ejectment, wherein they demanded eight acres of land and all 
 improvements made by Deacon Merrill. This seems to have 
 been the beginning of litigation, the test of the right of the 
 proprietors of Bow to lands claimed by them. The settlers 
 voted to raise money to defend Deacon Merrill. 
 
 At the same time Captain John Chandler, Colonel Benjamin 
 Rolfe, Lieutenant Jeremiah Stickney, Mr. Ebenezer Virgin, and 
 .Dr. Ezra Carter, or the major part of them, were appointed a 
 committee for said proprietors, "to advise and order Deacon 
 John Merrill how he shall pursue and defend the action brought 
 against said Merrill by the proprietors of Bow ; also, to advise 
 and order any other person or persons that shall be sued or 
 shall sue in order to support and defend their rights or claims, 
 what method they shall pursue for the purposes aforesaid."^ 
 
 Bedford and Salem were incorporated in 1750. 
 
 The township of Dunbarton was granted in 1751. 
 
 'The first settlement was made about 1735, by Joseph and 
 William Putney, James Rogers and Obcdiah Foster, who came 
 from Rumford (now Concord), and located in the eastern part 
 of the town, at a place called "Great Meadow." Here they 
 erected log houses, planted fruit trees and set about improving 
 the land. When a body of Indians appeared in the vicinity of 
 Rumford, two friends of Rogers made their way by " spotted " 
 trees to warn the settlers of the danger. They found one of 
 the families engaged in cooking for supper and the other churn- 
 ing. Upon the receipt of the alarming intelligence they at 
 once abandoned their homes, "leaving the meat to fry itself 
 away and the cream to churn itself to butter," and during the 
 night succeeded in reaching Rumford. Returning the next day 
 
 ■ Farmer's Belknap, p. 299. ^ Dr. N. Routon. 3 J, B. Connor. 
 
175'] ROYAL PROVINCE. 21$ 
 
 to drive their cattle to the garrison, they found them all slaugh- 
 tered, their houses plundered and burned, and the apple trees 
 cut down. Three years later Messrs. Putney and Rogers made 
 a permanent settlement, though they had procured no title to 
 the land, but their possession was confirmed by the proprietors, 
 who, in 1 75 1, obtained a grant of the township. The extensive 
 range of meadow land already cleared by the industrious 
 farmers was particularly adapted to agriculture and was rich in 
 the kind of grass called "blue-joint." The name given by the 
 settlers was " Mountalona," from a place where they once dwelt 
 in Ireland, for religious oppression had driven them from their 
 ancestral homes in Scotland. We can but admire the intrepidity 
 of this little band in removing so far away from the garrison at 
 a time fraught with so many dangers, for although the Indian 
 war ended about this time, the peace was not of that substantial 
 -character which ensures perfect security. It was more than 
 likely that the pioneers were suspicious of their former foes, for 
 a long time after the cessation of hostilities, and even while pur- 
 suing their daily avocations, they were ever on the alert to 
 detect the cat-like tread of the treacherous red-skins. They 
 had not forgotten the devastation of their farms and homes, 
 and the massacre on the Hopkinton road was still fresh in their 
 minds. But the remembrance of these scenes, while it served 
 to increase their caution, rendered them only the more deter- 
 mined in their enterprize. Mr. Rogers was the father of Major 
 Robert Rogers, celebrated as a leader of the rangers in the 
 French and Indian war. The elder Rogers met with a singular 
 and painful death in attempting to visit his friend Ebenezer 
 Ayer. Mr. Ayer, who was a hunter of no little renown, had 
 been in quest of game during the day, and returning to camp 
 early in the evening was still on the lookout for a bear, when 
 Mr. Rogers appeared. Mistaking his friend (who was dressed 
 in a bear-skin suit) for an animal of that species, he fired and 
 mortally wounded him. Mr. Ayer was intensely grieved at the 
 accident and could never relate the occurrence without shed- 
 ding tears. At the time of this settlement'. Concord (or Rum- 
 ford) had about 350 inhabitants. Bow not more than five 
 
2l6 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['751 
 
 families, and Goffstown might have had a few inhabitants, 
 though it is very doubtful, while Hopkinton had been settled 
 ten years. In 1751 arrangements were made for a regular 
 settlement of the town, the included territory being granted by 
 the assigns of John Tufton Mason to Archibald Stark, Caleb 
 Paige, Hugh Ramsey and others. This grant embraced a 
 territory five miles square, and included a portion of the present 
 town of Hooksett. The next settlement was made in the 
 western part of the town, by William Stinson, Thomas Mills 
 and John Hogg. These families were for a time three miles 
 apart, with no intervening neighbors, and we can imagine the 
 sense of loneliness which would at times enter their hearts despite 
 the cheerful character of their natures. During the day the 
 cares of the farm would engross their attention, but when the 
 setting sun had proclaimed the hour of parting day, "and all 
 the earth a solemn stillness wore," they must have keenly felt 
 their isolation and sometimes deeply sighed for the homes which 
 they had left. To add to the dreariness of the long winter 
 nights, savage beasts rent the air with yelps and howls till 
 children trembling buried their heads in the pillows and sterner 
 hearts still feared the inroads of their skulking foes. The first 
 child born in the town was probably Sarah Mills, daughter of the 
 above mentioned Thomas Mills, although Stark, the historian, 
 says : " We are inclined to believe that the first child born upon 
 the territory was one of the family of James Rogers or Joseph 
 Putney, who settled upon it several years prior to 1746, to the 
 oldest sons of whom lots of land were granted in 1752." From 
 this time emigrants flocked to all parts of the town, some com- 
 ing direct from Scotland, others from Haverhill, Ipswich, Salem, 
 Topsfield, and other Massachusetts towns, until, in 1770, Dunbar- 
 ton boasted of its 497 inhabitants, being two-thirds of its pre- 
 sent population. These people, actuated by a love for their new 
 homes and assisted by the generous hand of nature, rapidly de- 
 veloped those resources which have added wealth and impor- 
 tance to the town. The building of highways was one of the 
 first improvements, and as early as 1760 we find notice of roads 
 being laid out, and the main highway running through the west- 
 
175'] ROYAL PROVINCE. 2\J 
 
 ern part of the town was probably established long before- 
 This was the principal route to Boston from central New Hamp- 
 shire, and for years these hills resounded with the busy strains 
 of travel. The whirling coach threw clouds of dust to blind the 
 teamster's sight, and the rumbling of its wheels brought many 
 a head to the windows whose narrow panes afforded but a lim- 
 ited view of the " Fast Mail." 
 
 In 1760, lot No. 12, in the 4th range, containing 100 acres, 
 was granted to Captain John Stark (afterwards General), upon 
 condition that he build a saw-mill, the same to be put in opera- 
 tion vvithin one year. The condition was fulfilled. Captain 
 William Stinson erected the next mill. 
 
 Religion and education received prompt attention, and in 1752 
 a vote was passed that a meeting house should be built "within 
 five years from May next ensuing." The house was finished in 
 1767 and remained twenty-five years, when it was removed to- 
 make way for a more pretentious edifice. The first school- 
 master who taught in Dunbarton was a Mr. Hogg — commonly 
 called "Master Hogg." The first female teacher was Sarah 
 Clement. With the facilities now afforded for mental culture, 
 we can hardly conceive of a more disheartening task than the 
 acquirement of an education under the adverse circumstances 
 of the eighteenth century. In these schools very few of the 
 scholars possessed text books, so the teacher gave out the pro- 
 blems and the pupils were expected to return the answer with- 
 out a repetition. The way must have been blind indeed, but 
 their victories over the "hard sums " and difficult passages were 
 conquests of which they were justly proud, and which fitted 
 them to win even greater laurels in the contest for liberty. 
 
 For several years the nearest grist-mill was at Concord, to 
 which the settlers carried their grists upon their backs in sum- 
 mer, and in winter drew them upon hand sleds through a path 
 marked by spotted trees. From the forest trees these hardy 
 pioneers made mortars in which to render the corn fit for making 
 samp, the use of which they had learned from the Indians. 
 Among the impediments which the early settlers encountered in 
 clearing and burning over the land were the " King's trees." 
 
2l8 HISTORY OF NEW IIAMI'SHIKE. [l75I 
 
 These trees were marked by the King's surveyors for use in the 
 royal navy, and any damage which occurred to them subjected 
 the offender to a considerable fine. Notwithstanding the diffi- 
 culties, hardships and privations which compassed them round 
 about, these sturdy foresters seem to have lost none of their 
 ^ood courage, and that they were wont to enjoy themselves 
 upon occasions, is manifest from the frequent occurrence of 
 (horse-races, while huskings, flax-breakings, apple-parings and 
 house-raisings were joyful scenes to the people of those days. 
 A few of their industrial pastimes are still in vogue. It was 
 ■customary in olden times, at raisings and upon other occasions 
 when people assembled in numbers, to assist voluntarily in per- 
 forming tasks which required the strength of many, to keep up 
 _good cheer by trials of strength and gymnastic exercises. 
 Among these pastimes wrestling matches were, perhaps, the 
 most popular, and men who had distinguished themselves in 
 this art were known to each other by reputation, although 
 residing in distant towns. It was the habit of such notable 
 individuals to travel many miles to try a fall at wrestling with 
 ■other champions, although entire strangers. An anecdote ex- 
 emplifies this species of wrestling, although the result was not, 
 perhaps, satisfactory to the knight who came so far to obtain a 
 fall. A person called at the house of John McNiel, of London- 
 derry, in consequence of having heard of his strength and 
 prowess. McNiel was absent, which circumstance the stranger 
 regretted exceedingly — as he informed his wife. Christian, who 
 -enquired his business — since he had traveled many miles for 
 no other purpose than to "throw him." "And troth, mon," 
 said Christian McNiel, "Johnny is gone ; but I'm not the 
 woman to see ye disappointed, an' if ye'll try, mon, I'll throw 
 ye meself." The stranger not liking to be bantered by a woman, 
 accepted the challenge ; and sure enough, Christian tripped his 
 heels and threw him to the ground. The stranger upon getting 
 -up thought he would not wait for "Johnny," but disappeared 
 "without leaving his name. 
 
 Derryfield was incorporated in 1751. 
 
 Four towns were incorporated in south western New Hamp- 
 
t7S2] ROYAL PROVINCE. 219 
 
 * 
 
 shire in 1752. Of these Winchester, granted by Massachusetts 
 as Arlington, had been settled a score of years. During the 
 Indian war all the houses of the settlement were destroyed, and 
 the people took refuge in a garrison-house. 
 
 Walpole, formerly Great Falls, was settled in 1749, by Colonel 
 Benjamin Bellows and associates, to whom the charter was 
 issued. In 1755, at the head of twenty men. Colonel Bellows 
 ■cut his way through a large force of Indians, and entered the 
 fort from which the party had been absent on a scout. 
 
 Chesterfield was not settled until some nine years after its 
 charter was granted. 
 
 Richmond was settled within five or six years after its charter 
 was granted. 
 
 The Gregorian rule was early adopted in most Catholic coun- 
 tiies, and also in many that were Protestant. Scotland made 
 the change in 1600. But many Protestant countries hesitated, 
 not wishing to follow the Roman church too nearly, even when 
 they knew she was right. But in 1751, an act of Parliament 
 was passed providing that in 1752 the change should be made; 
 and eleven days were accordingly dropped from the calendar to 
 make it agree with the Gregorian rule. This act also became 
 the law of the colonies in America. This was the great change 
 in this country and in England, from the old to the new style. 
 
 Pope Gregory XIII ruled from 1572 to 1585. He was born 
 at Bologna, February 7, 1502, and was known as Hugo Buon- 
 compagni. He was first a lawyer, then a priest, and finally 
 Pope of Rome. He was a man of enlarged and liberal views, 
 great energy and zeal, and very remarkable ability. Among his 
 other distinctions was that of the correction of the Julian calen- 
 dar, and the promulgation of that known by his name, the 
 Gregorian Calendar. 
 
 Pope Gregory XIII ordered that ten days be suppressed from 
 the calendar, so that the nth should be the 21st of the month. 
 This was done by making the 5th of October, 1582, the 15th, 
 which would bring the equinox on the same day on which it fell 
 in the year 325, when the first Council of Nice was held. 
 
 Up to the year 1600, the difference between the old style and 
 
220 HISTORY OF NICW IIAMPSIIIKE. ['7S3 
 
 the new was ten clays; but the year 1600 being a leap year, 
 under both systems, the difference continued to be ten days 
 only to the year 1700, which would have been a leap year by 
 the old or Julian, but was not so by the new or Gregorian rule. 
 This made the difference eleven days after that year up to the 
 year 1800. Since the year 1800 another day is to be added to 
 the difference between the old style and the nevv, making twelve 
 days now, and after the year 1900 the difference will be thirteen 
 days. 
 
 But the change was more than this. Up to this time, since 
 the twelfth century, as we have seen, the year commenced in 
 England on the 25th of March, and the same was true in the 
 Provinces. This act of 175 1 provided, also, that beginning with 
 1752, the year should begin with January. It was customary 
 to write dates that occurred prior to 1752, between January i 
 and March 25, so as to indicate the year by both the old style 
 and the new — as, January 20th, 1 740-1. This date by the 
 old style would be in the latter part of 1740; but by the new, 
 the same date would be early in the year 1741. This would 
 only show the difference in the year, but not in the day of the 
 month. 
 
 Russia is said to be the only Christian nation that has not 
 adopted the Gregorian calendar. A person in Russia, writing 
 to a person in France or England, or other country having 
 adopted the new style, would date their letter April ijor J""^^' 
 1883, which shows the difference in the day of the month 
 between the old style and the new. ^ 
 
 Hinsdale was incorporated in 1753. Before the southern 
 boundary line of the province was determined it formed a part 
 of Northfield, Massachusetts, which was granted and settled as 
 early as 1683 ; and it included the town of Vernon, Vermont, 
 until the erection of the Hampshire grants into a State. It 
 was known as Fort Dummar for many years. The inhabitants 
 suffered severely from the Indians in 1746, 1747, and 1748, and 
 again in 1755, losing many of their number. 
 
 During the year Keene and Swanzey, Upper and Lower 
 
 *J. E. Sargeant. 
 
17531 ROVAl. PROVINCE. 221 
 
 Ashuelot, were incorporated, as also were Charlestown, Number 
 Four, and Westmoreland, Number Two, or Great Meadow. 
 Keene had been settled as early as 1734; two years later a 
 meeting house was built. In 1745 the town was attacked by 
 Indians ; and the next year the inhabitants, who had taken 
 refuge in the fort, beheld their houses and church burnt, while 
 they defended themselves within its walls. In 1747 the settle- 
 ment was abandoned and was not occupied again until 1753. 
 In 1755 the town was again inflicted by an Indian attack. 
 
 Swanzey was settled at about the same time as Keene, and 
 suffered so much from Indian depredations from 1741 to 1747 
 that the inhabitants abandoned their settlement and returned 
 to Massachusetts. Many of them returned about three years 
 later and soon afterward were incorporated. 
 
 Charlestown, Number Four, was settled by Massachusetts 
 people soon after its grant was made and a fort was built in 
 1743. The town suffered much loss from Indians in 1746, and 
 the next year the place was abandoned by the inhabitants, but 
 a garrison was stationed at the fort to protect the frontiers. 
 The charter was granted to the original settlers, who had 
 returned to their deserted homes in the meanwhile. 
 
 Westmoreland was first settled in 1741, and underwent the 
 usual hardship of the Indian war, which soon followed ; but 
 the mischief done was of no great magnitude. 
 
 1 While the trial of the Bow case was going on, a warrant 
 was issued by the government of New Hampshire, May 30, 
 1753, for raising an assessment of sixty pounds on all polls and 
 estates ratable by law within the township of Bow ; and another 
 warrant, July 26, I7S3, for raising thirty-one pounds four 
 shillings, to be collected and paid in on or before the 25th of 
 December next ensuing. The persons on whom these taxes 
 were to be assessed were, with perhaps three or four excep- 
 tions, inhabitants of Rumford. 
 
 Up to this time a town meeting had never been held by the 
 inhabitants of Bow proper; and on the 30th of June, 1753, a 
 special act was passed, appointing Daniel Pierce, Esq., to warn 
 
 ' Rev. Dr. N. Bouton's History of Concord. 
 
222 IIISIOKY OK NliW IIAMI'SIIIKK. ['753- 
 
 and call a meeting of the inhabitants of Bow — the preamble to 
 said act setting forth that the " inhabitants had never held a 
 meeting as a town." The meeting was accordingly notified and 
 held July 25, 1753. But unexpected difificulties were here 
 encountered. 
 
 The selectmen reported to the governor: "Though we are 
 ready ( and that with cheerfulness ) to obey every order of 
 government, yet that we are at a loss as to the boundaries of 
 said Bow, and consequently do not know who the inhabitants 
 are that we are to assess said sums upon. That the proprietors 
 of Bow, in running out the bounds of said town, have, as we 
 conceive, altered their bounds several times ; and further, that 
 one of those gentlemen that purchased Captain Tufton Mason's 
 right to the lands in said Province, has given it as his opinion 
 that said proprietors have not as yet run out the bounds of said 
 town agreeable to their charter, but that their southeast side 
 line should be carried up about three quarters of a mile further 
 toward the northwest ; and there is lately ( by his order ) a 
 fence erected along some miles near about said place, designed 
 ( as we suppose ) as a division fence between said Bow and land 
 yet claimed by said purchasers. 
 
 " And that, on the other hand, the inhabitants of Pennycook, 
 formerly erected into a district by a special act of the General 
 Assembly of this Province (though they object nothing against 
 submitting to order of government) refuse to give us an 
 invoice of their estates ( that is, such of them as we have asked 
 for the same ), alleging that they do not lay in Bow, and that 
 this said Assembly did as good as declare in said district act." 
 
 The next step, February 12, 1753, on the part of the inhabi- 
 tants of Rumford, was to appoint Rev. Timothy Walker and 
 Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., to represent "to the King's most 
 Excellent Majesty in Council, the manifold grievances they 
 labored under, by reason of the law suits commenced against 
 them by the proprietors of Bow, and by being for several years 
 past deprived of all corporation privileges :" in August follow- 
 ing, a petition was preferred to the Massachusetts government, 
 representing their grievances and asking " such relief as in their 
 
1753] ROYAL PROVINCE. 22^ 
 
 great wisdom they should see fit to grant." In answer to which 
 latter petition one hundred pounds were granted. 
 
 Deputed as an agent for the proprietors of Rumford, Rev. 
 Mr. Walker sailed for England in the fall of 1753, and pre- 
 sented " to the King's most Excellent Majesty in Council," a 
 petition, drawn up, as appears, by himself, from which extracts 
 are taken and which "most humbly sheweth — 
 
 "That the lands contained in said town of Rumford were 
 granted by the government of the Province of the Massachu- 
 setts Bay, in the year 1725, and were supposed, according to 
 the con.struction of the Massachusetts Charter and the deter- 
 mination of his Majesty King Charles the Second, in 1677, ta 
 lay wholly within the said Province, though bounded on New 
 Hampshire, seeing no part of said lands extended more than 
 three miles from the river Merrimack towards New Hampshire. 
 Your petitioners and their predecessors very soon engaged in- 
 bringing forward the settlement of the above granted lands, 
 though in the midst of tha Indian country, and near thirty 
 miles beyond any English plantation, and have defended them- 
 selves more at their own cost than at the charge of the public, 
 through the late war with ye French and Indians ; and from a 
 perfect wilderness, where not one acre of land had ever been 
 improved, they had made a considerable town, consisting of 
 more than eighty houses, and as many good farms ; and your 
 humble petitioner, Timothy Walker, was regularly ordained 
 the minister of the church and parish in said town in the year 
 1730, and has continued there ever since. 
 
 "Your petitioners beg leave further to represent to your 
 Majesty, that at the time of the aforesaid grant they had no 
 apprehension that their bounds would ever be controverted by 
 the Province of New Hampshire ; but it has so happened that 
 by your Majesty's late determination of ye boundary line 
 between ye two Provinces, the whole of the aforesaid township 
 falls within the province of New Hampshire. Soon after the 
 aforesaid determination, your petitioners made their humble 
 application to your Majesty in Council, that they might be 
 restored to your Province of the Massachusetts Bay, which 
 
224 HISTOKV OK NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['753 
 
 your Majesty was pleased to disallow ; but your humble 
 petitioners have dutifully submitted to the government of your 
 Majesty's Province of New Hampshire ever since they have 
 been under it, and with so much the greater cheerfulness 
 because they were well informed your Majesty had been 
 graciously pleased to declare that however the jurisdiction of 
 the two governments might be altered, yet that the private 
 property should not be affected thereby. 
 
 " But notwithstanding this your Majesty's most gracious 
 ■declaration your poor petitioners have for several years past 
 been grievously harassed by divers persons under color of a 
 grant made by the government and council of New Hampshire 
 in the year 1727, to sundry persons and their successors, now 
 called the Proprietors of Bow. 
 
 " Your petitioners further humbly represent, that the said 
 grant of Bow was not only posterior to that of Rumford, but is 
 likewise extremely vague and uncertain as to its bounds, and 
 its being very doubtful whether it was the intent of the governor 
 and council of New Hampshire that it should infringe upon the 
 Massachusetts grant of Rumford ; and notwithstanding the 
 grant of Bow has now been made so many years, there are but 
 three or four families settled upon it, and those since the end 
 of the late French war ; the proprietors choosing rather to 
 •distress your petitioners by forcing them out of the valuable 
 improvements they and their predecessors have made at the 
 expense of their blood and treasure, than to be at the charge of 
 making any themselves. But your petitioners' greatest mis- 
 fortune is, that they cannot have a fair, impartial trial, for that 
 the governor and most of ye council are proprietors of Bow, 
 and by them not only ye judges are appointed, but also ye 
 officers that impanels ye jury, and the people also are generally 
 disaffected to your petitioners on account of their deriving 
 their titles from the Massachusetts ; and all the actions that 
 have hitherto been brought are of so small value, and, as your 
 petitioners apprehend, designed so that by a law of the 
 Province there can be no appeal from the judgments of the 
 courts to your Majesty in council ; and if it were otherwise the 
 
1/53] ROYAL PROVINCE. 225 
 
 charges that would attend such appeals would be greater than 
 the value of the land, or than the party defending his title 
 would be able to pay; and without your Majesty's gracious 
 interposition your petitioners must be compelled to give up 
 their estates, contrary to your Majesty's favorable interposition 
 in their behalf. 
 
 " Your petitioners further beg leave humbly to represent, 
 that, while they were under the government of Massachusetts 
 Bay, they enjoyed town privileges by an act specially made for 
 that purpose in the year 1733, and expressly approved by your 
 Majesty in the year 1737 ; but the utmost they could obtain 
 since their being under New Hampshire has been erecting them 
 into a district for a short term only; which term having expired 
 near four years ago, they have been without any town privileges 
 ever since, notwithstanding their repeated applications to the 
 governor and council ; and they are not able to raise any 
 moneys for the support of their minister, and the necessary 
 charges of their school and poor, and other purposes ; nor have 
 they had any town officers for tl\e upholding government and 
 order, as all other towns in both the Provinces of New Hamp- 
 shire and the Massachusetts Bay usually have. Under these 
 our distresses we make our most humble application to your 
 Majesty." 
 
 While in England the first time Mr. Walker succeeded, so far 
 as to obtain a hearing of the case before his Majesty, which 
 should take place the ensuing winter. He engaged Sir 
 William Murray, afterward Lord Chief Justice Mansfield, as his 
 counsellor and advocate, with whom, it is said, he formed a 
 particular acquaintance. But it was necessary for him to go 
 again. Accordingly, in October, 1754, Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., 
 presented a petition to the General Court of Massachusetts, in 
 which he acknowledged the receipt of one hundred pounds 
 sterling the previous year, and asked for still further aid. 
 
 While the proprietors of Rumford sought pecuniary aid from 
 the government of Massachusetts, the proprietors of Bow also 
 applied for the same purpose to that of New Hampshire, and 
 obtained a grant of one hundred pounds to aid them in carrying 
 on the suit. 
 
226 
 
 HISTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 ['754 
 
 After the exploration of Field and others it was more than a 
 century before we again hear of white men within the limits in 
 Coos County. The English were pushing their settlements up 
 the valleys of the Connecticut and the Merrimack, trappers 
 penetrated the wilderness far above the settlements, and they 
 often met the Indians on these hunting excursions and evidently 
 were on friendly terms with them. But the French as well as 
 the Indians were becoming jealous of the extension northward of 
 I the English settlements. As the English contemplated laying 
 
 . WHITE MOUNTAIN SCENE. 
 
 out two towns in the spring of 1752, which should embrace the 
 Coos meadows, the Indians remonstrated and threatened. It is 
 probable, however, that their threats were not known to all the 
 settlers, for four young men from Londonderry were hunting 
 on Baker's River, in Rumney; two of the.se, John Stark and 
 Amos Eastman, were surprised and captured by the Indians, 
 
1/54] 
 
 KOVAL PKOVINCE. 
 
 227 
 
 April 28, i;52. They were taken to Coos, near where Haver- 
 hill now is, and where two of the Indians had been left to kill 
 yame against their return. The next day they proceeded to the 
 upper Coos, the intervales in the south-west part of Coos 
 County, from which place they sent Eastman with three of 
 their number to St. Francis. The rest of the party spent some 
 time in hunting on the streams that flow into the Connecticut, 
 
 SCENE IN COOS COUNTY. 
 
 and they reached the St. Francis June 9, when Stark joined 
 his companion, Eastman, but they were both soon after ran- 
 somed and they returned to their homes. From this and other 
 circumstances, it is altogether probable that John Stark, after- 
 wards so famous in American history, was the first white man 
 vvho ever saw the broad intervales of the Upper Coos. 
 
228 HISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. ['754 
 
 Notwithstanding the threatening attitude of the French and 
 Indians a company was organized in the spring, 1753, to survey 
 or lay out a road from Stevenstown (Franklin) to the Coos 
 meadows. Captain Lacheus Lovewell was commander, Caleb 
 Page surveyor, and John Stark guide. There has been 
 much speculation in regard to the organization and object of 
 Captain Lovewell's company, but in the account here given I 
 have followed Mr. C. E. Potter. 
 
 The best known of all the expeditions to the Coos County 
 was that of Captain Peter Powers. They commenced their 
 tour Saturday, June 15, 1754. Starting from Concord, they 
 followed the Merrimack River to Franklin, the Pemigewasset 
 River to Plymouth, Baker's River to Wentworth, and then they 
 crossed over on to the Connecticut via Baker's Pond. They 
 were ten days in reaching " Moose Meadows," which were in 
 Piermont, and on June 3 they came to what is now John's 
 River, in Dalton ; this they called Stark's River. They went 
 as far north as Israel's River, named by them Power's River, in 
 Lancaster, when they concluded to go no farther with a full 
 scout, but Captain Powers and two of his men went five miles 
 further up the Connecticut, probably as far as Northumberland, 
 where they found that the Indians had a large camping place, 
 which they had left not more than a day or two before. On 
 July 2 they broke up their camp on Israel River and began 
 their march homeward. The knowledge we have of this expe- 
 dition is derived chiefly from a journal of Captain Powers, in the 
 Historical Sketches of Coos County by Rev. Grant Powers. 
 The journal of Captain Powers is fragmentary and meagre, and 
 the comments made by the author of the sketches have not 
 given us any additional light, but have rather added obscurity 
 to the original narrative. 
 
 Grant Powers says that the object of the expedition was dis- 
 covery ; but if Captain Powers' company was the one referred 
 to by Governor Wentworth in a message of May 4, 1754, and 
 in one of Dec. 5, 1754, they certainly went to see if the French 
 were building a fort in the Upper Coos. As this was the only 
 expedition fitted out during the year that went in this direction, 
 
I/SS] ROYAL PROVINCE. 22g 
 
 it is quite certain that this is the one to which the message 
 referred. But it is something to be able to say that Captain 
 Peter Powers, with his command, was the first body of English- 
 speaking people who camped on the broad intervales of Coos 
 County.^ 
 
 Somersworth was set off from, Dover in 1754. 
 
 ^ During the French and Indian wars small bodies of soldiers 
 were often employed to " watch and ward " the frontiers, and 
 protect their defenceless communities from the barbarous assaults 
 of Indians, turned upon them from St. Francis and Crown Point. 
 Robert Rogers had in him just tlie stuff required in such a soldier. 
 We shall not, therefore, be surprised to find him on scouting 
 duty in the Merrimack Valley, under Captain Ladd, as early as' 
 1746, when he was but nineteen years of age ; and, three years 
 later, engaged in tlic same service, under Captain Ebenezer 
 Eastman, of Pennycook. Six years afterwards, in 1753, the mus- 
 ter rolls show him to have been a member of Captain John Goff's 
 company, and doing like service. Such was the training of a 
 self-reliant mind and a hardy physique for the ranging service, 
 in which they were soon to be employed. 
 
 In 1749, as Londonderry became filled to overflowing with re- 
 peated immigrations from the North of Ireland, James Rogers, 
 the father of Robert, a proprietor, and one of the early settlers of 
 the township, removed therefrom to the woods of Dunbarton, 
 and settled anew in a section named Montelony, from an Irish 
 place in which he had once lived. This was before the settle- 
 ment of the township, when its territory existed as an unsepa- 
 rated part only of the domain. He may, quite likely, have been 
 attracted hither by an extensive beaver meadow or pond, which 
 would, with a little improvement, a,fford grass for his cattle, 
 while he was engaged in clearing the rich uplands which sur- 
 rounded it. 
 
 Six years only after his removal (1755), he was unintention- 
 ally shot by a neighbor whom he was going to visit ; the latter 
 mistaking him for a bear, as he indistinctly saw him passing 
 through the woods. 
 
 ■ J. H. Huntington. = j b. Walker. 
 
230 mSTOKY OF NEW IIAMl'SII IKE. [^7SS 
 
 The thirteen American Colonies had, at that time, all told, of 
 both white and black, a population of about one million and a 
 half of souls (1,425,000). The. French people of Canada num- 
 bered less than one hundred thousand. 
 
 The respective claims to the central part of the North Ameri- 
 can continent by England and France were conflicting and ir- 
 reconcilable. The former, by right of discovery, claimed all 
 the territory upon the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to 
 Florida, and by virtue of numerous grants the right to all west 
 of this to the Pacific Ocean. The latter, by right of occupation 
 and exploration, claimed Canada, a portion of New England and 
 New York, and the basins of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, to- 
 gether with all the territory upon the streams tributary to these, 
 or a large part of the indefinite West. 
 
 To maintain her claims France had erected a cordon of forts 
 extending diagonally across the continent from the mouth of the 
 St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. If one will follow, in 
 thought, a line starting at Louisburg, and thence running up 
 this great river to Quebec and Montreal, and thence up Lake 
 Champlain to Crown Point and Ticonderoga, and on westward 
 and south-westward to Frontenac, Niagara, and Detroit, and 
 thence down the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans, he will 
 trace the line across which the two nations looked in defiance 
 at each other, and instantaneously see that the claims of France 
 were inadmissible, and that another war was inevitable. It 
 mattered little that of the forty-five years immediately preced- 
 ing the treaty of Aix La Chapelle, fourteen, or one-third of the 
 whole number, had been years of war between these two neigh- 
 bors. They were now, after a peace of only half a dozen years, as 
 ready for a fresh contest as if they were to meet for the first 
 time upon the battle field. In fact, another conflict was unavoid- 
 able ; a conflict of the Teuton with the Gaul ; of mediaevalism 
 with daylight ; of conservatism with progress. 
 
 Hostilities may be said to have been commenced by the French, 
 when, on the i8th day of April, 1754, they dispossessed the 
 Ohio company of the fort which they were erecting at the forks 
 of the Ohio river, afterwards named Fort Du Ouesne. 
 
175S] ROYAL PKOVINCE. 23I 
 
 The plan of a Colonial Confederation, formed at the Albany 
 convention in July of that year, having failed of acceptance 
 by the mother country and the colonies both, the home govern- 
 ment was forced to meet the exigency by the use of British 
 troops, aided by such others as the several Provinces were will- 
 ing to furnish. 
 
 The campaign of the next year (1755) embraced : 
 
 1st. An expedition, under General Braddock, for the capture 
 of Fort Du Quesne. 
 
 2nd. A second, under General Shirley, for the reduction of 
 Fort Niagara, vi'hich was not prosecuted. 
 
 3rd. A third, under Colohel Moncton, against the French 
 settlements on the Bay of Fundy, resulting in the capture and 
 deportation of the Acadians. 
 
 4th. A fourth, under General William Johnson, against 
 Crown Point, a strong fortification, erected by the French, in 
 the very heart of New England and New York, whence innum- 
 erable bands of Indians had been dispatched by the French to 
 murder the defenceless dwellers upon the English frontiers, par- 
 ticularly those of New Hampshire, to destroy their cattle and to 
 burn their buildings and other property. 
 
 To the army of this latter expedition New Hampshire contri- 
 buted, in the early part of this year, a regiment of ten compa- 
 nies, the first being a company of Rangers, whose captain was 
 Robert Rogers, and whose second lieutenant was John Stark. 
 
 But a few words just here in explanation of the character of 
 this ranging branch of the English army. It was a product of 
 existing necessities in the military service of that time. Most 
 of the country was covered with primeval forests and military 
 operations were largely prosecuted in the woods or in limited 
 clearings. The former were continually infested with Indians, 
 lying in ambush for the perpetration of any mischief for which 
 they might have opportunity. 
 
 It became necessary, therefore, in scouring the forest to drive 
 these miscreants back to their lairs, as well as in making military 
 reconnoissances, to have a class of soldiers acquainted with In- 
 dian life and warfare ; prepared, not only to meet the Indian on 
 
232 HISTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['755 
 
 his own ground, but to fight him in his own fashion. The Brit- 
 ish regular was good for nothing at such work. If sent into 
 the woods he was quite sure either not to return at all, or to 
 come back without his scalp. And the ordinary provincial was 
 not very much better. From this necessity, therefore, was 
 evolved the " Ranger." 
 
 He was a man of vigorous constitution, inured to the hard- 
 ships of forest life. He was capable of long marches, day after 
 day, upon scant rations, refreshed by short intervals of sleep 
 while rolled in his blanket upon a pile of boughs, with no other 
 shelter but the sky. He knew the trails of the Indians, as well 
 as their ordinary haunts and likeliest places of ambush. He 
 knew, also, all the courses of the streams and the carrying 
 places between them. He understood Indian wiles and warfare, 
 and was prepared to meet them. 
 
 Stand such a man in a pair of stout shoes or moccasins ; cover 
 his lower limbs with leggins and coarse small clothes ; give him 
 a close-fitting jacket and a warm cap ; stick a small hatchet in 
 his belt ; hang a good-sized powder-horn by his side, and upon 
 his back buckle a blanket and a knapsack stuffed with a moder- 
 ate supply of bread and raw salt pork ; to these furnishings add 
 a good-sized hunting-knife, a trusty musket and a small flask of 
 spirits, and you have an average New Hampshire Ranger of the 
 Seven Years' War, ready for skirmish or pitched battle ; or, for 
 the more common duty of reconnoitering the enemy's force and 
 movements, of capturing his scouts and provision trains, and 
 getting now and then a prisoner, from whom all information 
 possible would be extorted ; and, in short, for annoying the 
 French and Indian foe in every possible way. 
 
 If you will add three or four inches to the average height of 
 such a soldier, give him consummate courage, coolness, readi- 
 ness of resource in extremities, together with intuitive knowl- 
 edge of the enemy's wiles, supplemented with a passable 
 knowledge of French and Indian speech, you will have a toler- 
 able portrait of Captain Robert Rogers at the beginning of our 
 Seven Years' War. 
 
 He received his first captain's commission in the early part 
 
I7SS] ROYAL PROVINCE. 
 
 213 
 
 of I7S5> and was employed by the New Hampshire government 
 in building a fort at the mouth of the Ammonoosuc river and 
 in guarding its Northern and Western frontiers until July, when 
 he was ordered to Albany to join the army of Major-General 
 Johnson. His first service there was in furnishing escort, with 
 a company of one hundred men, to a provision train from, 
 Albany to Fort Edward. From this latter point he was after- 
 wards repeatedly despatched, with smaller bodies of men, uj> 
 the Hudson river, and down Lake George and Lake Champlain 
 to reconnoiter the French forts. Some of these expeditions- 
 extended as far north as Crown Point and were enlivened with 
 sharp skirmishes. He was absent up the Hudson upon one of 
 these when the French were defeated at the battle of Lake 
 George and Baron Dieskan was made prisoner. 
 
 This year of 1755 was one of the most eventful of the early 
 American history. It marks the fatal defeat of the disciplined 
 little army of the intrepid but despotic General Braddock, who- 
 said that the savages might be formidable to raw American 
 militia, but could never make any impression upon the King's- 
 regulars ; but who, had he survived the fight, would have seen 
 the remnants of his boasted regulars saved from utter annihila- 
 tion by the bravery of these snme American raw militia, skil- 
 fully and valorously handled by the young American militia 
 colonel, George Washington. 
 
 ^Upon the breaking out of the " Seven Years' War" John Stark 
 was commissioned by the governor as second lieutenant of 
 Rogers' company of Rangers, attached to Blanchard's regiment. 
 Captain Rogers mustered a company of rugged foresters, every 
 man of whom, as a hunter, could hit the size of a dollar at a hun- 
 dred yards distance ; could follow the trail of man or beast ; endure 
 the fatigue of long marches, the pangs of hunger, and the cold 
 of winter nights, often passed without fire, shelter, or covering 
 other than their common clothing, a blanket, perhaps a bear- 
 .skin, and the boughs of the pine or hemlock. Their knowledge 
 of Indian character, customs, and manners was accurate. They 
 were principally recruited in the vicinity of Amoskeag falls, 
 
 ■ George Stark. 
 
234 lUSTOKV OK NKW IIAMI'SHIKE. [l755 
 
 ■where Rogers, a resident of the neighboring town of Dunbar- 
 ton, which then extended to the Merrimaclc river, was accus- 
 tomed to meet them at the annual fishing season. They were 
 men who could face with equal resolution the savage animals, 
 or the still more savage Indians of their native woods, and 
 -.vhose courage and fidelity were undoubted. 
 
 It was early in the summer of this stirring year of 1755 that 
 Rogers' company of Rangers received orders to march 
 through the pathless forests to join their regiment at Fort 
 Edward, the head-quarters of General Johnson's army, which 
 .place they reached early in August, a short time before the 
 desperate attack made on Johnson by the French and Indians 
 at the south end of Lake George, near Bloody pond, so named 
 from the slaughter on this occasion. 
 
 ^ In the spring of 1755, when an expedition was being fitted 
 out to attack the French at Crown Point, so little was known of 
 the country between the Merrimack and Lake Champlain, it 
 was supposed that the Upper Coos Meadows were upon the 
 <lirect route from Salisbury Fort (Franklin) to Crown Point, 
 hence Governor VVentworth directed Colonel Blanchard to stop 
 when on his march and build a fort at these meadows. While 
 be was delayed in making his preparations for the march, Captain 
 Robert Rogers', with his company of Rangers and detachments 
 from other companies, were sent forward to build a fort. It was 
 located on the east bank of the Connecticut, just south of the 
 mouth of the Upper Ammonoosuc, and it was called Fort Went- 
 worth, in honor of the governor. When completed, the com- 
 mand continued their march to Crown Point. 
 
 "In the spring of 1755, Jona. Lovewell was appointed by the 
 ■General Court of New Hampshire to warn a town meeting in 
 Bow, 22d of April, for the choice of officers, &c., which he ac- 
 cordingly did, and subsequently made return that he warned the 
 meeting and attended as moderator, at the place and time 
 appointed; 'but that there was but one inhabitant of said Bow 
 ihat attended.' This apparent disregard of their authority seems 
 to have been resented by the government ; for, at the very next 
 
 ^ J. H. Huntington. 
 
1/55] KOVAI. I'KOVINCE. 235 
 
 session, they passed what was called the ' Bow Act,' for assess- 
 ing and collecting taxes in the refractory town ; in which they 
 set forth ' that in contempt of the law, and in defiance of the 
 government, the said town of Bow refused to meet at the time 
 and place appointed,' &c. As a remedy for this it was enacted 
 ' That Ezra Carter and Moses Foster, Esqs., and John Chand- 
 ler, gentlemen, all of said Bow — be assessors to assess the polls 
 and estates within said town of Bow, * * the sum of five 
 liujidrcd and eiglity pounds and sixteen sliillings, new tenor bills 
 of public credit.' Not having complied with the act, they were 
 doomed, and feeling themselves oppressed, petitioned for for- 
 bearance and a redress of grievances." ^ 
 
 While the inhabitants of Rumford were thus complaining of 
 grievances and struggling with their difficulties, the proprietors 
 of Bow proper became sensible that the controversy in which 
 they were involved was detrimental to their interest, and, to 
 " save the great expense which inevitably attends contention," 
 they proposed terms of "accommodation and agreement," having 
 respect, however, chiefly to settlers of Suncook, which resulted, 
 in 1759, in an act for incorporating a parish, partly within the 
 places known by the name of Suncook and. Back-street, by the 
 name of Pembroke. 
 
 The Provincial government of New Hampshire never recog- 
 nized the existence of the township of Suncook. That part of 
 Allenstown lying north of the Suncook river was known as early 
 as the French and Indian war as Buck-street. According to 
 Holland's map of New Hampshire, published in England just 
 after the revolution, there was a gore of land between Bow and 
 Allenstown ungranted by the New Hampshire proprietors. 
 This gore can be traced in Carrigain's map, published in 1816, 
 in Walling's map of Merrimack county, published in 1858, and 
 in the map accompanying Hitchcock's Geological Report, pub- 
 lished in 1826. The place called Suncook in the charter from 
 New Hampshire evidently means to include this ungranted gore, 
 as it had no other name by which if could be briefly designated. 
 
 Upon the decease of General Braddock, Governor Shirley suc- 
 ceeded to the chief command of the English forces in North 
 
 ' Ji;sl. r.f Concord. 
 
236 IlISTOKY OF NKW HAMl'SIIIKE. ['75^ 
 
 America, and on the i sth of March, 1756, Rogers received orders 
 from him to repair to Boston for a personal conference. He 
 reached Boston on the 23d of the same month, and as the result 
 of his interview with the governor was commissioned to recruit an 
 independent corps of Rangers, to consist of sixty privates, an 
 ensign, a lieutenant, and a captain. The corps was to be 
 raised immediately. None were to be enlisted but "such as 
 were accustomed to travelling and hunting, and in whose cour- 
 age and fidelity the most implicit confidence could be placed." 
 They were, moreover, " to be subject to military discipline and 
 the articles of war." The rendezvous was appointed at Albany, 
 "whence to proceed with whale-boats to Lake George, and 
 from time to time to use their best endeavors to distress the 
 French and their allies by sacking, burning, and destroying 
 their houses, barns, barracks, canoes, batteaux, etc., and by . 
 killing their cattle of eyery kind, and at all times to endeavor to 
 waylay, attack, and destroy their convoys of provision, by land 
 and by water, where they could be found." 
 
 Within thirty days from the issuance of this commission, the 
 enhstment of the new corps of Rangers was complete, many of 
 his old company re-enlisting, and Rogers again selected John 
 Stark for his ensign, or second lieutenant. Although no impor- 
 tant military operations were attempted during this campaign, 
 the Rangers were constantly on foot, watching the motions of 
 the enemy at Crown Point and Ticonderoga, cutting off their 
 convoys of supplies, and often making prisoners of sentinels at 
 their posts.^ 
 
 The efficiency of the campaign of the next year (1756), which 
 contemplated the taking of Crown Point, Niagara and Fort Du 
 Quesne, was seriously impaired by the repeated changes of 
 Commander-in-Chief ; Major General Shirley being superseded 
 in June by General Abercrombie, while he, about a month later, 
 yielded the command to the inefficient Lord Loudon. The 
 only occurrences of particular note during this campaign were 
 the capture of our forts at' Oswego by General Montcalm and 
 the formal declarations of war l)y the two belligerents. 
 
 ' J. 1). Walker. 
 
1756] ROVAL PKOVINXE. 237 
 
 Rogers and his men were stationed at Fort William Henry, 
 and made repeated visits to Ticonderoga and Crown Point, to 
 ascertain the power of the enemy, and to annoy him as they 
 had opportunity. They went down Lake George, sometimes by 
 land upon its shores, and sometimes by water and in boats. In 
 the winter their land marches were frequently upon snow-shoes, 
 and their boats were exchanged for skates. On such occasions 
 each Ranger was generally his o -n commissary, and carried his 
 own supplies. 
 
 In his journal for this year (1756) Rogers notes thirteen of 
 these expeditions as worthy of record. The first was down 
 Lake George on the ice, in January, with seventeen men, 
 resulting in the capture of two prisoners, and two sledges laden 
 with provisions. 
 
 The second was made in February, with a party of fifty men, 
 to ascertain the strength and operations of the French at Crown 
 Point. Having captured one prisoner at a little village near by 
 the fort, they were discovered and obliged to retire before the 
 sallying troops of the garrison. With very marked sangfroid 
 he closes his account of this reconnoissance by saying : " We 
 employed ourselves while we dared stay in setting fire to the 
 houses and barns in the village, with which were consumed large 
 quantities of wheat, and other grain ; we also killed about fifty 
 cattle and then retired, leaving the whole village in flames." 
 
 There often appears a ludicrous kind of honesty in the simple 
 narratives of this journal. He occasionally seized certain stores 
 of the enemy which a Ranger could destroy only with regret. 
 He naively remarks, in narrating the capture in June, of this 
 same year, of two lighters upon Lake Champlain, manned by 
 twelve men, four of whom they killed : " We sunk and destroyed 
 their vessels and cargoes, which consisted chiefly of wheat and 
 flour, wine and brandy ; some few casks of the latter we care- 
 fully concealed." 
 
 His commands on such occasions varied greatly in numbers, 
 according to the exigency of the service, all the way from a 
 squad of ten men to two whole companies ; and the excursions 
 just mentioned afford fair specimens of the work done by the 
 Rangers under Rogers this year. 
 
238 HISTORY Of NEW IIAMI'SHJKE. 11756- 
 
 But Captain Rogers had qualities of a higher order, which 
 commended him to his superiors. His capacity as a Ranger 
 commander had attracted the notice of the officers on duty at 
 Lake George. The importance of this branch of the service 
 had also become apparent, and we shall not be surprised to 
 learn that he was commissioned anew as captain of an inde- 
 pendent company of Rangers, to be paid by the King. This 
 company formed the nucleus of the famous corps since known 
 as " Rogers' Rangers." 
 
 In July another company was raised, and again in December 
 two more, thereby increasing the Ranger corps to four compa- 
 nies. To anticipate, in a little more than a year this was far- 
 ther enlarged by the addition of five more, and Captain Rogers 
 was promoted to the rank of Major of Rangers, becoming thus 
 the commander of the whole corps. 
 
 The character of the service expected of this branch of the 
 army was set forth in Major-Gencral Shirley's orders to its com- 
 mander in 1756, as follows, viz. : "From time to time, to use 
 your best endeavors to distress the French and allies by sack- 
 ing, burning, and destroying their houses, barns, barracks, 
 canoes, and battoes, and by killing their cattle of every kind ; 
 and at all times to endeavor to way-lay, attack and destroy their 
 convoys of provisions by land and water in any part of the coun- 
 try where "lie could find them."^ 
 
 The campaign of 1757 contemplated only the capture of 
 Louisburg. To the requisite preparations Lord Loudon di- 
 rected all his energies. Having collected all the troops which 
 could be spared for that purpose, he sailed for Halifax on the 
 twentieth of June, with six thousand soldiers, among them being- 
 four companies of Rangers under the command of Major 
 Rogers. Upon arriving in Halifax his army was augmented by 
 the addition of five thousand regulars and a powerful naval 
 armament. We have neither time nor inclination to consider 
 the conduct of Lord Loudon on this occasion farther than to 
 say that his cowardice and imbecility seem wonderful. Find- 
 ing that, in all probability, Louisburg could not be taken with- 
 
 ' J. p.. Walker. 
 
1756] ROYAL PROVINCE. 239 
 
 out some one getting hurt, he returned to New York without 
 striking a blow. If about this time our heroic commander of 
 the Rangers used some strong language far from sacred, it will 
 become us to remember " Zeke Webster " and think as chari- 
 tably of his patriotic expletives "as we can." He returned to 
 New York three weeks after the surrender of Fort William 
 Henry, where, with his Rangers, he might have done something, 
 at least, to prevent the horrible massacre which has tarnished, 
 the fair fame of Montcalm indelibly. 
 
 England and America both were humbled in the dust by the 
 events of 1757 and 1758. Failure, due to the want of suffici- 
 ent resources is severe, but how utterly insufferable when, 
 with abundant means, incompetency to use them brings defeat. 
 Still, we are under greater obligation to Lord Loudon than 
 we are wont to think. His imbecility helped rouse the British 
 nation and recall William Pitt to power, whose vigor of pur- 
 pose animated anew the people of other countries and prom- 
 ised an early termination of French dominion in America. ' 
 
 Sandown was incorporated in 1756. 
 
 ^Rev. John Houston, the first pastor of the Presbyterian 
 church in Bedford, N. H., was born in Londonderry, N. H., 
 in 1723. His parents were emigrants from the north of Ire- 
 land, and known as Scotch-Irish. 
 
 He was educated at Princeton, N. J., graduating in 1753.. 
 He studied divinity in his native town with the Rev. David 
 McGregor, pastor of the church in the east parish of that town. 
 
 Mr. Houston received his call to Bedford in August, 1756, 
 and was ordained in September, 1757. His "stipend," as it 
 was called, was to be equal to forty pounds sterling, but there 
 was a provision by which the town, at its annual meeting, might 
 vote to dispense with any number of Sabbaths which they 
 chose, and the payment for those Sabbaths might be taken from 
 the salary. 
 
 By virtue of being the first settled minister in town, Mr. 
 Houston was entitled to certain lands reserved for that purpose 
 in the settlement of the town. These he received and they 
 
 'I.E.Walker. = Rev. C. W. Wallace 
 
240 HISTOKY OK NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l7S6 
 
 added much to his small salary. He was also well-reputed for 
 classical and theological learning, and his settlement gave pro- 
 mise of usefulness and happiness. 
 
 From all we can learn he was thus useful and happy for a 
 number of years. Then commenced the dark and stormy 
 period in the history of our country. Bedford was especially 
 patriotic. Every man in town, over twenty-one years of 
 age, except the minister, signed the following paper : " We do 
 hereby solemnly engage and promise that we will, to the utmost 
 ■of our power, at the risk of our lives and fortunes, with arms 
 oppose the hostile proceedings of the British fleets and armies 
 against the united American colonies." Mr. Houston gave the 
 following reasons for refusing to sign this declaration : 
 
 Firstly, because he did not apprehend that the honorable 
 committee meant that ministers should take up arms, as being 
 inconsistent with their ministerial charge. Secondly, because 
 he was already confined to the county of Hillsborough ; there- 
 fore he thinks he ought to be set at liberty before he should 
 sign the said obligation. Thirdly, because there are three men 
 belonging to his family already enlisted in the Continental 
 army. 
 
 These reasons were not regarded as sufficient, so. May i6, 
 1775, the following article is found in a warrant for town meet- 
 ing : " To see what method the town will take relating to Rev'd 
 John Houston in these troublesome times, as we apprehend his 
 praying and preaching to be calculated to intimidate the minds 
 of his hearers, and to weaken their hands in defense of their 
 just rights and liberties, as there seems a plan to be laid by 
 Parliament to destroy both." 
 
 We hear of no action on this article until June 15, 1775, 
 when a vote was unanimously passed in which it was stated : 
 " Therefore, we think it not our duty, as men or Christians, to 
 have him preach any longer for us as our minister." 
 
 Thus closed the ministry of Rev. John Houston to the people 
 of Bedford. From all the light which reaches us through the 
 dimness of an hundred years, we have no doubt that both par- 
 ties were truly sincere. Judged, however, by subsequent 
 
1756] ROYAL PROVINCE. 24I 
 
 €vents, it is evident that the people were right and the minister 
 wrong. That is, they were right in their patriotism, and he was 
 wrong in his loyalty to the King. Still it is worthy of notice 
 that the removal of Mr. Houston from his pastoral office in Bed- 
 ford was followed by a long period of religious declension. 
 
 Un the early part of the winter of 1756-57, the English 
 and French armies, under the respective commands of Lord 
 Loudon and Gen. Montcalm, confronting each other in the 
 vicinity of Lake George, retired to winter quarters ; the main 
 body of the English regulars falling back on Albany and New 
 York city, the provincial soldiers dismissed and sent to their 
 homes, and the French falling back to Montreal. Each gen- 
 eral, however, left his frontier posts well garrisoned, to be held 
 as the base of further military operations the following season ; 
 the force left by the French at their forts about Ticonderoga 
 and Crown Point, at the northerly end of Lake George, being 
 about 1 ,200 men, including Indians, and the English force at 
 Fort Edward and Fort William Henry, near the southerly end 
 of the lake, consisting mainly of four companies of Rangers, 
 two companies at each fort. The company of Lieutenant Stark 
 was posted at Fort Edward. All through the winter the 
 Rangers patrolled the lake, and kept a vigilant outlook upon the 
 French garrisons. 
 
 In the middle of this winter a desperate battle was fought in 
 the immediate vicinity of Ticonderoga, which, for numbers 
 engaged, was one of the most bloody of the war, and in which 
 Lieutenant John Stark won his commission as captain. 
 
 On the 15th of January, 1757, Captain Rogers, with Lieu- 
 tenant Stark and Ensign Page with fifty Rangers, left Fort 
 Edward to reconnoitre, in more than usual force, the situation 
 and condition of the enemy at the northerly end of the lake. 
 The snow was four feet deep on a level. They halted at Fort 
 William Henry one day to secure provisions and snow-shoes, 
 and on the 17th, being reinforced by Captain Spikeman, 
 Lieutenant Kennedy, and Ensigns Brewer and Rogers, with 
 
 I Gen. George Stark. 
 
242 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l7S7 
 
 about thirty Rangers, they started down Lake George on the 
 ice, and at night encamped on the east side of the first 
 narrows. 
 
 On the morning of the i8th some of the men who had been 
 overcome by the severe exertions of the previous day's march 
 were sent back, thus reducing the effective force to seventy- 
 four men, officers included. This day they proceeded twelve 
 miles farther down the lake, and encamped on the west shore. 
 On the 19th, after proceeding three miles farther on the lake, 
 they took to the west shore, put on their snow-shoes, and 
 travelled eight miles to the north-west, and encamped three 
 miles from the lake. On the 20th they travelled over the snow 
 all day to the north-east, and encamped three miles from the 
 west shore of Lake Champlain, half-way between Ticonderoga 
 and Crown Point. The next day, January 21st, being now in 
 the very heart of the enemy's country, they proceeded to watch 
 the passage of parties on Lake Champlain, going and coming 
 between the forts, and soon discovered a convoy of ten sleds 
 passing down the lake from Ticonderoga to Crown Point. 
 Lieutenant Stark was ordered, with twenty men, to capture the 
 leading sled, while the main body attempted to prevent the 
 others from going back. They succeeded in taking seven 
 prisoners, six horses, and three sleds. The remainder of the 
 sleds made good their escape, and gave the alarm at the fort. 
 Valuable information was obtained from these captives, and it 
 was also learned that the French garrisons had been recently 
 considerably reinforced, and were on the alert to cut off all 
 English scouting parties. The heavy French garrison at 
 Ticonderoga being now informed by the fugitives of this auda- 
 cious reconnaissance in their immediate vicinity, Rogers wisely 
 decided to retire with all expedition. But he unwisely departed 
 from the usual custom of the Rangers to return by a different 
 route from that on which they came, and, in defiance of the 
 counsels of his officers, retreated on his tracks. 
 
 The day was rainy. On reaching the fires that they' had kin- 
 dled and camped by the night before, the Rangers halted to dry 
 their guns and otherwise prepare for the expected conflict. It 
 
1757] ROVAT. PROVINCE. 243 
 
 was past noon when the little battalion had completed their prep- 
 arations. Forming in single file, with Captain Rogers in front, 
 Captain Spikeman in the centre, and Lieutenant Stark in the rear, 
 supported by their snow-shoes on the deep snow, they silently 
 took up their homeward march. Their path lay over hilly 
 ground and through thick woods, from whose dark depths they 
 had reason to believe they were watched by the savage scouts 
 of the enemy ; a belief but too soon verified, for on rising the 
 brow of the hill, not a mile from the fires of their late camp, 
 they received a volley of two hundred bullets, fired from the 
 guns of the unseen enemy in ambush, at distances from five to 
 thirty yards away. Rogers was wounded in the head, and sev- 
 eral of the men were killed or wounded by the volley ; but 
 fortunately the marksmanship of the enemy was, in this instance, 
 faulty, and the effect comparatively slight. The habitual tactics 
 of the Rangers, — to scatter when suddenly attacked by a supe- 
 rior force, and to rally again upon some supporting point, — now 
 stood them in hand. They had been under fire too many times 
 to be thrown into a panic. Each man was for the time being 
 his own commander. Each took his own way to the rallying 
 point, exchanging shots with the enemy as he ran. That rally- 
 ing point was John Stark, with his rear guard. Gathering 
 around him, they awaited their pursuers. The surrounding 
 trees of the thick forest were of large size. Each Ranger en- 
 deavored to so place himself that a tree covered him partially 
 from the shots of the enemy, and thus they awaited the second 
 onset. No soldiers ever had more at stake. The French offi- 
 cials at Montreal paid $ii each for English scalps, and $SS each 
 for English prisoners — sufficient inducement to excite the 
 savage cupidity of their Indian allies into desperate efforts to 
 kill or capture ; and oftentimes the alternative fate of a prisoner 
 was torture at the stake. The backwoodsman learned to give 
 no quarter, and to expect none, in fighting this savage foe. 
 
 All through the afternoon of this 2ist of January, 1757, this 
 woods fight raged. The Ranger measured carefully his charge 
 of powder, rammed home the ball in a greased patch, and woe to 
 the enemy who exposed his body or limbs to these expert marks- 
 
244 HISTORY OF NEW HAMHSHIKE. [l7S7 
 
 men. Two hundred and fifty of the enemy went into that day's 
 fight, and only one hundred and thirty-four came out of it aUve, 
 one hundred and sixteen having been killed on the spot or died 
 of wounds. The Rangers lost fourteen killed, six wounded, and 
 six taken prisoners. 
 
 As darkness came on, the surviving French and Indian force, 
 although still outnumbering the English, retired to the cover of 
 Ticonderoga. Captain Rogers having been disabled by two 
 wounds, and Captain Spikeman killed, early in the action the 
 command devolved upon Lieutenant Stark, who, as soon as 
 the enemy ceased to press him, carefully looked after the 
 wounded, secured the prisoners, and, taking both wounded and 
 prisoners with him, commenced the tedious march homeward. 
 Encumbered by the care of the wounded, and fatigued with the 
 exertions of the day, their movements were necessarily slow, 
 and the entire night was consumed in reaching the shore of 
 Lake George, near where they left it on the 19th. The wounded, 
 who during the night march had kept up their spirits, were by 
 eight o'clock in the morning so overcome with cold, fatigue, and 
 loss of blood that they could march no further. The nearest 
 English post was forty miles away, and the enemy was less than 
 ten miles in their rear, and might again attack them at any time. 
 In this emergency Lieutenant Stark volunteered, with two Ran- 
 gers, to make a forced march to Fort William Henry for succor, 
 while the command, under the junior officers, undertook to de- 
 fend and care for the wounded until help arrived. Without 
 waiting for rest or refreshment after their all-day fight and all- 
 night retreat, these three hardy volunteers continued on their 
 march, and reached the fort the same evening. Hand-sleighs 
 were immediately sent out, with a fresh party, to bring in the 
 wounded, and reached them next morning. No greater feat of 
 hardihood and endurance was ever performed ; a day of desper- 
 ate fighting, followed by an all-night retreat, encumbered with 
 the wounded, and then, without rest, these three volunteers 
 making a forced snow-shoe march before night. Truly this 
 school of war was a fitting preparation for the subsequent strug- 
 gle of the Revolution. The decision, prudence, and courage of 
 
1/57] ROYAL PROVINCE. 245, 
 
 Stark admittedly saved the detachment from complete destruc- 
 tion, and he was immediately promoted to be a captain, filling 
 the vacancy caused by the death of Captain Spikeman. 
 
 Rogers was wounded twice and lost some twenty of his men. 
 The French, as was subsequently ascertained, lost one hundred 
 and sixteen. The proximity of Ticonderoga rendered vain the 
 continuance of the contest, and he availed him of the shelter 
 of the night to return to Fort William Henry. 
 
 For this exploit he was highly complimented by General 
 Abercrombie, and, at a later period of this same year, was 
 ordered by Lord Loudon to instruct and train for the ranging 
 service a company of British regulars. To these he devoted 
 much time and prepared for their use the manual of instruction 
 now found in his journals. It is clearly drawn up in twenty- 
 eight sections and gives very succinctly and lucidly the rules 
 governing this mode of fighting. 
 
 Captain Stark continued with the army during the succeeding 
 campaigns of 1758 and 1759, his corps being constantly em- 
 ployed in their accustomed service, and winning credit and com- 
 mendation from the generals in command. 
 
 Tlie conquest of Canada, in 1760, put an end to military op- 
 erations in North America, and Captain Stark, not being desir- 
 ous of continuing in the British army, tendered his resignation, 
 which was accepted. 
 
 Lord Loudon was succeeded in the early part of 1758 by 
 General Abercrombie and plans were matured for capturing the. 
 Lake forts, Louisburg and Fort Uu Quesne. By the close of. 
 November, the two last, with the addition of Fort Frontcnac, 
 were ours. The movement against Crown Point and Ticonde- 
 roga did not succeed. In the assault upon the latter Rogers 
 and his Rangers fought in the van and in the retreat brought up. 
 the rear. 
 
 In the spring of this year (1758) Rogers went down Lake 
 George at the head of about one hundred and eighty menj and 
 near the foot of it had a desperate battle with a superior body 
 of French and Indians. He reported on his return one hundred 
 and fourteen of his party as killed or missing. Why he was not 
 
246 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['759 
 
 annihilated is a wonder. General Montcalm, in a letter dated 
 less than a month after the encounter, says : " Our Indians 
 would give no quarter ; they have brought back one hundred 
 and forty-six scalps." For his intrepidity on this occasion he 
 was presented by General Abercrombie with the commission 
 of Major of Rangers, before alluded to. 
 
 Mr. Pitt proposed in the campaign of 1759 the entire con- 
 quest of Canada. Bold as was the undertaking it was substan- 
 tially accomplished. Ticonderoga and Crown Point were 
 abandoned in July, Fort Niagara capitulated the same month, 
 and Quebec was surrendered in September. 
 
 Their violation of a flag of truce in this last month now called 
 attention to the St. Francis Indians, who had been for a century 
 the terror of the New England frontiers, swooping down upon 
 them when least expected, burning their buildings, destroying 
 their cattle, mercilessly murdering their men, women and chil- 
 dren, or cruelly hurrying them away into captivity. The time 
 had now come for returning these bloody visits. The proffering" 
 of this delicate attention was assigned by Major General Am- 
 herst to Rogers. In his order, dated September 13, he says: 
 " You are this night to set out with the detachment, as ordered 
 yesterday, viz., of 200 men, which you will take under your 
 command and proceed to Missisquoi Bay, from whence you will 
 march and attack the enemy's settlements on the south side of 
 the river St. Lawrence in such a manner as you shall judge most 
 effectual to disgrace the enemy, and for the success and honour 
 of his majesty's arms. * * 
 
 " Take your revenge, but don't forget that tho' those villains 
 have dastardly and promiscuously murdered the women and 
 children of all ages, it is my orders that no women or children 
 are killed or hurt." 
 
 In pursuance of these orders Major Rogers started the same 
 day at evening. On the tenth day after he reached Missisquoi 
 Bay. On the twenty-third, with one hundred and forty-two 
 Rangers, he came, without being discovered, to the environs 
 of the village of St. Francis. The Indians had a dance the 
 evening following his arrival and slept heavily afterwards. The 
 
1760] ROYAL PROVINCE. 247 
 
 next morning, half an hour before sunrise, Rogers and his men 
 fell upon them on all sides, and in a few minutes, ere they had 
 time to arouse themselves and seize their arms, the warriors of 
 that village were dead. A few, attempting to escape by the 
 river, were shot in their canoes. The women and children were 
 not molested. 
 
 When light came it revealed to the rangers lines of scalps, 
 mostly English, to the number of six hundred, strung upon 
 poles above the doorways. Thereupon, every house except three 
 •containing supplies was fired, and their destruction brought 
 death to a few who had before escaped it by concealing them- 
 selves in the cellars. Ere noon two hundred Indian braves had 
 perished and their accursed village had been obliterated.^ 
 
 The operations of the next year (1760) ended this long and 
 fierce struggle. The attempted re-capture of Quebec by the 
 French was their final effort. The army- of the Lakes em- 
 barked from Crown Point for Montreal on the sixteenth day of 
 August. " Six hundred Rangers and seventy Indians in whale- 
 boats, commanded by Major Rogers, all in a line abreast, formed 
 the advance guard." He and his men encountered some fight- 
 ing on the way from Isle a Mot to Montreal, but no serious ob- 
 stacle retarded their progress. The day of their arrival Mon- 
 sieur de Vaudveuil proposed to Major-General Amherst a capit- 
 ulation, which soon after terminated the French dominion in 
 North America. 
 
 The English troops, as will be remembered, entered Montreal 
 on the evening of the eighth of September. On the morning 
 of the twelfth Major Rogers was ordered by General Amherst 
 to proceed westward with two companies of Rangers and take 
 possession of the western forts, still held by the French, which, 
 by the terms of the capitulation, were to be surrendered. 
 
 He embarked about noon the next day with some two hun- 
 dred Rangers in fifteen whale-boats, and advanced to the west 
 by the St. Lawrence and the Lakes. On the. seventh of No- 
 vember they reached the mouth of the Cuyahoga, where the 
 beautiful city of Cleveland now stands. The cross of St. 
 
 « J, B. Walker. 
 
248 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1760 
 
 George had never penetrated the wilderness so far before. 
 Here they encamped and were soon after waited upon by mes- 
 sengers from the great chieftain, Pontiac, asking by what right 
 they entered upon his territory and the object of their visit. 
 Rogers informed them of the downfall of the French in America,, 
 and that he had been sent to take possession of the French 
 forts surrendered to the English by the terms of the capitula- 
 tion. Pontiac received his message, remarking that he should 
 stand in his path until morning, when he would return to him 
 his answer. The next morning Pontiac came to the camp and 
 the great chief of the Ottawas, haughty, shrewd, politic, ambi- 
 tious, met face to face the bold, self-possessed, clear-headed 
 Major of the British Rangers. It is interesting to note how 
 calmly the astute ally of the French accepted the new order of 
 things and prepared for an alliance with his former enemies. 
 He and Rogers had several interviews and in the end smoked 
 the pipe of peace. With dignified courtesy the politic Indian 
 gave to his new friend free transit through his territory, pro- 
 visions for his journey and an escort of Indian braves. Rogers 
 broke camp on the twelfth and pushed onward towards Detroit. 
 By messenger sent forward in advance he apprized Monsieur 
 Belletre, commandant of the fort, of his near approach and the 
 object of it. The astonished officer received him cautiously. 
 Soon satisfied, however, of the truth of the unwelcome news 
 thus brought, he surrendered his garrison. On the twenty- 
 ninth of November the British flag floated from the staff which 
 ever before had borne only the lilies of France. 
 
 On the tenth of December, after disposing of the French 
 force found in the fort, and having taken possession of the forts 
 Miamie and Gatanois, with characteristic ardor Rogers pushed 
 still farther westward for Michilimackinac. But it was a vain 
 attempt. The season was far advanced. Turning eastward, 
 after a tedious journey, he reached New York on the fourteenth 
 of February, 1761. 
 
 From New York, there is reason to suppose that he went 
 this same year as Captain of one of his Majesty's Independent 
 Companies of Foot to South Carolina, and there aided Colonel 
 
I761] ROVAL PROVINCE. 249 
 
 Grant in subduing the Cherokees. From this time onward for 
 the next two years we lose sight of Major Rogers, but he re-ap- 
 pears at the siege of Detroit in 1763. 
 
 The next glimpse we get of Major Rogers is at Rumford 
 (now Concord) where he had a landed estate of some four or 
 five hundred acres. A year or so after the surrender of Mon- 
 treal he was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. Arthur 
 Brown, rector of St. John's Church, in Portsmouth, which he 
 considered his residence. For three or four years, between 
 1 762 and 1765, he trafficked a good deal in lands, buying and selling 
 numerous and some quite extensive tracts. Some of these 
 lands he seems to have purchased and some to have received in 
 consideration of military services. In 1764, Benning Went- 
 worth, as governor of New Hampshire, conveyed to him as "a 
 reduced ofificer " a tract of three thousand acres, lying in the 
 southern part of Vermont. 
 
 One conveyance made by him and bearing date December 
 20, 1762, arrests our attention. By it he transferred to his 
 father-in-law. Rev. Arthur Brown, before mentioned, some five 
 hundred acres of land in Rumford (now Concord), together with 
 " one negro man, named Castro Dickerson, aged about twenty- 
 eight ; one negro woman, named Sylvia ; one negro boy, named 
 Pomp, aged about twelve, and one Indian boy, named Billy, aged 
 about thirteen." If the object of the conveyance was to secure 
 it as a home to his wife and children against any liabilities he 
 might incur in his irregular life, the end sought was subse- 
 quently attained, as the land descended even to his grand- 
 children. 
 
 The old "Rogers House," so called, is still standing upon the 
 former estate of Major Rogers, on the east side and near the 
 south end of Main Street, in Concord. It must be at least a 
 hundred years old, and faces the south, being two stories high 
 on the front side and descending by a long sloping roof to one 
 in the rear. It was occupied by Arthur, son of Major Rogers,, 
 who was a lawyer by profession and died at Portsmouth, in 1841. 
 
 Major Rogers did not prove a good husband, and seventeei> 
 years after their marriage his wife felt constrained, February 12, 
 
2^0 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSlUKli. [1761 
 
 1778, to petition the General Assembly of New Hampshire for 
 a divorce from him on the ground of desertion and infidelity. 
 
 Major Rogers was an author as well as soldier. He seems to 
 have been in England in 1765, and to have there published two 
 respectable volumes of his writings. One is entitled "Journals 
 of Major Robert Rogers ;" the other is called "A concise view 
 of North America." 
 
 In 1770 he sailed for England, and there, strange as it may 
 seem, the stalwart, fine-looking, wily ex-commandant was lionized. 
 
 We see nothing more of Major Rogers until July, 1775, when 
 he again appears in America as a major of the British Army, 
 retired on half-pay. 
 
 On the second day of December, a little more than a month 
 later, in shabby garb, he calls upon President Wheelock, at 
 Hanover. Later, at Medford, Massachusetts, he addressed a 
 letter to General Washington, soliciting an interview; but his 
 ■reputation was such that the Commander-in-Chief declined to 
 see him. 
 
 In August, 1776, he accepted a commission of lieutenant 
 <;olonel commandant, signed by General Howe, and empower- 
 ing him to raise a battalion of Rangers for the British army.- 
 To this work he now applied himself and with success. 
 
 On the twenty -first of October, 1776, Rogers fought his last 
 battle on American soil. His regiment was attacked at Mam- 
 aronec, New York, and routed by a body of American troops. 
 
 The next year he returned to England, where he is said to 
 have died in the year 1800.1 
 
 « J. B. Walker. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 ROYAL PROVINCE, 1760-1775. 
 
 Han.i'siiire Grants — Taxation by Parliament — Stamp Act — Its 
 Repeal — Resignation of Governor Benning Wentworth — Gov- 
 K.RNOR John Wentworth — His Popularity — Early Settlers — 
 Their Customs — Gilmanton — Marlboro — Canaan — Enfield — 
 Lyme — • Oxford — • I?atii — Lebanon — Hanover — Goffstown — 
 Newpori- — I'lainfieli> — Danville — Peterborough — Bow Con- 
 troversy — SuNcooK — Candia — Wilton — New Ipswich — Lisbon 
 
 — Gilsum — Lancaster — Claremont — Wentworth — Salisbury 
 
 — Milan — Berlin — Hillsborough — Fitzwilliam — -Annals of 
 Portsmouth — Paul Revere — Capture of Fort William and 
 Mary — Holderness and the Livermores — Whitefield — White 
 Mountain Notch — Colonial Laws. 
 
 'T^'HE result of a series of wars for nearly three quarters of a 
 century had given the English undisputed possession of the 
 northern part of the Western Continent. During the last war 
 the seasons were fruitful, and the colonies were able to supply 
 their own troops with provisions. Then followed two years of 
 scarcity. Added to the drought of 1761 a forest fire devastated 
 Harrington and Rochester, and spread into Maine. A contro- 
 versy had already commenced between the governors of New 
 York and New Hampshire in regard to jurisdiction over the 
 territory now included within the State of Vermont. As early 
 as 1750 Governor Wentworth had granted the township of 
 Bennington, and had continued to grant townships within the 
 disputed territory until the breaking out of the last French and 
 Indian war in 1754. In 1761 he granted no less than sixty 
 townships on the western side, and eighteen townships on the 
 eastern side, of the Connecticut river. The whole number of 
 
252 PT-STORY OF NEW HAMPSMIKE. [^7^3 
 
 grants on the western side of the river amounted to one hundred 
 and thirty-eight. In each the governor reserved a tract of five 
 hundred acres for himself, clear of all fees and charges. The new 
 townships were mostly filled with emigrants from Massachusetts 
 and Connecticut. The western boundary of New Hampshire was 
 determined in July, 1764, to be the western bank of the Con- 
 necticut river and the jurisdiction of New Hampshire was with- 
 drawn from the Hampshire grants and confined to its present 
 limits. 
 
 At this time commenced in the Colonies a series of events 
 which was destined to lead to an open rupture with the mother 
 country and finally to the independence of the American colo- 
 nies and the formation of a republic. The war with the French 
 had greatly added to the public debt of Great Britain ; and the 
 home government, in 1763, attempted to impose taxes on the 
 colonies without their consent. The colonies had borne their 
 share of the expense of the war in America and had been fairly 
 reimbursed for their outlays ; but a new ministry coming into 
 power sought to draw the money from the colonies again in 
 the shape of taxation. The first act of oppression was that 
 restricting the intercourse which the American colonies had 
 enjoyed with the West India Islands, quickly followed by the 
 Stamp Act, similar to the one in force during the late Re- 
 bellion. Petitions and remonstrances were drawn up and 
 sent to England. Economy rendered the first Act of little 
 value to England, while the Stamp Act could not be enforced. 
 In 1765 the Assembly of Massachusetts proposed a congress 
 of deputies from each colony to consult upon our common 
 interest, as had been customary in times of common danger. 
 The house of burgesses of Virginia passed spirited resolves 
 asserting the rights of their country, and denying the claim of 
 parliamentary taxation. In the English parliament those op- 
 posed to the Stamp Act spoke of Americans as " Sons of 
 Liberty ;" and the phrase was quickly adopted by associations 
 in every colony. George Meserve was appointed to distribute 
 the stamps in New Hampshire, but he resigned upon dis- 
 covering the opposition to the Act in his native Province. 
 
I766J ROVAL PROVINCE. 253 
 
 Although New Hampshire sent no delegates to the colo- 
 nial Congress which met in New York in 1765, the Assem- 
 bly endorsed the measures and resolutions which were adopted 
 there, and sent similar petitions to England to be presented to 
 the King and parliament by their agent, Barlow Trecothick, 
 and John Wentworth, a young gentleman of Portsmouth who 
 was then in England. 
 
 A movement inaugurated in New Hampshire to do away with 
 the courts, on account of their not complying with the provisions 
 of the Stamp Act, was quickly suppressed. 
 
 Governor Wentworth had received no official notification of 
 the Stamp Act and had taken no active part in enforcing it. He 
 was now in the decline of life, had made his fortune, and had 
 occupied his office for twenty-five years. He did not deem it 
 wise to oppose the popular will. 
 
 The colonists, however, took the most effectual measures to 
 procure the repeal of the obnoxious tax by agreeing to import 
 no goods until its repeal. " The Sons of Liberty " became an 
 organized and effective political body in 1766; but at that time 
 were not disloyal to the home government. During the year 
 attacks were made upon Governor Wentworth to unseat him 
 from his office. Charges were preferred, but were not invest- 
 igated ; and he was allowed to resign his office in favor of his 
 nephew, John Wentworth, who arrived in the Province the 
 following spring. 
 
 In the prime of life, active and enterprising, polite and 
 easy in his address, and placed in power by the same minister 
 who had procured the repeal of the Stamp Act, Governor Went- 
 worth became a popular favorite. His inclination and interest 
 led him to cultivate the good will of the people. Brought up to 
 commercial pursuits, he had a taste for agriculture, and contrib- 
 uted to the encouragement of agricultural pursuits. He began 
 for himself a plantation in Wolfeborough, which led others to 
 emulate his example in cultivating the wilderness. The rapid 
 progress of the Province drew the attention of the people from 
 obnoxious laws enacted for raising a revenue in the colonies. 
 The Assembly voted him a salary of £700, equal to $2,12,^, 
 besides ^60 to ^^loo for house rent. 
 
254 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1765 
 
 The governor encouraged the building of new roads and was 
 instrumental in locating Dartmouth College at Hanover, in 1769. 
 In 1771, the Province was divided into five counties, — Rock- 
 ingham, Strafford, Hillsborough, Cheshire, and Grafton ; and 
 specie payment was resumed. 
 
 The last French and Indian war was virtually ended at the 
 surrender of Montreal, September 8, 1760, and the victorious 
 troops returned and scattered to their hillside farms, to pursue 
 the paths of peace and discuss the exciting incidents of the 
 late conflict. 
 
 All fear of an Indian outbreak being now over, the rush from 
 the lower settlements to the upper waters of the Merrimack 
 and Connecticut was immediate and note-worthy. 
 
 The first duty of the pioneer was to provide shelter for 
 himself, his wife, and children. The first houses in a town 
 were built of logs, the floors of which were of hewn plank, four 
 or more inches in thickness. As the land was cleared these 
 log-houses gave place to framed buildmgs. The most durable 
 timber was chosen, and the neighboring Indians frequently 
 assisted in the raising. 
 
 The tall pines and oaks were incumbrances to the land, and 
 the first efforts were directed to destroying them. The blows 
 of the axe resounded through the woods ; the tree which had 
 withstood the gales of a century fell quickly to the ground ; the 
 limbs were cut off, and the trunk cut in convenient lengths for 
 handling, when great piles were formed and the torch applied. 
 
 After a rain had neutralized the ashes, the grain was sown 
 and harrowed in ; and the harvest gathered frequently paid for 
 the labor of clearing the land and for the land beside. 
 
 The roads at first were rough and bad, mere foot-ways or 
 bridle-paths. Horses were trained to carry double, and the 
 pillion, a seat behind the saddle for women, was in general use 
 until the Revolution. The surveyor, with chain and compass, 
 laid out the road and spotted the trees ; the axe-men followed 
 after and cleared a way one or two rods wide, bridging the 
 brooks and streams with logs, and building causeways over 
 wet places of the same material. 
 
1765] ROYAL PROVINCE. 255 
 
 These roads were improved slowly, but in course of time 
 would allow the passage of oxen and heavy loads ; and later 
 they permitted the transit of the chaise and wagon, which came 
 into use soon after the Revolution. 
 
 The clothing was almost wholly homespun ; sheep were kept 
 for their wool, and flax was raised on every farm. The wool 
 was carded and spun by the women of the family, and the looni 
 was in every well-organized household. Rev. Jacob Emery of 
 Pembroke once received a summons to attend the Provincial 
 Congress the next day, in the distant town of Exeter. He 
 lacked a pair of pantaloons befitting his dignity, and was in a. 
 quandary. His good wife, so says tradition, was equal to the 
 emergency. A sheep was captured and shorn ; its wool-carded, 
 spun and woven ; the necessary garment designed and made 
 from the raw material, and presented to the worthy and 
 . patriotic parson, in season for him to set out for the meeting; 
 before the dawn of day. 
 
 The food of the settlers was plain. Very little tea was used, 
 and coffee rarely ever. Game, or fish, with vegetables, was 
 eaten for dinner ; or bean, corn, or pea porridge. Bread, milk, 
 and boiled Indian pudding were staple articles of diet morning 
 and evening. 
 
 The whole settlement were neighbors, and shared in each 
 other's griefs and joys. Ready assistance was rendered to the 
 sick and unfortunate, and interchange of labor was frequent. 
 
 Patriarchal simplicity, respect, and submission prevailed in 
 their families ; and especial deference was paid to the Sabbath. 
 It was a day devoted to the spiritual improvement of the old 
 and young alike. Aside from the Bible, books were very scarce 
 and highly prized, — a minister's library consisting of a fevr 
 choice, well-worn volumes, — and newspapers were almost 
 unknown. 
 
 The first iron crane was used in Rumford in 1758. Until 
 then the people in this vicinity used what were known as lug- 
 poles, which were sometimes burned off, letting the fat into the 
 fire. 
 
 ^ Gilmantown was huge. Eighteen miles was the length from 
 
 ' Rev. J. E. Fullerton. 
 
2S6 HISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1765 
 
 Northfield, Canterbury, and Loudon to the Lake Winnipi- 
 seogee at the Weirs. In some places it was ten miles wide. 
 It contained 83,500 acres. The old town included the present 
 towns of Belmont, Gilmantown, Gilford, and the portion of 
 Laconia on the east side of the Winnipiseogee river. 
 
 The township was granted in 1727 to twenty-four persons by 
 the name of Oilman, together with 153 others. Many of the 
 shares were the gift of the government for service in the wars. 
 
 The character of the first proprietors and settlers will be the 
 acorn determining the character of the full-grown tree. A 
 greater part of the early inhabitants came from Exeter. As 
 Exeter was settled from Massachusetts, and was for some time 
 under Massachusetts, the early settlers were imbued with the 
 ideas and habits of the State. 
 
 It is worthy of special notice that at least seventeen of the 
 founders were college graduates ; twelve of them ministers of 
 the gospel. Others were men of note and influence in their 
 old homes. 
 
 Though all the proprietors did not become settlers, their 
 enlarged ideas in regard to the founding of schools and the 
 early building of churches attracted the best class of citizens, 
 and have given Gilmanton a proud record in the State. 
 
 The great attractions of the region to-day were the great 
 hindrances to its early settlement. 
 
 The beautiful lake on its northern boundary was a favorite 
 resort of the red men, as it is of his white brother. The clear 
 waters abounded with food for his scouting parties. The chain 
 of lakes and rivers served as the thoroughfare for the Canada 
 Indians, as they made their dreaded incursions upon the white 
 settlers. 
 
 Old Belknap was a point of observation which the savage 
 climbed, not to revel in the wonderful view of lake dotted with 
 green islands, of mountain, and of valley, but to see where the 
 curling smoke of some settler revealed the hope of a scalp. 
 
 It is not surprising that so exposed a spot was not settled till 
 1761, when the Indian wars were over. 
 
 We little realize the hardships and toils of the early settlers. 
 
IJ'fiS] ROYAL PROVINCE. 257 
 
 Imagine all the iron work for the first saw-mill brought on 
 horseback. Or think of the 26th of December, 1761, when 
 Benjamin Mudgett and wife arrived in town. Think of it, oh 
 ye who boast of an hour's walk as a great achievement. The 
 last twelve miles, so the story goes, they came on foot and on 
 snowshoes. It is not strange that, a mile from her journey's 
 end, the wife threw herself upon the snow, saying, " I may as 
 well die here as anywhere ; if I attempt to go farther it will kill 
 me, and if I stop here I shall but die." She reached her home, 
 and lived seventy-three years after. 
 
 Lower Gilmanton was the first region settled. Here lived 
 the old lawyers, Stephen Moody, Esq., John Ham, Benjamin 
 Emerson, and the old physicians. Dr. Silver, Dr. B. Kelley, and 
 Dr. N. C. Tebbetts. 
 
 East Gilmanton was of importance. Here was the first Con- 
 gregational, church, and when Gilmanton became a shire town 
 •of Strafford county, the court was held in the meeting-house. 
 
 Iron Works, or Averytown, grew up from the operations in 
 iron ore commenced in 1778. The ore was taken from Suncook 
 or Lougee's Pond, in twenty feet of water. The working being 
 unprofitable was discontinued. Here Senator James Bell prac- 
 tised law, and kept the post-office. 
 
 Gilmanton Corner has been the social and literary centre of 
 the town. Gilmanton Academy was erected in 1796. In 1799 
 the county court began to be held in the village. Here Judge 
 Ira A. Eastman commenced his practice. The Theological 
 Seminary was opened in 1836. 
 
 Factory Village, now Belmont Village, received its name 
 from the brick factory erected in 1834. The town of Belmont 
 was left by the separation of the lower part of Gilmanton from 
 it in 1859. 
 
 Meredith Bridge Village, Lake Village, and Gilford Village 
 were set off, in 18 12, with the town of Gilford. 
 
 The first settler in Meredith Bridge Village was Samuel 
 Jewett, who came in 1777. He served at Bunker Hill. When 
 he enlisted he was too short ; but the enlisting officer run his 
 hand through the soldier's hair, and lifted it till it touched the 
 
258 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['765 
 
 pole under which the soldiers stood, telling him that what he 
 lacked in inches he made up in grit. Daniel Avery, who came 
 in 1779, by his energy may be called the father of the village on 
 the Gilmanton side. 
 
 Lake Village, for a time, boasted her iron works, the ore for 
 which came from Gunstock mountain. On Gunstock brook, at 
 the foot of the mountain, grew the rural village now called 
 Gilford Village. 
 
 Gilmanton boasts her literary ventures. In 1800 appeared 
 the Gilmanton Gazette and Farmer's Weekly Magazine. The 
 Rural Museum appeared the same year. Both soon disappeared. 
 
 For four years from its first number. May, 1835, ^^he Sabbath- 
 School Advocate .was issued. The Parents' Magazine was born 
 in Gilmanton, September, 1840, but was early carried to Con- 
 cord. In 1842 and 1843 the Biblical Journal was born and 
 .died. The New Hampshire Repository was the last venture. 
 
 Gilmanton Academy was chartered June 20, 1794. Peter 
 L. Folsom, A. B., was the first preceptor, holding the position 
 six years. The tuition was ^i.oo a term. 
 
 The Academy was, for a while, one of the two principal in- 
 stitutions in the State, and numbers among its graduates many 
 leading citizens. It was a part of the original design to have 
 the Academy furnish a theological training for ministers. A 
 department called Gilmanton Theological Seminary was formed 
 in 1836, "to aid in providing an adequate supply of able, hum- 
 ble, zealous and laborious ministers of the gospel for the 
 churches of the State and country, especially the feeble and 
 destitute." 
 
 Gilmanton soil and climate have been especially favorable to 
 the growth of churches. There have been three Congregational 
 churches. The first, for years the town church, was incorpo- 
 rated- in 1817 as the First Congregational Society. Rev. Luke 
 A. Spofford succeeded Rev. Mr. Smith in 1819, and was 
 succeeded in 1825 by Rev. Daniel Lancaster, who became 
 pastor of the second church in 1835. 
 
 The Centre (Congregational) Church, on the Academy grounds, 
 was organized in 1826. Rev. Herman Rood became pastor the 
 
1765] . ROYAL PROVINCE. 259 
 
 same year. Enjoying the audience from the Academy, and the 
 patronage of the Seminary, this church has been the leading 
 Congregational church in town. After Mr. Rood's pastorate, 
 it was ministered to by Rev. Daniel Lancaster half the time, 
 till he became its pastor in 1835. Mr. Lancaster conferred a 
 great benefit upon the town by compiling a laborious and accu- 
 rate history, which must serve as the foundation of all future 
 histories of the town. 
 
 The Iron Works Congregational Church was organized in 
 1829. The first pastor. Rev. Charles G. Safford, came in 183 1, 
 and remained till 1836. Rev. S. S. N. Greeley was pastor from 
 1839 till 1842. 
 
 The First Baptist Church was organized Nov. 16, 1773. The 
 original male members were Orlando Wood, Thomas Edgerly, 
 Thomas Mudgett, John Fox, Dudley Young, Samuel Weeks. 
 
 ^ The original charter of Marlow, signed " Ben. Went- 
 worth," and bearing date October, 1761, shows that the town 
 grant was divided into seventy equal shares, containing by 
 admeasurement twenty-three thousand and forty acres, six 
 miles square. " As soon as there shall be fifty families resi- 
 dent," reads the charter, "and settled thereon, said town shall 
 have the liberty of holding two fairs annually." The grantees 
 are sixty-nine in number, and William Noyes's name heads 
 the list. 
 
 Good authority gives the names of the first settlers as 
 Joseph Tubbs, Samuel and John Gustin, N. Royce, N. Miller, 
 and Nathan Huntley, and the same authority states that the 
 first town meeting was lield in March, 1776; but the records of 
 a town meeting held in March, 1766, are now in existence, and 
 the town has the notices of such meetings from that time 
 forward. The authentic copy reads as follows : 
 
 "The Inhabitants of this town met according to the warning 
 in the Charter, and being legally warned to meet at the 
 dwelling-house of Sam'l Gustin, Joseph Tubbs was chosen 
 Moderator for said Meeting, and Sam'l Gustin Clerk for said 
 town ; and the meeting was adjourned to the third Tuesday of 
 
 > G. B. Griffith. 
 
26o HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [17^5 
 
 May next at the Dwelling-House of Joseph Tubbs of Marlow at 
 one of the clock in the afternoon on said day. 
 
 "May ye i6th, 1766, then met according to adjournment and 
 chose Joseph Tubbs the first Selectman ; Sam'l Gustin the 
 second Selectman, and Martin Lord the third Selectman. 
 
 " Sam'l Gustin, Clerk." 
 
 These were probably the first selectmen chosen. In 1767 
 Nathan Huntley, Samuel Gustin, and Nehemiah Royce were 
 chosen selectmen. 
 
 In 1773 is the first copy of a warrant for a town meeting. 
 It was directed to the constable. 
 
 In 1778 the first minister was settled. Rev. Caleb Blood, 
 Congregationalist. He was dismissed the next year, and Rev. 
 Eleazer Beckwith, Baptist, succeeded, and preached till his 
 death in 1809. 
 
 The Proprietors' committee in 1767 were Nathan Huntley 
 and Samuel Gustin. In 1783 John Lewis was chosen collector 
 of the Ruinbe tax, and in the same year it was voted to exempt 
 the widows from taxation for twelve months. 
 
 It is evident that but few of the charter members remained 
 in town for a long period : if they did, they left no descendants. 
 Nathan Huntley's name does not appear on that document, yet 
 he was one of the first settlers. 
 
 The earliest buildings were put up near Baker's Corner, by 
 John Gustin. Nathan Huntley settled near Marlow Hill, and 
 Joseph Tubbs in the south part of the town. The first 
 meeting-house was built in 1798, on Marlow Hill. It had big» 
 square, two-story galleries all around, and contained the " box 
 pews." It was taken down in 1845, and removed to the south, 
 now the main, village, as a sort of a union church ; it is now 
 called the Christian Church. There is no preaching in it at 
 present, and the basement is used as the town hall. Origin- 
 ally this edifice stood near Baker's Corner ; it was not 
 clap-boarded or plastered, and was" furnished with the 
 primitive wooden benches. The Methodist church, also, 
 originally stood on Marlow Hill. Before its erection, there 
 were quite a number of Universalists in town, and, not agree- 
 
1765] ROYAL PROVINCE. 261 
 
 ing in regard to a minister, a coinmittee was chosen — one from 
 the Baptists, one from the Congregationalists, and one from the 
 Universalists — to procure a pastor ; and in order to ha.ve one 
 that would unite them, they employed the Rev. Peter Jacobs, a 
 Methodist, and this was the first introduction of Methodism in 
 Marlow, which is at this time the popular church of the place. 
 
 Oral tradition says that a Mr. Marshall was the first man to 
 preach a Methodist sermon in town, but nothing is remembered 
 of him except the fact that he preached two or three times. 
 
 Mr. Jacobs was succeeded by Rev. Paul Dustin, a local 
 preacher of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he organized a 
 Methodist society. Among its first members were Francis 
 Brown, Amos Gale, Jr., and wife, Cyrus Comstock and wife, Mrs. 
 Griffin, and Samuel Rice. Subsequently Mr. Dustin preached 
 for the Congregationalists at Alstead, where he died, P'ebruary 
 10, 181 1, at the early age of thirty-six, and was buried in the 
 cemetery at Alstead Centre. 
 
 Rev. Dexter Bates was probably his successor, ag he was 
 known to be the pastor in 1812-13. He is spoken of as "a 
 strong man, full of zeal and energy." 
 
 In 181 5 Marlow was embraced in Grantham Circuit, New 
 England Conference, Vermont district, with Eleazer Weils 
 presiding elder, and Warner Bannister preacher ; the latter did 
 not preach in Marlow oftener than once in four weeks. The 
 entire circuit, comprising probably from six to ten towns, re- 
 ported a membership of two hundred and fifty-five whites and 
 one colored. 
 
 Calista M. Huntley (^Marie Calisto Pkcioli) was born in Marlow, April u, 
 1841, and with her parents moved to Boston in 1845, and from thence to 
 L^'nn in 1851. At a very early age she manifested great musical talent, and 
 seemed to feel the strongest desire to cultivate her gift. The sooner to 
 accomplish her darling wish, she purchased a sewing machine, and after 
 working upon it till its price was paid, she, at the tender age of twelve, began 
 to save her wages till she was enabled to purchase a piano. Then her mus- 
 ical education commenced in earnest. Before she had taken any lessons, 
 Calista had mastered many of the problems of this beautiful science. After 
 receiving instruction a while from a competent teacher, she herself gave 
 lessons, remaining a pupil still. Her talent not only secured scholars, but 
 
262 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [17^5 
 
 she ere long was oflFered the leading place in churches and at festivals ; so she 
 was able to continue her favorite study. In April, 1866, she went to Italy, 
 and pursued her chosen vocation, taking lessons till she had perfected a 
 thorough course of study, under the tuition of the best masters. In the 
 meantime she gave concerts and other entertainments to pay her expenses, 
 under the stage name of Marie Calisto. In 1869 she married Geromano 
 Piccioli. Since then she has visited and sung in all the principal cities of 
 England, Ireland, Spain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and, in fact, over the 
 whole civilized world, and has won a lasting and well-deserved fame. She 
 speaks four different languages fluently, and though she of necessity has 
 quite a foreign air, still she is very easy in her manners, broad in her 
 religious views, and in all respects is a lady of fine appearance, to whom the 
 humblest may easily find access at her elegant home. Mer residence is in 
 Italy, but she is now temporarily stopping in Lynn, Mass. Marlow has good 
 reason to be proud of this distinguished artist. 
 
 Here, too, was the native place of Rosinee Richardson, familiarly known 
 as " Fat Rosinee," who in her day was the wonder of the world. She trav- 
 elled with Barnum for several years, and died not long since in Florida. 
 
 Nahum Stone, son of Phineas, who in olden times had a small tannery at 
 the head of Stone Pond, was a native of Marlow. He at one time owned and 
 edited what is now known as the Cheshire Republican, at Keene. 
 
 Among the early settlers and substantial citizens passed away was Mr. Far- 
 ley, who came from Billerica, Mass., and who, at one time, owned the princi- 
 pal part of the " Plains," selling out his mill rights to Mr. Russel Huntley. 
 
 Wells Way, commonly called the " Old Squire," was a very popular and 
 prominent man ; almost all arbitration was left out to him. He was a town 
 clerk for many years and held various other offices. Silas Mack and Samuel 
 Royce were both town clerks and selectmen for many years.' 
 
 Old manuscript letters tell us that in 1788 there were forty- 
 two votes cast in Marlow. John Langdon had thirty-six ; 
 John Sullivan, six. In 1800 it was voted not to tax a widow's 
 cow. At the annual town-meeting, the same year, William 
 Lewis was chosen constable and collector ; he was to receive 
 three dollars and eighty cents for his labor in the latter office. 
 
 Baker's Corner was in olden times the only business resort. 
 Here was a flourishing store, a potash manufactory, and a hotel. 
 The public-house first opened had Samuel Richardson for pro- 
 prietor. All these buildings subsequently passed into the hands 
 of William Baker. The first store ever kept in town was opened 
 by Mr. Lamphier in the house now owned by Curtis Winham, 
 on the Hill. Soon after, Francis D. Ellis opened a store and 
 hotel, and a hostelry was also started by Elisha Huntley, Esq. 
 
 ' C;. B. Griffith. 
 
1765] ROYAL PROVINCE. 263 
 
 In 1 761 charters were granted to Canaan, Enfield, Lebanon, 
 Hanover, .Lyme, Orford, Bath, Lyman, Holderness, Marlow, 
 <joifstown, Lempster, Grantham, Newport and Plainfield. 
 
 The first permanent settlement in Canaan was made in the 
 winter of 1766 or 1767, by John Scofield, who conveyed what 
 effects he possessed the distance of fourteen miles over a crust 
 of snow upon a hand-sled. Among others of the first settlers 
 were George Harris, Thomas Miner, Joshua Harris, Samuel 
 Jones, and Samuel Meacham. The first church was formed in 
 1780. Rev. Thomas Baldwin, D. D., a Baptist minister, was 
 ordained in 1783. Rev. Joseph Wheat was settled in 1813. A 
 Congregational society was incorporated in 1820 and Rev. 
 Charles Calkins was settled over it.^ 
 
 The first settlers of Enfield were Nathaniel Bicknell, Jonathan 
 Paddleford, and Elisha Bingham. A Congregational church 
 ■was organized in December, 1799, over which Rev. Edward 
 Evans was settled. Jesse Johnson, one of the early settlers, 
 "was a justice of the peace and a member of the legislature. His 
 son of the same name was a leading citizen of the town. A 
 society of Shakers was organized in the town in 1792, under the 
 administration of Elder Job Bishop.^ 
 
 The first settlement was made in Lyme, in 1764, by Walter 
 Fairfield, John and William Sloan, and others from Connecticut. 
 A Congregational church was organized in 1772 and Rev. Wil- 
 liam Conant was settled the next year.^ 
 
 The first settler in Orford was a Mr. Cross, who came with 
 his family from Lebanon, in 1765. He was followed the same 
 year by General Israel Morey, John Mann, Esq., and a Mr. Cas- 
 well, with their families from Connecticut. A church was or- 
 ganized in 1770 and Rev. Oliver Noble was settled as minister. 
 He was followed in 1787 by Rev. John Sawyer; in 1801 by 
 Rev. Sylvester Dana; in 1823 by Rev. James D. Farnsworth. 
 Rev. Mr. Dana was settled over the West church for over ten 
 years. 
 
 The settlement of Bath was commenced in 1765 by John 
 Harriman, from Havefhill, Mass. He was soon followed by 
 
 * John Farmer. 
 
264 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['Z^S 
 
 Moses Pike and the family of Mr. Sawyer. A Presbyterian 
 church was organized in 1778 and dissolved in 1791, when a 
 Congregational church was formed. Rev. David Sutherland 
 was its first settled minister. 
 
 Among the first settlers of Lebanon were William Downer, 
 William Dana; Levi Hyde, Charles Hill, Silas Waterman, and 
 Nathaniel Porter from Connecticut, who made the first settle- 
 ment north of Charlestown. They were a " hardy, brave people ;. 
 tenacious of their principles ; many of them were men of strong 
 minds, good habits, correct principles, and good, common edu- 
 cation." A Congregational church'was organized in 1771, and 
 Rev. Isaiah Potter was settled as minister. A Baptist church 
 was formed in 1782, over which Rev. Jedidiah Hibbard was- 
 settled. A Universalist society was organized in 1813.-' 
 
 The first settlement in Hanover was made in 1765 by Colonel 
 Edmund Freeman, from Connecticut. The next year he was 
 joined by Benjamin Davis, Benjamin Rice, Gideon Smith, and 
 Asa Parker, all from the same colony. In 1770, Dartmouth 
 College was established there by Rev. Dr. Wheelock.^ 
 
 Goffstown was granted by the Masonian proprietors in 1748,, 
 and incorporated thirteen years later. 
 
 The first settlement of Newport was made in 1763, by Jesse 
 Wilcox,' Ebenezer Merritt, Jesse Kelley, and Samuel Hurd, 
 from Connecticut. 
 
 Plainfield was settled in 1764, by L. Nash and J. Russell,, 
 from Connecticut. A Congregational church was formed in 
 1765 and Rev. Abraham Carpenter was settled as minister. 
 The town is the seat of the Kimble Union Academy at Meriden, 
 incorporated June 16, 181 3, and endcwed by Hon. Daniel Kim- 
 ball. 
 
 Hawke, or Danville, Amherst, Peterborough, and Boscawen 
 were incorporated in 1761. 
 
 The first settlement was made in that part of Kingston now 
 Danville, between 1735 and 1739, by Jonathan Sanborn and 
 Jacob Hook. Rev. John Page was settled as minister in 1763. 
 He died in 1782. 
 
 ' John Farmer. 
 
1765] ROYAL PROVINCE. 265 
 
 The first settlement was made in Peterborough, in 1739, by 
 William Robbe, Alexander Scott, Hugh Gregg, William Scott,, 
 and Samuel Stinson, some of whom were accompanied by their 
 families. The settlement was abandoned in 1744, and the region 
 was not occupied again until 1748. On their return they were 
 joined by many from Londonderry and Lunenburg, so that in ten 
 years there were forty-five families in the township, who were 
 mostly Presbyterians. Rev. John Morrison was settled as min- 
 ister in 1766. 
 
 ifn 1762 happily the Bow controversy, which had been so long- 
 waged, was drawing to a' close. In the courts of New Hamp- 
 shire every case brought to t;rial, touching the title to theirlands, 
 had been decided against the proprietors of Rumford ; but the 
 Rev. Mr. Walker and Benjamin Rolfe, Esq. — the men to whom 
 the proprietors had entrusted their cause — confident of its- 
 justice, were neither baffled nor discouraged. With a firmness 
 of purpose worthy all praise, and sustained by the unanimous 
 will of the people, the Rev. Mr. Walker persevered in his 
 agency. In the fall of 1762 he visited England for the third 
 time, to attend the trial of the cause, which was still pending. 
 He had formed valuable acquaintances among ministers of re- 
 ligion, members of Parliament, and members of his Majesty's 
 Council. Sir William Murray, his learned counsellor and advo- 
 cate in the first trial, was now Lord Mansfield, chief justice of 
 the King's Bench. After long and anxious suspense the trial 
 came on, and Mr. Walker announced the result in a letter dated 
 in December as favorable to the Rumford and Suncook settlers. 
 The decision of the King in council states : — 
 
 That some years since, upon a dispute about the boundary line between 
 the provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, his Majesty 
 was pleased to issue a commission to mark out the dividing line between th& 
 said Province of New Hampshire and Massachusetts Bay, but with an express^ 
 declaration that private property should not be affected thereby. And upon 
 hearing the report of the commissioners appointed to settle the said boundary, 
 his Majesty was pleased, by his order in council, made in 1740, to adjudge 
 and order that the northern boundary of the said Province of the Massachu- 
 setts Bay are and be a similar curve line, pursuing the course of Merrimack 
 
 ' Rev. Dr. N. Bouton. 
 
266 HISTOUV OF NliW HAMPSIIIKE. [^7^S 
 
 river at three miles distance on the north side thereof, beginning at the At- 
 lanti:; ocean, and ending at a point due north of a place called Pautucket Falls, 
 ■and a straight line drawn from thence due west, cross the said river, till it 
 meets with Ilis Majesty's other governments; by which determination two 
 third parts at least of the said river Merrimack, with the lands and settlements 
 thereon, and among the rest the said towns of Pennicook, or Rumford, and 
 Suncook, would lay upon the said river considerably above the said Pautucket 
 falls, were excluded out of the said Province of Massachusetts Bay, in which 
 they had before been thought and reputed to be, and thrown into the said 
 -other Province of New Hampshire. That notwithstanding his Majesty had 
 been pleased, at the time of issuing the said commission, to fix the said boun- 
 •dary, to declare the same was not to affect private property : yet certain per- 
 sons in New Hampshire, desirous to make the labors of others an advantage 
 to themselves, and to possess themselves of the towns of Pennicook, otherwise 
 Rumford, and Suncook, as now improved by the industry of the appellants 
 jind the said first settlers thereof, whom they seek to despoil of the benefit of 
 ■all their labors. 
 
 His Majesty this day took the said report into consideration, and was 
 pleased, with the advice of his privy council, to approve thereof, and to order, 
 ais it is hereby ordered, that the said judgment of the inferior court of common 
 pleas of the Province of New Hampshire, of the 2d of September, 1760, and 
 also the judgment of the superior court of judicature, of the jU Tuesday in 
 November, aflirming the same, be both of them reversed, and that the appel- 
 lants be restored to what they may have lost by means of the said judgment, 
 whereof the Governor or Commander-in-Chief of His Majesty's Province of 
 New Hampshire, for the time being, and all others whom it may concern, are 
 to take notice and govern themselves accordinglj'. 
 
 But notwithstanding his Majesty's decision the controversy 
 had become so complicated, and involved so much personal in- 
 terest and feeling, that many years elapsed before its final set- 
 tlement. The difficulty with the government of the Province 
 in respect to taxes was terminated by a charter of incorporation, 
 but conflicting personal interests had to be compromised. The 
 prudence, decision, and readiness for reconciliation on just prin- 
 ciples, which distinguished the proprietors in all their subse- 
 quent proceedings, appear from the records. The controversy was 
 finally terminated in 1772. The common lands which had been 
 . reserved were divided and laid off to the respective proprietors 
 and grantees. 
 
 At length Mr. Walker's able management of the Bow case having 
 won a favorable decision, Rumford was to remain intact, and 
 
lyCS] KOVAL PROVINCE. 267 
 
 SO was Suncook. Suncook, however, had given over the strug- 
 gle and was no more ; in its place was Pembroke, a creation of 
 the General Assembly of New Hampshire. Who would blame 
 their worthy divine, the Rev. Aaron Whittemore, if he upbraided 
 the people for their want of faith in the paternal guardianship 
 of the Old Bay Colony, in which he had filial confidence ? 
 I'robably he had no soft answers to turn away their wrath, but 
 rather enkindled it ; for they met one November day and voted 
 their old minister out of his parish. Here their anger ended, for 
 the next year they petitioned for, and obtained, the charter for a 
 separate parish for the Presbyterians, allowing the minority to 
 retain the services of their faithful minister ; and not forcing 
 them, in retaliation for past acts, to support the Rev. Daniel 
 Mitchel. 
 
 1 In 1762 the population of that part of the "Chesnut Coun- 
 try" called Charmingfare numbered so many families who were 
 obliged to make their way over bridle-paths and through woods 
 ten or twelve miles to meeting, that the freeholders of Chester 
 voted to set off a new parish north and west of their present 
 limits and north of Long Meadows, now Auburn. The new 
 township was supposed to measure five and one half miles one 
 way, by four miles the other, being nearly a parallelogram in 
 shape, and was divided into one hundred and thirty proprietary 
 lots. 
 
 The earliest date at which anyone moved within the limits of 
 the new parish cannot now be determined. The late Colonel 
 R. E. Patten claimed to have heard it said by one of the fathers 
 vi^ho knew, that David McClure built his log cabin on the 
 north-east slope of Patten's hill, in 1743. Chase, in his history 
 of Chester, remarks that McClure did not take his farm at 
 Chester Centre before 1744. On page two hundred and sixty, 
 however, of that history, the invoice table of 1 741 gives David 
 McClure as assessed for a house and a horse. 
 
 William Turner, generally considered the first settler, and 
 who appears to have been in Chester in 1741, or before, built a 
 house in 1748, on a swell of land near the present Candia 
 
 ■ F. B. Eaton. 
 
268 mSTOKY OF NKW HAMt'SHJKE. L ' 7^5 
 
 village. The next year came Benjamin Smith from Exeter, 
 and began a clearing about one half mile south-east. Enoch 
 Colby came from Hampton about the same time, and settled a 
 mile or more south-west from Turner. They appear to have 
 been neighborly, for Mr. Turner married Colby's sister, and 
 their daughter Sarah was the first child born in town. In 
 1753, Nathaniel Burpee came from Rowley, Massachusetts, and 
 built one quarter of a mile north ; he united in his person two 
 very useful functions — he was tailor and deacon. After this 
 the influx of population, if not rapid, was steady. The earliest 
 recorded census in 1767 gives the number as three hundred and 
 sixty-three. Eight years later it had more than doubled. 
 
 Under the consent signified by the vote of Chester, thirty- 
 eight freeholders petitioned for a charter, and in 1763 it was 
 duly granted by the Governor, Council and Assembly, whereby 
 "the inhabitants and their estates are made a parish by the 
 name of Candia." 
 
 In Moore and Farmer's New Hampshire Gazetteer, it is said 
 that this name was given by Governor Benning Wentworth, 
 who had been a prisoner on the island of Crete, now Candia, in 
 the Mediterranean. The statement was adopted in Eaton's His- 
 tory, and also by the late Rev. Dr. Bouton, in some notes on 
 the names of towns in his State Papers. I have not seen any 
 allusion to this imprisonment in Belknap's or in Ikewster's 
 Rambles. Some circumstances in the life of Wentworth, how- 
 ever, give it an air of probability. 
 
 It is to the distinction of the people of that rough but thrifty 
 little town, that the world knows but one other place of like 
 name. There are Chesters and Raymonds and Deerfields in 
 abundance, but, especially to those to the manor born, but one 
 Candia in fact or in sentiment. 
 
 It would be interesting to know where the first town meeting 
 was held, but the record gives us no hint, though John Carr's 
 tavern was surely built (and is now the oldest inhabited house 
 in town), and Deacon Palmer's "Lintel" received the worship- 
 ping congregation on Sunday. 
 
 It was on March 13, 1764, that this precursor of a long and 
 
1765] KOVAL PKOVINCE. 269 
 
 lively series of March meetings was called by Samuel Emerson, 
 Esq., duly authorized for that purpose. Doctor Samuel Moore, 
 as the record styles him, who came from Hampstead two years 
 before, was chosen Moderator and Parish Clerk, which latter 
 office he held twenty-nine years. He was one of those univer- 
 sal factotums useful and indispensable in the building up of new 
 towns, not a regular physician but able to pull teeth, perform 
 simple surgical operations, and give common sense if not legal 
 advice in matters of dispute. His wife was reputed equally effi- 
 cient and capable in her own particular sphere. 
 
 The chief reason for the new charter was the difficulty of at- 
 tending public worship, and so the first vote to raise money was 
 of one hundred and fifty pounds old tenor, to hire preaching, 
 and one hundred pounds for schooling. A small sum, the old 
 tenor currency having depreciated to about one twentieth of its 
 nominal amount, but it was enough for immediate use. 
 
 " Shirbane " Rowe was chosen inspector of deer, and John 
 Carr tythingman. Three hawards or hay wardens were also 
 chosen, whose duty it was to take up and impound any cattle 
 found trespassing on inclosures or cornfields. 
 
 As there were few fences, cattle were of course allowed to 
 roam at large, as well as sheep. To identify the sheep a system 
 of ear marks was used, and they are recorded in quaint lan- 
 guage in the " town book," as for instance : "'Shirbane' Rowe's 
 mark for creatures a happenny under side left ear." "Silas 
 Cammet mark for his creatures a slit in ye Rite ear." " Nicho- 
 las French's mark for his creatures a cropp of the left ear swal- 
 low tail ye right." Inspectors of deer were appointed to see 
 that the game laws were enforced, which forbade the killing of 
 deer at certain seasons. The tythingmen served as local police, 
 not only maintaining the order and attention in meeting, but 
 they arrested unlucky travellers making more than a Sabbath 
 day's journey, and saw that the guests in Colonel John Carr's 
 Inn did not carry their carousing to excess. The remaining 
 officers chosen did not differ in title or function from those 
 chosen at the present day, and therefore call for no mention. 
 
 About this time the following terse vote appears upon the 
 
270 HISTORY OF NEW HAMI'SlllKE. [ ' 76$ 
 
 record, without gloss or comment : " Concerning Hoggs, we 
 will stand by the old laws in that case provided." 
 
 In all those days they were looking out for a minister, and various sums were 
 voted for preaching. Rev. Tristram Gilman very acceptably served them for 
 forty-one S.ibbaths, Rev. Mr. Webster fifteen, and Rev. Jonathan Searle ten. 
 Besides, Rev. Messrs Hall, Joseph Currier and Thomas Lancaster preached 
 each a shorter time. Calls were extended to Messrs Gilman and Searle, but 
 not accepted. Neither were the schools neglected, eighteen pounds being 
 appropriated to each quarter or district, and a writing and reading school 
 established the whole of the year. In January, 1766, the amount voted for 
 preaching and schools was more than doubled, and four hundred pounds old 
 tenor expended on the parsonage lot. September 8th, at a special meeting of 
 the parisli, they voted sixty pounds lawful money in labor, and five-pounds 
 in cash, toward building a meeting-house, preaching having been maintained 
 meanwhile in Deacon Palmer's " Lintel," the house thus designated being sit- 
 uated a few rods east of the present parsonage, on the spot where the late N. 
 B. Hall resided. There was a triangular pediment over the front door from 
 which the name given to the v/hole structure doubtless came. Whether this 
 is anything more than a local term my observation or reading does not inform 
 me. 
 
 It was voted, that the meeting-house frame should be begun on the 32nd of 
 the month, and "John Clay, Walter Robie, Esq., Benjamin Cass, Moses Ba- 
 ker, Jonathan Bean, Nathaniel Emerson and Abraham Fitts," were chosen 
 a committee to take the work in charge. 
 
 The sixty pounds could be paid in labor at two shillings six pence per day, 
 or in lumber at current rates, and the frame was to be completed by the last 
 of October. If any member of the parish failed to pay in lumber or labor the 
 constable could collect it in money. 
 
 October 20th the selectmen were authorized to assess a sufficient sum to 
 finish the frame, and codfish, potatoes and butter were provided for the rais- 
 ing supper. The house was forty-five feet long by forty wide and was laid 
 out into pew lots which were sold to raise money to complete the building. 
 Eighty-two years after, when this meeting-house was burned, a neighboring: 
 blacksmith, with whimsical thrift, sowed tr.rnip seed in the ashes, to save, as 
 he said, the interest on his money. Nearly all the materials required could 
 be furnished home made, except the glass, and in order to provide for what 
 the record calls the "glassing," liberty was given to cut red oak timber on the 
 school and parsonage lots, to be made into staves three feet eight inches long. 
 Eighteen shillings per M was allowed for the staves until enough had been 
 cut to amount to sixty pounds lawful money. It took several years to finish 
 the glazing, and in 1771 a committee was chosen to look after the glass rate, 
 and see that no more red oak staves were cut than was necessary. Possibly 
 the incumbent. Rev. Mr. Jewett, made some objections, as the income of the 
 lot was part of his salary. The committee offered, if allowed to cut the staves, 
 to build a fence around the lot. 
 
1765] KOYAL PROVINCE. 27! 
 
 In addition to the ordinary trials of a frontier life, the war o£ 
 the Revolution approached. In 1770 they had called and 
 settled the Rev. David Jewett, engaging to pay him eventually 
 sixty-five pounds a year, with the income of the parsonage, to 
 build him a house and barn, and dig a well, thus increasing the 
 burdens of the day. In 1796 a steeple and porch were added 
 to the meeting-house, and in 1802 a bell and weather-cock. 
 Major Samuel Moore seems to have been the contractor for 
 finishing the steeple, as it is said that he employed a Newbury- 
 port copper-smith to make the weather-cock, and soon after, 
 failing in business, did not pay him. The town had paid Mr. 
 Moore all that was his due, but on a representation that the 
 copper-smith was a poor man, voted to allow his claim. One of 
 the townsmen, antedating Wall Street by a century, hurried down 
 to Newbury, bought the claim at half price, paying in sugar 
 which he had got in trade, probably for barrels, and came back 
 to the selectmen to realize : by some means the transaction 
 became known to the town fathers, and they sent down the full 
 amount 'to the artisan. Let us be thankful that thus this bird was 
 an honest rooster, and served the parish well for thirty-six years,, 
 when, at the burning of the house, he took his final flight, and 
 was resolved into his native copper, ceasing forever to breast 
 the storm, or guide the winds. The oaken frame of the house 
 was very massive, but, heavy as it was, the famous gale of Sep- 
 tember, 181 5, started the roof, which was seen to lift as if 
 meditating a flight, but finally thought better of it, and settled 
 back to its old position. 
 
 The house stood on the hill, or central plateau, fronting the 
 south, and not far from the geographical centre of the parish ; it 
 was at least beautiful for situation. 
 
 ^In June, 1735, the Massachusetts General Court granted to 
 Samuel King and others, in consideration " of their sufferings " 
 in the expedition to Canada in the year 1690, the township of 
 Lyndeborough, and about one third of Wilton on the north 
 side, under the name of Salem Canada. In this part of Wilton, 
 in June, 1739, was the first settlement made. The first settlers 
 
 ' J. B. Conner. 
 
272 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['Z^S 
 
 were Ephraim and Jacob Putnam, and John Dale, who removed 
 to this place from Dan vers, Mass. In 1749 the Masonian pro- 
 prietors made a grant of the rest of the town under certain 
 conditions, to forty-six persons. The grantees had it laid out, 
 iind annexed to a part of Salem Canada, and called No. 2. It 
 was incorporated June 25, 1762, under the name of Wilton, a 
 name probably derived from an ancient borough in Wiltshire, 
 England; and the first town meeting was held July 27, 1762, 
 twenty-three years after the first settlement. Before the 
 Revolution, a range of lots, half a mile wide, was set off to Tem- 
 ple, and thus the town finally assumed its present size and- 
 shape. Improvements of all kinds were slow and gradual. 
 The first settlers went to Dunstable to mill ; and when Shep- 
 pard's mill in Milford, seven miles distant, was built, it was so 
 great a convenience that it was hardly thought less of than a 
 •modern railroad. The first grist mill in Wilton was built by 
 Deacon Samuel Greeley of Nottingham West. The first saw 
 mill was near Philip Putnam's, on the North Stream ( Stony 
 Brook). The second grist and saw mill was Hutchinson's, at 
 the east village. These were all the grist mills erected before 
 the Revolution. The roads were at first little more than foot- 
 paths marked by spotted trees. For a long time there were 
 apprehensions of danger from the Indians; Wilton seems never 
 to have been a fixed residence for them, but merely a hunting- 
 ground. They, however, lived along the Merrimack, and in 
 time of hostility, or when hostility was feared, the first settlers 
 went into garrison. This continued about ten years. One 
 garrison was in Milford, the other in Lyndeborough, near 
 where Ephraim Putnam settled. The ecclesiastical history of 
 •our New England towns has always been of great interest and 
 importance, and it must be gratifying to all whose native 
 place is Wilton, that the means for religious improvement have 
 •ever been carefully provided by its inhabitants. 
 
 When the town was first laid out, one share of two hundred 
 acres was set apart for the first minister, and another for the 
 support of the ministry. There had been occasional preaching 
 here most of the time ; and from the records it appears that at 
 
1765] ROYAL PROVINCE. 273 
 
 least two persons had been invited to settle ; but the first 
 minister actually installed was Mr. Jonathan Livermore, who 
 was ordained December 14, 1763; on the same day a church 
 was formed, consisting of eight male members. Mr. Livermore 
 was minister thirteen years and resigned. It may be men- 
 tioned as an interesting fact, that there were only two families 
 in town during his ministry whose children were not baptized. 
 The first meeting-house was built in 1752. It was used twenty- 
 one years and then taken down. 
 
 The second one was built during the ministry of Mr. Livermore. They 
 commenced raising it in September, 1773. Such things were conducted differ- 
 ently then from what they are now, and were considered a work of two days. 
 People came from distant towns to see the spectacle, and great preparations 
 were made. A committee of the town appointed the raisers, and ample pro- 
 visions were made to entertain sttangers. The morning dawned amid all 
 the glories of that beautiful season, and people from all parts came in great • 
 numbers. Some came on foot, and some practised the method, unknown to 
 modern days, of riding and tying; others were on horseback with their 
 -wives or sisters behind on a pillion. It was an occasion of universal expecta- 
 tion. The timbers were all prepared, the workmen ready, and the master- 
 workman, full of the dignity of his office, issuing his orders to his aids. All 
 ■went on prosperously. The good cheer, the excitement of the work, the crowd 
 of spectators, men looking on, women telling the news, boys playing their 
 various games, all made it a scene of general rejoicing. The sides of the 
 house were already up, and also a part of the roof at the east end of the build- 
 ing. One of the raisers from Lyndeborough, Captain Bradford, had brought 
 over his wife, whom he left on account of illness at the house of Mr. Baldwin, 
 while he went on to take part in the work. Having to pass along the centre 
 of the building, he observed that the middle beam, extending across the centre 
 of the church, was not properly supported. A post was under the centre, but 
 it was worm-eaten and was already beginning to yield and give way under the 
 pressure. In raising the middle part of the roof, the weight of the workmen 
 would come on this beam, which was evidently not strong enough to bear up 
 the timbers and men. He immediately ascended to the roof and informed the 
 master-workman, who, being made over-confident by the success thus far, re-' 
 plied that if he was afraid he could go home, that they wanted no cowards 
 there. Indignant at the reply, Captain Br.idford went down and started off for 
 his wife, with the intention of returning home. Before reaching Mr. Baldwin's 
 he looked back, and saw the men swarming upon the unsupported beam. 
 They were raising up with much exertion and shouts of direction and encour- 
 agement the beams and rafters, when suddenly he saw the frame already 
 erected tremble, the men shrink back aghast ; the building seemed to rock for 
 a moment to and fro, then all, timbers and tools and men, rushed down to- 
 gether in one mingled mass. The crash was so loud as to be heard nearly a 
 
274 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^7^S 
 
 mile. For a moment all was silent, then the air was filled with groans, 
 and outcries, and shrieks of terror. Of the fifty-three men who fell with the 
 frame, three were instantly killed, two died shortly afterward, and most of 
 the others were more or less mangled and wounded. To understand the im- 
 pression that the event made at the time, it must be remembered that the 
 whole population of the town was less than five hundred. At a fast which 
 was kept, Mr. Livermore preached from the text, which then must have been 
 peculiarly impressive : " Except the Lord build the house, they labor in vain 
 that build it." After many mishaps the church was finally completed near 
 the end of the year 1774, and dedicated the next January, when Mr. Livermore 
 preached a sermon from the text: "But who am I and what is my people, 
 that we should be able to offer so willingly after this sort." In July, 1S04, 
 the house was struck with lightning, and the middle part at the end rent froni 
 top to bottom. 
 
 In former days, before people had become so delicate and 
 luxurious as now, there was no fire in the church in winter. 
 The older men chose to have it understood that their zeal kept 
 them warm ; while the young men, fearing perliaps lest their 
 reputation for hardihood might suffer in the eyes of the gentler 
 sex, would not confess that they were to be made to feel cold 
 by any weather. But it has been intimated that there were 
 lads who, when the thermometer was at zero, by the middle of 
 the afternoon sermon, were ready, after some misgivings, to 
 give up their reputation for zeal and pride of sex, for the 
 chance of holding their fingers for a few moments over their 
 mother's foot-stove. 
 
 Many of the town papers relating to the affairs of Wilton 
 during the war of the Revolution have been lost. An examin- 
 ation of those remaining prove, that nearly every able-bodied 
 man belonging in the town was out in the war, and either did 
 service personally, or hired another to fill his place for a longer 
 or shorter period. Wilton was represented in the battle of 
 Bunker Hill, and a large number of her men were in the army 
 at Cambridge, It is known that at least eight, and probably 
 more, were in the battle of Bennington, one of whom, 
 Ebenezer Perry, was killed. 
 
 . New Ipswich, Wilton, and Dresham were incorporated in 
 1762. The former town was granted by Massachusetts and 
 settled, before 1749, by Reuben Kidder, Archibald White, 
 
1 7^5] ROYAL PROVINCE. 2/5 
 
 Joseph and Ebenezer Ballard, Joseph Stevens, and others. It 
 was regranted in 1750 by the Masonian proprietors. The first 
 minister was Rev. Stephen Farrar, who died in 1809. He was 
 succeeded, in 18 12, by Rev. Richard Hale. 
 
 ^ Lisbon was first jgranted in the year 1763, under the name 
 of Concord, which name it retained for the succeeding five years. 
 The grantees not complying with the conditions of the charter, 
 the same became forfeited, as was supposed, and in 1768 it was 
 regranted to an entirely new company of proprietors, under the 
 name of Gunthwaite. Through the influence of Captain Leon- 
 ard Whiting, who was instrumental in procuring the second 
 charter, and Major John Young, of Haverhill, Mass., some set- 
 tlements were made. Matters, however, progressed slowly, and 
 for several years there were but few additions. The war of 
 the Revolution came to a close, and a new impetus was given 
 to emigration. 
 
 In the year 1785 there were comfortably ensconced in log 
 cabins forty families, besides a respectable contingent of bachel- 
 ors. After the first influx subsequent to the war, emigration in 
 some degree abated ; yet each year witnessed a sure and steady 
 increase, and evidently tiic morning of prosperity began to 
 dawn iii)on the new colony. The genuine prosperity which had 
 rewarded the efforts of the Gunthwaite proprietors was coveted 
 by the original grantees. They came forward, laid claim to the 
 township, and, as is surmised, made some kind of a compromise 
 with certain influential citizens. The controversy thus raised 
 was followed by litigation, which culminated in the restoration 
 of the Concord charter. Hence, as by a single stroke of the 
 pen, the Gunthwaite titles were extinguished, and the poor set- 
 tler, who with his wife and children during these years had 
 shared all the privations of pioneer life and had begun to enjoy 
 some of the comforts so dearly earned, was at once deprived of 
 his home, with nothing left but his pittance of personal property. 
 A part of the settlers abandoned their claims and went to 
 Canada and places further north ; others endeavored to sell 
 their improvements, — but no one was willing to purchase, so 
 
 > Samuel Emery. 
 
276 HrSTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [17^5 
 
 prevalent was a feeling of distrust and uncertainty. Every one 
 knew that the first charter had actually been forfeited, and that 
 points had been carried by the dint of bulldozing and fraud; 
 and yet there was no redress, inasmuch as the courts had decided 
 against them. By far the greater number of citizens remained 
 upon their farms and awaited the issue ; and when the claims 
 of the Concord proprietors were fully established and acknowl- 
 edged, finding they must yield to the inevitable, they pur- 
 chased their farms over again. At length the excitement and 
 disturbance subsided, and by an Act of the Legislature the name 
 of Concord was resumed, and retained until 1824, when it was 
 changed to Lisbon. 
 
 The first settlers of the town were Samuel Martin, Ebenezer Richardson, 
 William Belknap, and Samuel Sherman ; then followed the Youngs, the most 
 influential family through a considerable period ; afterwards came these, being 
 the surnames, — Dexter, Darley, Judd, Parker, Aldrich, Jesseman, Bishop, 
 Harris, Howland, Northey, Hildreth, Jewett, Colby, Qiiimby, Streeter, 
 Spooner, Oakes, Priest, Noyes, Jameson, Taylor, Haines, Applebee, Morse, 
 Bailey, Ash, Whitcomb, Smith, Page, Wells, Knapp, Kinneston, Burt, Kay, 
 Emery, Cushman, Moris, Kelsea, Gurnsey, Mclntire, Cooley, Whiting, Bar- 
 rett, Clark, Walker, Palmer, Robins, Cole, Eastman, Whipple, Cobleigh, 
 Kimball, Savage, Gould, and Ela, — besides individuals and other families, 
 perhaps equally early, but not so numerous. 
 
 * Gilsum originally included the larger part of both Sullivan 
 and Surry, and was first granted in 1752, under the name of 
 Boyle. It was regranted in 1763, and received its present 
 unique name from a combination of the names of two of its lead- 
 ing proprietors, Colonel Samuel Gilbert and his son-in-law, Rev. 
 Clement Sumner. Its earliest settlers were from Connecticut, 
 largely from Hebron, Bolton, and Glastonbury. The promi- 
 nent family names of the first few years were Kilburn, Dewey, 
 Wilcox, Adams, Pease, Hurd, Bliss, and Bill, of which only 
 Hurd and Bill now remain. 
 
 Gilsum had no Tories in the Revolution, and has always fur- 
 nished her full quota of men when called to defend the liberties 
 of the people or the nation's honor. Twenty names are credited 
 to Gilsum on the Revolutionary rolls of the State, while the 
 
 ' Sylvanus Hayward. 
 
1765] ROVAL PROVINCE. 277 
 
 whole number of men between sixteen and fifty, in \yyy, was 
 only thirty-nine. Seven Gilsum men served in the war of 1812, 
 and seven more volunteered, but were not called for. In the 
 war of the Rebellion, Gilsum furnished seventy-one men, 
 twenty-nine of whom were her own citizens. 
 
 A Congregational church was organized here in 1772, but no 
 minister was secured till 1794, when Rev. Elisha Fish was set- 
 tled by the town, and remained till his death in 1807. Opposi- 
 tion to the old system of supporting preaching by public taxa- 
 tion was very early developed, and after Mr. Fish's death no 
 minister was settled by the town. The only church in Gilsum 
 at* the present time is the original one above mentioned, now 
 passing its one hundred and ninth year, with about forty resi- 
 dent members. A Methodist church, of considerable numbers 
 and activity, flourished here for some years, but is now dis- 
 banded. A Christian church was established here about sixty 
 years since, and numbered many converts, now mostly dispersed 
 to other churches. A feeble Baptist church was removed here 
 from Sullivan, but survived only a few years. A branch of the 
 Mormon church was organized in town in 1841, numbering 
 nearly fifty resident members. Some perished on their way to 
 Utah, and some are now residents of that Territory. 
 
 A grist mill and saw-mill was built in 1776. In 181 3 Luther 
 Whitney built a clothing mill on the brook near his father's 
 house. Seven years later he removed to the village. In 1832 
 the manufacture of cloth was first undertaken by David Brig- 
 ham and H. G. Howe. Since then woollen manufactures in va- 
 rious forms have been the most important industry of the place. 
 Though Gilsum has sent out almost no men of national reputa- 
 tion, yet many useful men, and men of considerable local dis- 
 tinction, are identified with Gilsum history. 
 
 ^ Lancaster was incorporated on the 5th of July, 1763, and 
 owes its early settlement, like many other events in the world, 
 to passion. David Page, Esq., grand uncle of Governor Page, 
 dissatisfied with the division of the rights in Haverhill, and 
 having been advised of the extent and fertility of our 
 
 ■John W. Weeks. 
 
278 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['76$ 
 
 "meadows" by some of the survivors of that party of Rogers' 
 Rangers, who, after the destruction of the village of St. Fran- 
 cois, reached and passed down the waters of the Connecticut, 
 being a man of great resolution, resolved to penetrate at once 
 to the Upper Coos. With, this view, in the autumn of 1763, he 
 sent his son, David Page, Jr., and Emmons Stockwell, to build 
 a camp, and winter in Lancaster. In the year 1764, David 
 Page, Esq. ( called by the settlers Governor Page), with his large 
 family, "moved" to Lancaster, followed by several young men, 
 eager to improve, or rather make, their fortune. The best 
 tracts of land were immediately occupied, and were so pro- 
 ductive that for many years manure was considered unnecessai^, 
 and was actually thrown over banks and into hollows, where it 
 would be most out of the way. At this period there was no 
 settlement between Htiverhill and Lancaster, and but few north 
 of Number Four, now Charlestown. There being no roads, the 
 settlers suffered inconceivable hardships in transporting their 
 necessaries, few as they were, being obliged to navigate their 
 log canoes up and down the "fifteen mile falls," now known to 
 be twenty miles in length, with a descent of more than three 
 hundred feet ; and in winter to pass the same dangerous rapids 
 in sleighs and with ox-teams, frequently falling through the ice, 
 and sometimes never rising above it. High water to descend, 
 and low water to ascend, were thought the most favorable 
 times. 
 
 The first town meeting was held on the nth of March, 1769. 
 
 The first mill was operated by horse power, but so illy con- 
 structed, that it was little better than the large mortar and 
 pestle attached to a pole, which was used by many. A " water 
 mill" was erected, and soon after burnt; another and another 
 met the same fate. These disasters, with the Revolutionary war, 
 reduced the settlers to extreme distress. Newcomb Blodgett 
 and some others being captured by the Indians and carried to 
 Canada, led to the determination of abandoning the country; 
 and for this purpose the settlers collected at the house of 
 Emmons Stockwell, whose resolution never forsook him, even 
 for a moment. " My family," said he, "and I shan't go." This 
 
WARREN, N. H. 
 
^765] ROVAU PROVINCE. 279 
 
 remark changed the opinion of several families, who remained, 
 _yet with but very few accessions to the end of the great and 
 glorious struggle. 
 
 On the 7th of January, 1776, Joseph Whipple was chosen to 
 represent the towns of Lancaster, Northumberland, Dartmouth 
 ( now Jefferson ), Apthorp ( merged in other towns ) and Strat- 
 ford. Voted to give their representatives "instructions from 
 time ti) time." At a subsequent meeting, Joseph Whipple was 
 again elected to the same office, — a vote of tiianks passed for 
 his past services, and a committee of five was chosen to give 
 him instructions for the future. Thus was the right of instruc- 
 tion established to govern the first representative. Near and 
 soon after the close of the war, several families, who had lost 
 much of their property during the conflict, migrated to Lan- 
 •castcr. Major Jonas Wilder, with a large and highly respectable 
 family, was of the number. He built a "grist and saw mill." 
 In May, 1787, Captain John Weeks, for a like reason, came to this 
 town. At the March meeting in 1789, twenty votes were cast 
 for State officers ; and even this small number were divided by 
 important political considerations ; twelve friends to popular 
 rights however prevailed. 
 
 In the year 1763 charters were granted with a lavish hand. 
 I'oplin, or Fremont, Alstead, Candia, New Boston, Warren, 
 Haverhill, Woodstock, Lancaster, Gilsum, Plymouth, Cornish, 
 and Croydon were incorporated. 
 
 Claremont, Weare, Benton, Lincoln, Franconia, Piermont, 
 Lyndeborough, Raymond, Newington and Unity were incorpor- 
 ated in 1764. 
 
 Claremont was chartered by George HI., October 26, 1764. 
 Josiah Willard, Samuel Ashley and sixty-eight others were the 
 grantees. It received its name from the country-seat of Lord 
 Clive, an English general. The first settlement was made in 
 1762 by Moses Spafford and David Lynde. In 1763 and 1766 
 several other inhabitants arrived. In 1767 a considerable num- 
 ber of proprietors and others from the towns of Farmington, 
 Hebron and Colchester, in Connecticut, made settlements in 
 different parts of the town. The first native of Claremont was 
 
280 >lIST01<y OK NICW lIAMl'SIIIKIi;. ['7^5 
 
 Elijah, son ot Moses Spafford, who was born in 1763. Among^ 
 the early inhabitants to whose enterprise the town was essen- 
 tially indebted for its prosperity, may be mentioned Samuel 
 Cole, Esq., who graduated at Yale College in 1731, and was 
 for many years very useful as an instructor of youth. He died 
 at an advanced age. Dr. William Sumner, a native of Boston, 
 who came to this place in 1768 from Hebron, Connecticut, was 
 a resident several years in Claremont, where he died in March, 
 1778. Colonel Benjamin Sumner, who was many years a civil 
 magistrate, died in May, 181 5, aged seventy-eight. Colonel Jo- 
 seph Waite, who was engaged in the French and Indian war, was 
 captain of one of Rogers' companies of Rangers, and com- 
 manded a regiment in the Revolutionary war, died in October, 
 1776. Captain Joseph Taylor, who was engaged in the Cape 
 Breto'n, the French, and the Revolutionary wars, who was, with 
 one Farwell, taken prisoner by the Indians in the summer of 
 1755, carried to Canada and sold to the French, returned to 
 Claremont, and died in March, 181 3, at the age of eighty-four. 
 Hon. Samuel Ashley moved to this town in 1782. He was in 
 the wars of 1745 and 1755. He sustained several civil offices, 
 and was judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He died in 
 February, 1792. 
 
 At the outbreak of the Revolution the town was divided 
 between the Whigs and Tories, the Loyalists being in a min- 
 ority. No overt acts on their part having been undertaken, 
 they lived at peace with their neighbors throughout the war, 
 although under the watch of a self-appointed Committee of 
 Safety from among the citizens of Claremont and adjoining 
 towns. 
 
 The early inhabitants were about equally divided in their 
 attachment to Episcopacy and Congregational principles. The 
 churches of these denominations may be considered as coeval. 
 At a town meeting held at the house of Thomas Jones, May 9, 
 1771, it was decided to settle in town a minister of the Gospel. 
 A committee of three was chosen and instructed to apply to 
 Mr. Elijah Parsons to come and preach as a candidate; "but if 
 he fails, to apply to Dr, Wheelock (president of Dartmouth 
 
1765] ROVAL PKOVINCK. 28 1 
 
 College) for advice who to apply to in his room." The first 
 minister settled by the Congregational society was Rev. George 
 Wheaton, who was ordained Feb. 19, 1772. 
 
 The first minister of the Episcopal society was Rev. Ranna 
 Cossit, who sailed for England for holy orders in December, 
 1772. He was ordained by the Bishop of London, but was 
 succeeded in 1775 by Rev. Daniel Barber, who continued in the 
 ministry there until 1818. 
 
 The first services were held in the " South School-house," the 
 meeting-house of that day, which stood on Jarvis hill, in the 
 Tvest part of the town. It was a frame building covered with 
 rough boards, furnished with rude benches for seats, and having 
 only the ground for a floor. The first meeting-house was built 
 in 1791, on the road frojii Claremont village to the Junction, 
 near the Draper place. It was subsequently enlarged and was 
 occupied by the society until 1836, soon after which it was 
 moved to the village ; it is now a part of the town-house. 
 
 Raymond, Conway, Concord, Centre Harbor, Dunbarton, 
 Hopkinton, Stark, Lee, and Deerfield were incorporated in 
 1765. 
 
 Acworth, Bridgewater, Burton, Eaton, Albany, and Farns- 
 worth were incorporated in i y66. 
 
 ^ The town of Wentworth was chartered by Gov. Benning 
 Wentworth in 1766. There were originally sixty grantees or 
 proprietprs, mostly residing in the towns of Kingston, East 
 Kingston, Hawke (now Danville), and South Hampton, which 
 originally included what is now Seabrook, and Salisbury, Mass. 
 The charter is in the usual form of the charters of those days. 
 " In the name of George the Third, by the Grace of God, of 
 Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith," 
 etc. A tract of land six miles square was granted, containing 
 23,040 acres, "out of which an allowance is to be made for high- 
 ways and unimprovable lands, by rocks, ponds, mountains, and 
 rivers, 1,040 acres," The land was to be divided into sixty-six 
 equal shares, and was bounded on the north by Warren, east by 
 Rumney, south by Dorchester, and west by Orford — and to be 
 
 • Hon. J. E. Sargent. 
 
282 HISTORY OF NEW HAMl'SHIKE. ['Z^S 
 
 known as the town of Wentworth ; and its inhabitants were de- 
 clared to be enfranchised with and entitled to all the privi- 
 leges and immunities which other towns exercise and enjoy. 
 When the town should consist of fifty families resident therein, 
 they were to have the liberty of holding two fairs therein annu- 
 ally, and that a market may be opened and kept open one or 
 more days in each week. Provision is made for the calling of 
 the first meeting of the proprietors, and the annual meetings 
 thereafter. " To have and to hold " said granted premises upon 
 the following conditions : Every grantee shall plant and culti- 
 vate five acres of land within .five years, for every fifty acres 
 contained in his or their shares or proportions, in said township, 
 on penalty of forfeiture, etc. All white pine trees in said town- 
 ship, " fit for masting our Royal Navy," to be preserved and 
 not to be cut without permission ; upon the division of the lands, 
 a tract of land as near the centre of the town as may l)e, to be 
 marked off as town lots of the contents of one acre, one of 
 which lots shall be assigned to each proprietor. The rent to 
 be paid for the same is one car of English corn per annum ; 
 and in 1777, on the 25th day of December, one shilling procla- 
 mation money for every hundred acres of land owned by him, 
 was to be paid by every proprietor and owner to the King, and 
 in the same ratio for a larger or smaller tract, which was to be 
 in full of all future rents and services. 
 
 Dated November i, 1766. 
 
 There was a reservation of five hundred acres in the north- 
 west corner of the plan of the town, marked " B. W. " and 
 known as the Governor's reservation. 
 
 This charter was granted to John Paige, Esq., and fifty-nine 
 others. There were five sons of said John Paige, Esq., who 
 were, with him, grantees and proprietors of the town, namely, 
 Samuel, Moses, John, Ephraim, and Enoch. They all lived in 
 Salisbury, Mass., and so far as we know only two of them ever 
 came to Wentworth. The two younger sons, Ephraim and 
 Enoch, afterwards settled in Wentworth and died there. Proba- 
 bly but few of those original proprietors ever saw any part of 
 the township thus granted to them. We cannot learn that any 
 
1765] ROYAL PROVINCE. 285 
 
 Others of the whole sixty original proprietors ever settled in 
 Wentworth, except Ephraim and Enoch Paige. 
 
 John Paige, Esq., the first grantee, was the son of one Onesi- 
 phorus Paige of Salisbury, Mass., and was born February 21,. 
 i6g6. He married Mary Winsley, of said Salisbury, April 16, 
 1720. They had five sons and several daughters, none of whom, 
 so far as we know, ever came to Wentworth, except the tw» 
 youngest sons as before mentioned. But they were not among^ 
 the first settlers of the town. 
 
 During the year 1770 the first settlement was made in town by 
 David Maxfield, Abel Davis, and Ephraim Lund, and in the 
 order above named, though all in the same season. David Max- 
 well settled on the White farm, as it \^as formerly called, on the 
 intervale since occupied by Richard Pillsbury and Colonel Joseph 
 Savage. He lived in town about two years. Abel Davis cleared 
 a small piece of land and built a log house on the Jonathan 
 Eames place, so-called, and since occupied by Daniel Eames^ 
 and now by Amos Rollins. This house was west of the pres- 
 ent buildings toward the river. He remained in town but a short 
 time, removing to Vermont. His daughter, Mary Davis, after- 
 ward came into town and lived with Enoch Paige's family, and 
 became the second wife of Ebenezer Gove, one of the early 
 settlers, about 1780. Ephraim Lund erected a log house on the 
 east side of the river, near where the red school-house now stands 
 in District No. i. He resided in town for five or six years, and 
 then removed to Warren, where he afterward lived and died at 
 an advanced age. 
 
 Ephraim Paige, son of John Paige, Esq., and Mary Paige, of 
 Salisbury, Mass., was born at said Salisbury, March 16, 173 1. 
 He married Hannah Currier there, and had ten children born 
 in Salisbury, and then in the summer of 1773 he moved his 
 family to Wentworth, where he had three more children, mak- 
 ing thirteen in all — ten daughters and three sons. John Paige, 
 the eldest son, was born at Salisbury in 1769. Samuel, the sec- 
 ond son, was born in Wentworth in October, 1773, and is said 
 to have been the -first male child born in the town of Went- 
 worth. His third son. Currier Paige, was born in Wentworth, 
 
:284 HISTORV 01' NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['Z^S 
 
 March 29, 1781, and was the youngest of the family. Ephraim 
 first settled in a log house on the lower end of the intervale, 
 since owned by James K. Paige, and afterward occupied as a 
 town farm, near the brook. The road that then passed up the 
 west side of the river went east of the village, round the hill 
 and back of it, to the intervale above. 
 
 Salisbury was incorporated in 1767. 
 
 ^ In the political canvass in our State which closed with the 
 March election, 1858, it was publicly stated by some of the 
 speakers that Judge Webster, the father of Hon. Daniel Web- 
 ster, could neither read nor write. There is sufificient evidence 
 in Franklin and Salisbury to satisfy the most sceptical that he 
 ■could not only read and- write, spell and cipher, but he knew 
 how to lend the means to found a State. Daniel Webster, in 
 his autobiography, gives a brief but too modest outline of the 
 life of his father. His acts and works gave him deserved in- 
 fluence and fame in the region of his home. 
 
 Ebenezer Webster was born in Kingston, in 1739. He 
 resided many years with Major Ebenezer Stevens, an influential 
 citizen of that town, and one of the first proprietors of Salisbury. 
 Salisbury was granted in 1749, and first named Stevenstown, in 
 honor of Major Stevens. It was incorporated as Salisbury, 1767. 
 Judge Webster settled in Stevenstown as early as 1761.^ Pre- 
 vious to this time he had served as a soldier in the French war, 
 and once afterwards. He was married to Mehitable Smith, his 
 first wife, in 1761. His first two children died while young. 
 His third child was Susannah, who married John Colby, and 
 recently died in Franklin. He had also, by his first wife, two 
 sons — David, who died some years since at Stanstead; and 
 Joseph, who died in Salisbury. His first wife died in 1774. 
 Judge Webster again married — Abigail Eastman, in 1774. By 
 his last wife he had five children, viz.: Mehitable, Abigail (who 
 married Wm. Hadduck) ; Ezekiel, born March xi, 1780; Dan. 
 iel, born January 18, 1782, and Sarah, born in May, 1784, and, 
 
 ' Hon, George W. Nesmith. 
 
 * When Judge Webster first settled in Stevenstown, he was called Ebenezer Webster, Jr. la 
 1694, Kingston was granted to James Prescott and Ebenezer Webs'ter and others, of Hampton, 
 ^e descended from tliis ancestry. 
 
1765] ROYAL PROVINCE. 285 
 
 with his last wife and many of his children, now lies buried in 
 the graveyard originally taken from the Elms farm. For the 
 first seven years of his life, after he settled on the farm now 
 occupied by John Taylor, in Franklin, he lived in a log cabin, 
 located in the orchard west of the highway, and near Punch 
 Brook. Then he was able to erect a house of one story, of 
 about the same figure and size as that now occupied by William 
 Cross, near said premises. It was in this house that Daniel 
 Webster was born. In 1784 Judge Webster removed to the 
 tavern house, near his intervale farm, and occupied that until 
 1800, when he exchanged his tavern house with William Had- 
 duck for that where he died. 
 
 In 1 76 1 Captain John Webster, Eliphalet Gale, and Judge 
 Webster erected the first saw-mill in Stevenstown, on Punch 
 Brook, on his homestead near his cabin. 
 
 In June, 1764, Matthew Pettengill, Stephen Call, and Eben- 
 ezer Webster were the sole highway surveyors of Stevenstown. 
 In 1765 the proprietors voted to give Ebenezer Webster and 
 Benjamin Sanborn two hundred acres of common land, in con- 
 sideration that they furnish a privilege for a grist mill, erect a 
 mill and keep it in repair for fifteen years, for the purpose of 
 grinding the town's corn. 
 
 In 1768 Judge Webster was first chosen moderator of a town- 
 meeting in Salisbury, and he was elected forty-three times after- 
 wards, at different town meetings in Salisbury, serving in March, 
 1803, for the last time. 
 
 In 1769 he was first elected selectman, and held that office 
 for the years 1771, '72, '74, '^6, '80, '85, '86 and 1788 ; resigned 
 it, however, in September, 1776, and performed a six months' 
 service in the army. 
 
 In 1771, 1772, and 1773, he was elected and served in the 
 office of town clerk. In 1778 and '80, he was elected represen- 
 tative of the classed towns of Salisbury and Boscawen ; also, 
 for Salisbury, 1790 and '91. He was elected senator for the 
 years 1785, '86, '88, and '90; Hillsborough county electing two 
 senators at this time, and Matthew Thornton and Robert Wal- 
 lace of Henniker served as colleagues, each for two of said 
 
286 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^7^S 
 
 years. He was in the senate in 1786, at Exeter, when the 
 insurgents surrounded the house. His proclamation then was, 
 " I command you to disperse." 
 
 In March, 1778, the town chose Captain Ebenezer Webster 
 and Captain Matthew Pettengill as delegates to a convention to be 
 held at Concord, Wednesday, June 10, "for the sole purpose of 
 forming a permanent plan of government for the future well 
 being of the good people of this State." 
 
 In 1788, January 16, Colonel Webster was elected delegate to 
 the convention at Exeter, for the purpose of considering the 
 proposed United States Constitution. A committee was also 
 chosen by the town to examine said constitution and advise 
 with said delegate. This committee was composed of Joseph 
 Bean, Esq., Jonathan Fifield, Esq., Jonathan Cram, Capt. 
 Wilder, Dea. John Collins, Edward Eastman, John C. Gale, 
 Capt. Robert Smith, Leonard Judkins, Dea. Jacob True, Lieut. 
 Bean, Lieut. Severance, and John Smith. At the first meeting 
 of the convention in February, Colonel Webster ojaposed the 
 constitution under instructions from his town. 
 
 A majority of the convention was found to be opposed to the 
 adoption of the constitution. The convention adjourned to 
 Concord, to meet in the succeeding month of June. In the mean- 
 time Colonel Webster conferred with his constituents, advised 
 with the committee on the subject, asked the privilege of sup- 
 porting the constitution, and he was instructed to vote as he 
 might think proper. His speech, made on this occasion, has 
 been printed. It did great credit to the head and heart of the 
 author : 
 
 "Mr. President: I have listened to the arguments for and 
 against the constitution. I am convinced such a government as 
 that constitution will establish, if adopted, — a government acting 
 directly on the people of the States, — is necessary for the com- 
 mon defence qnd the general welfare. It is the only govern- 
 ment which will enable us to pay off the national debt, — the 
 debt which we owe for the Revolution, and which we are bound 
 in honor fully and fairly to discharge. Beside, I have followed 
 the lead of Washington through seven years of war, and I have 
 
17<57j ROYAL PROVINCE. 28/ 
 
 never been misled. His name is subscribed to this constitution. 
 He will not mislead us now. I shall vote for its adoption." 
 
 The constitution was finally adopted in the convention by a 
 
 vote of 57 yeas, 47 nays. < 
 
 Colonel Webster gave his support to the constitution. He 
 
 was one of the electors for President when Washington was 
 
 first chosen to that office. 
 
 In the spring of 1791, Colonel Webster was appointed judge 
 for the Court of Common Pleas for the county of Hillsborough. 
 This office he held at the time of his death in April, 1806. 
 He was one of the magistrates, or justice of the peace, for Hills- 
 borough county for more than thirty-five years prior to his 
 decease. 
 
 Atkinson, Chatham, Campton, and Rumney were incorpo-, 
 rated in 1767; Scabrook, Meredith, Lisbon, Henniker, Sand-, 
 wich, Rindge, and Mason were incorporated in 1768. 
 
 Brookline, Surry, and Temple were incorporated in 1769; 
 Sanbornton and Wolfeborough were incorporated in 1770. 
 
 Milan was granted in December, 1771, as Paulsborough, in 
 honor of Paul Wentworth. 
 
 Berlin was granted in December, 1771, as Maynesborough, in 
 honor of Sir William Mayne of Barbadoes. 
 
 The town of Hillsborough was incorporated in November,; 
 1772, there being at that time twenty-two men who were free- 
 holders. 
 
 ■* In 1741, contemporary with the running of the boundary 
 line which separated the province of New Hampshire from 
 that of Massachusetts, a company was formed in Boston, who 
 travelled thence through the forests to Hillsborough, and 
 pitched their tents in its wilderness. This territory had been 
 formerly granted to Colonel John Hill. The little settlement was 
 called Hillborough in honor of Colonel Hill ; the leading men were 
 Samuel Gibson, James Lyon, Robert McClure, and James Mc- 
 Colley, — the two latter being natives of the north of Ireland. 
 There was in the little colony a commingling of Puritanism and 
 Presbyterianism, concentrating in a strong religious feeling. 
 
 > Frank H. Pierce. 
 
288 
 
 HISTORY OK NEW HAMl'SUIKE. 
 
 [1772 
 
 In proof of this sentiment, among the earliest labors of the 
 settlers was the erection of a meeting house and a parsonage. 
 Land was assigned for a grave-yard, in which several members 
 of the colony were buried. There remains to-day no vestige of 
 this solitary cemetery. The wife of McCoUey was the only 
 female in the settlement, and remained exiled from her sister- 
 • hood for more than a year. Her husband built the first 
 dwelling — a log hut— near the Bridge, where the first child 
 born in the settlement saw the light. 
 
 VIEW FROM BRIDGE IN BERLIN. 
 
 Lieut. John McColley subsequently entered the Royal service 
 and fought against the French and Indians. Afterwards he 
 was in the war of the Revolution, in the militia corps which 
 New Hampshire sent against Gen. Burgoyne. He was a man 
 of exemplary character, and died in 1834, at the age of 92. 
 
1772] ROYAL PROVINCE. 289 
 
 Some five months after the birth of Lieut. McColley's child a 
 daughter was born to Samuel Gibson, who was named 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 In 1744 the Cape Breton war broke out between the English 
 and French and Northwestern Indians. This war carried 
 death and destruction wherever it was prosecuted. The Indian 
 raids upon many of the early settlements, and the slaughter- and 
 destruction of the dwellers therein, are matters of tragic his- 
 tory, in which Hillborough shared. 
 
 In 1746 the menaces of the Indians were so threatening that 
 the feeble colony of seven or eight families in Hillsborough, on 
 hasty consultation, agreed to abandon their homes and seek 
 safety in Massachusetts. They hid away their agricultural im- 
 plements, loaded their cattle with what household property and 
 provisions they could carry, buried the remainder of their port- 
 able property, and set forth. It appears that the party made 
 its way to Litchfield and there settled down. 
 
 The population of Hillsborough slowly increased until 177S, 
 when the settlement contained forty families. At this time 
 the war with England broke out, and elicited a common resis- 
 tance against the wrongs sought to be inflicted by the govern- 
 ment of the mother country on her North American colonists. 
 No locality manifested more patriotic ardor or devotion to the 
 interests of liberty than the people of this town. They armed 
 and equipped themselves for local protection and national 
 resistance. No patriotic sacrifice within their power was 
 withheld — they offered their all that the rights of the people 
 should be asserted. The town assessed itself in nine thousand 
 seven hundred pounds to purchase provisions for the American 
 Army, and more than thirty stalwart men from the forty fami- 
 lies gave their personal service in the war that ensued, and 
 fought in Stark's regiment at Bunker Hill, where, their brave 
 commander. Captain Isaac Baldwin, fell mortally wounded. 
 
 In royal Rockingham, in southeastern New Hampshire; lies 
 the territory incorporated under the name of Northwood, a day's 
 journey from the fair old town of Portsmouth. Settlement- was 
 begun on Northwood soil by emigrants from North Hampton. 
 
290 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSIIIKE. [l773 
 
 Their names were John and Increase Batchelder, and Moses 
 Godfrey. This was in the year 1763. Then North wood was a 
 dependency of Nottingham. After them the Johnsons, the 
 Hoyts, and the Knowltons came. These men felled the forests 
 and subdued the rocky soil ; and these laid the foundation of 
 the future township. 
 
 In the year 1773, ten years later than the first settlement, it 
 was erected into an independent borough, electing Samuel John- 
 son, Joseph Demeritt, and Benjamin Hill as selectmen. Jona- 
 than Jenness was first justice of the peace. The first postmaster 
 was John Furber. 
 
 Religiously, the early pioneers were Baptists. In the year 
 1772, a church was built, the third of that denomination in the 
 State. This edifice was rebuilt in 1816. A bell was added in 
 1878. Recently was witnessed the completion, free from debt, 
 of a commodious parsonage. The society has had twelve pas- 
 tors, — Edmund Pillsbury having been the first. 
 
 The Congregationalists erected a meeting-house here in 1780. 
 Tliis was rebuilt in 1840. A call was extended to Rev. Josiali 
 Prentice of Alstead, who sustained the charge forty-three 
 years. This society has had six pastors. 
 
 The rise of the Free Baptist church in Northwood was due 
 to the evangelical labors of Rev. D. P. Cilley, though David 
 Marks had preached here a few times before him. Cilley 
 labored here in 1833. Then the society was organized, which 
 held its meetings at the mountain school-house. Not until six 
 years later, or in 1838, was their house of worship completed. 
 
 ^General James Reed, one of the original proprietors of Mon- 
 adnock Number Four, now Fitzwilliam, was a native of 
 Woburn, Massachusetts, where he was born in the year 1724. 
 He was a descendant, in the fifth generation, of William and 
 Mabel Reed, who sailed from London in July, 1635. 
 
 His military life commenced in 1755, when he served in the 
 campaign against the French and Indians, commanding a 
 company of provincial troops under Colonel Brown. In the 
 same capacity he served with General Abercrombie in 1758, at 
 
 ' A. J. lilake. 
 
1774] ROYAI, PROVINCE. 29I 
 
 Ticonderoga ; and with General Amherst in 1759. He was 
 employed in various public services until the peace of 1763. 
 In the year 1765 he settled in Fitzwilliam, and in 1770 he 
 received the commission of lieutenant-colonel. The lapse of 
 time has hidden from view the detailed account of his services 
 in these campaigns ; but his early selection by his countrymen 
 for the command of a regiment at the beginning of the Revo- 
 lution indicates that his military career was creditable to himself 
 and valuable to his country. It was in this severe school that 
 he, like many of the officers of the Revolution, acquired that 
 military skill which gave strength and efficiency to the Conti- 
 nental army. 
 
 On the 19th of May, 1773, Colonel Reed, with several others, 
 received a grant of Fitzwilliam, or Monadnock Number Four, from 
 John Wentworth, the Provincial Governor of New Hampshire. 
 In 1770, he settled with his family about a mile northwesterly 
 of the centre village in Fitzwilliam, where he erected a large 
 and commodious house. Being the owner of a considerable 
 portion of the area of the town, he was actively employed in 
 promoting its settlement, and for those times was considered 
 wealthy ; and the first school in Fitzwilliam was taught in his 
 house by Miss Sarah Harris, at the age of seventeen. His 
 name appears upon the records as the leading spirit of the town. 
 He was proprietors' clerk and moderator of the town meetings 
 for several years after its incorporation. 
 
 In April, 1774, the town of Portsmouth ^ instructed their repre- 
 sentatives to use their influence in the General Assembly, to 
 join with the other colonies in every constitutional method to 
 oppose the claim of Parliament to tax the American colonies 
 without their consent, and to keep up a continual correspon- 
 dence with them for that purpose ; to abolish the Court of Ap- 
 peals, and also to employ their efforts that the justices of the 
 courts of law should hold their offices during good behavior, 
 and not at the will of the crown ; that adequate salaries should 
 be granted to the justices of the superior court ; that they strenu- 
 ously oppose any salaries being granted to either of the justices 
 
 ' Annals of Portsmouth, 
 
292 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['774 
 
 of the courts of law independent of this government ; that they 
 should take the opinion of the judges and some lawyers as to the 
 operation of any law of consequence which they are about to 
 pass; that good roads be made into the interior part of the prov- 
 ince ; that laws be passed to prohibit the importation of slaves ; 
 that secure places be provided for the records of the several 
 offices ; that the fees in all public offices be established by law ; 
 that enquiry be made concerning the application of all money 
 granted for the use of the government, especially the powder 
 money ; that the representatives be chosen annually, and that 
 their doors should be open to all who choose to hear their de- 
 bates. 
 
 On the 2Sth of June twenty-seven chests of tea, subject to 
 the duty, were landed and stored in the custom house before 
 the inhabitants had knowledge of it. A town meeting was held 
 on the 27th, which appointed a guard to keep the tea secure 
 and to prevent insults being offered to any individual on account 
 of it. Upon consultation with Edward Parry, Esq., the con- 
 signee, it was agreed that he should re-ship the tea, and a com- 
 mittee was chosen to see this agreement executed. The tea hav- 
 ing been entered, the consignee paid the duty upon it openly, 
 which was necessary before it could be re-shipped. The gover- 
 nor used every precaution to preserve the peace of the town, 
 and everything remained quiet. The tea was re-shipped and 
 .sent to Halifax. 
 
 A committee of inspection was appointed to examine and 
 find out if any tea should be imported, and upon the discovery 
 of any, to give the earliest notice thereof to the town. 
 
 Deputies were chosen at Portsinouth, July 1 5, to meet the 
 deputies from the other towns in the province, to elect a dele- 
 gate to the General Congress, which was to meet at Philadelphia 
 September i. 
 
 The inhabitants entered into an agreement in writing, which 
 was generally signed, by which they pledged their faith and 
 honor that they would not import, sell, purchase, or consume any 
 kinds of East India teas, nor suffer the same to be used or con- 
 sumed in their respective families, until the duties should be 
 taken off. 
 
1774] ROYAL PROVINCE. 293 
 
 111 September the ship Fox, commanded by Captain Zacha- 
 riah Norman, arrived at Portsmouth, having on board thirty- 
 chests of tea consigned to Edward Parry, which caused some 
 disturbance in the town ; the populace broke the windows of the 
 consignee, and he apphed to the^ governor for protection. The 
 governor convened the council, and required -the aid of the 
 magistrates and other civil officers to suppress the riot, which 
 was soon effected. , 
 
 The town assembled the next day, and Edward Parry, Esq., 
 being present, publicly declared that he would not accept the 
 consignment of said tea, nor have anything to do with it; 
 and Captain Norman promised that he would at his own expense 
 re-ship said tea and send it to Halifax. A committee was ap- 
 pointed to guard the tea and see it sent off, who reported that 
 it wis shipped on board another vessel, and that they saw the 
 vessel with the tea on board outside of Fort Point. 
 
 On the loth of October, the town "voted to give two hun- 
 dred pounds for the relief of the industrious poor of the towns 
 of Boston and Charlestown, under the oppression they now 
 suffer from the port of Boston being blocked up by an Act of 
 the British Parliment." 
 
 A very numerous committee was chosen to keep up the good 
 order and quiet in the town, and to examine into every matter 
 that may appear unfriendly to the interests of the community. 
 
 Governor Wentworth retained his popularity as extensively 
 as possible for a person of his situation, which was extremely 
 critical — for he was placed between two contending parties, of 
 opposite interests, and it could not be expected that he would 
 please both. His wishes were to preserve the union of the two 
 countries. He was attached to his government, and was de- 
 sirous of promoting its welfare as far as he could consistently 
 with his duty to the King, which he considered paramount to 
 all other obligations. A circumstance took place which lessened 
 him in the estimation of the people. The troops at Boston, 
 were destitute of barracks, and the carpenters there refused 
 assistance in building them. General Gage applied to Went- 
 worth to procure workmen, and he secretly employed an agent 
 
294 
 
 HISTORY OK Ni:\V HA MPSllIKE. 
 
 [1774 
 
 to hire carpenters to construct the barracks. As soon as it was 
 known, his conduct was severely censured, and the Committee 
 
 GOVERNOR WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH.' 
 
 of Safety, of which his uncle, Hunking Wcntworth, Esq., was 
 chairman, declared that the person guilty of such conduct was 
 
 ' The family portraits of the Wentworths, by Copley and his master, Blackburn, and other valu. 
 able historical mementos of colonial days and royal stati, are still preserved in the Mansion. In the 
 house was born, July 14, 1810, Edward Henry Durell, who became a distinguished lawyer in New 
 ■Orleans and a Judge of the United States court for the district of Louisiana — a man eminent for 
 his learning and ability. 
 
1774] ROYAL PROVINCE. 295 
 
 "an enemy to the community." From this time his influence 
 declined, and he retained only the shadow of authority. The 
 real power was transferred to the Committee of Safety, and their 
 orders were implicitly obeyed. 
 
 Hon. Hunking Wentworth, who was the uncle of the gover- 
 nor, was the efficient chairman of the Portsmouth Qommittee of 
 Safety as long.as his health and age would admit. He died in 
 Portsmouth, Sept. 21, 1784. 
 
 The proceedings of the General Congress were published in 
 eveiy part of the country, and received with approbation. They 
 made a declaration of their rights, stated their grievances, and 
 entered into an association suspending all commercial inter- 
 course with Great Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies. When 
 these proceedings were laid before this town, they voted unani- 
 mously, "That they did cordially accede to the just state of 
 the rights and grievances of the British colonies, and of the 
 measures adopted and recommended by the American Conti- 
 nental Congress, for the restoration and establishment of the 
 former, and for the redress of the latter." They voted, "That 
 the association, strictly adhered to, would in their opinion prove 
 the most peaceable and successful method for the removal of 
 the distresses tliese colonies are laboring under, and the restor- 
 ation of their violated rights ; therefi re they cheerfully adopted, 
 and would punctually and religiously execute the same, as far 
 as ill them lies." A committee of twenty-five persons was 
 chosen " to observe the conduct of all persons, touching the 
 association, that every person within the lirnits of their appoint- 
 ment conform to the same ; and if any should be hardy enough 
 to violate it, in such case the majority of the committee shall 
 forthwith cause the truth of the case to be published in the 
 Gazette, according to the recommendation of Congress." And 
 "lest some, for sordid gain, should be tempted to violate the 
 association, they recommended a non-consumption as the best 
 guard against any infraction of the non-importation agreement." 
 They bore " testimony against every species of gambling, and 
 recommended industry and frugality to the inhabitants." 
 
 Amongst other systems of economy which were adopted, the 
 
296 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSIIIKE. 
 
 [1774 
 
 regulation of funerals was. one of the most important. They 
 were usually attended with great expense, often beyond the 
 
 ability of the survivors of the family to meet. All the connec- 
 tions were obliged to dress in a full suit of mourning ; enani- 
 
1774] ROYAL PROVINCE. 297 
 
 elled rings were distributed to tlie near relatives ; gloves and 
 rings were given to the pall-bearers and to the clergyman who 
 officiated at the grave. In many instances escutcheons with 
 the family armorial bearings painted on silk were laid on the 
 coffin, placed over the door, and sent to the particular friends 
 of the deceased. By general consent these expenses were dis- 
 pensed with, and instead of them gentlemen wore black crape 
 round the left arm, and ladies black ribbons, as badges of 
 mourning. 
 
 The corporation of Harvard College made choice of Rev. 
 Doctor Langdon as president of that institution. After due 
 consideration, and by advice of his friends, he accepted the 
 appointment. His parish was strongly attached to him, and 
 consented to the separation very reluctantly. The connection 
 between them was dissolved October gth, 1774. He was 
 born in Boston in 1722, of respectable parents, was graduated at 
 Harvard College in 1740, with a high reputation as a scholar. 
 He came to Portsmouth soon after, and had the charge of the 
 grammar school. 
 
 In 1745 he was appointed chaplain of Colonel Meserve's 
 regiment, and was present at the capture of Louisburg. Aftei 
 his return, he was invited to preach at the North parish, as 
 assistant to Mr. Fitch, whom he succeeded in the ministry in 
 the year 1747. He protracted a map of New Hampshire, in 
 company with Colonel Blanchard, which they published in 
 1 761, and inscribed it to the Honorable Charles Townsend, Sec- 
 retary at War. In return for this compliment, the Secretary 
 obtained for Mr. Langdon a degree of Doctor in Divinity from 
 the University of Aberdeen in Scotland. On the formation of 
 the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Massachusetts 
 he became a member. Doctor Langdon's publications are 
 numerous. 
 
 He resigned his office in 1780, and the following January was 
 installed over the church at Hampton Falls, where he spent 
 the residue of his days in usefulness and peace, a blessing to 
 the people of his charge, and happy in the enjoyment of their 
 affection and respect. 
 
298 HISTORY OF NEW HAMl'SHJKE. [^774 
 
 An order had been passed by the King in council, prohibit- 
 ing the exportation of gunpowder and military stores to Amer- 
 ica. The Committee of Safety received a copy of it by express 
 from Boston, the 13th of December. They collected a com- 
 pany with great secrecy and dispatch, who went to Fort 
 William and Mary at New Castle, under the direction of Major 
 John Sullivan and Captain John Langdon, confined the cap- 
 tain of the fort and his five men, and brought off one hundred 
 barrels of gunpowder. The next day another company brought 
 off fifteen of the lightest cannon, all the small arms, and some 
 warlike stores. 
 
 On the 13th December, 1774, Paul Revere took his Jirsi public 
 ride. While it may not have been of so far reaching impor- 
 tance as his later one, it richly deserves a place in history. It 
 happened in this manner. The Boston Committee of Safety had 
 just heard of the British order that no military stores should 
 be exported to America. They accordingly sent Paul Revere 
 on a fleet horse to Portsmouth, to apprise the similar committee 
 there of the news and probably to urge them to secure the 
 powder which was in Fort William and Mary in the harbor, as 
 reinforcements were expected shortly from England. 
 
 The garrison consisted of only five men, and they had under 
 their charge a hundred guns and a large quantity of powder and 
 balls, the possession of which was deemed important to the patriot 
 cause. John Sullivan was a member of the Provincial Congress 
 that year, and had just arrived in Portsmouth from Philadelphia. 
 War had not been declared, but there was no telling when the 
 flames of dissension would burst forth. When the conflict did 
 come there would be need of arms and ammunition. When the 
 British troops arrived, — and they were momentarily expected, 
 — the fort would be in their hands, and it would be too late to 
 capture it. Sullivan proposed the immediate capture of the 
 place, and offered to lead the men to the attack. A military 
 force was accordingly summoned as secretly as possible from 
 the neighborhood. Sullivan and John Langdon took the com- 
 mand, and the march was commenced toward the English fort. 
 It was a hazardous undertaking. The sycophants of Went- 
 
1774] ROYAL PROVINCE. 299 
 
 worth thronged the town, who would consider the capture of 
 the patriots as a good passport to the governor's favor. Besides, 
 there was danger from the fort. If the captain became aware 
 of their design, he was sure to turn the guns upon them and 
 destroy them. But no alarm was given, and in silence Sullivan 
 and his little band approached the works. With a rush they 
 gained the gate, captured the sentry, and before a challenge 
 could be given had the captain and every man in the fort 
 prisoners. The British flag was hauled down. The gunpowder, 
 of which there was one hundred barrels in the fort, was immed- 
 iately taken away and hid in the houses of the patriots. Sullivan 
 concealed a portion of it under the pulpit of the Durham meet- 
 ing-house. A large part of this plunder afterwards did good 
 service at Bunker Hill. Next day fifteen of the lighter cannon 
 and all of the small arms were carried away. The governor and 
 his officers received no intelligence of the affair until it was too 
 late to remedy it, and when the British troops arrived they found 
 only a dismantled fortress. The affair, which in itself may 
 appear to be of no great moment, assumes a different aspect 
 when we consider the time at which it occurred. It was the 
 first act of armed hostility committed against the crown of Great 
 Britain by an American. 
 
 ^ Holderness was granted in 1751. One of the original 
 grantees was Hon. Samuel Livermore, one of the most dis- 
 tinguished men of New Hampshire in the Revolutionary 
 period. All of the Livermores in this country are supposed 
 to be descendants from John Livermore, who settled in Water- 
 town, Massachusetts, as early as 1642. Samuel Livermore was 
 one of the great-grandsons of John Livermore. He was born 
 May 14, 1732, at Waltham. At the age of twenty he graduated 
 at Nassau Hall, Princeton, one of the most ancient and respec- 
 table collegiate institutions in the country. Selecting law for 
 his profession, he became a student under Hon. Edward Trow- 
 bridge, and was admitted to practice at the supreme judicial 
 court of Middlesex county, in 1756. The next year he removed 
 to New Hampshire, established himself at Portsmouth, where 
 
 ' Fred Myron Colby. 
 
300 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['774 
 
 he soon became a distinguished member of the bar. He filled 
 some of the most honorable and lucrative offices in the Province, 
 and was for several years judge advocate of the Admiralty Court, 
 and subsequently succeeded Wyseman Claggett as the king's 
 attorney-general of New Hampshire. In this position he 
 became the most necessary adviser to John Wentworth in the 
 troubles that were growing up between the colonists and the 
 crown. 
 
 From the first Mr. Livermore was found on the popular side, 
 and doubtless it was on account of some embarrassment 
 between himself and Governor Wentworth that he removed his 
 home to Londonderry, then the second town of the Province in 
 •wealth and population. From 1768 to 1772 he represented that 
 town in the General Assembly. He still continued to hold the 
 office of attorney-general, thus showing that, though an op- 
 ponent of the encroachments of viceregal power, his abilities 
 were respected by the Wentworths. His circuit embraced not 
 only all New Hampshire, but the counties of York and Cum- 
 berland in Maine as well, extending as far as Portland. His 
 earnings at this time could not have amounted to less than 
 ;?5ooo per annum, a large sum for the period. 
 
 One of Livermore's ambitions was to be a great land owner. 
 He was one of the original grantees of the township of Holder- 
 ness, and by purchase gradually became the proprietor of nearly 
 two-thirds of its territory. For Gov. Wentworth's right he paid 
 ^50, and for James Kelley's the sum of ^88.88. In this way 
 some ten or twelve thousand acres in Holderness, Campton and 
 Plymouth came under his ownership, and it was good land, too, 
 — pasture, woodland and valley, whose yearly income brought 
 more than one good pound into the proprietor's pocket. Incited 
 perhaps by the example of Governor Wentworth, who in 1770 
 had built a splendid summer residence on the shores of Lake 
 Winnipiseogee in Wolfeborough, and perhaps, too, desiring to 
 be at a distance from the tempest that he saw gathering over 
 the government at Portsmouth, Livermore sold his farm in 
 Londonderry to John Prentice, a graduate of Harvard, who had 
 studied law with him, and afterwards was attorney-general of 
 
1774] ROYAL PROVINCE. 30I 
 
 the State from 1787 to 1793, and betook himself with his family 
 to his wilderness home. This was in the year 1774. 
 
 At that time there were but nine families in Holderness. 
 William Piper had come there in 1763; the others, John Fox, 
 John Sheppard, Bryant Sweeney, Samuel Eaton, Joseph Sin- 
 clair, Andrew Smith, John Herron, and Nathaniel Thompson 
 settled later. Several families followed the Livermores from 
 Londonderry and vicinity. Among them was John Porter who 
 became the first settled lawyer of Plymouth, but returned to 
 Londonderry in 1806, which town he represented for eleven 
 years. Mrs. Porter was a very accomplished lady, and was Mrs. 
 Livermore's most intimate friend. 
 
 Mr. Livermore lived successively in two or three small build- 
 ings before he built the large and handsome mansion in which 
 he died, and which he erected during the last of the Revolution. 
 During the first years of the struggle he took no prominent 
 part. It was from no lukewarm ness to the cause, however. 
 Doubtless his high office that he had held under the crown and 
 his well-known friendship to Governor Wentworth caused some 
 of the patriot leaders to regard him with suspicion. These 
 years he remained entirely aloof from public affairs, caring for 
 his own affairs in Holderness. He had a grist mill at the 
 mouth of Millbrook, and here he might have been seen any day 
 in 1776 and 1777 dressed in a white suit, and tending the mill 
 with his own hands. We find hmi soon after this a member of 
 the State Assembly from Holderness. He had now a splendid 
 opportunity to prove that he was no lukewarm adherent to the 
 cause of the colonists; He threw the whole weight of his 
 power and influence into the popular scale and became the con- 
 trolling spirit of the assembly. Such men as Meshech Weare 
 and Matthew Thornton, who knew his worth and his vast 
 ability, embraced his cause. In 1778 he was appointed attorney- 
 general of the State, again superseding Wyseman Claggett, who 
 had held the office for two preceding years. 
 
 ^The just claims for services of some of the hardy rangers, 
 among the original proprietors of Whitefield we find recognized 
 
 > L. W. Dodge. 
 
302 HISTORY Ol' NliW JIAMPSIUKK. ['774 
 
 by Gov. Wentworth. There were Captain Gerrish, and Lieut. 
 Waite, and Ensign White, and the Farringtons, all of Rogers's 
 company. Then there were the Cloughs, five of them, all from 
 Canterbury, and under Stark, and there was Colonel Jonathan 
 Bailey, whose possessions were also increased in this region by 
 purchases with Colonel Moses Little. This latter once owned 
 nearly all of what was known as Apthorp, extending for fifteen 
 miles or more along the Connecticut river, and embracing the 
 present towns of Littleton and Dalton. The name of the terri- 
 tory was changed from its first English title of " Chiswick," so 
 named from the celebrated country seat of the duke of Devonshire, 
 to Apthorp, in memory of a distinguished divine who came to this 
 country in 1759, as a missionary of the Society for the Propa- 
 gation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. After its purchase by 
 Colonel Little, who was then the Surveyor of the King's 
 Woods in this section, it was divided, one part taking the 
 name of Littleton, from its owner, and the other Dalton, from 
 an old towsman of the colonel's, Hon. Tristram Dalton, who 
 was also one of the original grantees. Colonel Little was a 
 native of the old town of Newbury, Massachusetts, and was 
 greatly distinguished throughout the war of the Revolution. 
 
 The town of Whitefield, until July 4, 1774, formed a part of 
 the ungranted lands, and lays claim to being the last town- 
 ship granted within the State under royal favor, and by its 
 last royal governor, John Wentworth. At that date it only re- 
 quired an organization and a name, for its metes and bounds 
 were already established by surveys of surrounding townships ; 
 therefore this was literally what was left, and they called it 
 Whitefield when organized, from the celebrated Methodist 
 divine of that name, who a few years previously in an itinerating 
 tour in southern New Hampshire and in Massachusetts stirred 
 the religious thoughts of the people into intense activity, so 
 that, says a writer of the day, his name was a household word. 
 His last sermon was at Exeter, where, on his journey from 
 Portsmouth to Boston, he had stopped by the importunities of 
 friends to preach one of his unique discourses. It was delivered 
 in the open air, for the doors of the established churches were 
 
1774] ROYAL PROVINCE. 303 
 
 closed against him, and only God's great temple was open, and 
 for two long hours he interested the crowd which had flocked 
 to see him and to hear his wonderful doctrines. Greatly fatigued 
 he continued his journey to Newburyport, where, by appoint- 
 ment, he was to preach the next day, but on the following 
 morning he wafe seized with a return of a long-fought asthmatic 
 trouble, and died suddenly at the home of his friend. Rev. John 
 Parsons, September 30, 1770. 
 
 It is doubtful if any of the early proprietors of Whitefield, 
 save those who joined the first surveying party under Captain 
 Gerrish, and those of the scouting rangers, ever set foot 
 upon their pine-land possessions. Certain it is, none ever be- 
 came actual settlers. Timothy Nash may have hunted there, 
 and the Rev. Jeremy Belknap, New Hampshire's early his- 
 torian, wiio was one of the Cutler exploring party, in 1784, at 
 which time the name of Washington was first applied to the 
 highest peak of the mountains, doubtless surveyed with his eye 
 from afar off his gubernatorial donation of the ninety-fourth 
 part of the township, but aside from these no one of the 
 grantees of the town ever saw their Cohos estates. So it 
 remained for Major John Burns, Colonel Joseph Kimball, 
 John McMaster, and their followers, in the beginning of the 
 present century, to develop the wild Whitefield tract, which the 
 early organizers of the township, in their down-country meet- 
 ings, had vainly tried to accomplish. 
 
 Samuel Adams was chosen moderator at the first meeting 
 of the proprietors of the town, after the close of the war, and 
 the early records of the township bear his signature, in the 
 same unmistakable characters that are shown upon that Record 
 of Independent Declarations that made us a nation. 
 
 Perhaps to the energies of Samuel Minot is due the 
 revival of interest in the early settlement of Whitefield, after 
 the disappearance of the original proprietors. He owned at ' 
 one time, by vendue purchase, more than three fourths of the 
 first granted rights of the township. His father. Captain 
 Jonas Minot, was the first proprietors' clerk. 
 
 Colonel Samuel Adams and Captain Robert Faster were two 
 
304 HISTORY OF NEW HAMFSIUKE. [l774 
 
 of the chosen assessors, in those primitive days of the town ; 
 and their duties as well as all the transactions relating to the 
 unsettled location were conducted at a distance of one hundred 
 and fifty miles from the place of interest ; the first meeting 
 having been held at old Dunstable, which town and its divi- 
 sions probably furnished more men for the famous Rogers Ran- 
 gers than any other section. Also for the Powers expedition, 
 which located and named the wild river along whose hill- 
 shadowed valley we are traversing. For many years the early 
 proprietors of Whitefield could hardly be content with their 
 chartered boundaries, supposing by semi-authoritative descrip- 
 tion that the western limit was along the summit of, or near 
 to, the Apthorp range of hills ; but the corner monuments of 
 Colonel Gerrish, established in 1779, and the blazed line of 
 Captain Eames, in 1802, settled the doubt, and the river 
 Tippled into Dalton at its present boundary, and Blake's 
 Pond marked the designated corner. This name was left to 
 that fountainless lakelet above Whitefield village, by a famous 
 hunter, Moses Blake, who in the wilderness days, here among 
 the pines, pitched his cabin and scouted this region for peltries. 
 What changes have taken place along this historic stream, 
 since the wild Coosauke roamed in undisputed freedom along 
 its pine-clad borders ! Or since John Stark, in a military 
 point of view New Hampshire's George Washington, as an 
 Indian captive, explored its valley, fished its waters, and hunted 
 its game-haunted solitudes. The rock-lined hills along its 
 boundaries are almost disforested ; the dark-shadowed trail of 
 the roving native has become the steel-clad track of civiliza- 
 tion ; the scream of the steam whistle echoes above the 
 savage war-whoop ; grain-burdened fields and sunny pas- 
 tures are spread over the broad uplands, where, biit a century 
 ago, amid the unbroken forests howled the prowling bear, and 
 tramped the unhunted moose, while up from below comes the 
 hum of industry from a thousand mill-wheels of improvement. 
 It was from the top of the Cherry Mountain that Timothy 
 Nash, one of the solitary hunters of this region, in 1771, first 
 discovered the old Indian pass now famous as the " White 
 
I 774] ROYAL PROVINCE. 305 
 
 Mountain Notch." Up one of the rivulet paths he had tracked 
 a moose, and finding himself near the highest point, in his 
 eagerness for an unobstructed view he climbed a tall tree, and 
 from this birchen lookout he saw, away to the southward, what 
 he at once surmised must be the hitherto unknown defile. 
 Steering with the acquired precision of an old woodman for 
 the desired point, he had the satisfaction of realizing the truth 
 of his surmises ; for it was indeed the rocky pass, — the gateway 
 of the mountains. Admitting to his secret a fellow-hunter, by 
 the name of Sawyer, together they repaired to Governor Went- 
 worth, at Portsmouth, who, after sufficient and novel proof of 
 the fact of the discovery, gave to the fortunate hunters a grant 
 of land, since known as the " Nash and Sawyer " location. Nash 
 was also one of the original grantees of the town of Whitefield, 
 but whether by purchase or in consideration of services rendered 
 is not known. 
 
 All along the pathways of the world's history there are scat- 
 tered monuments to the memory of its men of mark — pioneers 
 in its enterprises, foremost in its leading events, great captains 
 in the onward march of improvement. Around the headwaters 
 of John's and Israel's rivers, in those days, between the depar- 
 ture of the Indians and the coming of the white man, settled 
 Colonel Joseph Whipple. He was a brother of that General 
 William Whipple whose illustrious name goes down to posterity 
 along with those others of the framers and signers of that "im- 
 mortal instrument " which gave us our liberties. They were 
 successful merchants in the town of Portsmouth, and acquired 
 large landed estates north of the White Mountains, — most of 
 them, doubtless, as reward for valuable service, both civil and 
 military, rendered the State. Colonel Whipple's title to these 
 Jeflferson meadows followed that of Colonel John Goffe, the 
 first owner after the extinction of the Indian titles, and by him 
 named Dartmouth. What particular incentive brought Colonel 
 Whipple hither so early as 1773 it would be satisfactory to 
 know. A luxurious home by the sea-side exchanged for a wild 
 haunt among the mountains ; the enjoyments of civilization 
 for the deprivations of the wilderness. Was it an inborn love 
 
3o6 HisTOKV or new iiampshike. ['774 
 
 for adventure to be gratified, or really the acquisition of more 
 wealth and power in the development of his broad acres ? Or 
 was it the allurements of the grand old mountains themselves, 
 and he 
 
 " A lover true, who knew by htart 
 Each joy the mountain dales impart." 
 
 The settlement of the colonel lying in the track of the In- 
 dians, as they passed from the valley of the Saco to the Con- 
 necticut, by way of the Notch and Cherry Mountain pass, he was 
 at times greatly annoyed by the visits of the redskins. They 
 never seemed to wish him any harm, however, until during the 
 Revolutionary war. He one day found himself a captive in his 
 own house. A wandering party of warriors applied to !iim for 
 entertainment, and he, as usual, suspecting no evil intentions, 
 admitted them to his house and his table. Their wants supplied 
 they coolly informed him of their purpose to take him to Can- 
 ada as a prisoner. Feigning submission, he at once commenced 
 bustling around in preparation for the jouinc)', telling them they 
 must w:iit a little until he could make ready to go. During his 
 seeming preparations, he contrived to instruct his housekeeper 
 to gain, by some stratagem, their attention from his movements ; 
 this she successfully did, by the help of some curious mechanism 
 which the Colonel possessed. Passing into his sleeping room 
 for the alleged purpose of changing his clothing, he leaped from 
 a rear window, and ran for the meadow where his workmen 
 were engaged in fence-building. Directing each man to shoulder 
 a stake, as soon as his would-be captors appeared in search of 
 him, the sham hunters started for them. Seeing, as they sup- 
 posed, a party of v/ell-armed, brawny fellows coming for them 
 in dead earnest, the red devils, hastily seizing what booty they 
 could conveniently make way with, took to the woods, firing as 
 they went on a Mr. Gotham, who was a member of the Whipple 
 household. 
 
 These Indians were, doubtless, members of the warlike tribe 
 of Sokokies, or Pequauquaukes, who were driven from the valley 
 of the Saco and their ancient hunting-grounds by the advance 
 
1774] ROYAL PROVINCE. 307 
 
 of the white man in the early half of the eighteenth century. 
 They were the most warlike of all the Abenakis tribes, but 
 seem to have disbanded after the Lovewell fight, and joined the 
 Anasagunticooks of northern Maine, and the Coosaukes at the 
 head-waters of the Connecticut, and, in a few years thereafter, 
 the St. Francis tribe in Canada. Those who attempted the ab- 
 duction of Colonel Whipple were, doubtless, in the employ of the 
 English, and this was among the last of hostile demonstrations 
 by the subdued natives, before their final disappearance. 
 
 About a mile below the first, or Dodge and Abbott, damming 
 of the John's river, is a second artificial obstruction. Here 
 was built, in early Whitefield days, the " Foster mill," and here 
 among the pineries settled one Fosten There are Fosters and 
 I'^isters ; but there was but one I'crley Foster, and he the sire 
 of a son wlio became the hero of two wars. In a humble home 
 in this secluded spot was born, in 1823, Gen. John G. Foster. 
 
 The last trace of the old Foster house is obliterated. Noth- 
 ing remains to mark the birth-place of a man of note but the 
 dim outlines of a cellar ; not even the traditional sentinel of an 
 ancient apple tree. ^ We remember to have passed along the 
 almost disused, half-forgotten road, one summer day in the long- 
 ago, when the old house, from dilapidation, had become unten- 
 antable. Clapboards were rattling in the wind ; the doors and 
 windows were in useless ruin ; a thicket of unrebiiked thistles 
 was crowding about the entrance ; and the only thing of beauty 
 about the spot was a broad-disked sun-flower, growing upon the 
 sunny side, with a flourishing family of tall hollyhocks. After 
 awhile the old structure, from constant wind-beatings, tumbled 
 down ; the ruins were gathered up or burned, and the site 
 plowed under. Descendants of the ancient May-weeds still 
 linger around the place of the old gateway, and there are relics 
 of a way-side fence ; but even the noisy brook, which tinkled its 
 way across the road and down into the beaver meadow, is almost 
 run dry. 
 
 Thus does time, the obliterator, crowd away the past, with its 
 homes and its hallowed spots, to make room for the future. 
 
 ' L. W. Dodge. 
 
308 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['774 
 
 The old Foster mill, by its addition and clianges, has lost its 
 originality, but the river still rushes onward, singing as it runs, 
 
 " Men may come and men may go, 
 But I flow on for ever." 
 
 1 The principal town officers, prior to the war of the Revolu- 
 tion, authorized or required by the Province Laws of New 
 Hampshire to be elected at the annual town meetings, were a 
 moderator for the meetings, town-clerk, treasurer, selectmen or 
 "townsmen," constables, fence-viewers, field-drivers or "hay- 
 wards," surveyors of highways, surveyors of lumber, sealers of 
 weights and measures, sealers of leather, tithingmen, deer-reeve 
 or deer keepers, hog-reeves, pound keepers, overseers of the 
 poor, and overseers of houses of correction. Several of these 
 offices have now for many years become obsolete, there being 
 no statute law authoridng them. The powers and duties per- 
 taining to some others of them, since the adoption of the con- 
 stitution of 1792, differ widely from what they were under the 
 Province Laws, while those of others remain substantially as 
 before the Revolution. 
 
 The moderator, then as now, was the presiding officer of the 
 town meeting, with much the same powers and duties as under 
 the present State laws. No person was allowed to speak in the 
 meeting without leave first obtained of that dignitary, " nor 
 when any other person was speaking orderly." All persons 
 also were required to keep silent at the request of the moder- 
 ator, under the penalty of five shillings for the breach of every 
 such order. (Colonial Laws, IJl8) By an Act of the General 
 Court in 1791, it was further provided that if any person, after 
 being notified by the moderator, should persist in disorderly 
 conduct, the moderator should order him to withdraw from the 
 meeting, and that if the offender should fail to obey, he should 
 forfeit and pay a fine of twenty shillings for the use of the 
 town. {Laws of 1797, p. 187.) 
 
 In pursuance of an Act of the General Court of the Province 
 passed in 17 19, the freeholders and other inhabitants of each 
 
 ' Samuel T. Worcester. 
 
1774] ROYAL rEoviNci;. 309 
 
 town, having taxable property of the value of ;^20, were required 
 to meet sometime in the month of March annually, and beside 
 other town officers, to choose "three, five, seven, or nine able 
 and discreet persons of good conversation, inhabitants of said 
 town, as selectmen or townsmen." Under the laws of the 
 Province no inhabitant had a right to vote at these meetings 
 except freeholders and such others as had taxable personal 
 estate of the value of ;^20. 
 
 In respect to several matters of public concern, the selectmen 
 of towns at that time had much more power and a wider field of 
 duty than the like officers of the present day. Unless other 
 persons were elected to that office, the selectmen were ex officio 
 overseers of the poor of the town, chargeable not only with the 
 care of providing for their needs, but also with the further in- 
 hospitable duty of " warning out " of their town all such new 
 comers or settlers as it was feared might become jjaupers if 
 allowed to remain as permanent residents. They also had the 
 exclusive charge of the public schools of the town, including 
 the building of school-houses, the employment and payment of 
 teachers, and the assessment of all school taxes for school build- 
 ings and accommodations, and the wages and salaries of school- 
 masters. In addition to the assessment of taxes for schools, it 
 was also their duty " to assess taxes upon the polls, personal 
 estates, and lands of all the inhabitants of the town in just and 
 equal proportion, according to their known ability, for all such 
 sums as may have been ordered at the town meeting for the 
 support of the ministry, the poor, and all other necessary 
 charges of the town." (Colonial Laws of I7ig-) Under the 
 Province Laws, males were chargeable with a poll tax at the 
 age of eighteen. The valuation of some of the items consti- 
 tuting the basis of taxation was as follows : — Polls, or white males 
 over eighteen years of age, eighteen shillings ; male slaves from 
 sixteen to fifty years old, sixteen shillings ; female slaves of the 
 like age, eight shillings ; horses and oxen four years old, three 
 shillings ; improved land, sixpence per acre. 
 
 The office of " field-driver," one of the town offices in New 
 Hampshire for one hundred years and more, has long since 
 
310 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['774 
 
 gone into disuse, and the word itself, though in current use in 
 the old colony statutes, is not to be found 'in the unabridged 
 Dictionaries of either Webster or Worcester. It is, however, 
 defined in Bartlett's Dictionary of Americanisms, as "a civil 
 officer whose duty it is to take up and impound swine, cattle, 
 sheep, and horses going at large in the public highways or the 
 common and improved lands, and not under charge of a keeper." 
 For very many years after the first settlement of -most of the 
 towns in New Hampshire a very large part of the unimproved 
 land was unfenced, the rights of the owners of such land lying 
 in common. These common lands in most of the towns fur- 
 nished much valuable pasturage for cattle, and acorns and other 
 nuts for swine, and by the laws of the Province no cattle, swine, 
 or other domestic animals were permitted to run at large upon 
 them without the consent of the land owners. If such animals 
 "were found at large upon the highway, or upon those lands lying 
 in common, without the consent of the owners, it became the 
 <luty of the field-driver to impound them, for which service he 
 was allowed one shilling each for neat cattle and horses, and 
 three pence each for sheep and swine, to be paid by the owner 
 of the animals before being allowed to take them from the 
 pound. 
 
 The ancient office of " tithingman," like that of " field- 
 driver," has also become obsolete in the State, and the name 
 itself, once a terror to rude and wayward youth, very nearly so. 
 Two, and in some towns four, of these officials were chosen at 
 the annual town meetings. It was among their duties, under 
 the colony laws, to visit and inspect licensed public-houses, and 
 to inform of all disorders in them. Also to inform of all idle 
 and dissolute persons, profane swearers, and Sabbath breakers. 
 But one of their principal and most important duties appears to 
 have been to attend public worship on the Sabbath, and to take 
 note of and prevent all rudeness and disorders during the ser- 
 vices, and, if needful, to arrest on view, and to aid in the trial 
 and punishment of all such persons as were guilty of irreverent 
 or disorderly conduct. In towns where four of these dignitaries 
 were chosen, it appears that two of them were expected to take 
 
1774] ROVAL PROVINCE. 3II 
 
 their seats on the lower floor of the meeting-hcuse, to take note 
 of all rudeness and disorder "below," and the two others to be 
 installed in the gallery, chargeable with the like duties in respect 
 to all improprieties and misconduct "above." As a badge of 
 this office and authority the colony laws provided that each of 
 them should carry "a black staff or wand two feet in length, 
 and tipped at one end for about three inches with brass or pew- 
 ter." {Colonial Laws of 17 IS-) By an Act of the New Hamp- 
 shire General Court, passed in 1789, the law in respect to 
 tithingmen was amended, and their powers and duties somewhat 
 enlarged. This amended Act required the tithingmen to be 
 chosen to be " persons of good substance and sober life," and 
 among other things made it their duty to stop and detain all 
 persons travelling on the Sabbath between sunrise and sunset, 
 ^'except in attending public worship, visiting the sick, or on 
 some work of charity." 
 
 By a Province Law enacted in 17 19 swine were not per- 
 mitted to run at large between the first day of April and 
 the first day of October of each year, without being yoked and 
 rung in the mode described in the law ; and two or more offi- 
 cials, known as hog-reeves or hog constables, were required to 
 be chosen at the annual town meeting, chargeable with the 
 duty of enforcing the law at the expense of the guilty owner of 
 the swine. The regulation hog yoke, as defined in the law, 
 was made of wood, "and to be in length above the swine's 
 neck, equal to the depth of the neck, and half as long below, 
 the bottom piece of the yoke to be equal in length to three 
 times the thickness of the neck." The ritig, as defined in the 
 Act, "was made of strong flexible iron wire to be inserted in 
 the top of the nose to prevent rooting, the ends of the wire to 
 be twisted together and to project one inch above the nose." 
 {Colonial Laivs, 1715) The fees of the hog-reeve, as fixed by a 
 law passed in 1794, were one shilling for yoking, and sixpence 
 for ringing, each swine. 
 
 In accordance with a long-established custom prevailing in 
 many towns in New Hampshire, all the young men of the town 
 who were married within the year next preceding the annual 
 
312 lIliTOKY OK HEW ilAMPSHIKE. L ' 774 
 
 March election were entitled to the compliment of an election 
 to the very honorable and responsible office of hog-reeve. 
 
 The forests of New Hampshire, at the time of its first settle- 
 ment, and for many years after, abounded with deer. Both the 
 skin and flesh of these animals being of great value to the set- 
 tlers.laws were passed to prevent the killing of them at such 
 seasons of the year as would tend to diminish their natural in- 
 crease. By a Province Law enacted in 1741, it was made a 
 crime to kill deer between the last day of December and the 
 first day of August. An offender against this law was liable, 
 on conviction, to a fine of ten pounds. If not able to pay the 
 fine he might be sentenced to work forty days for the govern- 
 ment for the first offence, and fifty days if he should offend a 
 second time. It was made the duty of the town, at their 
 annual March meeting, to choose two officers, known as deer- 
 reeves or deer keepers, to see that this law was observed and to 
 aid in the prosecution for its violation, coupled with the au- 
 thority to enter and search all places where they had cause to 
 suspect that the skins or flesh of deer, unlawfully killed, had 
 been concealed. 
 
 A Colony Law passed in 17 19 provided for the erection an d 
 regulation of houses of correction for the Province, designed 
 for the keeping, correcting and setting to work "of rogues, 
 vagabonds, common beggars, and lewd and idle persons." 
 Such persons, on conviction before a justice of the peace or the 
 court of sessions, were to be sent to the house of correction and 
 set to work under the master or overseer of that institution. 
 Upon his admission, the unlucky culprit was to be put in 
 shackles, or to be whipped, not to exceed ten stripes, unless 
 the warrant for his commitment otherwise directed. {Colonial 
 Laws of lyiS-IJig.) Such was the New Hampshire tramp 
 law one hundred and seventy years ago. By an Act of the Gen- 
 eral Court in 1766, this Act for the maintenance of houses of 
 correction was extended to towns, with the like powers and 
 duties in respect to them, and coupled with the duty and au- 
 thority to choose masters or overseers of them at the annual 
 election. 
 
1774] 
 
 KOVAL PROVINCE. 
 
 313 
 
 Prior to the war of the Revolution, the qualifications for 
 voting at the town meetings varied with the object of such 
 meetings. To be qualified to vote for town officers, the person 
 offering his vote, as we have seen, was required to be a free- 
 holder in the town, or if not a freeholder to have other taxable 
 property of the value of twenty pounds. (Colonial Laivs of 
 lyK)^ In the choice and settlement of a minister for the town 
 and the fixing the amount of his salary, the right to vote, as we 
 have also seen, was limited to the owners of real estate in the 
 town. But notwithstanding this restriction, the taxes for the 
 support of the minister were required to be assessed by the 
 selectmen on the personal estate and polls in the town as well 
 as on the real estate, in the same manner as taxes for all other 
 town charges. (Colonial Laws, 1714.) In order to be competent 
 to vote for a delegate to the General Court, the elector was re- 
 quired to have property to the value of fifty pounds, and the 
 candidate to be eligible to that office to be possessed of real 
 estate to the value of three hundred pounds. (Colonial Latvs, 
 i6gg.) 
 
 NOTCH OF WHHE MOUNTAINS. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE REVOLUTION, 1775-1783. 
 
 Lexington — Portsmouth Fortified — Bunker Hill — General Stark 
 — General Reed — Nottingham — Mesuech Weare — House of 
 Representatives — Gov. John Wentworth — Gen. John Sullivan — 
 Siege of Boston — Exeter in- 1776 — Committee op Safety — Ben- 
 nington — Stillwater — Saratoga — First Schoolmasters — Keene 
 Raid — Freewill Baptists ^ Samuel Livermore and Family — Slav- 
 ery — Northfield — Shakers — Canterbury — General Stark. 
 
 nPHE history of the Revolution, and the causes which led to 
 that event, are properly treated in a more general history 
 than this purports to be. The attention of the reader is called 
 to the part taken by the people of the Province and State of 
 Newr Hampshire in that struggle. 
 
 1 A convention was holden at Exeter, on the 2Sth of January, 
 1775, for the purpose of choosing delegates to the General Con- 
 gress, which was to meet at Philadelphia the loth of May. 
 
 The British troops commenced hostilities by firing on the 
 people collected at Lexington, in Massachusetts, the 19th of 
 April. The news of this attack spread rapidly through the 
 country. 
 
 The battle created great excitement in the province of New 
 Hampshire. From the central and southern towns about four- 
 teen hundred men, in independent companies and unorganized 
 detachments, immediately marched to Cambridge. Runners 
 were, sent, by the provincial "Committee to call a Congress," to 
 the several towns in the Province, to send delegates to a conven- 
 tion to be holden at Exeter on the 21st of April, to consult for 
 the general safety. 
 
 ' Annals uf Portsmouth. 
 
3l6 HISTOKV OK NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l77S 
 
 At this convention, Col. Nathaniel Folsom of Exeter was 
 chosen brigadier-general, to command the troops that had gone 
 or might go "from this government to assist our suffering 
 brethren in the province of Massachusetts." 
 
 Meanwhile, formal notices had been given the towns to choose 
 delegates to a convention, to be holden on the 17th of May at 
 Exeter, and in this convention, on the 20th, it was voted to 
 raise three regiments of troops, including those already in the 
 field, to be commanded by- Colonels John Stark, Enoch Poor, 
 and James Reed. The term of service of the troops was to expire 
 in December, 1775. 
 
 For the regiment commanded by Colonel Poor, afterwards 
 designated as the nth Continental Foot, Portsmouth con- 
 tributed nearly a full company. 
 
 Colonel Poor's regiment was stationed on the seacoast from 
 Ordiorne's Point to the Merrimack river until after the battle of 
 Bunker Hill, when it was ordered to join the army besieging 
 Boston. 
 
 The two forts constructed by the citizens of Portsmouth at 
 the " Narrows " were earthworks, and armed with the heavy 
 ordnance taken from P'ort William and Mary, and were named 
 in honor of Generals Washington and Sullivan. 
 
 As an additional security to the main harbor, a boom of 
 masts and chains was thrown across the " Narrows," which was 
 several times broken by the force of the current, until, finding 
 it was impossible to obstruct the passage by this means, an old 
 ship was sunk in the northern or main channel of the river. 
 
 Portsmouth met on the 20th of April to consider "what 
 measures are most expedient to be taken at this alarming 
 crisis." They recommended every man to furnish himself with 
 a good firelock, bayonet, powder, and balls, and every other 
 requisite for defence; "that they form themselves into com- 
 panies, and obtain what instruction they can in the military art ; 
 that one hundred be enlisted, and properly equipped to march 
 at a minute's warning ; that they divide themselves into two 
 companies of fifty men each, choose their own officers, and 
 enter into such agreements as that the strfctest subordination 
 
I77S] '^'"'i^ REVOLUTION. 317 
 
 and discipline be preserved among tliem." They then chose a 
 committee " to consult with the provincial committee and adopt 
 such measures as they shall judge necessary." They voted to 
 use their utmost endeavors to keep up good order and peace in 
 the town, to support all civil officers, and " pay ready obedience 
 to the law, to avoid the horror and confusion which a contrary 
 conduct may produce." And as groundless reports and false 
 rumors had prevailed, that the person or property of his Ex- 
 cellency John Wentworth was in danger, it was unanimously 
 voted, " that we, the inhabitants of this town, will use our 
 utmost endeavors to prevent any insult being offered to his 
 person or dignity, and that we will take every method in our 
 power to assist and support him in the due and legal exercise of 
 his authority." A committee was chosen to wait upon the 
 governor with the above vote. 
 
 Governor Wentworth still retained the hope that all difficul- 
 ties between the two countries might be adjusted ; and in his 
 speech to the Assembly on the 4th of May he desired them to 
 adopt "such measures as might tend to secure their peace and 
 safety, and effectually lead to a restoration of the public tran- 
 quillity and an affectionate reconciliation with the mother 
 country." He laid before them Lord North's conciliatory pro- 
 position. The House requested a short adjournment, to give 
 them an opportunity to consult their constituents, to which 
 the governor consented, and adjourned them to the 12th 
 of June. 
 
 The Scarborough, ship of war, commanded by Captain Bar- 
 clay, lay in Portsmouth harbor, and had dismantled the fort. 
 She seized two vessels laden with provisions, which were com- 
 ing into the harbor. The inhabitants remonstrated against this 
 proceeding, and the governor solicited Captain Barclay to 
 release them ; but he refused, and sent them to Boston under 
 convoy of the Canseau, for the use of the King's forces there. 
 A body of armed men, irritated by these proceedings, brought 
 off from the battery at Jerry's Point, on Great Island, twenty- 
 eight cannon of twenty-four and thirty-two pounders, which 
 they safely landed in Portsmouth. 
 
3l8 HISTORY OF NEW'HAMPSHIKE. ['775 
 
 ^The battle of Bunker Hill opened wide the breach between 
 Great Britain and the Colonies, and rendered American Inde 
 pendence inevitable. 
 
 The repulse of Howe at Breed's Hill practically ejected him 
 from Boston. 
 
 The hastily constructed earthworks on Breed's Hill forewarned 
 the assailants that every ridge might serve as a fortress, and 
 every sand-hill become a cover, for a persistent and earnest 
 foe. 
 
 The city of Boston was girdled by rapidly increasing earth- 
 works. These were wholly defensive, to resist assault from the 
 British garrison, and not, at first, as cover for a regular siege 
 approach against the island post. They soon became a direct 
 agency to force th^ garrison to look to the sea alone for supplies 
 or retreat. 
 
 Open war against Great Britain began with this environment 
 of Boston. The partially organized militia responded promptly 
 to call. 
 
 The . vivifying force of the struggle through Concord and 
 Lexington had so quickened the rapidly augmenting body of 
 patriots, that they demanded offensive action and gfew impa- 
 tient for results. Having dropped fear of British troops, as 
 such, they held a strong purpose to achieve that complete de- 
 liverance which their earnest resistance foreshadowed. 
 
 Lexington and Concord were, therefore, the exponents of 
 that daring which made the occupation and resistance of 
 Breed's Hill possible. The fancied invincibility of British dis- 
 cipline went down before the rifles of farmers ; but the quicken- 
 ing sentiment, which gave nerve to the arm, steadiness to the 
 heart, and force to the blow, was one of those historic ex- 
 pressions of human will and faith which, under deep sense of 
 wrong incurred and rights imperilled, overmasters discipline, 
 and has the method of an inspired madness. The moral force 
 of the energizing passion became overwhelming and supreme. 
 No troops in the world, under similar conditions, could have 
 resisted the movement. 
 
 ' General H. B. Carrington in the Granite Monthly. 
 
177S] THE REVOLUTION. 319 
 
 The opposing forces did not alike estimate the issue, or the 
 relations of the parties in interest. 
 
 The ostensible theory of the' Crown was to reconcile the 
 colonies. The actual policy, and its physical demonstrations, 
 repelled and did not conciliate. 
 
 Threats and blows towards those not deemed capable of re- 
 sistance were freely expended. Operations of war, as against 
 an organized and skilful enemy, were ignored. But the lega- 
 cies of EngHsh law and the inheritance of English liberty had 
 vested in the colonies. Their eradication and their withdrawal 
 were alike impossible. The time had passed for compromise or 
 limitation of their enjoyment. The filial relation toward Eng- 
 land was lost when it became that of a slave toward master, to 
 be asserted by force. This the Americans understood when 
 they environed Boston. This the British did not understand 
 until after the battle of Bunker Hill. The British worked as 
 against a mob of rebels. The Americans made common cause, 
 "liberty or death," against usurpation and tyranny. 
 
 At the time of the American occupation of Charlestown 
 Heights, the value of that position was to be tested. The 
 Americans had previously burned the lighthouses of the harbor. 
 The islands of the bay were already miniature fields of conflict ; 
 and every effort of the garrison to use boats, and thereby secure 
 the needed supplies of beef, flour, or fuel, only developed a 
 counter system of boat operations, which neutralized the former 
 and gradually limited the garrison to the range of its guns. 
 This close grasp of the land approaches to Boston, so persis- 
 tently maintained, stimulated the Americans to catch a tighter 
 hold, and force the garrison to escape by sea. Expulsion was 
 the purpose of the rallying people. 
 
 General Gage fortified Boston Neck as early as 1774. It was 
 also the intention of General Gage to fortify Dorchester 
 Heights. Early in April, a British council of war, in which 
 Clinton, ]5urgoyne, and Percy took part, unanimously advised 
 the immediate occupation of Dorchester, as both indispensable 
 to the protection of the shipping, and as assurance of access to 
 the country for indispensable supplies. ■ 
 
320 HISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l77S 
 
 General Howe already appreciated the mistake of General 
 Gage in his expedition to Concord, but still cherished such 
 hope of an accommodation of the issue with the colonies that 
 he postponed action until a peaceable occupation of Dorchester 
 Heights became impossible, and the growing earthworks of the 
 besiegers already commanded Boston Neck. 
 
 General Gage had also advised, and wisely, the occupation of 
 Charlestown Heights, as both necessary and feasible, without 
 risk to Boston itself. He went so far as to announce that, in. 
 case of overt acts of hostility to such occupation, by the citizens 
 of Charlestown, he would burn the town. 
 
 It was clearly sound military policy for the British to occupy 
 both Dorchester and Charlestown Heights at the first attempt 
 of the Americans to invest the city. 
 
 As early as the middle of May, the Massachusetts Committee 
 of Safety, as well as the council, had resolved "to occupy Bun- 
 ker Hill as soon as artillery and powder could be adequately 
 furnished for the purpose," and a committee was appointed to 
 examine and report respecting the merits of Dorchester 
 Heights as a strategic restraint upon the garrison of Boston. 
 
 On the fifteenth of June, upon reliable information that the 
 British had definitely resolved to seize both heights, and had 
 designated the eighteenth of June for the occupation of Charles- 
 town, the same Committee of Safety voted "to take immediate 
 possession of Bunker Hill." 
 
 Mr. Bancroft states that "the decision was so sudden that no 
 fit preparation could be made." Under the existing conditions, 
 it was indeed a desperate daring, expressive of grand faith and 
 self-devotion, worthy of the cause in peril, and only limited in 
 its immediate and assured triumph by the simple lack of 
 powder. 
 
 General Ward fully realized that the hesitation of the British 
 to emerge from Boston and attack the Americans was an index 
 of the security of the American defences, and, therefore, depre- 
 cated the contingency of a general engagement, until ample 
 supplies of powder could be secured. 
 
 The British garrison, which had been reinforced to a nominal 
 
1/751 THE REVOLUTION. 321 
 
 strength of ten thousand men, had become reduced, through 
 inadequate suppUes, especially of fresh meat, to eight thousand 
 effectives, but these men were well officered and well disciplined. 
 
 Bunker Hill had an easy slope to the isthmus, but was quite 
 steep on either side, having, in fact, control of the isthmus, as 
 well as commanding a full view of Boston and the surrounding 
 country. Morton's Hill, at Moulton's Point, .vhere the British 
 landed, was but thirty-five feet above sea-level, while Breed's 
 Pasture (as -then known) and Bunker Hill were, respectively, 
 seventy-five and one hundred and ten feet high. The Charles 
 and Mystic rivers, which flanked Charlestown, were navigable, 
 and were under the control of the British ships of war. 
 
 To so occupy Charlestown, in advance, as to prevent a suc- 
 cessful ]5ritish landing, required the use of the nearest availahle 
 position that would make the light artillery of the Americans 
 effective. To occupy Bunker Hill, alone, would leave to the 
 British the cover of Breed's Hill, under which to gain effective 
 fire and a good base for approach, as well as Charlestown for 
 quarters, without prejudice to themselves. 
 
 When, therefore. Breed's Hill was fortified as an advanced 
 position, it was done with the assurance that reinforcements 
 would soon occupy the retired summit, and the course adopted 
 was the best to prevent an effective British lodgment. The 
 previous reluctance of the garrison to make any effective dem- 
 onstration against the thin lines of environment strengthened 
 the belief of the Americans that a well-selected hold upon 
 Charlestown Heights would securely tighten the grasp upon 
 the city itself. 
 
 As a fact, the British contempt for the Americans might 
 have urged them as rashly against Bunker Hill as it did against 
 the redoubt which they gained, at last, only through failure 
 of the ammunition of its defenders ; but, in view of the few 
 hours at disposal of the Americans to prepare against a landing 
 so soon to be attempted, it is certain that the defences were 
 well placed, both to cover the town and force an immediate 
 issue before the British could increase their own force. 
 
 It is equally certain that the British utterly failed to appre- 
 
322 
 
 HISTOUV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^775 
 
 ciate the fact that, with the control of the Mystic and Charles 
 rivers, they could, within twenty-four hours, so isolate Charles- 
 town as to secure the same results as by storming the American 
 position, and without appreciable loss. This was the advice of 
 General Clinton, but he was overruled. They did, ultimately, 
 thereby check reinforcements, but suffered so severely in the 
 battle itself that fully two-thirds of the Americans retired 
 safely to the main land. 
 
 The delay of the British to advance as soon as the landing 
 was effected was bad tactics. One half of the force could have 
 followed the Mystic, and turned the American left wing, long 
 before Colonel Stark's command came upon the field. The 
 British dined as leisurely as if they had only to move any time 
 and seize the threatening position, and thereby lost their chief 
 opportunity. 
 
 One single sign of the recognition of any possible risk to 
 themselves was the opening of fire from Boston Neck and such 
 other positions as faced the American lines, as if to warn them 
 not to attempt the city, or endanger their own lives by sending 
 reinforcements to Charlestown. 
 
 Colonel William Prescoti, of Pepperell, Massachusetts, Colo- 
 nel James Frye, of Andover, and Colonel Kbenezer Bridge, of 
 Billerica, whose regiments formed most of the original detail, 
 were members of the council of war which had been organized 
 on the 20th of April, when General Ward assumed command 
 of the army. Colonel Thomas Knowlton, of Putnam's regi- 
 ment, was to lead a detachment from the Connecticut troops. 
 Colonel Richard Gridley, chief engineer, with a company of 
 artillery, was also assigned to the moving column.s. 
 
 To ensure a force of one thousand men, the field order cov- 
 ered nearly fourteen hundred, and Mr. Frothingham shows 
 clearly that the actual force as organized, with artificers and 
 drivers of carts, was hot less than twelve hundred men. 
 
 Cambridge Common was the place of rendezvous, where, at 
 early twilight of June i6, the Rev. Samuel Langdon, presi- 
 dent of Harvard College, invoked the blessing of Almighty God 
 upon the solemn undertaking. 
 
I77S] THE KEVOLUTION. > 323 
 
 This silent body of earnest men crossed Charlestown Neck, 
 and halted for a clear definition of the impending duty. Major 
 Brooks, of Colonel Dodge's regiment, joined here, as well as a 
 company of artillery. Captain Nutting, with a detachment of 
 Connecticut men, was promptly sent, by the quickest route, to 
 patrol Charlestown, at the summit of Bunker Hill. Captain 
 Maxwell's company, of Prescott's regiment, was next detailed 
 to patrol the shore in silence and keenly note any activity on 
 board the British men-of-war. 
 
 The six vessels lying in the stream were the Somerset, sixty- 
 eight, Captain Edward Le Cross ; Cerberus, thirty-six. Captain 
 Chads ; Glasgow, thirty-four. Captain William Maltby ; Lively, 
 twenty. Captain Thomas B. Bishop ; Falcon, twenty. Captain 
 Linzee ; and the Symmetry, transport, with eighteen guns. 
 
 While one thousand men worked upon the redoubt which had 
 been located under counsel of Gridley, Prescott, Knowlton, and 
 other officers, the dull thud of the pickaxe and the grating of 
 shovels were the only sounds that disturbed the pervading 
 silence, except as the sentries' "All's well!" from Copp's Hill 
 and from the warships relieved anxiety and stimulated work. 
 Prescott and Putnam alike, and more than once, visited the 
 beach, to be assured that the seeming security was real ; and at 
 daybreak the redoubt, nearly eight rods square and six feet 
 high, was nearly complete. 
 
 Scarcely had objects become distinct, when the battery on 
 Copp's Hill and the guns of the Lively opened fire, and startled 
 the garrison of Boston from sleep, to a certainty that the col- 
 onists had taken the offensive. 
 
 General Putnam reached headquarters at a very early hour, 
 and secured the detail of a portion of Colonel Stark's regiment 
 to reinforce the first detail which had already occupied the hill. 
 
 At nine o'clock a council of war was held at Breed's Hill. 
 Major John Brooks was sent to ask for more men and more 
 rations. Richard Dcvens, of the Committee of Safety, then in 
 session, was influential in persuading General Ward to furnish 
 prompt reinforcements. By eleven o'clock the whole of Stark's 
 and Reed's New Hampshire regiments were on their march, 
 
324 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['775 
 
 and in time to meet the first sliock of battle. Portions of other 
 regiments hastened to the aid of those already waiting for the 
 fight to begin. 
 
 The details of men were not exactly defined, in all cases, 
 when the urgent call for reinforcements reached headquarters. 
 Little's regiment of Essex men ; Brewer's, of Worcester and 
 Middlesex, with their Lieutenant-Colonel Buckminster ; Nixon's, 
 led by Nixon himself ; Moore's, from Worcester ; Whitcomb's, 
 of Lancaster, and others, promptly accepted the opportunity to 
 take part in the offensive, and challenge the British garrison to 
 a contest-at-arms, and well they bore their part in the struggle. 
 
 The completion of the redoubt only made more distinct the 
 necessity for additional defences. A line of breastworks, a few 
 rods in length, was carried to the left, and then to the rear, in 
 order to connect with a stone fence which was accepted as a 
 part of the line, since the fence ran perpendicularly to the 
 Mystic ; and the intention was to throw some protection across 
 the entire peninsula to the river. A small pond and some 
 spongy ground were left open, as non-essential, considering the 
 value of every moment ; and every exertion was made for the 
 protection of the immediate front. The stone fence, like those 
 still common in New England, was two or three feet high, with 
 set posts and two rails ; in all, about five feet high, the top rail 
 giving a rest for a rifle. A zigzag "stake and rider fence " was 
 put in front, the meadow division-fences being stripped for the 
 purpose. The fresh-mown hay filled the interval between the 
 fences. This line was nearly two hundred yards in rear of the 
 face of the redoubt, and near the foot, of Bunker Hill. Captain 
 Knowlton, with two pieces of artillery and Connecticut troops, 
 was assigned, by Colonel Prescott, to the right of this position, 
 adjoining the open gap already mentioned. Between the fence 
 and the river, more conspicuous at low tide, was a long gap, 
 which was promptly filled by Stark as soon as he reached the 
 ground, thus, as far as possible, to anticipate the very flanking 
 movement which the British afterward attempted. 
 
 Putnam was everywhere active, and, after the fences were as 
 well secured as time would allow, he ordered the tools taken to 
 
I77S] thp: kevolution. 325 
 
 Bunker Hill for the establishment of a second line on higher 
 ground, in case the first could not be maintained. His impor- 
 tunity with General Ward had secured the detail of the whole 
 of Reed's, as well as the balance of Stark's, regiment, so that 
 the entire left was protected by New Hampshire troops. With 
 all their energy they were able to gather from the shore only 
 stone enough for partial cover, while they lay down, or kneeled,, 
 to fire. 
 
 The whole force thus spread out to meet the British army 
 was less than sixteen hundred men. Six pieces of artillery 
 were in use at different times, but with little effect. The can- 
 non cartridges were at last distributed for the rifles, and five of 
 the guns were left on the field when retreat became inevitable. 
 
 Reference to a map will indicate the position thus outlined. 
 It was evident that the landing could not be prevented. Suc- 
 cessive barges landed the well-equipped troops, and they took 
 their positions, and their dinner, under the blaze of the hot sun,, 
 as if nothing but ordinary duty was awaiting their leisure. 
 
 It was nearly three o'clock in the afternoon when the British 
 army formed for the advance. General Howe was expected to- 
 break and envelop the American left wing, take the redoubt in 
 the rear, and cut off retreat to Bunker Hill and the mainland. 
 The light infantry moved closely along the Mystic. The gren- 
 adiers advanced upon the stone fence, while the British left 
 demonstrated toward the unprotected gap which was between 
 the fence and the short breastwork next the redoubt. General 
 Pigot with the extreme left wing moved directly upon the re- 
 doubt. The British artillery had been supplied with twelve- 
 pound shot for six-pounder guns, and, thus disabled, were 
 ordered to use only grape. The guns were, therefore, advanced 
 to the edge of an old brick-kiln, as the spongy ground and heavy 
 grass did not permit ready handling of guns at the foot of the 
 hill slope, or even just at its left. This secured a more effec- 
 tive range of fire upon the skeleton defences of the American 
 centre, and an eligible position for a direct fire uprn the ex- 
 posed portion of the American front, and both breastwork and 
 redoubt. 
 
326 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l775 
 
 The advance of the British army was like a solemn pageant 
 in its steady headway, and like a parade for inspection in its 
 completeness. This army, bearing knapsacks and full cam- 
 paign equipment, moved forward as if, by the force of its 
 closely knit columns, it must sweep every barrier away. But 
 right in the way was a calm, intense love of liberty. It was 
 represented by men of the same blood and of equal daring. 
 
 A strong contrast marked the opposing Englishmen that 
 summer afternoon. The plain men handled plain firelocks. 
 Oxhorns held their powder, and their pockets held their bullets. 
 Coatless, under the broiling sun, unincumbered, unadorned by 
 plume or service medal, pale and wan after their night of toil 
 and their day of hunger, thirst, and waiting, this live obstruc- 
 tion calmly faced the advancing splendor. 
 
 A few hasty shots, quickly restrained, drew an innocent fire 
 from the British front rank. The pale, stern men behind the 
 slight defence, obedient to a strong will, answer not to the 
 quick volley, and nothing to the audible commands of the ad- 
 vancing columns, — waiting, still. 
 
 No painter can make the scene more clear than the recital 
 of sober deposition, and the record left by survivors of either 
 side. History has no contradictions to confuse the realities of 
 that momentous tragedy. 
 
 The British left wing is near the redoubt. It has only to 
 mount a fresh earthbank, hardly six feet high, and its clods and 
 sands can almost be counted ; it is so near, so easy — sure. 
 
 Short, crisp, and earnest, low-toned, but felt as an electric 
 pulse, are the words of Prescott. Warren, by his side, repeats. 
 The words fly through the impatient lines. The eager fingers 
 give back from the waiting trigger. "Steady, men." "Wait 
 until you see the white of the eye." "Not a shot sooner." 
 ''Aim at the handsome coats." "Aim at the waistbands." 
 ■" Pick off the commanders." " Wait for the word, every man, 
 — steady." 
 
 Those plain men, so patient, can already count the buttons, 
 can read the emblems on the breastplate, can recognize the 
 officers and men whom they had seen parade on Boston 
 
1775] 1HK Ricvor.uTioN. 327 
 
 Common. Features grow more distinct. Tlie silence is awful. 
 The men seem dead — waiting for one word. On the British 
 right the light infantry gain equal advance just as the left wing 
 almost touched the redoubt. Moving over more level ground, 
 they quickly made the greater distance, and passed the line of 
 those who marched directly up the hill. The grenadiers moved 
 firmly upon the centre, with equal confidence, and space lessens 
 to that which the spirit of the impending word defines. That 
 word waits behind the centre and left wing, as it lingers at 
 breastwork and redoubt. Sharp, clear, and deadly in tone and 
 essence, it rings forth, — '- Fire ! 
 
 I'rom redoubt to river, along the whole sweep of devouring 
 flame, the forms of men wither as in a furnace heat. The 
 whole front goes down. For an instant the chirp of the cricket 
 and grasshopper in the fresh-mown hay might almost be heard ; 
 tlien the groans of the wounded, then the shouts of impatient 
 yeomen who spring forth to pursue, until recalled to silence and 
 duty. Staggering, but reviving, grand in the glory of their 
 manhood, heroic in restored self-possession, with steady step in 
 the face of fire, and over the bodies of the dead, the British 
 remnant renew battle. Again, a deadly volley, and the shat- 
 tered columns, in spite of entreaty or command, speed back to 
 the place of landing, and the first shock of arms is over. 
 
 A lifetime, when it is past, is but as a moment. A moment, 
 sometimes, is as a lifetime. Onset and repulse. Three hun- 
 dred lifetimes ended in twenty minutes. 
 
 Putnam hastened to Bunker Hill to gather scattering parties 
 in tlie rear, and urge coming reinforcements across the isthmus, 
 where the fire from British frigates swept with fearful energy, but 
 nothing could bring them in time. The men who had toiled all 
 night, and had just proved their valor, were again to be tested. 
 
 The British reformed promptly, in the perfection of their 
 discipline. Their artillery was pushed forward nearer the angle 
 made by the breastwork next the redoubt, and the whole line 
 advanced, deployed as before across the entire American front. 
 The ships of war increased their fire across the isthmus. 
 Charlestown had been fired, and more than four hundred 
 
328 lUSTOKY Ol' NKW ilAMI'SHl UI£. L'77S 
 
 houses kindled into one vast wave of smoke and flame, untij 
 a sudden bi'eeze swept its quivering volume away and exposed 
 to view of the watchful Americans the returning tide of battle. 
 No scattering shots in advance this time. It is only when a 
 space of hardly five rods is left, and a swift plunge could almost 
 forerun the rifle flash, that the word of execution impels the 
 bullet, and the entire front rank, from redoubt to river, is swept 
 away. Again and again the attempt is made to rally and 
 inspire the paralysed troops ; but the living tide flows back, 
 even to the river. 
 
 Another twenty minutes, — hardly twenty-five, — and the 
 death angel has gathered his sheaves of human hopes, as when 
 the Royal George went down beneath the waters with its price- 
 less value of human lives. 
 
 At the first repulse the thirty-eighth regiment took shelter 
 by a stone fence, along the road which passes about the base of 
 Breed's Hill ; but at the second repulse, supported by the fifth, 
 it reorganized just under the advanced crest of Breed's Hill for 
 a third advance. 
 
 It was an hour of grave issues. Burgoyne, who watched the 
 progress from Copp's Hill, says: "A moment of the day was 
 critical." 
 
 Stedman says: "A continuous blaze of musketry, incessant 
 and destructive." 
 
 Gordon says : "The British officers pronounced it downright 
 Ijutchery to lead the men afresh against those lines." 
 
 Ramsay says : " Of one company not more than five, and of 
 another not more than fourteen, escaped." 
 
 Lossing says : " Whole platoons were lain upon the earth, 
 like grass by the mower's scythe." 
 
 Marshall says: "The British line, wholly broken, fell back 
 with precipitation to the landing-place." 
 
 Frothingham quotes this statement of a British officer: — 
 "Most of our grenadiers and light infantry, the moment they 
 presented themselves, lost three-fourths, and many nine-tentl s, 
 of their men. Some had only eight and nine men to a com- 
 pany left, some only three, four, and five." 
 
177S1 Tin: revolution. 329 
 
 Botta says : " A shower of bullets. The field was covered 
 with the slain." 
 
 Bancroft says : " A continuous sheet of fire." 
 
 Stark says : "The dead lay as thick as sheep in a fold." 
 
 It was indeed a strange episode in British history, in view of 
 the British assertion of assured supremacy, whenever an issue 
 challenged that supremacy. 
 
 Clinton and Burgoyne, watching from the redoubt on Copp's 
 Hill, realized at once the gravity of the situation, and Clinton 
 promptly offered his aid to rescue the army. 
 
 Four hundred additional marines and the forty-seventh regi- 
 ment were promptly landed. This fresh force, under Clinton, 
 was ordered to flank the redoubt, and scale its face to the 
 extreme left. General Howe, with the grenadiers and light 
 infantry, supported by the artillery, undertook the storming of 
 the breastworks, bending back from the mouth of the redoubt, 
 and so commanding the centre entrance. 
 
 General Pigot was ordered to rally the remnants of the fifth, 
 thirty-eighth, forty-third, and fifty-second regiments, to connect 
 the two wings, and attack the redoubt in front. 
 
 A mere demonstration was ordered upon the American left, 
 while the artillery was to advance a few rods and then .swing to 
 its left, so as to sweep the breastwork for Howe's advance. 
 
 The dress parade movement of the first advance was not re- 
 peated. A contest between equals was at hand. Victory or 
 ruin was the alternative for those who so proudly issued from 
 the Boston barracks at sunrise for the suppression of preten- 
 tious rebellion. Knapsacks were thrown aside. British vet- 
 erans stripped for fight. Not a single regiment of those 
 engaged had passed such a fearful ordeal in its whole history as 
 a single hour had witnessed. The power of discipline, the 
 energy of experienced commanders, and the pressure of 
 honored antecedents, combined to make the movement as try- 
 ing as it was momentous. 
 
 The Americans were no less under a solemn responsibility. 
 At the previous attack, some loaded while others fired, so that 
 the expenditure of powder was great, almost exhaustive. The 
 
330 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. ['775 
 
 few remaining cannon cartridges were economically distributed. 
 There was no longer a possibility of reinforcements. The fire 
 from the shipping swept the isthmus. There were less than 
 fifty bayonets to the entire command. 
 
 During the afternoon Ward sent his own regiment, as well as 
 Patterson's and Gardner's, but few men reached the actual 
 front in time to share in the last resistance. Gardner did 
 indeed reach Bunker Hill to aid Putnam in establishing a 
 second line on that summit, but fell in the discharge of the 
 duty. Febiger, previously conspicuous at Quebec, and after- 
 ward at Stony Point, gathered a portion of Gerrish's regiment, 
 and reached the redoubt in time to share in the final struggle ; 
 but the other regiments, without their fault, were too late. 
 
 At this time Putnam seemed to appreciate the full gravity of 
 the crisis, and made the most of every available resource to 
 concentrate a reserve for a second defence, but in vain. 
 
 Prescott, within the redoubt, at once recognized the method 
 of the British advance. The wheel of the British artillery to 
 the left after it passed the line of the redoubt secured to it an 
 enfilading fire, which insured the reduction of the redoubt and 
 cut off retreat. There was no panic at that hour of supreme 
 peril. The order to reserve fire until the enemy was within 
 tv/enty yards was obediently regarded, and it was not until a 
 pressure upon three faces of the redoubt forced the last issue, 
 that the defenders poured forth one more destructive volley. 
 A single cannon cartridge was distributed for the final effort, 
 and then, with clubbed guns and the nerve of desperation, the 
 slow retreat began, contesting man to man and inch by inch. 
 Warren fell, shot through the head, in the mouth of the fort. 
 
 The battle was not quite over, even then. Jackson rallied 
 Gardner's men on Bunker Hill, and with three companies of 
 Ward's regiment and Febiger's party, so covered the retreat as 
 to save half of the garrison. The New Hampshire troops of 
 Stark and Reed, with Colt's and Chester's companies, still held 
 the fence line clear to the river, and covered the escape of 
 Prescott's command until the last cartridge had been expended, 
 and then their deliberate, well-ordered retreat bore testimony 
 alike to their virtue and valor. 
 
1775] THE REVOLUTION. 33I 
 
 Putnam made one final effort at Bunker Hill, but in vain, and 
 the army retired to Prospect Hill, which Putnam had already- 
 fortified in advance. 
 
 The British did not pursue. Clinton urged upon General 
 Howe an immediate attack upon Cambridge ; but Howe de- 
 clined the movement. The gallant Prescott offered to retake 
 Bunker Hill by storming if he could have three fresh regi- 
 ments ; but it was not deemed best to waste further resources 
 at the time. 
 
 Such, as briefly as it can be clearly outlined, was the battle 
 of Bunker Hill. 
 
 Nearly one third of each army was left on the field. 
 
 The British loss was nineteen officers killed and seventy 
 wounded, itself a striking evidence of the prompt response to 
 Prescott's orders before the action began. Of rank and file, 
 two hundred and seven were killed and seven hundred and fifty- 
 eight were wounded. Total, ten hundred and fifty-four. 
 
 The American loss was one hundred and forty-five killed and 
 missing, and three hundred and four wounded. Total, four 
 hundred anc forty-nine. 
 
 Such is the record of a battle which, in less than two hours, 
 destroyed a town, laid fifteen hundred men upon the field, 
 equalized the relations of veterans and militia, aroused three 
 millions of people to a definitd struggle for National Indepen- 
 dence, and fairly opened the war for its accomplishment. 
 
 The hasty organization of the command is marked by one 
 feature not often regarded, and that is the readiness with which 
 men of various regiments enlisted in the enterprise. Washing, 
 ton, in his official report of the casualties, thus specifies the 
 loss : — 
 
 Colonel of Regiment. 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 Missing. 
 
 Frye, 
 
 10 
 
 38 
 
 4 
 
 Little, 
 
 7 
 
 23 
 
 - 
 
 Brewer, 
 
 13 
 
 22 
 
 - 
 
 Gridley, 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 Stark, 
 
 >5 
 
 45 
 
 - 
 
 Woodbridge, . 
 
 — 
 
 S 
 
 
 Scammon, 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
332 lUSTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^775 
 
 Missing. 
 
 •Colonel of Regiment. 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Wounded 
 
 Bridge, 
 
 17 
 
 ^5 
 
 Whitcomb, . 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 Ward, 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 Gerrish, 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 Reed, 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 Prescott, . * . 
 
 43 
 
 46 
 
 Doolittle, 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 Gardner, 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 Patterson, 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 Nixon, 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 1 At the opening of hostilities a large number of the citizens 
 of New Hampshire had assembled at Cambridge. They were 
 without organization. Many were destitute of either arms or 
 provisions. The New Hampshire civil authorities had not yet 
 moved. The Massachusetts government felt the necessity of 
 providing the means of defence, and employing men for that 
 purpose. Her rulers organized forthwith her own regiments 
 and companies, and issued commissions to her officers. 
 
 It appears they extended their patronage beyond their own 
 limits, as proved by the following record. "The Committee of 
 Safety for Massachusetts, on the 26th of April, 1775, issued the 
 commission of colonel to John Stark, with beating orders. 
 Under this commission he enlisted 800 men from the tap of his 
 drum. Captain James Reed of, Fitzwilliam, Cheshire county, 
 also Paul Dudley Sargent of Amherst, Hillsborough county, re- 
 ceived commissions as colonels, which were accepted upon the 
 condition that they should continue until New Hampshire 
 should act." 
 
 . Stark soon enlisted fourteen companies. Reed and Sargent 
 only four each. Afterwards, New Hampshire gave commissions 
 to Stark and Reed, — Stark's regiment to be No. i. The other 
 commission was assigned to Colonel Enoch Poor, as belonging 
 to that part of the State where he resided. Early in May the 
 New Hampshire assembly voted to raise and equip two thous- 
 and men, to be divided into three regiments of ten companies 
 each, Poor's regiment to be second in rank. Reed's third. 
 Colonel Sargent retired to Massachusetts, and during the siege 
 
 * Hon. George W. Nesmith. 
 
'77Sl THE REVOLUTION. 333 
 
 of Boston had command of a small regiment of Massachusetts 
 troops. Stark had some collision with General Folsom, Hobart, 
 and others about his rank and supplies. Yet he had early in 
 June a large regiment of men ready for active service. 
 
 Two of his companies were ordered to be detached, and to be 
 joined to Colonel Reed's regiment to make up his quota of ten 
 companies, — still leaving to Stark ten companies, exceeding 
 Reed's regiment in numbers, as will appear by the following 
 statement. Prior to the 17th of June, 1775, Stark's regiment 
 was stationed at Medford. Reed's regiment was located near 
 Charlestown Neck. On the 14th day of June, the effective 
 men fit for duty, belonging to Reed's regiment, according to 
 Adjutant Stephen Peabody's return, amounted to four hundred 
 and eighty-eight men. Several of the men who had enlisted 
 had not then joined. Others were furloughed, some were sick, 
 some were on guard. The regiment of Stark, as returned, 
 •amounted to six hundred and thirty-two men, including rank 
 and file. 
 
 Colonel Reed returned his highest number of killed and 
 wounded in the battle of the 17th as five killed and twenty- 
 seven wounded. Wc have been able to ascertain the names of 
 these men, with much certainty, at the expense of some labor. 
 
 Rockingham county furnished one company of 44 men to 
 James Reed's regiment. It was commanded by Captain Heze- 
 kiah Hutchins of Hampstead ; First Lieutenant, Amos Emer- 
 son, Chester ; Second Lieutenant, John Marsh. This company 
 was enlisted from Hampstead, Chester, Raymond, Atkinson, San- 
 down, and Candia. Candia suffered the greatest loss. Parker 
 Hills of Candia was mortally wounded and not heard from 
 after the battle. John Varnum and Samuel Morrill, bo£h of 
 Candia, were severely wounded, and received afterwards 
 invalid pensions from the United States Government, as did 
 Nathaniel Leavitt of Hampstead, who was also then and there 
 wounded. 
 
 Second company, 44 men. Captain, Josiah Crosby of Am- 
 herst ; Lieutenant, Daniel Wilkins, Amherst; Ensign, Thomp- 
 son Maxwell. This company was from Amherst, which then 
 
334 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['775 
 
 embraced Milford and Mont Vernon. John Cole and James 
 Hutchinson were both mortally wounded. Hutchinson died 
 June 24, 1775. 
 
 Third company, 46 men. Captain, Philip Thomas, of Rindge ; 
 Lieutenant, John Hooper; Ensign, Ezekiel Rand, Rindge. 
 This company was from Rindge and Jaffrey. There were 
 returned three killed, viz : George Carlton, S. Adams, and Jona- 
 than Lbvejoy, of Rindge ; three wounded : John Thompson of 
 Rindge (received half pay from the State) ; B. Parker of Swan- 
 zey, mortally wounded ; Edward Waldo of Alstead, severely. 
 
 Fourth company, 44 men. Captain Levi Spaulding, who 
 represented Lyndeborough in 1781-82; Lieutenant, Joseph 
 Bradford ; Ensign, Thomas Buffee. This company was chiefly 
 from Lyndeborough, Temple, and Hudson. David Carlton 
 and Jesse Lund were both mortally wounded, Carlton dying 
 June 18. Lund was from Dunstable. Jacob Wellman of 
 Lyndeborough was wounded in the shoulder while employed in 
 fixing a flint into his gun. He afterwards was an invalid pen- 
 sioner. 
 
 Fifth company, 59 men. Captain, Jonathan Whitcomb, 
 Swanzey ; Lieutenant, Elijah Cloyes, Fitzwilliam, who was 
 killed in Sullivan's expedition among the Indians; Ensign, 
 Stephen Carter. This company was from Keene, Swanzey, 
 and Fitzwilliam. Joshua Ellis of Keene was wounded ; Josiah 
 Barton wounded in the side, his cartridge box being shot into 
 pieces. 
 
 Sixth company, 54 men. Captain, Jacob Hinds, Hinsdale ; 
 Lieutenant, Isaac Stohe ; Ensign, Geo. Aldrich, Westmore- 
 land. This company was from Hinsdale, Chesterfield, and 
 Westmoreland. John Davis of Chesterfield, killed, Lem. Went- 
 worth, wounded. 
 
 Seventh company, 52 men. Captain, Ezra Towns of New 
 Ipswich ; Lieutenant, Josiah Brown, New Ipswich ; Ensign, 
 John Harkness, Richmond. This company was made up from 
 recruits from New Ipswich. Also, Captain Wm. Scott of 
 Peterborough furnished about half of his men' and served as a 
 volunteer himself. Josiah Walton of Chesterfield was wounded. 
 
I77S] THE REVOLUTION. 335 
 
 as was, also, Captain William Scott, who fought bravely and 
 was severely wounded, made prisoner and conveyed to Boston, 
 from thence to Halifax. He escaped after a confinement of 
 some months, and returned home. He in 1776 commanded a 
 company in Colonel Jackson's regiment of Massachusetts. 
 David Scott of Peterborough was wounded. 
 
 Eighth company, 46 men. Captain, Wm. Walker, Dun- 
 stable ; First Lieutenant, James Brown, Dunstable; Second 
 Lieutenant, William Roby. Enlisted from Dunstable, Merri- 
 mack, Hudson, and Amherst,. Joseph Greeley, son of Doctor 
 Greeley, wounded ; Paul Clogstone of Dunstable wounded, died 
 July 15, 1775; Jonathan Gray died of his wounds ; Asa Cram, 
 wounded. 
 
 Ninth company, 49 men. Captain, Benjamin Mann of 
 Mason ; First Lieutenant, James Brewer of Marlborough ; 
 Second Lieutenant, Samuel Pettengill. This company com- 
 posed largely from men of Mason, Wilton, Marlborough, and 
 Temple. Joseph Blood of Mason killed ; Ebenezer Blood, jun., 
 was mortally wounded, not afterwards heard from. Their father 
 drew their back pay. Both sons marked killed on company 
 rolls. 
 
 Tenth company, 48 men. Captain, John Marcey of Wal- 
 pole ; First Lieutenant, Isaac Farewell of Charlestown ; 
 Second Lieutenant, James Taggart of Peterborough. This 
 company was enlisted from Walpole, Charlestown, Acworth, 
 and Cornish. Joseph Farewell of Charlestown was killed, and 
 J. Patten and John Melvin were mortally wounded and not 
 afterwards heard from. Marked both killed on rolls in Adju- 
 tant-General's office. 
 
 The biographer of the town of Charlestown says that N. 
 Parker of Charlestown was killed at Bunker Hill, but we have 
 not been able to find his name on the company rolls of Marcey. 
 Probably to be found elsewhere. The aforesaid list of the 
 killed and wounded is believed to be nearly authentic and gen- 
 erally fortified by record testimony. The seventh volume of 
 Dr. Bouton's State Records embraces a statement of the 
 property lost by the men of both Reed's and Stark's regiments. 
 
336 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['775 
 
 as inventoried, appraised, and paid foi- by the State. Reed's 
 regiment suffered most severely. The statement is, as the two 
 regiments marched on to the hill. Reed's men deposited their 
 packs and extra clothing, etc., in a building located near Charles- 
 town Neck, and the building and contents were burned by a 
 shot from the enemy's shipping, while our troops were engaged 
 in the battle on the hill. 
 
 We here furnish the names of the several company officers 
 attached to Colonel John Stark's regiment, together with many 
 of the killed and wounded in each company, in the battle of 
 Bunker Hill. The list is not perfect, but as accurate as we can 
 make it from the materials at our command. We also furnish 
 the number of enlisted men according to the rolls or returns in 
 June, 1775. The whole number of enlisted men was 632; the 
 number of killed, as returned by Colonel Stark, 1 5 men ; also, 
 of the wounded, by Colonel Stark, 45 men. Major Andrew 
 McClary of Epsom, was of the staff killed. We give the com- 
 panies in order of the numbers in each : — 
 
 First company, JJ men. Captain, George Reid of London- 
 derry ; First Lieutenant, Abraham Reid of Londonderry ; Sec- 
 ond Lieutenant, James Anderson, Londonderry. This company 
 was enlisted from Londonderry. We have the authority of 
 Matthew Dickey to sustain the statement that a, part of Captain 
 William Scott's company joined the Derry company, and that 
 Randall McAllister of Peterborough was severely wounded in 
 the shoulder while rashly standing upon the stone breastwork 
 located in front of the men. Also, George McLeod and John 
 Graham of Peterborough, and Martin Montgomery of London- 
 derry, were all slightly wounded. Thomas Green, afterwards 
 of Swanzey, was also severely wounded. The Peterborough 
 men were enrolled by Captain W. Scott. The other part of his 
 company were in Captain Town's company. 
 
 Second company, 69 men. Captain, Daniel Moor, then of 
 Deerfield, afterwards of Pembroke ; First Lieutenant, Ebenezer 
 Frye of Pembroke ; Second Lieutenant, John Moore. This 
 company composed largely from Pembroke, Deerfield, Aliens- 
 town, and Bow. Nathan Holt and J. Robinson, both of Pem- 
 
17751 THE REVOLUTION. . 537 
 
 broke, were wounded, as were Josiah Allen of Allenstown, and 
 J. Broderick. 
 
 Third company, 67 men. Captain, Elisha Woodbury of Salem ; 
 First Lieutenant, Thomas Hardy of Peiham ; Second Lieuten- 
 ant, Jonathan Corliss of Salem. This company was from Salem, 
 Peiham, Windham, and vicinity. Moses Poor and Thomas Col- 
 lins were both killed ; Abner Gage of Peiham, afterward of 
 Acworth, was severely wounded in the foot, and made lame 
 permanently; John Simpson of Windham lost a portion of one 
 of his hands by a cannon ball, so certified by his captain, and 
 Isaac Thom, his surgeon. Both Gage and Simpson received 
 invalid pensions. Ephraim Kelley of Salem, and Seth Cutter 
 of Peiham, were also slightly wounded. 
 
 Fourth company, 66 men. On the day of the battle, this 
 company was commanded by Captain John Moore of Derryfield ; 
 P'irst Lieutenant, Thomas McLaughlin of Bedford; Second 
 Lieutenant, Nath iniel Boyd of Derryfield ; First Sergeant, Wil- 
 liam Hutchins of Weare. This company was enlisted from 
 Derryfield, Bedford, and Brookline. Henry Glover was killed ; 
 William Spalding of Raby, now Brookline, severely wounded ; 
 John Cypher and Samuel Milliken,also wounded. Captain Moore 
 was promoted to the rank of major of the regiment, upon the 
 death of Major Andrew McClary. 
 
 Fifth company, 60 men. Captain, Gordon Hutchins of Con- 
 cord ; First Lieutenant, Joseph Soper ; Second Lieutenant, Dan- 
 iel Livermore of Concord. This company was composed largely 
 from Concord, Henniker, and vicinity. Dr. Bouton gives 15 
 from Concord; Colonel Cogswell gives 20 from Henniker. 
 George Shannon was killed, also James Reed of Henniker; 
 Alexander Patterson of Henniker, wounded. 
 
 Sixth company, 59 men. Captain, Heni-y Dearborn of Not- 
 tingham ; First Lieutenant, Amos Morrill of Epsom ; Second 
 Lieutenant, Michael McClary of Epsom. This company was 
 from Nottingham, Deerfield, Epsom, Chichester, Exeter, and 
 Barrington. William McCrillis of Epsom was killed ; Sergeant 
 Andrew McGaffey of Sandwich, Sergeant Jonathan Gilman of 
 
338 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['775 
 
 Deerfield, and private Weymouth Wallace of Epsom, were 
 wounded and received invalid pensions. 
 
 Seventh company, 55 men. Captain, Isaac Baldwin of Hills- 
 borough killed ; First Lieutenant, John Hale, Hopkinton ; 
 Second Lieutenant, Stephen Hoit, Hopkinton. Composed 
 largely from the men of Hopkinton, Hillsborough, Warner, 
 and Bradford. Captain Baldwin was a valuable man ; was a 
 native of Sudbury, Mass. Had been with Stark in the French 
 war ; was one of the first settlers in Hillsborough ; was mor- 
 tally wounded in the battle of the 17th by a shot through the 
 body ; was carried from the field by Jo.hn McNeil and Sergeant 
 Andrews, his neighbors. Died about sunset of that day, aged 
 thirty-nine years. 
 
 Moses Trussell of Hopkinton lost his left arm by a cannon 
 ball in that engagement. He says he came off the hill safely. 
 Hearing that his brave commander was left behind, and that he 
 was wounded, with others he returned back to help bring him off. 
 While crossing the Charlestown Neck, he received the shot which 
 disabled him. His narrative is embraced in a petition for half 
 pay from the State, which he received. He also was an invalid 
 pensioner. He resided many years in New London. 
 
 Eighth company, 53 men. Captain, Samuel Aaron Kinsman 
 of Concord ; First Lieutenant, Ebenezer Eastman of Concord ; 
 Second Lieutenant, Samuel Dearborn. This comjiany was 
 made up from recruits from all parts of the State. John Man- 
 ual of Boscawen, formerly of Bow, was killed ; Abraham Kim- 
 ball of Hopkinton, or Henniker, was wounded. 
 
 Ninth company, 52 men. Captain, Samuel Richards of 
 Goffstown ; First Lieutenant, Moses Little ; Second Lieuten- 
 ant, Jesse Carr of Goffstown. This company was enlisted from 
 Goffstown, New Boston, and Weare. Caleb Dalton was killed ; 
 Reuben Kemp of Goffstown was wounded and made prisoner, 
 dying in Boston ; Andrew McMillan of New Boston was wounded 
 in his right hand, he losing the use of it; Peter Robinson of 
 Amherst was also wounded, losing his right hand by a cannon 
 ball. Both received invalid pensions and half pay. We give 
 Colonel Stark s certificate: — 
 
1775] THE REVOLUTION. 339 
 
 March 17, 1777. 
 This may certify that A. McMillan of New Boston, and Peter 
 Robinson of Amherst, were both of my regiment, and were with 
 me at Bunker Hill, and were both wounded, and I knew them 
 to behave very courageous in that action. I beg the Hon. 
 ■Court would consider of their loss, and make them some 
 consideration. 
 
 John Stark, Col. 
 
 Tenth company, 65 men. Captain, Joshua Abbott, Concord ; 
 Lieutenant, Samuel Atkinson, Boscawen ; Second Lieutenant, 
 Abial Chandler, Concord. This company had 23 men in it from 
 Concord. The balance were from Boscawen, Salisbury, and 
 vicinity. William Mitchell of East Concord was killed ; Elias 
 Rano of Salisbury was wounded in his leg ; James Robin- 
 son and Reuben Kemp were both prisoners in Boston, and were 
 reported dead ; Daniel McGrath was reported dead in Boston. 
 In the returns Charles Rice of Surry and James Winn of Rich- 
 mond were reported as wounded, and attached to Stark's regi- 
 ment. The same may be said of Jacob Elliott, Andrew Aiken, 
 and William Smart ; they all were reported to have been wounded 
 at Bunker Hill ; we are not able to assign them to any particu- 
 lar company. We thus have been able to give more than three- 
 fourths of the whole number of the killed and wounded in 
 that engagement with considerable accuracy. Stark's regiment 
 was unquestionably the largest in numbers that was engaged on 
 the American side. Captain Dearborn said in his report of 1818 
 that our two New Hampshire regiments marched on to the hill 
 with full numbers. We make the full number of Stark's regi- 
 ment, including rank and file, 632. Doubtless there were some 
 sick and others left on guard at Medford, and some on fur- 
 lough, for which a deduction may be made. We allow a deduc- 
 tion of 50 men. The numbers engaged in that battle on the 
 British side must have exceeded 3000 men. The number of the 
 Americans must have been nearly 2500, according to Frothing- 
 Imm. Mrs. Hannah Brown lost her husband in Bunker Hill bat- 
 tle ; we cannot give the husband's name. There were' eight 
 Browns in Stark's regiment. 
 
340 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. Ll775 
 
 We claim in behalf of New Hampshire that arlie furnished 
 nearly half of the men that fought on the American side, 
 though it may be admitted that those who fought in the in- 
 trenchment suffered most. 
 
 Poor's regiment was not sent for until after the battle of the 
 17th. It arrived at Cambridge, June 25. In addition to the 
 numbers already stated, the men of the town of Hollis were 
 found in Colonel Prescott's regiment. They numbered 59, and 
 were commanded by Captain Reuben Dow, who was wounded 
 in his. leg or ankle, and permanently lamed. Judge Worcester 
 of Nashua has furnished a good, reliable record of his Revolu- 
 tionary fathers and their achievements. He gives the loss in 
 Captain Dow's company as follows, viz. : 6 killed — Nathan 
 Blood, Thomas Wheat, Isaac Hobart, Peter Poor, Jacob Boynton, 
 Phineas Nevins ; 5 wounded — Captain Reuben Dow, Francis 
 Powers, William Wood, Ephraim Blood, Thomas Pratt. 
 
 In Captain Joseph Mann's company, private R. Ebenezer 
 Youngman, killed ; Thomas Colburn, killed ; 4 in this company 
 from Hollis. In Captain Sawyer's company of Haverhill, Colo- 
 nel Frye's regiment, 4 men from Plaistow, N. H. Of these,. 
 Simeon Pike was killed ; his brother, James Pike, was wounded. 
 
 In this battle, Stark's regiment was opposed to the British 
 23d regiment, well known as the Royal Welsh Fusiliers. 
 Prince Albert, in 1849, presented to this regiment a new stand 
 of colors, and said : — 
 
 " In the American war, the Fusiliers were engaged in the 
 first unhappy collision, which took place at Lexington. It also 
 fought at Bunker Hill and at Brandywine. At Bunker Hill its 
 loss was so great, that it was said only one officer remained ta 
 tell the story. In 1781 they fought at Guilford Court House. 
 Prince Albert added, this was one of the hardest and best con- 
 tested fields in the American war." 
 
 American historians support the above facts. The British 
 troops landed on the Charlestown beach, and marched up the 
 hill in three separate columns. The Fusiliers formed on the 
 British right, in front of Stark's regiment, which was stationed 
 on the extreme left of the American forces. The late Captaia 
 
1775] THE REVOLUTION. 34t 
 
 David Flanders, who was a private in Captain Joshua Abbott's 
 company, stated that his " company was located down on the 
 Mystic Beach, wholly unprotected by any defence in their front. 
 That the column of the Fusiliers did not deploy until they 
 passed Abbott's company, therefore they were outflanked by us,, 
 hence we had a good chance to pick off their oflficers. This 
 chance we improved, as we could distinguish the officers by ob- 
 serving the swords in their hands, and that they had occasion to- 
 use them in urging their own men into the fight." ^ 
 
 We recapitulate the whole number of the New Hampshire 
 men engaged in Bunker Hill battle, and their loss, as follows,, 
 viz.: — 
 
 Colonel John Stark's regiment, rank and file, 632 men ; deduct 
 for the sick and those on guard, etc., 50 men ; balance of men 
 engaged, 582. Colonel James Reed's regiment, deducting sick^ 
 etc., as returned June 14, 488 men ; Captain Reuben Dovv's- 
 company of Hollis men in Colonel Prescott's Mass. regiment,. 
 59; Captain Mann's Hollis men, Prescott's regiment, 4; in 
 Captain Sawyer's company, Frye's regiment, Plaistow men, 4 ;. 
 whole number in battle, 1137 ; whole number killed as returned 
 by Stark, 15 ; wounded, 45 ; whole number killed as returned 
 by Reed, 5 ; wounded, 27 ; whole number killed as returned hy 
 Captain Dow, 8 ; wounded, 5 ; whole number killed as returned 
 by Plaistow men, i ; wounded, i. Whole number of killed and. 
 wounded, 107. 
 
 ^ The news of the Battle of Lexington reached Captam Stark, 
 the next morning. He was at work in his saw-mill. Without 
 a moment's hesitation the mill-gate was closed, and he returned 
 to his house, a mile distant, changed his dress, mounted his- 
 horse, and proceeded towards Medford, encouraging all that he 
 met to join him there, telling them that the time had arrived 
 when a blow should be struck for liberty. He was followed by 
 many of his old soldiers, and hundreds of citizens, who answered 
 his appeal to their patriotism. And when the preliminary- 
 organization of the first New Hampshire regiment was made by- 
 election, it was so much a matter of course to choose Stark for 
 
 ' Judge Nesmith. = General George Stark. 
 
342 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l77S 
 
 their colonel, that the vote, a hand one, was unanimous. This 
 election was afterwards confirmed by a commission from the 
 State authorities. 
 
 At the battle of Bunker Hill the steady and cool courage of 
 John Stark was one of the important factors in that engage- 
 ment. His men were brought into action without fatigue. 
 Their deadly work at the rail-fence, on the Mystic river side of 
 the hill, so nearly annihilated the veteran British regiment 
 immediately opposed to them, that, believing they had won the 
 •day, they obeyed the orders to retire with unwillingness ; and 
 the deliberate manner in which they covered and defended the 
 final retreat held the enemy in check, and undoubtedly pre- 
 vented a rout. 
 
 After the evacuation of Boston, Colonel Stark was ordered, 
 -with two regiments, the sth and 2Sth, under his command, to 
 proceed to New York and assist in arranging the defences of 
 that city. 
 
 'On the breaking out of the Revolution, Genera) James Reed 
 of Fitzwilliam was among the first to embrace the cause of his 
 country and serve in its defence. Upon the tidings of the 
 battle of Lexington he raised a company of volunteers and 
 marched at their head to Medford. His ardor in the cause did 
 not permit him to be idle. He continued to enlist volunteers, 
 and soon had four companies enrolled under his standard. He 
 .afterwards repaired to Exeter, and was appointed colonel of a 
 regiment by the New Hampshire Provincial Assembly on the 
 1st of June, 1775. On the following day he received verbal 
 •orders from General Folsom at Exeter to repair to the western 
 part of the State and collect the men whom he had previously 
 enlisted for the service, and in pursuance therewith he im- 
 mediately set out to collect and organize his regiment. He 
 was at Fitzwilliam on the Sth of June, as appears by his letters 
 of that date to the Provincial Congress, recommending the 
 appointment of Andrew Colburn of Marlborough major of the 
 next regiment which should be raised. He soon after marched 
 his command to Cambridge. By his communication to the 
 
 'A, I. Blake. 
 
1775] THE REVOLUTION. 343 
 
 Committee of Safety at Exeter we learn that he arrived there on 
 the 1 2th of the month. He waited on General Ward, who 
 ordered his command to Medford on account of the throng of 
 soldiers at Cambridge- On reaching Medford he was informed 
 by Colonel Stark that no quarters could be there obtained. In 
 this dilemma he again applied to General Ward, who issued the 
 order " that Colonel Reed quarter his regiment in the houses 
 near Charlestown Neck, and keep all necessary guards be- 
 tween the barracks and ferry, and on Bunker Hill." On 
 the 13th he marched his regiment to the Neck, where they 
 ■obtained good quarters. 
 
 The next day he wrote a communication to the Committee of 
 Safety at Exeter, giving a detailed account of his movements 
 since he had left Exeter, and closed by stating the want of a 
 ■chaplain, surgeon, and armorer for his regiment. 
 
 On the morning of the memorable 17th of June he was the 
 first officer of his rank on the field, and his the only regiment 
 from New Hampshire ready for action on the morning of the 
 battle of Bunker Hill. He was stationed on the left wing, by 
 the rail fence, where he was joined at two o'clock in the after- 
 noon by Colonel Stark. This was, by all accounts, the hottest 
 as well as the best fought portion of the field. The ready 
 genius of Colonel Reed designed the parapet, which, con- 
 structed by the brave soldiers of New Hampshire under fire of 
 the enemy's batteries, so wonderfullj- preserved them from the 
 disasters of the day. This parapet consisted of a breastwork of 
 stones hastily thrown across the beach to Mystic River, and a 
 rail fence extending up the hillside to the redoubt. It was in 
 front of the breastwork that the British lines were three times 
 hurled back under the deadly fire of Reed and Stark. Here 
 the most efficient fighting was done ; and here the greatest 
 number of dead were lying when the battle had ceased. 
 
 He remained with the army after its command was assumed 
 
 by General Washington, being posted upon Winter Hill, and 
 
 upon the reorganization of the forces on the first of January, 
 
 1776, his regiment was ranked second in the Continental Army. 
 
 Colonel Reed accompanied tlie army on its movement to 
 
344 HISTORY Ol'- NKW HAMPSHIRE. ['775 
 
 New York in the following April. On the 24th of April he 
 was put into the third Brigade under General Sullivan, and was 
 soon after ordered up the Hudson. 
 
 1 Authors in Modern Athens (of America) have exalted the 
 deeds of Massachusetts' heroes to such a degree that most 
 people, outside of New Hampshire, do not suppose our State 
 had much to do at the battle of Bunker Hill, whereas New 
 Hampshire men constituted nearly two-thirds of all the men and 
 officers in that battle. 
 
 Old Nottingham comprised a tract of land supposed to be ten 
 miles square, and which is now Nottingham, Deerfield, and 
 Northwood. Settlements commenced in it, soon after its incor- 
 poration, at the " Square," a beautiful ridge of land about 450 
 feet above the sea-level. At the beginning of the Revolution, 
 Nottingham had 999 inhabitants, Deerfield 929, and Northwood 
 313. The records show that the people were making prepara- 
 tions for the coming conflict, and had sent generous assistance 
 to the " Industrious Poor sufferers of the town of Boston " 
 during the siege. During the winter of 1774-5, Dr. Henry 
 Dearborn had a company of men which met at the Square to 
 drill from time to time. In November, 1774, a town meeting 
 was held, and a committee appointed to " Inspect into any 
 Person " suspected of being a Tory. 
 
 On the 20th of April, 1775, news reached the Square that a 
 battle had been fought the day before, and in the evening a 
 large number of citizens assembled at the store of Thomas 
 Bartlett. On the 21st, at four o'clock, a company of nearly one 
 hundred men commenced their march for Boston, being armed 
 and equipped as best they could at such short notice. 
 
 Some say that Joseph Cilley was the leader of this band of 
 heroes, but others say Dr. Henry Dtarborn was captain, and 
 probably he was, as he had been drill-master all winter, and was 
 captain of the company after they arrived in Cambridge. They 
 marched on foot all night, and arrived in Medford at eight 
 o'clock on the morning of the 22d, some of the company having 
 travelled on foot more than eighty miles since the previous 
 
 ' John Scales. 
 
I77S] THE REVOLUTION. 345 
 
 noon, and over roads which were far from being in the best 
 condition for rapid travelling. 
 
 Of this company was Thomas Bartlett, one of the Committee 
 of Safety which managed the colonial affairs of New Hampshire 
 during part of the Revolution, captain in 1775 at Winter Hill, 
 lieutenant-colonel in Colonel Oilman's regiment in 1776, in 
 Colonel Whipple's regiment at Rhode Island in 1778, under 
 General Stark at the capture of Burgoyne, colonel of a regi- 
 ment at West Point in 1780, when Arnold betrayed that fort. 
 After the war he was a justice of the Court of Common 
 Pleas, and major-general in the militia . 
 
 Henry Butler was a captain before the close of the war, and 
 major-general of militia afterwards. His uncle, Zephaniah 
 Butler, was grandfather of General Benjamin F. Butler; Cut- 
 ting Cilley ; John Simpson, who fired the first gun at Bunker 
 Hill, and was afterwards a major in the Continental army; (his 
 brother, Robert Simpson, a soldier of the Revolution, was 
 General Ulysses Simpson Grant's great-grandfather) ; Daniel 
 Moore, and Andrew McClary. 
 
 Henry Dearborn was born in Hampton, Feb. 23, 1751. He, 
 studied medicine and settled at Nottingham Square as a physi- 
 cian in 1772. He was always fond of military affairs, and is 
 said to have been a skillful drillmaster, and well posted in the 
 tactics in use previous to the Revolution. He fought with his 
 company at the battle of Bunker Hill. In the September fol- 
 lowing he joined Arnold's expedition to Quebec. They marched 
 up the Kenebec river, through the wilds of Maine and Canada. 
 In the assault upon that city. Captain Dearborn was taken 
 prisoner. Peter Livius, the Tory councillor at Quebec, influ- 
 enced the authorities to parole and send him home, on condition 
 that Dearborn should forward his wife and children to him from 
 Portsmouth to Quebec, which was done as agreed. In April, 1777^ 
 Captain Dearborn was appointed major in Scammel's regiment. 
 He was in the battles of Stillwater and Saratoga, and fought 
 with such bravery, having command of a distinct corps, as to 
 win the special commendation of General Gates. In 1778 he 
 was in the battle of Monmouth, with Colonel Cilley, acting as 
 
346 HISTOKY OK NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^77S 
 
 lieutenant-colonel, and helped retrieve Lee's disgraceful retreat. 
 He was with General Sullivan in his expedition against the 
 Indians in 1779, and was at Yorktown at the surrender of Corn- 
 wallis in 1781. Upon the death of Scammel, the gallant colonel 
 of the 3rd New Hampshire regiment, at the hands of a bar- 
 barous foe, Dearborn was made colonel, and held that position 
 to the end of the war. After the war, he settled in Maine, 
 where he was marshal by appointment of Washington. He 
 was two terms a member of Congress ; secretary of war under 
 Jefferson, from 1801 to 1809; collector of the port of Boston 
 between 1809-12; senior major-general in United States Army, 
 18 1 2-13, and captured York in Canada and Fort George at the 
 mouth of Niagara. He was recalled by the President, July 0, 
 1 81 3, and put in command of the military district of New York 
 city, which recall was, no doubt, a great mistake. In 1822 he 
 was appointed minister plenipotentiary to Portugal ; recalled in 
 1824 at his own request ; died at Roxbury, Mass., June 6, 1829. 
 General Dearborn was a man of large size, gentlemanly deport- 
 ment, and one of the bravest and most gallant men of his time. 
 Joseph Cilley, son of Captain Joseph Cilley of Nottingham, 
 was born in 1734; died 1799. He was engaged in the attack 
 upon Fort William and Mary in 1774; appointed major in 
 Colonel Poor's regiment by the Assembly of New Hampshire in 
 1775 ; he was not present in the battle of Bunker Hill, as his 
 regiment was engaged in home defence. He was made lieuten- 
 ant-colonel in 1776, and April 2, 1777, was appointed colonel of 
 the 1st New Hampshire regiment of three years' men, in place 
 of Colonel Stark, resigned. He fought his regiment bravely at 
 Bemis's Heights, near Saratoga ; and two weeks later was 
 among the bravest of the brave when Burgoyne made his final 
 attack before surrendering his entire army of six thousand men. 
 So fierce was the battle that a single cannon was taken and 
 retaken five times ; finally, Colonel Cilley leaped upon it, waved 
 his sword, and "dedicating the gun to the American cause," 
 opened it upon the enemy with their own ammunition. He 
 was with Washington's army at Valley Forge, 1777-8; was at 
 the storming of Stony Point; at Monmouth he was one of the 
 
1775] THE REVOLUTION. 347 
 
 heroes in retrieving General Lee's retreat ; was at the surrender 
 of Cornwallis at Yorktown, and in other hard-fought battles of 
 the Revolution. After the war he was major-general of the 
 1st Division New Hampshire militia, and as such headed the 
 troops which quelled the insurrection at Exeter in 1786, and with 
 ' his own hand arrested the leader in the midst of his armed fol- 
 lowers. General Cilley was a man of great energy and industry, 
 of stormy passions, yet generous and humane. He was re- 
 peatedly elected representative, senator, and councillor. 
 
 ^In May, 1775, a convention assembled at Exeter, to serve for 
 a period of six months. Meshech Weare was a member of this 
 body, and clerk of the same, the oath for the faithful discharge 
 of his office being administered by the speaker, Hon. Matthew 
 Thornton. The most important act of this body was the ap- 
 pointment of a Committee of Safety, wherein rested the chief 
 executive power of the Colony. Agreeably to the recommen- 
 dation of Congress, a new convention was called, which met on 
 the 2 1 St of December. There was a more general representa- 
 tion of the people at this time, and the new body proceeded to 
 form a temporary government. Having assumed the name of 
 House of Representatives, they chose twelve persons to be a 
 distinct branch, called the Council, with power to elect their 
 own president. Colonel Weare was the first councillor chosen. 
 The councillors retired immediately, and chose Colonel Weare 
 their president. 
 
 The Weares have a great name in New Hampshire history. 
 Back in the early times of the colorty lived Nathaniel Weare, 
 who was a man of great influence and marked ability. He 
 acted as agent for the colony in an important crisis, and spent 
 considerable time in England to prosecute the complaints of 
 the colonists against the royal governor, Edward Cranfield, in 
 1684. His ion, the second Nathaniel Weare, was much en- 
 gaged in public business, and was a trusty and capable servant, 
 alike of the crown and the people. He lived within the present 
 limits of Seabrook, and the old house still stands a mile beyond 
 the Falls, near Seabrook Village, sheltered by a noble elm, the 
 
 ' Fred Myron Colby. 
 
348 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['775 
 
 largest in that part of the State, being somewhat over twenty 
 feet in circumference. Niithaniel was the father of two sons, 
 Jonathan and Meshech. Jonatlian Weare was one of tiie 
 grantees of Seabrook, when it was set apart from Hampton, in 
 1768, and was the ancestor of Colonel Jolin M. Weare. 
 
 Meshech Weare was born in that old house under the elm, 
 June i6th, 1713. He received the common school education of 
 Jiis time in his native town. His father being a man of means, 
 the young patrician was sent to Harvard College, where he 
 graduated in 1735. Weare chose the practice of law for his 
 profession, and marrying Miss Elizabeth Swain, a beautiful 
 young lady of Hampton Falls, settled in that place. In 1745 
 his excellent wife died at the early age of twenty-four. A year 
 afterwards he married for his second wife Miss Mehitable 
 Shaw, the daughter and heiress of Richard Shaw, a prosperous 
 farmer of Hampton. He now moved into the Shaw house, 
 his wife's home, where he ever afterwards continued to reside. 
 
 Meshech Weare began about this time to be a man of author- 
 ity. The prestige of his high birth, his powerful connections, 
 and his own strong character and great abilities made him the 
 leading citizen of Hampton Falls. Many offices in the gift of 
 the people were thrust upon him. He was chosen speaker of 
 the House of Representatives in 1752, and in 1754 was one of 
 the delegates to the great congress at Albany, when a treaty 
 was made with the Five Nations, and a campaign' was deter- 
 mined upon against the French in America. He was made 
 colonel of a New Hampshire regiment in 1759, part of which, 
 tinder the command of Captain Jeremiah Marston, ancestor of 
 Hon. Oilman Marston, participated in the capture of Ticon- 
 <leroga and Montreal. Colonel Weare remained at the head of 
 the 3rd New Hampshire regiment of militia until the break- 
 ing out of the Revolution. During those latter years he was 
 one of the judges of the Superior Court. 
 
 When the storm of the Revolution commenced, Meshech 
 Weare was an old man of sixty-two, but he was not past the 
 ability to labor. There was not a more earnest patriot than he, 
 and his services throughout that contest were unprecedented. 
 
1775] THE REVOLUTION. 349 
 
 Towering in influence and political position above all the other 
 heroes of our State, as stern as Stark, as gifted as Livermore, 
 as patriotic as Langdon, eloquent, of remarkable penetration, 
 upright and prudent, calm and steadfast, Meshech Weare was a 
 tower of strength in that long and deadly struggle. Strong in faith, 
 of ardent feelings, he was the centre around whom all that was 
 patriotic in the State was accustomed to assemble. His was the 
 €ye ever watchful, the brain ever fertile and creative, his the 
 shoulder that bore the yoke when the load was heaviest. In the 
 darkest hour his hope was firm. From Morristown and from 
 Valley Forge, Washington's letters to him show that he relied 
 implicitly on the man. Without the pale of Congress and the 
 army, there was no other man to whom the commander-in-chief 
 looked with such unswerving confidence for hearty cooperation 
 as he did upon Meshech Weare, unless it might have been Jona- 
 than Trumbull of Connecticut. 
 
 At the formation of the Council it was ordained that no Act 
 should be valid unless passed by both branches : that all money 
 bills should originate with the House of Representatives ; 
 that the secretary and other public officers should be elected by 
 the two houses, and that the present Assembly should continue 
 one year, and if the dispute with Great Britain should continue, 
 precepts should be issued annually to the several towns, on or 
 before the first day of November, for the choice of councillors 
 and representatives. No provision was made for an executive 
 branch ; but during their session the two houses performed the 
 duty of this department of government. At their adjournment, 
 however, a Committee of Safety was appointed to sit in the 
 recess. The president of the Council was president also of this 
 committee. To this responsible office Colonel Weare was annu- 
 ally elected during the war. 
 
 The convention which met at Exeter in May, 1775, was author- 
 ized to adopt and pursue such measures as were judged most ex- 
 pedient to preserve and restore the rights of the colonies. This 
 convention gave instructions to the representatives which were 
 regarded as the advice of their constituents. 
 
 The Assembly met, according to adjournment, June 12, 
 
3SO HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['775 
 
 1775. The representatives were elected by virtue of writs, 
 issued by the sheriff to such towns as the governor directed. 
 Three new towns were called upon to send representatives, 
 in which some of the governor's particular friends resided, 
 who would probably be elected, whilst other towns more numer- 
 ous were neglected. The first act of the Assembly was to ex- 
 pel the members from the three new towns, agreeable to the ad- 
 vice of the convention. Upon which the governor adjourned 
 the Assembly to the nth of July. One of the new members 
 was Captain John Fenton, who was returned from the town of 
 Plymouth. He had been a captain in the British army, but had 
 disposed of his commission. On the division of the province 
 into counties, he was appointed clerk of the Inferior Court of 
 Common Pleas for the county of Grafton, and judge of probate 
 for that county. He kept his office and resided in Portsmouth. 
 After his expulsion he gave vent to his passions, and expressed 
 himself very freely as to the measures pursued by the country. 
 This enraged the populace, who collected to assault him, and he 
 fled to the governor's house for protection. They brought a 
 field-piece, mounted, and placed it before the door, and threat- 
 ened to discharge it if he were not delivered up. Fenton surren- 
 dered and was sent to the Committee of Safety at Exeter for trial. 
 The governor conceived this to be an insult offered to himself, 
 and immediately took refuge in the fort. Captain Barclay con- 
 tinued the practice of seizing all vessels entering the harbor 
 and sending them fo Boston. He likewise stopped all boats 
 from going out of the river to take fish, under pretence that his 
 orders to execute the Act restraining trade required it. In re- 
 taliation, his boats were not permitted to come up to town for 
 provisions, and one of them was fired upon by the guard placed 
 near the shore. The boat returned the fire, and several shots 
 were exchanged without damage on either side. Portsmouth 
 passed a vote disapproving of the action, and sent a copy of it 
 to Captain Barclay. 
 
 Governor Wentworth sent a message from the fort to the 
 Assembly on the nth of July, and aidjourned them to the 28th 
 of September. On the 24th of August he took passage in the 
 Scarborough for Boston. 
 
1775] THE REVOLUTION. 35I 
 
 After the departure of the ships of war from the harbor, the 
 convention appointed Major Ezeliiel Worthen engineer, and 
 under his direction the people formed themselves into volunteer 
 companies, in which almost every individual took a part. They 
 built two forts on two islands at the narrows, which commanded 
 the channel, and planted there the cannon which had been taken 
 from the fort and battery. 
 
 Governor Wentworth came to the Isles of Shoals, and pro- 
 rogued the General Assembly to the month of April. This was • 
 his last official act within the Province, and the royal govern- 
 ment in New Hampshire entirely ceased. Governor Wentworth, 
 a graduate of Harvard, was distinguished for the brilliancy of 
 his talents, a good classical taste in literature, and for those 
 amiable qualities which gained him the esteem of all who knew 
 liim. He spent some .time in his father's counting-house after 
 he left college, to obtain an insight into mercantile business, and 
 then went to London, where he resided several years, and until 
 he was appointed governor of the Province. He received the 
 degree of Doctor of Laws from the universities of Oxford in 
 England and Aberdeen in Scotland. He was the friend of 
 learning and of learned men. Dartmouth College was established 
 during his administration, and flourished under his patronage. 
 His constant endeavor Was to promote the interest of the 
 Province, and through his influence its settlements rapidly in- 
 creased. He did all in his power to preserve the union between 
 this country and Great Britain, but was obliged to yield to the 
 spirit of the times, and submit to a separation. The Rev. 
 Doctor Dwight, in his travels, says : " Governor Wentworth 
 was the greatest benefactor to the Province of New Hampshire 
 mentioned in its history. He was a man of sound understand- 
 ing, refined taste, enlarged views, and a dignified spirit. His 
 manners were also elegant, and his disposition enterprising. • 
 Agriculture in this Province owed more to him than to any 
 other man. He also originated the formation of new roads, and 
 the improvement of old ones. All these circumstances rendered ' 
 him very popular, and he would probably have continued to 
 increase his reputation, had he not been prevented by the con- 
 
352 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l77S 
 
 troversy between Great Britain and the colonies. As the case 
 was, he retired from the chair with an unimpeachable character, 
 and with higher reputation than any other man who at that 
 time held the same office in this country." Soon after he left 
 this Province he went to England. 
 
 Governor John Wentworth, son of Mark Hunking Went- 
 '^1 worth, and grandson of Lieutenant-Governor John Wentworth, 
 /was born in 1736, graduated with distinction at Harvard College 
 in 1755, formed a connection with his father in mercantile 
 business, and was chosen by the Province to present their peti- 
 tion to the King praying for the repeal of the Stamp Act. He 
 performed this duty with so much propriety as to attract the 
 favorable notice of the King, and when Governor Benning 
 Wentworth resigned in 1766 his nephew was appointed to fill 
 iiis place, and at the same time was appointed surveyor of the 
 Xing's woods in North America. He was very popular as 
 governor for some time, and exerted himself to develop the re- 
 sources of the Province. He cleared and cultivated a fine farm 
 upon Smith's Lake, in Wolfeborough, to encourage the settle- 
 ment of the country ; obtained a charter for Dartmouth Col- 
 lege ; made grants of land ; built bridges ; cut roads ; and 
 fostered every enterprise for the benefit of the Province. He 
 gave way to the storm of the Revolution with grace and with- 
 out dishonor. After peace was declared he removed to Nova 
 Scotia, and resumed the duties of his office as surveyor of the 
 King's woods. In 1792 he was appointed lieutenant-gover- 
 nor of Nova Scotia, and in 1795 he was created a baronet. 
 Sir John Wentworth continued in office until 1808, when he 
 retired on a pension of five hundred pounds, and died at Hali- 
 fax in April, 1820, at the age of eighty-three years. 
 
 ^In June, 1775, John Sullivan was appointed by Congress a 
 brigadier-general. Many have wondered how it happened that a 
 young lawyer who knew nothing of military affairs save what he 
 had learned while holding a provincial commission as major, 
 ■ should have received such an appointment over the heads of 
 veterans like Stark and Folsom. It was for this reason : John 
 
 ' Fred Myron Colby. 
 
I77S] T"E REVOLUTION. 353 
 
 Stark and Nathaniel Folsom were sworn rivals, and each 
 pressed his claims so strenuously that Congress saw no better 
 way to settle the difficulty than to appoint a new man. Sullivan 
 vvas well known. He had sat in that body the preceding year, 
 and his bold enterprise afc Fort William and Mary had blazed 
 his name far and wide as that of a bold and able patriot. That 
 he had capabilities for the place no one will deny. He was not 
 a great general, but he was a brave and dashing officer. Wash- 
 ington and Lafayette, who had means of knowing, considered 
 him one of the most useful men in the service. Like Peter the 
 Great and Frederick of Prussia he learned by experience, and 
 his last military conduct was his most brilliant. 
 
 Mrs. John Adams, whose letters have been read with a great 
 deal of interest, has left some admirable portraits of the distin. 
 cuished characters of the Revolution. Of General Sullivan she 
 says : — 
 
 " I drank coffee one day with General Sullivan upon Winter 
 Hill. He appears to be a man of sense and spirit. His coun- 
 tenance denotes him of a warm constitution, not to be very 
 suddenly moved, but, when once roused, not very easily lulled ; 
 easy and social ; well calculated for a military station, as he 
 seemed to be possessed of those popular qualities necessary to 
 attach men to him." 
 
 It is well known how many ridiculous reports were circulated 
 by the British during .the war regarding our soldiers and officers. 
 Here are two of them about Sullivan. In 1777 a London paper 
 in speaking of him said : " General Sullivan, taken i^risoner 
 by the king's troops at the battle of Long Island, was an attor- 
 ney, and only laid down the pen for the sword about eight 
 months ago, though now a general." He had been two years 
 in the field. 
 
 One of the Hessian officers, Hieringen by name, gave a home 
 correspondent the following valuable information : "John 
 Sullivan is a lawyer, but before has been a footman. He is, 
 however, a man of genius, whom the rebels will very much 
 miss." The same writer calls General Putnam a butcher by 
 trade. 
 
354 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['775 
 
 It was at this battle of Long Island that the Hessians won 
 their terrible reputation, which was such a bugbear to the colo- 
 nists. The battle was very disastrous to our arms. It had been 
 badly planned by the commander-in-chief. The defeat of the 
 Americans has been attributed in part to their total want of 
 cavalry. It was wholly owing to negligence on the part of 
 Washington. A single regiment at the proper place on the 
 Jamaica road could have prevented Clinton's advance, and the 
 consequent discomfiture of our army. As it was, heroism 
 availed not. The son of the Irish schoolmaster behaved with 
 the quenchless valor of his race ; but encompassed by red-coats, 
 his men dead or in retreat, there was nothing left for him to do 
 but to surrender. He was discovered secreted in a cornfield 
 He afterwards said that he actually saw many of the Americans 
 pinned to trees with bayonets. Sullivan was exchanged in a 
 short time, and at the battle of Trenton both he and Putnam 
 had the opportunity to avenge the libel on their names, and the 
 Hessians lost their lions' skins. 
 
 He had been created a major-general in 1776, and he now 
 became one of the prominent leaders of the colonists. He did 
 good service at Princeton, and during the rest of the season 
 protected the lines at Morristown. On August 22d, 1777, he 
 made a descent on Staten Island, the entire success of which 
 was prevented through the misconstruction of his orders. 
 Though the attempt was rash, it was afterwards justified by a 
 court of inquiry, and by a vote of Congress. At the battle of 
 Brandywine he commanded the right wing, and was fully exon- 
 erated by Washington from the charge of being responsible fpr 
 the defeat that ensued. At Germantown he defeated the 
 British left, driving them before him for two miles; but through 
 mistakes on the American left, caused by fog, the victory was 
 changed into a repulse. In 1778 Sullivan commanded in 
 Rhode Island. In August of that year he prepared to attack 
 the British lines at Newport, but was deprived of the coopera- 
 tion of the French fleet under D'Estaing, and was obliged to 
 raise the siege; but at Butt's Hill, on the 29th, he repulsed the 
 enemy, and withdrew from the Island with slight loss. In 1779 
 
1775] THE REVOLUTION. ' 355 
 
 he was appointed to the command of an expedition against the 
 Indians of the Six Nations. He laid waste their settlements, 
 and inflicted upon them, and the Tories commanded by Brant 
 and Sir John Newton, a severe defeat near the present site of 
 Elmira in western New Yorlc. This last event concluded Sulli- 
 van's military operations. His health was shattered by fatigue 
 and exposure, his priyate fortune was much diminished by five 
 years' service in the army, and he felt obliged to resign his 
 commission. Congress accepted it, and granted him a vote of 
 thanks. 
 
 But the hero was not allowed to rest. A vexatious question 
 was then pending before Congress relative to the claim of New 
 Hampshire to the territory of Vermont. The two ablest law- 
 yers of the State, John Sullivan and Samuel Livermore, were 
 sent to plead our side of the case. Subsequently the State 
 refused to reimburse him for all the expenses he had undergone, 
 and there was some bad feeling engendered. But New Hamp- 
 shire could not dispense with the talents of her brilliant son. It 
 ■continued to bestow its most responsible offices upon him, 
 honors that would have graced no other of its citizens so well as 
 him. He was member of Congress in J781, and was chairman of 
 the committee that aided in suppressing the meeting of the 
 Pennsylvania troops. For four years, from 1782 to 1786, he 
 was attorney-general of the State. In 1786, 1787, and 1789 he 
 was president of New Hampshire. In the disturbances of 1786 
 he prevented anarchy in the State by his intrepidity and good 
 management, and in 1788 he secured the adoption of the Fed- 
 eral Constitution. Washington appointed him federal judge 
 of New Hampshire, which office he held to his death, which 
 occurred January 23, 1795. 
 
 General Sullivan in figure was well made and active, not tall 
 by any means, but rather short, though his uppish pose some- 
 what concealed that defect. Admirable portraits of him exist. 
 Beards were not in fashion at the time of the Revolution, which 
 is a very fortunate matter for us, as we are enabled to trace the 
 lineaments of leading characters of that time with a degree of 
 satisfaction that in few cases can be the privilege of the future 
 
356 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. . [l775 
 
 biographers of the men of the present day. The general had a 
 frank, fearless face, with a dark complexion, a prominent nose, 
 and black and piercing eyes. His brown hair was slightly 
 curling. His countenance, as a whole, was harmonious and 
 agreeable ; and his manners were courtly. He looked a soldier 
 and a gentleman, every inch of him. 
 
 The Sullivans were descended from a family that had for cen- 
 turies made itself conspicuous in Ireland by its hostility to Eng- 
 lish rule. The grandfather of the New Hampshire Sullivans 
 was Major PhiHp O'Sullivan, of Ardra, an officer in the Irish 
 army during the siege of Limerick. His son John, born at 
 Limerick in 1692, was ope of the company that in 1723 emi- 
 grated from Ireland and settled the town of Belfast, in Maine. 
 At this place he hired a saw-mill and went to work. Two or 
 three years afterwards another vessel of Irish emigrants landed 
 at Belfast. On board was a blooming young damsel, who, after 
 the custom of those days, had agreed with the ship-master to be 
 bound out at service in the colonies in payment of her passage 
 across the Atlantic. She was bright and witty, with a mind of 
 a rough but noble cast. During the voyage over, a fellow pas- 
 senger jocosely asked her what she expected to do when she 
 arrived in the colonies. " Do.?" answered she, with true Celtic 
 wit; "why, raise governors for thim." Sullivan saw the girl as 
 she landed, and struck with her beauty made a bargain with the 
 captain, paying her passage in shingles. He wooed and won 
 her, and the Irish girl entered upon the initiatory steps to make 
 good her declaration. 
 
 Immediately after his marriage Mr. Sullivan settled on a farm 
 in Berwick, and began clearing it for the plow. Cheered by 
 the love of his enterprising wife, and determined to achieve 
 success, if patient toil and industry could accomplish it, he 
 worked hard, and was rewarded for his labor by seeing fertile 
 fields rise around him where but a few years before lay the un- 
 broken wilderness. Being a man of good education, he taught 
 school in the winter at Berwick. He was the father of four 
 brave sons, — John, James, Daniel, and Eben Sullivan. 
 
 John, the eldest of the brothers, was born in 1740. At the 
 
1775] THE REVOLUTION. 35/ 
 
 age of twelve he assisted his father on the farm. He was a 
 sturdy boy, of great independence of character, and under his 
 father's guidance was well trained when he reached the age of 
 eighteen, both intellectually and physically! His father des- 
 tined him for the bar, but was too poor to pay "the expenses of a 
 collegiate education, so the boy was sent to Judge Samuel 
 Livermore, who at that time was residing in Portsmouth. In a 
 coarse garb he knocked at Livermore's house and inquired for 
 the squire. 
 
 " What can you do for me if I take you .?" asked the judge, 
 when the boy told his errand. 
 
 " Oh, I can split the wood, take care of the horses, do your 
 gardening, and perhaps find time to read a little, if I can have 
 the privilege." 
 
 As John Sullivan appeared to be a promising youth, Mr. 
 Livermore received him into his household, where he did duty 
 in various ways. Evincing a rare intelligence, and a laudable 
 desire of increasing his knowledge, he was allowed the use of 
 the library. The young student employed every leisure hour, 
 and soon had the contents of his master's library stored away in 
 his capacious brain. 
 
 His rapid advance was unsuspected by the judge, but the 
 knowledge was brought home to him one day in a surprising 
 manner. Sullivan had let himself to plead for a client arrested 
 for battery, and while arguing the case with a degree of native 
 talent and a knowledge of law that was surprising. Judge 
 Livermore entered the room. Unobserved by the young lawyer 
 he listened to his plea. Sullivan, much to his surprise, was 
 successful, cleared his client, and earned his first court fee. 
 The next morning the judge called him into his library, and 
 thus addressed him : — 
 
 " John, my kitchen is no place for you ; follow on in your 
 studies, give them your undivided attention, and you shall re- 
 ceive that assistance from me that you need, until you are in 
 condition to repay it." 
 
 In due time he was admitted to the bar, and established him- 
 self at Durham. His energy and industry gained him a good 
 
3S8 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^775 
 
 practice and many friends. He made an excellent matrimonial 
 alliance, marrying, in 1766, Miss Lydia Wooster of Salmon 
 Falls. He was the father of two sons, George and John Sulli- 
 van, a man of substance, and one of the leading lawyers of the 
 State, when the "Revolution broke out. 
 
 Sullivan was an ardent patriot from the instinct of race. 
 The prejudices of the Irishman made him a good American 
 citizen. The city in which his father was born could tell a tale 
 of English duplicity and persecution, and the thousand ex- 
 amples which the history of Ireland presented to his view 
 warned him against putting any faith in English protestations. 
 The arrogant encroachments of Great Britain he felt were not 
 ±0 be endured. While others dreamed of peace, he dreamed of 
 war. He even determined to initiate bellicose proceedings, to 
 set the ball a-rolling himself, and actually force the war. And 
 he did it too. 
 
 George Sullivan was a prominent lawyer of Exeter, and for 
 several years attorney-general of the State, as was also his son 
 John, the last serving from 1848 to 1863. He succeeded, as 
 attorney-general, John Sullivan Wells, who was also a descend- 
 dant of old Master Sullivan. The general's son John went to 
 Boston, where his uncle James had died, after being for two 
 terms governor of Massachusetts, and where his cousins, Wil- 
 liam and John Langdon, were well-known men. Certainly the 
 progeny of old John Sullivan and his blooming Irish wife were 
 something to be proud of, nor has the stock yet become ener- 
 vated. 
 
 On the right bank of Oyster River, in the town of Durham, 
 in Strafford county, the traveller will run across one of those 
 •old historic homes for which New Hampshire is so celebrated, 
 and of which her citizens are so justly proud. The mansion is 
 an aristocratic looking structure, having been the residence of a 
 hero and patriot, who — in our Revolution and the earlier his- 
 tory of our State — embalmed his name in that noble galaxy of 
 names which no future Plutarch can ennoble, that list headed 
 by a Franklin and a Washington ; and it still bears evidence of 
 the worldly thrift, good taste, and high standing of its former 
 
1775] THE REVOLUTION. 359 
 
 occupant. The fame of its founder, together with the interest- 
 ing incidents which have occurred within its precincts, and its 
 connection with many names of renown, render it memorable 
 in the annals alike of the State and the nation. 
 
 General Sullivan's law office stood not far from the house. 
 Only stones mark the place, and a noble old elm, whose 
 branches must have bent patronizingly over the roof of the 
 building. The office was removed half a century ago a quarter 
 of a mile away, and now forms the ell of the dwelling house 
 of Joseph Coe. In connection with this building is entwined 
 another name besides John Sullivan's. During the years 1773 
 and 1774 a young man, a graduate of Harvard, was studying 
 law there with the general. He was one of the Durham party 
 who went with Sullivan in that expedition to Fort William and 
 Mary. He followed his teacher and friend from the law office 
 to be a major in the Continental service. He was afterwards 
 colonel of one of the New Hampshire regiments, adjutant- 
 general of the army, and died in the flush of his manhood, in 
 the trenches before Yorktown, the victim of the ignorance and 
 brutality of a British vidette, — Alexander Scammel. 
 
 A blaze of romance surrounds the memory of this young hero. 
 He was the knight sans peiir et sans reproclie of the Revolution. 
 He was brave, chivalrous, and able. There was no nobler look- 
 ing man in the army. In stature he was just the height of the 
 commander-in-chief, six feet and two inches, and he was pro- 
 ]3ortioned as symmetrically as an Apollo. Features of the Roman 
 cast gave dignity and martial ardor to his countenance. His steel- 
 blue eyes blazed in all the hardest fought contests of the Revo- 
 lution. He successively succeeded Colonel James Reed in the 
 colonelcy of the 2nd New Hampshire regiment, that officer 
 having resigned, and Enoch Poor in that of the 3rd, upon the 
 promotion of that officer to a brigade-generalship in 1776. In 
 all the battles connected with Burgoyne's campaign. Colonel 
 Scammel exhibited the most determined valor and the most 
 approved ability. At the battle of Monmouth his gallantry and 
 that of his troops were such as to receive the particular ap- 
 probation of Washington. In 1780 he received the appoint- 
 
360 HISTORY OK NKW HAMI'SIIIRE. ['775 
 
 ment of atljutant-general of the American army, the varied and 
 responsible duties of which office he discharged with fidelity 
 and honor. At Yorktown he was in command of a picked corps 
 of infantry. On the 30th of September, 1781, while reconnoit- 
 ring the enemy's position, he was surprised by a party of their 
 horse, taken prisoner, and afterwards barbarously wounded by 
 them. Despite all that surgical skill and attention could do, he 
 died from the effects of his wounds, October 6th, at the age of 
 thirty-three. He was buried at Williamsburg the next day, 
 amid all the honors that could be shown on the occasion. 
 
 Before he became Sullivan's confidential clerk, Scammel had 
 been a schoolmaster and a surveyor. He was born in Milford, 
 Massachusetts, and graduated at Harvard, in 1769. In 1770, he 
 was a member of the Old Colony Club, the first society in New 
 England to commemorate publicly the landing of the Pilgrim 
 Fathers. In August, 1772, he was in government employment 
 on board the armed sloop " Lord Chatham," bound for Boston 
 with dispatches and plans for the Lords of the Treasury. The 
 next winter he taught school at IJerwick, when he became ac- 
 quainted with the Sullivans. The esteem in which he was held 
 by his brother officers is amply illustrated by the fact that when 
 Lafayette was on his last visit to this country, at a large gather- 
 ing of Revolutionary veterans, the noble marquis proposed as 
 a toast, "To the memory of Yorktown Scammel." 
 
 Not far from the mansion is the family cemetery of the Sulli- 
 vans. It is a dreamy, deserted old place, enclosed by a stone 
 wall and shadowed by rows of apple-trees. There are about a 
 dozen graves therein, each marked by a cheap, oblong marble 
 tombstone. Most of them show signs of dilapidation and age. 
 One of the plain marble slabs, though moss-grown and defaced 
 by time, still preserves its inscription intact : — 
 
 SACRED 
 
 TO THE MEMORY OF 
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN SULLIVAN, 
 
 WHO WAS BORN 
 
 FEBRUARY 17th, 1 74O, 
 
 AND DIED ^ 
 
 JANUARY 23rd, 1795. 
 
1775] 
 
 THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 361 
 
 Underneath rests all that remains of the great lawyer, the 
 brave soldier of our war for independence, the worthy chief 
 magistrate of New Hampshire. On the foot-stone is simply 
 engraved the initials of his name, J. S. His wife Lydia lies 
 buried beside him. She died in 1820, at the age of eighty-two. 
 
 At a little distance sleep the elder John Sullivan and Margery 
 his wife. The dates upon their tombstones show that they both 
 died at a good old age, after outliving their most illustrious son. 
 The old man died in 1796, at the remarkable age of one hun- 
 dred and four years. His wife died at the age of eighty-five, in 
 1 80 1. They were buried first at Berwick, but were removed to 
 Durham.^ 
 
 
 iLnm^ 
 
 %m''U. 
 
 POST RIDER OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 In the convention which met in May, 1775, and continued 
 sitting with but little interruption till November, one hundred 
 and two towns were represented by one hundred and thirty- 
 three members. Their first care was to establish post offices ; 
 to appoint a committee of supplies for the army, and a Com- 
 mittee of Safety. This latter committee became the chief 
 executive power of the colony. By order of the convention the 
 former secretary, Theodore Atkinson, delivered the province 
 records to Ebenezer Thompson, and they were removed to 
 Exeter. George Jaff rey, the former treasurer, turned over funds 
 in his hands, amounting to ;£'i5i6, to Nicholas Oilman. The 
 
 ' Fred Myron Colby. 
 
362 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 ['775 
 
 people became intensely hostile to all suspected of not being in 
 full sympathy with the popular party. Many were imprisoned ; 
 some escaped from the Province. 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 Old commissions were annulled, the courts were closed, and 
 the magistrates were powerless. Good order was maintained by 
 a cheerful obedience to appointed committees. 
 
1775] THE REVOLUTION. 363 
 
 Aside from the forces about Boston, and the garrison along 
 the coast, a company of Rangers was posted on the Connecticut 
 river, and two companies were held in reserve. Out of the 
 militia four regiments of minute-men were enlisted, who were 
 constantly trained in military duties. 
 
 A census taken during the year gave the number of inhabi- 
 tants in the Province as 82,200, nearly half of whom were in 
 Rockingham county. 
 
 ■ Upon advice received from the Continental Congress, the 
 convention called for the election of a new Assembly of eighty- 
 nine members, to whom the care of government should be en- 
 trusted. The representatives to the new convention met near 
 the close of December, 1775, and assumed the name and 
 authority of the House of Representatives. They immediately 
 chose twelve persons as a distinct branch of the legislature, to 
 whom was given the name of Council, and who elected their 
 own president. 1 
 
 ^The camps, redoubts, and trenches which engirdled Boston 
 during its siege were so many appliances in the practical train- 
 ing school of war, which Washington promptly seized, apjaropri- 
 ated, and developed. The capture of Boston was not the chief 
 aim of Washington when he established his headquarters at 
 Cambridge. Boston was, indeed, the immediate objective point 
 of active operations, and the issue at arms had been boldly made 
 at Lexington and Concord. Bunker Hill had practically eman- 
 cipated the American yeomanry from the dread of British arms. 
 
 Without waiting for reports from distant colonies as to the 
 effect of the skirmish at Lexington and the more instructive 
 and stimulating experience at Breed's Hill, the Americans 
 penned the British in Boston, and determined to drive them from 
 the land. 
 
 The Battle of Bunker Hill equalized the opposing 
 FORCES. The issue changed from that of a struggle of legiti- 
 mate authority to suppress rebellion, and became a contest 
 between Englishmen for the suppression or the perpetuation 
 of the rights of Magna Charta. 
 
 • Belknap. = Gen. H. B. Carrington, LL. D. 
 
364 ■ HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [177^ 
 
 The siege of Boston assumed a new character as soon as it 
 became a part of the national undertaking to emancipate the 
 colonies, one and all, and thereby establish one great Republic. 
 
 From the 3rd of July, 1775, until the 17th of March, 1776, 
 there was gradually developed a military policy, with an army 
 system, which shaped the whole war. 
 
 During the siege Washington sent forth privateers to scour 
 the coast and search for vessels conveying powder to the garri- 
 son ; and soon no British transport or supply-vessel was secure,' 
 iinless under convoy of a ship-of-war. 
 
 Titus Salter, of Portsmouth, was specially prominent in the 
 maritime affairs of New Hampshire. 
 
 Three nights of mock bombardment kept the garrison on the 
 alert, awaiting an assault. " On the night of the 4th of 
 March, 1776, and through all its hours, from candle-lighting 
 time to the clear light of another day, the same incessant thun- 
 der rolled along over camps and city ; the same quick flashes 
 showed that fire was all along the line, and still both camps and 
 city dragged through the night, waiting for the daylight to test 
 the work of the night, as daylight had done before." 
 
 When daylight came, — 
 
 "Two strong redoubts capped Dorchester Heights." 
 
 By the the loth of March the Americans had fortified 
 Nook's Hill, and this drove the British from Boston Neck. 
 Eight hundred shot and shell were thrown into the city during 
 that night. On the morning of March 17 the British embarked 
 for Halifax. 
 
 On the 1 8th of March, and before the main army had entered 
 Boston, General Heath was ordered to New York with five 
 regiments of infantry and a part of the field artillery. 
 
 On the 27th, the whole army, excepting a garrison of five 
 regiments, was ordered forward. General Sullivan leading the 
 column. 
 
 ^Colonel John Stark remained at New York until May, 1776, 
 when his regiment, with five others, was ordered to march by 
 
 ■ Gen. George Stark, 
 
1776] THE REVOLUTION. 365 
 
 way of Albany to Canada. He joined the army at St. Johns, 
 and advanced to the mouth of the Sorel. Various unsuccessful 
 movements were made by this army in Canada, under the suc- 
 cessive commands of Generals Thomas, Arnold, Thompson, 
 and Sullivan, culminating in a retreat to Crown Point and 
 Ticonderoga. General Gates soon after this assumed the chief 
 command, and assigned a brigade to Colonel Stark, with orders 
 to clear and fortify Mount Independence. 
 
 When the British army under Carleton had retired to winter 
 quarters in Canada, Colonel Stark's regiment, with several 
 others, was detached from the Northern army to reinforce 
 General Washington at Newtown, Penn. He arrived a few 
 days before the battle of Trenton, where, leading the van of 
 Sullivan's division, he contributed his share in that fortunate 
 victory. In giving his opinion at the council of war pre- 
 ceding the battle of Trenton, Colonel Stark observed to Wash- 
 ington : " Your men have too long been accustomed to place 
 their dependence for safety upon spades and pickaxes. If you 
 hope to establish the independence of these States, you must 
 teach them to place dependence upon their fire-arms and cour- 
 age." Colonel Stark remained with the commander-in-chief 
 until his winter quarters were established on the heights of 
 Morristown, when, the term of his men's enlistment having ex- 
 pired, he returned to New Hampshire to recruit another regi- 
 ment. 
 
 ^ Colonel James Reed, a brigadier-general of the Continental 
 army, was appointed by Congress, August 9, 1776, on the re- 
 commendation of General Washington. On the 2nd of Sep- 
 tember General Gates speaks of him as so ill at Fort George 
 that he would probably not be fit for service in that campaign. 
 He received orders from General Washington to join him at 
 headquarters, but on account of sickness was unable to comply. 
 He eventually retired from the army on half pay until the close 
 of the war. 
 
 General Reed returned to Fitzwilliam, where he resided until the year 1783, 
 ■when he moved to Keene. 
 
 » A. J. Blake. 
 
366 HISTORY OF NEW HAMrSlUKE. [l??^ 
 
 Hale, in his " Annals of Keene," says that General Reed, whose ordinaiy 
 residence was Fitzwilliam, is remembered there as an old blind man, and as 
 almost daily seen, after the close of the war, walking up and down Main 
 Street. 
 
 About the year 1800 he removed to Fitchburg, where he spent the remain- 
 der of his days. He died at Fitchburg, February 13, 1807, aged eighty-three 
 years, and was buried with military honors. In the old burying ground at 
 Fitchburg stands his monument, quite elaborate for the times. 
 
 In all the relations of a long and useful life, General Reed sustained the 
 highest character for honesty and integrity. In the numerous records re- 
 lating to him there is nought found but words of praise. Wherever his 
 name is mentioned by his comrades in arms, from Washington down, it is in 
 terms of commendation and eulogy. He was emphatically a Christian 
 warrior. 
 
 ^Exeter, in 1776, had but just assumed the position in the 
 Province to which its size and importance entitled it. Forty 
 years before, the town had become an object of jealousy and 
 dislike to some of the dignitaries under the crown at Ports- 
 mouth, and in consequence thereof had been "left out in the 
 cold," so far as it was in their power to accomplish it. The last 
 royal governor, John Wentworth, however, was too sensible and 
 politic to allow his conduct to be influenced by an old grudge. 
 He took particular pains to conciliate the inhabitants of Exeter ; 
 visited the town repeatedly in much state ; formed and com- 
 missioned a company of cadets there, embracing many leading 
 men, as a kind of body-guard to the occupant of the guber- 
 natorial office; and established relations of intimacy with several 
 of the prominent citizens. 
 
 He hoped, no doubt, that his special friends in Exeter might 
 adhere to the cause of the crown, as so many of his connec- 
 tions and dependents in Portsmouth did. But he reckoned 
 without his host. When the tocsin of war was sounded, Exeter 
 might be said to be a unit on the side of liberty ; and the men 
 whom Governor Wentworth had delighted to honor were the 
 first to declare in favor of their oppressed country. 
 
 Exeter then became, and remained for many years, the capi- 
 tal of the Province and State. The legislature held its sessions 
 there, and during its adjournments the Committee of Safety took 
 
 > Ex-Governor C. H. Bell. 
 
1776] THE REVOLUTION. 367 
 
 its place, and exercised its functions. The courts were again 
 established there, and the town became practically the head- 
 quarters of all military undertakings in which New Hampshire 
 was concerned. And there, on the 5th day of January, 1776, 
 was adopted and put in operation the first written Constitu- 
 tion for popular government, of the Revolutionary period. The 
 honor of taking the lead of her sister colonies in this momentous 
 "new departure" belongs to New Hampshire, and Exeter may 
 well be proud to have been the scene of an occurrence so inter- 
 esting and so memorable. 
 
 The structure in Exeter which has perhaps retained its old- 
 time appearance most perfectly for the past century is the pow- 
 der-house situated on the point near the river on the east side. 
 It was built al)out 1760, and has apparently undergone little 
 repair since that time. It probably first held military stores 
 destined for the French and Indian war, which, however, ter- 
 minated before they could have been much needed. A few. 
 years later it was opened, no doubt, to receive a part of the 
 powder captured by the provincials in the raid, under Sullivan, 
 upon Fort William and Mary. But as powder without ball 
 hardly met the lequirements of the times, the selectmen of Exe- 
 ter purchased lead for the " town stock " from John Emery, and 
 sent for a further supply to Portsmouth by Theodore Carlton ; 
 employed Thomas Oilman to "run it into bullets," and finally 
 stored the leaden missiles in a chest, which Peter Folsom made 
 for the purpose at the cost of three and sixpence. The ammu- 
 nition was dealt out from time to time to other places which 
 stood in greater need, — very sparingly though ; for notwithstand- 
 ing Exeter had a powder-mill in 1776, the explosive dust was 
 too precious to be wasted, through a large part of the Revolu- 
 tionary war. 
 
 The court-house, known also as the town-house and state- 
 house, stood at what is now the easterly corner of Front and 
 Court streets, on the site of the dwelling of the late Mr. 
 Joseph Boardman. The building had formerly been the meet- 
 ing-house of the first parish. When it was moved across the 
 street and devoted to judicial purposes, it Was flanked by the 
 
368 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^77^ 
 
 Stocks and the whipping-post. Possibly the former instrument 
 of discipline may have disappeared before 1776, but the latter 
 undoubtedly lasted till then. 
 
 One of the town schools (for the excellence of which Exeter 
 was early noted) was long kept in this town-house. A " gram- 
 mar school " was likewise maintained at the expense of the 
 town, in 1775-6, under the charge of Clement Weeks, a room 
 being hired of Samuel Davis for the purpose. 
 
 The town and court house was the place of assembly for the 
 legislature of New Hampshire, whence it received the additional 
 name of state-house. Its halls, in the " time that tried men's 
 souls," continually echoed to the tread of the wisest and bravest 
 of the dwellers among our granite hills. Sullivan and Folsom, 
 Stark and Poor, Cilley and Scammell, Dearborn and Reed, in 
 their military attire of blue and buff, often trailed their swords 
 along its corridors ; while Weare and Langdon, Gilman and 
 Bartlett, Thornton and Whipple, and a host of other patriots in 
 civil life, assembled periodically within its walls to devise the 
 ways and means for keeping an army in the field, until the 
 power of Britain was at length broken, and peace crowned the 
 independence of America. 
 
 It may be necessary to remind readers of the present day 
 that houses of worship a hundred years ago contained neither 
 fire-places, stoves, nor other heating apparatus. The congregation, 
 so far as temperature was concerned, were not much more com- 
 fortable, in the winter season, indoors than out. But the gene- 
 ration of that day was brought up to bear hardships without 
 complaint. The good mother, within the remembrance of peo- 
 ple not aged, used to rely upon a few coals in a foot stove to 
 keep up the vital heat, and perhaps the youngest child was bun- 
 dled up so as to be kept comfortable ; but the big boys had to 
 take the severity of the weather, seated on the bare boards, 
 with little protection in the way of extra clothing. It is a ques- 
 tion how large the attendance in our churches would be if the 
 old fashion of cold rooms were to be resumed. Luckily for the 
 enjoyment as well as for the size of the congregations, in the 
 matter of conveniences and comforts there is no retrogression. 
 
1776J 
 
 THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 369 
 
 Improvements once introduced become necessities; and New 
 England will never go back to cold churches. 
 
 The meeting-house of the first parish had long been provided 
 with a bell, and the town books inform us that in 1776 it was daily 
 rung by Pompey Peters at one and nine o'clock p. M., according 
 to ancient custom, which has also been continued down to our 
 own day. 
 
 The present church was not built till more than twenty years 
 after that date. It has been much admired for its architectural 
 proportions, and is undoubtedly a fine specimen of the eccle- 
 siastical edifices of the last century. 
 
 
 "^■i-V'">«i,;i:!''(«fi: 
 
 i.il(///,(lV'^ 
 
 GOVERNOR OILMAN'S HOUSE, EXETER. 
 
 As has already been stated, the inhabitants of Exeter were, 
 almost to a man, in favor of resistance to the oppressive meas- 
 ures of the British parliament. Conspicupus among the patriots 
 was Colonel Nicholas Gilman, the father of Governor Oilman. 
 At the commencement of the Revolution he was forty-four years 
 of age, in the very prime of his powers, a man of resolution, 
 firmness, and sound judgment. He was largely engaged in 
 business, and was commanding officer of a regiment of militia. 
 He was a great favorite with Governor Wentworth, who un- 
 doubtedly used all his influence to keep him on the side of his 
 
370 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^77^ 
 
 royal master, and it is said never ceased to retain his attachment 
 for him. But Colonel Oilman occupied no doubtful ground. 
 Early declaring himself on the side of his country, his counsel 
 and services were eagerly sought for in her behalf, and cheer- 
 fiilly rendered. Money, the sinews of war, was the thing most 
 needful ; and he was placed at the head of the fiscal department 
 of the State, where he accomplished almost as much for New 
 Hampshire as Robert Morris did for the country. But hi.s 
 efforts were not limited to any narrow sphere. No plan for the 
 public security or advantage was adopted until it received the 
 sanction of his approval. President Weare held the chief exe- 
 cutive office, and Nicholas Gilman was his premier. 
 
 Colonel Folsom (for that was his title in the beginning of 
 1775) was evidently held in the highest estimation as a military 
 commander, for on the 24th day of May in that year, a month 
 after Lexington, and a month before Bunker Hill, he re- 
 ceived the appointment of major-general of " all the forces 
 rai.sed (by New Hampshire) for this and the other American 
 colonies." This Province had then three regiments in the field, 
 ^Stark's, Poor's, and Reed's. General Foisom at once repaired 
 to Cambridge to take the command of the brigade. Stark com- 
 plained (without reason) at Folsom being put over him, and was 
 inclined to despise the authority of this colony, till his native 
 good sense taught him to act more wisely. The misunderstand- 
 ing and rivalry between Folsom and Stark, however, prevented 
 the nomination of either as a general officer on the Continental 
 establishment, and Sullivan was selected as brigadier from New 
 Hampshire. General Folsom remained in command of the New 
 Hampshire troops at Cambridge until the adoption of the army, 
 and the appointment of its commanders, by Congress. He then 
 returned home, but though not again called actively to the field, 
 he was allowed no respite from military or civil employment. 
 He was retained in command of the militia, who were continually 
 kept in readiness for active service in emergencies, and fre- 
 quently called forth. In the course of the war he was four years 
 a member of the Committee of Safety ; was repeatedly chosen 
 to the legislature ; and in 1777 and again in 1779 elected a dele- 
 
1776] THE KF.VOr.UTION. 371 
 
 gate to the Continental Congress ; and in addition to all the 
 rest was made a judge of the Court of Common Pleas. 
 
 There was evidently an incompatibility, or at least an impro- 
 priety, in a single person exercising such diverse functions at 
 the same time, and some exception was taken to it in the legis- 
 lature ; but a majority were of the opinion that the occasion 
 justified a departure from ordinary rules, and the perfect confi- 
 dence reposed in General Folsom's honesty and patriotism 
 silenced all criticism. 
 
 Samuel Adams passed a night at Mr. Joseph Oilman's house 
 ill the latter part of 1776, just before the victories at Princeton 
 and Trenton had relieved the feeling of despondency caused by 
 the prior disasters to our arms ; and all Mrs. Oilman's powers 
 of pleasing were said to have been exerted to cheer the droop- 
 ing spirits of the patriot, without effect. A military success 
 was then the only cure for the gloom of the stern king-hater. 
 
 The dwelling-place of Major Jonathan Cass, one of the vet- 
 erans of the Revolution, was where the house of Mrs. J. L. 
 Robinson now is. At the outbreak of the war he was twenty- 
 two years of age, and, according to description, was an erect, 
 handsome man, with keen black eyes. He enlisted in the army 
 iis a private soldier, and served until peace was established, hav- 
 ing taken part in most of the principal battles. As early as 1777 
 Ills merits procured him promotion to an ensigncy, and at the 
 close of the war he was r. captain. He then resumed his resi- 
 dence in Exeter for a few years, and his distinguished son, Lewis 
 Cass, was born there in 1782. About 1790 the father re-entered 
 the army, in command of a company raised for the defence of 
 the western frontier, and subsequently received the commission 
 of major. He was so much pleased with the appearance of the 
 Western country, that he established his home in Ohio, where 
 he died in 1830. 
 
 Lewis Cass remained in Exeter till he finished his studies at 
 the academy, and received a diploma, signed by the principal 
 and president of the board of trustees, certifying his proficiency 
 and good conduct ; a copy of which, in his own youthful hand- 
 writing, is still preserved. 
 
372 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1776 
 
 Colonel Samuel Folsom, a brother of General Nathaniel Fol- 
 som, was a well-known and respected citizen in 1776. His house 
 was at the easterly corner of Court square and Water street, 
 and is now occupied by Mr. George W. Dearborn. It is believed 
 to have been built a year or two before the date mentioned, 
 probably to replace a former edifice removed or destroyed. 
 Colonel Folsom kept a public-house, as his widow continued to 
 do many years after his death. He was lieutenant-colonel of 
 the Exeter corps of Independent Cadets, commanded by Colonel 
 John Phillips. He was entrusted with much important busi- 
 ness, during the Revolution, requiring sound and tried capacity 
 and devotion to his country's interests. 
 
 After John Langdon, in the midst of the apprehensions excited 
 by the triumphant incursion of Burgoyne, inspirited the people 
 .of New Hampshire by the offer of his private property to or- 
 ganize an expedition under General Stark, with the purpose of 
 turning back the invader, Colonel Folsom was designated by 
 President Weare, chairman of the Committee of Safety, to 
 visit General Stark, to convey him money for contingent ex- 
 penses, to learn how his expedition was progressing, what art- 
 icles it stood in need of, and to "advise with all persons in the 
 service of this State on such things as he thought needful to 
 forward the business they are engaged in." His confidential 
 and discretionary mission appears to have been executed to the 
 satisfaction of all parties ; and we know how thoroughly Stark 
 was enabled to perform the part required of him when he met 
 the enemy at Bennington. 
 
 A couple of years afterwards Colonel Folsom was selected by 
 the- General Court to discharge the agreeable duty of present- 
 ing, in behalf of the State, to Colonel Joseph Cilley, a pair of 
 pistols which had been the property of Colonel Stephen Hol- 
 land, the Tory absentee ; and the receipt of Colonel Cilley re- 
 mains to testify that the commission was duly accomplished. 
 
 It was at the house of Colonel Folsom that President George 
 Washington stopped and partook of a collation when he visited 
 Fxeter in his tour through the Eastern States in the autumn of 
 1789. 
 
1776] THE KEVOLUI'ION. ^7^ 
 
 Colonel James Hackett, in 1776, had been for some time en- 
 gaged in shipbuilding at Exeter, and was a man of enterprise and 
 determination. He was no laggard in evincing his willingness 
 to enlist in his country's cause, for he was one of the first to 
 march to the scene of hostilities on the morning after the Con- 
 cord fight. 
 
 Colonel Hackett appears to have passed much of his time, at 
 a later period, in Portsmouth, where he pursued the business of 
 shipbuilding ; and on the occasion of Washington's visit to 
 New Hampshire, in 1789, commanded a battalion of artillery 
 which received his Excellency, on his arrival in Portsmouth^ 
 with a grand salute. 
 
 The Hackett house was afterwards tenanted by anotlier 
 person who filled during the Revolution a still more conspicuous 
 public position. This was General Nathaniel Peabody, who 
 was, in 1774, a physician in Atkinson, practising his profession 
 with great success. He was popular, and aspiring. He de- 
 nounced the usurpation of Britain at the outset, and is said to 
 have been the first man in the Province to resign the king's 
 commission from political motives. He was repeatedly chosen 
 to the legislature and upon the Committee of Safety, and wa."> 
 in 1779 and 1780 a delegate to Congress. Besides these, he 
 held numerous other offices, civil and military, of dignity and 
 importance. As adjutant-general of the State his only active 
 service, by a singular coincidence, was in the same Rhode Lsland 
 campaign in which his predecessor in the habitation. Colonel 
 Hackett, first heard the sounds of actual conflict. After the 
 war, General Peabody's popularity was undiminished, and he 
 received frequent testimony of the confidence of his fellow-citi- 
 zens, in the shape of elections to office. He afterwards re- 
 moved his residence to Exeter, where he passed the remainder 
 of his life. Toward the close of his career he was annoyed by 
 pecuniary troubles, and is said to have become petulant and 
 rough in his manners. Many stories are yet current of his 
 sharp speeches and harsh conduct. 
 
 General Peabody was undoubtedly possessed of abilities far 
 above the average, and rendered valuable service as a legislator 
 
374 
 
 lllbl'UKV Ol' MCW IIAMI'SIIIKK. 
 
 [i7;6 
 
 to his State and country, and in his professional capacity to the 
 sick and suffering. We can make allowance for faults of tem- 
 per, and even for more serious defects, in one who so staunchly 
 defended the rights of his country in the hour of her sorest 
 
 ■z. 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 trial, and bore so important a part in layin^n the foundations of 
 the nation's prosperity and greatness. 
 
 Where the town-house now is, Joseph Gilman lived in iTJt, in 
 the gambrel-roofed house which, having been reduced one story 
 in height, now occupies a place on the north side of Franklin 
 
'^77(>\ THE REVOLUTION. 3/5 
 
 street. Mr. Gilman was bred to mercantile pursuits, and for 
 several years before the Revolution was a member of the firm 
 of Folsom, Gilman & Gilman, which did a large business in 
 Exeter, in trade, in shipbuilding, and in ventures at sea. A 
 printed shop-bill of the concern has been preserved, which 
 shows that almost as great a variety of merchandise found a 
 sale among the good people of Exeter three or four generations 
 ago as now. 
 
 Noah Emery, a name handed down fot generations there, 
 was a paymaster in Colonel Isaac Wyman's regiment, and com- 
 missary. In the latter capacity he had the charge of a large 
 iiniount of stores, which tradition says were housed in a build- 
 ing in Spring street, familiarly termed "the State's barn." It is 
 of I'Myma.stcr luncry that a story is told, that being ordered to 
 carry some dispatches by night on horseback 'in a strange part of 
 the country, he crossed a bridge on his way, which he did not 
 discover till the next day had been previously stripped. of its 
 planking. His horse had cautiously felt his way over it, upon 
 tlie timbers, while the rider was all unconscious of the fearful 
 lisk he was running. The statement would hardly be credited, 
 if there were not authentic accounts of other similar occurrences. 
 The duties performed by Mr. Emery under the direction of 
 tlic State authorities must have kept him very busy. He was 
 employed frequently in the purchase, forwarding, and distribu- 
 tion among the troops of the various needed supplies, and was 
 relied on to transact much incidental business. Indeed, toward 
 the close of the war, he and John Taylor Gilman, afterwards 
 governor of the State, appear to have attended to most of the 
 wants of the New Hampshire troops. Perhaps Colonel Elipha- 
 let Giddings, the collector of the "beef tax," should be included 
 with them. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Tenney was a surgeon in one of the Rhode Island 
 regiments. He had previously settled in Exeter, and returned 
 and married a wife there at the expiration of his service. 
 He was a person of uncommon literary and scientific attain- 
 ments, and contributed articles to the publications of the Ameri- 
 can Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a topographical account 
 
376 HISTORY OF NILW ilAMPSHIKE. [^77^ 
 
 of Exeter to the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical 
 Society. He felt a warm interest in political matters, also, and 
 was for seven years a representative in Congress. He likewise 
 held the office of judge of Probate, and was highly respected. 
 
 Another citizen of Exeter who served in the medical depart- 
 ment of the army was Dr. William Parker, jr. He was a grandson 
 of Judge William Parker of Portsmouth, whose father is alleged, 
 against all probability, to have married a daughter of the Eng- 
 lish patrician house of Derby. Dr. Parker died in Exeter of 
 yellow fever, which he contracted from a patient. 
 
 ^The provincials professed perfect loyalty, and assumed self- 
 government only during " the present unhappy and unnatural 
 contest with Great Britain." But as the struggle went on, 
 the popular ideas became modified, and the public came at 
 length to comprehend that it was idle to expect to reunite ties 
 which the sword had sundered. 
 
 A few sagacious minds had foreseen this from the outset. It 
 is due to the able leaders of the popular movement in New 
 Hampshire that it should be generally known that they contem- 
 plated the assumption of independence, and suggested it in an 
 eloquent official letter from their convention of delegates to 
 the Continental Congress as early as the 23rd of May, 1775. 
 This is the first allusion to the subject in any known communi- 
 cation from an organized body in the country. 
 
 As the sentiment of the whole people became gradually ripe 
 for the final step of separation from Britain, movements were 
 made in the colonial legislatures looking to that result. In 
 New Hampshire a committee of both Houses reported, on the 
 fifteenth of June, 1776, instructions to "our delegates in the 
 Continental Congress to join with the other colonies in declar- 
 ing the Thirteen United Colonies a Free and Indki'kndent 
 State; solemnly pledging our faith and honor that we will on 
 our parts support the measure with our Lives and Fortunes." 
 
 From this time forward there was impatience in the breast 
 of every true friend of liberty to blot out the very memory of 
 subjection, to make way for the new and glorious career that was 
 
 'Coveriior I'. H. Mell, 
 
I77'5] THE KEVOi.UJION. 377 
 
 opening for the infant nation. The action of Congress was 
 waited for, anxiously, longingly, eagerly. 
 
 At length the wished-for moment arrived. An express 
 dashed into the village of Exeter, bearing a letter addressed to 
 the Convention of New Hampshire, and authenticated by the 
 manly signature of John Hancock. The legislature had ad- 
 journed, but the president was there, perhaps waiting for the im- 
 portant missive. It was determined that the contents of the 
 letter, containing the glad tidings of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, should be forthwith publicly read. 
 
 The honor of pronouncing for the first time in New Hamp- 
 shire the impressive periods of that unequalled production, 
 was appropriately devolved upon John Taylor Gilman. No 
 firing of cannon or ringing of bells was needed to give eclat to 
 the occasion ; the general joy was too sincere and heartfelt to 
 find expression in noisy demonstrations. Meshech Weare, the 
 president of the State, Mathew Thornton, who was himself soon 
 to set his hand to the instrument, General Folsom and Colonel 
 Pierce Long and Ebenezer Thompson, all members of the Com- 
 mittee of Safety, and tried and true patriots, were present. The 
 nev/s had spread with the speed of lightning through the town. 
 The farmer dropped his scythe in the swath, the mechanic left 
 his saw in the kerf, and even the goodwife forsook her spin- 
 ning wheel, while all gathered to hear the words which they felt 
 were to give them freedom and a country. But perhaps there 
 was no one of the audience whose heart was thrilled more deeply 
 by the immortal declaration than Colonel Nicholas Gilman, 
 the father of him who read it. He had put his whole life and 
 energy into the cause of his country ; he foresaw that nothing 
 but formal separation from the parent state would prevent his 
 dearest hopes from going down in darkness ; he welcomed the 
 words which rent the brightest jewel from feritain's crown with 
 joy and thankfulness unutterable. The reader, from filial as 
 well as patriotic sensibility, shared his emotion, and there were 
 pauses when the rush of feeling o'ermastered speech. 
 
 Exeter has witnessed many returns of the anniversary of our 
 National Birthday, and has listened to the utterances of lips 
 
37t> HISTORY OK NEW IIAMPSIIIKE. [^77^ 
 
 touched with the living coal of eloquence ; but the first reading 
 of the Declaration of Independence, on the i8th of July, 1776, 
 enchained the attention with a significance and power which 
 have never since been paralleled. ^ 
 
 The executive power was, by the form of government adopted 
 by the House of Representatives in 1776, retained by the legisla- 
 ture during their sessions, and during recesses was entrusted to 
 a Committee of Safety. 
 
 The Declaration of Independence was issued by the Conti- 
 nental Congress July 4, 1776; and the colonies took an 
 irrevocable step toward establishing a distinct government. 
 Within a few days it was published in all the shire towns of New 
 Hampshire by beat of drum. The single question was whether 
 the colonies should become conquered provinces or independent 
 States. 
 
 The very name of royalty became hateful to the people. Pic- 
 tures, escutcheons, even signboards which reminded of royalty, 
 were defaced or taken down. The coin, with effigy of the King, 
 was in disrepute. 
 
 The new Assembly established courts of justice, and en- 
 couraged the fitting out of privateers. Paper money was made 
 legal tender ; and the name State of New Hampshire was adopted. 
 The whole system of English law, except so far as it conflicted 
 with the new order of things, was adopted. 
 
 The frigate Raleigh, thirty-two guns, was launched at Ports- 
 mouth in May, 1776, sixty days after the keel was laid. Powder 
 mills were also established. 
 
 Two thousand men were enlisted, under the same officers as 
 the preceding year; a garrison of three hundred men was posted 
 at Portsmouth ; and a regiment, under Colonel Timothy Bedel, 
 was raised in the western part of the State for the invasion 
 of Canada. 
 
 The three New Hampshire regiments under General John 
 Sullivan served at New York, and later as part of the force sent 
 to relieve the American army, which was retreating from 
 
 * floveruor C. H. Bell. 
 
^777] ' THE REVOLUTION. 379 
 
 Canada. During the campaign the troops suffered greatly from 
 small-pox, nearly one third of their number dying.^ 
 
 ^In 1777 Colonel Weare was appointed chief justice of the 
 State. He was thus invested with the highest legislative, exe- 
 cutive, and judicial authority at the same time, a fact that proves 
 the entire confidence of the people in his capacity and honor. 
 When the new constitution was adopted in 1783, and a presi- 
 dent was wanted under the same, the eyes of all the people of 
 the State turned to Meshech Weare. He accordingly was elected 
 the first president of New Hampshire. On account of ill health 
 President Weare resigned the office before the close of the polit- 
 ical year and was succeeded by John Langdon. After his re- 
 tirement from the chief magistracy, Meshech Weare lived for the 
 most part in seclusion and the undisturbed enjoynacnt of those 
 rights and privileges which he, in common with his countrymen, 
 had labored so long, so arduously, and so successfully to obtain 
 and secure. At length, in his seventy-third year, it became evi- 
 dent that the patriot's days were numbered. He died on the 
 14th of January, 1786. His remains were interred at Hampton 
 Falls, with all the honors due to a hero whose patriotism had 
 been pure, and whose acts had added so eminently to the glory 
 of his native State. 
 
 There is no known portrait existing of Governor Weare. His 
 is the only face missing in the collection of portraits of the chief 
 magistrates of New Hampshire which hang on the walls of the 
 council chamber at the State Capitol. There is, however, definite 
 and authentic information as to what manner of man he was. 
 Colonel J. M. Weare gives this description of Governor Weare, 
 derived from his father, who remembered how his famous rela- 
 tive looked : " Meshech Weare was six feet and an inch in 
 height, slimmish, and very straight. The Weare family for genera- 
 tions have been tall and slender. The governor's hair was black 
 before it turned silvery, his eyes a dark gray or hazel, surmount- 
 ed by overhanging brows. His features were large but noble, and 
 indomitable will and lordly majesty was stamped on every line 
 and lineament of his countenance." Such is the portrait of New 
 
 ■ Belknap. ' Fred Myron Colby. 
 
380 HISTOKV Ol'- NEW HAMl'SiriRI£. [i777 
 
 Hampshire's great Revolutionary governor, as given by one of 
 his name. We have no doubt that it is a true one ; at any rate 
 it entirely agrees with our conception of him. 
 
 The house in which he lived is one of those fine old home- 
 steads with which the mind readily associates all manner of in- 
 teresting and romantic tales. It is in the best of old-fashioned 
 styles, large, substantial, the square post being forty-four by forty 
 feet, and the ell nearly as large, with a huge chimney at either 
 end, the general aspect impressing one with a sense that it is a 
 contented old house, eminently respectable, and possessing a 
 weight of dignity which is the growth of many years. The four 
 large elms that toss their branches in the breeze in front of the 
 house, and whose leaves shimmer with their bright green in the 
 sunlight, have heavy trunks, rough and moss covered. One of 
 them was transplanted by the governor more than one hundred 
 and thirty years ago. The house itself was built in 1735, by 
 Mr. Shaw, the father of the governor's second wife. 
 
 Here Washington was seen once, coming in from Cambridge 
 in his carriage drawn, by four horses, looking wonderfully like an 
 English nobleman, with his courtly manners and rich suit, but 
 with his face grave and solemn with the cares and responsibili- 
 ties of his exalted position. Perhaps with him came his step- 
 son and aide-de-camp, John Parker Custis, on his fair, aristocratic 
 Virginian face the shadow of that destiny that had marked him 
 for an early grave. 
 
 Hither also came the Wentworths, uncle and nephew, who 
 held viceregal sway at Portsmouth, the one portly, florid, some- 
 what pompous, dressed in diamonds and lace and broadcloth, 
 like an English earl, the other handsome, chivalric, enterprising, 
 his eyes keen, his manners democratic, wearing his pride and 
 his dignities graciously, as became one of his race. And the 
 ladies of their heart have stepped daintily across the oaken 
 floor on their high-heeled shoes, and rustled their brocades and 
 tossed their stately head-dresses as they received the addresses 
 of the lady of the house. 
 
 Now and then, coming down from Raymond, suddenly entered 
 the room the stiffly attired form of John Dudley, judge, and 
 
1777] THE REVOLUTION. 38 1 
 
 member of the Committee of Safety, middle sized, rugged faced, 
 gravely spoken. Somewhat sober was his face, but his smile 
 was hearty, and his eyes had the calm, steady, enduring gaze 
 that looks out from the portraits of those leaders of his race, the 
 provincial governors and the belted earls that bore the Dudley 
 name. Here he was met by another man, alert and slender and 
 long, a man with a wise, superior look, free frdm severity and 
 condescension, who mingled curiously Athenian philosophy, 
 fine and eesthetic, and Yankee "cuteness," cool and practical — 
 Josiah Bartlett, member of Congress, signer of the Declaration, 
 and subsequently the first governor by that name of New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 Sometimes came Langdon, the genial, courtly, wealthy mer- 
 chant and ardent patriot ; more often came Nathaniel Folsom, 
 of Exeter, with buoyancy of step, and active, abrupt manner ; 
 Nicholas Oilman with watchful eyes, big brained and trusty! 
 and John Sullivan, impulsive, brilliant, his head full of law, and 
 his face showing the soldier's dash and bravery. 
 
 More than once was seen here Theodore Atkinson, the son of 
 Theodore Atkinson of Newcastle, and the father of Theodore 
 Atkinson, councillor and secretary of the Province, and himself 
 for forty years the wealthiest and most prominent citizen of 
 New Hampshire, sheriff, naval officer, councillor and secretary, 
 colonel for many years of the first state regiment of militia, 
 and the first major-general of troops that the Province ever had. 
 He was Colonel Weare's coadjutor at the Albany congress, a' 
 man lively, social, fond of merriment and good living, whose 
 last days were afflicted by that patrician disease, the gout. 
 
 Governor Weare owned a considerable estate, and was a 
 farmer as well as a lawyer, legislator, and patriot. The land lay 
 north and west of the mansion and was very fertile. Corn and 
 wheat and fruit were grown on the farm. When the American 
 army lay before Boston in the winter of 1775 and '^6, President 
 Weare sent a cart load of provision from his farm to help feed 
 the New Hampshire troops. He prided himself on his neat 
 stock, and improved breeds of cattle, traces of which are yet to 
 be seen in that vicinity. He left a valuable estate, which has 
 come down nearly intact to the present day. 
 
382 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^777 
 
 On an eminence near the old house in Hampton Falls is a 
 monument. Upon a broad pedestal rises an obelisk of pure 
 white marble to the height of twenty feet. On one side is in- 
 scribed the name " Meshech Weare," on the other one reads the 
 dedication, "Erected a. d. 1853 by the State of New Hamp- 
 shire, to perpetuate the memory of her illustrious son, whose 
 early efforts, sage counsel, and persevering labors contributed 
 largely toward establishing his country's independence and 
 shaping the future destiny of his native State." It is a deserved 
 tribute to a noble patriot.^ 
 
 * In March, 1777, a new regiment was completed ; but Stark 
 did not take command of it. Certain prominent members of 
 Congress, and ofiflcers of high rank and aristocratic associations, 
 more familiar with the polite usages of town society than with 
 the simple manners of the frontier settlers, were displeased with 
 the rugged and unbending character and blunt speech of this 
 backwoods colonel, and used their influence against him with 
 such effect, that in the new list of promotions made that winter 
 by Congress his name was omitted, and several officers of lower 
 rank were promoted over him. This slight was so keenly felt 
 that he immediately tendered his resignation to the New Hamp- 
 shire authorities, and retired, temporarily, to his home. He was 
 not however destined to remain long inactive. Within three 
 months from his retirement, the menacing state of affairs fol- 
 lowing the capture of Ticonderoga by the British, and the ad- 
 vance of Burgoyne's army, threatening to overrun the New Eng- 
 land States, called him again to the field. New Hampshire rose 
 to the emergency, and raised a brigade for independent action 
 against the flank of the invading army. At the request of the 
 State Council, Stark accepted their commission as brigadier, and 
 took command ; and within two weeks from the capture of Ti- 
 conderoga he was organizing and drilling his force for the com- 
 ing fray. 
 
 The battle of Bennington, fought and won on the 17th of 
 August, 1777, by the little army of 1750 men under his com- 
 mand, has been made familiar to all readers of history. Of this 
 
 * General George Stark. I Fred Myron Colby. 
 
1777] THE REVOLUTION. 38^ 
 
 force, New Hampshire furnished looo, Vermont 500, and Mas- 
 sachusetts 250. Stark's plan of the battle was sagacious ; some- 
 what irregular in its details, as looked upon from the usual mili- 
 tary standpoint, but perfectly adapted to the frontier habits of 
 his brave men ; and it proved eminently successful. The enemy 
 lost, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, about 1200 men — prob- 
 ably two-thirds of his entire force in action. The loss on the 
 American side was less than 100. The disciplined European 
 troops, fighting for the king's shilling, moving at the word of 
 command like machines, and firing their muskets from the hip 
 without aim, were no match, even when partially protected by 
 cannon and breastworks, for the skilled marksmen of the fron- 
 tier, fighting for their homes. 
 
 The Bennington battle, in point of numbers engaged, was not 
 a great one ; but it turned the tide of war at a critical period, 
 and led to immediate results of momentous consequence to the 
 country. Washington wrote of it immediately as " the great 
 stroke struck by General Stark near Bennington." Bancroft's 
 history pronounces this "victory one of the most brilliant and 
 eventful of the war." Baroness Reidsell, then in the British 
 camp, wrote, " This unfortunate event paralysed at once our 
 operations." 
 
 General Stark did not report to Congress the result of the 
 battle of Bennington, because his command was an independent 
 one, and his commission was from the State of New Hampshire. 
 His little army consisted wholly of State militia from New 
 Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts. ^ 
 
 The same parties who had a few months previously withheld his 
 promotion were now busy in denouncing his independent action. 
 
 Philadelphia being in possession of the British, Congress held 
 its sessions at the more remote point of York, in Pennsylvania. 
 Communication was slow, letters being carried by couriers on 
 horseback, who were obliged to make long detours because of 
 hostile intervening country. 
 
 ' Colonel Thomas Slickney, who served with dislinclion at the battle of Betinington, was a useful 
 and distinguished citizen of Concord, and lived where Dr. Hiland now lives, on Main Street. The 
 magnificent elms wMch shaded the house are remembered by the older inhabitants. In early days, 
 when Indian alarms were common, the house was fortified. It is still the property of a descendant 
 of the Continental soldier. 
 
384 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^777 
 
 Upon receipt of the news that General Stark was acting in- 
 dependently of the regular Northern army, and being yet un- 
 aware of the victory that had been won by him five days before, 
 a resolution was introduced in Congress censuring him for not 
 p submitting to army regulations. 
 
 But on the next day an express courier arrived from General 
 Schuyler communicating the result of the Bennington battle ; 
 and Congress, magnanimously forgetting the previous irritation, 
 passed a resolve of thanks to General Stark, and appointed him 
 a brigadier in the army of the United States. 
 
 Soon after the Bennington battle. General Stark, with his 
 volunteers, joined the main American army of Gates ; but the 
 three months' enlistment of the men having expired, they said 
 they had performed their part, and must return to their farmi 
 where their harvests now waited for them. 
 
 The general being then without a command, proceeded to 
 New Hampshire to make his report to the Council. His return 
 was a triumphal march. He was waited upon by committees of 
 congratulation wherever he came, and was received with the 
 warmest demonstration of the people's gratitude. 
 
 By order of the Council of New Hampshire, he immediately 
 proceeded to enlist a new army of volunteers ; and such was 
 the confidence in him as a commander, and so enthusiastic were 
 the people, in view of the possible capture of Burgoyne, that in a 
 few days nearly 3000 men enrolled themselves under his standard. 
 
 With this fresh army of New Hampshire volunteers he im- 
 mediately advanced, by order of the Council of the State, to 
 Fort Edward, in Burgoyne's rear. This fort he captured ; and 
 after securing the garrison, and leaving a strong detachment of 
 his own troops to maintain the post, proceeded, on the 7th of 
 October, with 2500 men, to occupy the sole remaining line of 
 retreat for the British army. 
 
 By this movement Burgoyne became completely surrounded, 
 and General Stark earnestly advised General Gates to attack the 
 British camp and compel an unconditional surrender. But a 
 capitulation was deemed most prudent, and Burgoyne soon after 
 delivered up his entire army at Saratoga. 
 
1777] THE REVOLUTION. 385 
 
 The capture of Burgoyne put an end, for the time being, to, 
 military movements at the north, and General Stark returned to 
 New Hampshire to obtain recruits and supplies for operations 
 elsewhere. 
 
 It becomes our duty, says Judge George W. Nesmith, to put in our claim In 
 behalf of the brave men of New Hampshire who participated in the two 
 memorable struggles under General Gates of September 19th and October 7th, 
 preliminary to the important surrender of General Burgoyne and his army 
 on the 17th of the same October, 1777. The truth of history will allow us 
 to claim for our men, who then fought, a more prominent place than has 
 generally been assigned to them. A brief statement of the recorded facts as 
 they occurred on those eventful days, we think will justify our position^ 
 without reflecting any injustice upon those distinguished men from other 
 States who so bravely and successfully co-operated with us. As safe author- 
 ity, we rely much upon the historical record of General James Wilkinson, as 
 published in the second volume of his "Memoirs of his own Times." He 
 acted under General Gates as deputy adjutant-general of the Northern army, 
 and was an eye-witness to many of the events described by him, had good 
 means of knowing the truth, communicated the orders of the commanding 
 general, and has left for our guidance a faithful official record of the troops 
 ordered into each battle, and especially a full return under his hand of the 
 killed, wounded, and missing of each corps engaged in the battle of September 
 19th. From the evidence furnished from such sources, confirmed by other 
 original documents, we are enabled to gather a correct comparative estimate 
 of the achievements and sacrifices of the New Hampshire men who partici- 
 pated in this engagement. 
 
 This battle of September was fought almost entirely by the left wing of the 
 American army. Wilkinson says that only about 3000 of our troops were en- 
 gaged, and they were opposed by 3500 of the best men of Burgoyne's army. 
 The battle was obstinately fought, and without immediate decisive advantages 
 or results to either side. The ground on which they contended was broken 
 or uneven, and much of it covered with trees. The Americans used no can- 
 non. The British employed a battery of about six pieces, which were taken 
 and retaken several times, but were finally left in the possession of the enemy. 
 Each party took and lost some prisoners. The British loss was reported to 
 exceed 600, while the American loss in killed, wounded, and missing, as re- 
 turned by Wilkinson, ambunted to 321. Of this number, 80 were killed, 218 
 wounded, and 23 missing. Of the Americans engaged, we first mention,Col. 
 Morgan's regiment of riflemen, not exceeding in number 400 men ; second. 
 Major Dearborn's battalion of infantry, partly made up from Whitcomb's 
 Rangers, Col. Long's regiment and some new volunteers, supposed to not 
 exceed 300; third. Gen. Poor's brigade of infantry, which was reported on 
 the 4th of October, subsequent to the battle, then to embrace 1466 men, and 
 probably must have numbered at least 1600 in its ranks at the time of the 
 battle. It lost 217 men in killed, wounded, etc., on that day. The balance 
 
386 HISTORY OF NEW IIAMI'SHIKE. [^777 
 
 of the troops who took a part in the contest was made up from Gen. Larn- 
 ard's brigade of Massachusetts troops and a detachment commanded by Col. 
 Marshall, of Patterson's brigade. The analysis of Gen. Poor's brigade would 
 show about the following result : first, the three New Hampshire Continen- 
 tal regiments. These regiments had been enlisted for three years, or during 
 the war, and organized under theirseveral commanders early in the year 1777. 
 Most of them had seen service in some previous campaign. The first regi- 
 ment was commanded at this time by Col. Cilley of Nottingham ; the second 
 by Col. Geo. Reid of Londonderry ; the third by Col. Alexander Scanimell 
 of Durham. The number in all these regiments would not exceed 1000. 
 Their whole number on the 28lh of the preceding June was only 1119, and 
 the unfortunate battle had since occurred at Hubbarton, in which Hale's regi- 
 ment (now Reid's) had suffered a severe loss of nearly 75 men (mostly pris- 
 oners). The balance of Gen. Poor's brigade was made up from militia Ironi 
 Connecticut, one regiment of which was commanded by Col. Cook, also by 
 two small detachments of New York militia. Wilkinson says : "The stress 
 of the action on our part was borne by Morgan's regiment and Poor's bri- 
 gade." The battle commenced about three o'clock p. m., and continued 
 until dark. Each party then retired to their respective camps. Wilkinson 
 says also that Larnard's brigade went into the battle late in the day. The 
 impetuous Gen. Arnold complained because Gen. Gates declined to order 
 more troops into action. Hence severe language passed between them, and 
 harsh feeling-was exhibited by both generals. 
 
 In order to ascertain with some degree of accuracy those who actually 
 fought the battle o£ September 19th, we refer to Wilkinson's return of the 
 whole loss in killed, wounded, and missing, as assigned by him to each, and 
 all the troops engaged on that day. According to his summary of the loss, and 
 we believe he has reported accurately, the New Hampshire troops suffered as 
 much, or more, in officers and men, than all the others combined. The fig- 
 ures will show the comparative sacrifice, and to whom the honor and glory 
 of this contest justly belong. 
 
 Morgan's regiment lost in killed and wounded ... 16 
 
 The New York militia 33 
 
 The Connecticut militia 66 
 
 General Larnard's brigade 35 
 
 Colonel Marshall's regiment 10 
 
 160 
 
 Major Dearborn's battalion of infantry 43 
 
 Colonel Cilley's Continental regiment, first N. H. . . 58 
 
 Colonel Reid's second N. H. regiment 32 
 
 Colonel Scammell's third N. H. regiment .... 28 
 
 161 
 It will thus be seen that New Hampshire lost, in ofificers and privates, i6i 
 outof 321 men, or nS from Poor's brigade, which lost, as before stated, 217 
 — leaving 99 for the other corps belonging to this brigade. Honorable 
 
^7Tl\ THE REVOLUTION. 387 
 
 mention should be made of Colonel Cook's regiment of Connecticut militia, 
 which encountered the loss of 53; Colonel Latimer's Connecticut loss, 13 — 
 66 total loss. 
 
 In this struggle New Hampshire lost many valuable officers. In Scam- 
 ■mell's regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Coburn of Marlborough was 
 killed ; also Lieutenant Joseph M. Thomas and Ensign Joseph Fay of Wal- 
 pole were mortally wounded. In Reid's regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Win- 
 born Adams of Durham was killed. Captain Frederick M. Bell of Dover was 
 also mortally wounded, and died in hospital soon after the battle. Lieu- 
 tenant Noah Robinson of Exeter and Ensign Bell of New Castle were both 
 wounded, but survived. In Colonel Cilley's regiment. Captain William Scott 
 of Peterborough, Lieutenant James Gould of Groton, Lieutenant Jonathan 
 Emerson of Dunstable, and Lieutenant Barzillai Howe of Hillsborough were 
 all wounded, and Captain Jason Waitt of Alstead and Lieutenant John Moore 
 of Pembroke were made prisoners. In Major Dearborn's battalion, Lieutenant 
 William Read and Ensign Foster were killed, and Captain Ball was wounded. 
 In the ne.\t battle, of October 7th, we find the same brave men, who had so 
 ■well and so obstinately fought the first, again commanded to take the field. 
 General Gates' order to Wilkinson was: "Tell Morgan to begin the game." 
 He did begin it, attacking theenemy on the right flank. The New Hampshire 
 troops receive and obey the next order, and are soon found both in front and 
 on tlie left flank of the enemy. Wilkinson says : " After I had delivered the 
 order to General Poor, directing him to the point of attack, I was commanded 
 to bring up Ten Broeck's brigade of New York troops, 3000 strong. I per. 
 formed this service, and regained the field of battle at the moment the 
 enemy had turned their back, only fifty-two minutes after the first shot was 
 fired. I found the courageous Colonel Cilley astraddle of a brass 12-pounder, 
 and exulting in the capture." The whole of the British line was broken. It 
 was commanded by General Burgoyne in person. It gave way, and made a 
 disorderly retreat to their camp, leaving two brass 12-pounders and six brass 
 ^-pounders on the field, with the loss of more than 400 officers and privates 
 killed, wounded, and prisoners. Gen. Frazar was killed, while Majors Ackland, 
 Williams, Clarke, and many other officers were wounded and prisoners. The 
 battle thus far had been between the two camps, which were located about 
 two miles apart and at right angles with the Hudson river. After the retreat 
 of the British to their entrenchments, then came the furious attack upon their 
 defences. In this general charge upon the British works Generals Larnard, 
 Patterson, Nixon, Ten Broeck, Colonels Brooks and Marshall, urged on by 
 Arnold, all participated. Many of the militia from New England and New 
 York also lent essential aid. Colonel Breyman, at the head of his troops, was 
 killed, and a decisive victory was gained. Subsequently Burgoyne undertook 
 to extricate himself from his perilous position, but was baffled in his efforts, 
 and finally surrendered his army on the 17th of October. The American 
 army, or the returning officers thereof, failed to furnish a correct statement 
 of the loss in killed and wounded in this last battle. The New Hampshire 
 troops suffered severely. Many of the new levies, or militia, belonging to Gen. 
 
388 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [ 1 777 
 
 Whipple's brigade, shared in the dangers of the conflict in common with the 
 regular soldiers. One of their most worthy officers, Lieutenant-Colonel Sam- 
 uel Connor of Pembroke, was killed. Also Captain John McClary and En- 
 sign Tuck were mortally wounded, and Captain Nathan Sanborn of Deerfleld 
 was severely wounded. In Poor's brigade, Scammell's regiment, Scammell 
 himself was wounded. Also Lieutenant Thomas Simpson of Orford, Lieu- 
 tenant Joseph H'untoon of Kingston, Lieutenant Joseph Milton of Deerfield, 
 and Ensign Nathanifcl Leavitt of Hampton were wounded; while Lieutenant 
 Amos Webster, of Captain Livermore's company, and a resident in Plymouth, 
 and Ensign Lieman of HoUiswere killed. In Col. Reid's Regiment, Lieuten- 
 ant James Crombie of Rindge and Ensign William Taggart of Hillsborough 
 were wounded. 
 
 Our inspection of the rolls of the New Hampshire Continental regiments 
 engaged in both battles enables us to confirm Wilkinson's list of the killed and 
 wounded and missing of the battle of September 19th, and to render the other 
 fad quite certain, that our loss in the battle of October 7th was quite equal to 
 that of September 19th. We give a comparative statement of the killed in 
 both battles, embracing the names of subalterns and privates, with their 
 places of residence, so far as we could ascertain them, commencing with 
 Colonel Cilley's regiment. 
 September 19th, 12 killed. 
 
 October 7th, 1777, in the same regiment, : 16 killed. 
 
 We give next the killed, subalterns and privates, in Colonel Geo. Reid's regi- 
 ment, September 19th : 13 killed. 
 
 October 7th, killed : 11 ; 24 in all. 
 Private Daniel Grant, Exeter. 
 
 " Edmund Smith, Kensington. 
 ' ' Ebinezer Gove, Seabrook. 
 " Wm. Moreland, Salem. 
 Corporal Moses Rollins, wounded, died October 13, 1777. 
 Private Stephen Batchelder, Newmarket, wounded, died November 2, 1777. 
 " Jacob Flanders, South Hampton. 
 " Samuel Magoon, Brentwood. 
 " Richard Goss, Rye. 
 " Paul Peail, Rochester. 
 
 " Nath. Briggs, Keene, died of his wounds October 18. 
 The subalterns and privates of Colonel A. Scammell's regiment, killed 
 September 19, 1777, at Bemis's Heights, or Saratoga: — 
 Sergeant Iddo Church, Gilsum. 
 Private Jonathan Fuller, Claremont. 
 " Daniel Snow, Keene. 
 " Jonah Stone, Temple. 
 " Benjamin Warren, Winchester. 
 " Azariah Comstock, Richmond. 
 " John Magoon, Sanbornton. 
 " Stephen Fifield, Brentwood. 
 
1777] THE REVOLUTION. 389 
 
 Private Abraham Potter, Deerfield. 
 " John Crawford, Chester. 
 " Abram Cummings, Greenland. 
 
 " James Flagg, Moultonborough, wounded, died September 24, 1777. 
 " Edward Peavej, NewDurham, wounded, died September 23, 1777. 
 " James Hastings, Canterbury, wounded, died September 28, 1777. 
 October 7, 1777 : — 
 
 Sergeant Samuel Baker, Newmarket. 
 Private Seth Shackford, Newington. 
 " Frederick Freeman, Marlborough. 
 " Obadiah Kimball, Concord. 
 
 " Abial Sievens, Concord, wounded, died October 20. 
 " John Mason, Loudon, mortally wounded, died October 25. 
 
 John McCarty, Hawke. 
 " Collins Eaton, GofFstown. 
 " John Rollins, Chichester. 
 
 " Dudley Marsh, Pelham, mortally wounded — died November, 1777. 
 " John Crossfield, Keene, died of his wounds October 12, 1777. 
 Total killed October 7, I r. 
 Recapitulation of number killed : — 
 Colonel Cilley's Regiment, killed September 19 ... 12 
 " Reid's " 11 II ... 13 
 
 " Scammell's " n n ... 14 
 
 39 
 
 Battle October 7, Cilley's Regiment, 16 
 
 " Reid's " II 
 
 " " Scammell's " 11 
 
 38 
 In both battles — officers killed, 8; subalterns and privates, 77 ; rank and 
 file, 85. 
 
 We have on hand a list of over 90 men who were wounded or died in the 
 Northern army of 1777, belonging to the aforesaid regiments, without in- 
 cluding their loss at Hubbarton, July 7. The enumeration of the names of 
 these men would only fatigue your readers. 
 
 As the New Hampshire troops, including Poor's brigade, Dearborn's bat. 
 talion, and General Whipple's brigade of militia, were all actively engaged in 
 the battle of October 7, we may infer from the list of the killed here furnished 
 that their loss on that day equalled or exceeded that of September 19th. 
 Scammell's regiment had previously' experienced the loss of Captain Rich- 
 ard Weare, who was mortally wounded at Fort Ann, on the 4th of August, 
 1777, and had died at Albany soon after. He was a valuable officer, and the 
 favorite son of Chief Justice Weare. The same regiment suffered the loss of 
 Captain Hezekiah Beal of Portsmouth, on the 6th of November, 1777, having 
 been wounded in one of the previous battles with the enemy. 
 
39° HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^77^ 
 
 We would not omit to state the fact that two full companies of New 
 Hampshire men, commanded hy New Hampshire officers, were enrolled in 
 Colonel Michael Jackson's Massachusetts regiment and General Larnard's 
 'brigade. This regiment participated in both of the battles that led to Bur- 
 goyne's surrender. The amount of the loss of these companies we have not 
 .ascertained, nor have we had access to the rolls of Whipple's brigade or Dear- 
 born's battalion to ascertain the extent of their loss. 
 
 In conclusion, history tells us that the campaign of the Northern army, in 
 the beginning of 1777, commenced in defeat and gloom to our good cause 
 and terminated in success and glory. From the facts and figures before- 
 stated the candid reader can easily determine or apportion the just amount 
 of praise and gratitude due to the New Hampshire troops for their achieve- 
 ments in that eventful year. We have stated our claim with no intent to 
 .do injustice, or to disparage the distinguished services rendered by the men 
 from the other New England States, as well as New York and Virginia, in 
 <:ontributing their aid and well-concerted measures, which resulted in the 
 final surrender of Burgoyne and his army. 
 
 General Jacob Bailey of Vermont, who participated in that campaign as one 
 of the commanders of the forces there employed, on the 2otli of November, 
 1777, wrote to Honorable Meshech Weare, in his plain characteristic style, 
 viz. : — 
 
 " Dear Sir, — I congratulate you on the happy reduction of General Bur- 
 goyne's army by General Gates, in which New Hamp.shire State, first and 
 last, was very iiistrumeutal. The turning out of your volunteers was extra- 
 ordinarily advantageous in that affair," etc. 
 
 Such was the judgment of an honest and impartial eye-witness. 
 
 There is no doubt that the active, bold, and fearless conduct of Arnold in 
 both battles infused life and energy into the American troops. He had the 
 -credit, as commander in the first battle. It is said that Captain Samuel Ball 
 of the New Hampshire volunteers was wounded on the head by a blow from 
 Arnold's sword. That in return Ball raised his gun and would liave shot Ar- 
 nold had not his lieutenant interfered and seized Ball's arm. The cause of 
 the difficulty was not stated. Arnold made a subsequent apology to Ball. 
 The killing of Arnold may have been pronounced wrong or rash in the case 
 of Ball, if his purpose had been carried out, but it might have saved to the 
 name of Arnold the terrific word " traitor " 1 Captain Ball lived to a good old 
 age, and died in Acworth. 
 
 In the battle of Monmouth, in 1778, New Hampshire troops 
 under Colonel Cilley and Lieutenant-Colonel Dearborn behaved 
 with such bravery as to win the approbation of General Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 Early in 1778 General Stark was ordered to assume the com- 
 mand of the Northern department at Albany, where he 
 remained during the season. 
 
1779] THE REVOLUTION. 391 
 
 In November he was ordered by General Washington to pro- 
 ceed to the assistance of General Gates in Rhode Island, and, 
 joining Gates soon after at Providence, was stationed for the 
 remainder of the season at East Greenwich. As winter ad- 
 vanced he returned to New Hampshire, by way of Boston, to 
 urge the necessity for recruits and supplies. 
 
 1 The Keene Raid, an episode of the Revolution, ought not to 
 be forgotten, as it serves, in some measure, to illustrate the spirit 
 ■of those times. The hero of the affair was Captain Elisha Mack 
 of Gilsum, who with his brothers were at that time building what 
 was long known as the " Great Bridge " over the Ashuelot. He 
 was well known as a bold and honored veteran, having served first 
 as private, then as lieutenant, and afterwards as captain in two 
 regiments. At the battle of Bennington he commanded the 
 ninth company of Colonel Nichols' regiment in Stark's brigade. 
 Gilsum, which then included most of Sullivan, had no Tories, 
 while Keene had many, thirteen having refused to sign the 
 association test. Some of the leaders were obliged to flee from 
 the fury of their exasperated townsmen. Those who re;mained 
 were suspected of secreting stores of ammunition and provisions 
 to give " aid and comfort " to the British at the first opportunity. 
 Some zealous patriots of Keene were indignant at this state of 
 affairs, but hesitated to proceed to extremities with their neigh- 
 bors. Knowing Captain Mack's ardent temperament! and patri- 
 otic energy, they took him into their counsels, and concocted a 
 plan to discover the hidden stores, and oust the obnox.^ous Tories. 
 On the evening of May 30, 1779, a guard was set over every sus- 
 pected house. Captain Mack had easily collected a( company of 
 willing men, and, placing himself at their head, rodr; into Keene 
 in the early morning. Proceeding from house to h/ouse, he col- 
 lected the prisoners, and confined them in a chamber of Hall's 
 Tavern, on the east side of Main street, just below the present 
 railroad tracks. The search for contraband stores, however, 
 proved fruitless. The Keene militia was under command of 
 Captain Davis Howlet, who summoned his company to resist the 
 lawless invasion of their town, and sent a messeng>%r with all 
 
 * Sylvanus Haywood. 
 
392 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [178O 
 
 dispatch to Winchester for Colonel Alexander, who then com- 
 manded the regiment. When he arrived " he asked Captain Mack 
 if he intended to pursue his object. ' I do,' replied he, ' at the 
 hazard of my life.' 'Then,' said the colonel, emphatically, 'you 
 must prepare for eternity, for you shall not be permitted to take 
 vengeance, in this irregular mode, on any man, even if they are 
 Tories.' " ^ 
 
 Captain Mack, though a brave man, recognized the folly of diso- 
 beying his superior officer, and doubtless began to realize the 
 unlawfulness of his expedition. He therefore soon withdrew 
 his company towards home, amid the derisive shouts of the 
 excited Keenites. 
 
 In the spring of 1779 General Stark joined the army at Prov- 
 idence, and was employed all that season in watching the Brit- 
 ish army and preventing inroads. About the lothof November 
 the English sailed away from Newport, and General Stark took 
 poss 'jssion of the town the next morning, placing guards to pre- 
 serve order. 
 
 At this time General Washington ordered Generals Gates and 
 Stark, with the troops who had blockaded Newport, to join him 
 in New Jersey ; and soon after sent. General Stark to New 
 Hampshire to make requisitions for troops and supplies. He 
 performec? this service, and returned to the army at Morristown, 
 in May, 1780, and took part in the battle of Springfield, in June 
 following. Immediately after this battle General Stark was sent 
 to New En'gland, with orders to collect a body of militia and 
 volunteers, ^nd conduct them to West Point. He arrived at 
 that post with the troops a short time before Arnold's desertion ; 
 and, after delivering up the reinforcement, joined his division at 
 Liberty Polef, New Jersey. 
 
 In Septerhber he was ordered to West Point, to relieve Gen- 
 eral St. Clair and the Pennsylvania line. While at West Point, 
 he was cal led upon to participate in the trial of Major Andre, 
 being one,' of the thirteen generals composing the military 
 tribunal. About this time, Washington had formed the design 
 of surprising Staten Island ; and to mask his intentions. General 
 
 ' Kccne Ar.nals. 
 
1780] THE REVOLUTION. 393 
 
 Stark was detached with 2500 troops, and trains of cavalry 
 and artillery, and forage teams, to overrun the country north of 
 New York, and, if possible, to draw out and engage the enemy. 
 But the British were suspicious of concealed designs, and suffered 
 the detachment to pillage this Tory country, as far down as 
 King's Bridge and Morrisania, for several days, and then to 
 retire unmolested. The Staten Island project was not carried 
 out. The army soon after went to winter quarters at West 
 Point, New Windsor, and Fishkill, and General Stark, being 
 severely ill, was sent home on furlough, with the standing order 
 for men and supplies. 
 
 The early history of the Free Will Baptist denomination in the 
 State is the early history of the denomination itself, as it orig- 
 inated here, and is the only religious sect that took its rise in the 
 State. Its origin was in the country township of New Durham, 
 in the year 1780. The founder of this sect of Christians was 
 Benjamin Randall. He was a native of Newcastle and was born 
 in 1749. 
 
 From New Durham the new denomination spread, first into 
 Maine, next into Vermont and Massachusetts, and later into 
 various sections of the West. Its missionaries are now scattered 
 through the South, India, and other parts of the world, 
 
 ^ In 1780 Samuel Livermore was elected a delegate to the 
 Provincial Congress to succeed Josiah Bartlett. Congress then 
 met at Philadelphia, and the journey thither was a horseback 
 ride from Holderness of eighteen days, with food and shelter of 
 the most miserable kind for man and beast. 
 
 During the dispute relative to the New Hampshire grants — 
 the territory now constituting the State of Vermont — Mr. 
 Livermore was selected by the legislature to act in behalf of 
 New Hampshire. His well-known legal abilities prompted this 
 appointment and excellently well fitted him for that duty. 
 While acting in this position he was appointed to the high and 
 responsible office of chief justice of the Superior Court of Judi- 
 cature. The duties of the chief justice at that time were very 
 onerous. He was expected to attend every session of the court, 
 
 ' Fred Myron Colby. 
 
394 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1780 
 
 and as a usual thing, being the only lawyer upon the bench, was 
 of course called upon to decide all questions of law. He retained 
 this office from 1782 to 1790. 
 
 In 1785 Judge Livermore was again appointed a delegate tO' 
 Congress, and served, though he still retained his seat upon the 
 bench. He was also one of the committee with Josiah Bartlett 
 and John Sullivan to revise the statutes then in force, and report 
 what bills they deemed necessary to be enacted at the session of 
 the General Court. At the convention which formed our State 
 constitution he was a prominent member. Under the constitu- 
 tion he was elected representative to Congress, and being re- 
 elected served in that body till 1793. In the convention of 1791 
 for revising the State constitution he was the presiding officer. 
 His influence at this time was almost absolute. The constitu- 
 tion is subscribed with his name. But he had not yet filled the 
 measure of his honors. 
 
 In 1793 he was chosen United States senator to succeed Paine 
 Wingate, and so well and ably did he perform the duties of that 
 exalted station, and so well did he please his constituents, that 
 he was re-elected. His commanding position in the Senate is 
 indicated by the fact that he was president, pro tent., of that 
 body in 1797 and again in 1799. ^^ resigned his seat in i8ot, 
 and retired to his seat at Holderness, where he died in May, 
 1803. 
 
 Samuel Livermore was intrinsically a great man. Upon his- 
 own age he made a profound impression. Men like Jeremiah 
 Smith of Exeter, William Plumer of Epping, James Sheafe of 
 Portsmouth, and Charles H. Atherton knew of his greatness. 
 The latter declared that he was the great man of New Hamp- 
 shire in his time, and he not only knew him well but was capable 
 of estimating his character. His home at Holderness was 
 characterized by the tastes of a cultured statesman ; and by the 
 superiority of his elevated private as well as public character,, 
 no less than by his commanding personal dignity and the extent 
 of his possessions, he ruled the town with the absolute power of 
 a dictator. 
 
l78o] THE REVOLUTION. 395 
 
 ^ It is well known to all that slavery existed in New Hamp. 
 shire, to a limited extent, iii the last century ; the number of per- 
 sons held in bondage, however, was small, and nearly two-thirds 
 in Reckingham county. There is no record of its having been 
 abolished by State law, and it must have died out gradually 
 in obedience to public sentiment. By the census returns of 1767^ 
 the number of "negros and slaves for life " was 633 ; in 1773, 
 681. The number then gradually decreased to 479 in 1775, and 
 to 158 in 1790 ; of the latter, 98 were in Rockingham county. 
 
 In 1779 ^^ attempt was made to abolish the institution; a 
 petition was drawn up in Portsmouth, dated November 12, 1779, 
 to which was appended the names of twenty slaves asking for 
 the enactment of a law giving them their freedom. 
 
 The petition was before the House of Representatives April 
 25, 1780, and a hearing appointed to come off at their next 
 session, of which the petitioners were to give notice by publi- 
 cation in the New Hampshire Gazette. John Langdon was at 
 that time speaker of the House. The council concurred. The 
 matter came up in the House again on Friday, June gth, fol- 
 lowing, and was disposed of as will be seen by the following 
 extract from the Journal : — 
 
 " Agreeable to order of the day the petition of Nero Brewster 
 and others, negro slaves, praying to be set free from slavery, 
 being read, considered, and argued by counsel for petitioners 
 before this House, it appears to this House that at this time the 
 House is not ripe for a determination in this matter : There- 
 fore, ordered that the further consideration and determination 
 of the matter be postponed to a more convenient opportunity." 
 
 And that, so far as can be ascertained, was the end of it. 
 
 In June, 1780, Northfield was cut off from Canterbury. 
 
 At the close of the year 1780 the three New Hampshire regi- 
 ments were reduced to two, and placed under command of 
 Colonel Scammel and George Reid. 
 
 The following year a part remained in the State of New York, 
 and another part followed Colonel Scammel to Virginia, and 
 were present at the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. 
 
 ■ I . W. Hammond. 
 
396 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['782 
 
 In the spring of 178 1 General Stark was ordered once more 
 to assume the command of the Northern department, with head- 
 quarters at Saratoga. There was an extensive frontier to be 
 watched, and the country was overrun by traitors and spies, some 
 of whom he was obliged to hang. With only a few feeble 
 detachments of militia from New York, Massachusetts, and New 
 Hampshire under his command, the duties of the general were 
 both onerous and unpleasant. After the surrender of Corn- 
 wallis, all apprehensions of inroads from Canada having ceased, 
 General Stark was ordered to dismiss his militia, and to himself 
 retire to New England to recruit, and collect supplies for the 
 next campaign. Being at this time afflicted with rheumatism, he 
 remained at home during the year 1782, and did not return to 
 the army until ordered to headquarters by General Washington 
 in April, 1783. He arrived at the appointed time, and was 
 thanked by the commander-in-chief for his punctuality. 
 
 The legislature met for the first time in Concord in 1782, and held its 
 sessions in the hall over Judge Walker's store, a building still standing on 
 the west side of. Main street, not far from Horse Shoe Pond. During the 
 session, the president of the State, with his council, occupied the north parlor 
 of the Walker house, while the south parlor served as a general committee 
 room, and the room above it as the office of the treasurer of the State. The 
 house was built by Rev. Timothy Walker in the year 1733-4, and is said to 
 te the oldest two-story dwelling-house between Haverhill, Massachusetts, 
 and Canada. In 1739 it was fortified by the town by garrison walls, and 
 -during the French and Indian war it protected nine families. It was the re- 
 sidence until his death ("1782) of Rev. Timothy Walker, who planted the 
 noble elms (1764) which overshadow it; and later it was occupied by Judge 
 Walker, whose grandson, the present owner, Joseph B. Walker, now lives in 
 it. Through the several generations its doors have been hospitably open. In 
 those ancient rooms, which, however, have been somewhat modernized, were 
 -entertained the neighboring clergy, as well as strangers of note, including 
 Rogers, ■ Stark, and Thompson, afterwards Count Rumford. Thompson's 
 wife was born in the mansion, and the portraits and paintings, collected and 
 prized both by the count and his daughter the countess Rumford, are care- 
 fully preserved by the present owner, Mr. Joseph B. Walker. 
 
 On the 25th of November, 1783, the British army evacuated 
 New York. 
 
 The independence of the United States had been acknow- 
 ledged by the British Government and the war was ended. Dur- 
 
■783] 
 
 THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 397 
 
 ing the following month, most of the Continental troops returned 
 to their homes ; and General Stark, bidding adieu to his friends 
 
 in the army, and leaving behind the cares of public life, retired 
 to his New Hampshire estates to spend the remainder of his 
 days in peace. 
 
398 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1785 
 
 The name and fame of John Stark, the sturdy soldier and Indian fighter 
 of the " Seven Years' French War" of 1754 to 1760, and the successful patriot 
 commander of the war of the Revolution, is no new theme to the people of 
 his native State of New Hampshire. 
 
 The Stark family of New Hampshire descended from Archibald Stark, a 
 Scotchman, born at Glasgow in 1697. He was educated at the university of 
 his native city, and when twenty-three years of age came to America with the 
 Scotch-Irish emigrants who settled Londonderry. • He afterwards removed 
 to Derryfield, now Manchester, where he died in 1758. 
 
 Archibald Stark had four sons, — William, John, Samuel and Archibald, — 
 all of whom held commissions in the British service during the " Seven 
 Years" or "French War," and were distinguished for good conduct, cool- 
 ness, and bravery. 
 
 John Stark, one of the brothers, was born in Londonderry, in August, 
 1728. He resided with his father in Londonderry and Derryfield until past 
 his minority, their home occupation being that of farmers and millers. The 
 father owned extensive tracts of land about Amoskeag Falls, and was also' 
 one of the original proprietors of Dunbarton, then called Starkstown. Saw- 
 mills and grist-mills were built and run by John Stark at both these places. 
 
 The settlements being at this time sparse, and surrounded by interminable 
 forests, abounding in game and ferocious animals, every young man of the 
 settlers was naturally a hunter, and quite as familiar with woodcraft and the 
 chase as he was with the implements of agriculture, or the saws and stones 
 of the mill. It was also a time of semi-war. The fierce remnants of the 
 native Indian tribes, although nominally conquered at Lovewell's fight in 
 1721;, still continued to haunt their ancient hunting-grounds for at least forty 
 years later. The settler was obliged to be in readiness at all times to de- 
 fend the lives of his family from the predatory savage, and his herds and 
 flocks from the bears and wolves and catamounts of the forest. Winter hunt- 
 ing expeditions to more remote parts of the wilderness were often organized 
 for hunting and trapping. 
 
 It was on one of these hunting expeditions, in March, 1752, that a party of 
 four of which John Stark was a member, was attacked by the Indians on 
 Baker's river in the town of Rumney. David Stinson was shot and killed ; 
 William Stark escaped ; John Stark and Amos Eastman were captured, and 
 taken through the wilderness to the upper waters of the Connecticut river, and 
 subsequently to St. Francis, in Canada, where they arrived in June, three 
 months after their capture. The bold and defiant bearing of Stark during 
 this captivity excited the admiration of his savage captors to such an extent 
 that he was adopted by the chief sachem and treated with great kindness, 
 after the first initiatory ceremony of running the gauntlet, in which ceremony 
 he took an unexpected part by using his club on the Indians, instead of 
 waiting for them to use their clubs on him. On being set to the task of hoe- 
 ing corn, he carefully hoed the weeds and cut up the corn, and then threw 
 the hoe into the river, declaring that it was the business of squaws, and not 
 
 ' George Stark. 
 
1783] THE REVOLUTION. 399 
 
 of warriors, to hoe corn. His boldness secured his release from the drudgery 
 usually imposed on their captives, and they called him the "young chief." 
 
 During this enforced residence with the Indians he obtained a knowledge 
 of their language and methods of warfare which proved of great service to 
 him in his subsequent military career. 
 
 Bancroft's History, in referring to the company of Rangers, says : Among 
 them was John Stark, then a lieutenant; of a rugged nature, but of the cool- 
 est judgment; skilled at discovering the paths of the wilderness, and know- 
 ing the way to the hearts of the backwoodsmen." 
 
 In 1758 Captain Stark obtained a short furlough for the purpose of visiting 
 his home, and while there was united in marriage (August 21, «i758) to 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Captain Caleb Page, one of the original proprietors of 
 Dunbarton. 
 
 When the country became seriously agitated in 1774 upon the abridgment 
 of its liberties by the crown, he uniformly espoused the cause of his coun- 
 trymen, and from his military experience and respectable standing was 
 looked up to as the natural leader of the patriots of his vicinity. 
 
 On his retirement from the army, General Stark was fifty-five years of age. 
 Somewhat past the prime of life of the average man, but with a frame made 
 strong by early vigorous labors, and preserved by constant exercise and tem- 
 perate habits, a long lease of life still remained to him. He survived the 
 Revolutionary war nearly forty years, and to the last was held by his neigh- 
 bors and fellow-countrymen in the highest esteem. 
 
 Washington had great confidence in Stark, fully appreciating his firm 
 patriotism, his ability, and his influence with the people of New Hampshire 
 and the adjoining States. When men or supplies were wanted from these 
 States, he generally sent him to obtain them ; and was particular to request 
 that the i:ew levies should come out under Stark's command. In appointing 
 him commander of the Northern Department in 1781, Washington wrote: 
 " I am induced to appoint you to this command on account of your knowl- 
 edge and influence among the inhabitants of that country. ... I rely 
 upon it, you will use your utmost exertions to draw forth the force of the 
 country from the Green Mountains and all the contiguous territory. And I 
 doubt not }-our requisitions will be attended with success, as your personal 
 influence must be unlimited among these people, at whose head you have 
 formerly fought and conquered, with so much reputation and glory." 
 
 In 1786 General Stark received from Congress the following complimentary 
 brevet commission : — 
 
 In pursuance of an Act of Congress of the 13th day of September, 1783, 
 John Stark, Esquire, is to rank as major-general by brevet in the army of the 
 United States of America. 
 
 Given under my hand, at New York, the 9th day of June, 1786. 
 
 (l. s.) Nathaniel Gorham, President. 
 
 Entered in the War Oflice. Henry Knox, Secretary of War. 
 
 After the war, he again took up his extensive agricultural and lumbering 
 operations, managing his business affairs with the same energy, industry, 
 and foresight that characterized his military life. 
 
400 IlISTOKY OF NEW HAMPSIUKE. ['/Sj 
 
 In person, General Stark was of middle stature (5 feet 10), and well pro- 
 portioned for strength and activity. Constant exercise prevented his ever 
 becoming corpulent. He always travelled on horseback, even if accompanied 
 by his family in a carriage; and at an advanced age mounted his horse with 
 ease, without other aid than the stirrup. His features were bold and prom- 
 inent; the nose was well formed; the eyes light blue, keen and piercing, deep- 
 ly sunk under projecting brows. His lips were generally closely compressed. 
 He was not bald; but his hair became white, and covered his head. His 
 "whole appearance indicated coolness, courage, activity, and confidence in 
 himself, whether called upon to perform the duties of an enterprising partisan 
 or a calculating and considerate general. 
 
 His character was unexceptional in his private as in his public life. 
 His manners were frank and open. He spake his thoughts boldly on all 
 occasions, without concealment of his meaning. He was a man of kindness 
 and hospitality, which, through life; he extended to all his comrades in arms 
 and to others who sought his assistance. He ever sustained a reputation for 
 honor and integrity, — friendly to the industrious and enterprising, but severe 
 to the idle and unworthy. 
 
 General Stark survived his wife eight years. They had eleven children, — 
 five sons and six daughters, — and all except one reached the age of maturity. 
 His third son, John Stark, jr., remained at home, married, and raised a family 
 of twelve children at the old homestead. The veteran general was thus sur- 
 rounded in his home by a numerous progeny, who in his last years kindly 
 alleviated the infirmities of extreme age. 
 
 He died on the 8th of May, 1S22, aged 93 years S months and 24 days. He 
 was buried with military honors at the spot where his remains now lie, and 
 where it is now proposed to erect to his memory an elegant equestrian bronze 
 statue. 
 
 Note. — The material for this biographical sketch has been drawn from numerous papers and 
 books, and more especially from the " Memoir and Ofhcial Correspondence of General John Stark," 
 by his grandson, the late Caleb Stark, of Dunbarton, N. II., edition of 18C0. — G. S. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION, 1784-1792. 
 
 Constitution of 1784 — First Legislature — First President — Coun- 
 cil — Senate — House of Representatives — Lawlessness — Trouble 
 at Keene — Mock Convention at Concord — John Langdon — John 
 Sullivan • — Mob at Exeter — Federal Constitution — Littleton — 
 United States Constitutional Convention — Election under Con- 
 stitution — MicMnERs OF the Continental Congress — Officials at 
 Portsmouth — Josiaii Bartlett — Town of Bartlett — Orange — 
 Revision of Statutes — Constitutional Convention — Ancient 
 Singing. 
 
 'T*HE Revolution^ had not only involved the colonies in war but 
 had thrust upon them the perils of self-government. Next 
 to the demands of the war, and, indeed, essential to its success, 
 was the call on the civil wisdom of the country for local insti- 
 tutions and new forms of government. The epoch of the 
 Revolution was the epoch also of written constitutions. The 
 old governments were dissolved ; society was thrown into its 
 first elements. Utopian and fantastic ideas of government were 
 advanced, and the adoption of a firm and acceptable form of 
 government which would protect the people in their newly 
 Acquired liberty was a matter of serious consideration. The 
 people of New Hampshire had been the first, after the opening 
 of hostilities, to adopt a written constitution. It had gone into 
 effect early in January, 1776, before the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence ; and its title, "A form of government to continue during 
 the present unhappy and unnatural contest with Great Britain," 
 was a proof of the unsettled state of public feeling at the time. 
 It imposed no restriction on the right of suffrage, and left the 
 highest offices open to all. In 1779 a convention had formed 
 
 » William Plumer, Jr. 
 
402 HISTORY OF NEW IIAMPSHIKE. ['784 
 
 a new constitution, which proposed that the government should 
 be entrusted to a Council and House of Representatives ; and 
 provided that all the male inhabitants of the State, of lawful 
 age, paying taxes, and professing the I'lotestant religion, should 
 be deemed lawful voters in choosing councillors and represen- 
 tatives ; and that these officers, aside from the same qualifica- 
 tions, should have an estate of ^^300. This constitution was 
 rejected by the people. It had been framed about the time of 
 the alliance with France, when the soldiery and not the religion 
 of that country was wanted. Another convention was called 
 in 1781 ; and the constitution which it framed, after alterations 
 and amendments had been made, went into operation in 1784. 
 One of its clauses declared that " every individual has a natural 
 and unalienable right to worship God according to the dictates 
 of his own conscience and reason,"^ while another article, a 
 sort of " compromise between the new spirit of religious free- 
 dom and the old intolerance," confined to " Christians " the pro- 
 tection of the law for this "unalienable right." Other clauses 
 provided that no person should hold the office of governor, 
 councillor, senator, delegate, or member of Congress, unless he 
 were of the '• Protestant religion." The new constitution met 
 with considerable opposition, although parties were not divided 
 upon it. Men who were afterwards Federalists and Democrats 
 opposed the religious test, notably William Plumer, a law-stu- 
 dent, an able writer, and an earnest and eloquent public speaker. 
 
 The treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United 
 States of America was signed in Paris, in September, 1783. 
 The constitution, containing bill of rights and form of govern- 
 ment agreed upon by the delegates of the people of New 
 Hampshire, in a convention held at Concord on the first Tues- 
 day of June, 1783, had been submitted to and approved by the 
 people and had been established by their delegates in conven- 
 tion, in October, 1783. It was to go into effect in June, 1784. 
 
 Accordingly in June, 1784, the newly elected legislature, 
 perhaps as distinguished a body of men as ever gathered to- 
 gether within the limits of the State, assembled at Concord, and 
 
 * William Plumer, Jr. 
 
•784] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 4O3 
 
 proceeded to organize. According to the constitution, the new 
 Senate was to be composed of twelve members. 
 
 George Atkinson was chosen speaker of the House ; Woodbury 
 Langdon was chosen as senior senator. 
 
 John McClary and Francis Blood, of the Senate, and Joseph 
 Badger, Nathaniel Peabody, and Moses Chase, of the House, 
 were elected councillors. 
 
 Abiel Foster, Jonathan Blanchard, John Langdon, and Moses 
 Dow were appointed delegates to represent New Hampshire in 
 Congress for a year, commencing the following November, but 
 all except Mr. Foster refused the honor, and subsequently Samuel 
 Livermore, Pierce Long, and Elisha Paine were associated with 
 Mr. Foster, but two serving at once. 
 
 Samuel Livermore, Josiah Bartlett, and John Sullivan were 
 appointed a committee to revise the laws of the State, and to 
 draw such new laws as they might deem necessary. 
 
 Ebenezer Thompson was elected secretary for the State ; John 
 Taylor Oilman was elected treasurer. 
 
 The pay of the members was six shillings a day ; the secretary 
 of the State and the clerk of the House received nine shillings. 
 
 The first session at Concord lasted about two weeks, when the 
 legislature adjourned to meet in October in Portsmouth. It was 
 not until the second meeting that a yea and nay vote was 
 recorded. 
 
 A town with one hundred and fifty ratable male polls was 
 entitled to one representative ; with four hundred and fifty polls, 
 to two ; with seven hundred and fifty polls, to three. Every 
 member of the House was seized of a freehold estate in his own 
 right of at least ;^ioo; a senator had to own ;£200 in a free- 
 hold estate to be eligible for the ofiRce. 
 
 His Excellency, Meshech Weare, who had served the State 
 throughout the struggle for independence as its chief executive 
 officer, was found to have received a large majority of the votes 
 cast, and was duly declared elected the first president of the new 
 Commonwealth. He was not, however, sworn into office for 
 several days after the legislature met. 
 
 On the first drfy of the session the members of both branches 
 
404 IIISTOUY OF NEW 11AMPS}UKE. ['784 
 
 of "The General Court" attended services at the Old North 
 Church, and listened to a sermon by Rev. Samuel McClintock, 
 of Greenland. So well pleased were they that they voted him 
 ;£i5 in the afternoon to recompense him. The sermon is on 
 file among the archives of the State library, and is worthy of 
 perusal after a century has passed by. A few extracts may be 
 of interest to the present generation: — 
 
 " How becoming is it that we should render unto Hmti in a public manner 
 the most devout ascriptions of praise for the great things He has done for us 
 in delivering us from the cruel hand of oppression and the impending miseries 
 of abject servitude, crowning our arduous struggle in defence of the rights of 
 human nature with triumphant success, in acknowledgment of our inde- 
 pendence and sovereignty, and in giving us the singular advantage of forming 
 a constitution of government for ourselves and our posterity. If we should 
 neglect to render due praise to Him on such a great occasion, the heather> 
 would rise up in judgment and condemn us for our impiety and ingratitude." 
 
 He speaks of "the present glorious revolution in this land," and continues: 
 " Hardly any people were ever less prepared to enter the list with such a great 
 and powerful nation. War was not our object or wish ; on the contrary we 
 deprecated it as a dreadful calamity, and continued to hope, even against hope, 
 that the gentle methods of petitioning and remonstrating might obtain a re- 
 dress of grievances. 
 
 " The virar on our part was not a war ofambition, but a justifiable self-defence 
 against the claims of an arbitrary power, which was attempting to wrest from 
 us the privileges we had all along enjoyed, and to subject us to a state of ab- 
 ject servitude. . . . 
 
 "They were men of war from their youth. They had regular troops, used 
 to service, who had signalized their valor on the Plains of Minden and on the 
 Heights of Abraham, commanded by able and experienced generals, amply 
 furnished with all the terrible apparatus of death and destruction, and aided 
 by mercenary troops who had been bred to arms and were versed in all the 
 stratagems of war; add to this they had a navy that ruled the ocean, and 
 regular resources to supply their demands. On the other hand, we were inex- 
 perienced in the art of war, and had neither disciplined troops, nor magazines 
 of provision and ammunition, nor so much as one ship of war to oppose to 
 their formidable fleets, nor any regular resources, not even so much as the 
 certain prospect of any foreign aid; besides, all the civil governments were 
 dissolved and the people reduced back to a state of nature, and in danger of 
 falling into anarchy and confusion. . . . 
 
 "That people so widely separated from one another by their situation, man- 
 ners, customs, and forms of government, should all at once be willing to 
 sacrifice their present interests to the public good and unite like a band of 
 brothers to make the cause of one State, and even of one town, a common 
 cause; and that they should continue firm and united under the greatest dis- 
 
1784] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 405 
 
 couragements and the most trying reverses of fortune; that an army of freemen, 
 voluntarily assembled at the alarm of danger — men who had been nurtured 
 in the bosom of liberty and unused to slavish restraints, should be willing 
 to submit to the severity of military government for the safety of their coun- 
 try, and patiently endure hardships that would have tried the fortitude of vet- 
 erans, following their illustrious leader in the depths of winter, through cold 
 and snow, in nakedness and perils, when every step they took was marked 
 with the blood that issued from their swollen feet, and when they could not be 
 animated to such patience and perseverance by any mercenary motives, was. 
 a rare spectacle, and for its solution must be traced to a higher source." 
 
 The whole sermon shows that the speaker, if not the hearers, 
 appreciated the magnitude of the struggle through which the 
 colonies had successfully passed, and realized the responsibility 
 which devolved upon them in establishing the new state on a 
 sure foundation. 
 
 Money at this time was very scarce, that is, gold and silver. 
 The Continental currency had depreciated so that forty pounds 
 represented one, and was very difficult to dispose of at any 
 figure, being thought nearly worthless. The new legislature 
 voted to raise ;^25,ooo, but were aware of the difficulty of rais- 
 ing any. They provided for the pensions of disabled soldiers 
 for a lighthouse at Newcastle, and for the pay of the officers of 
 the State, but made the collection possible by allowing evi- 
 dences of State indebtedness to be received as State taxes. 
 
 At this time the State contained a population of about I40,cxx> 
 souls, mostly employed in agricultural pursuits. Portsmouth was 
 the only place of much importance, sending three representatives 
 to the General Court, but its leading men were the unpopular Mas- 
 onian proprietors, and thus its influence was curtailed. Next in 
 importance was the town of Londonderry, where already had 
 sprung up a few manufacturing industries. Derryfield sent no 
 representative. This was before the days of turnpikes and can- 
 als, and the roads were carried over the hilliest and most rocky 
 routes, to save expense in maintaining, and were consequently 
 as bad as they well could be ; but as they were not much used 
 except by foot travellers and horsemen, it did not much matter. 
 Bridges were of such a character that they were generally carried 
 away by the freshet every spring, while the main dependence 
 
406 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^7^4 
 
 was placed on ferries. The crops on the new land on the hill- 
 side farms were abundant. Large families of children were 
 raised, and were educated in the rudiments at the little school- 
 house in every district. On every farm was a self-sustaining 
 •community : they raised their own wheat, corn, vegetables, maple 
 sugar, and all the food required ; they raised their own wool and 
 ilax ; they tanned their own leather ; they made their own cloth, 
 and made their own garments. Every town had its minister. 
 Then came the miller with grist-mill and saw-mill ; then the 
 blacksmith ; and, lastly, when the town had gained a certain 
 standing, a justice of the peace. 
 
 Dartmouth College was granted the right by the first legis- 
 lature of the State to hold a lottery in order to raise jC^.ooo. 
 
 Meshech Weare, the new president of the State, was at this 
 time well advanced in years, being over seventy. 
 
 Of the councillors, John McClary, of Epsom, was a delegate to the 
 Provincial Congress i.which met in May, 1775. lie died in June 1801, aged 
 ■eighty-two. 
 
 Gen. Francis Blood, of Temple, was representative all through the Revolu- 
 tionary War, a justice of Court of Common Pleas, and afterwards chief justice. 
 He was a man of superior mind, sagacity, and information, for many years 
 the leading man of the town, acquired a handsome property, and died in 1790. 
 
 Dr. Nathaniel Peabody, of Atkinson, was one of the distinguished men of 
 Tiis times. He was adjutant-general of the State, member of Congress, 
 .and major-general of the State militia, 1793. He died in Exeter in June, 1823. 
 
 General Joseph Badger, son of Captain Joseph Badger, was a man of great 
 military ardor, and held offices in the militia for thirty years. He was present 
 .at the capture of Burgoyne in 1779. 
 
 Moses Chase, of Cornish, came of that family which has given so many 
 -distinguished names to American history, including that of Chief Justice 
 Salmon P. Chase. 
 
 Of the senators, Joseph Oilman, of Exeter, was treasurer of Rockingham 
 county. He died in May, 1806. 
 
 Woodbury Langdon, of Portsmouth, was a merchant; a member of the old 
 Congress, judge of the Supreme Court, and a firm patriot, devoted to the 
 ■cause of his country. 
 
 Timothy Walker, of Concord, only son of Rev. Timothy Walker of Con- 
 cord, was justice of Court of Common Pleas, chief justice five years; candidate 
 ibr governor in 1798. He died in May, 1822. He filled all the town and State 
 offices to which he was elected with fidelity and honor. 
 
 John Langdon. of Portsmouth, was afterwards president of New Hampshire. 
 
 Honorable John Wentworth, of Dover, representative through the war; 
 
1784] STATE UNDER FlUST CONSTITUTION. 40/ 
 
 one of the executive council of tlie State; on llie Coiiiir.ittee of Safety; and 
 a delegate to tlie Continental Congress. lie was an able lawyer; as a man, 
 benevolent, and of a good-natured address, and a statesman of superior abili- 
 ties. He died in January, 1787. 
 
 Ebenezer Smith, was a proprietor of Gilmanton, but settled in Meredith in 
 1768, and was a " father of the town " for many years. He was judge of 
 Probate; lieutenant-colonel of loth regiment militia; and president of the 
 Senate two years. He died in August, 1807. 
 
 Matthew Thornton vas a member of Congress and a signer of the Declaration 
 ■of Independence. 
 
 Simeon Olcott, of Charlestown, was judge of Probate ; chief justice of Court 
 of Common Pleas; associate justice of Superior Court in 1790; chief justice 
 from 1795 to 1801 ; and United States senator. He died in February, 1815. 
 
 Enoch Hale, of Rindge, was a leading citizen of the town, till he removed 
 to Walpole in 17S4.. He died in Grafton, Vt., in April, 1813, aged seventy-nine. 
 
 Moses Dow, of Haverhill, was the first lawyer of Grafton county, and for 
 some time was register of Probate. 
 
 Of the House of Representatives, George Atkinson, who was born, lived, 
 Jind died in Portsmouth, was a man of considerable ability, strict integrity, 
 and of an irreproachable character. He was four times appointed a delegate 
 to the Continental Congress, but each time declined the office. He was also 
 appointed a member of the Committee of Safety, and declined. He was ap- 
 pointed a special justice of the Superior Court. In 1785 he was one of four 
 •candidates for president of the State, and received the largest popular vote, 
 but failed of an election before the legislature. He died in February, 1788. 
 
 George Gains was one of the Committee of Safety for the State in 1777. 
 
 John Pickering, a native of Newington, was attorney-general in 1786; re- 
 peatedly a member of the legislature ; president of the United States Senate in 
 1789; and governor of the State, ex officio, when Governor John I^angdon was 
 elected to the United States Senate. In. 1790 he was appointed chief justice of 
 the Superior Court, and held the office five years. He was afterwards district 
 judge of the United States and served till 1804. He died in April, 1805. 
 
 Colonel Daniel Runnels, of Londonderry, served as captain in Colonel 
 Nichols's regiment at Bennington, and as captain in Colonel Peabody's 
 regiment in Rhode Island in 1778. He was an able and distinguished citizen. 
 
 Thomas Bartlett, of Nottingham, was among the leading patriots ot 
 Rockingham county. He was captain of a company in 1775 at Winter Hill; 
 lieutenant-colonel in Colonel Gilman's regiment in Rhode Island in 1778; a 
 member of Committee of Safety in 1778; colonel of a regiment at West Point 
 in 1780; brigadier-general of New Hampshire militia in 1792; representative 
 in 1775; speaker of the House of Representatives; judge of the Court of 
 Common Pleas. He died in June, 1807, aged fifty-nine. 
 
 Moses Leavitt, of North Hampton, actively participated in the war of the 
 Revolution. He was appointed captain in the Continental service in 1776, 
 and was employed on coast defence during the war. He was representative 
 in 1782 and 1783. 
 
 Hon. Christopher Toppan, of Hampton, was a useful and distinguished 
 
408 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^7^4 
 
 citizen, son of Dr. Edmund Toppan, and grandson of Rev. Christophef 
 Toppan, of Newbury, Mass. His mother was a daughter of Colonel Joshua 
 'Wingate. He was often a representative and councillor. He died in Febru- 
 ary, 1819, aged eightv-four. 
 
 Daniel Emerson, of HoUis, was coroner for Hillsborough county; captain 
 in Rhode Island expedition; representative and councillor. He died in 
 October, 182 1. 
 
 Lieutenant Robert Wallace, of Henniker, was a native of Londonderry; 
 judge of Court of Common Pleas for Hillsborough county, and councillor 
 from 17S8 to 1803. He died in January, 1815. 
 
 John Duncan, of Antrim, a native of Londonderry, was a prominent 
 citizen, serving as town-clerk, representative, selectman, and senator. He 
 died in March, 1823. 
 
 John Underbill, of Chester. 
 
 John Cram, one of the chief men in the town of Pittsfield. 
 
 Captain Jeremiah Clough, of Canterbury, was a veteran of Bunker Hill, 
 and an active and influential citizen. 
 
 Major Nathan Bachelder, of Loudon, was one of the most active and influ- 
 ential citizens of that town from its organization until the close of the 
 century. 
 
 Samuel Daniell, of Pembroke, was a leading citizen of that tjwn. 
 
 Colonel Nathaniel Emerson, of Candia, was " called to public stations 
 perhaps more than any other individual who ever lived in Candia." 
 
 Jeremiah Eastman, of Deerfield, was born in December, 1732, in Kensing- 
 ton, and settled in Deerfield. 
 
 James Betton, of Windham, was a farmer, surveyor, and auctioneer. 
 
 Major Jonathan Wentworth, of Somersworth, was captain in siege of 
 Boston. 
 
 John Sanborn, from Sanbornton, a veteran of the old French war, and a 
 soldier of the Revolution, was a benevolent, generous-hearted man, of dig- 
 nity and presence, full of dry humor. 
 
 Robert Means, of Amherst, born in Ireland, was noted for his hon- 
 esty, fair dealing, close attention to business, and in time became one of the 
 most widely known and distinguished merchants in the town or State. 
 
 Benjamin Mann, of Mason, commanded a company at the battle of Bunker 
 Hill. He moved to Keene in iSoo, and died in 1801. 
 
 Mr. Ephraim Adams, of New Ipswich, was one of the leading men of that 
 town for many years. 
 
 Matthew Wallace, of Peterborough, was seventeen times moderator; eleven 
 years town-clerk ; six years selectman ; six years representative. 
 
 Captain Francis Davis, of Warner, was the first representative from War- 
 ner, both to the Provincial Congress at Exeter as well as under the constitution. 
 
 Elijah Grout, of Charlestown, was very active and widely known through- 
 out the Revolution. He was a brave and good man. He was intelligent and 
 far-seeing, and had all the qualities of a sterling man. 
 
 William Smiley, of Jattrey, an early settler, was a prominent and influen- 
 tial man. 
 
1784] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 4O9 
 
 Samuel King, of Chesterfield, was a physician. 
 
 Stephen Powers, of Croydon, was an early settler of that place, and was 
 distinguished for his giant frame, great physical strength, and vigorous in- 
 tellect. 
 
 Colonel Timothy Bedel, of Bath, was prominent all through the Revolu- 
 tion, holding important commands on the northern frontier. 
 
 Moses Baker, of Campton, was the great-grandfather of Hon. Henry W. 
 Blair. 
 
 Such, with their associates of like character, were the men 
 chosen by the yeomanry of New Hampshire to organize the new 
 State government. To them was intrusted the welfare of the 
 Commonwealth at the most important and trying time of its his- 
 tory, — a period of depression and distress such as had hardly 
 been felt in the sharpest crisis of the war itself. The close of 
 hostilities with England brought with it no relief to the suf- 
 ferings of the people, but seemed for a time rather to aug- 
 ment them. A feeling of very general discontent pervaded 
 the public mind, no longer held in check by a foreign foe. 
 The government was weak and inefificient, the people poor and in 
 debt, credit both public and private impaired, or rather well-nigh 
 destroyed. A depreciated paper currency took the place of specie ; 
 tender laws and the further issues of paper were loudly called for 
 by the discontented and debtor party, as the only remedy for the 
 great and acknowledged evils of the times ; and the courts of law 
 were more than ever surrounded by mobs, whose avowed purpose 
 was to prevent the judges from proceeding in the trial of cases. 
 In Keene, nearly two years before, the judges of the Superior 
 Court, accompanied by the attorney-general, John Sullivan, 
 were warned in the outskirts of the village that a mob had col- 
 lected about the court-house, who would resist with violence any 
 attempt to enforce the laws. Sullivan undertook to get the 
 court, with as little loss of dignity as possible, out of the hands of 
 the mob. He accordingly halted the party while he put on his 
 uniform of a general in the Continental army — blue coat, bright 
 buttons, sword, and cocked hat with plume, that had been seen 
 on nearly every battlefield of the Revolution, — mounted his pow- 
 erful gray horse, and, preceding the court, conducted them into 
 the town. An armed assembly had gathered about the court- 
 
410 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['784 
 
 house, sullen in their aspect and resolute in their purpose to pre- 
 vent the transaction of business, who gave way, however, and 
 allowed the court to enter. The judges having taken their seats, 
 the court was opened in due form by the crier, while the crowd 
 rushed tumultuously in and filled the house. Sullivan, who was 
 a man of fine personal appearance, dignified aspect, and com- 
 manding deportment, stood in the clerk's desk and calmly and 
 resolutely surveyed the multitude, recognizing among them offi- 
 cers and soldiers who had served with him. He seemed once 
 more their trusted commander, and the instinct of obedience was 
 working strongly in the mass, who felt his presence and involun- 
 tarily obeyed the motions of their old chief. With dignity he 
 took off his cocked hat, disclosing a profusion of white powdered 
 hair, unbelted his long sword and deliberately laid them on the 
 table. Having gained their attention, and silence ensuing 
 after considerable disturbance, he demanded of them why 
 they had come before the court in such a turbulent manner. 
 He was answered by many voices: "The petition! the peti- 
 tion ! " and a committee stepped forward with a huge roll of 
 paper which Sullivan received and presented to the court. The 
 clerk having read it, Sullivan addressed the people, courteously 
 but firmly, on the impropriety of any attempt to influence, even 
 by the appearance of violence, the deliberations of the court ; 
 told them their petition would be considered ; and directed them 
 to withdraw. They obeyed with reluctance, whereupon the 
 court adjourned until the next day, in hope that the mob would 
 disperse. In the afternoon Sullivan addressed them on the sub- 
 ject of their complaints, and advised them to return to their 
 homes. On the opening of the court the next morning the 
 house was full of people, impatient for the answer to their peti- 
 tion. Sullivan, now in citizen's dress, with grace and dignity 
 said that he was instructed by the court to inform them that the 
 court would continue all causes on the civil docket in which 
 either party was not ready for trial, as the court was due in another 
 county. Upon which announcement the people withdrew with 
 cheers for General Sullivan. The mob had effected its pur- 
 pose, and the dignity of the court had been sustained. At 
 
1784] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 41! 
 
 this time Keene and the towns bordering on the Connecticut 
 were lukewarm in their allegiance to the New Hampshire au- 
 thorities. 
 
 In Massachusetts a similar condition of things led, in 1786, 
 to Shays's rebellion ; and in this State, at an earlier period of 
 that year, events seemed fast tending to a like dangerous issue. 
 Many town and county conventions were held, and petitions for 
 a redress of grievances were presented to the legislature. Del- 
 egates from some of the conventions assembled in Concord 
 during the June session, where they were assisted to organize 
 by several active young men, some of whom were afterwards 
 distinguished in the service of the State, who, although not prop- 
 erly chosen members, conceived the idea of turning the pro- 
 ceedings into ridicule. Having been admitted without question, 
 as delegates from their respective towns, they at once took a 
 leading part, taking different sides to avoid an appearance of 
 concert, and vied with the true members in their zeal for reform. 
 After a debate of several hours the convention adopted a series 
 of resolutions, and appointed a committee, of which William 
 Plumer, one of the eleven young conspirators, was chairman, to 
 report a petition to the legislature. This petition, which was 
 reported the next morning, embodied the substance of the reso- 
 lutions, and was unanimously adopted by the convention. Among 
 other things it requested the legislature to abolish the Court of 
 Common Pleas, to establish town courts, to restrict the number 
 of lawyers to two in a county, and to provide for the issue of 
 State notes to the amount of three million dollars, the same to 
 be legal tender in payment of all debts. The issue of paper 
 money by the State was the favorite measure of the discontented 
 and debtor party, and the mock members of the convention 
 could hardly keep pace with the real ones in the extravagance 
 of their suggestions. Dr. Jonathan Gove, of New Boston, who 
 represented ten towns in Hillsborough county, proposed to raise 
 the amount named to twelve millions of dollars, to pay all debts 
 public and private. The convention went in a body to present 
 their petition, and were gravely received by the legislature. 
 The speaker showed them ceremonious attention, and, as one of 
 
412 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^7^S 
 
 the delegates said, treated them "with superfluous respect," 
 laying their memorial on the table. Having again assembled at 
 their place of meeting, Mr. Plumer addressed them and showed 
 the absurdity of their proceedings ; after a heated discussion 
 the convention broke up in disorder : and for some time the very 
 name of a convention became a term of reproach. ^ 
 
 The dispute between the people of New Hampshire and the 
 inhabitants of the Hampshire grants and the authorities of New 
 York as to the western boundary of New Hampshire had been 
 settled by the Continental Congress admitting into the Union the 
 new State of Vermont. About this time several New Hampshire 
 towns situate in the Connecticut valley were tempted to throw 
 off their allegiance to New Hampshire ; but happily more pru- 
 dent counsels prevailed and the separation did not take place. 
 
 John Langdon, who was elected second president of the State 
 in 1785, after Meshech Weare had declined to serve, was born in 
 Portsmouth in 1740, was a merchant, shipbuilder, and a patriot. 
 He helped seize the ammunition at Fort William and Mary in 
 1774, built the Ranger for John Paul Jones, was a delegate to the 
 Continental Congress in 1775 and 1776, served with Stark at 
 Bennington, was again elected president of the State in 1788, a 
 delegate to the convention which framed the constitution of the 
 United States, and to the State convention which accepted it. 
 He was the first United States senator elected, and was chosen 
 president of that body, and as such informed General Washing- 
 ton of his election. After he left Congress he was elected gov- 
 ernor five times. From a Federalist he became a Republican, and 
 later a Democrat. 
 
 General John Sullivan was chosen president of New Hampshire 
 in 1786. The want of money and the depression in business 
 were evils too deeply rooted to be removed by ridicule, mock 
 conventions, or idle talk. The people were in distress, especially 
 the veterans of the Continental army. New conventions were 
 called in different parts of the State. In the Rockingham con- 
 vention, held in Chester, it was resolved to send to Exeter, 
 where the legislature was to meet in September, a body of 
 
 ■ William Plumer, Jr. 
 
t786] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 4I3 
 
 armed men to enforce their claims. Accordingly about two 
 hundred men, under command of Joseph French, of Hampstead, 
 and James Cochrane, of Pembroke, some armed with muskets and 
 •others with clubs, marched into Exeter, and sent in their petition to 
 the General Court for a redress of grievances, declaring their inten- 
 tion, if it was not granted, to do themselves justice. They sur- 
 rounded the house in which the legislature was in session, and, 
 placing sentinels at the door and windows, demanded an imme- 
 •diate answer to their petition. The House appointed a com- 
 mittee on the petition ; but the Senate, under the influence of 
 .Sullivan, who was now president of the State, and as such had 
 a seat in the Senate, refused to act on the subject while they 
 "were thus besieged by the mob, and proceeded with their ordi- 
 Tiary business.^ A party of the friends of order armed them- 
 selves, and called upon all good citizens to disperse the mob and 
 thus set the members of the legislature at liberty. General 
 Sullivan came out, accompanied by Nathaniel Peabody, Ebenezer 
 Webster, and other officers of the Revolution and friends of gov- 
 ernment, and ordered the mob to disperse. Armed citizens in 
 their rear, pressing on them and calling for the artillery to ad- 
 vance, the mob began to retire ; and French, finding that the 
 legislature was not frightened by threats, withdrew with his 
 men some distance from the village for the night. Sullivan 
 summoned the militia, and on the following morning nearly two 
 thousand assembled and were led by General Cilley against the 
 insurgents, who made some show of resistance. Upon being 
 ordered to fire by Major Cochrane they broke and fled' in disor- 
 der, and the militia captured thirty-nine of their number. The 
 ■question now arose as to what should be their punishment. 
 They had been guilty of treason or of some high offence. The 
 leaders were brought before the two Houses in convention. 
 French made very humble supplications for his life. Cochrane, 
 ■who had been a soldier in the Revolution, pled for pardon with 
 some self-respect. Both stated that they had been encouraged 
 in their course by men in high standing, some of them members 
 of the legislature, who now repudiated all connection with their 
 
 • William Plumer, Jr. ti 
 
414 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^7^7 
 
 acts. The leaders now became as anxious to get rid of their 
 captives as they had been the day before to capture them. Most 
 of them were indicted, but allowed at the next term of court to 
 escape without punishment. Such as were church members 
 were dealt with by their churches ; militia officers were dis- 
 missed from the service. It was deemed, good policy, as no 
 blood had been shed, to treat this first attempt at armed resist- 
 ance to the Government with lenity, yet so as to vindicate the 
 violated authority of the law, thus attacked at the fountain head. 
 
 Littleton is a part of the territory originally granted as Chis- 
 wick.^ Subsequently it was called Apthorp. In 1784 it was 
 divided, forming the- present towns of Littleton and Dalton. 
 The first town meeting in Littleton appears to have been 
 held on the 19th day of July, 1787, at the house of Nathan 
 Caswell, the first settler in the town, the same having been 
 called by John Young, by authority granted by the legislature, 
 who by the same authority served as moderator. At this meet- 
 ing Robert Charlton was chosen clerk, Samuel Larnard, John 
 Chase and Perley Williams, selectmen, and Sargent Currier, 
 constable. Until 1809. the town was classed with various others, 
 the arrangement being changed at different times, for the pur- 
 pose of choosing a representative to the General Court. The 
 first resident of Littleton chosen representative was James Wil- 
 liams, in 1794 The next was James Rankin, in 1798; then 
 David Goodall, from 1800 to 1806 inclusive, the class then in- 
 cluding Littleton, Dalton, and Bethlehem.^ 
 
 The year 1787 is memorable as that in which the constitution 
 of the United States was formed. Highly as that instrument is 
 now prized, it was not received with much favor by the people 
 on its first promulgation. It met, in all the States, with many 
 
 > It has been a central point in White Mountain travel ever since tourists and pleasure seelcers com. 
 menced visiting this now celebrated region. Even before the construction of the railroad, it was, in 
 
 ^ the summer time, a great stage depot, where centred the various lines to the mountains from the wes> 
 tern approach. It is, however, since the construction of the White Mountains Railroad, which was 
 completed to this point in 1853, that the growth of the place in population and business importance has 
 mainly occurred. From 1853 until 1870, when the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad, liaving 
 
 , come into possession of the White Mountains road, extended the line to Lancaster and Fabyan's, 
 Littleton enjoyed the advantage of being a railroad terminus, which contributed materially to its 
 development as a trade centre. 
 » H. H. Metcalf. 
 
4l6 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['788 
 
 opponents ; and in several it was adopted only after repeated 
 trials, and by small majorities.^ 
 
 In more than half the States its ratification was accompanied 
 by proposed amendments, without which it would probably have 
 been rejected. A government for the Union was proposed by 
 constitution for the first time. The votes of the Revolution- 
 ary Congress had no legislative authority ; even the articles of 
 confederation, which went into operation in 1781, merely formed 
 a league or alliance between independent States. The people 
 who believed in establishing a strong central government were 
 called Federalists; those who believed in State rights were soon 
 called Anti-Federalists. After its ratification the friends of the 
 first two administrations retained the name of Federalists, 
 while their opponents took that of Republicans. The Federal- 
 ists were succeeded by the Whigs, and later by the Republicans 
 the Anti-Federalists became Republicans, and at length 
 Democrats ; the two great political parties into which the people 
 of the United States are divided at the present time. In gen- 
 eral the Federalists were in favor of a liberal construction and 
 exercise of the powers of the general government ; and the Re- 
 publicans, in theory always, and to a considerable extent in prac- 
 tice, were for narrowingdown those powers to their least possible 
 extent. The election of delegates to the convention, which was 
 to accept the proposed constitution or to reject it, drew into two 
 parties the people, who became thoroughly familiar with its provi- 
 sions from frequent private and public discussions. Men equally 
 honest and intelligent belonged to both parties. 
 
 The convention chosen to accept or reject in behalf of the 
 State the Federal Constitution met at the Court House at 
 Exeter, February 13, 1788. That instrument had already re- 
 ceived the approval of six States. Upon the meeting of the dele- 
 gates it was found that there was a powerful opposition to the 
 proposed form of government, many of the members from the 
 : smaller towns having been instructed to vote against it. The 
 convention included many of the leading men of the State. The 
 leading Federalists were John Sullivan, John Langdon, Samuel 
 
 > William Plumer, Jr. 
 
1788] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 417 
 
 Langdon, Samuel Livermore, Josiali Bartlett, John Pickering, 
 John Taylor Gilman, and Benjamin Bellows. The leaders of the 
 opposition were Joseph Badger, Joshua Atherton, William Hooper, 
 Matthias Stone, Abiel Parker, and Jonathan Dow. During the 
 early debates it seemed that the opponents of the constitution had 
 a majority in the convention. The friends of the Union did 
 not dare to let a decisive vote be taken, and after a session of 
 seven days brought about an adjournment, in order to let those 
 delegates whom they had won over return to their constituents 
 for different instructions. The convention again assembled in 
 June, at Concord, and in the meanwhile two more States had 
 voted to accept the constitution. Thus devolved upon New 
 Hampshire the responsibility of casting the ninth or decisive 
 vote, which would put the new form of government in operation. 
 New York and Virginia were considering the measure, in con. 
 vention, at the same time. June 21, by a vote of 57 yeas to 47 
 nays the New Hampshire convention voted to accept the federal 
 constitution, but at the same time proposed several amendments. 
 A messenger was sent post haste to notify the convention then 
 sitting in New York, and undoubtedly caused favorable action 
 in that body. 
 
 Tradition asserts that one delegate, of pronounced Anti-P^ed- 
 eral convictions, was being "dined and wined" at the house of 
 Judge Walker at the time the decisive vote was being taken, 
 and failed to have his vote recorded. 
 
 At the meeting of the legislature in the fall of 1788 the choice 
 of two senators to the first Congress of the United States under the 
 new constitution devolved upon it. The two Houses refused to 
 meet in convention and accordingly voted separately by ballot. 
 In the House John Langdon had all but three votes, where- 
 upon William Plumer offered a resolution declaring that Mr. 
 Langdon was duly elected, and called for the yeas and nays, thus 
 putting every member's vote on record. His object did not ap- 
 pear at the time, but was understood, when the ballot for the 
 second senator was taken, to establish a precedent. The two 
 candidates were Josiah Bartlett and Nathaniel Peabody ; and the 
 latter, an Anti-P'cderalist, had a considerable majority, which 
 
4l8 HISTOKV OF NEW H AMrSIIIItK. ['jSS 
 
 was reduced to two on the roll call, Mr. Plumer, in a plain and 
 forcible speech, having denounced Mr. I'eabody as unfit for the 
 office, and extolled Dr. Bartlett. It had the desired effect on 
 the Senate, which sent down the name of Dr. IJartlett : and he 
 was finally elected. Dr. Bartlett declined the honor, however ; 
 and Paine Wingate was chosen in his place. Mr. Peabody felt 
 mortified and provoked at the result, talked loudly of his vio- 
 lated honor, and threatened to chastise his assailant. A prompt 
 intimation that more or worse would be said if he moved far- 
 ther put aa end to his threats, though not to his hostility. 
 
 At the December session of the legislature to count the votes 
 for electors and announce the result it was found there had 
 been no choice by the people. Again the Senate refused to 
 meet the House in convention, causing an exciting and angry 
 controversy ; but the House at the last moment yielded the 
 point. President Sullivan violently opposed the claim of the 
 Senate, while William Plumer favored it.^ 
 
 2 Few if any of the original thirteen States had an abler or more 
 influential representation in the various Continental Congresses 
 by which the war of the Revolution was directed than New 
 Hampshire, a representation which was continued, in point of 
 ability and influence, in the various congresses which met under 
 the Articles of Confederation, until the constitution was adop- 
 ted, and the first Congress met at New York in 1789. P'rom the 
 meeting of the first Continental Congress at Philadelphia, Sep- 
 tember 5, 1774, to the adjournment of the last Congress under 
 the Confederation, at New York, October 21, 1778, New Hamp- 
 shire was represented by eighteen of her wisest and most 
 prominent men. Several of these, as for instance Nathaniel 
 Folsom, John Langdon, Samuel Livermore, and John Sullivan, 
 served for several terms, having been engaged in other patriotic 
 service in the intervals between their terms of service. 
 
 When the first Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, 
 September 5, 1774, New Hampshire had two representatives, 
 Nathaniel Folsom and John Sullivan. 
 
 ' Williaui I'luimir.Jr. = W. V. Wliixlicr. 
 
1788] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 4I9 
 
 Niithaniel Folsom was born at Exeter, in 1726. He early evinced ability 
 which gave him prominence in tlie affairs of the Province. In the Seven 
 Years' War lie served as captain in the regiment commanded by Colonel 
 Blanchard. He was active in militia affairs, and commanded the 4th 
 regiment at the outbreak of the Revolution. He was a delegate to the 
 first Continental Congress at Philadelphia. In April, 1775, he was appointed 
 brigadier-general to command the State troops sent to Massachusetts, and 
 served during the siege of Boston. He was subsequently major-general. He 
 was again a delegate to the congresses which met at Lancaster, Penn., 
 Philadelphia, York, and Philadelphia, serving the whole time in the first 
 three of these congresses, and about a year, 1779-80, in the last. In each of 
 these he was regarded as a valuable member. In 1778 he was a member of 
 the New Hampshire Executive Council, and was the President of the State 
 constitutional convention which prepared the first constitution of the State 
 in 1783. He died at Exeter, where, for the greater part of his life, he had his 
 home, May 26, 1790. 
 
 John Sullivan. 
 
 Josiali Bartlett. 
 
 John Langdon, born in Portsmouth, June 25, 1741, was one of the most 
 Active citizens of the State in the movements leading to the Revolution. He 
 was a delegate to the Second Continental Congress, and was appointed con- 
 tinental navy agent. I.,argely at his own expense he equipped General 
 Stark's regiment which won the battle of Bennington. He was elected to the 
 Continental Congress in 17S6; was for a number of years a member of the 
 State House of Representatives and several times speaker. He was elected 
 president of the State in 1788, and United States senator in 1789 and in 1795. 
 He was elected governor in 1805, 1806, 1S07, 1S08, and 1810. He declined the 
 oftice of secretary of the navy offered to him by President Jefferson, and the 
 office of vice-president tendered by the Democl-atic delegation in 1812. He 
 died in Portsmouth, September 18, 1819, mourned as one of the most hpnored 
 and distinguished citizens of the State. 
 
 Woodbury Langdon, an older brother of John, was born at Portsmouth 
 in 1739, and, like his brother, early engaged in mercantile pursuits. He 
 served for about a year, 1779-1780, in the Continental Congress, rendering 
 valuable service in the councils of the time. For three years, from 1781 to 
 1784, he was a member of the State Executive Council. In 1782 he was ap- 
 pointed one of the judges of the Supreme Court of the State, serving but a 
 short time, however. In 1786 he was again appointed, serving till 1790. He 
 died at Portsmouth, January 13, 1805. 
 
 One of the most honored names in New Hampshire's early history is that 
 of Matthew Thornton. He was born in Ireland in 1714, and came, when a 
 mere lad, to America, living for a while at Wiscasset, Me. Removing to 
 Worcester, he received an academic education, studied medicine, and 
 began his practice in the historic town of Londonderry. In the famous 
 expedition of Sir William Pepperrell against- Louisburg he served as 
 surgeon, and was afterward prominently connected with the colonial militia, 
 
420 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1788 
 
 holding for several years a commission as colonel. He Avas a member of the 
 convention which declared New Hampshire to be a sovereign State. Reserved 
 in the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1778, and in the latter year resigned 
 to accept the chief justiceship of Hillsborough county. He held this position 
 only about two years, resigning to accept an appointment on the supreme 
 bench of the Stale. In 1783 he was a member of the State House of Repre- 
 sentatives, and the next year of the State Senate. The year following he was 
 a member of the Executive Council, but soon afterward removed to Massa- 
 chusetts. He died at Newburyport, Mass., June 24, 1804, in his ninety- 
 first year. 
 
 William Whipple, born at Kittery, January 14, 1730, received his education 
 on board a vessel, being bred a sailor, and was in command of a vessel in the 
 African trade before he reached his twenty-first birthday. During the Seven 
 Years' War he retired from a seafaring life and engaged in mercantile 
 pursuits, at Portsmouth, in which he was remarkably successful. In 
 1775 he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, tak"->^ his 
 seat in May; was re-elected in 1776, taking his seat in February, in time to 
 immortalize himself as one of the signers of the Declaration. He was again 
 elected in 1778, but did not take his seat till some time after the opening of 
 the congress, as in the meantime he had accepted the command of a brigade 
 for the defence of Rhode Island. He declined further re-elections to Con- 
 gress which were tendered him, and resigned his military commission, June 
 20, 1782. He was a member of the State Assembly, 1780-1784; superinten- 
 dent of finance of the State, 1782-1784. In 1783 he was appointed a judge of 
 the State Supreme Court, holding the position till obliged to relinquish it on 
 account of disease. While captain of a vessel in the African trade he engaged 
 to some extent in the slave-trade, but after the opening of the war of the 
 Revolution he emancipated all his slaves, and refused to assist General Wash- - 
 ington in the recovery of a servant of Mrs. Washington, who had run away 
 and taken refuge in New Hampshire. Captain Whipple, as he was familiarly 
 called, died suddenly, of heart disease, November 28, 1785. 
 
 George Frost was born at Newcastle, Aprjl 26, 1727, and after receiving a 
 public school education, entered the employ of his uncle, the celebrated mer- 
 chant. Sir William Peppenell, at Kittery Point. For several years he followed 
 aseafaring lite as supercargo and captain, but in 1770 abandoned the sea and 
 removed to Durham. He was made a judge of the Straftbrd county Court of 
 Common Pleas in 1773, and served till 1791, for several of these years being 
 chief justice. He was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1777, 
 and served, rendering good service, till 1779. For the three years 1781-1784 he 
 was a member of the Executive Council. Resigning his seat on the bench 
 at the age of seventy, he retired to private life, and died at Durham, June 21, 
 1796, in his seventy-seventh year. 
 
 Little needs to be said of the Wentworths, a family of the first prominence in 
 the colonial and early history of New Hampshire, and the list of members or 
 the Continental Congress could hardly be said to be complete unless it em- 
 braced the name of a Wentworth. John Wentworth, Jr., was born at Somers- 
 
1788] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 42 1 
 
 worth, July 17, 1745, ^"d graduated at Harvard College in the class of 
 1768. He was admitted to the bar and commenced the practice of law 
 at Dover in 1770. This same year he was appointed by Governor John 
 Wentworth register of probate for Strafford county. Was a member of the- 
 State House of Representatives from 1776 to 1780, and served as a member of 
 the Continental Congress for nearly the whole of 1778 and 1779- He was a 
 member of the State Senate 1781-1784, and of the Executive Council 17S0- 
 1784. He was recognized as a man of the most brilliant talents and of great 
 promise, and his early death, which occurred at Dover, January 10, 17S7, was- 
 deeply regretted by all the people of the State. 
 
 Nathaniel Peabody was born at Topsfield, Massachusetts, March i, 1741. 
 He was the son of Dr. Jacob Peabody, with whom he studied medicine, and 
 after being licensed commenced practice at Plaistow in 1761. 
 
 He was an ardent advocate of the Revolution, and was commissioned 
 lieutenant-colonel in the militia in 1774, and was the first man in the pro- 
 vince to resign a royal commission. He was elected one of the Committee of 
 Safety January 10, 1776, and was appointed adjutant-general of the State- 
 militia July 19, 1779. lie was elected to the Continental Congress in I779^ 
 and again in 1786, but the latter time did not act. He was for eight years a 
 member of the State legislature, and in 1793 was elected speaker. Few men 
 rendered the State better service in both civil and military capacity during 
 the Revolutionary period, but in his last years he became financially em- 
 barrassed and died in jail at Exeter, June 27, 1823, where he had been impris- 
 oned for debt. 
 
 Of Philip White little is known beyond the fact that he was a native of Ne^v^ 
 Hampshire, and was probably a member of the family of Whites that were 
 among the early settlers of Rockingham county. He served a short time as 
 one of the delegates from New Hampshire in the Continental Congress that, 
 met at Philadelphia, July 2, 1778. His term of service was in the latter part 
 of 1782 and during the early months of 1783. Like some congressmen of the 
 present day he was not much heard from, and made no enduring mark. 
 
 Livermore is one of the honored names of New Hampshire history. Sam- 
 uel Livermore in 1780 was chosen a delegate to the Continental Congress, 
 taking his seat in February of that year, but resigned in June, 1782, to accept 
 the chief justiceship of the New Hampshire Court of Common Pleas. 
 
 Jonathan Blanchard served in the Continental Congress in 1783-84. 
 
 Abiel Foster, pastor- of the Congregational church in Canterbury, was a 
 member of the Continental Congress in 1783 and 1784, and was several times 
 elected to Congress under the Constitution. 
 
 John Taylor Oilman is perhaps best known to students of New Hampshire 
 as the man who held for the longest period the chief executive office. His 
 father was for a long time receiver-general of the Province, and afterward of 
 the State, and he was for several years assistant to his father. In 1782-1783. 
 hewasa delegate from New Hampshire to the Continental Congress. In 1794. 
 he was elected governor as a Federalist, and was re-elected each year till 1805, 
 when he was defeated by John Langdon, Democrat, by nearly 4000 majority. 
 
422 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1788 
 
 In 1S12 he was again the Federal candidate, but failing a majority of votes by 
 "the people, his opponent William Plumer was elected by the legislature. In 
 1813 he was again elected governor by a majority of 500 votes, and was re- 
 ■elected in 1814 and 1815, each time by about the same majority. Governor 
 <jilman well earned the title of being the Federal governor par excellence of 
 "the State. He was born in Exeter, December 19, 1753 ; and died there 
 August 21, 1828. 
 
 His brother, Nicholas Oilman, was born at Exeter in 1762, and served in the 
 Revolutionary war as lieutenant, captain, adjutant, and adjutant-general. From 
 1786 to 17S8 he was the youngest member of the Congress of the Confederation. 
 He was a member of the first, second, third and fourth congresses, serving till 
 March3, 1797, when he took his seat in the United States Senate as a Democrat. 
 His election to this position was the first break in the New England Federa- 
 lists in the Senate, who up to this had been solidly Federal. He was re-elec- 
 ted in 1805, and again in 181 1, and died at Philadelphia, on his way home, 
 May 3, 1814. Congress had adjourned April 18. During his senatorial 
 <;areer he was as ardent a Democrat as was his brother John Taylor a Fed- 
 eralist. 
 
 Pierce Long was a native of Portsmouth ; born in 1739, he became, on 
 Teaching manhood, a partner with his father in the shipping business. In 
 1775 he was a delegate to the Provincial Congress of New Hampshire, and on 
 the breaking out of hostilities served in the Revolutionary army as colonel 
 ■of the ist New Hampshire regiment, especially distinguishing himself at 
 Ticonderoga. In 1784, 1785, and part of 1786 he was an eiBcient member 
 -of the Continental Congress. He was a member of the Executive Council 
 1786-1789, and member also of the State Constitutional Convention of 178S. 
 In 1789 he was appointed by President Washington collector of customs at 
 Portsmouth, where he died April 3, 1799. 
 
 Paine Wingate was another of New Hampshire's members of the Conti- 
 nental Congress who was liberally educated. He was born at Amesbury, 
 Massachusetts, May 14, 1739, and graduated ut Harvard in 1759. Like Abiel 
 Foster he studied theology, and December 14, 1763, was ordained over the 
 ■church at Hampton Falls, remaining as its minister till March 18, 17S1, when 
 he was dismissed ; removed to Stratham and engaged in farming. In the 
 latter part of 1787 and the former part of 1788 he served for a brief period in 
 the Continental Congress, and was one of the first United States senators 
 from New HampBhire, serving four years from March 4, 1789. He was elec- 
 ted representative to the third Congress, serving two years. From 1798 to 
 1S09 he was one of the judges of the Superior Court, retiring when he reached 
 his seventieth birthday. He passed his last years in Stratham, dying there 
 March 7, 1838, having nearly completed his ninety-ninth year. His life, cov- 
 ering as it did the field of theology, politics and law, extending through nearly 
 a century, was a remarkable one. 
 
 These eighteen names deserve to be placed on New Hampshire's roll of 
 honor. They belong to men whose lives, services, and character had an in- 
 calculable influence in making New Hatnpshire what it has been and is, in 
 
1788] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 423 
 
 giving it its lionorable place in American liistorv. The names of tliese 
 patriots are wortliy to be held in remembrance by every son of the Granite 
 State. 
 
 The following account of the custom and post offices is from 
 the pen of the late Hon. Thos. L, Tiillock, a.native of Portsmouth: 
 
 About the year 1675 Sampson Sheafe, senior, was collector of 
 the port of Piscataqua, and continued in office a few years. Dur- 
 ing his administration several vessels were seized for a violation 
 of the revenue laws, or the laws of "trade and navigation." He 
 "was successful as a merchant ; honored as one of His Majesty's 
 Council, and also as secretary of the Province. His descendants 
 became prominent and wealthy citizens of the Province. His 
 great-grandson, the Hon. James Sheafe, an opulent merchant of 
 Portsmouth, was a member of the Si.xth Congress and a United 
 States senator. He was also the Federal candidate for governor 
 of New Hampshire in 1816, but was defeated by William Plu- 
 mer. Mr. Sheafe died December 5, 1829, aged seventy-four. 
 
 In 1680 Edward Randolph was the collector of customs for 
 New England, and Walter Barefoote was deputy collector. 
 
 In 1692 Phesant Estwick was the deputy collector of the port 
 of Portsmouth. 
 
 About the year 1700 Samuel Penhallow was appointed col- 
 lector. He was an eminent citizen, one of the governor's Coun- 
 cil, chief justice of the Superior Court of Judicature in 1717, 
 recorder of deeds, treasurer of the Province, and held other 
 responsible positions. He married a daughter of President John 
 Cutt, and inherited in his wife's right a large estate. He died in 
 December, 1726, aged sixty-two. 
 
 Hon. Theodore Atkinson, senior, who died September 22, 
 1779, aged eighty-two, was for many, years the secretary of the 
 Province, and held other offices of reputation, such as president 
 of council, and chief justice of the Superior Court of Jndicature. 
 He was the son of Hon. Theodore Atkinson, of Newcastle, 
 and the father of Hon. Theodore Atkinson, junior, and 
 preceded and succeeded him in the office of secretary of the 
 Province. He had also been collector of customs, naval officer 
 of the port, and sheriff of the Province ; but Jonathan Belcher, 
 
424 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. 1 789 
 
 of Boston, when appointed in 1730 governor of Massachusetts 
 and New Hampshire, removed Mr. Atkinson from the office of 
 collector, and appointed Richard Wibird in his stead. He also 
 displaced him as naval officer ; and Captain Ellis Huske suc- 
 ceeded to the office. Mr. Atkinson was however continued as 
 sheriff. Mr Atkinson married the daughter of Lieut.-Governor 
 John Wentworth. 
 
 Lieut.-Gov. John Temple, surveyor general of His Majesty's 
 customs in the northern part of America, appointed Theodore 
 Atkinson, jr., deputy collector of the customs at Piscataqua- 
 James Nevin, a native of Scotland, a post captain in the British 
 navy, and also one of His Majesty's Council, was collector of the 
 customs for the port of Portsmouth, and was succeeded by John 
 Hughes. Robert Hallowell succeeded him, remaining in Ports- 
 mouth about one year, until 1772, when he was transferred to 
 Boston. 
 
 George Meserve, a native of Portsmouth, son of Colonel Nath- 
 aniel Meserve, who rendered highly meritorious services at the 
 first and second siege of Louisburg, as well as at Crown Point 
 and Fort Edward, and died at Louisburg in 1758, was the agent 
 for the distribution of stamps in New Hampshire. He was in 
 England in 1765, when the Stamp Act passed. His commis- 
 sion reached Portsmouth in 1766 ; but the Act was particularly 
 obnoxious to the people of the Province, and the Sons of Liberty 
 at Portsmouth were so active and positive in their opposition, 
 that Mr. Meserve declined to qualify, not deeming it prudent to 
 accept the trust. To compensate him for the disappointment 
 and loss of the office, he was appointed comptroller of customs 
 for the port of Boston ; but with the consent of the Crown, Mr. 
 Hallowell, the collector at Portsmouth, exchanged offices with 
 him, and he returned to Portsmouth, where he was collector of 
 the port in 1772. 
 
 Robert Trail, who married Mary Whipple, the sister of Joseph,, 
 the collector of customs, and William Whipple, one of the 
 signers of the Declaration of Lidependence, was at one time the 
 comptroller of the port at Portsmouth — an office not continued 
 under the present organization of the government. 
 
1789] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 425 
 
 Eleazer Russell was naval officer, and virtually for a tirtie the 
 collector of the port. He was an unmarried man, very precise 
 and careful. It is related of him that " when a vessel arrived 
 and the papers were carried to the custom house, Mr. Russell 
 would receive them with the tongs and submit them to a smok- 
 ing before he examined them," being " always in great fear of 
 small-pox or foreign epidemics." He was connected with the 
 customs September 9, 1776, for he wrote on that day a letter of 
 considerable length to Hon. Meshech Weare in relation tq 
 maritime fees charged and collected. May 23, 1783, he was 
 instructed by President Weare to allow British vessels to 
 enter the port, as the reasons for excluding them had ceased. 
 
 Colonel Pierce Long was appointed by Washington collector 
 in 1789, but died in April before entering upon the duties of the 
 office. Colonel Long was a successful merchant, an influential 
 member of the Provincial Congress, and was particularly distin- 
 guished for his military and civic services. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin was appointed general deputy postmaster 
 in 1753, and in the following year startled the people of the col- 
 onies by giving notice that the mails for New England, which 
 theretofore had left Philadelphia once a fortnight in winter, 
 would start once a week throughout the year. In 1760 he pro- 
 posed to run stage wagons between Philadelphia and Boston for 
 the conveyance of the mail, one starting from each city on Mon- 
 day morning, and reaching its destination by Saturday night. 
 
 Franklin was removed from office by the British ministry in 
 
 1774. The Continental Congress appointed a committee to de- 
 vise a system of post-office communication, and on July 26, 
 
 1775, a report was submitted, and the plan proposed was adopted, 
 whereupon Dr. Franklin was appointed postmaster-general. 
 
 Jeremiah Libbey was postmaster at Portsmouth in 1776. 
 
 In 1790 the general post-office was located in New York city, 
 at which time there were 1875 miles of post-roads established 
 in the United States. Now the aggregate length of routes, in- 
 cluding all classes of service, would probably reach over 350,000 
 miles. In 1790 there were only seventy-five post-offices. Now 
 there are over 50,000. The entire revenue from postages in 1790 
 
426 IIISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['789 
 
 was less than sixteen thousand dollars. Now it aggregates ui>- 
 wards of forty-two million dollars. 
 
 In April, 1761, John Stavers, an Englishman by birth, and the 
 proprietor of noted hostelries in his day, commenced running a 
 stage between Portsmouth and Boston. A curricle, or large 
 stage chair, drawn by two horses and sufficiently wide to comfort- 
 ably accommodate three persons, wis the vehicle used, and is repre- 
 sented to have been the first regularstage line established in Amer- 
 ica. The journey was performed once a week. The conveyance 
 started on Monday for Boston and returning arrived at Ports- 
 mouth on Friday. An advertisement announcing the enterprise 
 reads : " It will be contrived to carry four persons beside the driv- 
 er. In case only two persons go, they may be accommodated to 
 carry things of bulk or value to make a third or fourth person." 
 After one month's successful service, public notice was given 
 "that five passengers would be carried," leaving Portsmouth on 
 Tuesday, " and arrive back Saturday night." 
 
 In May, 1763, " The Portsmouth Flying Stage Coach," with 
 four or six horses according to the condition of the roads, started 
 from the " Earl of Halifax" inn, kept by John Stavers, on 
 Queen, now State street, near the easterly end, toward the Pis- 
 cataqua river. The new " Earl of Halifax" hotel was first oc- 
 cupied about 1770, and was a commodious three-storied wooden 
 structure, situated on the corner of Pitt (changed to Court) and 
 Atkinson streets, and is now occupied as a tenement house. The 
 stable, a very large and spacious building which sheltered the 
 horses belonging to the " Flying Stage Coach," as well as those of 
 travellers, is on the corner of Atkinson and Jefferson streets, and in 
 the rear of the public-house. The inns had been respectively 
 named, first " Earl of Halifax," and afterward " William Pitt," 
 and had furnished comfortable quarters for Washington, Lafay- 
 ette, Hancock, Gerry, Knox, Sullivan, Rutledge, Louis Philippe, 
 and many other illustrious personages. The driver attached to 
 the "Flying Stage Coach" was Bartholomew Stavers, undoubt- 
 edly the first regular stage driver north of Boston, if not in the 
 country. 
 
 One of the earliest mail pouches, if not the first in use on the 
 
fii 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
428 HISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['790 
 
 route, and of not greater capacity than a common hand satchel, 
 is preserved among the curiosities at the Portsmouth Athen* 
 aeum. 
 
 Eleazer Russell, a great-grandson of John Cutt, the first presi- 
 <lent of the Province, held several government positions. At one 
 time he was naval officer of the poft, and also the sole postmas- 
 ter of the Province of New Hampshire, and was distinguished as 
 the first postmaster in the State. All letters addressed to New 
 Hampshire were deposited in his office, and remained there un- 
 til sent for from other towns. Mr. Brewster, in his " Rambles " 
 numbered forty-seven, gives quite an interesting account of this 
 -very precise and dignified public functionary, with " cock hat and 
 wig, a light coat with full skirts, a long vest with pocket padst 
 light small clothes, with bright knee buckles, and more ponder- 
 ous buckles on his shoes." For several years Portsmouth had 
 the only post-office in the Province of New Hampshire, and Elea- 
 zer Russell filled most acceptably the office of postmaster as well 
 as naval officer. His residence, which was the custom house 
 as well as the first post-office, was located near the old ferry ways 
 where the stone store now stands, opposite the intersection of 
 Russell with Market street. 
 
 In the Committee of Safety, at Exeter, July 27, 1781, pursu- 
 ant to a vote of the General Assembly of June 27, 1781, author- 
 izing the establishment of a post to ride from Portsmouth to the 
 western part of New Hampshire, John Balch, of Keene, was ap- 
 pointed post-rider for three months, at the compensation of sev- 
 enty dollars in hard money for the entire service. The route 
 was from Portsmouth via Concord and Plymouth to Haverhill ; 
 thence down the Connecticut river through Charlestown and 
 Keene to Portsmouth ; the trip to be performed in each and 
 every fourteen days, the committee reserving the right to alter 
 the route if the public good or convenience should require any 
 change. 
 
 Dr. Josiah Bartlett, of Kingston, was elected president of the 
 State in 1790, succeeding John Sullivan. Dr. Bartlett was very 
 distinguished in the early annals of the State. He was born in 
 Amesbury, MassachusettSjin November, 1727, studied medicine, 
 
1790] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 429 
 
 settled in Kingston, and soon acquired a large practice by his 
 skill in surgery, and in the study of the human frame. He was 
 early noted for uprightness and decision of character. 
 
 Governor John Wentworth gave him the command of a regiment of 
 mili.ia. 
 
 In 1765 Dr Bartlett was first elected a representative from Kingston to the 
 legislature, where he soon became distinguished, as a leader of the opposi- 
 tion. 
 
 In February, 1775, Dr. Bartlett received a letter notifying him that his 
 tiame had been erased from the commission of the peace for the county of 
 Bockingham, and that he had been dismissed from his colonelcy in the 
 militia. Other patriots were treated in the same way. 
 
 In the summer of 1775 Dr. Bartlett was chosen a delegate to the Conti- 
 nental Congress, and he set out for Philadelphia in the following September. 
 
 When Congress decided to take a vote on the subject of independence, they 
 begun with the northernmost colony, New Hampshire. Dr. Bartlett's name 
 was called first, and he voted in the affirmative. The other members were 
 then appealed to in rotation until they came to Georgia, the southernmost 
 colony. The president of Congress, John Hancock, was the first to sign the 
 Declaration of Independence. Josiah Bartlett was the second who did so. 
 
 In 1780 he was appointed chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas. 
 
 In 1782 he was appointed a justice of the Supreme Court, and he held that 
 position until 1788, when he was made chief justice of the Supreme Court. 
 
 It does not appear that he had any special legal training for the bench, 
 but few of the judges had in those days. But he had many of the requisites 
 that generally go far towards the making of a sound justice, viz., honesty, 
 good sense, and a large knowledge of books and men. In the somewhat un- 
 settled state of the colonies, judges were not so much called upon to resolve 
 fine points of law as they are at the present time. 
 
 Dr. Bartlett was elected piesidentof the State in 1790, and also in I79i- 
 
 When the new constitution went into effect, in 1792, the title was changed 
 to that of governor. Dr. Bartlett was elected governor in 1792 and in 1793, 
 thus being the first governor of the Slate. 
 
 In 1792 Governor Bartlett was one of the electors of president and vice- 
 president. 
 
 In 1794 he retired from the gubernatorial chair. He was also elected to 
 the United States Senate, but could not accept because of poor health. He 
 was a staunch Federalist in politics, an active member in, and president of, 
 the New Hampshire Medical Society. 
 
 He was a man of fine figure, being six feet in height, and of erect bearing. 
 His face was thoughtful and expressive',' and he had handsome blue eyes. 
 He wore his auburn hair in a queue, and had a white stock at his throat, and 
 ruffles on his wrists. He wore knee breeches, black silk stockings, and low 
 shoes with silver buckles, the prevailing style for gentlemen at that time. He 
 was affable, but dignified, in manner. In religion he was a Universalist 
 
430 HISTORY OK NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l^QO 
 
 In Kingston, at a little distance back from the large and well-kept green, 
 on higher ground, stands the imposing, old-fashioned house built by Josiah 
 Bartlett. White oak was the material chiefly used in its construction. On 
 the other side of the common stands the village tavern. Just beyond the old 
 hostelry lies that part of the hamlet which slowly but surely encroaches upon 
 the busy portion. 
 
 In one corner rest the remains of Josiah Bartlett, who died of paralysis 
 May 19, 1795, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. A simple monument of cut 
 granite marks the spot, a fitting covering for one of New Hampshire's most 
 honored sons.' 
 
 Josiah Bartlett commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Ordway when 
 only sixteen years of age. But prior to this he obtained a rudimentary 
 knowledge of Latin and Greek. He soon exhausted Dr. Ordway's meager 
 library, and subsequently other libraries in that section, among which was 
 Rev. Dr. Webster's of Salisbury. After five years of study, Dr. Bartlett 
 settled in Kingston in 1750, and commenced the practice of his profession. 
 
 That fine discretionary judgment which ever characterized his public life 
 was early manifested in his methods of practice as a physician. He was a 
 close and careful observer. Early in his professional career he discovered 
 errors in the then accepted pathology and treatment of disease. Believing 
 that his own life was saved in a severe fever by a quart of cider, which he 
 persuaded his watchers to get in the night, against the explicit orders ol his 
 physician that drinks should not be administered, he ever after discontinued 
 the barbarous practice which allowed patients burning with a fever to die of 
 thirst. 
 
 That terrible scourge now known as diphtheria appeared iii this country for 
 the first time at Kingston, with fearful fatality. The orthodox method of 
 treatment for the disease was by bleeding, emetics, depressing drugs and 
 starvation — under the belief that the malady was inflammatory in its charac- 
 ter. Dr. Bartlett again saw error in tliis conception of the pathology of the 
 disease, and with a boldness that always followed his convictions, inaugurated 
 a method of treatment diametrically opposite to the one endorsed by the pro- 
 fession. He resorted to tonics and antiseptics, with a sustaining diet, and 
 met with a degree of success that had not before characterized the treatment 
 of the " throat distemper." 
 
 These incidents in his professional life almost constitute marking stones 
 in the progress of medicine in this country. Indeed, Belknap and other 
 historians have made a record of his marked success in the treatment of the 
 malignant " throat distemper." 
 
 The mantle of distinction was first placed upon him while a tireless and 
 conscientious worker in the ranks of the medical profession. The history 
 of his unparalleled career indicates that he possessed a fixity of purpose — that 
 of fidelity to present duty — in whatever capacity in life the course of events 
 placed him. This quality was first manifested in the laborious routine of 
 medical practice ; and its appreciation by the loyal citizens of the Province, 
 
 > Rev. Daniel Rullins. 
 
1/90] STATIi UNDER PIRST CONSTITUTION'. 431 
 
 coupled with his recognized ability, led liim step by step into nearly every 
 official position within their gift. 
 
 Prior to 1791 no medical society or organization existed in the Statei 
 During that year Dr. Bartlett, then president of New Hampshire, with eigh-' 
 teen associated, all pliysicians of eminence and ability, obtained a charter foi' 
 the New Hampshire Medical Society. The document shows the handiworlv 
 of his master mind and his recognition of the importance of education to 
 the physician. In proof of this reads the second preamble, which occurs 
 near the middle of the enacting sections of the charter : — 
 
 " And whereas it is clearly of importance that a just discrimination should 
 lie made between such as are duly educated and properly qualified for thd 
 duties of their profession, and those who may ignorantly and wiclcedly admin- 
 ister medicine whereby the health and lives of many valuable individuals 
 may be endangered, or perhaps lost to the community. Be it therefore fur- 
 ther enacted," etc. 
 
 This admirable charter was signed by "Josiah Bartlett, president," on 
 February 16, 1791. By its provision he was to call the first meeting of the 
 society, which he did on the 4tli day of May following, at Exeter. The manu- 
 script records of that meeting say : "Present — His Excellency Josiah Bart- 
 lett, Esq., Joshua Brackett, Hall Jackson, Nathaniel Peabody, John Rogers, 
 Ebenezer Rockwood, William Cogswell, William Parker, jr., Benjamin Page, 
 and Isaac Thom, members." One will recognize these names as men of 
 eminence in the earlier history of New Hampshire, whom Josiah Bartlett 
 chose and received as associates in the profession. 
 
 Dr. Bartlett was elected president of the New Hampshire Medical Society 
 at its first meeting, and held the ofBce for two years and then declined a re- 
 election. The society passed resolutions thanking him for his inestimable 
 services, to which he replied with the following letter: — 
 
 " Gentlemen of the New Hampshire Medical Society: — 
 "The unexpected resolve of thanks presented me by your committee, for 
 tlie small services I have been able to afford the Medical Society, I consider 
 as an instance of the polite attention and regard they mean to pay to such 
 persons as may in any manner endeavor to promote the public happiness. 
 
 " I have long wished that the practice of medicine in the State (upon which 
 the lives and healths of our fellow citizens depend) might be put under better 
 regulations than it lias been in times past, and have reason to hope that the 
 incorporation of the New Hampshire Medical Society (if properly attended 
 to by the fellows) will produce effects greatly beneficial to the community by 
 encouraging genius and learning in the medical sciences and discouraging 
 ignorant and bold pretenders from practising an art of which they have no 
 knowledge. 
 
 "That the members of the society maybe useful to themselves and the public, 
 and enjoy the exalted pleasure of satisfaction that arises from a conscious- 
 ness that they have contributed to the health and happiness, not only of their 
 patients, but, by communicating to others the knowledge and cure of disease, 
 
432 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['790 
 
 to the general happiness of the human race, is the ardent wish. Gentlemen, 
 of your very humble servant, "Josiaii Bartlett. 
 
 " Concord, N. H., June 19th, 1793." 
 This letter was his last communication to the New Hampshire Medical 
 Society. He founded it, drew its charter, shaped its by-laws and regulations, 
 and saw it properly organized upon a basis that guaranteed its perpetuity, 
 before his lamp went out' 
 
 At the June session of the legislature, 1790, William Plumer 
 objected to John S. Sherburne's taking his seat as a member, 
 on the ground that he was a pensioner of the United States, and 
 held the office of district attorney under the general govern- 
 ment. During the discussion Sherburne shed tears, which 
 so influenced the members that he was allowed to retain his 
 seat. He had been a preacher and had become a lawyer, and, had 
 lost his leg while in the army. He was a man of talents, gentle- 
 manly in his manners and insinuating in his address. He was 
 afterwards elected to Congress, and held for many years the office 
 of district judge. The State constitution, established three years 
 later, settled the question thus raised by excluding from both 
 branches all persons holding any office under the United States.^ 
 
 The attempt to impeach Judge Woodbury Langdon occu- 
 pied considerable of the time of this and the next legis- 
 lature. After many delays the impeachment was finally dropped, 
 the judge having resigned his seat on the bench and accepted 
 an office under the United States. Many believed that the 
 impeachment proceedings arose from private pique and personal 
 interest. Jeremiah Smith, a rising young lawyer, this being his 
 third term, conducted the impeachment for the House. 
 
 The legislature, which prided itself very little on its patronage 
 of literature, appropriated £$0 towards the expenses of Rev. Dr. 
 Jeremy Belknap's " History of New Hampshire." 
 
 The attempt to lay a direct State tax warmly recommended by 
 the treasurer was defeated after a severe struggle by a single 
 vote. The argument used against the motion was that the trea- 
 ^ surer used the funds of the State for his private emolument ; 
 while the friends of the measure claimed that the public had no 
 concern in the matter, except to see that his bondsmen were 
 good. 
 
 • Dr. I. A.Watson. 
 
'790] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 433 
 
 His course on this measure alienated William Plumer from the 
 leading Exeter politicians, while agreeing with them in general 
 politics, and made him ultimately a centre of anti-Exeter 
 influence. 1 
 
 Exeter was for many years the political capital of the State. 
 John Taylor Oilman, Nicholas Oilman, Nathaniel Oilman, Oli- 
 ver Peabody, Samuel Tenney, Benjamin Abbott, Oeorge Sulli- 
 van, Benjamin Conner, who though less known was a great party 
 manager, and, later, Jeremiah Smith, possessed an aggregate of 
 talents and information, and a weight of character and influence, 
 which could be equalled in no other part of the State. ^ 
 
 So little was the general interest felt in politics at this time 
 that only one in seventeen of the inhabitants of the State took 
 the trouble to vote. 
 
 ^The land which now comprises the town of Bartlett was granted 
 by Oovernor VVentworth to several persons, among whom were 
 William Stark and Vera Royce, for services rendered in Canada 
 during the French and Indian war. Captain Stark divided his 
 share into lots, giving large tracts to persons who would settle 
 them. Two brothers by the name of Emery, and a Harriman, 
 were the first permanent settlers. Settlements had been begun 
 during this time in most of the locations in the vicinity of the 
 mountains. In 1777, but a few years succeeding the Emerys, 
 Daniel Fox, Paul J illy, and Samuel Willey, from Lee, made a 
 settlement in what is known as Upper Bartlett, north of those 
 already located. They commenced their settlement with mis- 
 fortune as well as hardship. Their horses, dissatisfied with the 
 grazing along the Saco, started for their former home in Lee. 
 
 Hon. John Pendexter removed to the town from Portsmouth 
 at an early period of its history, settling in the southern part 
 near the Conway line. Here he resided the remainder of his 
 life, dying at the advanced age of eighty-three years. He and 
 his wife came a distance of eighty miles in midwinter, she riding 
 upon an old, feeble horse, with a feather-bed under her, and an 
 infant child in her arms, he by her side, hauling their household 
 furniture upon a hand-sled. Nor was it a well-prepared home to 
 
 > William Plume;, Jr. = E. A. Philbrick. 
 
434 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MAMPSIIIKE. 
 
 [1790 
 
 which they came, — a warm house anil well-cultivated lands, — 
 but a forest and a rude log; cabin. 
 
 The town was incorporated in June, 1790, and named in honor 
 of Governor Rartlett. 
 
 GIANT STAIRS, BARTLETT. 
 
 1 Cardigan lifts its silvery head tliirty-one hundred feet above 
 the sea level. At its base stood the dwelling-house and farm- 
 buildings of Colonel Eli.sha Payne. He was born in 1731, and 
 reared in the State of Connect iciit, and probably graduated at 
 
 r W.il'.cr llriii 
 
1790] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 435 
 
 Yale College. The township of Cardigan was granted in February, 
 1769. The grantees were Elisha Payne, Isaac Fellows, and 
 ninety-nine others. The first settlements in the township were 
 made in 1773, by Payne, Silas Harris, Benjamin Shaw, David 
 Fames, and Captain Joseph Kenney. Payne at this time was 
 forty-two years of age. The town was incorporated by the name 
 of Orange, in June, 1790. Payne went back into the dense wil- 
 derness, far beyond the reach of any human habitation, and se- 
 lected a swell of good, strong land for his farm, near the base of 
 the mountain. 
 
 Payne was a trustee of Dartmouth College from 1784 to 1801, 
 and was its treasurer in 1779 and 1780. His connection with 
 the college explains the fact, that when the small-pox broke out 
 at Dartmouth, subsequent to 1780, the afflicted students were 
 carried to this remote and lonely mountain-seat for treatment. 
 Payne had removed to East Lebanpn, and settled on the shore 
 of Mascoma Lake, before this occurrence. Several of the stu- 
 dents died and were buried, but no stone marks the place of 
 their peaceful rest. The Payne house, from this time forward, 
 was called the Pest House, and was used as such, at a later day, 
 by the authorities of Orange. 
 
 Payne had a son, Elisha Payne, jr., who graduated at Dart- 
 mouth, and who was a man of character and ability. He was 
 the first lawyer to open an office in Lebanon. This office was 
 at East Lebanon, which was then the chief village in that town. 
 He served in both branches of the legislature of this State, but 
 died at the early age of about forty-five. 
 
 Elisha Payne, senior, was a man of strong mind and great 
 decision of character. He was the leader, on the east side of 
 the Connecticut river, in the scheme to dismember New Hamp- 
 shire and annex a tract, some twenty miles in width, to Vermont. 
 In July, 1778, he was chosen, under the statutes of Vermont, a 
 justice of the peace for the town of Cardigan, in a local town- 
 meeting held that day. He was a member of the " Cornish 
 Convention" of 1778, and of the " Charlestown Convention" 
 in 1 78 1. He was representative from Cardigan in the Vermont 
 legislature, under the first union, in 1778, and was representative 
 
436 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^790 
 
 from Lebanon, under the second union, in April, 1781. In Oc- 
 tober of the same year he was chosen lieutenant-governor of 
 Vermont, by the legislature of that State, then in session at 
 Charlestown, New Hampshire. In this legislature, fifty-seven 
 towns west of the Connecticut and forty-five towns on the New 
 Hampshire side of that river were represented. 
 
 When the bitter and prolonged strife between the two juris- 
 dictions. New Hampshire and Vermont, was nearing the crisis, 
 and Bingham and Gandy of Chesterfield had been arrested by 
 Vermont ofificials for resisting the authority of that State, and 
 thrown into jail at Charlestown, and Colonel Enoch Hale, the 
 sheriff of Cheshire county, had proceeded under orders from the 
 president and Council of New Hampshire to release them, and 
 had been seized and summarily committed to the same jail, and 
 the militia of New Hampshire had been put on a war footing to 
 rescue Hale and the other prisoners at Charlestown, Governor 
 Chittenden of Vermont commissioned Elisha Payne of Leba- 
 non, the lieutenant-governor, as brigadier-general, and appointed 
 him to take command of the militia of that State, to call to his 
 aid Generals Fletcher and Olcott, and such of the field officers 
 on the east side of the Green Mountains as he thought proper, 
 and to be prepared to oppose force to force. But bloodshed was 
 happily averted. The Continental Congress took hostile ground 
 against the scheme to dismember New Hampshire, and General 
 Washington put his foot upon it. In this dilemma the authori- 
 ties of Vermont, for the sake of self-preservation, relinquished 
 their claim to any part of New Hampshire, and in February, 
 1782, the second union between the disaffected towns on the 
 west side of this State and Vermont came to an end. 
 
 In addition to the offices already named, Payne held that of 
 chief justice of the Supreme Court of his cherished State, Ver- 
 mont, a State then stretching from the head-waters of the Pemi- 
 gewasset to Lake Champlain. 
 
 After a life of adventure, of strange vicissitude, of startling 
 success and crushing defeat, Elisha Payne quietly fell asleep in 
 East Lebanon, at the age of seventy-six years. He was buried 
 in the unpretending cemetery near his place of residence in that 
 
I791] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 437 
 
 village. His wife, a number of his children, and other members 
 of the family, in all seven persons, were inurned in the same 
 cemetery lot ; but about a quarter of a century ago, in the late 
 fall, there came a fearful storm, and the gentle brook whose 
 course lies along the border of this receptacle for the dead sud- 
 denly became a rushing torrent, and, breaking from its channel, 
 swept in among the quiet sleepers and carried away most that 
 remained of the Payne family. Winter closed in, but the next 
 spring such bones as had not found a lodgment at the bottom 
 of Mascoma Lake, as it is usually called, were gathered up, all 
 put into one box and redeposited in the earth in another part of 
 the cemetery, whereon has been erected, by family relatives, a 
 substantial and appropriate monument. And so ends the story 
 of a life of stern conflict and romantic incident. 
 
 The winter session of 1791 was devoted chiefly to a revision 
 of the statutes, with a view to a new edition of the laws. Among 
 the bills introduced was one for the punishment of blasphemy. 
 The committee reported the old law, in substance, but Mr. 
 Welman, who had been a preacher, moved, as an amendment 
 that any person " convicted of speaking disrespectfully of any 
 part of the Bible should have his tongue bored through with a 
 hot iron." Sherburne seconded this motion in a vehement speech,, 
 declaring that he should be better pleased with death as the pen- 
 alty for so atrocious an offence. As Sherburne was thought to- 
 be an unbeliever, and was free in his remarks on Scripture and 
 his ridicule of the clergy, his address was thought an effort to 
 bring out Plumer on the unpopular side. Fearing the amend- 
 ment would pass Mr. Plumer did speak against it in his eloquent 
 and impressive style, and did succeed in defeating it, though not 
 by a large majority. "Whipping, branding and other mutilations, 
 of the body were punishments then inflicted by the penal codes 
 of most of the States, and the zeal of a Christian community saw 
 nothing revolting in their application to the support of religious 
 truth. "1 
 
 It was during the preceding session that Mr. Plumer, who was 
 a popular leader in the House, introduced a bill to tax State notes^ 
 
 ■ WilJam Plainer, Jr. 
 
438 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['79^ 
 
 a measure combated by the Exeter party, who were largely inter- 
 ested. 
 
 " Your influence, " said one of them to him, " may carry the 
 bill through an ignorant House, as you can carry anything else 
 there, but it will be rejected by the Senate. " " We shall see," 
 was the quiet reply. The bill passed the House and was sent to 
 the Senate, but was lost. It passed the House a second time, 
 ■was enacted by the Senate, and became a law. A member of 
 the House, not from Exeter, afterwards boasted that he had 
 loocketed the first bill. 
 
 At the November session of the legislature at Portsmouth 
 the most important business was the incorporation of a bank. 
 The Bank of the United States had recently been established, 
 and there were only three State banks in the country, — one in 
 Boston, one in New York, and one in Philadelphia. 
 
 At this time the legislature was in the practice of frequently 
 interfering with the business of the courts, by granting new trials 
 and prescribing special rules for the trial of a particular action. 
 A ludicrous instance of the exercise of this sovereign power 
 occurred in the western part of the State, in a case involving the 
 ownership of two pigs. The legislature passed an Act to set 
 aside the finding of the court, but the justice, an old soldier of 
 the Revolution, convinced by the arguments of Jeremiah Mason 
 that the legislature had no right to interfere with his ruling, 
 would not grant a new trial ; and the pig action gained extensive 
 notoriety and tended to bring such special Acts of the legisla- 
 ture into ridicule and deserved contempt.^ 
 
 A convention having been called to revise the constitution of 
 the State, the elections took place in August, and the conven- 
 tion met early in September, 1791. The importance of the 
 object drew together many of the ablest men of the State. The 
 discussion, not of laws merely, but of constitutional provisions, 
 and the fundamental principles of government, gave to the de- 
 bates an interest not often felt in legislative proceedings. The 
 debates, though long and able, were never published, and the 
 journal of the convention furnishes but an imperfect account of 
 
 ^ Jeremiah Mason. 
 
1791] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 439 
 
 what was clone, and still less by whom it was clone. Even the 
 yeas and nays are only given in two or three cases. From the 
 " Life of William Plumer," a member of the convention, one can 
 obtain some account of the proceedings of the body. Among the 
 members were John Pickering, Edward St. Loe Livermore, Dr. 
 Samuel Tenney, James MacGregore, Moses Leavitt, Christopher 
 Toppan, Nathaniel Rogers, General Joseph Cilley, John McClary, 
 Abial Foster, Timothy Walker, Colonel Nathaniel Head, John 
 Calfe, Dr. Nathaniel Peabody, John Waldron, Ebenezer Thomp- 
 son, Thomas Cogswell, Ebenezer Smith, Zachariah Chandler, 
 Joshua Atherton, Jeremiah Smith, Major Benjamin Pierce, Major 
 Caleb Stark, Rev. Jonathan Searls, Daniel Newcomb, John 
 Duncan, Samuel Livermore, Elisha Payne, Captain Nathaniel 
 White, Moses Chase, Nahum Parker, Timothy Tilton, and others, 
 — strong men, having the future best interests of the State con- 
 stantly in mind. 
 
 1 The old constitution was taken up by sections, and its provi- 
 sions altered or amended, and new clauses added, or old ones 
 stricken out, at the will of the conv.ention, till the whole had been 
 revised. This occupied the first ten days of the session. William 
 Plumer and Jeremiah Smith were the most conspicuous members 
 of the convention. The former was then a young man, just com- 
 ing into notice, having been admitted to the practice of law only 
 four years before, yet there was no one who took so active a part 
 or who had greater influence in that body. By his industry and 
 perseverance, his energy and decision, and, above all, by the force 
 and accuracy of his discriminating mind, he acquired, before the 
 close of the convention, a weight and authority in that body which 
 no other man possessed. " He was," said Judge Livermore, "by 
 all odds the most influential man in the convention ; so much so 
 that those who dishked the result called it Plumer's constitution, 
 by way of insinuating that it. was the work of one man, and not 
 the collective wisdom of the whole assembly." The manuscript 
 volume in the State House which relates to the convention is 
 mainly in the handwriting of Mr. Plumer and Mr. Smith. Both 
 of these men were at this time comparatively young, ambitious 
 
 ' William Plumer, Jr. 
 
440 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['791 
 
 of distinction, hard workers, prompt in action, and ready and wil- 
 ling alike with the tongue and the pen. They concurred for the 
 most part in their general views of policy, though occasionally 
 differing on questions of minor importance. But in concert or 
 opposition it was hard to say whether, aside from the strength of 
 their arguments, the House most admired the broad humor, the 
 Scotch-Irish drollery and shrewdness of Smith, or the keen re- 
 tort, the ready resources, and strong practical common sense of 
 Plumer. Smith being at that time a member of Congress was 
 present only during the first session of ten days. Plumer was 
 present to the end and busy from the first. They were at this 
 time friends, although, placed ultimately at the head of opposite 
 parties in the State, their friendship was not destined to survive. 
 Their respect for each other was probably lifelong. The sub- 
 jects in which Mr. Plumer took the strongest interest were the 
 provisions on the subject of religion, the organization of the exec- 
 utive department, the judiciary, and the basis of representation 
 in the House. Mr. Plumer took the broadest view of religious 
 tolerance : his opponents would have subjected all the inhabi- 
 tants of the State to a town tax for the support of the clergy- 
 man whom the majority of the voters should select as their pas- 
 tor. Neither party prevailed, and the provision of the 1784 
 constitution remained in force. His motion to abolish the reli- 
 gious test for office holders, who were required by the consti- 
 tution to be "of the Protestant religion," though at first rejected, 
 was finally adopted by the convention. It was not accepted by 
 the people at that time nor subsequently in 1850, although it 
 remained a dead letter for very many years before it was finally 
 stricken from the constitution in 1876. Mr. Plumer's idea was 
 to divide the State into sixty representative districts, nearly 
 equal as to population, but this was rejected by a strong 
 majority. The smaller towns, miniature republics, refused to sur- 
 render their ancient privileges of representation in the legislative 
 assemblies. Mr. Plumer advocated the separation of the execu- 
 tive from the legislative department and the power of veto, and 
 would have made a plurality of votes alone necessary for a 
 choice by the people of senators, so that the Senate should not 
 
1792] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 44I 
 
 depend upon the House for the election of any of its members. 
 The plan for organizing the judiciary department to secure a more 
 speedy and less expensive administration of justice, and to reform 
 "its expense, its injustice, its delays," by lessening the number 
 of courts and increasing their power, and for extending the jur- 
 isdiction of justices of the peace to sums not exceeding four 
 pounds, was rejected by the people, except as to extending the 
 jurisdiction of justices of the peace. The convention appointed 
 a committee to reduce the amendments to form, and another 
 committee to take the whole subject into consideration and re- 
 port at a future meeting the amendments proper to be submitted 
 to the people. 1 
 
 The convention then adjourned to meet in February, 1792. 
 The committee of ten, two from each county, met frequently. 
 Peabody, who was chairman, was disposed to perplex and em- 
 barrass, rather than aid, the business. Atherton acted almost 
 uniformly with Peabody. Freeman was opposed to all amend- 
 ments. The infirmities of age made Payne inactive. Page 
 was able and well disposed, but indolent and inattentive. The 
 chief labor and responsibility fell on Plumer.^ The other mem- 
 bers of the committee gave him little trouble and no assistance. 
 He had to control perverseness and rouse indolence, both very 
 laborious and perplexing. By perseverance he surmounted 
 every obstacle thrown in his way. The committee agreed upon 
 amendments which Mr. Plumer reduced to form, and transcribing 
 the whole constitution, introduced them into their proper places. 
 On the meeting of the convention, in 1792, the report of the 
 committee was assailed from various quarters, but Page and 
 Atherton joined Plumer in its defence, and succeeded after long 
 debates, continuing for two weeks, in carrying it through, al- 
 though not without some important modifications. The con- 
 vention then adjourned, to meet again in May to receive the 
 answer of the people. On coming together again a committee 
 was appointed to ascertain what amendments had been adopted 
 and what rejected, and to harmonize the old and new constitu- 
 tions. This being done the subject was again submitted to the 
 
 ' William Plumer, Jr. 
 
442 HISTOKV OK N'1£W llAMl'SHIRE, ['792 
 
 people ; and the labors of the convention were closed by an- 
 other short session in September. The constitution thus- 
 formed remained in force without alteration until 1876, nor was 
 there any attempt at change for nearly half a century. Of this 
 convention Governor Plumer was the last survivor when the 
 convention of 1850 met, and he did not live to see it close.^ 
 
 One clause in the constitution of New Hampshire Governor 
 Plumer always claimed the credit of inserting: "No member 
 of the General Court shall take fees, be of counsel, or act as 
 advocate in any cause before either branch of the legislature : and 
 upon due proof thereof such member shall forfeit his seat in the 
 legislature." ^ 
 
 ^The first singing of wliicli we have any record was mainly congregational, 
 without instrumental accompaniment, and identical with that style which 
 prevailed in the early New England church. It was led by a precentor, who 
 read two lines of the hymn to be sung at a time, then announced the tune, 
 gave the key on the pitch-pipe, and, standing usually in front of the pulpit, 
 beat the time and sang with the congregation. Moreover, the precentor was 
 usually a deacon, hence the term " deaconing the hymn ;," and from the early 
 period to the present day many of the deacons have been prominent singers. 
 The names of the tunes used in the early period are very curious. Most of 
 them are named from places, and New Hampshire is well represented in 
 "Alstead," "Bristol," "Concord," "Dunbarton," "Exeter," "Epsom," 
 "Pembroke," "Portsmouth," "Lebanon," and "Loudon;" some for States, 
 as "Vermont," " New York," " Pennsylvania, " and " Virginia; "some for the 
 saints, as " St. Martin's," " St, Ann's," " All Saints ; " some for countries, as 
 " Africa," " Russia," " Denmark ; " a very few for persons, as " Lena ; " and we 
 find one, which was probably not used in churcli, entitled, "An Elegy on 
 Sophronia, who died of small-pox in 171 1," consisting of twelve stanzas set to 
 a most doleful melody. 
 
 Tradition has it that the first hymn ever sung in Concord was the 103rd, 
 Book I, Watts's Psalms and Hymns, " I'm not ashamed to own my Lord." 
 
 This method was pursued for some time, but at length it is recorded in Dr, 
 Bouton's " History of Concord," that " Mr. John Kimball , subsequently deacon , 
 being one of the singers, proposed to Rev. Mr. Walker to dispense with the 
 lining of the h^-mn, as it was called; but as Mr. Walker thought it not pru- 
 dent to attempt it first on the Sabbath, it was arranged between them to make 
 the change on Thanksgiving day. Accordingly, after the hymn had been 
 given out, the leader, as usual, read two lines, the singers struck in, but 
 instead of stopping at the end of the two lines, kept on, drowning the voice 
 of the leader, who persisted in his vocation of lining the hymn." 
 
 Although some singers sat in the front seats in the neighborhood of the 
 
 ' William Plumer, Jr. 2 Sec. 7, Part Second, Constitution of New Hampshire. 
 
 3 Dr. \V. U. Carter. 
 
1792] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 
 
 443 
 
 leader, still many more were scattered throughout the congregation, and 
 gradually it became apparent that the singing could be made more effective by 
 collecting the " men and women singers" together in a more compact body, 
 and accordingly the choir was formed, which was under the direction of a 
 choir-master. "When the meeting-house was finished in 1784 it was fitted 
 with a singers' pew in the gallery opposite the pulpit. This was a large 
 square pew, with a box or table in the middle for the singers to lay their 
 books on. In singing they rose and faced each other, forming a hollow 
 square. When the addition was made to the meeting-house in 1802, the old 
 singers' pew was taken away, but seats were assigned them in the same rela- 
 tive position opposite the pulpit." 
 
 The first instrument in use was the pitch-pipe, which was made of wood, 
 " an inch or more wide, somewhat in the form of a boy's whistle, but so con- 
 structed as to admit of different keys." This was simply used to give the 
 correct key, and was not played during the singing. Under the ministry of 
 Rev. Mr. Evans, who was himself very fond of music, some instruments were 
 introduced, which innovation was attended with so much opposition that, 
 according to tradition, some persons left the meeting-house rather than 
 hear the profane sound of the " fiddle and flute." We find, then, at the begin- 
 ning of the second century of the existence of the church, the service of 
 praise was sustained by a large choir, accompanied by wind and string instru- 
 ments, usually a violin, flute, clarinet, bass viol, and double bass, the two lat- 
 ter being the property of the society. 
 
 The choir consisted of thirty persons of both sexes, under the direction ok 
 a chorister, who was usually a tenor singer. This leader was the only indi- 
 vidual who received compensation, and it was stipulated in his engagement 
 that he should teach a singing-school, which any person in the society couM 
 attend for improvement in singing. The singing-school was usually held 
 in the court-house, sometimes in the bank building, was promptly attended, 
 and its weekly meeting an occasion which was eagerly looked foward to by 
 the young people, especially for its social as well as musical advantages. 
 Frequently the rehearsals of the choir were held at the various houses of the 
 singers, and were most enjoyable occasions. Concerts, or musical entertain- 
 ments, were of rare occurrence, consequently the weekly rehearsal, combining 
 so much of recreation with musical instruction, was attended with an interest 
 and promptness unknown to the " volunteer choir" of the present day. On 
 the Sabbath they promptly appeared, bringing with them their music-books, 
 many of them their luncheon, and in cold weather their foot-stoves, making 
 themselves as comfortable as possible under the circumstances. Doubtless 
 the singers and players of to-day can appreciate the difficulty of keeping 
 the pitch, and handling the bow, and fingering the strings and keys, at a tem- 
 perature frequently below freezing. 
 
 The interest in church music continued u;iabated during the later years of 
 occupancy of the old North Church, and when the new church was occupied 
 in 1842, the choir filled the greater part of the gallery, which was finished for 
 their accommodation. To this church then came the choir, bringing with 
 them the ancient viols, soon to be sacrificed at the shrine of the new organ. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 STATE GOVERNMENT— \j^2-i'&i2. 
 
 John Taylor Oilman— Walpole — Mr. West — Milford — Turnpikes — 
 Portsmouth — Methodists — Centre Harbor — Tithing Men — 
 Death op Washington — Second New Hampshire Turnpike — Banks 
 
 — Laws — Judge Smith — Middlesex Canal — Judge Pickering — 
 Federal Judges— Fourth Nuw Hampshire Turnpike — Republicans 
 
 — Post-Offices — Daniel Webster — Burnham — Navigation on the 
 Merrimack — Embargo — Patriots — Governor Jeremiah Smith — 
 Crow Bill — William Plumer. 
 
 "T^HE new State constitution went into operation in June, 1/92, 
 during the administration of President Josiah Bartlett, wiio 
 was the first to assume the title of governor of the State of New 
 Hampshire. During the preceding year the New Hampshire 
 Medical Society had been organized, of which he was elected 
 first president. The first bank in the State was established at 
 Portsmouth in 1792, with a capital of ;g 160,000, a year memora- 
 ble for the advent of Elder Jesse Lee, who introduced Metho- 
 dism into the State. A newspaper had been established in 
 Concord by George Hough as early as 1790. 
 
 John Taylor Gilman was elected governor in 1794. He be- 
 longed to a noted and wealthy family of Exeter. 
 
 'Through all the colonial period they were a notable and influential race. 
 Members of the family held civil office from the time our colony became a 
 royal Province up to within the memory of men now living. Edward Gil- 
 man, the ancestor of all the Gilmans of this .State, came into New Hampshire 
 soon after its first settlement, and among his descendants have been men in 
 every generation who have- done honor to their country, and whom this 
 country has delighted to honor. Hon. John Gilman, the son of the preced- 
 ing, was one of the councillors named in President Cutts' commission in 
 
 ' Fred Myron Colby. 
 
1794] STATE GOVERNMENT. 445 
 
 1679. He died in 1708. His son, Capt. Nicholas Oilman, was an officer of 
 skill and decision during the Indian wars of Queen Anne's reign, was a 
 friend of Col. Winthrop Hilton, and had command of a detachment that 
 marched against the savages to revenge the death of that lamented officer in 
 1710. Hon. Peter Gilman was a ro^al councillor under John Wentworth, 
 and was the first to fill the office of brigadier-general in New Hampshire. 
 Col. Daniel Gilman was one of the commissioners from New Hampshire, 
 stationed at Albany, in 1756, to take care of the provisions furnished by the 
 Province for our troops quartered at Ticonderoga. He was also the colonel 
 of the 4th New Hampshire regiment of militia for many years. He was 
 Si grantee of the town of Gilmanlon, and two of his sons settled there. 
 
 Nicholas Gilman, his oldest son, was born October 21, 1731. The greater 
 part of his life was passed at Exeter. He inherited his father's patrician rank, 
 and early became a man of influence in his native village. In 1752 he pur- 
 chased of William Ladd, Esq., the large mansion-house that had been built 
 hy Nathaniel, and moved into it with the wife he had recently married. Miss 
 Ann, daughter of Rev. John Taylor of Milton, a descendant of o.ne of the 
 Pilgrim fathers. The new mistress of the Gilman house, as it was thereafter 
 termed, was a woman of large culture, strong mind, and great beauty of per- 
 son. Her first child, who was born just a year after her marriage lacking 
 two days, was named for her father, a patronymic that was famous in New 
 Hampshire in after years. The early years of marriage were somewhat 
 disturbed by the rumors of war, that blew fateful and threatening from the 
 frontiers, and his second son, who bore his own name, was an infant of 
 scarcely two months when Nicholas Gilman marched, as lieutenant, under 
 his uncle Peter, to join in the operations around Lake George in 1755. 
 
 Prior to the Revolution he held many important civil and military appoint- 
 -ments under the government of the Wentworths. Between him and the last 
 royal governor, the cultivated and enterprising Sir John, there was a strong 
 personal friendship. When the storm of the Revolution came, he threw all 
 ■of his influence into the patriot cause; but this did not antagonize him with 
 the governor, who declared that, when the rebellion should be put down. Col. 
 Oilman should be spared all punishment. No other man shared his friend- 
 ship to such a degree, save Major Benjamin Thompson, who was afterward 
 Count Rumford. 
 
 Nicholas Oilman was one of the great men of New Hampshire during the 
 Revolutionary period. He had wealth, large ability, and a great name, and 
 he threw them all into the scale for the patriot cause. Nor did he shirk the 
 toils incumbent on the patriot of '76. He won, it is true, no glory in the field 
 of carnage. His was not the genius of a man of war, but that of a man of 
 peace. He was needed at home, and the services of Meshech Weare himself 
 could have been better dispensed with than those of Col. Gilman. From 
 ■775 t° '7^^ ^^ '^^^ treasurer of the State of New Hampshire. Besides this, 
 he was Continental loan officer, one of the chief members of the Committee of 
 Safety, and councillor of the State from 1777 to the day of his death. His re- 
 lation, therefore, to the financial affairs of New Hampshire resembled nvuch 
 
446 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l794 
 
 that of Robert Morris to those of the nation. He was an active and accom- 
 plished man of business, and his prudence and skill in finance were remark- 
 able. New Hampshire had no abler servant in the field, at home or abroad, 
 than Col. Oilman ; and perhaps it is not sa^'ing too much to state that he 
 furnished a fourth part of the brains of New Hampshire in the Revolution, 
 the other members of the quartette being Meshech Weare, Samuel Livermore, 
 and Josiah Bartlett. Moreover, his own personal strength and the influence 
 of his able sons and numerous friends furnished a firm support to the patriot 
 cause in the eastern part of the State, which, if such powerful influence had 
 been lacking, would probably have been overawed by the authority of the 
 crown. 
 
 Col. Oilman survived the treaty of peace but a short time. He died in the 
 prime of life, April 7, 1783. His wife preceded him to the grave .by a few 
 days, dying March 17, 1783. Their tombs are still visible in the old ceme- 
 tery of Exeter. They were the parents of three sons, John Taylor, Nicholas, 
 and Nathaniel Gilman, all prominent men of New Hampshire in their day. 
 
 The Gilman mansion was built somewhere near the year 1740, and is there- 
 fore of an age contemporary with the Mount Vernon mansion, the Walker 
 house at Concord, and the Sparhawk mansion at Kittery. It is only a few 
 years older than the Gov. Wentworth house at Little Harbor, and but a year 
 or two younger than the Meshech Weare house at Hampton Falls. It is a 
 good specimen of the domestic style which prevailed in the colonies before 
 the Revolution. Built of brick covered with wood, three stories in height, 
 with dormer windows in its upper story, gambrel-roofed, and its walls a yel- 
 low dun color, its air of antiquity is unmistakable, and at the same time it 
 pleases the eye with its varied charms. It stands well in from the street, with 
 a yard and shrubbery in front. 
 
 The mansion occupied by this distinguished worthy from the time of his 
 marriage to that of his death is still standing on Water street. It occupies a 
 slight eminence, overlooking the street and the river, with the front facing 
 the south-east. The old house has been kept in pretty good repair, and has 
 never been altered nor in any way modernized. It stands out alone in the 
 landscape, with an air of venerable dignity, its huge chimneys rising above 
 the tall trees, and its windows looking down upon the street and over the 
 water, where many a time they must have seen pageants and sights worth 
 looking upon. In its one hundred and fifty years of life it must have seen 
 much that was interesting in the history of Exeter. 
 
 After the death of Nicholas Gilman, the old house became the property of 
 his oldest son, John Taylor Gilman, who resided in it until his marriage with 
 his third wife. John Taylor was the most prominent of the three brothers. 
 He was born December 19, 1753. His early education was scant, being no 
 more than what the common schools of Exeter afforded at that time. At an 
 early age he became interested in shipbuilding, an industry that was then 
 actively engaged in by many of the citizens of Exeter. The elder Gilman 
 was a wealthy and enterprising man, owner of a large estate and a store. In 
 connection with navigation, young Gilman now and then busied himself with 
 agriculture and trade. 
 
1794] STATE GOVERNMENT. 44/ 
 
 One of the schoolmates of John Taj-lor Gilman was Miss Deborah Folsom. 
 She was the daughter of Gen. Nathaniel Folsom, the rival of Gen. Starkj and 
 ii famous Revolutionary worthy. Born the same year that Gilman was, Miss 
 Folsom was, during the few years prior to the Revolution, the reputed belle 
 of Exeter. The two families were intimate, John Taylor soon became an 
 announced suitor, and a few months before that affair at Concord Bridge, 
 " Where the embattled farmers stood and fired the shot heard round the 
 world," they were married. When the Revolution broke out, John Taylor 
 Gilman was only twenty-two years old. 
 
 On the morning of April 20, 1775, at daybreak, the news arrived at Exeter 
 of the battle at Concord. With all the alacrity and ardor of a youthful 
 patriot, the young husband gathered a company and marched for Cambridge, 
 which place he reached at noon of the next day, Mr. Gilman, howfever, did 
 little military service. He was needed at home. He acted as commissary in 
 supplying the three regiments of the State at Cambridge. In 1779 he was 
 elected a member of the New Hampshire legislature, and subsequently served 
 upon the Committee of Safety. In 1780 he was the sole delegate from New 
 Hampshire to attend the convention nt Hartford. He wan absent six weeks 
 from home, riding on horseback and paying his own expenses, as there was 
 not sufficient money in the State treasury to defray them. This period was 
 known as the " dark days." The crops of the farmers had been unfavorable, 
 and destitution and distress pervaded the army. There was no money nor 
 credit in either department. 
 
 In 1781 Mr. Gilman succeeded General Sullivan as a member of the fed- 
 eral Congress, and was re-elected the second year. He was at that time the 
 youngest man in Congress, but his influence was not the least. At the end 
 of his service in Congress he succeeded his father as treasurer of the State, 
 showing a remarkable aptitude for finance, only second to that of his father. 
 
 John Taylor Gilman was a Federalist in politics, and a firm supporter of 
 the administration of Washington. In 1794 Dr. Bartlett, who had befen sev- 
 eral times elected president of the State, and who had served as the first gov- 
 ernor, declined all further public offices, and John Taylor Gilman was selected 
 as the standard Irearer of his party. Timothy Walker was the candidate 
 of the kepublicans. That party was just then greatly in the minority, and 
 Gilman was easily elected. He was at this time at the meridian of hi& 
 strength and ripened manhood, and one of the most popular men in the State, 
 He was re-elected several times, though opposed by such men as Walker and 
 Langdon. In 1805 the Republicans triumphed, and John Langdon was elected 
 governor. Four years afterward the Federalists again came into power, but 
 Jeremiah Smith was the gubernatorial candidate. The next year Langdon 
 was again elected, and also in iSii. William Plumer, of Epping, was elected 
 by the Republicans in 1812. Plumer was renominated the followingyear, but 
 the Federalists, who had again taken John Taylor Gilman for their stand" 
 ard bearer, triumphed. Mr. Gilman was elected the two next consecutive 
 years without any trouble, although opposed each time by that able Repub- 
 lican chief William Plumer. His administration covered the exciting period 
 
448 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['794 
 
 of the last war with England, and though of the opposite party in politics, he 
 was not one to dally when the honor of the flag was in jeopardy. He man- 
 aged the affairs of the State with much energy and skill, its military defences 
 requiring his exclusive attention. Detachments of militia were located on the 
 frontier of tlie " Coos country," to guard against invasion in that quarter. 
 In 1814 an attack from the British fleet, off our coast, was expected to be made 
 on the navy yard at Portsmouth, and upon the town itself. Great excitement 
 prevailed. All eyes were directed to Governor Oilman, who, serene and calm, 
 but active and determined, surveyed the scene. He issued his call for troops ; 
 the State militia, prompt to respond, rushed forward with all its former alac- 
 rity and patriotism. More than ten thousand men gathered at Portsmouth 
 and upon the shores of the Piscataqua, to meet the lion of St. George. But 
 the danger passed ; the war closed, and New Hampshire, under the guidance 
 of its master hand, came out unscathed and untarnished. 
 
 Governor Gilman declined a re-election in 1816, and announced his inten 
 tion never to participate in political struggles again. He had now reached 
 that age at which it is natural for men to look forward to days of rest and 
 seclusion. Few men had lived a more active life, or had been more promi- 
 nently before the public. He had been chief magistrate of the State for four- 
 teen years, a much longer period than any other man, — John Langdon, who 
 came next to him, having been governor for a term of eight years, and Josiah 
 Bartlett, William Plumer, and Samuel Bell four years each. No one of the 
 royal governors held the oflice so long, with the single exception of Benning 
 Wentworth, whose administration began in 1741 and ended in 1767, a period 
 of twenty-six years. 
 
 The latter part of the governor's life was spent in that retirement which, 
 after such a public and excited career, could not have been uncongenial to 
 him, in the rural occupations that he loved, and in the cultivation of the social 
 relations. The memories of the past thronged upon him. He loved to recall 
 the days of Washington, and he wore the old costume — long waistcoat, 
 breeches, and queue — to the last. He was interested, in all educational prc- 
 jects, and was for a long time one of the trustees of Dartmouth College, an«; 
 presidentof the trustees of Phillips Academy at Exeter. Tlie site now occu- 
 fiied by the academy was given by Governor Gilman, who ever felt an affec- 
 tionate concern for its welfare. In i8i8 Dartmouth College bestowed upo» 
 him the degree of LL.D. 
 
 Of a strong and original intellect. Governor Gilman was a keen observe>- 
 and logical reasoner. Few men could see so far as he could, and he was al- 
 ways ready to act upon any and all occasions. As a man, he was ardent, im- 
 petuous, and unreserved in his acts and feelings. A true patriot and an 
 ardent lover of his country, he was ever wont to freely canvass the policy and 
 motives involved in the old national struggles. Life's warfare over, he sleeps 
 ■■ now near the home of his youth, among the friends of his boyhood and 
 noble.nianhood. But the turf rests lightly above his grave, and his name is 
 sdCredly linked with the other illustrious dead of our early history. 
 Of Governor Gilraan's personal appearance we have several descriptions. 
 
1794] STATE GOVERNMENT. 449 
 
 He was six feet high, of a portly' figure, and weighed about two hundred 
 pounds. He had keen bhie eyes, a fair complexion, light brown hair, a lion-' 
 like jaw, and a nose of composite order, being neither Roman, Greek, or Jew- 
 ish. He was a most dignified old man, and preserved his straightness and 
 vigor to the last. He died in August, 1828. 
 
 Colonel Oilman, as we have said, died in 1783. His large property was di- 
 vided among his sons. The youngest, Nathaniel, had married Miss Abigail 
 Odlin, relative of Dr. Odlin, and he now became the owner of the original 
 Odiin property. It was his home for the remainder of his life. Nathaniel 
 was a boy of sixteen when the'Revolution commenced, and did not go to the 
 field at all. But he did useful service at home, in assisting his father in his 
 manifold employments. He succeeded his father as financial agent for the 
 State, and was a prosperous and prominent citizen. Though he did not fill 
 the nation's eye like his older brothers. Colonel Nathaniel Gilman filled many 
 important offices in his day. He was prominent in the State militia, was a 
 State senator, and served as State treasurer for many years. He died in 1847, 
 at the age of eighty-seven. He was the father of four daughters and seven sons. 
 
 Nathaniel Oilman wr.s the tallest and the stoutest of the three brothers. 
 He was the Roman of them all, six feet and two inches in height, of remark- 
 ably muscular and vigorous mold, with a Roman nose, light hair, and the fair 
 complexion of the Gilmans. Orave and sober in his look, we can imagine the 
 fear with which he was regarded by the urchins who used to pilfer his fruit. 
 His older brother, Senator Nicholas, was the most elegant man of his. day in 
 New Hampshire. He had the fine physique of Ezekiel Webster, and the 
 winning grace of Aaron Burr. His height was five feet and ten inches, the 
 height of a gentleman, according to Chesterfield. He had a nearly straight 
 nose, mild blue eyes, a handsome chin, and wore his hair in a queue. Blonde, 
 superb in carriage, of striking dignity, he was the perfect ideal gentleman of 
 the old school. 
 
 Nicholas, like his brother, John Taylor, was a soldier of the Revolution. 
 His whole term of service included six years and three months. During the 
 latter part of the war he was deputy adjutant-general, and in that capacity 
 ivas at Yorktown, where he received from Lord Cornwallis, to whom he was 
 sent for the purpose by Washington, the return of exactly seven thousaiid and 
 fifty men surrendered. He held the commission of captain, and was for a 
 time a member of General Washington's military family. After the suspen- 
 sion of hostilities, Nicholas Gilman was a delegate, from his State, to the Con- 
 tinental Congress for two consecutive years — 1786 and 1787. Under the new 
 constitution he was a member of the House of Representatives in Congress 
 eight years, and a United States senator for nine years. He died before the 
 completion of his second term, at Philadelphia, while returning from Wash- 
 ington, May 2, 1814. He was never married. He resided all his life with his 
 brother Colonel Nathaniel. 
 
 At the death of the latter the house and estate came into the hands of one 
 of his sons, Joseph Taylor Gilman. He married Miss Mary E. Gray, 
 daughter of Harrison Gray, of Boston. In 1862 Mr. Gilman died, compara- 
 
450 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['794 
 
 lively a young man. His widow, after due time, married again — a man 
 not unlcnown to fame, — Hon. Charles H. Bell, in iSSi the chief execu- 
 tive of New Hampshire. Governor Bell is a son of Hon. John Bell, who 
 was governor of the State in 1S28. He bears a noble name, a name scarcely 
 second to that of the Gilmans in age and honor. Two brothers of the name 
 have been governors of the state during a period of five years | one was a 
 United States senator from New Hampshire for twelve years, and a justice of 
 the Supreme Court for three years. Another of the name was chlel justice of 
 New Hampshire from 1859 t° '864, and one of the most eminent lawyers in 
 the State. They have been speakers of the house, presidents of the Senate, 
 and congressmen, filling every oOice with ability, honesty, and honor.' 
 
 Ill 1794 a post-rider went between Boston and Concord each 
 way once a week. A weekly line of stages was advertised, riui- 
 ning from Concord, througii Pembroke, Allenstown, Chester, 
 and Haverhill, to Boston. Two days' time was allowed for the 
 mail to make the trip one way. The advertisements of this year 
 mention no public conveyance in other directions. The notice 
 appeared October i. 
 
 In November the stage line made a connection at Haverhill 
 with stages for Exeter and Portsmouth. Passengers were 
 allowed to carry fourteen pounds of baggage free. 
 
 Walpole was at that time a place of more business than any 
 in that vicinity, and was much resorted to by the people of the 
 neighboring towns. There was also a considerable travel from 
 a distance passing on what was called the great river road. The 
 inhabitants of that part of the valley of the Connecticut river were 
 then just passing from the rude and boisterous manners of first 
 settlers to a more civilized, orderly and composed state. '^ A set 
 of young men, mostly of the legal profession, gathering from 
 many miles up and down the river, were much in the habit of 
 familiar intercourse for the sake of amusement and recreation. 
 They occasionally met at village taverns, but more commonly at the 
 sessions of the courts, and freely indulged in gaming, excessive 
 drinking, and such like dissipations. The most of them were 
 gentlemanly in manners, and some talented. The ruin of some 
 served as a warning to others.^ 
 
 " Mr. West was by far the first and best lawyer, and in all re- 
 spects the most respectable man, in that region of country. He 
 
 ■ Fred Myron Colby. = Jerenii.nli ftrason. 
 
1794] STATE GOVERNMENT. 45 1 
 
 was educated at Princeton College, and commenced the practice 
 of law at Charlestown before the close of the Revolutionary 
 war. He had good natural powers of mind, a quick and clear 
 perception, a delicate taste, highly refined, a sound judgment, 
 iind lively imagination. His style of speaking was simple, nat- 
 ural, smooth, and mild ; always pure and neat, and sometimes 
 elegant; with a good person, clear and pleasant voice, much 
 earnestness and apparent sincerity, — he was altogether a most 
 persuasive speaker."^ In arguing cases of complicated and 
 doubtful evidence before a jury he had few or no superiors. In 
 the discussion of questions of law, and in argumentation of 
 mere abstract propositions, he was less powerful, for he was 
 deficient in law learning. "This he was fully sensible of, and 
 attributed it to his having quitted the study when he began the 
 practice of the law. He said of the elder Judge Livermore, who 
 had been attorney-general of the Province before the Revolution, 
 and chief justice of the Supreme Court, that, having no law 
 learning himself, he did not like to be pestered with it at his 
 courts ; that when he (Mr. West) attempted to read law books in 
 a law argument, the chief justice asked him why he read them ; 
 if he thought that he and his brethren did not know as much 
 as those musty old worm-eaten books .' Mr. West answered, 
 " These books contain the wisdom of the ancient sages of the 
 law." The reply was, "Well, do you think we do not under- 
 stand the principles of justice as well as the old wigged lawyers 
 of the dark ages did .'' " Thus his law books were laughed out 
 of court. This was surely but poor encouragement for the dry 
 study of law books.^ Mr. West was a member of the conven- 
 tion of New Hampshire for adopting the constitution of the 
 United States, when from his known talents much was expected 
 from him ; but his modesty and diffidence kept him from speak- 
 ing although he was very much interested in the result, which 
 was for a long time in suspense. 
 
 Joseph Dennis, a graduate of Harvard College, 1790, was also 
 practising law at Walpole at this time, although "his legal 
 knowledge consisted wholly in a choice selection of quaint, obso- 
 
 ' Jeremiah Mason. 
 
452 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIKli:. [^794- 
 
 lete, and queer phrases from 'Plowden's Commentaries,' the 
 only book he ever read with any attention. These phrases he 
 often repeated in ridicule of the law, to the great amusement of 
 his auditors. He was the most aerial, refined, and highly sub- 
 limited spirit," 1 with "a good share of native genius, and a 
 delicate and accurate taste, cultivated by an ardent study of the 
 English classics." He afterwards edited the Portfolio in Phil- 
 adelphia. 
 
 ^ " Another of the extraordinary men v^ho then ranged that 
 country was William Coleman, afterwards so greatly distin- 
 guished as the editor of the New York Evening Post, under 
 the patronage of General Hamilton, that his opponents gave him 
 the title of field-marshal of Federal editors. By great industry 
 and persevering diligence he acquired a good education. As a 
 lawyer he was respectable, but his chief excellence consisted in 
 a critical knowledge of the English language, and the adroit 
 management of political discussions. His paper for several 
 years gave the leading tone to the press of the Federal party." 
 He freely admitted the assistance he received from Alexander 
 Hamilton in writing his most powerful editorials. 
 
 °In contradistinction to most of the places in the valley of the Souhegan, 
 Milford boasts of no antiquity and will not celebrate its centennial until 1894. 
 For its origin it is indebted to a genuine outburst of human nature in the 
 form of dissatisfaction, which took place in the old town of Monson. That 
 ancient, now extinct, town was incorporated April i, 1746, and was bounded 
 on the north by the Souhegan river and south by Ilollis. Its corporate exis- 
 tence lasted for twenty-four years, during which time it regularly held annual 
 town meetings, elected its town clerks, selectmen, tithingmen, hogreevesand 
 other town officers ; but there is no evidence that it ever had a school-house, 
 meeting-house, or a '' learned orthodox " or other minister. The only public 
 structure ever owned by the town was a pound built for the confinement of 
 disorderly cattle. At the first town-meeting, held in May, 1746, it was voted 
 to build a pound and also buy a suitable "book to record votes in, and other 
 things as the town shall see fit." The people of Monson, however, like their 
 neighbors of HoUis, do not at any time seem to have been well content with 
 their chartered boundaries. Several expedients in different years came before 
 the annual meetings proposing changes in the chartered limits, some of them 
 favoring additions to its territory, others a division of it in various ways. 
 Among the rest was a proposal adopted at the March meeting in 1760, to 
 
 ' Jeremiah Mason. 2 j_ b_ Conner. 
 
179^] STATE GOVERNMENT. 455 
 
 annex the land on the south side of Monson to Hollis, and to petition the 
 governor and Council for such part of Souhegan west to be added to Monson 
 as would be sufficient to maintain the Gospel and other incidental charges. 
 Again, in 1761 the town voted to set off a mile and a half on the south to 
 Mollis. This last was passed to favor a petition of Hollis to the General Court 
 for the like purpose. After this date all questions looking to a change in the 
 boundaries of the town seem to have rested until 1770, when the people of 
 Monson, having abandoned all hope of maintaining preaching, orof " settling 
 the Gospel among them," petitioned the General Court to put a iinal end to 
 their unhappy and troubled corporate liie by a repeal of their charter. In 
 this petition they gave as a reason the barrenness of the soil about the centre of 
 the town, and their inability to establish the Gospel or even to build a meet- 
 ing-house. The consentof Hollis to accept of two miles in width of the south 
 side of the suppliant town, and of Amherst all the residue, having been ob- 
 tained, an Act was passed by the General Court in 1770, dividing Monson by 
 a line extending east and west, passing very near its centre, and annexing 
 the south part to Hollis and the north to Amherst. 
 
 In 1793, the town of Milford was incorporated, the Act cliartering it being 
 entitled: "An Act to incorporate the south-westerly part of Amherst, the 
 north-westerly part of Hollis, the Mile Slip, and Duxbuy school farm into a 
 town. Milford as incorporated included a small part of Amherst north of 
 the Souhegan, much the largest portion of that part of the old town of Mon- 
 son which was ceded to Amherst in 1770, all of the Mile Slip not included in 
 Raby, with the Duxbuy school farm, and an area of one thousand acres taken 
 from Hollis. Thus it will be seen that Monson, after having been carved into 
 many slices and served up in a variety of ways, was finally collected, moulded 
 into a different form, given another name, and in its new dress graces one of 
 the most beautiful spots on the Souhegan river. 
 
 The charter for the first New Hampshire turnpike, extend- 
 ing from Concord to the Piscataqua bridge, in the vicinity of 
 Portsmouth, was granted by the legislature in 1796, and was 
 promptly commenced and completed, running through the ex- 
 treme northern section of Pembroke. This was the first of a 
 series of these thoroughfares, extended by the enterprise of a 
 few public-spirited individuals into every section of the State. 
 
 ^Turnpikes are not of American origin. They existed in the 
 mother country long before the days of Mansfield and Black- 
 stone. The first turnpike road was between the West Riding 
 of Yorkshire and London. This Act was passed in the fifteenth 
 year of the reign of Charles the Second. It was an innovation 
 that excited great hostility. The people benefited by it tore 
 
 •John M, Shirley. 
 
454 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSH[RE. [179^ 
 
 down the toll-bars, and the new enterprise was baptized in blood 
 before the people would submit to it. The new system tri- 
 imiphed by slow degrees. 
 
 Macaulay graphically describes the condition of that country 
 with respect to communication before such roads became accept- 
 iible to the public. 
 
 Capital seeking an outlet saw its opportunity, and under a 
 ■swarm of Turnpike Acts the country was at last gridironed with 
 these roads. 
 
 The turnpike craze in this State is almost forgotten ; we caught 
 it from Massachusetts; it began in 1795 and culminated about 
 twenty years after ; it wrought a revolution in public travel, 
 relatively, nearly as great as that brought about by the railway 
 -craze between 1840 and 1850. The system with us did not 
 originate in the local want or demand along the lines contem- 
 plated. Other and more far-reaching causes, as we shall see, 
 were at the bottom of the movement. The settlement of the 
 .State was necessarily by progressive, though at times apparently 
 simultaneous, steps. First came the settlement and location of 
 the four towns, and the opening of communication between 
 them; then the advent of the trapper, hunter, and scout into 
 the unsettled portion ; then came the land grants, and the set- 
 tlement in isolated locations ; then the blazed path to the parent 
 towns and to the cabin of the pioneer or the outposts ; then the 
 drift-ways, cart-ways, and the local roads winding from cabin to 
 cabin ; then the town-ways and session or county roads, with 
 here and there the "provincial" roads like that which passes 
 through Gilmanton and that which was laid out and built from 
 the Gerrish place — now the county farm at Boscawen — to the 
 college at Hanover in 1784-86 by legislative committee, and 
 that laid out by a like committee from Hale's Bridge, in Wal- 
 pole, in the county of Cheshire, running sixty miles to a pitch- 
 IDine tree on Deerneck in Chester. 
 
 Fifty-three turnpike companies were incorporated in this 
 State. The Acts of corporation in Massachusetts were in 
 fact based on English models, but the Bay State mind, then as 
 now, felt itself competent to improve upon any model, irrespec- 
 
179^] STATE GOVERNMENT. 455 
 
 tivc of whether it was the work of human hands or of the Divine 
 Architect ; and as minds differed even in Massachusetts there 
 was a marked diversity in these Acts ; and the New Hampshire 
 Acts were Httle less consistent or coherent. 
 
 " The New Hampshire turnpike road " is commonly known 
 as "the first New Hampshire turnpike," because it was the first 
 Act of the kind in this State. John Hale, Arthur Livermore, 
 Isaac Waldron, John Goddard, Thomas Leavitt, William Hale, 
 iind Peter Green, all notable men, were the corporators espc' 
 cially named in the Act. This Act was passed June i6, 1796. 
 The road ran from Piscataqua bridge in Durham to the Merri- 
 rnack river in Concord, passing through Lee, Carrington, Not- 
 tingham, Northwood, l<2psom, and Chichester. The distance 
 was thirty-si.x miles. 
 
 The elaborate plan orsuivev of this pioneer turnpilte in this State may still 
 be seen in the State House in Concord. The Act contains in effect eleven sec- 
 tions. The first gave the names of the corporators, the name of the corpora- 
 tion, and conferred upon it the inestimable privilege of suing and being sued; 
 the second provided for the organization and the establishment of regulations 
 and by-laws for the government thereof; the third empowered the corpora- 
 tion " to survey', lay out, make, and keep in repair a turnpike road or highway 
 of four rods wide, in such route or track as in the Lest of their judgment and 
 skill will combine s/ior/ness of distance -with the most practicable ground 
 between the termini; the fourth provides that the damages to landowners 
 should be fixed by the Court of Common Pleas, if the parlies could not agree ; 
 the fifth in relation to "gates" and " turnpikes ", to prevent trespass; 
 the sixth authorized the appointment of toll-gatherers and fixed the rates of 
 toll; the seventh authorized the purchase of one thousand acres of land in fee 
 simple, and provided that the shares be assigned by deed, and that the shares 
 bought be sold for non-payment or assessments; the eighth prohibits the 
 taking of toll prior to the expenditure of six hundred dollars upon each mile 
 of the road, a 'proportionate sum upon the whole number of miles; by the 
 ninth the corporation was liable to be indicted and fined the same as towns 
 for defective highways, with a proviso that if the turnpike road ran over any 
 part of the road then used the company should neither collect toll for that 
 part nor be liable to repair it; the tenth provided that an account of the ex- 
 penditures and profits should be laid before the Superior Court at the end of 
 twenty years, under penalty of forfeiture of charter, that if the net' profits 
 for the twenty years should exceed twelve per cent, per annum the court 
 might reduce the tolls so that it should not exceed that rate, and if the profit 
 was less than six per cent, the judges might raise the toll so that the rate should 
 not be less than six nor more than twelve per cent. ; the eleventh provides 
 
456 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['797 
 
 that the charter should be void unless the road should be completed in ten 
 yfHTs, with the proviso that the State, after the expiration of forty years, might 
 convert the same into a public highway by repaying what had been expended 
 by the company, with interest at the rate of twelve per cent, per annum 
 thereon, after deducting the amount of the toll actually received. 
 
 Some of the provisions of this Act and that of the fourth are in marked con- 
 trast. The preamble to this Act and the petition for the fourth should be read 
 together ; they were both the work of comprehensive minds having the same 
 "bjects in view. 
 
 The preamble is as follows : — 
 
 " Whereas a petition has been presented to the General Court, setting forth 
 'hat the communication between the sea coast and the interior parts of the 
 State might be made much more easy, convenient, and less expensive, by a 
 direct road from Concord to Piscataqua bridge than it now is, between the 
 country and any commercial seaport; that the expensiveness of an undertak- 
 ing of this kind, however useful to the community, would burthen the towns 
 through which it may pass so heavily as to render it diflicult to effect so im- 
 oortant a purpose, otherwise than by an incorporated company, who might 
 ■oe indemnified by a toll for the sums that should be expended by them : there- 
 fore it was prayed by the petitioners that they and their associates might be 
 incorporated into a body corporate for the aforesaid purpose, under such limi- 
 tations, and with such tolls as might be thought fit, which prayer being rea- 
 sonable, etc." 
 
 Ac the meeting of the legislature in June, 1797, John God- 
 dard had three votes for speaker ; Woodbury Langdon, seven ; 
 Russell Freeman, forty-one ; and William Plumer, seventy- 
 three ; and William Plumer, who for six years had held aloof 
 from the legislature, practising his profession, was thus wel- 
 comed back to public life. He was at that time a Federalist.^ 
 
 2 Edward St. Loe Livermore, at the head of the Rockingham 
 county bar, having accepted a seat on the bench of the Supreme 
 Court, Portsmouth offered a fair field to a rising young lawyer, 
 Jeremiah Mason, to enter. It was relatively a place of more 
 importance than now. Its chief sources of prosperity were 
 shipbuilding, for which it had peculiar facilities in its noble 
 harbor, and in its proximity to extensive forests, and the carry- 
 ing trade, — for both of which it was mainly indebted to the wars of 
 the French Revolution, which were desolating Europe. It had 
 many prosperous and enterprising merchants, and an active, 
 thrifty, and energetic population. Its ships were known in every 
 
 > William Plumer. Jr. 2 |ercmia:i Masrn'i Life. 
 
1/97] STATE GOVERNMENT. 457 
 
 clime, and the commerce which enriched it gave an improved 
 tone to the manners and social habits of its inhabitants.' Many- 
 men of good judgment entertained the belief that the future 
 progress and prosperity of Portsmouth v/ere more assured than 
 those of Boston. 
 
 Portsmouth was also at that time a place of more than com- 
 mon social attractions. Even before the Revolution, in days of 
 wigs, cocked hats, and flowered waistcoats, it was the residence 
 of many cultivated families and the seat of a generous hospitality, 
 and at the close of the last century its old character remained, 
 indeed made more marked by the wealth which commerce had 
 poured into its lap. The Marquis of Chastellux, who was there 
 in 1782, speaks of seeing handsome women elegantly dressed, 
 of dinners and suppers, and of fine houses richly furnished. 
 There must have been an easy, agreeable, and somewhat refined 
 society. Travelling was slow, difficult, and expensive. For 
 society, the inhabitants were mainly dependent upon them- 
 selves ; the ties of social life were closely drawn. Men were not 
 so busy and time was not so precious as now. Books, news- 
 papers, and magazines were rare ; men and women read less, 
 but talked more, and wrote longer and more elaborate letters, 
 than now. ' Cheap postage has spoiled letter writing.' Much 
 time was spent in social visits ; tea parties and supper parties were 
 common. The gentlemen had their clubs and exclusive social 
 gatherings, sometimes too convivial in their character; and 
 "occasionally a youth of promise fell a victim to the temptations 
 of a mistaken hospitality." Gaming was more common among 
 respectable people than now.' 
 
 ^ There are different divisions of Methodists, but those most 
 common in this section of the country, and the largest body of 
 them, are called Episcopal Methodists. The denomination 
 originated in England in 1739, mainly under the labors of Rev. 
 John Wesley. 
 
 The first Methodist Society in this country was organized in 
 New York city in 1766. It was composed of immigrants from 
 Ireland, who had been won to the faith by the preaching of Mr. 
 
 ' Jeremiah Mason's Life. * Joseph FuUonton. 
 
458 HISTORY Ol- NKW HAMPSHIRE. [^79'/ 
 
 Wesley. The first Methodist preacher in that city was Philip 
 Embury. New England was visited by several preachers, among, 
 them being Rev. Jason Lee, a pioneer often on the frontiers, 
 travelling on horseback, and addressing, with great earnestness, 
 zeal, and fervor, multitudes that came to hear him. He was in 
 Boston, where he preached once under the great elm on the 
 Common. 
 
 No sooner had a foothold been gained in Massachusetts than 
 New Hampshire was considered a field to be cultivated. In 
 1794 the New England Conference appointed John Hill to 
 labor in this State. What came of this is not known, as there 
 is no record of his work. Possibly he did not come into the 
 State. Yet, through the efforts of some one, a society was soon 
 after formed in Chesterfield, which in 1797 had ninety-two mem- 
 bers, and that year Smith Weeks was appointed to that place. 
 The church there still exists, and is probably the oldest in the 
 State. Two years later Elijah Batchelder was appointed there. 
 
 In the meantime other sections were visited. Jason Lee, above named, 
 labored in the lower part of the State to some extent. Some opposition was 
 encountered, but in general a good work is not hindered by opposition, but, 
 on the contrary, is usually advanced. During the year iSoo a society was 
 constituted in Landaff and one in Hawke, now Danville ; in 1801 one in Han- 
 over; in 1802 one in Bridgewater and one in Kingston ; in 1803 one in Grant- 
 ham ; in 1804 one in Pembroke, one in Loudon, and one in Tuftonborough ; 
 in 1805 one in Northiield and one in Centre Harbor; in 1S06 one in Ports- 
 mouth; in 1807 one in Canaan and one in Rochester; in 1810 one in Green- 
 land. 
 
 The several places to which a minister was appointed constituted a " cir- 
 cuit," receiving its name from the principal town ; and this continued, espe- 
 cially in country regions, until within a very few years. A circuit embraced 
 two, three, or more towns. These the minister was to visit and hold evening 
 or other meetings. When a circuit was very large, two ministers were 
 assigned to it. On a circuit, a minister was much in the saddle, or travelling 
 on foot in wilderness regions, finding his way by spotted trees. 
 
 During the times in which the above societies were established, and later, 
 there were several distinguished ministers doing good service in the State> 
 among whom should be named the following: — 
 
 ■ Rev. Elijah Hedding, who travelled over some of the rough portions of the 
 State, preaching the gospel to many, but subsequently became a bishop, and 
 resided in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he died. 
 
 Rev. Wilbur Fisk, who was a presiding elder in New Hampshire, and 
 
1798] ■ STATE GOVERNMENT. 4S9 
 
 afterwards became president of Wesleyan University, in Middletown, Conn., 
 and -was elected bishop, but died before serving in that office. 
 
 Rev. John Broadhead, a native of Pennsylvania, who was for some time a 
 presiding elder — a man of sterling ability and an effective preacher,- who 
 resided at what is now South Newmarket, was a senator in the legislature, 
 and for four years representative in Congress, and who died April 7, 1838. 
 
 ^In June, 1788, Benning Moulton, and fifty-one others, "in- 
 habitants of Meredith Neck, the northern district of New Hamp- 
 ton and New Holderness, and of tlic southern district of Moul- 
 tonborough," petitioned the legislature to be severed from the 
 respective towns to which they then belonged, and incorporated 
 into a "township by the name of Watertown," for the following 
 reasons : " That the lands aforesaid are so surrounded with 
 ponds, and impassable streams running into and out of said 
 ponds, and so remote from the centres of the respective towns 
 to which they belong, that we have hitherto found the greatest 
 inconvenience in attending public worship." The matter camt 
 before the legislature in January 1789, and a committee, consist- 
 ing of Hon. Joseph Badger of Gilmanton, Daniel Beede, Esq., 
 of Sandwich, and Captain Abraham Burnham of Rumney, 
 was appointed "to view the situation of the premises petitioned 
 for, . . . and report their opinion thereon to the General Court 
 at their next session." 
 
 The committee visited the locality in May following, with a 
 copy of the petition, in which the bounds of the proposed town 
 were described, and containing the names of the petitioners. 
 They made up their report on the premises, and wrote it on the 
 back of the copy of the petition, dating the same "Centerr 
 Harbor May y= 28th, 1789." It seems from this, that there was 
 a landing then called "Centre Harborr," eight years before the 
 town was set off and incorporated. 
 
 Three men by the name of Senter signed this petition ; and as 
 the committee had it before them when they made up their 
 report, it is not probable that such men as Judge Badger, by 
 whose hand the report was made, or either of the others, would 
 have written "Center" if they had intended to write "Senter." 
 
 The aforesaid committee reported against the petitioners, 
 
 'I. W. Hammond. 
 
^60 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l799 
 
 saying, " That while the lands proposed would make a conven- 
 ient small town it would be a damage to Holderness and Mere- 
 dith, and that neither of the towns would be able to support 
 public worship," and the matter then dropped until 1797, at 
 which time a petition was presented to the legislature, bearing 
 <late " New Hampton, June, 1797," signed by James Little and 
 forty-six others, praying " That your honors would set off such 
 a part of said town as is included in the following bounds as a 
 town, and that it may be incorporated by the name of Centre 
 Harbor." The bounds are then given, which they say are 
 ■" agreeable to a vote of the town of New Hampton in the year 
 1786." The legislature appointed a hearing for their next ses- 
 sion, and required the petitioners to post a copy of the petition 
 and order of court in some public place in said town, eight 
 weeks before said hearing, and serve a like copy on the select- 
 men. There is preserved the copy which was posted, written 
 in a plain hand, the corners showing the nail holes, and contain- 
 ing a certificate dated November 18, 1797, stating that it was 
 posted at the store of Moses Little in New Hampton, eight 
 weeks prior to said date ; and also a copy containing an acknowl- 
 edgment of the selectmen of service On them, in both of which 
 the name of the proposed town is written " Centre Harbor." If 
 it was the intention of the people to name the town Senter's 
 Harbor, it is impossible that it could have been posted in a con- 
 spicuous place, and undoubtedly read by nearly every man in 
 town, and the error remain undiscovered. 
 
 Add to this fact that it has been spelt " Centre " in the town 
 records from that time to this, and that the first petition from 
 the town after its incorporation, which was for the appointment 
 of Lieutenant Winthrop Robinson as justice of the peace, was 
 dated "Centre Harbor, April, 1798." 
 
 The first settlements were made by Ebenezer Chamberlain 
 in 1765 and Colonel Joseph Senter in 1767. A Congregational 
 church was formed in 1815, over which Rev. David Smith was 
 ordained in 18 19. 
 
 One of the duties imposed upon the tithingmen in 1799 was 
 to stop all persons travelling on the Sabbath, and interrogate 
 
l8CX)] STATE GOVERNMENT. 461 
 
 them in relation to their business, names, and places of resi- 
 dence. Proud of their brief authority, zealous in the cause, they 
 were frequently a source of annoyance almost unbearable, seiz- 
 ing upon the reins of the traveller's horse with the ungracious 
 rudeness of the highwayman, rather than as the conservators 
 of religious observance and civil order. 
 
 Eighty years after the event Colonel William Kent gave his 
 account of how the inhabitants of Concord, few in number, at- 
 tended the funeral services on the death of General Washing- 
 ton, at the Old North meeting-house in Concord, February 22, 
 1800. They formed a procession, old and young, and marched 
 to the church. 
 
 " The solemnity of the occasion, the deep mourning dress of the pulpit and 
 galleries, in connection with the sad countenances of the people, are vivid in 
 tny memory to this day. Concord at that time, and for many years after, 
 had a population of about two thousand, with the same territorial limits as 
 at present. 
 
 " In the precinct, in what may be called the city proper, there was only one 
 street, now called Main street, and then only i/ie street. The principal ave- 
 nue to the street was then called Milk road (now called Pleasant street). It 
 led to the grist-mill belonging to the late Jacob Carter, father of our esteemed 
 citizen Jacob Carter, Esq., and at the present time owned and occupied by St. 
 Paul's school. This road, or Pleasant street, had only ten buildings as far 
 as the top of the hill opposite the asylum. On the north, beginning at the 
 corner of the street now called Green street, and as far north as Centre street, 
 was a swamp with a brook leading to the river, and a dense growth of trees 
 or shrubbery to the top of the hill, the section now occupied by our most 
 valuable residences. About the year 1815 Judge Green built the house now 
 occupied as the Asylum for the Aged, on about sixty-five acres of the land 
 connected therewith. As evidence of the greatly increased value, the house 
 and land belonging were sold for $5000. 
 
 "On the south of Pleasant street, extending to Bow line, the land was 
 occupied for cultivation and pasture, with the exception of a few scattered 
 house-lots, not exceeding twenty in all. 
 
 "Main street at that time, according to my recollection, from the south end 
 to the north, had five public-houses ; one of which, called the Butters' Tavern, 
 is now the only one standing; six stores; and the whole number of dwellings 
 did not exceed seventy-five. The first and only brick building in Concord 
 was erected in 1806, and is now occupied by the First National Bank. At 
 that time there was no public conveyance in any direction. This fact I can 
 fully realize, as I was a student at Atkinson Academy, and the only means of. 
 coming home at vacation was by the post-rider, who carried the mail once a 
 week on horseback from Haverhill, N. H., to Haverhill, Mass., who led my 
 
462 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [18OO 
 
 horse by his side for me to ride. The post-office was kept by David George, 
 in a small 6 by 8 room in his hatter's shop. The whole contents of a mail for 
 Concqrd might not have required more than a good-sized hat. Correspond- 
 ence was rare, and mostly of imperative necessity, on account of the expense 
 of postage. Letters directed the shortest distance took ten cents for postage, 
 and the expense proportionally increased with the distance; love letters 
 were few and far between. The only meeting-house in town was the Old 
 North, standing on the spot now occupied by the Walker school-house, 
 and it continued to be so until the year 1826, when the First Baptist church 
 > was dedicated ; and in 1829 the Unitarian. The churches have continued in- 
 creasing with the increase of population, now numbering, in all the city, 
 fifteen." 
 
 'The second New Hampshire turnpike road was incorporated December 26, 
 1799. It ran from Claremont through Unity, Lempster, Washington, Mar- 
 low, Hillsborough, Antrim, Deering, Francestown, Lyndeborough, New 
 Boston, Mont Vernon, and to Amherst, th ough as respects several of these 
 towns it merely " cut the corners." It was fifty miles in length. 
 
 The third was incorporated December 27, 1799. It ran from Bellows Falls 
 and Walpole, through Westmoreland, Surry, Keene, Marlborough, Jaflfrey, 
 and in a direction towards Boston. The distance was fifty miles. 
 
 The petition for the fourth New Hampshire turnpike road was presented 
 to the legislature in 1800, and was signed by Elisha Payne, Russell Freeman, 
 and Constant Stoors." 
 
 On November 2$, 1800, the House "voted that the prayer 
 thereof be granted, and that the petitioners have leave to bring 
 in a bill accordingly," with which the Senate on the next day 
 concurred. 
 
 The population of the State in 1800 was 183,868; but the 
 population of the towns through some portion of which the 
 turnpike passed was less than 10,000. 
 
 ' Before considering the act of incorporation, it may be useful to advert 
 briefly to some of the more salient of the almost innumerable provisions of 
 the English Turnpike Acts. 
 
 They provided that two oxen were to be considered the same as one horse ; 
 that cattle straying on a turnpike road might be impounded; that nails in 
 wheel tires should be countersunk so that they should not project more than 
 one-fourth of an inch above the surface ; that carriers' dogs should not be 
 chained to the wagons ; that teams should not descend hills with locked 
 wheels unless resting on skid pans or slippers ; that supernumerary "beasts of 
 draught" should not be used without licence; that no goods should be un- 
 loaded before coming to a turnpike gate or weighing machine; that drivers 
 should not turn from the road to avoid such machine ; that children under 
 thirteen years should not be drivers ; that all drivers must give their names ; 
 that no driver should ride, etc., without some one on foot or horseback to 
 
 "John M. Shirley. 
 
l800] STATE GOVERNMENT. 463 
 
 guide the team; that drivers when meeting other carriages " must keep to 
 the left side of tlie road;" that no person should pull down, damage, injure, 
 or destroy any lamp or lamp-post put up in or near the side of a turnpike 
 road or toll house, or extinguish the light of such lamp; and that no wind- 
 mill should be erected within two hundred yards of any part of the turnpike 
 road. 
 
 It was made the duty of the turnpike surveyor to prevent and remove all 
 annoyance by filth, dung, ashes, rubbish, or other things whatsoever, even if 
 laid upon a common within eighty feet of the centre of the road, and to turn 
 any watercourse, sinks, or drains which ran into, along, or out of any turn- 
 pike road to its prejudice, and to open, drain, and cleanse watercourses or 
 ditches adjoining the road, and to deepen and enlarge the same if the owners 
 neglected so to do after seven days' notice in writing. 
 
 With very trifling differences the same rule was applied to obstructions of 
 highways and turnpikes. 
 
 No tree, bush, or shrub was allowed within fifteen feet of the centre, un- 
 less for ornament or shelter to the house, building, or courtyard of the ovirner. 
 Hedges andboughsof trees were to bekept cut and pruned, while the possessors' 
 of the lands adjoining the roads were to cut down, prune and lop the trees 
 grdwing on or near the hedges or other fences in such a manner that the 
 highways should not be prejudiced by the shade, and so that the sun and 
 wind should not be excluded from them to their damage, with the pro- 
 viso that no oak trees or hedges must be cut except in April, May, or June, 
 or ash, elm, or other trees except in December, January, February, or March. 
 The surveyor could not compel the cutting of hedges except between the last 
 day of September and the last day of March. 
 
 The hedges were to be cut six feet from the surface of the ground, and the 
 branches of trees, bushes, and shrubs were also to be cut, and were treated 
 as a nuisance if they overhung the road so as to impede or annoy any person 
 or carriage travelling there. 
 
 When a turnpike road was laid out, which rendered an old road unneces- 
 sary, the trustees, etc., could discontinue the old road, which thereby vested 
 in them, and they might sell and convey the same by deed, or they might 
 by agreement give up the same to the owners of adjoining lands by way of 
 exchange, or the old road might be sold to some adjoining landowner, or in 
 case he refused to purchase to some other person. 
 
 Upon the completion of the contract the soil of the old road vested in the 
 purchaser and his heirs, — saving fossils, mines, and minerals to the original 
 proprietor. 
 
 The exceptions under the English Acts were much more minute than un- 
 der section six of the Act under consideration. 
 
 No toll could be collected for horses or carriages which only crossed the 
 turnpike, or which did not pass one hundred yards thereon, or for horses or 
 carriages conveying any one to or from the election of a member of the 
 county where the road was situate; or for the mails or the military service, 
 nor for any inhabitant of a parish, etc., attending a funeral therein, nor for 
 any curate, etc., visiting any sick parishioner or attending to any other paro- ■ 
 
464 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [180O 
 
 chial duty wjthin his parish ; nor from any person going to or returning 
 from his parochial church or chapel or usual place of religious worship toler- 
 ated by law, on Sundays or any day on which divine service was by authority 
 allowed to be celebrated. 
 
 The first meeting of the corporation was duly warned by Elisha 
 Payne, January 28, 1801. The meeting was held at the dwelling- 
 i house of Clap Sumner, " Innholder," in Lebanon, on March 24, 
 , 1801, at ten a. m. Elisha Payne was chosen moderator, Benja- 
 min J. Gilbert of Hanover was chosen clerk, accepted his ap- 
 pointment, and was "sworn accordingly." 
 
 An examination of the list shows how largely the people at 
 Portsmouth, at Hanover, and at Lebanon were interested. 
 
 The shareholders at Hopkinton were headed by Judge Harris. 
 Herriman, or Harriman, also resided there. 
 
 The list shows, with the exception of Bowers and a few others 
 in Salisbury, how few shareholders there were in the ou^et 
 along the line from Boscawen ferry to Lebanon. 
 
 The next step was to provide for locating the road. This was, if possible, 
 more delicate and difficult than the raising of funds. The feelings of the 
 rival interests along the line were very strong. With the exception of that 
 part of the road from Fifield's mills to Horse-shoe Pond in Andover, a distance 
 of about three miles, there was likely to be a sharp and bitter controversy 
 about the location of the entire route. Strange as it may seem, Roger Per- 
 kins and General Davis at this time had not discovered how vital it was for 
 the interest of that section that the turnpike should run from the Potter Place 
 to Hopkinton. Through their efforts, mainly, this route was afterwards laid 
 out by order of the court, and partially built. It was overthrown by Ezekiel 
 Webster, who never forgot the hostility of the people of Hopkinton towards 
 him in a celebrated case, upon the ground mainly that for a portion of the 
 way it ran along or over old highways. 
 
 The corporators in the outset determined to select people outside the State 
 to make the location in order to avoid the huckstering and log-rolling which 
 had made so much trouble in other cases, and which afterwards caused so 
 much feeling in the location of railroads. Accordingly at the adjourned 
 meeting. May 29, 1801, the following votes were passed : — 
 
 "Voted that General James Whitelaw of Ryegate, General Elias Stevens of 
 Royalton, and Major Micah Barron of Bradford, all in the State of Vermont, 
 t be a committee to survey and lay out the route for the fourth turnpike road 
 in New Hampshire. 
 
 The great question before the legislature at the June session, 
 1800, was on the memorial of certain persons asking for the estab- 
 
l80l] STATE GOVERNMENT. 465 
 
 lishment of another bank in Portsmouth.* Soon after the estab- 
 lishment of the New Hampshire bank, a company was formed 
 in that town, which issued bills and transacted the ordinary busi- 
 ness of a bank, though unincorporated. The old bank was in 
 the hands of the Federalists ; the new one, established by 
 Langdon,' Sherburne, Goddard, and other Republicans, was not 
 a mere money concern, but was intended as an engine of poli- 
 tical power. They had the year before applied for an Act of 
 incorporation, which was denied them ; and a law was passed 
 making all such unincorporated banking associations unlawful. 
 The State had, also, became a stockholder in the old bank. 
 The March elections had turned mainly, in many places, on this 
 bank question ; and the Republicans had gained largely by the 
 votes of men who regarded the old bank as a monopoly, the 
 State subscription as a bribe, and the new bank as the only sure 
 "remedy for the financial evils of the times.* 
 
 The question came up in the House on a memorial of the 
 jiew bank, praying for the repeal of the prohibition on unin- 
 corporated banking associations, the law not having gone into 
 operation. The Federalists were opposed to the request on 
 party grounds, and were represented by William Plumer ; the 
 petitioners were represented by Mr. Goddard, the ablest debater 
 on the Republican side. After a heated debate, the law was not 
 repealed. 
 
 The session closed on Monday, the governor refusing to ad- 
 journ the Houses on Saturday lest some of the members might 
 travel towards their homes on the Sabbath. Mr. Sheafe was 
 elected to the United States Senate by a small majority.* 
 
 The Federalists were evidently losing ground, and the new 
 bank at Portsmouth was gaining friends in every part of the 
 State. It required the utmost personal popularity of some of 
 the tried Federal leaders to secure their election to the legis- 
 lature. When the legislature met at Hopkinton in June, 1801, 
 though the Federalists had a decided majority, John Langdon, 
 the Republicans* candidate, wanted but two votes of being 
 elected speaker. Prentice owed his majority of one to the vote 
 
 ■William Plumer, Jr. 
 
46(5 HISTORY OF NKW HAMI'SHIKIL. [ 1 802 
 
 of a man whom he had grossly insulted at a former session, — 
 proof at that time of the influence of party over individual con- 
 duct, especially as Prentice was much inferior as a presiding- 
 officer to Langdon. The proprietors of the Union Bank re- 
 newed, at this session, their application for an Act of incorpora- 
 tion. The Federalists being divided in opinion, the bill passed 
 the House but was rejected by the Senate ; at the next session, 
 however, the Union Bank obtained its charter. The Repub- 
 lican party had, in the meantime, by the election of Mr. Jeffer- 
 son to the presidency, gained the ascendency in the general 
 government, but were still in a minority in New Hami^shire. 
 Accessions to their number were owing to the local question of 
 the bank. The system of paper money, except in the old form 
 of State notes, which had everywhere proved disastrous to 
 public credit, was at that time a novelty in the State. For 
 years the Union Bank confined its loans to its political friends, 
 or to those whom_ it hoped to make such. The old bank was 
 not more liberal in its policy. The system of State banks 
 spread in all directions, and on the whole was beneficial to the 
 public interests, and continued in force until the establishment 
 of the National Bank system. 
 
 At the June session, 1802, William Plumer was elected to fill 
 the unexpired term in the United States Senate of Mr. 
 Sheafe, who had resigned. Nicholas Gilman, the candidate of 
 the opposition, was also a Federalist, but loss pronounced in his 
 views than his brother, Governor Gilman. At that time Mr. 
 Plumer was considered the ablest man in his party. 
 
 ' Prior to the appointment of Judge Smith in 1802, the law in this State as 
 a science had no existence. For this there are two principal reasons : — 
 
 I. Under the proprietary government of Mason we had no law of our own, 
 either statute or common. As late as 1660, Mason claimed that New 
 Hampshire and Maine were governed by the law of the mother country. 
 Portsmouth, Dover, Exeter, and Hampton were little principalities, and did 
 substantially as they pleased. The Province, as such, had no existence be- 
 fore the union with Massachusetts, in 1641, nor until after the forced separa- 
 tion in 1679. 
 
 The first code of laws enacted in this Province, in 1679-16S0, was in sub- 
 
 * Julm M. Shirley. 
 
l802] STATE GOVERNMENT. 46/ 
 
 stance a re-enactment of the Mosaic code, was sent to the mother country for 
 rojal sanction, and was disallowed by the Privy Council, as many others 
 afterwards were. 
 
 During the reign of James II. the laws were silent. A trinity of pro- 
 consuls ruled and robbed the people. In 1692, seventy years after the settle- 
 ment, we were entirely destitute of what is called -written law. Many statutes 
 were enacted after this time which never received the sanction of the King 
 and Council. 
 
 No laws were published until 1716, when an edition of sixty pages folio 
 was published in Boston. In 1718 seventy-two pages were added, and in 
 1719 twenty-four pages more. After this, and before 1728, sixteen pages 
 more were added, making in all a volume of one hundred and seventy-two 
 pages. There was no printing press in this Province till 1756. An edition 
 of the statutes was published here in 1760, but discarded as not authentic, 
 and a new and carefully printed edition was published in 1771. After 
 the Revolution, the statutes were printed in folio till 1789, when an octavo 
 edition, containing the public and some of the private laws, was published 
 by order of the legislature. The dissatisfaction of the public compelled the 
 publication of a new and revised edition in 1792, which was followed by the 
 edition of 1797, and afterwards by the more copious one of 1S05. 
 
 The statute law, when Judge Smith came to the bench, was in a crude, 
 chaotic, and unsatisfactory condition, and the common law far worse. 
 
 2. With notable exceptions, like the Livermores, which prove the rule, the 
 iench was filled with broken-down ministers, lumbermen, bankrupt traders, 
 and cheap lawyers. From two to four of these judges, as the quorum varied, 
 attended each trial term, if they did not, as sometimes happened, forget the 
 time; and not unfrequently they all charged the jury in the same cause, dif- 
 fering oftentimes as much as the opposing counsel. 
 
 Smith was a strong man. It needed some iron hand to purge the Augean 
 stable, and he came. He was one of the best representatives of that industri- 
 ous, tough, enduring, Scotch-Irish stock, who regarded it as recreation to 
 work or fight from dawn till set of sun, and then to spend half the night in 
 jest, and song, and story. At forty. Smith was a profound lawyer. He had 
 absorbed the history of New England, and especially of this Province and 
 State, as a sponge does water. At this time he was the greatest master of 
 probate law in New England. No one since has equalled him; and no one 
 in this State has approached him except the late Charles H. Atherton. He 
 prepared two large manuscript volumes on the subject. It cost a vast amount 
 of time and labor, and was an able work of great value. It was the reservoir 
 from which Webster, Chief Justice Richardson, and others hardly less emi- 
 nent, continually drew. Notwithstanding he was a busy man of affairs, he 
 was top-heavy with law learning when he came to the bench, and when he 
 retired, at the age of fifty-six, he had accomplished more than ought to be 
 expected of those at seventy-five, who now stand in the fore-front of the 
 profession with the aid of all the modern appliances. 
 
 Upon coming to the bench, Judge Smith promptly introduced the practice 
 
468 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [iSOJ 
 
 of allowing a single judge to direct the course of trials, at the trial terms, of 
 reserving cases and questions for the consideration of the whole court, and 
 of preparing written opinions. 
 
 This brought order out of chaos, but the labor was immense. Besides that 
 expended on the great work of his life, the treatise on probate law, he pre- 
 sided at the trial terms, examined the cases, and prepared the written 
 opinions in all cases heard in banc, numbering from sixty to seventy yearly, 
 and making fourteen manuscript volumes with a manuscript digest. 
 
 Partisan madness prevented the publication of these opinions when that 
 publication was demanded by every rational consideration of the public in- 
 terest. Had they been published when they ought, thousands and tens of 
 thousands of the money of Individuals and the public would have been saved, 
 for a very large proportion of the questions heard before Judge Smith have 
 since been litigated at great expense.' 
 
 2 The curious traveller may still trace with little difficulty the 
 line of the old Middlesex Canal, with here and there a break, from 
 the basin at Charlestown to its j unction with the Merrimack at Mid- 
 dlesex village. Like an accusing ghost, it never strays far from 
 the Boston & Lowell Railroad, to which it owes its untimely end. 
 
 Judging the canal by the pecuniary recompense it brought its 
 projectors, it must be admitted a dismal failure ; yet its incep- 
 tion was none the less a comprehensive, far-reaching scheme, 
 which seemed to assure a future of ample profits and great pub- 
 lic usefulness. Inconsiderable as this work may appear com- 
 pared with the modern achievements of engineering, it was, for 
 the times, a gigantic undertaking, beset with difficulties scarcely 
 conceivable to-day. Boston was a small townof about twenty thou- 
 sand inhabitants; Medford,Woburn, and Chelmsford were insig- 
 nificant villages ; and Lowell was as yet unborn, while the valley 
 of the Merrimack northward into New Hampshire supported a 
 sparse agricultural population. But the outlook was encourag- 
 ing. It was a period of rapid growth and marked inprovements. 
 The subject of closer communication with the interior early be- 
 came a vital question. Turnpikes, controlled by corporations, were 
 the principal avenues over which country produce, lumber, fire- 
 wood, and building-stone found their way to the little metropolis. 
 The cost of entertainment at the various country inns, the frequent 
 tolls, and the inevitable wear and tear of teaming, enhanced 
 very materially the price of all these articles. The Middlesex 
 
 » John M. Shirley. ^ L. L. Dame. 
 
l803] STATE GOVERNMENT. 469 
 
 Canal was the first step towards the solution of the problem of 
 cheap transportation. The plan originated with the Hon. James 
 Sullivan, a judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, attor- 
 ney-general, and governor in 1807 and 1808. He was a brother 
 of General John Sullivan, of Durham. 
 
 A brief glance at the map of the New England States will bring out in bold 
 relief the full significance of Sullivan's scheme. It will be seen that the Mer- 
 rimack river, after pursuing a southerly course as far as Middlesex village, 
 turns abruptly to the north-east. A canal from Charlestown mill-pond to 
 this bend of the river, a distance of twenty-seven and a quarter miles, would 
 open a continuous water-route of eighty miles to Concord, N. H. From thi& 
 point, taking advantage of Lake Sunapee, a canal could easily be run in a 
 north-westerly direction to the Connecticut at Windsor, Vt. ; and thence, 
 making use of intermediate streams, communication could be opened with 
 the St. Lawrence. The speculative mind of Sullivan dwelt upon the preg- 
 nant results that must follow the connection of Boston with New Hampshire 
 and possibly Vermont and Canada. He consulted his friend, Colonel Bald- 
 win, sheriff of Middlesex, who had a natural taste for engineering, and they 
 came to the conclusion that the plan was feasible. Should the undertaking 
 succeed between Concord and Boston, the gradual increase in population and. 
 traffic would in time warrant the completion of the programme. Even should 
 communication never be established beyond Concord, the commercial advan- 
 tages of opening to the market the undeveloped resources of upper New 
 Hampshire would be a sufficient justification. A charter was granted, bearing- 
 date of June 22, 1793, " incorporating James Sullivan, Esq., and others, by 
 the name of the Proprietors of the Middlesex Canal," and on the same day 
 was signed by His Excellency John Hancock, governor of Massachusetts. 
 
 Colonel Baldwin, who superintended the construction of the canal, re- 
 moved the first turf September 10, 1794. The progress was slow and at- 
 tended with many embarrassments. The purchase of land from more than 
 one hundred proprietors demanded skillful diplomacy. Most of the lands- 
 used for the canal were acquired by voluntary sale, and conveyed in fee-sim- 
 ple to the corporation. Sixteen lots were taken under authority of the Court 
 of Sessions ; while for thirteen neither deed nor record could be found when 
 the corporation came to an end. Some of the land was never paid for, as th& 
 owner refused to accept the sum awarded. The compensation ranged from 
 about $150 an acre in Medford to $25 in Billerica. The only instrument 
 used for engineering purposes was a level imported from England. Of the 
 two routes considered, the rejected route was forty years later selected for the 
 Lowell Railroad. The canal was thirty feet wide, and four feet deep, cost 
 $500,000, was twenty-seven and a quarter miles long, connected Charles 
 river Avith the Merrimack above Lowell, and was opened to public navigation 
 in 1803. 
 
 As the enterprise had the confidence of the business community, money 
 for prosecuting the work had been procured with comparative ease. The 
 
470 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [18O4 
 
 stock was divided into eight hundred shares. The stock had steadily- ad- 
 vanced from $25 a share in the autumn of 1794 to $473 in 1S03, the yeav the 
 canal was opened, touching $500 in 1S04. Then a decline set in, a few dol- 
 lars at a time, till 1816, when its market value was $300 with few takers, 
 although the canal was in successful operation. 
 
 ^ The Federal party was carefully organized in the spring of 
 1804 by Senator Plunjer to carry the fall elections. Although 
 ■Governor Gilman had been re-elected in March, a majority of 
 both Houses was Republican. Associating with himself five 
 other persons, one from each county, he formed a self-constitu- 
 ted State committee, of which he was chairman. Under their 
 .auspices county committees were formed, who in turn organized 
 town and school district committees, whose duty it was to bring 
 out every Federal voter to the polls, and to secure as far as pos- 
 sible every wavering and doubtful voter for their party. This is 
 believed to have been the first instance in this State in which a 
 systematic attempt was made to bring the whole force of a party, 
 thoroughly organized, to bear with undivided weight on the 
 result of an election. Newspapers were provided for gratuitous 
 •distribution : post-riders were employed to distribute them in 
 «very part of the State. An address was prepared by Mr. 
 Plumer : six thousand copies were distributed, in every town in 
 the Commonwealth. The election occurred in August for rep- 
 resentatives to Congress, and through these unusual exertions the 
 Federalists carried the State by an average majority of nearly 
 ■eight hundred votes. 
 
 At the presidential election, however, the Federalists suffered 
 a fearful defeat by the Republicans, losing New Hampshire by 
 over five hundred votes. Even Massachusetts voted for the re- 
 •election of Thomas Jefferson as president. He received all but 
 fourteen of the one hundred and seventy-six electoral votes. 
 The opposition to him was confined to Connecticut, Delaware, 
 and Maryland. 
 
 ' Hon. John Pickering of Portsmouth was removed from the oiBce of judge 
 of the district court for New Hampshire in the year 1804, and died in 1805. 
 He was born in Newington in 1738, graduated at Harvard College in 1761 ; 
 soon became eminent in the profession of the law in Portsmouth; was an 
 
 ■ William Pluiner, Jr. a G. W. Nesmith. 
 
l804] STATE GOVERNMENT. 47I 
 
 active partisan in defence of the rights and liberty- of America; as early as 
 1773 was on a committee to prevent tlie importation of tea; in 1775, 1776) and 
 several other succeeding 3'ears, was an influential member of the legislature 
 Irom Portsmouth; was a member of the convention, and assisted in framing 
 •our Slate constitution; was chief justice of our Supreme Court for five years, 
 commencing with 1790; was previously attorney-general for one year ; served 
 as governor most of one year, after John Langdon was chosen senator; was 
 one of the electors of president for 178S and 1792, and had the privilege of 
 voting for Washington and sustaining his administration; was appointed by 
 his fellow citizens to address Washington in 1789, when Washington visited 
 Portsmouth. His address and Washington's answer may be found in Brews- 
 ter's " Rambles about Portsmouth." About the end of the year 1795, upon his 
 resignation of the office of judge of our State court, he was appointed by Wash- 
 ington to the office of district judge of New Hampshire. It was suggested that 
 the health of Judge Pickering at this time was not firm, and this change of office 
 was made because the duties required of the incumbent of the district court 
 -were less laborious than the requisitions of the State bench. And there is 
 the authority of Governor Plumer for the assertion, that the hypochondria of 
 1794, of Judge Pickering, as it was then called, had, in 1803, been developed 
 into such a condition, bodily and mental, as to render him incompetent to 
 the proper discharge of his official duties. It was not doubted his mental 
 powers were deranged. Then the question arose how to get rid of the judge 
 from the bench. In February, 1S03, President Jefferson sent his message to 
 the House of Representatives, enclosing a letter and affidavits exhibiting a 
 complaint against Judge Pickering. The message and papers were referred 
 to a committee consisting of Nicholson of Maryland, James A. Bayard of 
 Delaware, John Randolph of Virginia, Tenney of New Hampshire, and El- 
 mendorf of New York, with instructions to report thereon. On the i8th 
 of February Mr. Nicholson made his repoit, lecommending the adoption of 
 the following resolution : Resolved, That John Pickering, judge of thp New 
 Hampshire district court, be impeached of high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 This report came up for consideration in March, 1803, a day or two before 
 the close of the session of that Congress. Goddard of Connecticut moved its 
 postponement to the next session. This motion was sustained by the mover, 
 Mitchell of New York, Dana of Connecticut, and Mott of Pennsylvania. It 
 was rejected by the House, and the resolution was adopted. Messrs. Nichol- 
 son and Randolph were appointed managers, by the House, to conduct pro- 
 ceedings before the Senate. The House resolution was transferred to the 
 Senate, and was there postponed to the next session. At the session of 1804 
 the trial came on. Governor Plumer was then one of the senators from this 
 State. He states that both of the New Hampshire senators were examined 
 as witnesses as to the character of Judge Pickering, and testified to the high 
 moral worth of the judge so long as he retained the use of his reason. Here 
 then was exhibited, before one of the highest tribunals of our land, the ex. 
 traordinary attempt to interpret mental insanity, in its meaning and conse- 
 quences, as tantamount to crime and misdemeanor — an unwarrantable 
 
472 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1804 
 
 attempt to confound all distinction of law and justice which, when carried 
 into practice, would pervert the constitutional provision of impeachment for 
 crime into an unconstitutional mode of removal from office without crime. 
 Senator Samuel White of Delaware, on this occasion, used the following 
 strong denunciatory language. He said ; " The accused is in default, not in 
 consequence of contempt of court, but under the awful visitation of God, and 
 as he is mentally deranged, our proceedings scarcely deserve the name of a. 
 mock trial." Nicholson, senator from Virginia, here called out, ''Order! 
 Order! Order! I will not permit our proceedings to be called by the name 
 of a mock trisl." 
 
 Mr. White said to the president: " I am in order, sir; I repeat it, it is a 
 mock trial. I have no wish to give offence, but if that gentleman is offended, 
 I am ready to give him satisfaction at any time and place." The president 
 gave no rebuke to the parties. No meeting followed their words. Governor 
 Plumer informs us that the impeachment met with strenuous opposition in 
 the Senate. The measure was carried at last by the vote of seventeen to 
 seven nays — several senators refusing to vote. The whole Senate then con- 
 sisted of thirty-two; only twenty-four voted for the resolution; two-thirds 
 were required to impeach. Judge Pickering was not present, nor was he rep- 
 resented by counsel. It occurs to us his removal may have been justly de- 
 manded, because his disease was shown to have been incurable, and his office 
 probably required an incumbent able to work. Yet, admitting the public 
 necessity of his removal, we cannot come to the conclusion that the Consti- 
 tution of the United States, or its wise framers, ever contemplated that, in 
 order to effect the removal of a judge admitted to be insane, the sole remedy 
 must exist in the open and serious charge or allegation of committing some 
 crime or misdemeanor, when it is obvious to everyone that his mental status 
 is of that character as to render him not responsible for the commission of 
 any offence. The provision for removal by impeachment was evidently de- 
 signed to apply to cases of actual guilt, fully sustained by ample proof. In 
 this case the severe charge is alleged, but the proof of guilt is wanting. 
 Hence, the trial deserved Senator White's denunciation. If the public good 
 demanded Judge Pickering's removal from office, why not resort to such a 
 remedy, rather than to the harsh, unjust remedy of imputing crime where 
 none has been committed. We are glad to know that all our New Hampshire 
 delegation in Congress, and such men as Huger, Griswold, John C. Smith, 
 James A. Bayard of Delaware, and many other able men in both branches, 
 were found in opposition to this wicked proceeding. ' 
 
 ' The year 1804 had witnessed the completion of the great enterprise — the 
 fourth New Hampshire turnpike; that is, the road — to use the common 
 speech of the times — had been "built through" and in some sense was open 
 for public travel thereon ; but the cost had far exceeded the expectations of 
 the pioneers in the enterprise. Instead of costing $600 or less per mile, it 
 had cost $61,157.00, or more than $1200 per mile. No toll-houses had been 
 erected. No turnpikes or gates were set up till March 2, 1806. The repairs 
 were expensive, and the prospect of fat dividends was remote. 
 
 M;. VV. Nesr.i;.!!. 2 J. M. Sllirley. 
 
1804] STATE GOVERNMENT. 473 
 
 Until the turnpikes were set up, there was little disposition to pay toll. 
 The location of these turnpikes was regarded as a matter of great importance, 
 second only to the location of the road itself. Besides other places, tradition 
 says that a gate was erected at George Hill in Enfield, which we know was 
 afterwards removed to Fishmarket. Another was erected at the low Gay 
 House in what is now Wilmot, some thirty or forty rods on the road to 
 Springfield from the Porter K. Philbrick stand. The inost important, with 
 perhaps one exception, was that at West Andover. It barred not only the 
 fourth, but its great feeder the Grafton turnpike. It was erected almost op- 
 posite to the great elm tree which now stands near the house of George M. 
 Babbitt. 
 
 There was another, known as the " Parker Gate," not far from the "Pet 
 Webster place" in Salisbury, near what is now known as the Heath premises. 
 The site of the old cellar of the toll-house may yet be seen. 
 
 There was another in Boscawen, about which there was no end of con- 
 tention. 
 
 These gates were sometimes set up temporarily in one place and then re- 
 moved to another for the greater security of the interests of the corporation. 
 All sorts of lies, tricks, and evasions were resorted to to get rid of the pay- 
 ment of toll. Selectme.n sometimes laid out roads or changed the route of 
 old ones in order to enable the traveller to leave the turnpike before he 
 reached the gate, and then resume his travel on the turnpike beyond it. 
 
 Sinners evaded the payment of toll by claiming that they were passing 
 ■with their horses and carriages to or from " public worship," when they 
 never intended to attend anything of the kind in any sense known to the 
 religious world. Among themselves they claimed that the charter did not 
 ■define public worship, that going a-courting, attending a card party or a 
 drinking bout where parties regaled themselves with that choice elixir of the 
 saints, West India or New England rum, was religious service. Good chris- 
 tians cheated the corporation out of its due by claiming that they were going 
 to mill when they were going a-visiting or attending to their private busi- 
 ness, and that they were engaged in their common or ordinary affairs of 
 business concerns within the town where they belonged when they were not 
 engaged in such business, and were out of the town where they belonged. 
 
 The winds blew, the floods came and washed away the road-bed, and ren- 
 dered the travel thereon and upon the bridges unsafe. 
 
 There were no stages here in those days to aid in swelling dividends. 
 They were the product of a later epoch. There was a rumor that such things 
 had been seen in New York, in 1804. It was said, though not fully believed, 
 that there was a New York and Albany stage line on the east side of the Hud- 
 son river, that the stage left the city every morning at six o'clock and reached 
 Albany on the third day, that the fare of each through passenger was eight 
 dollars, and that every way passenger had to pay a York sixpence a mile. It 
 was also said that a like stage ran daily on the west side of the river between 
 New York and Albany, that the through fare was the sAme as on the other 
 route, and that way passengers only had to pay five cents a mile. 
 
474 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1805. 
 
 There were then no great transportation companies, and the canal craze 
 ■which came on at a later day had not even reached this part of New Hamp- 
 shire.' 
 
 Down to 1805 New Hampshire was a Federal State ; but iii. 
 that year, after an exciting contest, the Republican party pre- 
 vailed, choosing for a governor John Langdon, and carrying- 
 every branch of the State government by a majority of nearly 
 four thousand. Simon Olcott's term of service in the United 
 States Senate having expired in March, Nicholas Oilman, a Re- 
 publican, was chosen in his place. He was the first Republican 
 who had represented the State in either House of Congress, and 
 his election was considered a great party triumph. 
 
 William Plumer, in 1805, wrote Uriah Tracy as follows : — 
 
 " Democracy has obtained its long-expected triumph in New Hampshire. 
 John Langdon is governor-elect His success is not owing to snow, rain, 
 hail, or bad roads, but to the incontrovertible fact that the Federalists of this 
 State do not compose the majority. Many good men have grown weary of 
 constant exertions to support a system whose labors bear a close affinity to 
 those of Sisyphus." 
 
 To comprehend all that was implied in the popular conception 
 of this political change, one needs to reflect in part upon a con- 
 dition of society no longer obtaining. The dominant Federal 
 element was largely embodied in the professional and official 
 classes, who formed a kind of select aristocracy, more separated 
 from the sympathy and co-operation of the common people than 
 any considerably influential class in New Hampshire to-day. In 
 a sense, the triumph of Republicanism was the success of the 
 masses of the people. The commonalty, so to speak, had asser- 
 ted their right to lead as well as to be led. The rights of the 
 people have formed the theme of every Anti-Federalist since the 
 adoption of the constitution.^ 
 
 The Republicans came into full possession of the State govern- 
 ment in 1806, re-elected Governor Langdon ; and the legislature 
 elected Nahum Parker to the United States Senate, to succeed 
 William Plumer. In August five Republican members of Con- 
 gress were chosen, thus making the whole delegation solid in 
 supporting the administration of Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 •JohnM Shirley. 2 William Plumer, Jr. 
 
^8°6] STATE GOVERNMENT. 475 
 
 The establishment of post-offices in many of the less impor- 
 tant towns, in 1806, was without doubt very welcome to the 
 inhabitants, and may be justly considered an important event in 
 their history. 
 
 In earlier times it was customary to intrust to some friend or 
 acquaintance, who might be travelling in the right direction, a 
 missive for an absent friend or relative. Doubtless the post- 
 rider, in his journeying through the town, accommodated those 
 living on his immediate route, and the blowing of his horn an- 
 nounced his welcome approach. As a matter of course, few 
 letters were written in those days, so that high rates of postage 
 were not onerous. 
 
 ^ In 1806, as tradition has it, the Grafton turnpike was for- 
 mally opened. The travel upon the great feeder as well as 
 upon the trunk line steadily increased. Year by year new 
 taverns were put up on the line. Year by year the pod and 
 gimlet teams with their precious freight from beyond the State 
 increased in number and their freight in importance. 
 
 No coaches ran from Boston to Concord till 1807.^ The main 
 public means of conveyance in 1806 was by the post-horse, 
 which carried the packet while the post-boy walked by his side. 
 
 We have no means of fixing the precise time when the stages 
 ran north from Concord. Pettengill of Salisbury drove up the 
 first trip. This was a two-horse coach. Harvey and others- 
 afterwards controlled this line of two-horse coaches. The larger 
 ones came afterwards. The stages were passing up the turnpike 
 just prior to the war of 1812. 
 
 James Rowe, Esq., of Wilmot, acted as post-boy and carried 
 the mail from West Andover over the Grafton turnpike to Or- . 
 ford in 1822, "and did errands." There were no stages which 
 ran over that route, to his knowledge, at or before that time. 
 
 Between 181 5 and 18 18 the Boating Company was organized, 
 and the Canal Company located its northernmost boat-house 
 and store at Concord. The big teams became one of the perma- 
 nent institutions, and then came the stages with their whir and 
 rattle, and the mails. This gave a ready market in every town 
 
 * John M. Shirley. 
 
476 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [1807 
 
 for all kinds of provision for man and beast and for the farmer's 
 
 horses. 
 
 The pressure of this increased travel demanded greater ac- 
 commodations both as respects the road and along the line. 
 Changes in the route were made to facilitate the transit of heavy 
 freight, and some of them at great expense.^ 
 
 2 Following the construction of the Middlesex Canal came the 
 requisite works to render the Merrimack river navigable from 
 the head of the Middlesex to the town of Concord, being a 
 series of dams, locks, and short canals to overcome the natural 
 
 The old Blodgett Mansion at Amoskeag Canal. Erected in 1795. Pulled down in 1870. 
 
 rapids and falls of the river. The first of these works was a 
 lock and short canal at Wicasee Falls, three miles above the 
 head of the Middlesex, at what is now known as Tyng's Island. 
 No fall is now perceptible at that point, the Lowell dam having 
 flowed it out. The second work, fifteen miles further up the 
 river, at Cromwell's Falls, consisted of a dam and single lock. 
 Then came dams and single locks at Moor's, Coos, Goff' s, Grif- 
 fin's, and Merrill's Falls. About a mile above Merrill's Falls were 
 the lower locks of the Amoskeag — a canal next in importance to 
 
 ^ John M. Shirley. 2 General George Slark, 
 
i8o7] 
 
 STATE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 477 
 
 the Middlesex. It was only about one mile in length, but sur- 
 mounted, by works of very considerable magnitude, the great 
 fall of between fifty and sixty feet that now furnishes the water 
 
 WITH WIND AND CURRENT, 
 
 power for the manufactories of Manchester. Its construction 
 was first undertaken by Samuel Blodgett as early as 1794, but 
 it was not completed until 1807. 
 
 BOAT ENTERING LOCKS. 
 
 Eight miles above Amoskeag the locks and short canal of 
 Hooksett overcame a fall of some seventeen feet ; and six mileiS 
 further on the Bow locks and canal afforded the final lift of 
 
478 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [1807 
 
 twenty-seven feet, to the level of the navigable water of the 
 Merrimack river at Concord. 
 
 Short side canals with locks were subsequently built at the 
 junctions of the Nashua and Piscataquog rivers with the Merri- 
 mack to facilitate the passage of boats from the Merrimack to 
 the storehouses in Nashua and Piscataquog villages. 
 
 For forty years this line of canals formed the principal channel 
 of heavy transportation between the two capitals, and, except 
 that the canals did not effectually compete with the stages for 
 carrying passengers, they held the same position to transporta- 
 tion as is now held by their successor and destroyer — the rail- 
 road. 
 
 THE TOW-PATH ON THE CANAL. 
 
 During the entire season of open river, from the time that the 
 spring break-up of winter ice permitted navigation to commence, 
 until the frosts of fall again closed it, this eighty-five miles, of 
 water was thronged with boats, taking the products of the coun- 
 try to a market at the New England metropolis, and returning 
 loaded with salt, lime, cement, plaster, hardware, leather, liquors, 
 iron, glass, grindstones, cordage, paints, oils, and all that infinite 
 variety of merchandise required by country merchants, formerly 
 classed under the general terms of "dry and West India 
 goods." The original bills of lading show that they brought 
 up from Boston, for consumption in the country, flour, corn, but- 
 ter, and cheese, which plainly indicates that the people of the 
 
iSoS] STATE GOVERNMENT. 479 
 
 Merrimack river valley gave more attention in those days tof 
 lumbering and river navigation than to agriculture. 
 
 The boats were built of two-inch pine plank, spiked on small 
 oak cross-joints and siHe-knees, and had heavy oak horizontal 
 timbers at either end. The sides were vertical and without' 
 cross thwarts, except what was called the mast -board, — a thick 
 oak plank, securely fastened across on top, from side to. side, a 
 little forward of the centre of the boat. A cross yard, with a 
 square sail attached, which could be hoisted or lowered at plea- 
 sure by a rope working over a single block in the top, of the 
 mast, completed the sailing outfit. It was only used upon the 
 river, the mast being struck and stowed in 'the boat when pass-' 
 ing the larger canals. The rudder was a long steering oar,' 
 pivoted on the centre of the cross-frame of the stern, the blade, 
 about eighteen inches wide and ten feet long, trailing in the 
 water behind the boat, and the handle or tiller extending about 
 the same distance over the boat, so as to afford a good leverage ' 
 for guiding the unwieldy craft. 
 
 The Act of embargo went into effect at the end of December, 
 1807, and was not repealed until a year had elapsed. Theamount' 
 of suffering it involved can hardly be appreciated. Had a farmer 
 been forbidden to work his farm for a year, he would still have had 
 his farm. The merchant's ships rotted at the wharf. The sailors 
 were thrown out of employment, fortunes were swept' away, ' 
 and many were ruined. So disastrous were its effects that . 
 many of the most ardent Federalists could see relief only in a , 
 dissolution of the Union, which no longer protected their prop- ■ 
 erty. The Massachusetts legislature, in February, 1809, ^^' 
 clared the embargo " unjust, oppressive, and unconstitiitional, 
 and not legally binding on the citizens of the State." 
 
 In the spring election, in 1808, for State officers, the Repub- 
 lican party retained their ascendency, choosing a legislature 
 which sustained the policy of President Jefferson, adopting 
 an address to that effect ; but in the national election in the 
 autumn the tide of politics turned, and the Federal party 
 prevailed, ckoosing five members of Congress, and presidential 
 electors. 
 
480 HISTORY OK NEW HAMPSHIKE. [1808 
 
 ' The commencement of the American Patriot was attended \>y circum- 
 stances of no more favorable character than accompanied preceding attempts, 
 except that Concord had been chosen in which to permanently hold the ses- 
 sions of the legislature. In all probability the Patriot, after brief existence, 
 would have gone into the same grave as its predecessors, but for the fortunate 
 circumstance that it came into the custody of a gentleman of the ability, in- 
 dustry and tact necessary not merely to rescue it from the fate of other village 
 journals there, but to make it a power in New Hampshire. This person was 
 the late Hon. Isaac Hill, who in his day acquired a reputation as a political 
 writer and journalist second to that of no other newspaper conductor. He 
 came to Concord soon after the expiration of his apprenticeship with Joseph 
 Cusliing, proprietor and publisher of the Amherst Cabinet. The American 
 Patriot had been six months in existence. The first number printed by Mr. 
 Hill is dated April 18, 1809; and thenceforward the people of New Hampshire 
 came within an influence they had only imperfectly realized — the power of 
 the press to mold and guide popular opinion. Mr. Hill was a man of decided 
 convictions and untiring industry, wrote with great facility and vigor, and 
 possessed that electric force by which a writer upon political affairs imparts 
 to others the convictions and zeal possessed by himself. Under his guiding 
 hand the success of the Patriot was certain. It soon became a successful 
 journal, attaining a wide and constantly increasing circulation j greater than 
 that of any preceding or contemporary journal in New Hampshire. A circum- 
 stance which accelerated its growth was that difficulty with England which 
 culminated in what is known as the war of 1S12-15. That the Patriot, in the 
 hands of Mr. Hill, would have become permanent, even in years of profound 
 calm, there is no reason to doubt; but it is equally certain that its growth 
 would have been less rapid, because of the natural sluggishness of mankind 
 until moved by exciting causes, the disinclination of the people, during the 
 first twenty years of the period here in review to expend money for the grat- 
 ification of literary taste, and the limited amount of money in circulation. 
 
 The only competitor of the New JIamps/iire Patriot, from its commence- 
 ment until the year 1823, was the Concord Gazette. The scanty materials 
 employed in printing the Gazette were purchased of Dudley Leavitt, the cel- 
 ebrated almanac author, and were brought hither from Gilmanton Corner in 
 a two-horse wagon. They had been used for printing one number of the 
 almanac, and a village paper. The circumstance that only two horses were 
 required to transport two men and the materials with which a weekly paper 
 was equipped, sixty-five years ago, is of sufficiently suggestive character. 
 
 Jeremiah Smith was elected governor in 1809. 
 
 Judge Smith, after serving four terms in Congress, and as 
 judge of probate in the county of Rockingham, was at forty-one, 
 in February, 1801, made judge of the Circuit Court of the United 
 States, for the district of New Hampshire; and in May, 1802, ■ 
 chief justice pf the highest court in the State. He held this posi- 
 
 ' Asa McFarlaitd. 
 
,>T?aS:JlKSEi^'SI iPMIEIFlii 
 
1809] STATE GOVERNMENT. 48 1 
 
 tion until 1809, when he was over-persuaded by certain of his pol- 
 itical friends, among whom was Daniel Webster, to abandon it for 
 that of governor, because the supposed interests of the Federal 
 party required the nomination of its most available candidate. 
 
 Jeremiah Smith, the son of William and Elizabeth (Morison) 
 Smith, was born at Peterborough, N. H., November 29, 1759. 
 His parents were of Scotch-Irish stock. His father was born 
 in the nortli of Ireland, and his maternal grandfather, John 
 Morison, was in Londonderry during the siege of that town, and 
 was at the battle of the Boyne. He early developed great de- 
 sire for learning ; sometimes walking miles to a place where he 
 heard there was a book. When seventeen years of age he en- 
 listed for a short term in the Revolutionary army, and was pres- 
 ent at the battle of Bennington, where he was slightly wounded. 
 In 1777 he entered Harvard College. After remaining there 
 two years, he removed to Queen's (now Rutgers) College in New 
 Jersey, where he graduated in 1780. He was admitted to the 
 bar in 1786, and opened an office in his father's farm-house at 
 Peterborough. In 1788, 1789, and 1790 he was a member of 
 the legislature, and was chairman of the committee which pre- 
 pared the draft of the revised statutes enacted in 1791. He was 
 a member of the constitutional convention of 1 791, and took a 
 prominent part in its proceedings. In December, 1790, he was 
 elected a member of the second Congress of the United States, 
 and was re-elected to the third, fourth, and fifth Congresses. In 
 Congress he was a supporter of Washington's administration ; 
 and, when the inevitable division into parties came, he joined 
 the Hamiltonian Federalists. 
 
 In July, 1797, he resigned his seat in Congress, accepted the 
 appointment of United States district attorney for New Hamp- 
 shire, and removed to Exeter, which continued to he his home 
 until within a few months of his death. In 1800 he was ap- 
 pointed judge of probate for the county of Rockingham, and it 
 was probably at this time that he composed an elaborate treatise 
 on probate law, which still exists in manuscript. In February, 
 1 801, he was appointed by President Adams a judge of the newly 
 established U. S. Circuit Court, which was abolished a year later. 
 
482 HISTORY OF NEW IIAMPSHlKli. [ 1 809 
 
 In 1802 he was appointed chief justice of the Superior Court 
 of New Hampshire, and served until 1809, when he became 
 governor. Failing a re-election as governor, he returned to 
 the bar in 1810, but left it in 1813 to take the position of chief 
 justice of the Supreme Court established in that year. Upon 
 the abolition of this court in 1816 he returned once more to the 
 bar, where he was associated with Mason and Webster as counsel 
 in the Dartmouth College case. 
 
 In 1820 or 182 1 Judge Smith withdrew from active practice, 
 ■and. passed the remaining years of his life chiefly at his beautiful 
 .home in Exeter, still continuing to lie a purchaser and reader 
 of law books, and an indefatigable student of general literature. 
 In these years he was never idle. In addition to his legal and 
 literary studies he gave much time to financial and educational 
 trusts ; serving as president of the Exeter Bank, and as treasurei, 
 and president of the board of trustees, of Phillips Exeter Acad- 
 emy. 
 
 In the spring of 1842 he removed to Dover, N. 11., where he 
 died September 21, 1843. 
 
 The most important public service rendered by Judge Smith 
 was that performed by him as chief justice of New Hampshire. 
 Before his time the administration of the law in this State was 
 exceedingly unsystematic, not to say chaotic. A lively sketcli 
 of the old state of things may be found in the life of Governor 
 Plumer, pages 149-159 and 181-184. Many of the judges of 
 the highest court had received no legal education. Two of the 
 three associate justices at the date of Judge Smith's appoint- 
 ment were clergymen. It cannot be doubted that the credit of 
 "bringing order of chaos" belongs to Judge Smith niore than 
 to any other one man "To him," said Mr. Mason, "the State, 
 is greatly, if not chiefly, indebted for the present more order!)- 
 proceedings, and better administration of justice." "With 
 him," said Chief Justice Parker, "there arose a new order of 
 things." The present chief justice (Hon. Charles Doe), in Vol. 
 49, New Hampshire Reports, p. 604, alludes to the "inestimable 
 labors of Chief Justice Smith, who found the law of New Hamp- 
 shire, in practice and administration, a chaos, and wholcft it com- 
 
1809] STATE GOVERNMENT. 483 
 
 paratively an organized and scientific system." "When I came 
 to the bar," wrote Mr. Webster to Chancellor Kent, "he was 
 chief justice of the State. It was a day of the gladsome light 
 of jurisprudence. . . . He knows everything about New 
 England, having studied much of its history and its institutions ; 
 and as to the law, he knows so much more of it than I do, or 
 evei" shall, that I forbear to speak on that point." 
 
 The practice of reporting the decisions in print did not begin 
 in this State until after Judge Smith had left the bench ; and 
 consequently none of his opinions are to be found in the regular 
 series of New Hampshire Reports. A volume selected from his 
 manuscript decisions was published in 1879, and is commonly 
 cited as "Smith's New Hampshire Reports." But these deci- 
 sions, though praised by competent authorities, cannot give the 
 present generation a fair idea of the worth of Judge Smith's 
 judicial labors. His most valuable work, that of systematizing 
 the practice and administering the law upon scientific principles, 
 is something which cannot be fully delineated on paper or in 
 print. 
 
 Any sketch of Judge Smith would be incomplete if it failed 
 to mention the high estimate generally formed of his conversa- 
 tional powers. On this point it will be sufficient to cite the 
 testimony of Mr. Webster, given near the close of his own life, 
 after opportunity for converse with the best talkers of England 
 as well as America. "Jeremiah Smith," wrote Mr. Webster in 
 1849, " was perhaps the best talker I have been acquainted with ; 
 he was full of knowledge of books and men, had a great deal of 
 wit and humor, and abhorred silence as an intolerable state of 
 existence." 
 
 The two paupers who claimed support from a town in Rock- 
 ingham county were bid off to the lowest bidder — Joseph 
 Baker bidding in a woman for twenty-three cents a week, and 
 Solomon Wheeler, Esq., bidding in a man for one dollar and 
 ' fifty-eight cents a week ; the town agreeing to clothe and pro- 
 vide medical attendance for the unfortunate ones. This entry in 
 the records of the town in 1809 is remarkable, as it is the first 
 mention of the disposal of paupers in this way. 
 
484 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [181O 
 
 . James Tallanf was the post-rider out of Concord, and sup- 
 plied the New Hampshire Patriot, then in its first volume, to 
 its patrons, and, with the editor, dunned delinquents in its 
 columns. 
 
 John Langdon, the Republican candidate, was elected over his 
 Federal opponent, Governor Smith. William Plumer, who had 
 given in his allegiance to the popular Republican party, was elec- 
 ted to the State Senate, and was chosen president of that body. 
 The following year Governor Langdon offered ;^2000 to his party 
 associates, to be used as a campaign fund, if they would excuse 
 him from being again a candidate ; but his offer was not ac- 
 cepted, and he was re-elected "against his old opponent, Gilman» 
 the Federalists having dropped Smith, as less likely to suc- 
 ceed."^ Charles Cutts, a Republican, was elected to the United 
 States Senate to fill out Nahum Parker's unexpired term. Of 
 the five members chosen to Congress, in the fall of 1810, four 
 were Republicans. The parties were pretty equally divided, and 
 neither could afford to be careless or indolent. Each was obliged 
 to select good candidates, and to work hard in their behalf. The 
 result being doubtful, elections were watched with lively interest, 
 and the full strength of each party was brought out. Of wealth, 
 influence, social position, and education the Federal party had 
 a larger share than its rival. The clergy had much power over 
 public opinion, and the clergymen of New Hampshire, as well 
 as all New England, were generally Federalists, not only dislik- 
 ing the politics of Jefferson, but hating him personally on ac- 
 count of his heterodoxy in religion, with all the rancor of theo- 
 logical hatred.^ 
 
 The "Crow bill," so familiar to the legislature of late years, 
 was discussed in Pembroke in 1810. A bounty of twenty-five 
 cents each was offered for the destruction of crows, but within 
 the year the offer was repealed. 
 
 Manufacturing of cotton into cloth, which has since become 
 an industry of great importance in the village of Suncook, was 
 first undertaken this year by Major Caleb Stark, a Revolutionary 
 soldier and son of General John Stark. He purchased the 
 
 « William Plumer, Jr. a Life of Mason. 
 
l8l2] STATE GOVERNMENT. 485 
 
 establishment known as Osgood's Mills, which was bejng en- 
 larged or rebuilt by a company, and introduced machinery lately 
 invented. 
 
 The celebrated "'Cold Friday" was January ii, iSio. The 
 people of that date kept indoors and piled the wood upon fervid 
 fires. 
 
 ^In 18 1 2 William Plumer of Epping was elected governor. 
 He was a descendant of the Puritans, and was born in Newbury- 
 port, Mass., in June, 1 759, and in childhood was brought to Epping. 
 He was a thoughtful and studious youth, and when twenty-one 
 years of age began to preach as a Baptist minister, travelling 
 through most of the State, delivering one or two sermons every 
 day, and meeting with much success as an evangelist. In a 
 short time, however, he turned his attention to legal studies. In 
 1785 he was elected to the legislature, and again in 1786, and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1787. Although a Federalist, he 
 was elected to the legislature in 1788, 1790, 1791, when he was 
 elected speaker, to the constitutional convention of 1791, to 
 the House in 1797, 1798, 1800, and 1801. In 1802 he was 
 elected to the Senate of the United States to fill out Mr. 
 Sheafe's term, and served until 1807. In 18 10 and i8u he was 
 elected to the State Senate, of wliich body he was chosen presi- 
 dent at both sessions. In 18 12 he was elected governor by the 
 Democrats, and re-elected in 18 16, 1817, and 181 8. At the close 
 of his last term he retired to the quiet of his library and farm, 
 and took no more active part in politics, until his death in 
 December, 1850, at the age of ninety-one years. 
 
 His election was by a very small majority. This too was the 
 year for the choice of presidential electors. The autumn elec- 
 tion was contested with peculiar earnestness. Each party put 
 forth all its strength, and after a hot conflict the Federal party 
 prevailed, choosing the electors of president and the members 
 for the thirteenth Congress. Among these latter was Mr. Web- 
 ster, who had become widely and favorably known by " the 
 Rockingham memorial " in opposition to the war, published in 
 August, 18 12.2 
 
 ' William Plumer, Jr. " Life of Mason. 
 
486 
 
 HISTORY OF NUW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [l8l2 
 
 Inquiry is frequently made as to the disposition or fate of our judges, who 
 are unable to discharge the duties of their stations by reason of permanent 
 bodily infirmities, or confirmed mental insanity. 
 
 As to the judges appointed under State authority, the constitution confers 
 the power upon the executive to remove the judge in such cases, when both 
 Houses of the legislature, in their discretion, shall, by their joint address, 
 first determine that the public good requires the act to be done. 
 
 The first under our own State Constitution occurred in 1S12. William 
 Plumer was governor; Arthur Livermore was chief justice of the Supreme 
 Court; Clifton Claggett was associate justice; Judge Evans, who lies buried 
 on the old Hopkinton road, near Concord line, was associate justice. 
 
 The views of Governor Plumer, in relation to the case of Judge Evans, are 
 stated in the following extract : — 
 
 "Livermore, the chief justice, though a strong man, felt the need of abler 
 dissociates. Evans, who was not a lawyer, had been prevented by ill liealth 
 from sitting on the bench more than one day for the last eighteen months. 
 On applying in person for an order for his quarter's salary, the governor ad- 
 verted delicately to the condition of the court, when Evans said that he had 
 ■some thoughts of resigning, but that he was poor as well as sick, and wanted 
 the emoluments of his office for his support. To remove a sick man. says the 
 governor, in his journal, oppressed witli poverty, is a hardship to him; to 
 <;ontinue him in office is a greater hardship to the State. The legislature 
 must decide. They had decided, in June, not to request his removal, and 
 without such request the governor could not act in the case." The governor 
 placed the responsibility where it belonged. Here was a case of non-action.' 
 
 I G. W. Nesmith. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 JVAR OF iSi2 — 1812-1815. 
 
 Causes of the War — Right of Search — Orders in Council — Decla- 
 ration OF War — Governor William Plumer — State Militia — 
 Daniel Webster— Governor John Taylor Oilman — Federalists 
 restored to Power — Change of the Judiciary — Jeremiah Mason — 
 Defence of Portsmouth — False Alarms — Hartford Convention 
 -^ Peace. 
 
 'T~'HE war of 181 2, known for several generations as "the last 
 war with Great Britain," arose from complications attendant 
 upon England's titanic struggle to overthrow the Emperor 
 Napoleon. Her enforcement of the right of search, to enable 
 her ships to take enemies' goods out of neutral vessels, exas- 
 perated even friendly powers, and as early as 1801 Russia was 
 joined by Sweden and Denmark to enforce resistance to the 
 claim. In 1807 England had to face Napoleon alone. The 
 battle of Friedland and the peace of Tilsit left him master of 
 the greater part of the Continent. The English victory at 
 Trafalgar two years earlier over the combined French and 
 Spanish fleets had left England mistress of the sea. Prussia 
 and Austria were already stripped of territory ; and, as protector 
 of the Confederation of the Rhine, Napoleon ruled in Germany. 
 Italy was directly subjected to his power. Unable to make 
 war upon England by his fleets and armies, he attempted to 
 subdue her by ruining her commerce. By the Berlin decree he 
 declared the whole of the British islands to be in a state of 
 blockade, though he had not a single ship at sea to enforce his ' 
 declaration. He declared all British manufactured goods pro- 
 hibited wherever his power reached ; and excluded from his 
 
488 IIISTOKY OF NEW II AMI'SIUKE. [l8l2 
 
 dominions even neutral ships which had touched at a British 
 port. The British government retaliated by Orders in Council 
 that declared that all vessels trading with France were liable to 
 seizure, and that all such vessels clearing from a hostile port 
 must touch at a British port to pay customs duties. Napoleon 
 answered by the Milan decree, forbidding neutrals to trade in 
 any article imported from any part of the British dominions. 
 The Orders in Council cost England a war with America. The 
 Berlin and Milan decrees contributed largely to the overthrow 
 of Napoleon's power. Every poor man who was debarred from 
 the means of providing sugar or cloth for his family felt the 
 grievance. The French Republic had declared war against the 
 nobles : Napoleon decreed an oppression which was felt in every 
 cottage. 
 
 The right of search, many years enforced by the English, was 
 a grievous burden to our adventurous sailors, and an insult to 
 every patriotic American. The Orders in Council, enforced by 
 the whole power of the British navy, amounted to a confiscation 
 of American ships ; and as the English Government refused to 
 withdraw it at the urgent request of President Madison, he 
 called an extra session of Congress in November, 1811, and 
 laid before them the state of our foreign relations and recom- 
 mended preparation for war. Congress at once increased the 
 force of the navy and the regular army, accepted the service of 
 volunteers, detached the State militia, and made other active 
 preparations for war ; and in the early part of 18 12, insults and 
 injuries being continued on the part of Great Britain, openly 
 declared war on that power. This act of war was unpopular 
 with the Federalists, but was sustained by the great majority of 
 the American people, who felt that a resort to arms was the only 
 alternative for maintaining our rights, protecting our citizens, 
 and sustaining the national honor. 
 
 President Madison made requisition upon the government of 
 New Hampshire for its quota of militia to be detached, armed, 
 equipped for actual service, and in readiness to march at the 
 shortest notice ; and Governor John Langdon issued general 
 orders in the latter part of May for a draft of tliree thousand 
 
I8l2] WAR OF l8l2. 489 
 
 five hundred men, leaving their organization into companies, 
 battalions, and regiments in the hands of his successor, Gover- 
 nor William Plumer, who entered upon the duties of his office 
 in June. The declaration of war found the militia of the State 
 in a flourishing condition. It consisted of three divisions, six 
 brigades, and thirty-seven regiments. 
 
 William Plumer was elected governor by the legislature as 
 an Anti-Federalist. 
 
 In 18 12 he was in the prime of manhood, and though not a 
 military man, was one of energy, patriotism, method, and great 
 executive ability. His heart and hand were in the cause. His 
 predecessors in office had been men engaged in the Revolu- 
 tionary struggle, and in time of peace had prepared for war by a 
 well-regulated militia. Timothy Upham and John A. Harper 
 were his aids, Michael McClary, adjutant-general, Samuel 
 Dinsmoor, quartermaster-general, and Moody Bedel, com- 
 mander of a brigade. In June Major-general Clement Storer o[ 
 the first brigade detached a battalion to defend the sea coasv 
 about Portsmouth, the companies being commanded by Captain.' 
 Robert Neal, Samuel Shackford, Joseph Towle, and John Leor 
 ard. Moses C. Pillsbury, many years warden of the State Prison, 
 was a sergeant in Captain Leonard's company. At the samt. 
 time a company under command of Captain Ephraim H. Mahu 
 rin was stationed at Stewartstown, on the northern frontier. ; 
 John Page, jr., afterwards United States senator and governor, 
 was his lieutenant. 
 
 ^The office of governor of New Hampshire had, in 1812, great 
 importance attached to it in popular estimation. The office 
 had been confined for many years to two men — John Langdon 
 and John Taylor Gilman. "Langdon, the leader of the De- 
 mocracy, was, perhaps, the most perfect gentleman in the State ; 
 dignified, yet easy of deportment, urbane and courteous, with a 
 native grace which won the good-will and respect of all who ap- 
 proached him. Gilman, the representative of less popular opinions, , 
 wasalsoamanof good personal appearance and refined manners, 
 and wore the old-fashioned cocked hat of the Revolution with an 
 
 , ■ William Plumer, Jr. , , . 
 
490 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. [l8l2 
 
 ease and dignity not unbecoming his high station." The unpop- 
 ularity of the embargo had made Judge Smith governor in 1809. ■ 
 Langdon positively declining to be a candidate this year, on ac- 
 count of the infirmities of age, William Plumer was the. candi- 
 date nominated by the Democracy to defeat John Taylor Gilman, 
 the Federal candidate. Personal attacks were made on the 
 character of Mr. Plumer. He was charged with having once 
 been a zealous Baptist preacher, and then an unbeliever ; once 
 a Federalist, then a Democrat. He was known as an advocate 
 of equal justice to all sects, both in court and legislature, and 
 the charges as to his liberality of creed were thought to be no • 
 disadvantage to him. The Congregational clergy were mostly 
 Federalists ; the Methodists, Baptists, and other minor sects 
 were arrayed against them. So many votes were thrown away 
 by Republicans who remembered Plumer as a Federalist, and 
 by Federalists who thought Judge Smith had not been fairly 
 dealt with, that the election was thrown into the legislature. 
 William Plumer was elected governor by one hundred and four 
 votes against eighty -two for Gilman. All branches of the Gov- . 
 ernment, including the Council and the judiciary, were now 
 Republican. The day before the meeting of the legislature ■ 
 Governor Plumer rode on horseback from Epping to Concord. 
 The governor's inaugural address is said to have been very 
 eloquent and impressive, and was received both in and out of 
 the State with much favor. It was delivered a few days only 
 before the declaration of war with England, a measure that 
 seemed both just and necessary to the governor. Hall, Upham, 
 and Smith were the three Republican councillors, PVanklin and 
 Chase were the Federal councillors. It had been the custom . 
 for councillors, before this date, to favor their own nominations 
 to important offices, a custom which Governor Plumer allowed 
 to fall into disuse. His councillors, however, dictated to him 
 the nomination of a judge of the Superior Court, against his 
 better judgment. 
 
 In July Governor Plumer perfected the organization of the 
 detached militia, forming what was known as the Eastern 
 Brigade under Brigadier-general Clement Storer of Portsmouth, 
 
I8l2] WAR OF l8l2. 491 
 
 and the Western Brigade under Brigadier-general John Mont- 
 gomery of Haverhill, the whole division commanded by Major- , 
 general Henry Butler of Nottingham. Fort McClary protect, 
 ing the Kittery Navy Yard, was garrisoned by a detachment 
 of New Hampshire troops under Timothy Upham of Ports- 
 mouth, who had been commissioned major in the regular army, 
 — a timely precaution, for British vessels were cruising off the 
 coast and had even entered the outer harbor. So great was the 
 alarm that the women and children and valuables of every kind 
 were sent from Portsmouth into the interior for safety. The 
 force of militia not only allayed these fears, but prevented illicit 
 commerce with the enemy, who paid good prices for fresh 
 provisions. This trade is supposed to have been carried on by 
 the citizens of Vermont and Maine. 
 
 The seat of wrar, aggravated by the horrors of Indian atroci- 
 ties, was along our northern and western frontiers. There 
 Colonel James Miller of Temple was doing good service in the 
 neighborhood of Detroit. 
 
 At the presidential election in the fall Madison was re-elected 
 by Southern and Western votes, receiving nohe north of Penn- 
 sylvania except six given by the legislature of Vermont at a time 
 when the people would have given them to Clinton. In regard 
 to national issues at this time, as John Quincy Adams said, 
 "the two great parties had crossed over the valley and taken 
 possession of each other's mountain." The course pursued by 
 the leading Federalists at this time, in associating the defeat of 
 an American by a British force as the overthrow of their adver- 
 saries, identified them in the popular estimation with the ene- 
 mies of their country and led to the final disruption of their 
 party. Many worthy citizens were seen to rejoice over British 
 victories, and to mourn over those of their own country, as, half 
 a century later, many conducted themselves during the Rebellion. 
 
 1 At the November session of the legislature the, governor's 
 address was mainly devoted to the subject of the war then pro- 
 gressing. He was in harmony with, the. administration, unlike- 
 the chief-magistrates of Massachusetts and Connecticut. Both 
 
 ' William Plumer, Jr. 
 
492 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [I8I2 
 
 Houses returned answers to the speech, approving of the war, 
 and of " the prompt and patriotic manner in which the call of 
 
 the president respecting the militia was complied with." The 
 Federalist minority voted against the answers in both branches, 
 its chief protest being directed against the power claimed by the 
 
l8l2] 
 
 WAR OF 1812. 
 
 493 
 
 president of calling out the militia, and placing them under 
 officers of the United States. The majority declared that the 
 
 ^((aIesjkgX^J/igHt. 
 
 war was just, but referred to Napoleon as " that scourge of na- 
 tions," and were opposed to any alliance with him. The minority 
 did not deem the war to have been necessary, but upheld 
 
494 HISTORY OF new Hampshire. [1812 
 
 the governor in his policy to protect the frontiers. The effort 
 to fill the vacancy in the office of United States senator was 
 unavailing, as Mr. Sanborn of Epsom, who held the tie vote in 
 the Senate, could not agree with his party associates as to the 
 nominee. The governor returned one law and two resolves to 
 the .legislature, with his objections to them, and both were 
 .dropped. The building of the old State's Prison was undertaken 
 this year, and several changes made in the criminal code. Before 
 this there had been eight offences punishable with death: only 
 two were allowed to remain on the statute book — murder and 
 treason ; and the old punishments of the whip and pillory were 
 changed to imprisonment in the State's Prison or in the county 
 jail. , Aside from the militia very many citizens of the State 
 volunteered to join the regular army, or enlisted in privateers- 
 men. Lieutenant-colonel Moody Bedel opened a recruiting office 
 at Concord in May, and in September sent three hundred and 
 ninety-seven recruits to join his regiment, the nth United 
 States infantry, at Burlington. The regiment was mainly from 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 John McNeil of Hillsborough and John W. Weeks of Lancaster 
 were captains in this regiment. In July of the next year the 
 regiment was consolidated with the 21st, in which Jonathan East- 
 man of Concord was a lieutenant. 
 
 In November, 1812, eleven companies of volunteers had their 
 rendezvous at Concord, and were organized as the " First Regi- 
 ment of New Hampshire Volunteers," under the command of 
 Colonel Aquila Davis of Warner, but in the following January 
 the regiment was disbanded, the enlisted men being distributed 
 to regiments in the regular army. Most of the soldiers were 
 joined to the 45th United States regiment, of which Aquila 
 Davis was lieutenant-colonel. At the expiration of their term 
 of enlistment, at the end of one year, many re-enlisted, and 
 the 45th regiment was mainly recruited in New Hampshire. 
 The pay of a private was $10, of a corporal ^11, of a sergeant 
 ';^I2. 
 
 In December a voluntary corps of infantry was organized, 
 composed of such men as were not liable by law to do military 
 
i8i3] WAR or loij. 405 
 
 duty, but were to be called on for service only in case of inva-' 
 
 sion. 
 
 ' In January, 1813, Captain Edmund Freeman of Lebanon and 
 
 company were detached from the Western Brigade to relieve 
 Captain Mahurin's command at Stewartstown. In April Captain 
 
 1 Adjutant-general's Reports, 1868. 
 
496 lUSTORY Of NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1813 
 
 William Marshall's company of " Sea Fencibles " was stationed 
 at Little Harbor for the" defence of Portsmouth. As British 
 cruisers were hovering continually upon the coast, the people of 
 Portsmouth became alarmed, and in May called a town meeting 
 to provide for defence. After considerable discussion their repre- 
 sentatives were instructed to lay before the legislature the ex- 
 
 . ' posed situation of the town and harbor. At the meeting Dan- 
 iel Webster made one of his characteristic speeches. He said : 
 "llalk is not what the crisis demands. The forts near the town 
 want repairs, want men to defend them when repaired. The 
 government of the United States and the State government 
 have been applied to for men to repair and defend these forts ; but 
 we know not that either will attend to our application. But one 
 thing we do know, the crisis demands labor, and we can labor, 
 we can repair the forts. And then we know another thing, we 
 can defend them. Now, I propose that every man who wants 
 these forts repaired, wants these forts, aye, the town of Ports- 
 mouth, defended, appear on parade to-morrow morning with pick- 
 axe, spade, and shovel, and that they go to the Islands and re 
 pair the forts." The meeting adjourned with a hurrah for pick, 
 axe, spade, and shovel. The next morning hundreds of the pa- 
 triotic men of Portsmouth gathered upon the parade, and with 
 Mr. Webster, duly armed with a shovel, proceeded to the forts, 
 commenced their work, and in the course of a few days had com- 
 pleted the repair of the fortifications, forts Washington and 
 Sullivan, on either side of the narrows. 
 
 ^ At the annual election in March, 1813, ex-governor John Tay- 
 lor Oilman was elected governor, and was inaugurated in June. 
 The minority of 1812 had now become the majority. Governor 
 Gilman was a patriot and soldier of the Revolution, and conser- 
 vative in his views as to the war, although the standard bearer of 
 the opposition to the war. No one could find fault with his 
 message : — 
 
 ^ " The consequences of the war cannot be foreseen, and there 
 are divers opinions respecting the necessity of the war, as well 
 as the causes which induced our government to make the declar- 
 
 ' ' Adjutant-general'a Reports, 1868. 
 
i8i3] 
 
 WAR OF l»I2. 
 
 497 
 
 ation. VVc arc bound to support our system of national govern- 
 ment and the laws emanating therefrom ; ])ut this by no means 
 hinders the right of free inquiry, or the full expression of senti- 
 ments upon the measures of government. 
 
 " It is not doubted that we have had great causes of complaint 
 
 DANIEL WEBSTER. 
 
 against both Great Britain and France, and perhaps at some 
 former period much greater against one or both of these govern- 
 ments than existed against the British at the time of the declar- 
 ation of war. 
 
498 HISTORY Ob' NEW UAMi'SlIlKE. [i8l3 
 
 "While we demand redress for injuries received from others, we 
 should suitably regard their just expectations from us ; and may 
 we not, without being liable to the charge of justifying the con- 
 duct of Great Britain, inquire whether they have no just cause of 
 complaint against our government ? whether our professions of 
 strict and impartial neutrality, in the important contest between 
 Great Britain and France, had been constantly maintained ? and 
 whether there had not been a manifest difference in our resent- 
 ments, and in the language and manner of seeking redress for 
 wrongs, exhibiting an unwarrantable partiality for France ? " 
 This message voiced the sentiments of the Federalists of that 
 day. 
 
 ^The spring elections of 1813 were conducted with great zeal 
 and vigor on both sides, but with less personal abuse of Governor 
 Plumer than in the preceding year. His dignified and impartial 
 conduct in office had inspired even his opponents with a respect 
 for him. The worst charges against him were his ordering out 
 the detached militia, supporting the war, and vindicating the 
 national government. The result of the canvass was the election 
 of Governor Gilman by a very small majority of two hundred and 
 fifty votes out of more than thirty-five thousand thrown. There 
 were few or no scattering votes. One of Governor Plumer's last 
 official acts was stationing a guard at Little Harbor. His pro- 
 clamations for Fast and Thanksgiving were of such a patriotic 
 order that ministers in neighboring States, who were Republi- 
 cans, read them in place of those from their own Federal 
 governors. 
 
 The accession of the Federal party to power wras followed by 
 a reorganization of the courts of law. An Act of the legislature 
 abolished the Superior and Inferior Courts ; turned out all the 
 old judges ; and established a Supreme Court and a Circuit 
 Court of Common Pleas in place of the old courts. Jeremiah 
 Smith was appointed chief justice, and Arthur Livermore and 
 Caleb Ellis associate justices of the Supreme Court, able men 
 and good judges, whose administration gave strength to their 
 party and improved the courts. But the act of the legislature 
 
 * WiUiiiin IMunier, Jr. 
 
i8i3] WAR OF 1812. 499 
 
 was thought unconstitutional by the RepubHcans, and next to the 
 war most divided the two parties. Twenty-one judges were at 
 once removed from office in a way unknown to the constitution 
 and contrary to its express provisions, as decided by at least two 
 of the new judges. " In the counties of Strafford, Rockingham, 
 and Hillsborough the old judges attempted to hold courts at the 
 same time with the new ones. In the two latter counties, the 
 sheriffs, Butler and Pierce, who were Republicans, took part 
 with the old court." Whereupon Governor Gilman called the 
 legislature together and removed the refractory sheriffs, and the 
 new judges met with no further obstructions. 
 
 At the June session of the legislature, 1813, Jeremiah Mason 
 was elected to the United States Senate. The legislature first 
 chose Dr. John Goddard, a merchant of Portsmouth, originally 
 a physician, a man of ability and high character ; but having 
 no taste for public life he declined the honor. The legislature 
 next made choice of Mr. Mason. 
 
 Mr. Mason was a firm Federalist, and one of the ablest law- 
 yers in his own or any other age. At the time of his election 
 he was forty-five years of age and in the zenith of his fame. He 
 was a native of Connecticut, a graduate of Yale, and had finished 
 his legal studies in Vermont and as a young man had settled 
 first in Westmoreland and later in Walpole. He saw an ope- 
 ning in Portsmouth and settled there in 1797, soon after marrying 
 Mary, daughter of Colonel Robert Means, of Amherst, and at 
 once took a leading rank among the lawyers of the State. After 
 Judge Smith was elevated to the bench he was the leading law- 
 yer in the State. He was attorney-general for three years. In 
 1807 Daniel Webster removed from Boscawen to Portsmouth, 
 and for the next nine years divided with Mr. Mason the leading 
 business of the State. As a general rule they were retained on 
 opposite sides in every important case, until Mr. Webster's 
 removal to Boston in 18 16. Their great powers were joined with 
 those of Jeremiah Smith's in the famous Dartmouth College 
 causes. Governor I'lumer offered Mr. Mason the appointment 
 of chief justice of the Supreme Court, but he declined the honor. 
 Mr. Mason removed to Boston in 1832, where he died sixteen years 
 
500 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l^IJ 
 
 later. In 1813 Mr. Mason and Mr. Webster were considered the 
 strongest men in the State of New Hampshire, for already the 
 latter's greatness was beginning to be recognized. Mr. Webster 
 had already been elected to the House. Mr. Mason was from his 
 judgment and prudence peculiarly fitted for public office in times 
 when party spirit ran high. "There was nothing impassioned 
 in his temperament or fanatical in his understanding. His 
 mind was judicial in its tone, and he had no taste for extreme 
 propositions or extreme measures. His self-control was perfect. 
 He was no politician and no aspirant for political distinction, 
 but he took a keen interest in public affairs and was a patriot 
 in the best sense of the word. He reverenced the character 
 and the principles of Washington, and fully appreciated the in- 
 estimable services he had rendered to the country. Some Fed- 
 eralists let their opposition to the war carry them beyond the 
 bounds alike of prudence and patriotism, but Mr. Mason was 
 not one of these ; nor was his friend Mr. Webster. Their 
 course illustrated the proper functions of an opposition in time 
 of war, under a constitutional government." ^ 
 
 The almost exclusive business of Congress during the winter 
 of 1813 and 1814, "was the providing of men and money for 
 carrying on a war into which the country had been plunged with 
 little of forethought and less of preparation." The party opposed 
 to the war, though weak in numbers, was powerful in ability and 
 influence ; but the force of the opposition was not so great a 
 difficulty in carrying on the war as was the cold and languid sup- 
 port of its friends. It was in truth a politicians' war, and the 
 popular heart never was for it or in it. That intense public spirit 
 which, during our civil contest, made all efforts easy and all sac- 
 rifices light, was wholly wanting. Federalists and Democrats 
 abused each other with equal virulence, but the energies of both 
 went no farther ; the two nerves of war — iron and gold, men and 
 money — were hard to come at. The brilliant successes of our 
 navy had not been enough to counteract the depressing influence 
 of the disasters and misfortunes which had attended our arms on 
 land ; and a general feeling of despondency and anxiety hung 
 
 > Life of Mason, 
 
i8i4] WAR OF i8i2. sot 
 
 over the country, and made the task of carrying on the govern* 
 ment and keeping up the war one of no small difficulty.* 
 
 In August the people of Portsmouth became apprehensive of 
 an attack, and were furnished with arms and ammunition by the 
 governor. In the west the war was conducted, with varying 
 success through the year. The retaking of Detroit and Mich» 
 igan, and Commodore Perry's victory on Lake Erie, balanced 
 many reverses of American arms. At Detroit Colonel Lewis 
 Cass, a native of Exeter, became distinguished. He was born 
 in 1782; at an early age settled in Ohio; and in 1807 was ap- 
 pointed marshal of the State. In 1813 he was appointed 
 brigadier-general and later governor of Michigan Territory. 
 He was afterwards secretary of war in General Jackson's cabi- 
 net ; minister to France in 1836; United States senator in 
 1845 ; a candidate for the presidency in 1848 ; re-elected to the 
 Senate in 185 1; President Buchanan's secretary of state in 
 1857, resigning in January, 1861. He died in 1866. He was a 
 brave soldier, an accomplished gentleman, a true patriot, and an 
 able statesman, who reflected credit upon his native State. 
 
 During the year General Timothy Upham distinguished him- 
 self as a brave officer during an attempted attack on Montreal. 
 
 British ships of war remained off the coast of the United 
 States during the winter of 1813 and 1814, their rendezvous 
 being at the Bermuda Islands and at Gardner's Bay, at the east 
 end of Long Island, while the coast of eastern New England 
 was reached by an easy run of their cruisers from Halifax, their 
 naval depot upon the coast of North America. 
 
 The attack of the British, in April, 18 14, upon the fleet of 
 vessels collected for safety in the Connecticut river greatly 
 alarmed the people of Portsmouth, and in answer to their de- 
 mands, companies under command of Captains Shackford and 
 Marshall were immediately stationed in the neighborhood. In 
 the latter part of the month Admiral Cochrane, from his rendez- 
 vous at the Bahamas, issued a proclamation declaring the whole 
 coast of the United States in a state of blockade, thus including 
 New England, before excepted. Forthwith British cruisers ap- 
 
 ^ Life of Mason. 
 
502 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1814 
 
 peaied in Massachusetts Bay and captured and burned some 
 tiiirty or forty coasting vessels, producing great consternation in 
 Portsmoutii. A demand was made for a force of a thousand men 
 for the protection of the town ; and in May Governor Langdon 
 detached eight companies of the militia and placed them under 
 the command of Major Edward J. Long, of Portsmouth, to de- 
 fend the town and harbor. Among the officers were Captain 
 Andrew Pierce, Jr., of Dover, and Captain Bradbury Bartlett, 
 of Nottingham. 
 
 When the legislature assembled in June, 1814, the governor 
 laid before them his doings in a special message ; and a special 
 committee was appointed upon the subjects of the detached 
 militia and the maritime defence. To this committee was re- 
 ferred the correspondence of the governor with the secretary of 
 war ; and the letters of the latter were so objectionable on 
 account of their omissions that the committee recommended 
 the disbandment of six of thecight militia companies detached 
 in May and stationed at the mouth of the Piscataqua. This 
 was done because the general government did not acknowledge 
 the service done by the militia. Their report was accepted and 
 acted upon by the governor. In the meanwhile the greatest 
 ■excitement existed at Portsmouth. They had been for weeks 
 in the expectation of an immediate attack upon the town, by 
 the British, whose cruisers were continually hovering about our 
 ■coast. Alarms had been frequent as to the landing of the 
 enemy, and many of the inhabitants had their valuables packed 
 ready for transportation into the interior. After ten o'clock in 
 the evening of June 21, messengers brought the intelligence that 
 a British force was landing at Rye and were about to march 
 upon Portsmouth. Alarm bells were rung and signal guns fired. 
 The militia companies turned out with alacrity and prepared for 
 the attack. Teams and people on foot, loaded with packages 
 and bundles, filled the streets, making with all haste for the 
 country. Drums beating, the clatter of horses' hoofs on the 
 pavement, the crying of children, the shrieking of women, made 
 the confusion Babel-like. 
 
 A martial spirit pervaded all ranks, and they glowed with ardor 
 
i8i4] 
 
 WAR Ol' I»I2. 
 
 503 
 
 to be led to the place of clanger. In a short time order prevailed 
 to some extent and scouts were sent out to reconnoitre. It proved 
 
 '±1^^ 
 
 a false alarm. From Portsmouth the alarm spread into the inte- 
 rior, and great excitement existed throughout the State, not 
 allayed until the report was contradicted. 
 
504 
 
 IllSTOKV OK NEW II A.MPSllIKE. [1814 
 
 In September Governor Oilman yielded to the popular demand 
 for active preparations for defence, and detached twenty-three 
 regiments of the militia, two days later ordering the entire body^ 
 infantry, cavalry, and artillery, to hold themselves in readiness to 
 march at a moment's warning. These orders were sent by express 
 throughout the State, and were obeyed with the greatest alacrity. 
 So great was the enthusiasm among the people that whole com- 
 panies volunteered, and a draft had to be made of those who 
 should stay at home. Sixteen companies of troops from the 
 interior were joined to the two regiments belonging in the neigh- 
 borhood of the coast, and were all formed into a brigade under 
 command of Brigadier-general John Montgomery, and of the 
 commander-in-chief. Governor Gilman. 
 
 The detached troops were judiciously posted in case of an 
 attack. Forts Constitution and McClary, and Forts Washington 
 and Sullivan at the Narrows, filled with regulars and militia; de- 
 fended the main entrance to the harbor. A battery at Little 
 Harbor was supported by two regiments, and artillery at the 
 South Ropewalk, while a considerable force was stationed at the 
 Plains to prevent a surprise from Greenland or Rye. All the 
 forces could be conceiitrated on any part of the line of defence. 
 Governor Gilman took the command in person, and with his staff 
 was watchful of every point and most assiduous in his labors 
 to prepare a vigorous reception for the enemy. George Sullivan, 
 Bradbury Ciiioy, lulward J. Long, and Daniel Gookin were his 
 aides. 
 
 A British officer, after the war, told Colonel Walbach that he 
 went up the Piscataqua and reconnoitred the town, disguised 
 as a fisherman, to find out the feasibility of an attack with a view 
 of destroying the Navy Yard and the town of Portsmouth. On 
 his returning to the fleet and reporting that the town was swarm- 
 ing with soldiers and well defended, the British commander aban- 
 doned the project. The danger being past, the enemy having 
 withdrawn to the southward, the main part of the troops 
 were discharged early in October, leaving a small force as a gar- 
 rison until winter. 
 
 In the neighborhoofl of Niagara Fall.s, during the summer, 
 
1 8 14] WAR OF l8l2. 50s 
 
 Major John McNeil of Hillsborough is credited with routing the 
 enemy at the battle of Chippewa. At Lundy's Lane Major 
 McNeil's horse was killed under him by a cannon ball, and he 
 •was severely wounded in the right knee, but would not leave 
 the field. Here the gallant Colonel Miller, of Temple, when 
 ordered to storm the British battery, replied " I'll try, Sir," and 
 in the face of a galling fire, and in a hand-to-hand conflict, cap- 
 tured seven pieces of elegant brass cannon and held them against 
 several attempts of the enemy to recover them. He was im- 
 mediately promoted to the rank of general. In the sortie from 
 Fort Erie a few weeks later General Miller again distinguished 
 himself, as did Colonel Moody Bedel and Lieutenant-colonel 
 Upham. During the year the Americans lost the city of Wash, 
 ington, drove the British forces from Lake Champlain, and re- 
 pulsed them at New Orleans early the following year. 
 
 A treaty of peace had been concluded at Ghent in December, 
 1814, and was announced by special messenger, while the people 
 were rejoicing over the victory at New Orleans ; and the news 
 was nowhere more welcome than to the inhabitants of New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 * The Federalists carried all branches of the State government 
 in 1814 except the Council, in which were three Republican!?. 
 They re-elected Governor Gilman by a majority of little over a 
 hundred votes out of nearly forty thousand thrown. The pres- 
 sure of war brought about this result, many Republicans fearing 
 that if Mr. Plumer was elected he would call out the militia. 
 The Congregational clergy of New England took an active part in 
 politics as they had done from the first, preaching political sermons 
 on Fast and Thanksgiving days, and often on other days. They 
 had been zealous Whigs during the Revolution, and had been as 
 zealous Federalists during the early days of the Republic, their 
 assistance being relied upon by the leaders of that party. They 
 had given great offence to the Republicans, many of whom for 
 this reason withdrew from their societies and joined the Baptists, 
 Methodists, and other sects. Mr. Plumer issued a pamphlet 
 entitled " An Address to the clergy of New England on their 
 
 • William Plumer, Jr. 
 
506 HISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. [l8l4- 
 
 opposition to the Ruleis of the United States, by a Layman." 
 The work received a very wide circulation in the newspapers, 
 aside from three thousand copies of the pamphlet, and attracted 
 much attention. Governor Strong's letter inviting New Hamp- 
 shire to join with Massachusetts in sending delegates to the Hart- 
 ford convention reached Governor Gilman after the adjournment 
 of the legislature, and the governor could not convene the legis- 
 lature without the advice of his Council, the majority of whom 
 were Republicans and opposed to the measure.^ The Hartford 
 convention, which met in December, 1814, consisted of delegates 
 appointed by the legislatures of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and 
 Rhode Island, and members appointed by two county conven- 
 tions in New Hampshire, and one in Vermont, and conducted 
 their proceedings with closed doors and a mutual pledge of invi- 
 olate secrecy as to all propositions, debates, and proceedings, ex- 
 cept the final report. The character of this, as well as the boldly 
 announced views of the promoters of the convention, left little 
 doubt that a revolution was contemplated unless their demands 
 were acceded to. Among their claims they wanted : " no natur- 
 alized citizen to hold any civil office ; no president to be elected 
 a second time ; no State to furnish two presidents in succession." 
 They provided for a new convention to meet in Boston in June 
 following, in case the war should continue. 
 
 ' William Plumer, Jr. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATION, 1815-1819. 
 
 The Federalists Disband as a Party — Dartmouth Coli-ege — Sep- 
 tember Storm — Middlesex Canal — Dartmouth University — State 
 House — Chief Justice Richardson — Daniel Webster — Baptist 
 Denomination' — President Monroe's Visit — Governor Samuel 
 Bell — Bristol — The Town House — The Toleration Act — Colo- 
 nial Laws for the Support of the Ministry and Public Schools. 
 
 ■pEACE^ ended nearly all causes of party differences in the 
 State and country. Impressment ceased with the European 
 wars, as did French decrees and British Orders in Council, non-in- 
 tercourse, embargo, and the war in America. During the war the 
 Republicans were said to have been under French influence, 
 the Federalists under British influence. One party sympathized 
 with England, the other party admired Napoleon. It was not 
 until after the 18 12 war that a truly American feeling obtained 
 the entire ascendency in this country. 
 
 The Federal party died with the war. It had gone out of 
 power in the country in 1801, and its northern and southern 
 members had become estranged. It was never a popular party. 
 The Hartford convention brought such odium upon it that men 
 became ashamed of the name. At the same time the Republi- 
 can party lost its identity, having " eliminated some of its worst 
 errors, both of theory and practice " and " absorbed into itself much 
 of what was best " of the principles of the Federalists. " The era 
 of good feeling, which commenced with Mr. Monroe's adminis- 
 tration, led to a speedy oblivion of old feuds ; " and for the eight 
 years which followed party lines were obliterated. When once 
 more parties were formed under the leadership of Adams and 
 
 ' William Plumer, Jr. 
 
508 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [t8l5 
 
 Jackson, " many old Federal leaders were found to be Demo- 
 crats, and as many old Republicans took rank as Whigs." The 
 •old questions had been settled, and the new ones of tariff, in- 
 ternal improvement, and the extension or restriction of slavery 
 arose. The old party feeling in New Hampshire did not subside 
 until after the March elections of 1815, and Governor Oilman 
 was re-elected by a majority of thirty-five votes, so close and 
 ■doubtful was the contest. During the summer, the trouble long 
 brewing in the affairs of Dartmouth College resulted in an open 
 rupture between the president, John Wheelock, and the trustees. 
 He applied to the legislature for an investigating committee ; 
 they, without waiting for the report of the legislative committee, 
 removed Dr. Wheelock from his office of president and trustee, 
 and inaugurated his successor. Rev. Francis Brown ; and the 
 affairs of the college entered into the politics of the State in 
 .the next election.' 
 
 ^ A destructive tempest took place on Saturday, September 23, 181S1 and sur- 
 passed, in extent and violence, any wind that has blown over New England 
 .during the present century. 
 
 The day was rainy, and the wind came from an easterly quarter, we think 
 the south-east. In Concord, although, from its situation in the valley of the 
 Merrimack, the damage was less than in more exposed places, yet here build- 
 ings were unroofed, growing crops damaged, and wood and timber-trees torn 
 . «p by the roots, which, at their present valuation, would be worth many 
 thousands of dollars. The rotten trunks of trees blown down in that memo- 
 rable gale have hardly yet disappeared from forests in this city; a circum- 
 -stance to be accounted for in this wise : sixty years ago wood was of so little 
 value that people neglected to remove these fallen trees until they fell into 
 such decay as to be worthless. 
 
 ' The wind commenced in the morning at north-east. At about noon it 
 ■changed to south-east, and for two hours seemed to threaten everything with 
 ruin. The sturdy oak, the stately elm, and the pliant poplar were alike vic- 
 tims to its fury. The destruction of orchards and buildings has been great. 
 There is scarcely an apple left on the standing trees. Many cattle have been 
 killed by falling trees. Had this violent wind occurred in the season of vege- 
 tation there is no calculating its effects. It might have produced a famine. 
 
 * Sheds, trees, fences, etc., were blown down, buildings unroofed, and limbs 
 and fragments of trees strewed in every direction. It continued with una- 
 buted fury nearly two hours. 
 
 ■ John M. Shirley. » Asa McFarland. 
 
 > Nrw I lam f shire Patriot. 4 A mherst Cabijut. 
 
i8i5] 
 
 STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATION. 
 
 509 
 
 ^In i8l4the obstructions in the Merrimack had been sur- 
 mounted, so that canal boats, loclcing into the river at Chelmsford, 
 had been poled up stream as far as Concord. 
 
 Firewood and lumber always formed a very considerable item 
 
 «! =.- 
 
 SHOT OF LUMBER COMING OUT OF A LOCK. 
 
 in the business of the canal. The navy yard at Charlestown 
 and the ship yards on the Mystic for many years relied upon the 
 canal for the greater part of the timber used in shipbuilding ; 
 
 PUSHING AGAINST THE CURRENT. 
 
 and work was sometimes seriously retarded by low water in the 
 Merrimack, which interfered with transportation. The supply of 
 oak and pine about Lake Winnipiseogee, and along the Merri- 
 mack and its tributaries, was thought to be practically inexhaus- 
 
 * General George Stark. 
 
JIO HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1816 
 
 tible. In the opinion of Daniel Webster, the value of this tim- 
 ber had been increased ;^s,ooo,cxx) by the canal. Granite from 
 Tyngsboroiigh, and agricultural products from a great extent of 
 fertile country, found their way along this channel to Boston ; 
 while the return boats supplied taverns and country stores with 
 their annual stock of goods. The receipts from tolls, rents, etc., 
 were steadily increasing, amounting in 1812 to ^12,600, and in 
 1 8 16 to 1^32,600. 
 
 Yet, valuable, useful, and productive as the canal had proved 
 itself, it had lost the confidence of the public, and, with a few 
 exceptions, of the proprietors themselves. The reason for this 
 state of sentiment can easily be shown. The general depression 
 of business on account of the embargo and the war of i8i2had 
 its effect upon the canal. In the deaths of Governor Sullivan 
 and Colonel Baldwin, in the same year, 1808, the enterprise way 
 deprived of the wise and energetic counsellors to whom it owed 
 its existence. 
 
 The aqueducts and most of the locks, being built of wood, 
 required large sums for annual repairs ; the expenses arising 
 from imperfections in the banks, and from the erection of toll- 
 houses and public-houses for the accommodation of the boatmen, 
 were considerable ; but the heaviest expenses were incurred in 
 opening the Merrimack for navigation. From Concord to 
 the head of the canal the river has a fall of one hundred and 
 twenty-three feet, necessitating various locks and canals. The 
 Middlesex Canal Corporation contributed to the building of the 
 Wiccasee locks and canals, $ 1 2,000 ; Union locks and canals, 
 1^49,932 ; Hookset canal, $6,750; Bow canal and locks, $14,115. 
 
 ^Before 18 16 the quarrel in the management of Dartmouth 
 College had been between Federalists and Congregationalists, 
 although Dr. Wheelock leaned towards the Presbyterians in his 
 sympathies. In the spring elections of 18 16 Mr. Plumer received 
 not only the support of the Republicans, but of the Federalists 
 who were friends of Dr. Wheelock, and was elected governor, 
 receiving over twenty thousand votes, while his opponent, James 
 Sheafe of Portsmouth, received more than two thousand less. 
 
 'John M. Shirley. 
 
l8l6] STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATION. JP'I 
 
 Sheafe had been a Tory, and was imprisoned during the Revolil" 
 tion, but had come into popular favor again, and at this time was 
 the richest man in the State. He had been elected a United 
 States senator in 1802 ; Mr. Plumer having been elected to fill 
 out his unexpired term. The interest felt in politics then is 
 known from the fact that the votes numbered one in six of the 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Mr. Webster favored the design of creating a " University of 
 New Hampshire," to be located at Concord, to settle the college 
 quarrel. Governor Plumer proposed in his message a reorganiza- 
 tion of the college, thus placing it under legislative control — a 
 proposition which met with favor with the great Republican lead- 
 ers of the country and was favorably acted upon by the legislature.' 
 His recommendation to remit taxes on manufacturing establish- 
 ments, on being adopted, led to a large increase of business in tHe 
 State. His idea of establishing Congressional districts was after- 
 wards put in force. The legislature complied with his wishes and 
 freely granted charters to all religious denominations ; and re- 
 duced official salaries. 
 
 1 The most important measure undertaken was the reorganiza- 
 tion of the Courts. The Judiciary Acts of 1813, being con- 
 sidered unconstitutional by the Republican majority of the Gen-' 
 eral Court, were promptly repealed, and the new judges, de facto 
 if not dejtire, were addressed out of office, and the same course was 
 taken as to the old judges, leaving the Commonwealth without a 
 judiciary. A similar course in regard to the federal sheriffs was 
 proposed, but not acted upon. The appointment of seventeen 
 new judges after the adjournment of the legislature was a diffi- 
 cult task, as the governor did not wish the court to be wholly 
 partisan, but only one of his appointments offered to Federalistis 
 was accepted. William M. Richardson was appointed chief jus- 
 tice, although the office was offered to Jeremiah Mason, the lead^ ■ 
 ing lawyer in the State, and a firm Federalist. Levi Woodbury, 
 who was then secretary of state and boarding with the governor 
 at the house of Isaac Hill, was appointed a' judge ih' place of 
 George B. Upham, who refused the office from piplitical' motives. • 
 
 » William Pluirieh Jr. 
 
512 HISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1816 
 
 Samuel Bell was the other judge of the Supreme Court ap- 
 pointed by the governor. 
 
 A little entry in Governor Plumer's private diary under date 
 July 4, 1816, " Fixed the site for the State House," is thought to 
 be the only record of that important event. In his address 
 to the legislature at an adjourned meeting in November he ad- 
 verted to it and aroused opposition to himself in his own party. 
 "The location of the new State House, whether north or south 
 of a given line, on the main street in Concord, was a question 
 in which it might have been thought few would take much in- 
 terest, except the dwellers on that street. Yet it excited a 
 Curious contest, not only in the town, but among the members 
 of the legislature and through the State. As the spot selected 
 by the governor and Council was at a considerable distance 
 south of the old State House, the people at the North End, 
 with whom nearly all the members of the legislature had 
 hitherto boarded, were likely, by the new location, to lose 
 thenceforth this monopoly. The clamor which they raised was 
 in proportion to their supposed interest in the question ; and it 
 was soon found that many of the members were deeply infected 
 with the feelings and the prejudices of their landlords on this 
 subject. 'Representatives of their respective boarding-houses 
 rather, than' of the State,' as a member expressed it. The spot 
 
 • selected was denounced as a quagmire and a frog pond." ^ The 
 governor and Council were sustained by the legislature, how- 
 ever, and it was afterwards admitted that no better spot could 
 have been selected. 
 
 By Act of the legislature Dartmouth College was changed to 
 Dartmouth University, the number of trustees was increased 
 from twelve to twenty-one, and a board of twenty-five overseers 
 was created. Both political parties and all prominent religious 
 sects were represented on these boards. The Act provided for 
 perfect freedom of religious opinions among the officers and 
 
 C: students of the university, and was part of the plan to bring 
 the institution under the fostering care of the State.* The old 
 board of trustees resisted this Act, and, appeal being made to 
 
 " William Flumer, Jr. 
 
l8l6] STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATION. SI3 
 
 the courts, it was decided that the trustees must yield. The 
 matter, however, was finally carried before the Supreme Court 
 of the United States, where the old board of trustees were sus- 
 
 STATE HOUSE, CONCORD. 
 
 tained, and where it was practically ruled that a legislature 
 could not overturn the charter granted by the king — a tri- 
 umph for the trustees, but, in the minds of many, a serious blow 
 
5f4 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1816 
 
 :tQ Dartmouth College, which missed its opportunity to become 
 a great university under the auspices of the Commonwealth, 
 jfimothy Farrar, and afterwards John M. Shirley, published vol- 
 umes on this controversy easily accessible, while numberless 
 pamphlets were issued on the same subject. 
 
 At the September term of the court, 1817, the case of Dart- 
 mouth College was tried before Chief Justice Richardson and 
 Judge Bell at Exeter. Mason, Smith, and Webster argued the 
 cause for the trustees, Sullivan and Bartlett for the State. " These 
 were all members of the Rockingham bar, when it was literally 
 'an arena of giants.' Of this bar Jutlge Story said that it had 
 'vast law learning and prodigious intellectual power.' "^ Mason, 
 at this time fifty years old, was from Connecticut, but read law 
 and commenced practice in Vermont. " He was six feet seven 
 inches, in height, and proportionately large in other respects. 
 His intellectual exceeded his physical stature. Webster, with a 
 thorough knowledge of the man, deliberately wrote down that as 
 a lawyer, as a jurist, no man in the Union equalled Mason, and 
 but one approached him." ' Mason loved his family and the law : 
 for the sake of the former he resigned his position as United 
 States senator. He was denied the gifts and graces of the ora- 
 tor, but this great man "on his feet in the court room was seem- 
 ingly an inspired Euclid." ' 
 
 Smith, then fifty-eight years old, was "possessed of great and 
 accurate learning, and of great natural abilities, but, like Mason, 
 he was no orator." ^ 
 
 Webster, at thirty-five, the " Great Black Giant of the East," 
 was in full possession of his great powers. 
 
 Sullivan, forty-three years of age, was from a race of soldiers, ora- 
 tors, and lawyers. He was for many years attorney-general, as 
 his father was before him and his son after him. He was a classi- 
 cal scholar, " well read in the law ; an excellent special pleader ; 
 swift to perceive, prompt to act, and full of resources. He 
 relied too little on his preparation, and too much upon his ora- 
 tpry, his power of illustration and argument. But neither the 
 court, the jury, nor the people ever grew weary of listening to 
 
 ' John M, Shirley. 
 
I8l6] STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATION. 515 
 
 his silver tones or his arguments, that fell like music on the 
 
 '1 
 
 ear. 
 
 Bartlett was from a family " eminent for its physicians, 
 preachers, and jurists." He was at thirty-one "indefatigable in 
 preparation, eloquent in the highest sense, ready, witty, and a 
 popular idol." ^ 
 
 Webster, who had the closing argument, so wrought upon the 
 court that it adjourned in tears, and tradition afifirms that it was 
 the greatest effort of his life. The counsel for the State were 
 overmatched, but they won their case. 
 
 " Chief Justice Richardson was a graduate of Harvard, a mem- 
 ber of Congress from Massachusetts in 1812, and was subse- 
 quently re-elected ; but, being averse to political life, resigned 
 and removed to Portsmouth, in his native State, in 1814. From 
 his appointment, in 1816, till his death, in 1838, he was chief 
 justice of the highest court. Physically he was as imposing as 
 he was great intellectually. Like Marshall's, his eyes were black, 
 piercing, and brilliant ; " his hair was black as a raven's wing. 
 He had refined and simple tastes ; he had a full, high, and broad 
 forehead. " In learning and industry he ranked with Chief 
 Justice Parsons. He was a great and honest judge." He did 
 not owe his eminence to subtility in judicial fence. "His reas- 
 oning and his heart alike were as open and ingenuous as the light 
 of day. He was reverenced by the people of the State as no 
 other judge ever was." ^ 
 
 Judge Bell, father of the late Chief Justice Bell, belonged to 
 i family famous for their talent. He was a graduate of Dart- 
 mouth College, and had been a trustee. He was judge until he 
 was elected governor in 18 19, and afterwards for twelve years a 
 United States senator. " He was a man of immense erudition 
 and great business capacity, a thorough lawyer, and possessed 
 of great moral courage." ^ 
 
 Judge Woodbury was some years less than thirty at the time 
 of his appointment. He succeeded Governor Bell as chief mag- 
 istrate. He was afterwards United States senator, secretary of 
 the navy, secretary of the treasury, and one of the justices of the 
 
 ' John M. Shirley. 
 
5l6 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1816 
 
 Supreme Court of the United States from 1845 until his death 
 in 1851. He was a possible and very probable candidate for the 
 presidency. 
 
 According to Jeremiah Mason, "three more men so well qual- 
 ified as the present judges, and who would accept the office, 
 could not be found in the State." ^ 
 
 The trustees of the college had for a considerable time pur- 
 sued a course calculated to render them unpopular with a ma- 
 jority of the people. Possessing, under their charter from the 
 King, the power of removing members of their board and ap- 
 pointing their own successors, "they had confided the exclusive 
 control of an institution designed for the common benefit to 
 members of a single religious sect and a single religious party. 
 Funds bequeathed to the college for the establishment of a pro- 
 fessorship had been applied to purposes partaking of a sectarian 
 character. John Wheelock, himself a liberal benefactor of the 
 college, and the son of its illustrious founder, had been removed 
 by a summary exercise of the powers of the trustees." ^ 
 
 " Mr. Mason felt the deepest interest in the Dartmouth 
 College case, and argued it with all the energy of conviction. 
 In his view it was not simply a controversy between two corpo- 
 rations as to which was entitled to certain rights and property, 
 but the question went deeper than this. It went deeper than 
 the relations between the States and the general government, 
 even to the foundations of civil society itself. He believed the 
 Act of the legislature of New Hampshire to be a piece of legis- 
 lative usurpation, and that the State had no more right to trans- 
 fer the property of Dartmouth College to another corporation 
 than they would have to take his house from him without paying 
 for it, and give it to another man." 
 
 ^ Dartmouth College had, in its earlier years, a somewhat re- 
 markable and romantic history. Its founder, Eleazer Wheelock, 
 was no ordinary man. He was an eminent preacher, a man of 
 broad plans, of high enthusiasm, of indefatigable toil, and of 
 great executive ability. Everyone of these qualities was put to 
 
 ■ John M. Shirley. 'Barstow's History of New Hampshire. 
 
 3 Rev. S. C. Bartlett, D. D., LL. D. 
 
l8l6] STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATION. 517 
 
 the severest test in his arduous enterprise. His original concep- 
 tion of an Indian school exhibited well the wisdom of his judg- 
 ment, which anticipated the results of the latest experience. 
 For his plan was to train Indian youth of both sexes, so sepa- 
 rated from all their savage environments as to mould them fully 
 into the habits of Christian civilization, and send them back tO' 
 their own country, in company with English young men also- 
 educated by him as missionaries, that their united efforts might 
 raise the savage tribes "to the same habits of life." There has- 
 been little advance upon the wisdom of the plan. 
 
 When the Indian school expanded into a college, and caused 
 its transfer to another locality, the labor and care thrown upon 
 him were enormous : an extended and incessant correspondence at 
 home and abroad, the necessity of devising ways and means for 
 every separate part of tlic enterprise, material and literary, an. 
 exhausting attention to all the minutiae of business, the struggle 
 of a settlement in an unbroken forest, remote from supplies, and, 
 at times, the oppression of debt. 
 
 From Lebanon, Conn., in August, 1770, he pushed his way to- 
 Hanover, to make ready. In a short time he was followed by 
 a part of his family, who with difficulty made their way over the 
 wretched roads in "a coach," the gift of a London friend, and by- 
 two pupils who came on foot. This company entered a dense 
 pine forest, containing " two or three log huts," and no house on 
 that side of the river within two miles. They felled six acres 
 of forest, and the fallen trees "in all directions covered the 
 ground to about the height of five feet." One of those trees,, 
 says Dr. David McClure, who avers that he measured it, reached 
 the almost incredible length of " two hundred and seventy feet,, 
 from the butt to the top ;" and " the sun was invisible by reason 
 of the trees till it had risen many degrees above the horizon." 
 Many of the company at first "slept on the ground with boughs, 
 of trees for beds, sheltered by a few boards raised over them on 
 poles." Here at once began the labor of clearing the ground, 
 of erecting buildings, of digging wells (the first attempt unsuc- 
 cessful), and even of erecting a saw-mill and a grist-mill. These 
 mills failed to serve any valuable purpose, and "he was obliged 
 
3i8 niSTOKY OF NEW iiAMPSuiKii:. [1816 
 
 to send a great distance into Massachusetts and Connecticut 
 for necessary provisions." Tlie process was often attended with 
 unavoidable delays, " the supplies were scanty, and they sub- 
 mitted to coarse fare." Dr. Wheelock sometimes conducted 
 morning and evening prayers in the open air. He was cheered 
 in the first hard winter by a religious revival. The snow that 
 lay "four feet deep" did not chill out the warmth of poetic fire. 
 We have an interesting record of that early time in. a consider- 
 able poem written by Levi Frisbie, then a senior in college pre- 
 paring for missionary work. The following is an extract : — 
 
 " For now the king of day, at distance far, 
 In soutliern signs diove liis refulgent car, 
 On northern climates beamed a shorter day, 
 And shot obliquely his diminished ray. 
 Grim winter, frowning from the glistening Bear, 
 Unbarred his magazines of nitrous air, 
 And, clad in icy mail, of rigid form, 
 Menac'd dark, dismal days of dreadful storm. 
 Forlorn thus youthful Dartmouth trembling stood, 
 Surrounded with inhospitable wood ; 
 No silken furs on her soft limbs to spread, 
 No dome to screen her fair, defenceless head, 
 On every side she cast her wishful eyes, 
 Then humbly raised them to the pitying skies. 
 Thence grace divine beheld her tender care, 
 And bowed her ear propitious to the prayer. 
 Soon changed the scene; the prospect shone more fair; 
 Joy lights all faces with a cheerful air; 
 The buildings rise, the work appears alive, 
 Pale fear expires, and languid hopes revive, 
 Grim winter's surly blasts forbear to blow, 
 And heaven locked up her magazines of snow." 
 
 The poem, which could not have been written later than the 
 September following this "grim winter," concludes thus : — 
 
 " Thus Dartmouth, happy in her sylvan seat. 
 Drinks the pure pleasures of her fair retreat. 
 Her songs of praise in notes melodious rise 
 Like clouds of incense to the listening skies; 
 Her God protects her with paternal care 
 From ills destructive, and each fatal snare; 
 And may He still protect, and she adore 
 Till heaven, and earth, and time, shall be no more." </^ 
 
i8iG] stkugglp: fok toleration. 5 '9 
 
 The eclat attencling Dr. VVheelock's Indian school, both at 
 home and in England, where George III. had been a donor of 
 two hundred poinids, created a very considerable competition 
 concerning its location, when removed from Connecticut. 
 Among the competing places were Albany, N. Y. ; Pittsfield 
 and Stockbridge, Mass. ; Hebron and Norwich, Conn., and many 
 others. Hanover was chosen for several reasons, among which 
 appear to have been the feasibility of securing large tracts of 
 land ; its proximity to the Indian tribes ; the desirableness of 
 furnishing ministers to the new settlement in the Connecticut 
 ■valley, to which Hanover was regarded as somewhat "central," 
 and " most convenient for transportation up and down the river." 
 Perhaps quite as influential as any other reason was the power- 
 ful aid and influence of John Wentworth, royal governor of New 
 Hampshire. The first commencement was attended by the gov- 
 ernor. At the second commencement, also, he was accompanied, 
 or expected to be, by the speaker and several members of the 
 assembly, his secretary, the high sheriff of Hillsborough county, 
 the collector of Salem, Rev. Dr. Langdon, and various other 
 prominent persons. 
 
 The war of the Revolution made havoc not only with Wheel- 
 ock's plans for the Indian tribes, but with the financial condition 
 of the college. By a wise foresight, when the charter was pro- 
 cured from the King, it had been made the charter, not of an Indian 
 school alone, but of a college, and as a college it has done its great 
 work. Its founder died, worn out with cares and labors, within 
 nine years of its establishment, but he had made it a power in the 
 land. For the first thirty years more than three quarters of its 
 students came from outside New Hampshire. They were from 
 the whole valley of the Connecticut, from Massachusetts, Maine, 
 Vermont, New York. Not less than nine or ten younger col- 
 leges have since been established within the region from which 
 Dartmouth then drew its students. 
 
 It would take a small volume to trace out the various sources 
 of interest connected with the college from its romantic origin 
 to the present time, or to do justice to its remarkable work. Of 
 nearly five thousand graduates, over two thousand are now living. 
 
520 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1816 
 
 These men have come from all parts of the country, and have done their 
 work in nearly all parts of the world and in every form of useful activity. 
 While some nine hundred of them as ministers have preached the Gospel at 
 home, a goodly number, among them Goodell, Poor, and Temple, have car- 
 ried it abroad, to Africa, China, Japan, Turkey, India, Syria, Persia, the 
 islands of the ocean, and the Indians of North America. They have aided in 
 translating the Bible into the Armeno-Turkish, the Hawaiian, and the Japan- 
 ese languages. Six of them have been members of the Cabinet of the United 
 States, six have represented tlie government at foreign courts, and a goodly 
 number have been foreign consuls. Two of them have sat on the supreme 
 bench of the United States — one as chief justice — and manyothers (26) have 
 been its district judges and district attorneys. The college has graduated 
 forty-seven judges of State supreme courts (including twenty chief justices), 
 more than sixty judges of superior, county, and common pleas courts, besides 
 a great number of probate and police judges, one major-general of the United 
 States army, a superintendent of West Point, thirteen brigadier-generals, 
 thirteen colonels, thirteen lieutenant-colonels, twelve majors, two adjutants, 
 thirty-three captains, and numerous other commissioned officers (lieuten- 
 ants, surgeons, chaplains) of United States volunteers. Thirty-two have 
 been presidents, and a hundred and eighty professors, of colleges and profes- 
 sional schools ; twenty-three have been governors of States and Territories, at 
 least sixty-five representatives and sixteen senators in Congress, thirty-one 
 speakers of State legislatures, and eighteen presidents of State Senates. 
 
 The graduates of the college have been greatly distinguished in the legal 
 profession, and perhaps even more so in educational work. The late Dr. T. 
 H. Taylor declared that in the latter respect the record of Dartmouth was, in 
 proportion to her numbers, superior to that of any other college in the 
 country. Her teachers and superintendents have been dispersed through the 
 land, and one of her graduates was at the head of the Bureau of Education, 
 while the two oldest and best fitting-schools of New England (Andover and 
 Exeter) have been in charge of Dartnioutli men. 
 
 The indebtedness of New Hampshire to its one ancient college has never 
 been half told nor understood. About nineteen hundred natives of the State 
 have graduated at the college, besides a great number who pursued part of the 
 course of study. Far the greater part of them have been young men of mod- 
 erate and even straitened circumstances, and probably a majority have been 
 farmers' sons. They have come from one hundred and ninety-five towns 
 which contain thirteen-fourteenths of the population of the State, and have 
 been trained for spheres of usefulness, often very eminent. Meanwhile the 
 college has furnished teachers for the academies and high schools and for the 
 district schools through every corner of the State for a hundred years. A 
 great multitude of young persons, who never saw the inside of the college, 
 have been taught, as was Horace Greeley and Zachariah Chandler, by Dart- 
 mouth students. Who has not felt their stimulating influence in the school, 
 and -the pulpit, at the bar, and on the bench, in the medical profession, and 
 through the press.? We can trace more than two hundred and twenty of them 
 
I8l7] STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATION. 521 
 
 as New Hampshire pastors (without reckoning many evangelists) of all the 
 several Protestant denominations, and over three hundred and thirty teachers 
 of academies and high schools. 
 
 Probably more than four thousand winter schools have been taught by 
 them. During fifty yesirs past the college has furnished the State eighteen 
 judges of the Supreme Court, and eleven of the Court of Common Pleas, and 
 nine governors. Five of the seven present judges of the Supreme Court are 
 of the number. 
 
 But the men of distinction are not, after all, the chief glory of the institu- 
 tion. The highest work of the college consists in its having trained a great 
 host of men of nobly balanced characters and clear-cut intellects for quiet, 
 steady, powerful usefulness in every department of life and labor — in this 
 State, in the country, in the world. But it should never be forgotten that its 
 chief benefits, direct and indirect, have been conferred upon the rural popu- 
 lation of New Hampshire. It has taken a great company of farmers' sons, 
 like the Chases and the Websters, and other poor boys, and while raising 
 them to power and eminence, has meanwhile sent them forth into the acade- 
 mies and district schools in every portion of the State to teach the boys that 
 could not go to college, and give them, too, the teaching of the ablest men 
 the country has produced. For more than a century Dartmouth College has 
 thus been the normal school ol New Hampshire; and no region in the world, 
 probably, can point to a more remarkable set of schoolmasters than she has 
 thus furnished to the population. 
 
 In this sketch there has not been room to say anything of the brilliant his- 
 tory of the Dartmouth Medical School, with its 1389 graduates, who have not 
 only filled the State with the beneficent fruits of their careful training, but 
 have honored their noble profession everywhere ; of the excellent record of 
 the Chandler Scientific School, founded for "instruction in the practical and 
 useful arts of life," with its requisites, its aim, and its sphere all so carefully 
 defined by the will of its founder, to do a most useful work, as to hold it un- 
 alterably to its specific function ; of the Thayer School of Civil Engineering, 
 admirably devised by perhaps the ablest superintendent that West Point has 
 had, of which the graduates, though few in number hitherto, are making an 
 enviable mark; nor of the Agricultural College adjacent, with its excellent 
 course of purely English education. They are all doing their work well. 
 
 The elections of 1817 were deckled on personal issues. Gov, 
 ernor Plumer was opposed by members of his own party ; but 
 when the votes were counted it was found that he had a major- 
 ity of over three thousand votes. Mason was the candidate of 
 the Federalists. In June the new State House was approaching 
 completion. Mary Dyer, the ex-Shakeress, commenced at the 
 June session of the legislature her warfare with the society, 
 which was destined to continue, with memorials to the legisla- 
 ture and publications against them, for more than thirty-five 
 
522 HISTORY OF NEW IIAMPSHIKE. [iSl/ 
 
 years. She was a woman of great energy and decision of char- 
 acter, whose " sharp tongue and shrewd wit were more than a 
 match for Joseph (Dyer) and his brethren." ^ 
 
 The adjournment of the legislature was followed by President 
 Monroe's visit to New Hampshire on his tour through the North- 
 ern States. He received everywhere the most flattering atten- 
 tions from all classes. It was the first visit of a Southern presi- 
 dent to New England after Washington's tour. 
 
 The party were very favorably impressed with the towns and 
 villages on the route from Portsmouth to Concord, and with their 
 reception; and no doubt the passage of the imposing coach of 
 state was long remembered by the inhabitants as a notable event- 
 Quite different was the journey of Governor William Plumer, 
 who rode on horseback to and from his Epping home and 
 Concord. 
 
 Dr. Abel Blanchard died in October, 1817, leaving the most of 
 his property for the foundation and maintenance of a seminary 
 of learning — Pembroke Academy. 
 
 The new academy building was dedicated to the cause of edu- 
 cation in May, 1819; the next day the school was opened under 
 the care of Rev. A. W. Burnham, principal, and the institution 
 was successfully launched on its career of usefulness. 
 
 ' " If one goes back to the year 1755, he comes to the time from which to date 
 the commencement of the history of the Baptist denomination in New I lamp, 
 sliire. In that year the first Baptist church now in existence in the State was 
 formed in the town of Newton, tlie county of Rockingham. It was a time 
 when the 'standing order,' as it was termed, was the dominant religious 
 power within our borders, and to whose mandates all were expected to render 
 obedience. In this organization one finds an illustration of the union of 
 church and state. The town, in connection with the church, called and 
 settled the minister, paid his salary in money or in those things that he 
 needed to supply his wants, built the meeting-house and the parsonage, levied 
 the rates upon the inhabitants, and all were expected to pay or suffer the 
 penalty prescribed by law. The Baptists in the State, in the last century, 
 bore the brunt of the battle for religious toleration, as the records of the 
 church in Newton and other churches amply attest. 
 
 " Near the middle of the eighteenth century, a remarkable man came from 
 England to our country, and exerted a great influence in the religious world. 
 It was George Whitefield, the friend and contemporary of John Wesley. One 
 » William Plumer, Jr. » Howard M. Cooke. 
 
l8l7] STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATrON. $25 
 
 of the important results that followed his labors in New England was the 
 breaking down, in a degree, of the power of the standing order; and this, 
 result contributed indirectly to the spread of Baptist sentiments and the in- 
 crease of Baptist churches; so that while in 1739, °"^ hundred years from the 
 organization of the first Baptist church in Providence, R. I., there were but 
 thirty-eight churches of the faith in the land, in 1783, or in less than half a. 
 century, there were three hundred and nine. 
 
 "The brilliant example and great success of Whitefield and his followers 
 had taught the utility of the itinerant system of preaching. In our own Siate, 
 several Baptist ministers, at nearly the same time, entered its borders, at dif- 
 ferent points, and commenced their labors. Among the more prominent and 
 successful of tliese was Rev. Ilczekiah Smith, pastor of the Baptist church in 
 Haverhill, Mass. He made missionary tours in various directions, accom- 
 panied by some of the members of his church. In the course of his journey- 
 ings, Mr. Smith visited the town of Concord. His success in other places 
 aroused hostility to him and his mission, and called for a special warning 
 from Rev. Timothy Walker, the pastor, at that time, of the Old North Church. 
 Tliis was given in a sermon, afterwards published, entitled, 'Those who 
 have the form of Godliness, but deny the power thereof.' It does not appear 
 that Mr. Smith was anywise daunted by this ministerial fulmination; and it 
 is probable his labors in Concord, at that time, were indirectly the means ol 
 the formation, some j'ears later, of the First Baptist Church of Concord. 
 
 " Concord, at the commencement of the present century, was a pleasant 
 town, with a population of two thousand and fifty-two. A resident here in 
 those years passing up Main street to-day, and viewing the handsome and 
 substantial business blocks that adorn the city, could not fail to note the 
 change which this lapse of time has made in its appearance. A change as 
 great as that, however, has taken place in less than eight decades, in the 
 opinions and practice of the people in matters of religious observance. 
 Within the limits of the city there are now at least seventeen public places of 
 worship, representing nine different denominations. But in the early years 
 of the century, all or nearly all the people of the town met in the same 
 church, and listened to the same minister. How famous was then the Old 
 North Meeting-House, the place whither the families went up to worship 
 on the Sabbath. The Puritan method of observance was still in vogue, and 
 'going to meeting,' as it was termed, was a universal custom, and one not 
 to be lightly esteemed or disregarded. This unity of sentiment and practice, 
 which had prevailed from the incorporation of the town, in 1725, was des- 
 tined to have an end. In 1818 the initiatory steps were taken for the 
 formation of the First Baptist Church in Concord. The record states that 
 ' on the 20th of May, 1818, a number of persons residing in Concord, and 
 belonging to Baptist churches elsewhere, met at the house of Mr. Richard 
 Swain, in said town, for the purpose of ascertaining what degree of fellow- 
 ship existed among them in the faith and order of the gospel, and also to . 
 consider what were the prospects of forming a church agreeable to the prin- 
 ciples and practice of the Apostles of our Lord. After a free and full discuv 
 
524 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. L'SlQ 
 
 sion of the first object before them, the following persons gave to each other 
 an expression of their Christian fellowship, viz. : James Willey, John Hoyt, 
 Sarah Bradley, Deborah Elliot, Sally Swain, and Nancy Whitney.' 
 
 " On the 28th of the same month, the record also says, ' an adjourned ses- 
 sion was held at the house of Mr. Nathaniel Parker, at which meeting three 
 sisters related their Christian experience, and made a brief statement of their 
 views of Christian doctrine, after which those present expressed to them their 
 Christian fellowship.' The next act of that meeting was ' to listen to the 
 •Christian experience of Mr. Oliver Hart, and to agree to receive him to the 
 fellowship of the church when he shall have been baptized.' At this meeting, 
 members from the church in Bow were present, by invitation, to advise in 
 reference to the constitution of a church. These brethren, having examined 
 the subject, unanimously advised this small band of Christians to organize. 
 
 " On the 23d of September, 1818, a council of neighboring churches was 
 held at the house of Rev. William Taylor, and a church constituted, number- 
 ing fourteen members. The public services in recognition of this church 
 were attended at the Green house. Rev. John B. Gibson preached the 
 sermon, Rev. Otis Robinson of Salisbury gave the hand of fellowship, and 
 Rev. Henry Veazey of Bow offered prayer. For over seven years this church 
 •did not possess a house of worship, but was accustomed to hold services on 
 the Sabbath in the school-house, which stood upon the site of the high school 
 building. In 1825 a church edifice was erected, dedicated on December 2Sth 
 of that year, and opened for public worship in January, 1826." 
 
 "The March elections of 18 18 were conducted with much less 
 than their usual zeal and acrimony. Many Federalists voted for 
 the Republican candidate, others for Jeremiah Smith or William 
 Hale. Governor Plumer was re-elected by a majority of over six 
 thousand votes over all other candidates." Governor Plumer in 
 his address referred to the law for the imprisonment of debtors, 
 and recommended its repeal or radical change. The bill for les- 
 sening the hardships of poor debtors was passed with the utmost 
 difficulty : " and yet it was a few years only before the total 
 abolition of imprisonment for debt was enacted with the entire 
 approbation of the people." ^ 
 
 At the Republican legislative caucus in June, after Samuel 
 Bell was nominated for governor, the majority nominated Gov- 
 ernor Plumer for United States senator. At the ballotin"^ the 
 minority of the Republicans supported Parrott, the Federalists 
 Jeremiah Smith, thus bringing three candidates into the field. 
 The Federalists gave their support to the minority candidate, 
 
 •William Plumer, Jr. 
 
iSlg] STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATION. 52$ 
 
 and Parrott was elected. It was understood that the Governor 
 allowed his name to be used to defeat Butler. 
 
 In Governor Plumer's diary, under date of June 30, occurs the 
 following entry: "The lawyers in the House were unitedly 
 opposed to it [the bill exempting the bodies of debtors from 
 arrest on executions issued from justices of the peace]. Second 
 and third rate lawyers, as many of these are, make bad legislators." 
 Governor Plumer exercised a great influence over legislative bod- 
 ies and at the same time preserved his self-respect and indepen- 
 dence. He made his appointments carefully, and was very popular 
 in the State during a public life of nearly thirty years. He retired 
 from ofiSce with the respect of all parties and with no fewer 
 personal enemies than a man of decided character and fearless 
 ■disposition would ordinarily have. He lived over thirty years at 
 Epping after his retirement, in correspondence with the lead- 
 ing men of the party and nation, until he was the last survivor of 
 his generation. 
 
 Samuel Bell was elected governor in 18 19. 
 
 1 It is doubtful if any race has done more to fix the character of 
 our institutions, to stimulate and direct real progress, and to de- 
 velop the vast resources of the United States, than that portion 
 of our earlier population known as the Scotch-Irish. Their re- 
 markable energy, thrift, staidness, and fixed religious views made 
 their settlements the centres of civilization and improvement, in 
 Colonial times ; that their descendants proved sturdy props of the 
 great cause that ended in the independence of the United States 
 is a matter of history. Of this stock, New Hampshire has 
 ■chosen three governors, lineal descendants from John Bell. 
 
 The name of Bell occupies a proud place in the history of 
 New Hampshire. No other single family of our State has 
 wielded for so long a period such an influence in the executive, 
 legislative, and judiciary departments of our State government 
 as the descendants of the emigrant John Bell, who purchased a 
 tract of land in Londonderry, in 1720, about a year after the 
 original settlers purchased the township. His son, John, born 
 in Londonderry in August, 1730, was a man of considerable im- 
 
 ' John Templeton. 
 
526 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1819 
 
 portance, and held many responsible offices. He married and 
 had five children, two of whom filled the office of governor of 
 New Hampshire. He died in 1825. in the ninety-fifth year of 
 his age. 
 
 Of John's children, two died young ; the third, Jonathan, en- 
 gaged in trade in Chester, and died in 1808. 
 
 The fifth son, Samuel, was born in February, 1770. He was 
 a graduate of Dartmouth College, class of 1793. He was one 
 of the most popular public men of his day. In 1805-6 he was 
 speaker of the House of Representatives, president of the Senate 
 in 1807-8, and justice of the Supreme Court from 1816 to 1819. 
 He was elected governor in 18 19, and was three times re- 
 elected without organized opposition. In 1823 he was elected 
 United States senator, which office he held till 1835. He 
 married and had a family of nine children. His death occurred 
 in December, 1850. 
 
 January and February, 18 19, were very warm, with very little 
 snow — the ground being bare the whole time, and no sledding ; 
 all business and journeys were performed with wagons.^ 
 
 Bristol was chartered in June, 1819. 
 
 It was formed from portions of Bridgewater and New Chester (Hill). 
 By the Act of incorporation James Minot, Ichabod C. Bartlett, and Joseph 
 Flanders, or an/ two of them, were authorized to call the first annual town 
 meeting in March following. They united in this call, and at the first annual 
 meeting, March 14, 1820, Joseph Flanders was elected moderator, James 
 Minot clerk, and Joseph Flanders, Moses W. Sleeper, and John Clough 
 selectmen. Ichabod C. Bartlett was chosen treasurer, and James Minot repre- 
 sentative to the General Court. The citizens of the new town seem to have 
 started out with practical unanimity^of political sentiment, so far as State 
 affairs were concerned, as upon the vote for governor at this meeting, ninety- 
 one ballots were cast for Samuel Bell, five for John Orr, two for Robert 
 Smith, and one for David Sterret. The same, or even greater, unanimity in 
 this regard was manifested several years later, when, in 1827, there were one 
 hundred and seven votes cast for Benjamin Pierce, and one for Sherburne 
 Lock. 
 
 Among the other officers elected at this first town meeting were two "tith- 
 ingmen." These were Timothy Eastman and David Truel. Peter Hazelton 
 was chosen constable. The record of the meeting also informs us that it was 
 voted to raise $150, in addition to what the law requires, for the support of 
 
 « MS. Diaiy. 
 
iSrg] STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATION. $2/ 
 
 schools, $600 for the repair of highway, and $350 to defray town charges. It 
 also appears that " the collection of taxes was bid off for three cents on a dol- 
 lar, by Walter Sleeper." This would be regarded as a pretty extravagant 
 percentage in these days, but it must be remembered that the amount to be 
 collected was comparatively small.' 
 
 New Chester, which formerly included Bridgewater (the latter 
 iiicofporatcd in 1788), was granted in August, 1759, ^^ John 
 Tolford, Matthew Thornton, and others, but no settlement was 
 made for several years. 
 
 In a case in the Hillsborough court, May, 1803, Smith, C. J., 
 by which John Muzzy brought action against Samuel Wilkins 
 and others who acted as assessors for the parish of Amherst in 
 1795, and by whom Muzzy was imprisoned because he would not 
 pay his tax of seventy-five cents toward the settled minister's 
 salary, it was decided that Muzzy, being a Presbyterian, was ex- 
 empt from the tax, since Presbyterians were a different sect 
 under the constitution and the laws from the Congregationalists, 
 and were to be recognized as such. The judge said that the 
 constitution was designed to secure to every man the free enjoy- 
 ment of his own opinion on religious subjects. All denomina- 
 tions were to be equally under the protection of the law, securing 
 to them even safety from persecution. William Plumer was 
 early a prominent " Protestant," and freely a legal helper to 
 those against whom cases were entered. It was necessary to 
 have such a champion, for the collectors of church taxes did not 
 scruple in their methods. Barstow, in his " History of New 
 Hampshire," tells of a ca.se in which the cow of a poor laborer 
 was sold at vendue in default of paying church taxes ; nor was 
 household furniture or even dishes exempted from the stern 
 parish collector. Acts of incorporation would be granted the 
 Congregational church but be denied to other denominations. 
 The advent of Quakers, Freewill Baptists, Methodists, Univer- 
 salists, and other sects was working a revolution. They entered 
 the courts, and could always find in Governor Plumer, at least, 
 able and willing counsel in those legal contests. 
 
 In the constitutional convention of 1791 he tried hard to carry 
 
 ■ H. H. MetcaH. 
 
528 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['^'9 
 
 a provision giving full liberty to worship God according to the 
 dictates of one's own conscience. But this liberty was not then 
 granted, nor, on the other hand, could the opponents of it carry 
 a provision to tighten the principles of the constitution of 1784. 
 He did succeed in that convention in getting a motion carried 
 to abolish the religious test for office-holders, but this failed in 
 the vote of the people on it. But so great had become the pres- 
 sure from the increase of other persuasions, and the spirit of 
 deepjer itisight, that the legislature of 1804 granted the right to 
 Freewill Baptists to be considered a distinct religious sect or 
 denomination, with all the privileges of such agreeable to the 
 constitution. The next year the Universalists obtained a sim- 
 ilar recognition, and in 1807 the Methodists shared the same 
 favor.* 
 
 In 18 16 the legislature passed an Act that the property of 
 ministers, which before had been exempted, should be taxed. 
 The same year Rev. Dan. Young, of Lisbon, a located Methodist 
 minister, having been elected a member of the State Senate, 
 brought in a bill repealing the old obnoxious laws by which a 
 town could vote to settle a minister and then pay his salary by 
 taxes ; and in place of that law offered a bill "by which all per- 
 sons voluntarily associating to build a house of worship, or hire 
 a rriiriist'fer of the Gospel, should be held to the fulfilment of their 
 contract, but no person should be compelled to go into such a 
 contract." That year he was able to secure only three votes 
 besides his own for the bill. The next year the same bill re- 
 ceived exactly one half of the votes of the Senate. The third 
 year it went through by a large majority, but was tied in the 
 House. In 18 19, having been sent up again from the Senate, 
 the House by a majority vote carried it, and thus the power was 
 taken from the towns to assess taxes on all to support the min- 
 istry, and relegated to such as voluntarily entered the church or 
 society. 
 
 Dr. Whipple, of Wentworth, in the House, seems to have had 
 much to do in framing the bill and in its final success ; so it is 
 known in some authorities as the Whipple bill. By the bill any 
 
 • William Plumer, Jr. 
 
iSig] 
 
 STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATION. 
 
 529 
 
 one, also, could separate himself from any such society or organ- 
 ization, or from obligations of the town, by leaving a written 
 certificate with the clerk of such a purpose, and that he was of 
 another persuasion. Men of the old regime deemed it all a re- 
 peal of the Christian religion, thinking it meant also an abolition 
 of the Bible, and that they might as well burn that book. But 
 experience soon convinced them of the great worth to both state 
 and church to have them separate. Some slight changes were 
 made a few years later in this Act, but none affecting its purpose 
 of completest religious freedom. 
 
 SQUAM LAKE AND MOUNT CHOCORUA. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 ERA OF GOOD-WILL, 1819-1828. 
 
 Power-Loom at Amoskeag — Shelburne — New Hampton Hurricane 
 — Levi Woodbury — David L. Morril — Great Freshet — Mili- 
 tia — General Lafayette's Visit — The Farmer — Governor Ben- 
 jamin Pierce and Family — John Bell — Franklin. 
 
 TVTO single invention, perhaps, has ever wrought such wonders 
 in the civilized world as the power-loom. Strange to say, 
 it was the work of an English clergyman. Rev. Dr. Cartwright, 
 who invented it in 1787. The use of the power-loom was com- 
 menced at Amoskeag Falls in 18 19. 
 
 The Scotch-Irish at Nutfield, afterwards Londonderry, and 
 the English at Penacook, now Concord, pressed their claims 
 for the possession of the falls as a fishing place. No doubt 
 it was a prize worthy of an earnest struggle. Concord claimed 
 it under their grant from Massachusetts; while the Scotch- 
 Irish founded their claim on the authority of the New Hamp- 
 shire Province. The advantage, however, was on the part of the 
 Irish. Their settlement was nearer, in numbers much larger, 
 and they had possession. The first settlers in the neighborhood 
 came from Londonderry in 173 1. No doubt the fishing interest 
 was the principal attraction. The shad, the salmon, and the lam- 
 prey eel, the last of which the late William Stark so poetically 
 eulogized, were the fish there caught. If Stark has not very 
 greatly exceeded even poetical licence, we may realize the mag- 
 nitude of the fishing interest at that day. He says : 
 
 " From the eels they formed their food in chief. 
 And eels were called the Derr^ field beef; 
 It was often said that their only care. 
 
I819] ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 531 
 
 And their only wish, and their only prayer, 
 For the present world, and the world to come, 
 Was a string of eels and a jug of rum." 
 
 If all this could be said of the eel, we leave some future poet 
 to extol the value of the shad and the salmon. 
 
 Saw and grist mills were built at Amoskeag at a very early 
 date, but the first interest of sufficient importance to demand 
 much notice was the digging of the canal. This was substantially 
 the work of one man, Samuel Blodget, an officer under Governor 
 Wentworth, a keeper of the King's woods, and collector of duties 
 on spirituous liquors. He came to the neighborhood in 175 1, 
 and bought a farm on Black brook, two miles from Amoskeag. 
 He was a man of great versatility of talent : farmer, merchant, 
 manufacturer of potash, lumber-dealer, sutler in the army in 
 the French and Indian war. He went to Europe, and there was 
 engaged in raising sunken ships, and finally, after having accu- 
 mulated quite a fortune for that day, returned, and in May, 
 1794, when seventy years of age, commenced the great work of 
 his life, what is known in history as the Blodget canal, around 
 Amoskeag Falls. The work, however, was attended with many 
 difficulties, and his whole fortune of thirty or forty thousand 
 dollars was all expended before it was completed. He then 
 solicited assistance from his friends, and applied to the legis- 
 latures of New Hampshire and Massachusetts for grants of lot- 
 teries to raise funds ; but as late as 1803 he wrote : "It is very 
 painful indeed to me to reflect on a ten years' ardent exertione 
 at this stage of my life, sparing no pains in my power, with the 
 utmost stretch of invention to finish this canal, the expense of 
 ;?6o,ooo already having been devoted to it, and the work not yet 
 completed." 
 
 By continued exertions, however, the canal was completed in 
 1807, about the time of Mr. Blodget's death. This work, when 
 we take into view all the difficulties connected with the prose- 
 cution of a new enterprise, stands almost unrivalled in the his- 
 tory of New England. 
 
 It is, however, the manufacture of cloth which now distin- 
 guishes, and will for a long time to come, Amoskeag. The 
 
532 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['819 
 
 river here falls fifty feet, and the power is immense. As in the 
 case of the canal, it was a single mind that led the way in the 
 development of this great enterprise. Benjamin Pritchard was 
 here the moving power. We first hear of him as a resident of 
 New Ipswich, and engaged in manufacturing there. Machinery 
 was used in that town for spinning cotton by water power in 
 1803, and was the first in the State. 
 
 Mr. Pritchard paid his last tax in New Ipswich in 1807, and 
 in March, 1810, we find his mill in operation at Amoskeag. The 
 property was then owned by a joint-stock company, divided into 
 one hundred shares. At the first meeting fifty-five shares were 
 sold, of which Mr. Pritchard took twenty-five. The building 
 which was then erected was about forty feet square and two 
 stories high. The only machinery placed in it was for spinning, 
 and the only machine then used for that purpose was the jenny. 
 This machine was first put in operation in England in 1767, 
 and was the earliest improvement in spinning after the one- 
 thread wheel, doing its work substantially on the same plan, 
 only instead of one it drew out several threads at the same 
 time. 
 
 The water to carry this machinery at Amoskeag was taken 
 from the mill-dam of Ephraim and Robert Stevens. They gave 
 bonds to the amount of two thousand dollars, as the obligation 
 reads, to furnish " so much water as shall be sufficient for carry- 
 ing an old-fashioned undershot corn-mill at all seasons of the 
 year and at all days in the year, so long as water is needed for 
 carrying on the manufacturing of cotton and wool at that 
 place." For this, they were to receive ten dollars annually. 
 Five years later twelve dollars per annum were paid for furnish- 
 ing water sufficient to run the Amoskeag cotton and woollen 
 mill. 
 
 From 1 8 10 to 18 19 spinning was the only work done there. 
 It is interesting to learn how this now simple operation was 
 then performed. After the cotton was received, it was given 
 out into families, in lots of from fifty to one hundred pounds, 
 to be picked. This was done by first whipping the cotton in a 
 rude frame. This whipping machine was a unique article, per- 
 
l820] ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 535 
 
 haps thirty inches square, across which common" cod line was 
 woven at right angles, leaving spaces of half an inch ; on three 
 sides were placed boards, and the whole raised on posts breast 
 high. On this the cotton was placed and whipped with two- 
 sticks like the common ox-gourd. This old whipping machine^ 
 operated by a boy, has given place to the picker of our day. 
 
 Some years after the manufacture of yarn was commenced,, 
 perhaps because the market was more than supplied, the com- 
 pany introduced the weaving of cloth. This was done on hand- 
 looms in the neighborhood. The agent of Amoskeag mills,. 
 Jotham Gillis, carried out yarn for this purpose. It was before 
 the days of railroads, even before carriages, if we except the old 
 " one-horse shay," and Mr. Gillis, upon horse-back, would ride six 
 miles away, with bundles of yarn tied about his saddle. This 
 order of things continued till 1819, when the power-loom was 
 introduced, only five years after its introduction into the coun- 
 try. The first was put in operation at Waltham, Mass., by Mr. 
 Adams, the father of Phineas Adams, the late agent of the Stark 
 mills. The loom had then been in operation in England from 
 twenty to twenty-five years.^ 
 
 In 1820 Jeremiah Mason was a member of the House of 
 Representatives, and as chairman of the judiciary committee 
 drew and secured the passage of a law changing the judiciary 
 system of the State, abolishing the Court of Common Pleas,, 
 transferring most of its jurisdiction to the Superior Court, and 
 constituting a Court of Sessions. Early in the June sessiort 
 Governor Bell received from the governor of Virginia "The Vir- 
 ginia Report and Resolutions on the Missouri Question," which 
 he transmitted to the legislature for their action. They set. 
 forth in forcible and earnest language the doctrines as to the 
 sovereignty of the States and the limited powers of Congress. 
 The answer of the New Hampshire legislature was written by 
 Mr. Mason, and was a masterly treatment of the constitutional 
 questions involved, ending with the resolution : " That in the 
 opinion of this legislature the Congress of the United States 
 has by the Constitution the right, in admitting new States into 
 
 > Rev. C. W. Wallace, D. D. 
 
5j4 history Ol'" NEW HAMPSHIRE. [182O 
 
 the Union, to prescribe the prohibition of slavery, as one of the 
 conditions on which such State shall be admitted," and that "the 
 ■existence of slavery within the United States is a great moral 
 as well as political evil, the toleration of which can be justified 
 ty necessity alone, and that the further extension of it ought to 
 "be prevented by the due exercise of the power vested in the 
 general government." 
 
 Hon. Jeremiah Mason was a member of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives in December, 1820, and while standing in the gallery, 
 Judge Nesmith heard him state the proposition that in his ex- 
 perience he knew of no little law cases, that all alike, whatever 
 the amount involved might be, turned upon the same golden 
 "hinges of justice. And it was sometimes as difficult to ascertain 
 the true merits of a case, or trace the accurate boundaries of 
 right and wrong, where only five dollars might be involved, as 
 where thousands were at stake. The question then pending 
 before the House referred to the amount of litigated claims of 
 which a certain court should by law have jurisdiction. 
 
 Mr. Mason's personal appearance was very imposing. His 
 3ieight was over six feet and six inches. His weight about two 
 hundred and seventy-five pounds. His uncommon size natur- 
 ally attracted the wonder of beholders. His arguments to the 
 jury were never tedious, always commanding their close atten- 
 tion, being remarkable specimens of plain, clear, direct, compre- 
 hensive, logical reasoning, generally addressed to the understand- 
 ing rather than to the passions of the hearer. He presented 
 dear ideas «//^ and forcibly expressed. He managed well an 
 unwilling, untruthful witness. In his quiet and easy way he 
 would turn such a witness inside out without letting him know 
 what he was about. ^ 
 
 The township of Shelburne, which lies in Coos county, north- 
 east of the White Mountains, was chartered by George HI. to 
 Mark Wentworth, and six others. The date of the grant was 
 1 771, and included Shelburne Addition, now known as Gorham. 
 It was surveyed in the same year by Theodore Atkinson, who 
 spent a number of months in the vicinity of the mountains. 
 
 » Hon. George W. Nesmilh. 
 
l820] ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 535 
 
 The population in 1820, when it was incorporated, was 205, while 
 in 1870 it was only 250. 
 
 The first permanent settlers were Hope Austin, Daniel and 
 Benjamin Ingalls, who moved there in 1771. The next year 
 Thomas Wheeler, Nathaniel Porter, and Peter Poor came there, 
 and were afterward killed by the Indians. In 1781 came Moses 
 Messcr, Captain Jonathan Rindge, and Jonathan and Simeon 
 Evans. Captain Rindge is well remembered by the old resi- 
 dents in town as one of the most respected of the early 
 settlers. 
 
 The early history is filled with incidents of toil and hardships 
 which the pioneers were forced to undergo. Mr. Hope Austin, 
 with his family, consisting of a wife and three children, moved 
 into town at a time when the ground was covered with five 
 feet of snow. All the way from Bethel, a distance of twelve 
 miles, they walked, Mr. Austin and two hired men drawing the 
 furniture on hand sleds, while Mrs. Austin carried her youngest 
 child, an infant of nine months, in her arms, with Judith, aged 
 six, and James, aged four, trudging by her side. When they 
 arrived at their new home they found simply the walls of a log 
 cabin, without roof or floor. To shelter them from the rains 
 and snows they cut jioles and laid across the walls. On these 
 they laid shingles, covering a space only large enough for a bed. 
 In this they lived until the next June. At the time of the In- 
 dian massacre in August, — spoken of in Segar's narrative, — 
 they fled to Fryeburg, where tBey remained until the next March. 
 
 Deacon Daniel Ingalls was well known and highly esteemed 
 throughout the mountain region for his piety and benevolence, 
 and his death was received by all with sadness. 
 
 His two sons, Moses and Robert, settled in Shelburne. They 
 were both distinguished as being kind-hearted men, and a valu- 
 able addition to the young colony. Moses was brave and dar- 
 ing, and a keen lover of hunting. 
 
 Robert Fletcher Ingalls was undoubtedly the first temperance 
 reformer in New Hampshire. He formed a band known as the 
 " Cold Water Army," embracing the youth of both sexes, and 
 worked for the cause until the day of his death. On the 4th day 
 
536 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [182I 
 
 of July before he died he took part in the exercises, delivering 
 an address which is remembered to this day. 
 
 After the unsuccessful attempt against Quebec, in which the 
 gallant and lamented Montgomery lost his life, many of the 
 American soldiers deserted, and endeavored to find their way 
 home through the forests of Canada. Twelve of these soldiers 
 succeeded in finding their way to Shelburne late in the fall of 
 1776, where they were discovered by a negro in the employ of 
 Captain Rindge, nearly exhausted. After becoming recruited 
 they gave an account of their sufferings from the time they left 
 Quebec. They followed the Chaudiere river for a long distance, 
 crossed the highlands, and came to the Magalloway river, down 
 which they passed to its confluence with Clear Stream, at 
 Errol. 
 
 Here they left one of their number, named Hall, too weak to 
 proceed farther. Captain Rindge and Moses Ingalls immediately 
 started in quest of him, and after a long search he was found 
 lying across his gun, near where his comrades left him. He had 
 dragged himself to the bank to drink, and, his head hanging 
 over a little descent, he was unable to raise it from weakness, and 
 so drowned. They buried him on the bank, and, as a memorial, 
 changed the river's name from Clear to Hall's Stream. 
 
 The New Hampton Institution has a model location in a 
 quiet village, amid New Hampshire hills and rural scenery, 
 and among people who fully appreciate the advantages of hav- 
 ing a college or seminary in their midst. It was established in 
 1 82 1, and soon became widely known as a theological school for 
 divinity students preparing for the Baptist ministry. 
 
 In 1829 a female department was added. 
 
 In 1852 the institution came into the hands of the Freewill 
 Baptist denomination ; and for sixteen years, or until it was re- 
 moved to Lewiston, Me., in 1870, it was the seat of a Biblical 
 school. In 1866 a commercial department was added to the 
 school. 
 
 The hurricane in the Kearsarge region, in September, 1821, 
 was the most destructive tornado of which there is any record 
 as having swept over any portion of New England, and, in pro- 
 
53^ nisTOKY or new iiami'siiire. [1822 
 
 portion to its extent, infinitely more destructive than the " great 
 wind" of September, 1815. 
 
 ^ "About six o'clock, after a warm day, a dark cloud was 
 observed to rise in the north and north-west, illuminated by in- 
 cessant flashes of vivid lightning. Houses and barns, fences 
 and trees, were levelled to the ground and the debris carried 
 long distances. Several lives were lost." 
 
 The literary fund, for the benefit of the public schools, was 
 established in 1 821, by imposing a tax of one-half of one per 
 cent, upon the banks of the State. 
 
 In June, 1822, Hon. Samuel Dinsmoor, senior, of Keene, was 
 nominated for governor by the Democrats or Republicans, in 
 the legislature of that year ; candidates for governor and for 
 Congress being then nominated in June by members of the 
 legislature. 
 
 In the winter before the election Levi Woodbury, then one of 
 the justices of the Superior Court, was nominated for governor 
 by an irregularly constituted assemblage of people in attendance 
 upon a term of court in session at Portsmouth. The Patriot 
 sustained the nomination of the legislative convention, and 
 came out in strong rebuke of this procedure at Portsmouth, 
 which really was an open revolt, by so many Democrats as par- 
 ticipated in the nomination of Judge Woodbury, against the 
 regular nomination of the party the preceding June. . But the 
 Portsmouth transaction was countenanced, if not shaped, by the 
 Plumers of Epping, Judge Butler of Deerfield, the North End 
 Democrats in Concord, and other equally conspicuous and in- 
 fluential politicians in various parts of the State. Although 
 the Federal party had been disbanded, yet thousands who were 
 members of it naturally sympathized with any procedure in 
 conflict with the Patriot, and, with nearly one accord, went into 
 the support of Judge Woodbury, who was chosen over General 
 Dinsmoor by 4026 majority in 1823. 
 
 There were jealousies between North End Democrats and 
 their down-town political brethren so long ago as fifty years. 
 They at the North End regarded those beneath the shadow 
 
 « N. H. Patriot. 
 
1823] ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 539 
 
 of the State House as desirous of giving law to the Democratic 
 party. The last-named men were spoken of as " Parliament- 
 corner politicians," a term which included Isaac Hill, William 
 Low, Joseph Low, Richard Bartlett, Jacob B. Moore, and a few 
 other active and influential men south of the present City Hall. 
 Those North End gentlemen of the same party who were be- 
 coming, if not alienated from, at least jealous of their down- 
 town brethren, and who immediately or more remotely partook 
 of this feeling, were John George, Robert Davis, Samuel Coffin, 
 Abiel Walker, Francis N. Fiske, Charles Walker, Samuel Spar- 
 hawk, and other less conspicuous men. There were also' 
 Democrats in other portions of New Hampshire who had be- 
 come jealous of the "Parliament corner" leaders, and this, at 
 first, slight misunderstanding or disaffection culminated in the 
 commencement of the journal known as the New Hampshire 
 Statesman, January 6, 1823, a paper that is one of the very 
 few which, growing out of a mere feud among local politicians, 
 became a permanent establishment. Luther Roby, then in 
 business at Amherst, moved to Concord, and became printer 
 and publisher of the Statesman, and Amos A. Parker, then in 
 the practice of law at Epping, was engaged to conduct it. 
 
 The Statesman of course advocated the election of Judge 
 Woodbury ; indeed, when it was commenced it was understood 
 that a rebellion was on foot against the nominee of the June 
 convention. But the triumph of the North End gentlemen was 
 transitory, for one of the first important appointments by Gov- 
 ernor Woodbury was that of Hon. Richard H. Ayer, of Hook- 
 sett, to be sheriff of the newly formed county of Merrimack. 
 This was a suitable selection — fitness being the standard — but 
 one which created disappointment, indeed displeasure, through- 
 out the ranks of those by whose votes Judge Woodbury was 
 made governor. Mr. Ayer was brother-in-law of Mr. Hill, and 
 exerted all his power to thwart the election of Governor Wood- 
 bury, who, in fact, by this and other procedures, turned his back 
 upon his supporters, and distinctly indicated to them that he 
 should henceforth seek promotion in another quarter. He was 
 governor only one year.^ 
 
 ' Asa McFarland. 
 
540 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1823 
 
 Levi Woodbury was the son of the Hon. Peter Woodbury, and was born 
 at Francestown, on the 22d of December, 1789. He was of the oldest Massa- 
 chusetts stock, being descended from John Woodbury, who emigrated from 
 Somersetshire, in England, in the year 1624, and was one of the original set- 
 tlers of Beverly, Mass. Peter Woodbury removed from Beverly to Frances- 
 town in 1773. His son Levi entered Dartmouth College in October, 1805. 
 After his graduation with honor in 1809, in September of that year, he began 
 the study of law at Litchfield, Conn., pursuing it at Boston, Exeter, and 
 Francestown ; and in September, 1S12, commenced practice in his native vil- 
 lage. He soon obtained a high rank at the bar, with an extensive business. 
 His first public service was upon his election as clerk of the Senate of New 
 Hampshire in June, 1816. In December of the same year he received the ap- 
 pointment of judge of the Supreme Court of the State; and in the discharge 
 of the duties of his position was seen the inherent force of his abilities, 
 :aided by his constant and never-ceasing habits of application. 
 
 In June, 1819, he married Elizabeth W. Clapp, of Portland, and, re- 
 moving to Portsmouth soon af^er, except when absent on public duties re- 
 sided in that city. In March, 1S23, he was chosen governor of New Hamp- 
 shire, and re-elected in 1824. 
 
 In 1825 he was chosen one of the representatives from Portsmouth in the 
 legislature, and elected speaker upon the assembling of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives. This was his first seat in any deliberative assembly ; but his 
 knowledge of parliamentary law, aided by his dignity and urbanity of manner, 
 served to enable him to fill the office in a commendable manner. 
 
 At the same session he was elected a senator in the Congress of the United 
 States. His senatorial term was completed in March, 1831, and in that 
 month he was chosen State senator from his district ; but before the legislature 
 assembled he was, in May, 1831, appointed secretary of the navy, and re- 
 signed the senatorship June 4th of that year, and served till June 30, 1834, 
 in the secretaryship. 
 
 In July, 1834, Governor Woodbury was appointed secretary of the Treas- 
 ury, and served until the election of General Harrison to the Presidency. 
 He was again elected a senator in Congress for the term of six years, com- 
 mencing March 4, 1841. He served until November, 1845. During that 
 year President Polk had tendered Governor Woodbury the embassy to the 
 court of St. James, but the appointment, for domestic reasons, was declined. 
 
 Upon the death of Mr. Justice Story, Mr. Woodbury was commissioned an 
 associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and after subse- 
 <juently entering upon the duties of this high office, continued therein until 
 his death, which occurred September 4, 1851. 
 
 Judge Woodbury, in the various public positions he was so constantly 
 called to fill, showed himself abundantly capable for the discharge of their 
 'duties. 
 
 As a legislator he was painstaking and industrious, as a judge studious 
 and indefatigable in his labors, and as a cabinet minister comprehensive 
 and yet exact in his knowledge of details. His life was one of uninterrupted 
 
1824] ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 541 
 
 ■work, and his death at the age of sixty-one deprived the country of an up- 
 right judge and an eminent public man. Of his children, his only son is 
 Charles Levi Woodbury, a prominent lawyer in practice in Boston, who re- 
 tains the family mansion at Portsmouth. One daughter married Hon. 
 Montgomery Blair, who was postmaster-general under President Lincoln, 
 and another was the wife of Captain Gustavus V. Fox, formerly of the United 
 States navy, who rendered to the country such signal service by his practical 
 knowledge as assistant secretary during the war.' 
 
 In 1824 David L. Morril was elected governor by the legisla- 
 ture. He was born in Epping in June, 1772, was educated at 
 Exeter Academy, studied medicine, and entered into practice in 
 Epsom, in 1793. He commenced to study theology in 1800, and 
 was ordained pastor of the church in Goffstown in 1802, but re- 
 signed his charge in 18 1 1, and again commenced to practise med- 
 icine. In 1808 he was elected representative from Goffstown, and 
 re-elected every year till 18 17. In June, 1816, he was chosen 
 speaker of the House, and the same session was chosen to the 
 Senate of the United States for six years. In 1823 he was 
 elected a member of the New Hampshire Senate and was presi- 
 dent of that body. In 1825 he only lacked a few votes of re- 
 election. He settled in Concord in 183 1, where he remained a 
 highly respected and useful citizen until his death in January, 
 1846. 
 
 Mr. Mason was a candidate for the United States Senate in 
 1824. There was a strong desire on the part of his friends that he 
 should resume the place he had formerly filled with so much 
 honor to himself and so much usefulness to the country. Poli- 
 tics were in a transition state, and votes were determined mainly 
 by personal preferences for the four candidates for the presidency, 
 — Mr. Adams, General Jackson, Mr. Crawford, and Mr. Clay, all 
 of whom were members of the old Republican party. All the 
 New England States, New Hampshire included, supported Mr. 
 Adams ; and Mr. Mason, who distinctly preferred him to any of his 
 rivals, once more found himself on the side of the majority. 
 Eleven of the State senators had been Republicans, and a majority 
 of the House had been of the same party. At the June session Mr. 
 Mason was the strongest candidate, but the election was put off 
 
 ' History of Rockingham County. ^ 
 
542 HISTORY OF NKW HAMPSHIKE. [1824 
 
 until the November session. In the meantime Mr. Eastman, a 
 State senator and a brother-in-law of Levi Woodbury, had been 
 elected to Congress. The House gave Mr. Mason a two-thirds 
 majority: the Senate voted for William Plumer, Jr. The action 
 of the House was communicated to the Senate in the form of 
 a resolution naming the person chosen. The Senate concurred 
 in passing the House resolution with an amendment striking 
 out the words "Jeremiah Mason" and inserting "William 
 Plumer, Jr." Mr. Mason was standing before the fire in the 
 Representatives' Hall, and when William H. Y. Hackett, assis- 
 tant clerk of the Senate, having delivered the message to the 
 House, went by him Mr. Mason said, " Good morning, Mr. 
 Hackett, I see you propose a trifling amendment." The Senate 
 afterwards voted for John F. Parrott and Samuel Dinsmoor. Late 
 in December a vote was taken in the Senate which was a tie, al- 
 though seven members had pledged themselves to vote for Mr. 
 Mason, and the legislature adjourned without electing anybody to 
 the position. Levi Woodbury was elected senator at the next 
 session of the legislature, but Mr. Eastman, to whom was at- 
 tributed the defeat of Mr. Mason, was not re-elected to Con- 
 gress. Mr. Woodbury was at that time a supporter of Mr. Adams, 
 but soon became a zealous and trusted adherent of General 
 Jackson.^ 
 
 The most destructive freshet in the valley of the Merrimack, 
 taking place outside the season when crops were upon the earth, 
 was that of February, 1824. It was a complete demolisher of 
 bridges, from the mountains in northern New Hampshire, and 
 from the sources of the Contoocook river, in the southern portion 
 of the State, on to the sea. The volume of water which passed 
 down the valley in the rise of February, 1824, was vastly less 
 than what flowed in any given time in the freshet of 1869 ; but 
 enormous quantities of ice swept all before them. Both the 
 bridges which then spanned the Merrimack in Concord — the 
 "Federal" and the "Lower," as they were called — were de- 
 stroyed, as would have been a dozen others had they stood in 
 the way of the devastating flood. The facts were these : A 
 
 * Life of MasoD. 
 
1825] ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 543 
 
 warm and copious rainfall set in when the ice had not been at all 
 weakened by any mild days. It was as thick and strong as in 
 January. The warm rain fell upon a great body of snow, and the 
 rain and dissolving snow were suddenly precipitated into the 
 streams. The effect was speedily seen, as it had been appre- 
 hended by men who had long been conversant with freshets. 
 Enormous fields of thick-ribbed ice were broken into great fragr 
 ments and driven with unusual and irresistible velocity down the 
 swollen river. 
 
 Very few general elections take place when a party does not 
 suffer because of absence from the polls of voters in sympathy 
 with it. In November, 1824, in Concord and Pembroke, men 
 enough remained away from the polls to have elected Ezekiel 
 Webster a member of Congress. The choice was by general 
 ticket, and Mr. Webster needed only about one hundred more 
 votes. 
 
 In 1825 there were at least seven if not eight military organi- 
 zations in Concord, as follows : One company of cavalry, in 
 which were from sixty to seventy mounted men ; one of artillery, 
 forty to fifty men ; a company of light infantry, about forty men ; 
 and four companies of militia (men dressed in their every-day 
 apparel), with guns, knapsacks, and cartridge-boxes. One of 
 these last named companies was composed of men residing in 
 the centre part of the town ; another, of those in the south-west 
 part and Millville ; a third in West, and a fourth in East, Con- 
 cord. There was a company known as the Borough riflemen, 
 composed of men living in the north-western part of the town, 
 including the neighborhood then known as The Borough ; but 
 whether all the preceding were then in existence the writer is 
 uncertain. 
 
 The fields of Mars, in Concord and Pembroke, where these 
 troops made manifest the valor they would have displayed if 
 called into the service of the country, are many. The earliest 
 recollection of a militia-muster was upon what was known as the 
 lower interval, in East Concord, sixty or seventy years ago. It 
 was a notable day. Two companies of cavalry, two of artillery, 
 several of light infantry, and ten to fifteen companies of men 
 
544 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1825 
 
 with arms, but not dressed in uniform, from Canterbury, Loudon, 
 Concord, Chichester, and Pembroke, and men, women, and chil- 
 dren, upon the ground in numbers greater even than the troops, 
 were assembled. The exhilarating effect of the spectacle, espe- 
 cially upon young folks, can be readily imagined.' 
 
 As the war with England, declared by Congress, June, 1812, 
 became a more and more distant event, the military spirit de- 
 clined, and those full companies of cavalry, artillery, light infan- 
 try, and riflemen, which had made so excellent an appearance 
 iv&m time to time on Main street, began to, "languish — and 
 languishing did die," one by one, until the military organization 
 of New Hampshire was virtually dissolved. 
 
 A part of the visit of General Lafayette to the State shall be 
 described in the words of his youthful companion. Colonel A. A. 
 Parker, aide-de-camp of Governor David L. Morril, lately living 
 at a venerable old age, and in the full possession of his faculties, 
 in Glastonbury, Connecticut. 
 
 General Lafayette had made a journey through the Southern 
 and Western States, and had received demonstrations of welcome 
 from everybody. At Boston the ceremonies of his reception 
 had been imposing, joined in by all New England ; and he had 
 assisted in laying the corner-stone of Bunker Hill monument, 
 June 17. • The governor of Massachusetts had insisted upon 
 escorting the hero to the State line at Methuen, where he was 
 received by Colonel Parker. 
 
 The party consisted of General the Marquis Gilbert Motier de 
 Lafayette, George Washington Lafayette, his son, Emile Lavo- 
 sLur, his private secretary, his servant, who seemed to be a very 
 capable man of all work, the driver, Mr. Nathaniel Walker, and 
 Colonel Parker; the equipage consisted of "three carriages, a 
 barouche drawn by four horses with flags in their headstalls, a 
 four-horse stage-coach, and a two-horse covered carriage for bag- 
 gage." 
 
 " We found the scenes on the route in Massachusetts repro- 
 duced in New Hampshire ; for at all the hotels, stores, villages, 
 and cross-roads, multitudes had assembled to greet him as he 
 
 ' Asa McFarland. 
 
l82S] ERA OF GOOD-WILL. ' 545 
 
 came. It was in the rosy month of June, and roses were abund- 
 ant, especially in and about our carriage, in the shape of wreaths 
 and bouquets. At times our carriage became so much incum- 
 bered that we had to throw them overboard — in some solitary 
 places. 
 
 " Our route lay through Suncook village, at the south end of 
 Pembroke. There Major Caleb Stark, son of Major-general 
 John Stark, lived ; and as he had a slight acquaintance with Gen. 
 eral Lafayette in the Revolutionary war, had written to him a 
 request that he would call at his house, as he very much wished 
 to see him and introduce him to his family. We called, and on 
 introducing him to the general, he seized his hand and began an 
 animated speech about Revolutionary times, which did not seem 
 soon to terminate. His family were standing on the opposite 
 side of the room, waiting to be introduced, but he seemed to 
 have forgotten them I was acquainted with the major, but not 
 with his family, and could not introduce them myself. In this 
 Jilemma the spirited Miss Harriet Stark, no longer able to 
 orook delay, came forward, seized General Lafayette's hand, and 
 said : ' Permit me to introduce myself to you as the eldest 
 ''aughter of Major Caleb Stark, with whom you are talking, and 
 the grand-daughter of Major-general John Stark, the hero of 
 Bennington ; and now permit me to introduce you to my mother, 
 brothers, and sisters ' — which she did, with her usual prompt- 
 ness and energy. 
 
 "When we were seated in the carriage. General Lafayette 
 said : ' Miss Harriet Stark does indeed inherit all the fire and 
 spirit of her grandfather, and would have been a heroine had she 
 lived in the exciting scenes of the Revolutionary times.' 
 
 " Near the close of a beautiful summer day (Tuesday, June 
 2i), one of the longest in the year, we entered upon the long 
 main street of Pembroke. The sun, having moved round his 
 long circle in the sky, was resting in crimson robes on the west- 
 ern hills, and soon retired for the night. Not so Pembroke 
 village; that was wide awake, and gave the general as enthusi- 
 astic a welcome as he had received anywhere on the route. 
 Sometimes, it seemed, the less the numbers the greater the zeal. 
 
546 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [i^-S 
 
 " We had used due diligence and had travelled rapidly when 
 not hindered ; but our coining had been so well advertised by 
 the well-known Walker, the stage-driver on the route, that it 
 was known to all people, far and near. And so it was that we 
 were not only detained at villages, hotels, and cross-roads, but 
 even at a single cottage. Our approach seemed to have been 
 watched ; and, at the report of a musket or bugle blast, people 
 would rapidly appear from their lounging places, where none 
 were visible before ; and the general must needs pause a mo- 
 ment, take by the hand those near by, and speak a few words. 
 Infancy and age were alike presented, and the halt and the lame 
 were sitting in easy chairs before the cottage doors. At one of 
 these cottages an invalid old lady, ' cadaverous and pale,' was 
 brought by two men, in her arm-chair, to the carriage ; she 
 seized the general's hand with both of hers, and with tearful eyes 
 exclaimed, ' Bless the Lord ! ' 
 
 "At Fiske's Hotel, on the main street of Pembroke, five miles 
 from Concord, we rested for the night. A large concourse of 
 people gave the general a hearty welcome, and shook hands 
 with him, and he made a short speech. On my suggesting to 
 the most active men that the general had had a long and 
 fatiguing day, and needed rest, the people promptly retired, and 
 Pembroke village could never have been more quiet. After sup- 
 per the general leaned back in his easy chair and carried on u 
 long and agreeable conversation with his escort before retiring." 
 
 The next day (June 22, 1825) a committee of the legislature, 
 then in session at Concord, consisting of Hon. Stephen P. Web- 
 ster, of the Senate, and four members of the House, came down 
 in a coach-and-six to escort the general to Concord. Six white 
 horses were attached to the barouche, in which were General 
 Lafayette and Mr. Webster ; and the procession, made up of a 
 long line of carriages, proceeded on their way, bemg met on the 
 Concord line by twenty independent companies of the New 
 Hampshire militia, under the command of General Bradbury 
 Bartlett. 
 
 Lafayette's personal appearance at the time is thus sketched : 
 "He is now about sixty-eight years of age; with a fresh and 
 
i825j . ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 54/ 
 
 vigorous constitution for one of his years — though it was 
 severely tried in the dungeons of Olmutz. He lost all his hair 
 during that confinement, and now wears a wig." The account 
 closes with anecdotes and reminiscences of the general, and is 
 altogether deeply interesting, showing that the journalists of 
 that day were as appreciative of a special occasion, and quite as 
 sure to seize its salient points, as are those of the present day, 
 with all their superior facilities. 
 
 ORDER OF PROCESSION, 
 
 On the introduction of General Lafayette into the Town of Concord, and 
 
 to the Legislature. 
 [Corrected.] 
 
 (^"The following shall be the Order of Procession on the introduction of 
 General Lafayette into the Town of Concord, and to the Legislature. 
 
 The Committee of Arrangements (consisting of Messrs. Webster and 
 Bowers, of the Senate; Messrs. Bradley, Fisk, Peabody of E., Parker of G., 
 March, Hayes, Barrett, Webster of B., Rogers of O., Bellows, Baker, Carey, 
 Flanders of B., Mahurin, and Meserve, of the House), with the Marshals, 
 shall move from the front of the State House at half-past five o'clock on 
 Wednesday morning, June 22d. 
 
 Shall arrive at Pembroke at 7 o'clock. 
 
 The Chairman of the Committee will be introduced to the General and 
 Suite by his Excellency's Aides. 
 
 The Chairman will then address the General, and introduce the members 
 of the Committee and Marshals. 
 
 Procession shall move from Pembroke at half-past seven, in the following 
 
 order : — 
 
 MARSHALS 
 
 _( Rogers. Perkins. Marston. 
 
 a Co.mmittee of Arrangements. S 
 
 ^ Chief Marshal Parker. §* 
 
 ? 
 
 GENERAL LAFAYETTE 
 
 And Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements. 
 
 (In a Barouche.) 
 
 Whittemore. ' The General's Suite. Darling. 
 
 (In Carriages.) 
 
 Aides of His Excellency. 
 
 Chamberlain. { Gentlemen of Distinction, Strangers, "j Chad-wick. 
 
 J and Citizens, j- 
 
 Locke. \ In Carriages and on Horses. J Clarke. 
 
548 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1825 
 
 At the line of Concord, the Committee of Arrangements from the citizem; 
 of Concord will be introduced to the General by the Marshal, and then take 
 their place in the procession next to the Aides of his Excellency. 
 
 A national salute will be fired from the military upon the hill beyond the 
 bridge. 
 
 Procession shall be received at the same place by the military escort, under 
 the command of General Bartlett. 
 
 The band of musick shall follow the military escort, and precede the Com- 
 mittee of Arrangements; and in this form the procession shall move to the 
 north end of Main street, wheel and return down Main street to the General's 
 quarters at Colonel Kent's. 
 
 The General shall be escorted in the same manner from his quarters, up^ 
 Main street to opposite the State House, and a national salute shall be fired 
 on the moving of the procession. 
 
 The military shall then form a line from the front gate to the Capitol, ten 
 feet from each side of the gravel walk. 
 
 Committee of Arrangements will dismount and form between the barouche 
 and the gate two deep. The General and his suite will alight from their car- 
 riages, the General being supported by Senators Webster and Bowers — they 
 will move to the Capitol, followed by the General's suite and his Excellency's 
 aides. 
 
 After entering the south door of the Representatives' Chamber, the com- 
 mittee will open, the General shall be announced by the Marshal, and the 
 Legislature shall rise and receive him. He will then be presented by the 
 Marshal to the Governor and Council, Senate, and House of Representatives ; 
 after which the Governor shall make an address to the General, in behalf of 
 the Legislature. 
 
 The Marshal will then introduce him to the Governor, who will introduce 
 him to the Council. The Governor will introduce him to the President of the 
 Senate, who will introduce him to the Senators. The Governor will intro- 
 duce him to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who will intro- 
 duce him to the members. 
 
 When the General shall be introduced into the Representatives' Chamber, 
 the Governor will be seated in the Speaker's chair, — the Council at the right 
 of the Governor in the wall seat — and the Senate on the left of the Speaker's- 
 chair. On the right of the Speaker, on the floor, in settees, the Secretary 
 and Treasurer, Adjutant and Commissary General, the Attorney-General, 
 Judges of the Courts, Senators, and Representatives to Congress. 
 
 The Speaker of the House will be seated in a chair in front of the centre 
 division of the House. 
 
 The General will be conducted to his seat at the right of the Governor and 
 his suite, to the seat in front of the Council. 
 
 The General will be escorted in the same way, supported by the Governor,, 
 to the area of the Capitol, where the Revolutionary officers and soldiers will 
 be introduced to him by the Marshal. 
 
 He will be escorted and supported in the same manner by the Governor to 
 the dinner table. 
 
1825] ERA OF GOOD-VVILt. $49 
 
 From the table he shall be escorted and supported in like manner to his 
 barouche — and accompanied in the barouche by the Governor to his quar- 
 ters. 
 
 The military will then be discharged. 
 
 At seven o'clock the General will hold a levee on the area of the Capitol, 
 for the introduction of ladies and gentlemen. 
 
 After the levee, the Capitol will be illuminated. 
 
 Marshals Cnrtland, French, Bell, and Ham will have charge of the State 
 House and Yard.' 
 
 In 1825 farmers were simply farmers and nothing more. They 
 raised nearly all the supplies for their own tables, and largely for 
 their clothing, which was manufactured from the raw materials 
 in their homes. Wheat was much more generally grown then 
 than now, but not in sufficient quantities to furnish bread for the 
 household. Flour was rarely bought by the barrel; and barley, 
 rye, and Indian corn were extensively used. In those earlier 
 days flour bread was, with large numbers of families, dignified 
 with the name of "cake," and considered a luxury for use on 
 extra occasions, when company was entertained. A story is told 
 in one of the old Rockingham county towns which illustrates this 
 fact. A high-toned gentleman, known as the " Squire," called 
 at a farm-house one day, on some business, and when he had 
 finished his errand and had remounted at the door, the good 
 housewife, wishing to impress the squire with the dignity and 
 thrift of her family, said to him : "Squire, won't you stop and 
 have some flour bread and butter.?" thinking it now too late for 
 him to accept her invitation. To her chagrin the doughty squire 
 replied : "Thank you, marm, I don't care if I do," and promptly 
 dismounted and entered the house. The poor woman could only 
 explain that to her surprise she found the flour bread all out, and 
 offered him the best she had, some Indian bannock. A string of 
 bannocks, eight or ten in number, would be set upon tins in front; 
 of the fire in the broad fireplace, there being room then left in 
 the corner for one to sit and look straight up the chimney inta 
 the blue heavens. There was very little market for farm pro- 
 duce in those days, except in the larger towns ; long journeys 
 had to be made, mostly to such as were known as " sea-ports," 
 
 ' Copy of official program. 
 
550 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['827 
 
 as there were no interior towns of sufficient population to be 
 ■centres of such trade. Every farmer kept a flock of sheep, and 
 wool constituted a large portion of the clothing. It was carded, 
 spun, and woven at home, and made into garments for both sexes. 
 The best clothes for men and boys were made of what was 
 •called "fulled cloth." This was made at home, of the finest 
 material, and taken to the mills known as "fulling-mills," where 
 it was put through a process of thickening, dyeing, and finishing. 
 The women used to wear gowns of cloth which was called 
 "pressed woollen." This was simply home-made flannel, taken 
 to the mills above-named and pressed so as to present a glossy 
 iiurface. 
 
 Every farmer had a small patch of flax. This was pulled and 
 spread out in rows on the ground, " rotted " and then " broken " 
 and "swingled," and was prepared for the combing, carding, and 
 the " little wheel," as the machine was called, on which the flax 
 was spun, to distinguish it from the larger machine for spinning 
 wool. It was woven into cloth for table covers, towelling, sheet- 
 ing, and sliirting. The "tow," which was the coarse portion 
 combed out on the "hatchel," was spun into a coarse yarn, of 
 which a cloth was made for summer suits for men and boys. 
 The tow shirt, so commonly worn, was, when new, an instrument 
 of torture to the wearer, as it was full of prickling spines left 
 from the woody part of the stalk. 
 
 Benjamin Pierce was elected governor in 1827. He was born 
 -n Chelmsford in December, 1757. 
 
 Two days after the encounter between the patriots and the 
 British soldiers at Lexington, Benjamin Pierce, then eighteen 
 years old, was holding the plough in his uncle's field in Chelms- 
 ford when the news of that event arrived. He immediately left 
 the plough, took his uncle's gun and equipments, and started for 
 Boston. There he enlisted ; was present at the battle of Bun- 
 ker Hill, remained in the service during the war, and was on the 
 .staff of George Washington until the final disbandment of the 
 American army at West Point in 1784. He settled in Hills- 
 borough in 1786, and earnestly engaged in agricultural pursuits. 
 He took great interest in military affairs, holding offices in the 
 
1827] ERA or GOOD-WILL. 55' 
 
 militia from colonel to general of brigade. In 1798 he refused 
 a colonel's commission in the regular army. He was also 
 called upon to fill many political offices, such as representative, 
 counsellor, and presidential elector. He finally was chosen gov- 
 ernor of New Hampshire in 1827-9. His public services in one 
 capacity and another extended over fifty years. At his death, 
 which took place in April, 1839, '^'''"J vvhen in his eighty-second 
 year, he was vice-president of the Society of the Cincinnati, 
 lie was patriotic, brave, noble-minded, and charitable ; a bene- 
 factor to his country, and a blessing to his State and society, — 
 and no one memory associated with the past history of Hillsbor- 
 ough brings up higher feelings of respect and veneration than 
 that of General Benjamin Pierce. 
 
 ' When high sheriff of Hillsborough county his duties called him at one 
 time to Amherst, where he found, imprisoned in the jail, three Revolutionary 
 soldiers. Interesting himself in their behalf he learned the prisoners had 
 served their country well and faithfully — had honorable discharges, but at 
 the close of the Revolution, like hundreds of their comrades, were penniless. 
 They had, after long and weary days of travel, reached their homes, where 
 a. merciless creditor secured their arrest and imprisonment for debt. Ascer- 
 taining these facts, he instantly discharged their liability, and, taking the 
 keys from the jailor, unlocked the prison doors, and, leading the old veterans 
 from confinement, pointing to the blue sky above them said : " Go, breathe 
 the free air ! There can be no true republican liberty when such men as you 
 are consigned to prison for such a cause." 
 
 The Pierce mansion in Hillsborough stands in the midst of grounds which 
 in former years were laid out with elegant taste, and embellished with fruit 
 trees and shrubbery. Several handsome, stately trees embower the venerable 
 roof. Around the front side of the building extends a broad and generous 
 piazza. Surely none ever gave a more genial welcome. 
 
 The founder of this mansion was a great man in his day, and with but one 
 exception was probably the most popular governor ever elected in New 
 Hampshire. Even to-da3', after the lapse of forty years, his very name 
 touches the heart almost to a burst of enthusiasm. His personal appearance, 
 as it has been preserved by the portraits on the walls of the mansion and in 
 the State House at Concord, is indicative of the man. There is something 
 of the look of a Jackson in that face. The jaws have the same lion-like solidity, 
 the lips are firm, and the nose identical with that same feature which we 
 observe in the portrait of the hero of the hermitage, but the eyes have a merry 
 gleam, and the rubicund visage and the thick-set, portly figure tell more 
 plainly than words can of the frank, fearless, good natured, good living, hos- 
 
 * Fred Myron Colby. 
 
552 IIISTOUV Ob' NEW IIAMI'SIIIKE. ['827 
 
 pitable squire, whose name could mlly more voters to the polls than that of 
 any other man in the State, after John T. Gilman. 
 
 Grand as the house is, one would hardly think that it had been the scene of 
 so much romance and glory. Yet there is no dwelling within our State that 
 can evoke more significant associations than does this rural mansion. Here 
 dwelt the embryo statesman and president, Franklin Pierce, eon of Governor 
 Pierce, through all his boyhood days. Out of these windows looked the eyes 
 that were to gaze on the splendors of the White House, and the varied scenes 
 of foreign lands. In this very yard rang the voice which was to stir listening 
 senates with its tones. Around this place centres all of the associations con- 
 nected with his youthful years. Here was the theatre of his early sports, 
 here his school-days began, here he had his first visions of future eminence, 
 or of the possibility of it. Through this very door he passed with his college 
 honors upon him, the friend of Stowe, of Hawthorne, of Longfellow, and 
 others equally known to fame. Here, also, he came with the trappings of 
 state upon him, surrounded by a galaxy of the noblest Americans. Great 
 men, statesmen, writers, divines, and soldiers have been domiciled under this 
 roof. Nearly all of the leading men of New Hampshire, for fifty years, vis- 
 ited at Squire Pierce's house. Isaac Hill, the Athertons, Ebenezer Webster, 
 ^udge Woodbury, John T. Gilman, Samuel Bell, and Governor Steele were 
 liore than once guests of the governor. And, afterwards, Hawthorne, Dr. 
 "Vppleton, the McNiels, and others came to see the young lawyer, their friend. 
 ,'ohn McNiel, in particular, was often a visitor there, coming every Sunday 
 night to pay his addresses to a certain staid, beautiful maid, who afterwards 
 became his wife. 
 
 The school system of the State was entirely reorganized in 1827. 
 The law provided for the election of a superintending school 
 committee, who were required to examine and license teachers, 
 visit and inspect schools, to select school-books, and report in 
 writing upon the condition of the schools at the annual town- 
 meeting. They were empowered to withdraw certificates and 
 dismiss teachers and scholars, and they were allowed pay for ser- 
 vices rendered. District or prudential committees were consti- 
 tuted the legal agency to hire teachers, to provide board for the 
 teacher, fuel, and to repair and take care of the school-house. 
 The inhabitants of a district were authorized to raise- money by 
 tax to build and repair the school-houses.^ 
 
 November 9, 10, 11, 1827, were three of the coldest days ever 
 known at the time of year. The Merrimack river froze over. 
 
 The election in the year 182S resulted in the choice of John 
 Eell of Chester for governor. He was a brother of Governor 
 
 'J.,:i:i !\[. r.hirley. 
 
1828] ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 553 
 
 Samuel Bell, and the father of Governor Charles H. Bell. He 
 was born in July, 1765, was educated in Londonderry, and com- 
 menced business by engaging in the Canadian trade, occasioning 
 frequent journeys to the business centres of that province, which 
 with the slow transit of those days was no light task. Later he 
 established business in Chester, where he continued to reside till 
 his death in 1836. He had an active interest in politics, and in 
 1817 was elected a member of the Executive Council, to which 
 he was four times re-elected. In 1823 he was appointed high 
 sheriff of Rockingham county. He was elected governor, in 
 1828, at a time when the contending political interests took 
 sides with the rival candidates for the presidency, Jackson and 
 Adams, discarding old party ties and names. Mr. Bell was a 
 staunch supporter of Adams. The struggles for supremacy be- 
 tween the adherents of Adams and Jackson were more bitter 
 than those between the old parties, and the factions were so 
 evenly matched in numbers that candidates for office had to be 
 selected with wise discrimination. 
 
 In the summer of 1828 Mr. Mason was chosen president of 
 the branch bank of the United States at Portsmouth, and insti- 
 tuted many reforms in the management of the institution. 
 
 The town of Franklin was incorporated December 24, 1828. 
 The territory of the town was formerly in the towns of Salis- 
 bury, Andover, Sanbornton, and Northfield, and, prior to 1823, 
 in the three counties of Hillsborough, Rockingham, and Strafford, 
 which joined near where the Pemigewasset and Winnipiseogee 
 unite to form the Merrimack river, and where the present thriv- 
 ing village of Franklin is located. 
 
 In the summer of 1748 the first settlement of the town was 
 made in the neighborhood of the Webster place : a fort was built, 
 and occupied four months. Upon the withdrawal of the garri- 
 son to the lower settlements, Philip Call and his son Stephen 
 remained, and thus became the first permanent residents of the 
 town. In 1749 the Masonian proprietors granted the town as 
 Stevenstown. Nathaniel Maloon and Sinkler Bean were the 
 first settlers in the western part of the town, residing on the 
 Blackwater, on the South Road, so called. In 1754 the former, 
 
554 lUSTOKY 01' NEW HAMPSHIRE. [182S 
 
 with his wife and three children, were taken captives to Canada 
 by Indians and disposed of to the French, with whom they 
 remained for several years. Call's wife was killed by the 
 Indians in August, 1754. Her husband witnessed the event 
 while hidden, unarmed, in the bushes. Her daughter-in-law, 
 with her grand-child, escaped death by concealment in the 
 chimney. Her descendants are among the residents of the 
 town to this day. Peter and John Bovven settled on the " Bur- 
 leigh place," about 1748. John Webster and Ebenezer Web- 
 ster, cousins, settled in the town, 1759-60; the former was a 
 settler in Boscawen in 1754. The latter was the father of 
 Ezekiel and Daniel Webster. They built a grist-mill on French 
 brook, near the Shaw place. The earliest tombstone preserved 
 in town is in the lower graveyard near the Webster place, and 
 is to commemorate one Ephraim Collins who died in 1767, after 
 a residence in town of at least fifteen years. Jacob Morrill, 
 Tristan Quimby, and Benjamin Sanborn were among the early 
 settlers of the lower village. 
 
 Aside from the grist-mill and one house there was no settle- 
 ment in the present upper village until after the Revolution. 
 
 Ebenezer Eastman may be called the father of the village. 
 He came from Concord in the year 1790, at the age of twenty- 
 seven. He possessed property, ability, and enterprise. He 
 built a saw-mill, kept a tavern, conducted a farm, and was exten- 
 sively engaged in lumbering. The " Webster House " was his 
 old homestead, He owned several hundred acres of land in the 
 vicinity. He died in 1833 in the brick house south of Judge 
 Nesmith's. Several families followed Mr. Eastman's lead, and 
 so the village was started. 
 
 Hon. Geo. W. Nesmith has been identified with the town 
 since 1822. He was born in Antrim, in October, 1800. He pur- 
 sued his preparatory studies with Rev. John M. Whitton, Daniel 
 M. Christie, and Henry Cummings, graduated from Dartmouth 
 College, class of 1820, read law with Parker Noyes of Sal- 
 isbury in the same office where Daniel Webster studied, taught 
 school for a short time in Concord and in Bradford, and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1825. Judge Nesmith has always 
 
1 828] 
 
 ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 
 
 555 
 
 been an honored citizen of Franklin, and has represented the 
 town many years in the legislature. He was for a long time 
 justice of the Supreme Court, and is now a trustee of Dartmouth 
 College. 
 
 One of the most affable and genial gentlemen of the old school 
 is Judge Nesmith. His years sit lightly upon him. An honor- 
 able man, a just judge, a kindly neighbor, a good citizen, and a 
 ripe scholar, he can calmly sit in his well-appointed libarry, sur- 
 rounded by his well-loved books and mementoes of the past, and 
 review a well-spent life crowned with honors. He is of Scotch- 
 Irish descent. 
 
 MOUNT CARTER, FROM GORHAM. 
 
CHAPTER X'VII. 
 TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS, 1828- 1840. 
 
 Journey from New Hampshire to Philadelphia — War against 
 Turnpikes — Matthew Harvey — Concord — Canal and River Navi- 
 gation — Samuel Dinsmoor — Visit of Andrew Jackson — Murder 
 IN Pemdroke — New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane — William 
 Badger — Nathaniel P. Rogers — Parker Pillsbury — Railroads 
 — Isaac Hill — Surplus Revenue — Judge Bosvvell Stevens — End 
 of Turnpikes — John Page — Edmund Burke — James Wilson — East- 
 ern Railroad. 
 
 •T^HE^ active business man of the present day scarcely realizes 
 the advances that have been made during the last half century 
 in facilities for travel and transportation. So accustomed has 
 he become to the easy transition, in a single night, by palace 
 car, or by more palatial steamer, from his place of business, in 
 almost any of the southern New Hampshire cities or towns, to 
 the great commercial centres of New York or Philadelphia, that 
 such a magical annihilation of time and space seems to him as 
 much a matter of course as the rising and setting of the sun. 
 
 In the year 1828 the late Frederick G. Stark resided in Man- 
 chester, and kept a country store near the site of the present 
 city. He was also superintendent of the old Amoskeag Canal. 
 His goods were bought in Boston, and two or three trips a year 
 to the " New England Metropolis " comprised the extent of his 
 customary travel. But occasionally his affairs required a more ex- 
 tended journey, and being a man of method and close observation, 
 he was in the habit of noting down what he saw when travelling 
 out of his usual course. His journal, written during a journey 
 
 ' Gen. George Stark. 
 
1828] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 557 
 
 from Manchester to the " City of Brotherly Love," before the 
 days of railroads, has been preserved, and reads as follows : — 
 
 Saturday, October 4, 1828. Left home at about nine a.m.; passed across 
 the Amoskeag Falls with my brother Charles, who went with me to help 
 carry my trunk; had with me a change of clothing, and just a thousand 
 dollars in money; went to Amoskeag Hotel and waited for the stage, which 
 came along in about half an hour, and I got on board of it and proceeded to 
 Boston, where I arrived about eight o'clock in the evening. 
 
 Tuesday, October 7. Took the Providence stage at five o'clock in the 
 morning, and arrived at Providence between eleven and twelve, and went 
 directly on board the steamboat Chancellor Livingston, and soon after twelve 
 left the wharf for Newport and New York. Arrived at Newport about half 
 past three, and took in more passengers, making in all about a hundred ; left 
 the wharf in about half an hour, and proceeded on for New York. Wind 
 strong ahead ; at sunset we were in the open sea north-west from Block Island, 
 which was just in sight, and a heavy sea was going, which pitched and rolled 
 the boat so that few of the passengers walk the deck without staggering and 
 stumbling. 
 
 Wednesday, October 8, iSzS. Got up this morning at six o'clock. Wind 
 blew hard all night, and been in heavy sea all night; the vessel rolled and 
 pitched exceedingly, but the wind has abated some and the water is not so 
 rough, we having got into Long Island Sound. We arrived at New York 
 about nine in the evening. I and two other gentlemen went to a Mrs. John- 
 son's in Pearl street, and put up ; had a pretty comfortable night's lodging. 
 
 T/iiirsday, October g, 1828. Walked out in the morning before breakfast, 
 to take a peep at the famous city of New York, and returned to Mrs. Johnson's 
 to breakfast. After breakfast went to the landing place of the Union line 
 steamboats to engage passage to Philadelphia; wrote a letter to brother John 
 and put it into the post-office; went back to Mrs. Johnson's, paid my bill of 
 entertainment, and got a porter to carry my trunk to the landing, and went 
 on board steamboat Bellona, bound for New Brunswick, where we arrived 
 about four or five o'clock, and took stages for Princeton and Trenton. We 
 arrived at Trenton about nine o'clock, where we took supper and lodging, for 
 which they charged 75 cents, besides paying the boot blacker in the morning. 
 About four o'clock, Friday morning, we were called up to go on board the 
 steamboat for Philadelphia, and arrived at destination about nine o'clock. 
 
 ^The twenty years after the opening of the fourth New Hamp- 
 shire turnpike wrought a marked change along the line and 
 with the travelling public. Those who had little public spirit, 
 and sought to get along in the world by paying as little as pos- 
 sible, regarded the toll gate as a bar to progress, a restriction 
 upon individual liberty, and a clog upon the inalienable rights of 
 
 • John M. Shirley. „ 
 
5S8 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [183O 
 
 men. The tavern-keepers, with their retainers and dependants, 
 who wielded a great deal of influence, felt that a free road would 
 bring a large increase of public travel and consequent profits to 
 their pockets. The general public felt that the corporation was 
 made up of a few men, some of whom had acquired blocks of 
 stock at low prices and summed up their opposition in the 
 ugly word monopoly. A war was made upon the turnpikes such 
 as afterwards in a more limited form fell upon the toll bridges. 
 The result was that on January 23, 1829, the Grafton turnpike, 
 in law, was made a free road. 
 
 ^Matthew Harvey was elected governor in 1830, defeating 
 Timothy Upham. He was born in Sutton, in June, 1781. He 
 was a son of Matthew and Hannah (Sargent) Harvey. He pre- 
 pared for college under the tuition of the Rev. Samuel Wood, 
 D. D., of Boscawen. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 
 the class of 1806. He studied law with John Harris, of Hop- 
 kinton, and was admitted to the bar in 1809. He then opened 
 an ofifice in Hopkinton, and began his professional career. Pos- 
 sessed of merit and capacity, he rose to distinction ; endowed 
 with certain temperamental characteristics, he became a promi- 
 nent leader in Republican, or Democratic, politics. In a special 
 sense he became an eminently popular public ofificial. 
 
 In 1800 the town of Hopkinton was in a prosperous and 
 thriving condition. Its population was increasing. It kept on 
 increasing for at least thirty more years. Hopkinton, during a 
 considerable portion of this time, was a town of public distinc- 
 tion and celebrity. It was a centre of commercial, judicial, po- 
 litical, and social activity and enterprise. Its influence was felt 
 in every department of the Commonwealth. Besides, in 1800, 
 the conditions of political classification in Hopkinton differed in 
 no material respect from those of the rest of the State. Conse- 
 quently, in 1804, when the tide of political favor was turning to- 
 wards Republicanism, the public position of Hopkinton made it 
 a favorable field for the location of some individual of political 
 ambition, who might improve the opportunity of the flooding 
 tide of Republicanism to ride on to fortune. The opportunity 
 
 •CCLord. 
 
1830] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 559 
 
 witnessed the aspirant. Tfcie right man appeared. His name 
 was Matthew Harvey. 
 
 Matthew Harvey was many years in office. He was the incumbent of 
 smaller as well as of greater offices. He was moderator of Hopkinton's an- 
 nual town meeting from 1826 to 1828; also in 1833 and 1S34; again in 1840 
 and 1841 ; and finally from 1845 to 1850. He represented the town In the 
 State legislature from 1814 to 1820, and was speaker of the House the last 
 three jears; he was a member of the national House of Representatives from 
 182 1 lo 1825, and afterwards in the State Senate three years, being president 
 the last two; and n member of the New Hampshire executive council in 1828 
 and 1829. 
 
 In politics Matthew Harvey represented the reactive element in govern- 
 ment. In the position of a political leader, it was but natural that he should 
 at times exhibit the tendency to outward indifference to formalism so natural 
 to his political clan. It has been told of him that, being chosen to his fre- 
 quent office of moderator of town meeting, instead of saying to the voters of 
 the town, "You will now please forward your ballots for town clerk," he 
 would sometimes 6a3',' — "You will now please forward your ballots for Joab 
 Patterson for town clerk." In fact, it was a small perversion of formalities. 
 Joab Patterson was a popular town clerk, and was frequently re-elected. 
 
 In i^ersonal stature Matthew Harvey was of medium height 
 and proportions, and erect. In style he was tidy, dignified, and 
 gentlemanly. In social nature he was generous, kind, and sym- 
 pathetic ; in moral character honest and truthful ; in religious 
 life fervent and liberal. His whole personal identity partook 
 more of the ideal than of the actual, though he was not so ideal 
 as lo be impractical. 
 
 In 1850 Matthew Harvey moved to Concord, where he died 
 in 1866. 
 
 ^In 1830 Concord contained three thousand seven hundred 
 inhabitants. It was the shire town of the county and capital 
 of the State. A flourishing village was rapidly growing. There, 
 were seven printing offices ; three political newspapers pub- 
 lished ; and in the village eight attorneys at law and five physi- 
 cians. The field for a pastor was large and the labor abundant, 
 among a people distinguished for industry and morality. There 
 were three other churches, besides an occasional gathering 
 of " Friends," — the First Baptist, organized in 1818, a Metho- 
 dist, organized in 1828, and the Unitarian, organized in 1829. 
 
 « Rev. F. D. Ayer. 
 
S60 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [183O 
 
 Dr. Bouton estimated that the whole number connected with 
 all of them was about one-fourth of the adult population, and 
 one-seventh of the inhabitants, while one-third of the popu- 
 lation attended services on the Sabbath and seven-eighths could 
 be reckoned as church-going. The Old North, built in 1751, 
 was still the rallying point of the town, and the great congrega- 
 tion, averaging about a thousand, thronged it every Sabbath. 
 They came from all directions, long distances, and many on foot. 
 The ydung pastor, Nathaniel Bouton, had been here just long 
 enough to get fairly at work, and to use the powers of church 
 and parish efficiently. Large as was the church it was united, 
 ready to sustain the efforts and plans of the pastor. Besides 
 preaching on the Sabbath, the pastor appointed weekly lectures 
 in different districts, and instituted four Bible classes. He 
 followed this plan for seven years, going on horseback to all 
 sections of the town, visiting the people and holding the services. 
 
 The church also was at work, and in 1831 there was connected 
 with the church fourteen parish schools, taught in different 
 districts, and containing four hundred and fifty-five scholars. 
 Protracted meetings of three or four days' duration were also 
 held, in which the pastor was assisted by neighboring pastors. 
 Once or twice a year committees were appointed to visit from 
 house to house, converse and pray with every family. The 
 church frequently made appropriations of money to be spent in 
 purchasing tracts to be distributed and books to be loaned to 
 inquirers. 
 
 'From " Regulations relative to the navigation of the Middle- 
 sex Canal," a pamphlet published in 1830, it appears that boats 
 were required to be not less than forty feet nor more than 
 seventy-five feet in length, and not less than nine feet nor more • 
 than nine and a half feet in width. Two men, a driver and 
 steersman, usually made up the working force ; the boats, how- 
 ever, that went up the Merrimack required three men, — one to 
 * steer and two to pole. The Lowell boats carried twenty tons 
 of coal ; fifteen tons were sufficient freight for Concord ; when 
 ^ the water in the Merrimack was low, not more than six or seven 
 
 < General George Stark. 
 
1830] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. S6l 
 
 tons could be taken up the river. About 1830 the boatmen 
 received $15 per month. 
 
 It is difficult to ascertain the whole number of boats employed 
 at any one time. Many were owned and run by the proprietors 
 of the canal ; and many were constructed and run by private 
 parties who paid the regular tolls for whatever merchandise they 
 transported. Boats belonging to the same parties were conspic- 
 uously numbered, like railway cars to-day. 
 
 Lumber was transported in rafts — about seventy-five feet 
 long and nine feet wide ; and these rafts, not exceeding ten in 
 number, were often united in "bands." A band of seven to ten 
 rafts required the services of five men, including the driver. 
 Boats were drawn by horses, and lumber by oxen; and "lug- 
 gage boats " were required to make two and a half miles an hour, 
 while "passage boats" attained a speed of four miles. Boats of 
 the same class, and going the same way, were not allowed to 
 pass each other, thus making " racing " impossible on the staid 
 waters of the old canal. Whenever a boat approached a lock, 
 the conductor sounded his horn to secure the prompt attention 
 of the lock-tender ; but due regard was paid to the religious 
 sentiment of New England. Travelling on the canal being 
 permitted on Sundays, "in consideration of the distance from 
 home at which those persons using it generally are, it may be 
 reasonably expected that they should not disturb those places 
 of public worship near which they pass, nor occasion any noise 
 to interrupt the tranquillity of the day. Therefore it is estab- 
 lished that no signal-horn shall be used or blown on Sundays." 
 
 The tariff varied greatly from year to year. In 1827 the rate 
 from Lowell to Boston wss ^2.00 the gross ton ; but many art- 
 icles were carried on much lower terms. 
 
 On account of liability of damage to the banks of the canal, 
 all navigation ceased at dark ; hence, at every lock, or series of 
 locks, a tavern was established. These were all owned by the 
 corporation, and were often let to the lock-tender, who eked out 
 his income by the accommodation of boatmen and horses. 
 
 A trip over the canal in the passenger-packet, the " Governdr 
 Sullivan," must have been an enjoyable experience. Protected 
 
562 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [183O 
 
 by iron rules from the dangers of collision ; undaunted by squalls 
 of wind, realizing, should the craft be capsized, that he had 
 nothing to do but walk ashore, the traveller, speeding along at 
 the leisurely pace of four miles per hour, had ample time for 
 observation and reflection. 
 
 With the accession of business brought by the corporations at 
 Lowell, the prospect for increased dividends in the future was 
 extremely encouraging. The golden age of the canal appeared 
 close at hand ; but the fond hopes of the proprietors were once 
 more destined to disappointment. Even the genius of James 
 Sullivan had not foreseen the railway locomotive. 
 
 In i829apetition was presented to the legislature for the sur- 
 vey of a railroad from Boston to Lowell. The interests of the 
 canal were seriously involved. A committee was promptly 
 chosen to draw up for presentation to the General Court "A 
 Remonstrance of the Proprietors of Middlesex Canal against the 
 grant of a charter to build a Railroad from Boston to Lowell." 
 This remonstrance, signed by William Sullivan, Joseph Coolidge, 
 and George Hallett, bears date of Boston, February 12, 1830, 
 and conclusively shows how little the business men of fifty years 
 ■ago anticipated the enormous development of our resources 
 consequent upon the application of steam to transportation : — 
 
 " It is believed no safer or clieaper mode of conve^'ance can ever be estab- 
 lished, nor any so well adapted for carrying heavy and bulky articles. To 
 establish therefore a substitute for the canal alongbide of it, and in many 
 places within a few rods of it, and to do that which the canal was made to do, 
 seems to be a measure not called for by any exigency, nor one which the 
 legislature can permit, without implicitly declaring that all investments of 
 money in public enterprises must be subjected to the will of any applicants 
 who think that they may benefit themselves without regard to older enter- 
 prises, which have a claim to protection from public authority. The remon- 
 strants would also add that, so far as they know and believe, there never can 
 be a sufficient inducement to extend a railroad from Lowell westwardly and 
 northwestwardly, to the Connecticut, so as to make it the great avenue to 
 and from the interior, but that its termination must be at Lowell, and con- 
 sequently that it is to be a substitute for the modes of transportation now in 
 use between that place and Boston, an"d cannot deserve patronage from the 
 supposition that it is to be more extensively useful. 
 
 The- rSiKloH 7';««.<rj/// of Septemhi r i, 1S30, remarks: "It is not astonish- 
 ing thai so niuch rekuiaiice exists against plunging into doubtful specula- 
 
1832] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 563 
 
 tions. The public itself is divided as to the practicability of the railroad. If they 
 expect the assistance of capitalists, they must stand ready to guarantee the 
 fer centum per annum; without this, all hopes of railroads are visionary and 
 chimerical." In a report o£ legislative proceedings published in the Boston 
 Courier, of January 25, 1830, Mr. Cogswell, of Ipswich, remarked: "Rail- 
 ways, Mr. Speaker, may do well enough in old countries, but will never be 
 the thing for so young a country as this. When you can make the rivers run 
 back, it will be time enough to make a railway." Notwithstanding the pa- 
 thetic remonstrances and strange vaticinations of the canal proprietors, the 
 legislature incorporated the road and refused compensation to the canal. 
 Even while the railroad was in process of construction the canal directors do 
 not seem to have realized the full gravity of the situation. They continued 
 the policy of replacing wood with stone, and made every effort to perfect the 
 service in all its details. 
 
 The canal dividends had been kept up to their highest mark by the sale of 
 its townships in Maine and other real estate, but now they began to drop. The 
 year the Lowell road went into full operation the receipts of the canal were 
 reduced one-third; and when the Nashua & Lowell rc^d went into full 
 operation, in 1840, they were reduced another thirJ. The board of directors 
 waged a plucky warfare with the railroads, reducing the tariff on all articles, 
 and almost abolishing it on some, till the expenditures of the canal outran its 
 income; but steam came out triumphant. 
 
 Concord, Piscataquog, Litchfield, and Nashua each had its lines of boats, 
 making in the aggregate quite a little fleet. The broad reaches of the river 
 telow Nashua were at times rendered especially picturesque by the belljing 
 sails as the boats drove before the wind. 
 
 This part of the river had also upon it, for three or four years subsequent 
 to 1S34, a fair-sized sleaniboat, plying for passengers and freight between 
 Nashua and Lowell. She was commanded one season by Captain Jacob Van- 
 derbilt of Staten Island, New York, brother to the late Commodore Vander- 
 bilt. In the early part of the season, while the water of the river was at its 
 highest stages, it was also thronged with logs and lumber being taken down 
 for market. 
 
 The first agent appointed by the canal company, " to superintend the said 
 •canals, to collect tolls," at Amoskeag, was Samuel P. Kidder, who had for 
 many years been assistant and confidential secretary of Judge Blodgett, the 
 leading proprietor of the Amoskeag Canal, lie held the appointment until 
 his decease in 1S22, when Frederick G. Stark, a grandson of General John 
 Stark, was appointed his successor. Mr. Stark held the position continuously 
 about fifteen years until 1837. During this period his correspondence shows 
 him to have been in active communication with the Boston agents of the 
 proprietors of the Middlesex Canal, who also owned or controlled the river 
 canals, and he appears to have at all times enjoyed their full confidence. 
 
 The Merrimack river canals were blotted out by the railroads. The open- 
 ing of the railroad to Lowell in 1835, to Nashua in 1S38. and to Concord in 
 1842 were successive steps of destruction to the whole system of river naviga- 
 
564 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1835 
 
 tion, and culminated in a total abandonment of the canals soon after the 
 Concord Railroad was put in operation. 
 
 A hardy race of boatmen, pilots, and raftsmen — men of uncommon 
 strength and endurance, skilful in their calling but unfamiliar with other 
 labor — were suddenly and permanently thrown out of employment. The 
 wooden dams and locks went to decay, the embankments were cut and 
 ploughed down, and successive spring freshets have hurled their icy batteries 
 against the stone abutments and lock walls until they are nearly obliterated, 
 and the next generation will know not of them. 
 
 In 183 1 Samuel Dinsmoor of Keene was elected governor, 
 defeating Ichabod Bartlett. 
 
 Hon. Samuel Dinsmoor was a native of Windham, born in 
 July, 1766. He was of the Londonderry Scotch-Irish descent, 
 great-grandson of John Dinsmoor, one of the first settlers, 
 grandson of Robert Dinsmoor, and son of William Dinsmoor. 
 He graduated at Dartmouth College, 1789; read law, and settled 
 in Keene in 1792. As a young man he was especially interested 
 in military affairs, and organized the Keene light infantry — one 
 of the finest drilled and best equipped corps known under the 
 old militia laws. In 1808 he was appointed postmaster. In 
 1811 he was elected to Congress, and distinguished himself by 
 favoring the war with Great Britain. On his return he was 
 appointed collector of the direct tax, and afterwards was judge 
 of Probate. In 1821 he was elected a councillor. In 1823 he 
 was the regular nominee for governor, but was defeated by Levi 
 Woodbury on an independent ticket. He died in March, 1835. 
 
 Governor Samuel Dinsmoor was re-elected in 1832, again 
 defeating Mr. Ichabod Bartlett. 
 
 Governor Samuel Dinsmoor was elected for a third term in 
 1833, defeating the Whig candidate Arthur Livermore. 
 
 General Andrew Jackson, then president of the United States, 
 visited New Hampshire, by invitation of the legislature. The 
 occasion brought a vast company into Concord, and the 28th of 
 June, 1833, became distinguished as one of the " great days " at 
 the capital of New Hampshire. It was anterior to the construc- 
 tion of railways in the State, hence conveyance thither was by 
 wheel carriages or personal locomotion. The occasion diifered 
 from the visit of General Lafayette to Concord, eight years 
 
1833] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 565 
 
 before, spoken of on a preceding page, in that the former 
 brought out men without regard to any political preferences,, 
 while the visit of President Jackson was during a season of 
 much partisan strife. Nevertheless the number of people in 
 town, June 28, 1833, was very great, and their demonstrations of 
 delight were of the most emphatic character. To thousands of 
 Democrats it was the happiest day of their lives, if outward 
 appearances be taken as proof of joys within. 
 
 The day was Friday — the weather of auspicious character. 
 The president was accompanied by the vice-president, Martin 
 Van Buren ; Hon. Lewis Cass, secretary of war; Hon. Levi 
 Woodbury, secretary of the navy ; the private secretary of 
 the president, Major Donaldson, of Nashville, Tenn., and a 
 few others. He was met on the "river-road," so called, in Bow, 
 being there received by a cavalcade, at the head of which was- 
 the town committee, of whom General Robert Davis was chair- 
 man. The military display was of a high order, consisting of 
 eight picked companies, of which was the Keene light infantry,, 
 in command of James Wilson — probably the best disciplined,, 
 most effective, largest, and most attractive military company 
 ever seen in New Hampshire. The entire body of troops was- 
 in charge of Colonel Stephen Peabody of Milford. 
 
 The president rode into town on horseback, preceded by th& 
 military, and passed up Main street to the North End, down 
 State street to School, thence to the Eagle Hotel, where he 
 remained during his stay in town. The next day (Saturday) 
 the president reviewed the troops, accompanied by Governor 
 Dinsmoor and Adjutant-general Low, — this spectacle being 
 witnessed on State street, immediately west of the Capitol. 
 Succeeding this was the introduction of the president to the 
 civil government and legislature. The press in the House, the 
 passages, and galleries, was probably never greater than on this 
 occasion, there not being a foot of vacant space in the Repre- 
 sentatives' Hall or galleries. 
 
 On Saturday the president received the calls of citizens and 
 others, visited the State Prison, and in the evening received a 
 multitude of ladies and gentlemen in the Doric Hall, or ar-a of 
 
^66 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1833 
 
 the State House. On Sunday he and his suite attended public 
 worship — in the forenoon at the North church, early in the 
 afternoon at the Unitarian church, and a service at four o'clock 
 at the Baptist church. 
 
 The president and his suite left on Monday morning for 
 Washington, being accompanied to the town line by the same 
 committee by whom he was received. 
 
 The youngest of the sons of Hon. Isaac Hill was, with 
 another youth named Andrew Jackson, presented to the presi- 
 dent, who gave to each a United States silver coin, saying, 
 " Here, my sons, is the eagle of your country, which I have 
 endeavored to honor and defend. Keep it in remembrance of 
 me, and if it is ever assailed by a foreign or domestic foe, rally 
 under its pinions, and defend it to the last." 
 
 The town of Pembroke was shocked, on Sunday, June 23, by 
 the rapidly spread intelligence that Sally, wife of Chauncey 
 ■Cochran, had been murdered by Abraham I'rescott, a boy of 
 -eighteen, who had been living with the family. 
 
 Prescott accompanied Mrs. Cochran into a field near the 
 house, to pick strawberries, and struck her the fatal blow, in a 
 secluded spot, with no motive that was ever known. From 
 the testimony at the trial it was evident that he was of weak 
 mind. 
 
 He was lodged in jail at Hopkinton, and was allowed two 
 trials, in which he was ably defended by Hon. Ichabod Bartlett, 
 of Portsmouth, and Charles H. Peaslee, Esq., of Concord, who 
 firmly believed in his moral irresponsibility ; and prosecuted by 
 the attorney-general, George Sullivan, Esq., and the county 
 solicitor, John Whipple, Esq. The court was held by Chief Jus- 
 tice William M. Richardson, Associate Justice Joel Parker, with 
 the Common Pleas justices, Benjamin Wadieigh and Aaron 
 Whittemore, at the first trial, in September, 1834. 
 
 The jury brought in a verdict of guilty, and he was sentenced 
 to be luing. 
 
 His counsel, feeling a positive conviction that he was irrespon- 
 sible for his acts, either through mental impotency or insanity, 
 sought every possible pretext for a new trial. A new trial was 
 
568 IllSTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1834 
 
 granted at the December term of the Superior Court, 1834, 
 and the case came on for trial in September, 1835 ; when 
 Associate Justice Nathaniel G. Upham took the place of Chief 
 Justice Richardson on the bench ; the other justices and the 
 counsel were the same as at the first trial. 
 
 Prescott was again found guilty, and his sentence confirmed,, 
 to the disappointment of many who did not believe him morally 
 guilty. 
 
 On the day fixed for the execution a great crowd assembled at 
 Hopkinton village to witness the event, and when informed that 
 a reprieve had been granted, behaved in a most disgraceful man- 
 ner, and by their demonstrations caused the death of a lady from 
 fright. The reprieve was granted for a final hearing before the 
 governor and Council ; but they refused to interfere, and the sen- 
 tence was carried into effect January 6, 1836. 
 
 One trial was held at the Old North meeting-house, in Con- 
 cord. General Peaslee and Mr. Bartlett managed the case with 
 great learning and ability ; and it was largely due to their in- 
 strumentality that the New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane 
 was afterward established. Prescott was buried in Rumney. 
 
 One of the most generous benefactors of the Asylum for 
 "he Insane was Moody Kent, a resident of Pembroke. 
 
 The power of the human voice to give force to language 
 'yas never more* apparent than in the case of George Sulli- 
 van. Probably that one of his productions upon which the 
 greatest labor was bestowed was his argument for the gov- 
 ernment in the case of " Abraham Prescott on an indictment 
 for the murder of Mrs Sally Cochran, of Pembroke, before 
 the Court of Common Pleas, holden in Concord, for the 
 county of Merrimack, September, 1834." This production fills 
 !wenty-seven pages of the printed Trial, and was attentively 
 listened to, from beginning to close, by a great assembly ; 
 but, read at the present day, it will be found of far less 
 force than the argument of Hon. Ichabod Bartlett, of counsel 
 for the prisoner, made the same or the preceding day. But pub- 
 lic opinion was with the attorney-general, and, therefore, had the 
 merits of the two arguments been submitted to those who heard 
 
1834] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 569 
 
 them to decide by vote, a great preponderance would have been 
 on the side of Sullivan. ^ 
 
 The spot where Mrs. Cochran fell is indicated by a granite 
 block about a foot square and three feet high, bearing the 
 figures " 1833." 
 
 William Badger, of Gilmanton, was elected governor in 1834. 
 
 Old Gilmanton was formerly one of the largest and most im- 
 portant towns of New Hampshire, and before Belmont was 
 severed from it the value of agricultural products exceeded that 
 ■of any other town in the State. Among its citizens were num- 
 bered many men of large wealth and usefulness, not a few of 
 whom acquired a name that was known and reverenced beyond 
 the limits of their own neighborhood. Gilmanton citizens, 
 bearing the proud name of Gilman, Cogswell, and Badger, dur- 
 ing more than one generation exercised active influence in the 
 councils of the State. They were militia officers, sheriffs, 
 judges, senators, and governors. * 
 
 To the site of the Badger homestead, in 1784, came General Joseph 
 Badger, jr., one of the brave soldiers of the Revolution. But he was not 
 the first Badger who was eminent in the history of Gilmanton. His father, 
 General Joseph Badger, sen., was one of the earlier settlers, and a prominent 
 man in the town and in the State. In 1773, when Governor Wentworth 
 organized three additional regiments in the militia of the State, he placed as 
 colonel at the head of the tenth — the first one organized — his friend, Joseph 
 Badger, then a man a little past fifty. His regiment comprised the towns of 
 Gilmanton, Barnstead, Sanbornton, Meredith, and New Hampton. Colonel 
 Badger was in command of his regiment when the war opened, and took an 
 active part in favor of the patriot cause. For many years he represented the 
 town at the General Assembly, and in 1784 he was councillor for Strafford 
 county. Before the war closed he was appointed brigadier-general of militia, 
 and had a commission signed byMeshech Weare. He was moderator twenty 
 times in twenty-five years, a selectman eleven years, and town treasurer six 
 years. He died in 1803, at the age of eighty-two years, after living one of the 
 most active and useful lives of his generation. 
 
 His oldest son, Joseph, jr., followed in the veteran's footsteps. He was a 
 soldier in the Revolution, and fought in several of the battles of that contest. 
 He was a lieutenant of his regiment during the campaign against Burgoyne, 
 and did eminent service under Gates. After the close of the war he returned 
 to Gilmanton, and turned his attention to farming. He owned three hundred 
 acres of land, the nucleus of what became ultimately a magnificent country 
 estate. His residence was a simple, one-story, frame house, but it was the 
 ' Asa McFarland. ^ Fred Myron Colby. 
 
570 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1834 
 
 home of contentment, prosperity, and happiness. The people knew his 
 worth and honored him from time to time with a testimony of their trust. 
 They sent him several successive years to the legislature as the representa- 
 tive of the town. In 1790 he was chosen councillor for the Strafford district, 
 and was re-elected eight times to that important office. He was prominent in 
 the State militia, passing through various grades of office in the tenth regi- 
 ment to its command in 1795. In 1796 he was appointed by Governor Gil" 
 man brigadier-general of the second brigade. He died at the age of sixty- 
 one, January 14, 1809. Says Judge Chandler E. Potter, in his "Military 
 History of New Hampshire :" " As a brave soldier, earnest patriot, and up- 
 right citizen, few men have better deserved the favor of the public than 
 General Badger." 
 
 The inheritor of his wealth, his ability, and his popular favor was his son 
 William Badger, who was the third generation of a family to whom honors 
 came by a sort of natural descent. Born in 1779, William was but a boy of 
 five years when his father settled upon the hill. Thus his youth was passed 
 among the charming influences of this unsurpassed location. Much of what 
 he achieved in life must be ascribed to the environs of his boyhood, and thus 
 is exemplified the helpfulness of lofty surroundings. He did not owe all to 
 his ancestry, nor to his (raining; the fact that he rose higher than his fathers 
 he owed undoubtedly to the exquisite beauty of the landscape he gazed upon, 
 and to the strengthening breezes that blew around his boyhood home. Wil- 
 liam Badger was elected a State senator from district No. 6. He was twice 
 re-elected, and the last year, 1816, he was president of the Senate. This lat- 
 ter year he was appointed an associate justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 
 an office that he held until 1820. In May of that year Governor Bell ap- 
 pointed him sheriff of the county of Strafford, and he served in that capacity 
 ten years, retiring in 1830.' 
 
 Colonel Badger was a Democrat of the Jefferson and Jackson 
 school, and about this time began to be regarded as a sort of 
 prospective candidate for gubernatorial honors. His large 
 wealth, his noble ancestry, his long and meritorious services 
 brought him before all men's eyes. He had moreover those 
 popular democratic manners that endeared him to the people. 
 In 1 83 1 the elder Samuel Dinsmoor, of Keene, was the nominee 
 of the party, and was three times successfully elected. In 1834 
 Colonel Badger became the candidate, and received a triumphant 
 election. The next year he was re-elected. Governor Badger 
 was a very efficient chief magistrate. He possessed strict in- 
 tegrity, his judgment was sound, and when determined upon a 
 course of action he was not to be swerved from it. During the 
 "Indian Stream territory troubles" his duties were of great 
 
 » Fred Myron Colby. 
 
1834] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 571 
 
 responsibility, but he performed them with promptness, and at 
 the same time judiciously. A man with less care and prudence 
 might have greatly increased our border troubles. His course 
 received the hearty commendation of all parties, and doubtless 
 saved us from a war with Great Britain. 
 
 Governor Badger was a tall, stately man, strong, six feet in 
 heiglit, and at some periods of his life weighed nearly three 
 hundred pounds. He was active and stirring his whole life. 
 Though a man of few words he was remarkably genial. He 
 had a strong will, but his large good sense prevented him from 
 being obstinate. He was generous and hospitable, a friend to 
 the poor, a kind neighbor, and a high-souled, honorable Chris- 
 tian gentleman. 
 
 He died September 21, 1852, at the age of seventy-three.^ 
 
 ^In 1838 Nathaniel P. Rogers removed from Plymouth to 
 Concord, and became the sole editor of the Herald of Freedom. 
 He had, from its establishment in 1834, furnished many most 
 trenchant and brilliant articles for its columns. 
 
 He was born in Plymouth, graduated with honors at Dart- 
 mouth College in 18 16, studied law with Richard Fletcher, then 
 settled down to its practice in his native town, and continued 
 there through about twenty quite successful years. 
 
 As student in books of general literature, especially history 
 and poetry, none were before him. But general reading never 
 detracted in the least from the duties of his profession. At the 
 time of his death, an intimate friend who knew him long and 
 well wrote of him, that "so accurate was his knowledge of law, 
 and so industrious was he in business, that the success of a 
 client was always calculated upon from the moment that his 
 assistance was secured." 
 
 The great mission of his life, however, was neither literature 
 nor law. He was subsequently ordained and consecrated as a 
 high priest in the great fellowship of humanity, and most 
 divinely did he magnify his office in the last ten years of his life 
 on earth. In 1835 he espoused the cause of the American 
 slave, and marshalled himself by the side of William Lloyd 
 
 • Fred Myron Colby. = Parker Pillsbury. 
 
572 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1834 
 
 Garrison and his then hated, hunted, and persecuted discipleship. 
 From that time the anti-slavery enterprise, the temperance and 
 peace causes, and the equal rights of woman had no firmer, 
 braver, and most certainly no abler advocate and champion than 
 ■was he. 
 
 New Hampshire politics were at that time almost unanimously 
 ■democratic. And Democracy meant a diabolical devotion to 
 slavery. Nor was its rival, the Whig party, but little better. 
 And the clergy, with a few honorable exceptions, were still in 
 full sacramental communion with the churches and pulpits of 
 the South. 
 
 Anti-slavery meetings were everywhere mobbed and broken 
 up. Garrison had been seized in broad day by a mob of "gentle- 
 men in broadcloth" — driven from an anti-slavery concert of 
 prayer, then seized, stripped of most of his clothing, and with 
 a rope about his body, was pulled along some of Boston's princi- 
 pal streets until rescued by the mayor and police and shut in the 
 strongest jail to save his life. In Concord, a meeting attended 
 by George Thompson, of England, John G. Whittier, and other 
 ■eminent abolitionists, was most ignominiously broken up, and 
 Thompson only missed the tar kettle by being spirited away out 
 of the village and concealed by his friends. Whittier narrowly 
 escaped the baptism of tar and feathers by being mistaken for 
 Thompson by the rioters. A Methodist minister, engaged to 
 give an anti-slavery lecture in Northfield, was arrested as a 
 common brawler, and dragged from his knees and the pulpit as 
 he was opening his meeting with grayer. 
 
 But such was the popular sentiment towards slavery, when 
 Nathaniel Peabody Rogers, with wife and family of seven young 
 children, removed to Concord and became editor of the Herald 
 vf Freedom, a small, unpretentious sheet, without capital, or 
 many subscribers, but commissioned to speak with voice to be 
 heard round the world and down the ages. 
 
 Rogers had most unshaken faith in the people, never doubt- 
 ing that, wisely taught and led, they would gladly abolish slavery 
 and cease to oppress and enslave one another. 
 
 He and his immediate associates relied solely on the power of 
 
1835] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 573 
 
 moral and spiritual truth. They formed no political party. 
 They abjured the ballot altogether as a reforming agency ; and 
 still more essentially the bullet, the only specie redemption of 
 the ballot. 
 
 And Rogers lived to see the downfall of that old Democratic 
 dynasty in his native State, and in many other States, and the 
 rending in twain of the Methodist General Conference and 
 some other powerful ecclesiastical associations, and a revolution 
 in ecclesiastical, especially clerical, control and leadership. 
 
 He died in October, 1846, and was buried in Concord, where 
 no monument commemorates his last resting-place. ^ 
 
 Nathaniel P. Rogers, in October, 1S42, soon after he entered the lecture 
 field, wrote as follows : — 
 
 "The abolitionists of the country ought to know Parker Pillsbury better 
 than they do. I know him in all that is noble in soul, and powerful in talent 
 and eloquence. The remote district school-house, in New Hampshire, and 
 the old granite county of Essex, Massachusetts, where he was born, would 
 bear me witness to all I could say. He is one of the strong men of our age. 
 • ■ • • We passed the solitary school-house a few days since, where he 
 was allowed the few weeks' schooling of his childhood; but thanks they were 
 so few! He was educating all the better for humanity's service on the 
 rugged farm. He there taught himself to be a man. A great lesson he had 
 eifectually learned before he came in contact with seminaries and a priest- 
 hood. These proved unequal, on that account, to overmatch and cower 
 down his homespun nobility of soul. They tied their fetters round his manly 
 limbs, but he snapped them as Samson did the withes, and went out an abol- 
 itionist, carrying off the very theological gates with him upon his manly 
 shoulders." 
 
 The importance of railroads to the people of New Hamp- 
 shire can hardly be estimated. Probably no section of this 
 country is benefited and its material interests so largely and 
 directly aided in a general manner as this State, while in some 
 localities the development of every important enterprise is al- 
 most entirely dependent upon railroad facilities. 
 
 At the June session, in 1835, the Nashua and Lowell, Con- 
 cord, and Boston and Maine Railroads were chartered. The 
 Eastern Railroad was chartered in 1836; the Dover and Winni- 
 pisiogee, in 1839: the Northern, Great Falls, and Conway, Bos- 
 ton, Concord and Montreal, and Cheshire Railroads, in 1844; 
 
 ' Parker Pillsb'Jry. 
 
574 HISTORY 01' Ni:W HAMI'SHIKE. ['836 
 
 the Portsmouth, Newmarket, and Concord Raihoad, the Frank- 
 lin and Bristol, the Ashuelot, and the Sullivan Railroads, in 
 1846; the Manchester and Lawrence, and the Atlantic and St. 
 Lawrence, in 1847 ; the Connecticut River Railroad, and the 
 Contoocook Valley Railroad, the Concord and Claremont, the 
 Monadnock, the White Mountains (to Littleton), and the Nash- 
 ua and Epping Railroads, in 1848 ; the Suncook Valley, the 
 Manchester and Candia, in 1849; the Ammonoosuc Railroad 
 (to buy and extend White Mountain Railroad to Lancaster), in 
 185s; the White Mountains Railroad, in 1859; the Dover and 
 Winnipisiogee Railroad, in 1862; the Manchester and Keene 
 Railroad, in 1864; the Portland and Rochester and the Ports- 
 mouth and Dover Railroad, in 1866; the Ogdensburg, in 1867; 
 the Wolfeborough Railroad, in 1868; the Hillsborough and. 
 Peterborough Railroad, in 1869; the Nashua, Acton, and Bos- 
 ton Railroad, in 1872; the Pemigewasset Valley Railroad, in 
 1874; the Farmington and Rochester, in 1877 ; the Profile and 
 Franconia Notch Railroad, the Whitefield and Jefferson Rail- 
 road, and the New Zealand River Railroad, in 1878; the Kil- 
 kenny Railroad, in 1879. The Upper Coos Railroad was 
 completed in 1887. 
 
 In 1836 Isaac Hill was elected governor of the State. Few 
 have rendered their names more conspicuous in the affairs of 
 the town of Concord and of the State of New Hampshire. 
 Born in Cambridge in April, 1788, he was apprenticed to the pub- 
 lisher of the Amherst Cabinet; and in April, 1809, he issued the 
 first number of the New Hampshire Patriot. He was elected 
 to the State Senate in 1820, 1821, 1822, 1827; and in 1828 he 
 was the candidate of his party for United States senator. In 
 1829 he was appointed by General Andrew Jackson second compt- 
 roller of the Treasury department. His nomination was rejected 
 by the Senate in April, 1830, when he returned to New Hamp- 
 shire and obtained the election as United States senator, and 
 took his seat in the body which had sought to humble him. He 
 resigned his seat in the Senate, when he was elected governor, 
 and he was re-elected in 1837, and again in 1838. In 1840 he 
 was appointed sub-treasurer at Boston. He exerted great infiu- 
 
1836] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 575 
 
 ence over the people of the State. He possessed great native 
 talent, indomitable energy, industry, and perseverance. As a 
 political editor he had few equals. His reputation extended 
 throughout the country. He was kind and amiable. He died in 
 March, 185 1. 
 
 In the year 1836 Congress voted to distribute about thirty-six 
 millions of dollars of surplus revenue, then lying in the Treasury, 
 among the several States. These millions had accumulated 
 from the sales of public lands, and were still increasing. The 
 national debt had been all paid. General Jackson told his party 
 that this money was a source of danger to the liberties of the 
 country. The Democratic party in those days was hostile to 
 internal improvements, and opposed them everywhere. Rail- 
 roads were built by individual energy ; rivers were obstructed 
 by snags, sawyers, rafts, and sand-bars, and even the harbors of 
 the lakes, and the St. Clair flats, were found pretty much in the 
 condition nature left them. This money was to be distributed 
 in four instalments, — three of which were paid when an angry 
 cloud hovered over our northern borders, threatening war with 
 England, and the fourth instalment of nine millions was re- 
 tained to pay the expenses of transporting troops to Maine, to 
 Niagara, and to the Indian Stream country in northern New 
 Hampshire. The amount paid over to New Hampshire ex- 
 ceeded $800,000. The legislature voted to divide the money 
 among the towns in proportion to population. 
 
 In the fall and winter of 1836 Hon. Boswell Stevens, of Pem- 
 broke, held the office of judge of Probate for Merrimack county. 
 He was an able lawyer, and a popular and upright judge. 
 During the session of the legislature of that year he was struck 
 with a paralysis, entirely disabling him from ability to discharge 
 the duties of his office. His case came before the legislature at 
 their fall session. The evidence of able physicians was received 
 that there was no reasonable prospect of his recovery. Accord- 
 ingly, both branches of the legislature united in an address to 
 the governor, requesting his removal from office. The place of 
 the judge was soon occupied by his successor. Judge Stevens 
 died in January of the next year. 
 
576 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1838 
 
 • After protracted litigation the proprietors of the fourth 
 turnpike were victorious over their enemies. The Court of 
 Common Pleas, at the first term, 1837, obeyed the mandate of 
 the higher court. The corporation, standing upon the thin edge 
 of a technicality, had won a barren victory which presaged ulti- 
 mate defeat. The whole community, with the tavern keepers 
 and stage proprietors and drivers on the lead, united for free 
 roads. 
 
 On July 2, 1838, they carried through the legislature an Act authorizing 
 selectmen and the court to take the franchise and other rights of corpora- 
 tions for public highways in the same manner as they took the land of indi- 
 viduals. 
 
 The assault soon commenced all along the line. A monster petition, 
 headed by Reuben G. Johnson, to free the turnpike from West Andover to it» 
 Boscawen terminus was filed in the Court of Common Pleas for Merrimack 
 county, February 11, 1S39. 
 
 At the term of that court commencing on the third Tuesday of March, 1839, 
 Simeon P. Colby, Jesse Carr, and Stephen Sibley were appointed a court's 
 committee thereon. At the September term, 1839, Moses Norris, jr., of Pitts- 
 field, and Nathaniel S. Berry, of Hebron, were substituted for Carr and Sibley. 
 The hearing was had at Johnson's tavern — the Bonney place — in Boscawen, 
 October 28, 1839, and lasted seven days. 
 
 They freed the turnpike, and ordered that Andover should pay $566, Salis- 
 bury, $600, and Boscawen, $534, for the benefit of the stock-holders of the 
 turnpike. The report was accepted at the March term, 1840. Upon similar 
 petitions the turnpike had been freed from the other termini to Grafton line. 
 The great highway thereafter swarmed with travel as it never had done 
 before. 
 
 But in 1846-7-8, by successive steps, the Northern liailroad was put through 
 from Concord to White River. A great revolution had thus been wrought. 
 The thoroughfare, with its long lines of pod, gimlet, and big teams, and its 
 whirring stage coaches teeming with life and animation, became almost as 
 silent as a deserted grave-yard. The taverns which dotted almost every mile 
 were silent, too, and the great stables at the stage stations and elsewhere, 
 filled with emptiness, looked like the spared monuments of another period. 
 
 Railroads have taken the place of canals and turnpike roads. 
 
 The foregoing account of the fourth New Hampshire turn- 
 pike is taken from an extended account written by John M. 
 Shirley and published in the Granite Monthly. The other turn- 
 pikes of the State suffered the same or similar fate. Like the 
 toll bridges they became the property of the town, or the 
 county, or were disused. 
 
1839] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 577 
 
 John Page, jr., was elected governor in 1839, and re-elected in 
 1840 and in 1841. He was a native of Haverhill, born in 1787, 
 and son of John Page, the first white man that wintered in the 
 town. He served on the northern frontier in the 18 12 war, fre- 
 quently represented Haverhill in the legislature, was register of 
 deeds of Grafton county in 1827, and again from 1829 to 1835, 
 when he was elected United States senator to ser\'e the unex- 
 pired term of Governor Isaac Hill. He was interested in 
 agriculture, and promoted Dr. Jackson's geological survey of 
 the State. He died in 1865.^ 
 
 In March, 1839, Edmund Burke of Newport was elected to 
 Congress. Mr. Burke was born in Westminster, Vt, in January, 
 1809, studied Latin with Hon. Henry A. Bellows, afterwards 
 chief justice of New Hampshire, and read law. 
 
 ''At the close of his Congressional labors, March 4, 1845, Mr. Burke entered 
 upon the duties of the office of commissioner of patents, to which he was 
 appointed without solicitation on his part by Iiis friend Mr. Polk. 
 
 In the summer of 1850 Mr. Burke returned to his home in Newport, and 
 resumed the active practice of his profession as a lawyer, which he steadily 
 pursued with great success for over thirty years, attaining a position at the 
 bar second to that of no lawyer in the State. 
 
 He was prominent in the Democratic councils in the State, and ever after 
 the period of his Congressional service was regarded, throughout the country, 
 as one of the foremost representatives of the New Hampshire Democracy. In 
 the conventions of his party. State and national, he took a conspicuous part. 
 He presided at the Democratic State convention in Concord in the summer of 
 1853, and again in the winter of 1866-7. He was a delegate from New Hamp- 
 shire to the national Democratic convention in Baltimore, in 1844, which 
 nominated James K. Polk for president, and to the convention holden in the 
 same city in 1852, in which Franklin Pierce received the presidential nomina- 
 tion. It may here properly be remarked that to the strong influence of Mr. 
 Burke, properly exercised througli his extended acquaintance and high stand- 
 ing with leading men of the party from different sections in the convention, 
 more than to the efforts of any other individual, the choice of the convention 
 was ultimately bestowed upon the then favorite son of the Granite State. 
 Mr. Burke died in 1883. 
 
 •'The year 1840 was a notable year in the history of this 
 country. No political campaign ever exceeded this in inter- 
 est and excitement. The Democrats had nominated Martin 
 
 ' Adjutant-general's Report, 1868, part 2, page 20. ' H. H. Metcalf. 
 
 ^ Rev. J. L. Seward. 
 
578 HISTORY OU NEW HAMPSHIRE. [184O 
 
 Van Buren for a second term, and the Whigs had nominated 
 General W. H. Harrison. The shouts for "Tippecanoe and 
 Tyler too," the long processions in which were the log cabins 
 and barrels of hard cider, and the excited political debates 
 and. stump speeches, will never be forgotten by any one 
 who participated in the eventful campaign. General James 
 Wilson, of Keene, remarkably distinguished himself in this 
 exciting struggle, delivering stump speeches in all parts of the 
 country, and contributing largely to the success won by the 
 Whig party. 
 
 General James Wilson was the son of Hon. James Wilson (born in Peter- 
 borough in August, 1766, graduated at Harvard College in 17S9, representa- 
 tive to Congress from 1809 to i8n, an able lawyer and a iirm Federalist, 
 died in January, 1839; ^""^ Elizabeth (Steele) Wilson, and inherited not only 
 the practice but the great talents of his honored father; he was born in 
 Peterborough, March 18, 1797. His early years were passed in his native 
 town. His educational advantages were such as were obtainable in a country 
 town at that time. He studied at Phillips Exeter Academy, graduated at Mid- 
 dlebury College in 1820, read law with his father and took his practice. 
 
 In the military service of his State, General Wilson was deservedly popular. 
 He was appointed captain of the Keene light infantry, January i, 1821, and 
 rose through all the various ranks until he was made major-general of the 
 Third Division of the New Hampshire militia. 
 
 In 1825 he was chosen as one of the two representatives to the General 
 Court from the town of Keene. In 1S28 he was elected speaker of the House. 
 In the legislature at that time were Hon. Ezekiel Webster, Hon. B. M. 
 Farley, Hon. Joseph Bell, Hon. P. Noyes, and other noted men. From the 
 year 1825 to the year 1840 inclusive, General Wilson represented Keene in the 
 State legislature, excepting the years 1833, 1838, and 1S39. I" ^^^ '''s' Iw 
 of the years just named he was Whig candidate for governor, but was de- 
 feated by his Democratic opponent. 
 
 He had been famous as an orator and advocate before, but his 
 rhetorical triumphs, at this time, extended his reputation to all 
 parts of the land. His presence was unusually impressive. 
 He was six feet four inches in height, straight, well-built, with 
 black curling hair and bright blue eyes, as fine a set of white, 
 sound teeth as was ever seen, of a stern and determined, yet 
 fascinating and impressive countenance. He delighted to joke 
 about his personal appearance, and would describe himself as a 
 "rough-hewn block from the Granite State." His friends 
 spoke of him familiarly as "Long Jim," "Gen. Jim," etc. 
 
1840] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 579 
 
 He had all the qualifications of a first-class orator. He was a logical think- 
 er, and arranged the subjects of his thought methodically. He was well read 
 in history and the Bible, and was ready with a good illustration to enforce his 
 points. He was a capital story teller, and knew just when and where to tell 
 one. He could laugh or cry at will, and could produce either effect upon his 
 auditors at pleasure. Nor was this done wholly for effect. He was a sincere 
 man. He had fine feelings and instincts and was remarkably humane; and, 
 whenever he spoke, he was tremendously in earnest. He was no hypocrite. 
 His political principles were based on study, reflection, and sound arguments. 
 He had a powerful voice, and could be distinctly heard for many yards in an 
 open field. He had a marvellous command of language and an inexhaustible 
 fund of wit. He was a keen, shrewd observer and a good reader of human 
 nature; hence he knew how to adapt himself to his audience. Possessing all 
 of these manifold qualifications of a first-class orator, it is no wonder that he 
 gained a hearing in the famous canvass of 1840. Men of every shade of poli- 
 tical opinion flocked to hear him. A curious anecdote of the time is preserved. 
 One day he was making a stump speech in some place, and, in another part 
 of the same field, some distance away, some one was addressing a Democratic 
 assemblage. Some stray auditors from the Democratic fold found their way 
 to the side of the field where Wilson was speaking. They returned with a 
 glowing account of his eloquence. One by one the Democrats went to the 
 other side of the field to hear the famous Whig orator, till finally not a list- 
 ener was left for the Democratic speakers. 
 
 The Whigs were victorious, but General Harrison enjoyed his victory 
 only a single month. 
 
 The visit of General Wilson to Keene, in 1861, after an ab- 
 sence of more than a decade, was a memorable one. Soon after 
 his arrival, the shot was fired at Sumter, and the regiments be- 
 gan to be formed ready to march to the conflict. 
 
 One memorable occasion will never be forgotten by those 
 who witnessed it. It was on the 22nd of April, 1861. 
 A mass meeting was announced to be holden in the public 
 square on the morning of that day. General Wilson accepted 
 an invitation to address the meeting. The knowledge of this 
 fact was conveyed to the adjoining towns. An immense aud- 
 ience assembled, filling the square. It was the general's first 
 public appearance since his arrival. As the hour for the speak- 
 ing drew near, a band proceeded to the general's residence 
 and escorted his carriage to the grand stand. When the door 
 was opened, and the familiar form of the old hero was seen 
 mounting the rostrum, such a tumultuous applause was heard 
 as was never known in Keene before. Old friends from Keene 
 
580 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [184O 
 
 and the adjoining towns were there in great numbers, repre- 
 senting all occupations and professions. When he began to 
 speak, all voices were hushed. It was the same grand old voice, 
 with its familiar ring, the same telling and forcible gestures, the 
 same oratorical power, with fun and anecdote alternating with 
 the most solemn and pathetic passages, the same earnestness, 
 and the same persuasive and convincing eloquence which so 
 many had heard in former days from the same lips. 
 
 It was a scene never to be forgotten by those who were pres- 
 ent ; and it did much good, the immediate effect being to add 
 many names to the roll of enlistments. Geneial Wilson died in 
 Keene in May, 1881.1 
 
 ' A charter was obtained from the legislature of New Hampshire in 1836, 
 shortly after the incorporation of the Eastern Railroad in Massachusetts, 
 establishing a company for the purpose of continuing the railroad from the 
 Massachusetts line to Portsmouth. A company was then formed, and a sur- 
 vey and location of the route were made by Mr. Barney, but the stock was not 
 wholly taken up, and no measures were taken for the prosecution of the work, 
 until 1839. -^^ additional Act was then obtained authorizing a new location, 
 with a limitation as to its termination in Portsmouth, and the company was 
 reorganized and the subscription completed. The new company was com- 
 posed in part of individuals who were proprietors in the Massachusetts com- 
 pany, and a majority of the directors chosen were also directors of the latter 
 company. Colonel Fessenden was appointed engineer, and under his direc- 
 tion new surveys of the route were made. He made a report to the directors 
 on two lines, an eastern and western. The western line, although a little 
 longer than the other, was recommended by him as entitled to the preference, 
 as having fewer curves, a less extent of bridges, and not crossingany naviga- 
 ble streams. It also passes near a greater amount of population. This 
 route was adopted by the directors, and the grading of the line was soon after 
 contracted for. After leaving the Merrimack river at Newburyport bridge, 
 the line passes west of the old Salisbury village; after reaching Hampton 
 Falls, leaves the village a third of a mile at the west, and the landing on the 
 east, passes a little west of Old Hampton village to Cedar Swamp in Green- 
 land, and after crossing the Greenland road above the plains proceeds to 
 Portsmouth. The termination was originally iixed near the Universalist 
 meeting-house, but by authority of a new Act of the legislature passed in 1840, 
 and with the consent of the inhabitants of Portsmouth by vote in town meet- 
 ing, it is changed to a point in the northerly part of the town, where it may 
 be extended, if it should hereafter be determined so to do, by a bridge over 
 Piscataqua river. The length of the line thus located in New Hampshire is 
 fifteen miles and two thousand five hundred and seventy feet, and from Mar- 
 * Rev. J. L. Seward. = Contemporary Magazine Article. 
 
1840] 
 
 TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 
 
 581 
 
 rimrick river nineteen miles one tliousand and eighty feet. Of this distance, 
 eighteen and a third miles are straight, and the residue curved on a radius 
 not less than a mile. About five miles of the distance are level, and the gra- 
 dients for the residue vary from fifteen to thirty-five feet per mile; the 
 greatest elevation being about ninety feet above the marsh level. The whole 
 length of the railroad from East Boston to Portsmouth is thus fifty-three 
 miles two thousand three hundred and ninety feet. 
 
 The remaining portion of the Eastern Railroad in Massachusetts, interven- 
 ing between Newburyport and the New Hampshire line, was put under con- 
 tract for grading, as was also the erection of the bridge over the Merrimack 
 river at Newburyport, in the summer of 1839, t° ^^ completed in the follow- 
 ing summer. These two portions of this railroad were opened in 1840. 
 
CHAPTER XVIIL 
 
 ANTI-SLA VER Y A GIT A TION, 1 84 1- 1 860. 
 
 Stephens. Foster — Harry Hubbard — Pittsburg — Indian Stream 
 War— John H. Steele — John P. Hale — Anthony Colby — Man- 
 chester — Jared W. Williams — Samuel Dinsmoor, Jr. — Dr. Noah 
 Martin — Franklin Pierce — Kansas — Countess Rumford — Na- 
 thaniel B. Baker — Ralph Metcalf — Daniel Clark — William 
 W. Haile — Ichabod Goodwin — Reminiscences. 
 
 TV/TR. STEPHEN S. FOSTER,^ the zealous abolitionist, faith- 
 fill to the enslaved and to his own solemn convictions, con- 
 ceived the idea of entering the meeting-houses on Sunday, and 
 at the hour of sermon respectfully rising and claiming the right 
 to be heard then and there on the duties and obligations of the 
 church to those who were in bonds at the South. 
 
 This measure he first adopted in the Old North church, at Concord, in Sep- 
 tember, 1841. He was immediately seized by " three young gentk-men, one 
 a Southerner from Alabama, and the other two guards at the Stale Prison, 
 thrust along the broad aisle and violently pushed out of the house." A full 
 account of the transaction was published in the Herald of Freedom on the 
 following Friday, 17th of the same month. But Mr. Foster could not be 
 deterred from his purpose. And the measure proved so effective as a means 
 of awakening the public attention to the importance of the anti-slavery enter- 
 prise, that others were led to adopt it. Of course it led to perseculion, and 
 some were imprisoned for the offence, — Mr. Foster as many as ten or twelve 
 times, in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Perhaps his most memorable 
 experience at the hands of the civil law, at the time, was in Concord, in June, 
 1842. On Sunday, the twelfth of that month, being in Concord, he went in 
 the afternoon to the South church, and at the time of sermon he rose in a 
 pew at the side of the pulpit, and commenced speaking in his usual solemn 
 and deeply impressive manner. He evidently would have been heard, and 
 with deep attention, too, for many in the house not only knew him well, but 
 
 * Parker Pillsbury. 
 
1841] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 583 
 
 knew that this was a course not unusual with him, and one in the rightful- 
 ness of which he conscientiously believed, and, besides, was sometimes able 
 to make most useful and effective. Even the Unitarian society, one Sunday, 
 gave him respectful hearing; the minister. Rev. Mr. Tilden, even inviting 
 him to speak. 
 
 But not just so the South church; there he was immediately seized and 
 rushed with great violence to the door, and then pitched headlong down the 
 rough stone steps to the street, injuring him so severely that he had to be 
 helped to his lodgings, and a surgeon was called immediately to attend him. 
 Fortunately no bones were broken nor dislocated, but bruises and sprains 
 compelled his walking with a cane for several days. But that was not all. 
 On Monday he was arrested by leading members of the church " for disturb- 
 ing public worship," and carried before a magistrate for trial. Perhaps no 
 justice's court in Concord ever excited profounder interest than did this. But 
 Foster came most triumphantly oiit of it. Even the small fine imposed as 
 matter of form was paid, and nearly doubly paid, by the throng that crowded 
 the room, tossing their quarter and half dollars on to the table. The kind- 
 hearted magistrate, seeing that he would be sustained, remitted the fine and 
 the costs, and Mr. Foster was discharged, amid the acclamations of the mul- 
 titude that filled the court room, and then, with louder cheers, demanded that 
 all the money be taken from the table and handed over to Mr. Foster. And 
 it was done. 
 
 Stephen S. Foster was a native of New Hampshire. Long 
 before slavery was abolished, or had appealed to the arbitrament 
 of war as a forlorn hope, he had seen and demonstrated that his 
 native State had profounder interests in it than any of its wisest 
 sages, statesmen, clergymen, or churchmen had ever dreamed. 
 Though among the least of her sister States, the war of the 
 Rebellion drew away from her noblest, bravest, strongest sons 
 more than thirty thousand ; and over four thousand perished in 
 battle, or by disease and exposure inseparable from war, so often 
 more dreadful than death at the cannon's mouth ! All this, not 
 to speak of other thousands who escaped death, but pruned of 
 limbs, plucked of eyes, and scarred and disabled for life by the 
 iron hail-stones of the bloody field. All this, not counting the 
 sighs and tears, bereavements and losses of mothers, sisters, 
 widows, and orphans. All this, not reckoning financial, moral, 
 nor spiritual impoverishment and desolation, not to be restored 
 even by the incoming generation ! 
 
 And so slavery became a New Hampshire institution after all; 
 and Stephen Foster, being native to the State, and superemi- 
 
584 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [184! 
 
 nently an anti-slavery man, had intellectual and moral gifts and 
 graces of which any State might be proud. 
 
 Stephen Symonds Foster was born in Canterbury, in November, 1809. 
 His father was Colonel Asa Foster, of Revolutionary memory, and of most 
 amiable and excellent qualities and endowments. Mrs. Foster, too, was re- 
 markable for sweetness of disposition and fine culture for her time, joined to 
 elegance and beauty of person, lasting to great age; both herself and husband 
 almost completing a century. The old homestead is in the north part of 
 Canterbury, on a beautiful hillside, overlooking a long stretch of the Merri- 
 mack river valley, including Concord, and a wide view, east and west, as well 
 as south. 
 
 His parents were most devout and exemplary members of the Congrega- 
 tional church, to which he also was joined in youthful years. At that time, 
 the call for ministers and missionaries, especially to occupy the new opening 
 field at the West, called then " the great valley of the Mississippi," was loud 
 and earnest. At twenty-two he heard and heeded it, and immediately entered 
 on a course of collegiate study to that end, and it is only just to say that a 
 more consistent, conscientious, divinely consecrated spirit never set itself to 
 prepare for that then counted holiest of callings. 
 
 With him "Love your enemies" was more than words, and " Resist not 
 evil" was not returning evil, nor inflicting penalties under human enact- 
 ments. 
 
 In Dartmouth College he was called to perform military service. On 
 Christian principles he declined, and was arrested and dragged away to jail. 
 So bad were the roads that a part of the way the sheriff was compelled to ask 
 him to leave the carriage and walk. He would cheerfully have walked all the 
 way, as once did George Fox, good naturedly telling the oflicer, "Thee need 
 not go thyself; send thy boy, I know the way." For Foster feared no prison 
 cells. He had earnest work in hand, which led through many of them in 
 subsequent years. 
 
 Eternal Goodness might have had objects in view in sending him to Haver- 
 hill, for he found the jail in a condition to demand the hand of a Hercules, 
 as in the " Augean" stables, for its cleansing. His companions there were 
 poor debtors, as well as thieves, murderers, and lesser felons. One man so 
 gained his confidence as to whisper in his ear that on his hands was the blood 
 of murder, though none knew it but himself. Another poor wretch had 
 been so long confined by illness to his miserable bed, that it literally swarmed 
 with vermin. 
 
 Foster wrote and sent to the world such a letter as few but he could write, 
 and wakened general horror and indignation wherever it was read; and a 
 cleansing operation was forthwith instituted. And the filth on the floor was 
 found so deepi, and so hard trodden, that strong men had to come with pick- 
 axes and dig it up. And that jail was not only revolutionized, but the whole 
 prison system of the State, from that time, began to be reformed ; and im- 
 prisonment for debt was soon heard of here no more. 
 
I842J ANTI-SLAVERy AGITATION. 585 
 
 His college studies closed, he entered for a theological course the Union 
 Seminary in New York. 
 
 In 1S39 ^Ir. Foster abandoned all hope of the Congregational ministry, and 
 entered the anti-slavery service, side by side with Garrison of the Boston 
 Liberator, and Nathaniel Peabody Rogers of the New Hampshire Herald of 
 Freedom. And from that time onward till slavery was abolished, and indeed 
 to the day of his death, the cause of freedom and humanity, justice and truth, 
 had no more faithful, few if any more able champions. 
 
 Mr. Foster, having adopted and proved the great utility of his new method, 
 Persisted in it until it was demonstrated that no other had ever subserved so 
 good a purpose in arousing the whole nation to its duty and danger. Noth- 
 ing like or unlike it, before or afterward, so stirred the whole people, until 
 John Brown, with his twenty heroes, marched on Harper's Ferry and chal- 
 lenged the supporters of slavery to mortal combat. 
 
 To-day neither John Brown nor Stephen Symonds Foster need apology 
 or defence. Though their mortal bodies lie mouldering in the dust, their 
 spirits march on in glory and victory for evermore. 
 
 Probably he encountered more mob opposition and violence than any other 
 agent ever in the anti-slavery lecturing field, and almost always he would in 
 some way obtain control of his opponents. He died in September, i88i, at 
 the age of seventy-two. 
 
 The election in 1842 resulted in the choice of Henry Hubbard 
 for governor. He was son of Hon. John Hubbard, born in 
 May, 1784, in Charlestown ; graduated at Dartmouth College 
 in 1803; read law with Hon. Jeremiah Mason; and settled in 
 Charlestown. In 18 10 he was chosen moderator, which office 
 he held, in all, sixteen times. He was first selectman in the 
 years 18 19, 1820, and 1828, in which last year he was also 
 moderator and town clerk. He represented the town in the 
 legislature eleven times in all between 18 12 and 1827. In 
 June, 1825, he was chosen speaker of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, in place of Hon. Levi Woodbury, who had been 
 elected to a seat in the United States Senate. He was also 
 chosen to the same office in the years 1826 and 1827. In 1823 
 he was appointed solicitor for Cheshire county, in which- capacity, 
 exhibiting rare qualities as an advocate, he served the term of 
 five years. On the incorporation of Sullivan county he was 
 appointed judge of Probate, the duties of which office he con- 
 tinued to discharge until 1829, when he was chosen a represen- 
 tative to Congress. In Congress, to employ the language of 
 Chief Justice Gilchrist, " He at once distinguished himself by 
 
586 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHrKK. ['843 
 
 the possession of those qualities which characterized him through 
 life. Always willing to labor ; never disposed to throw upon 
 others what belonged to himself; indefatigable in the transaction 
 of all business intrusted to him ; an ardent political friend, but a 
 courteous antagonist ; he had the entire confidence of General 
 Jackson and the kindly regard of his opponents. He was an 
 active member of the Committee of Claims, upon whose deci- 
 sion such important interests depended, and signalized himself 
 by his vntiring support of the Pension Act of 1832, which gave 
 their long-delayed recompense to the soldiers of the Revolution. 
 In 1834 he was elected to the Senate, where, for the period of 
 six years, he had the implicit confidence of the administration, 
 and the Democratic party. . . In 1842 and 1843 he was 
 elected governor of New Hampshire. With this office his polit- 
 ical career closed, although at every successive election no one 
 in the State rendered more efficient service to the Democratic 
 cause." 
 
 It may be added to the above, that soon after leaving the 
 gubernatorial chair he was appointed sub-treasurer at Boston, 
 to which city he for a time removed. 
 
 Politically, the life of Governor Hubbard must be divided into 
 two eras : the first, in which he earnestly supported the Federal- 
 istic or Whig party ; the second, in which he earnestly sustained 
 the Democracy. He died on June 5, 1857. Most of his life was 
 passed in Charlestown, and he died in the house in which he 
 was born.^ 
 
 2 The town of Pittsburg, which, prior to its incorporation in 
 1843, was known as the Indian Stream territory, forms the ex- 
 treme northern portion of the State, lying north of the forty-fifth 
 parallel of north latitude, and is a portion of the tract claimed 
 respectively by the governments of Great Britain and the United 
 States ; the question of jurisdiction being settled by the Webster 
 and Ashburton treaty in 1842. 
 
 About the year 1790, some twelve or fifteen hardy pioneers 
 from Grafton county, attracted by the marvellous stories told 
 by two explorers who had followed the course of the river through 
 
 • History of Charlestown. 2 David Blanchard. 
 
1843] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 587 
 
 to Canada, of the wonderful fertility of the soil in the valley of 
 the upper Connecticut, made their way through the forests, and 
 commenced a settlement on the river and in the valley of the 
 Indian Stream. They were mostly driven away by hostile bands 
 of Indians during the war of i8i2. 
 
 Some of these returned after the close of the war, bringing 
 others with them ; and in 1820 there were probably about forty 
 families settled along the north bank of the river, the settlement 
 extending about eight miles north and east from the mouth of 
 Indian Stream. 
 
 In 1820-22 surveys were made along the Connecticut, and 
 some ten thousand acres of land marked out in lots of one and 
 two hundred acres each, by Moses Davis and Jonathan Eastman, 
 for an association of proprietors who claimed to derive their 
 title to these lands by deed from one Philip, a chief of the St. 
 Francis tribe of Indians. 
 
 These lands were offered to settlers by the proprietors, in 
 alternate lots, on condition of making stipulated improvements 
 thereon within a given period, and working on roads, of in other 
 words doing settlers' duty, as it was termed. 
 
 In 1824, at the June session of the New Hampshire legisla- 
 ture, the attention of the State government was called to the 
 encroachments of these settlers on lands north of the parallel 
 of forty-five degrees north latitude, which it claimed as part of 
 its public domain ; and a committee was accordingly appointed 
 to proceed to the territory, make the necessary investigations, 
 and report the fact at the November session. The committee 
 reported sonic fifty-eight settlers on the lands. 
 
 The State repudiated the Indian or proprietary title, but in view 
 of the hardships endured by these pioneers, and their having 
 entered upon their lands in good faith, quieted them in their 
 title to the lands in their possession, to the amount of two hun- 
 dred acres each, excepting Jeremiah Tabor, who was quieted in 
 the amount of five hundred acres, and Nathaniel Perkins 3n the 
 amount of seven hundred acres. 
 
 Among the early settlers, 1816-1824, in the town were Nath- 
 aniel Perkins, from New Hampton, John Haynes, from I 'sbon, 
 
58S IIJSTOKY or NEW HAMFSHIKE. ['^43 
 
 Richard I. Blanchard, from Haverhill, Ebenezer Fletcher, from 
 Charlestown (No. 4), father of Hiram Adams Fletcher, for a 
 long period a prominent member of the Coos bar, and who died 
 at Lancaster in 1880, Kimball B. Fletcher, a prominent citizen 
 of Lancaster (Mr. Fletcher brought considerable money with 
 him from Charlestown ; erected a large saw and grist mill ; in 
 1826 a large barn, and cleared up an extensive farm, and finally 
 moved to Colebrook, where he died about i860). General 
 Moody Bedel, and General John Bedel of the Mexican war and 
 the Rebellion, were among the 'early settlers, removing from 
 Haverhill in 18 16. General Bedel rendered very efficient service 
 in the war of 1812, commanding a regiment at Ticonderoga and 
 at Lundy's Lane. 
 
 But little attention was paid by the State to this section for 
 some twelve years subsequent to this period ; the citizens in 
 the mean time having for their mutual protection formed a gov- 
 ernment of their own, very democratic in form, having a written 
 constitution and code of laws ; the supreme power vested in a 
 council of five, annually chosen ; a judiciary system for the col- 
 lection of debts and the prevention and punishment of crime ; 
 a military company duly organized and equipped — probably more 
 as a police force than for offensive or defensive purposes. 
 
 This government continued till 1836, when the governments of 
 Lower Canada and of New Hampshire each endeavored to ex- 
 ercise jurisdiction over the territory, resulting in the arrest and 
 carrying off across the border, by an armed force of twelve men 
 from Canada, Richard L Blanchard, a deputy sheriff, for the 
 discharge of his duty as such under the laws of New Hampshire, 
 and his rescue, on Canadian soil, on the same day by a party of 
 mounted men, some sixty in number, from the adjoining towns 
 in Vermont and New Hampshire. Two of the Canadian party 
 were severely wounded in the melee — one by a pistol shot in 
 the groin, the other by a sabre cut in the head. 
 
 This was immediately followed by what is known as the Indian 
 Stream war. The sth company infantry, 24th regiment New 
 Hampshire militia, under the old military organization, under 
 command of Captain James Mooney, was called out by Adjutant 
 
1843] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 5^9 
 
 General Low and stationed at Fletcher's Mills, to protect the 
 inhabitants against the encroachments of the Canadian author- 
 ities. The whole difficulty was happily terminated by the treaty 
 before referred to. 
 
 From its incorporation in 1843, to i860, the increase in pop. 
 Illation was only about fifty. At the commencement of the 
 Rebellion the town contained four hundred and fifty inhabi- 
 tants, — yet this small number furnished seventy men to aid 
 our country in the hour of its peril, being largely represented 
 in the 2nd and 13th New Hampshire regiments. Amos and 
 Simon Merrill were the first to enlist at the first call for three 
 months, and re-enlisted, before the expiration of their term, for 
 three years, or during the war. The former was shot dead on 
 the field at the first battle of Bull Run. The last mentioned, 
 after having been engaged in thirteen regular battles, lost a leg 
 at Gettysburg, and was lately doing good manual labor in clear- 
 ing up a new farm in the town. A fearful fatality seemed 
 to decimate the ranks of the Pittsburg soldiers, — shown by 
 desolate homes and the mutilated and scarred veterans who 
 returned. 
 
 From the close of the war of the Rebellion, Pittsburg 
 has slowly but steadily gained in population and material 
 prosperity. 
 
 At a special convention of the Protestant Episcopal churches 
 of New Hampshire, held October 4, 1843, after the death of 
 Bishop Griswold of the Eastern Diocese, a motion to elect a 
 separate bishop barely prevailed, and Rev. Carlton Chase, of 
 Bellows Falls, Vermont, was chosen. 
 
 A church and parsonage had been built at Strawberry Bank, in 1638, and 
 fifty acres of land had been given as endowment soon afterwards. Rev. 
 Richard Gibson was called as rector, but was banished from the colony in 
 1642, by Massachusetts authority. Ninety years afterward, in 1732, a parish 
 was organized at Portsmouth, and Qiieen's Chapel begun. Rev. Arthur 
 Browne was rector. Of six hundred families in Portsmouth in 1741, less than 
 sixty conformed to the Episcopal Church, but all the Churchmen in New 
 Hampshire were his parishioners, and he administered the charge with faith- 
 ful diligence from 1736 till his death in 1773. He was helped in the itineracy 
 by his son Marmaduke, from 1755 to 1762, and by Rev. Moses Badger from 
 1767 to 1774. In 1768 there were eleven hundred and thirty-two souls under 
 his care. 
 
59© HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1843 
 
 A second parish was organized in 1773, at Claremont, by Churchmen from 
 Connecticut. The building tlien erected still stands in the western part ot" 
 the town. Rev. Ranna Cossit was rector from 1773 to 1785. 
 
 The third parish was formed at Holderness. 
 
 During the Revolution the Church of England in New Hampshire was 
 abolished. The war over, the need of organization began to be much felt. 
 Valuable property was at stake, over forty thousand acres of land having been 
 reserved for the endowment of future parishes by Governor Benning Went- 
 worth. Unfortunately the larger part of the land endowment was ultimately 
 lost, a small amount only having been saved to help the diocesan work. 
 
 In 1789 New Hampshire was represented at a meeting of six clergymen in 
 Salem, Massachusetts, when Dr. Bass was elected bishop of the two States. 
 Rev. John C. Ogden was rector at Portsmouth from 17S6 to 1793. Rev. Robert 
 Fowle was rector at Holderness from 1789 '.o 1S47. A fourth parish was or- 
 gaiiized at Cornish, in 1793, through the efforts of a Dartmouth student. 
 Philander Chase, the future missionary bishop. 
 
 The diocesan history begins with the meeting at Concord, in August, 1802, 
 of the first convention, at which were present the rectors of Portsmouth, 
 Claremont, and Holderness, and two lay delegates each from Portsmouth, 
 Holderness, and Cornish. Rev. Joseph Willard, of Portsmouth, presided: 
 Rev. Daniel Barber, of Claremont, a " remarkable man, able, ambitious, un- 
 wise," would not consent to the proposed union, but advocated a union with 
 the Vermont churches. Mr. Barber was in harmony with the diocese in 1809. 
 
 Hopkinton became a parish in 1803; Plainfield in 1804. To these were 
 soon joined Drewsville (Walpole), Charlestown, Concord, Dover, and Man- 
 chester. In 1810 there were 151 communicants; in 1820, 198; in 1840, 394. 
 
 From 1812, for thirty years, the Episcopal Church of New Hampshire en- 
 joyed the superintendence of Bishop Griswold. 
 
 Bishop Chase was consecrated in October, 1844, and served 
 the diocese faithftilly and wisely until his death in January, 
 1870. He left twenty-three parishes where he had found 
 twelve ; twenty-one clergymen instead of eleven ; 1350 commu- 
 nicants instead of 500. 
 
 In May, 1870, the convention elected, as successor to Bishop 
 Chase, Rev. William W. Niles, D. 1)., ^ professor of Latin in 
 Trinity College, Hartford ; and he was consecrated at Concord 
 the following September. There were, in 1887, twenty-two 
 parishes, thirteen missions, thirty-seven clergymen, and 2635 
 communicants. 
 
 Among the prominent clergymen of the Protestant Epis- 
 
 ■ Right Reverend William W. Niles, D. D,, son of Daniel L. and Delia (Woodruff) Niles, was 
 born in Hatley, Province of Quebec, May 24, 1832; graduated at Trinity College in 1851; and 
 received the degree of Doctor of Divinity both from Trinity College and from Dartmouth College. 
 
1844] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. S9I 
 
 copal church of New Hampshire have been Rev. Dr. Isaac G. 
 Hubbard, of Claremont, Rev. Dr. James H. Eames, of Concord, 
 Rev. Dr. M. A. Herrick, of Tilton, famed for his scholarship, 
 and Rev. Dr. Burroughs, of Portsmouth. 
 
 John H. Steele was elected governor in 1844. 
 
 Governor Steele was born in Salisbury, North Carolina, in 
 January, 1789, and was of Scotch-Irish stock. He settled in Pet- 
 erborough in 181 1, without funds and without friends, and went 
 to work at his trade of making chairs and gigs. He had me- 
 chanical skill and genius. He was soon a manufacturer himself, 
 instead of laboring for others ; and he put in operation the first 
 power-loom in the State and built and superintended a large 
 cotton mill in West Peterborough. He represented Peter- 
 borough in 1829; was councillor in 1840 and 1841. He was re- 
 elected governor in 1845. After retiring from office he led a 
 quiet life on his farm and in the village, and had great influence 
 in the town, exercised for its best interests and welfare. He 
 died in July, 1865. 
 
 In 1845 happened the memorable contest between John P. Hal« 
 and Franklin Pierce. Mr. Hale, a native of Rochester, a grad 
 uate of Bowdoin College, 1827, had entered the political field 'u\ 
 1832, when he was sent to the legislature and became one of the 
 most able and eloquent supporters of the Democratic party, 
 receiving the election to Congress in 1843. There he soon be- 
 came prominent from his anti-slavery sentiments, and took a 
 leading part in the presidential campaign of 1844. He differed 
 from the accepted sentiments of his party, which had for sixteen 
 years had an unbroken sway and remorselessly cut down every 
 man who dared to oppose its declared will. The legislature in 
 session the previous year had instructed the New Hampshire 
 delegation to favor the admission of Texas as a slave State. 
 Mr. Hale met these resolutions with defiance. He stood by his 
 record he had made against any further strengthening of the 
 slave power. 
 
 ' Few men have shown such greatness of soul and loyalty to convictions 
 under such temptations. While most men would have yielded, Mr. Hale did 
 
 'J. H. Ela. 
 
592 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1845 
 
 not falter; but at once wrote his celebrated letter to the people of New Hamp- 
 shire, against the action of the legislature in its resolutions, in which, after 
 setting forth the aims and purposes of annexation, and the reasons given by 
 the advocates and supporters of the measure, he declared them to be " emi- 
 nently calculated to provoke the scorn of earth and the judgment of Heaven." 
 He said he would never consent by any agency of his to place the country in 
 the attitude of annexing a foreign nation for the avowed purpose of sustain- 
 '. ing and perpetuating human slavery ; and if they were favorable to such a 
 measure, they must choose another representative to carry out their wishes. 
 
 The Democratic State Committee immediately issued a call for the re-as- 
 sembling of tlie Democratic Convention at Concord, on the 12th of February, 
 1845, and every Democratic paper which could be prevailed upon to do so 
 opened its battery of denunciation, calling upon the convention to rebuke 
 and silence Mr. Hale. To show what efforts were made to crush him it need 
 only be said that such leaders of the party as Franklin Pierce, who had been 
 his warm friend ever since they were fellow students in college, went forth 
 over the State to organize the opposition. At Dover he called in the leaders 
 of the party, and the editor of the Dover Gazette, who had taken such strong 
 ground against annexation, and under their influence the Gazette changed 
 sides and went over to Mr. Hale's enemies. 
 
 He then went to Portsmouth and brought over the leaders there, with the 
 exception of John L. Hayes, then clerk of the United States Court. The same 
 result followed at Exeter, with the exception of Hon. Amos Tuck. In this 
 way the convention was prepared to throw overboard Mr. Hale and put 
 another name on the ticket in place of his. Expecting no other fate when he 
 wrote his letter, Mr. Hale remained at his post in Congress, and only assisted 
 his friends from that point, making arrangements at the same time to enter 
 upon the practice of law in New York city upon the close of his term. But 
 resolute friends who believed with him rose up in all parts of the State to 
 defeat the election of John Woodbury, who had been nominated in the place 
 of Mr. Hale. Prominent among these, in addition to those named above, 
 were Nathaniel D. Wetmore of Rochester, John Dow of Epping, George G. 
 Fogg, then of Gilmanton, James M. Gates of Claremont, James Peverly of 
 Concord, John Brown of Ossipee, George W. Stevens of Meredith, John A. 
 Rollins of Moultonborough, James W. James of Deerfield, N. P. Cram of 
 Hampton Falls, and Samuel B. Pai-sons of Colebrook, with others of like 
 stamp, who organized the first successful revolt against the demands of the 
 slave power, which, until then, had been invincible. Through their elforts 
 Woodbury, the nominee of the convention, failed to secure the majority over 
 all others needed to elect him, and another election was called to fill the va- 
 cancy. Great excitement pervaded the State during the canvass, into which 
 , Mr. Hale entered with spirit, giving full play to all those characteristics 
 which made him the foremost orator of the State before the people, as he had 
 > been before juries. 
 
 The canvass opened in Concord in June, on the week for the assembling of 
 the legislature, in the Old North church. To break the force and effect of 
 
1845] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 593 
 
 Mr. Hale's speech there, the Democratic leaders determined that it should be 
 answered upon the spot, and selected Franklin Pierce for the work. On his 
 way up to the church, Mr. Hale saw no people in the streets, and he began 
 to fear there might be a failure in the expected numbers , in attendance, as 
 there had been or.ce before in the same place in 1840, when he and other 
 leaders of the party were to address a mass meeting; but whien he reached 
 the old church, he saw why the streets were vacant : the people had all gone 
 early to be sure of getting in, and the house was full to overflowing. Aware 
 that he was addressing not only the citizens of Concord and adjoining towns, 
 and members of the legislature, but the religious, benevolent, and other or- 
 , ganizations which always met in Concord on election week, he spoke with 
 more than his usual calmness and dignity. He created a profound impres- 
 sion, and made all feel, whether agreeing with him or not, that he had acted 
 from a high sense of public duty and conviction. 
 
 Mr. Pierce, who had few equals as a speaker, saw the marked effect of Mr. 
 Hale's address, and spoke under great excitement. He was bitter and sarcas- 
 tic in tone and matter, and domineering and arrogant in his manner, if not 
 personally insulting. The convention was wrought up to the highest pitch 
 of excitement when Mr. Hale rose to reply. He spoke briefly, but effectively, 
 and closed by saying: — 
 
 " I expected to be called ambitious, to have my name cast out as evil, to be 
 traduced and misrepresented. I have not been disappointed ; but if things 
 have come to this condition, that conscience and a sacred regard for truth 
 and duty are to be publicly held up to ridicule, and scouted without rebuke, 
 as has just been done here, it matters little whether we are annexed to Texas, 
 or Texas is annexed to us. I may be permitted to say that the measure of 
 my ambition will be full, if when my earthly career shall be flnished and my 
 bones be laid beneath the soil of New Hampshire, when my wife and chil- 
 dren shall repair to my grave to drop the tear of affection to my memory, they 
 may read on my tombstone, ' He who lies beneath surrendered office, place, 
 and power, rather than bow down and worship slavery.'" 
 
 The scene which followed can be imagined, but not described, as round 
 after round of applause greeted this close. At the end of the canvass, in 
 September, with three candidates in the field, there was again no election. 
 A second effort in November ended with a like result. No other attempt was 
 made until. the annual March election of 1846, when full tickets were placed 
 in the field by the Democrats, Whigs, Free-Soilers, and Independent Demo- 
 crats. The issue of no more slave territory was distinctly made; and a 
 canvass such as the State had never known before, in which Mr. Hale took 
 the leading part, resulted in a triumphant vindication of his course, and the 
 complete overthrow of the Democratic party, which was beaten at all points. 
 Mr. Hale was elected to the House, from Dover, on the Independent ticket, 
 and on the opening of the session was made speaker of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, and during the session was elected United States Senator for the 
 full term of six years. 
 
 During this session of the legislature an incident took place which ex- 
 hibited the independent spirit of the man. Dr. Low, a member from Dover, 
 
594 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1846 
 
 introduced resolutions upon the tariff, slavery, and annexation, talcing the 
 ultra-Whig view of the tariff question, and intended to bring Mr. Hale and 
 his friends to their support as the condition upon which he could have the 
 vote of a considerable portion of the Whig party. But instead of yielding his 
 convictions for the consideration of their support, he and his friends declared 
 they would submit to no shackles; they had fought successfully against the 
 tyranny of one political organization, and no allurements of a senatorship 
 should stifle their convictions and bind their judgment to the dictations of 
 another. Much excitement followed, but the counsels of the liberal Whigs 
 prevailed. The resolutions were not called up until after the senatorial elec- 
 tion, when Mr. Hale left the speaker's chair and offered amendments which 
 were adopted after a strong speech by him in their favor. He was supported 
 by his old friend and instructor, Daniel M. Christie of Dover, also a member 
 of the House, who had done much to quiet the opposition and induce it to 
 vote for Mr. Hale. 
 
 Mr. Hale was nominated as the Free-Soil candidate for the 
 presidency in 1847, but declined it; and again the honor was 
 tendered to him in 1852, when he received 155,850 votes. In 
 1855 he was again elected to the Senate to fill vacancy caused by 
 death of Charles G. Atherton, and was re-elected in 1858 for a 
 full term. ,After his retirement from the Senate he was minister 
 tq Spain fpr four years,^ He died in 1873. 
 
 Anthony Colby was elected governor in 1846. 
 
 Anthony Colby is known in his native State as a typical 
 " New Hampshire mai>." Born and bred among the granite 
 hills, he seemed assimilated to them, and to illustrate in his 
 noble, cheerful life the effects of their companionship. His 
 great heart, sparkling wit, fine physical vigor, and merry laugh 
 made his presence a joy at all times, and welcome everywhere. 
 His ancestry on his father's side was of English, and on his 
 mother's of Scotch-Irish, origin. 
 
 During the last century his father, Joseph Colby, bought a 
 portion of land under the " Masonian grant" from Mr. Minot, 
 and settled in New London, where Anthony Colby was born in 
 1795. Then the restriction of ownership in the State was that 
 " all the white-pine trees be reserved for masting the ships of 
 His Majesty's royal navy." Each town was required to set 
 apart a portion of land for a meeting-house, and the support of 
 the gospel ministry ; for a school-house and the support of a 
 school, as well as a military parade ground. 
 
'^^^./ ^::^^« 
 
 C^- 
 
 ■>V. .ri'FH . 
 
 .""p/ ;,,v/7 --,7 r 
 
1846] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 595 
 
 In politics, Mr. Colby was always conservative. He was first 
 elected a member of the New Hampshire legislature in 1828, 
 and afterwards held nearly every higher office of trust in the 
 State. Daniel Webster was his personal friend. Their fathers, 
 •who lived in the same county, only about twenty miles apart, 
 were many years associated in the legislature of which they 
 were members, from Salisbury and New London. The friend- 
 ship between himself. Judge Nesmith, of Franklin, and General 
 James Wilson, of Keene, was more than simple friendship, — 
 they were delightful companions ; of essentially different cha- 
 racteristics, the combination was perfect. Daniel Webster was 
 their political chief, and his vacation sometimes found these 
 men together at the Franklin "farm-house," and at the chowder 
 parties up at the "pond." The Phenix Hotel, under the charge 
 of Colonel Abel and Major Ephraim Hutchins, was the central 
 rendezvous, where a great deal of projected statesmanship, a 
 great deal of story telling and fruitless caucusing were indulged 
 in, down to the revolution of 1846, when the Democrats lost 
 their supremacy by the admission of Texas as a slave State, 
 when John P. Hale went into the Senate. When Mr. Colby 
 was elected governor, Mr. Webster wrote him earnest congratu- 
 lations. 
 
 No Whig had held the office of governor, until the election 
 of Anthony Colby, since the election of Governor Bell, an 
 interim of seventeen years. Governor Colby being rallied upon 
 his one-term office, said he considered his administration the 
 most remarkable the State ever had. " Why so .'" was asked ; 
 when with assumed gravity he answered: "Because / have 
 satisfied the people in one year, and no other governor ever did 
 that." 
 
 The city of Manchester was incorporated in 1846. The rise, 
 growth and prosperity of this, the largest city in the State, has 
 been almost wholly dependent upon its great manufacturing 
 interests. There are now in the city five large corporations, 
 with an aggregate capital of many million dollars, besides many 
 other manufacturing establishments of less importance. 
 
 In 1830 an examination of the territory bordering on the east 
 
596 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1846 
 
 bank of the river, a short distance below the falls, developed the 
 fact that there were splendid sites for mills at that point. 
 
 A large number of Boston capitalists united and resolved to 
 lay the foundations of a great manufacturing town. Accord- 
 ingly, in the year 183 1, the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company 
 was incorporated. The Company secured a title to all the water 
 power upon the Merrimack at Manchester, Hooksett, and at 
 Garvin's Falls, below Concord. Upwards of fifteen hundred 
 acres of land on the east side of the river at Manchester were 
 purchased. 
 
 Those lands extended from the falls south for a distance of 
 about a mile and a half, and a mile in an easterly direction. A 
 new town was laid out, the streets crossing each other at right 
 angles. A new stone dam and two canals with guard locks were 
 also constructed. 
 
 It was the plan of the company to furnish other companies 
 with sites and power for mills, and to erect such mills to be op- 
 erated on their own account, and at the same time to sell their 
 lands for stores, dwelling-houses, etc. The first mill in the new 
 town was erected by the Amoskeag Company for the Stark Cor- 
 poration in 1838. The Amoskeag Company also built a machine 
 shop and foundry the same year, and in 1839 the company 
 built two mills on their own account. In 1843 the company 
 erected another mill. These were followed by others at various 
 times, until now the company is said to be the largest in the 
 world. 
 
 The Stark Mills Company was incorporated in 1838. 
 
 The Manchester Mills enterprise was originally incorporated 
 in 1839 by the name of the Merrimack Mills. In 1849 its name 
 was changed to the Manchester Print Works. During the war, 
 and a few years succeeding, this company was very successful, 
 and very high dividends were paid. But in a year or two later 
 misfortunes overtook the company, until finally the whole prop- 
 erty was sold to pay the debts, and a new company which was 
 incorporated purchased the property and commenced great im- 
 provements. 
 The Langdon Mills Company was incorporated in 1857 and 
 
"""'"Kk 
 
 ^^^-m^m^: 
 
1846] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 59/ 
 
 commenced operation in i860. The success of the company 
 for several years during and succeeding the war was very re- 
 markable. About the year 1865 an annual dividend of fifty 
 per cent, upon the capital stock was paid. 
 
 Among the other manufacturing interests at Manchester are 
 the Manchester Locomotive Works, managed by Hon. Aretas 
 Blood, in which as many as seven hundred hands have been 
 employed, and Hon. A. P. Olzendam's Hosiery Mill, which 
 employs three hundred hands. 
 
 Abraham P. Olzendam was born in Barmen, Prjissia, October 10, 1821. His 
 fatlier was a chemist. At the age of eighteen he was initiated into the mys- 
 teries of his father's business; proved an apt scholar; and soon became an 
 expert in the application of scientific principles to the mixing of colors and 
 the dyeing of fabrics. His active mind found congenial study in political econ- 
 omy. The demands of his countrymen for liberty were seconded by him, and 
 with the enthusiasm of youth he entered heartily into the plans of his fellow 
 patriots for the amelioration of his country. Hopeless of accomplishing the 
 herculean task of freeing his people, despairing of gaining at home that place 
 among his fellows which his inborn ability warranted him in demanding, he 
 quietly bade farewell to his fatherland, and embarked for America at the age 
 of twenty-seven. The good ship, " General Washington," brought himover, 
 and he landed in New York, June 13, 1848, hastening at once to the consti- 
 tuted authorities to signify his intention of becoming a citizen of the United 
 States. 
 
 His skill as a dyer readily gave him employment in the neighborhood of 
 Boston. Within a few months he launched his own commercial bark, enter- 
 ing into business on his own account. Various fortunes attended his efforts 
 for the next ten years. In 1858 he became a citizen of Manchester, at first 
 accepting employment in the Manchester Mills, afterward in the Amoskeag 
 Mills, until 1863, when he commenced the manufacture of hosiery by the 
 use of machinery. From a small beginning he has built up a very extensive 
 business, employing more than three hundred operatives at the mill, and 
 affording pin money for a thousand women for miles around, using nearly a 
 thousand tons of wool every year, and preparing for the market about one 
 hundred thousand pairs of stockings each month. 
 
 In 1888 he purchased the Namaska Mill, in which he carries on his exten- 
 •ive manufacturing operations. 
 
 Such mechanical skill and business capacity as his was sure to win for him 
 a foremost place in commercial pursuits. Mr. Olzendam cast his first vote 
 for Franklin Pierce. Since then he has been a Republican, joining the party 
 at its very outset, and ever being a quiet worker for its interests. In 1873 and 
 1874 he was elected to represent Manchester in the legislature. In 1885 he 
 was a member of the State Senate, but has never sought political preferment. 
 
598 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1847 
 
 For many years he has been identified with the First Unitarian Church of 
 Manchester, having served several terms as director, and frequently acting on 
 important committees when executive action was demanded. In 1862 Mr. 
 Olzendam became an Odd Fellow, and a few years later was initiated into the 
 mysteries of Masonry, and now gracefully wears the title of Sir Knight. 
 Since its organization, in 1874, ^^ ^^^ been a trustee of the People's Savings 
 Bank. 
 
 October i, 1851, he was married to Theresa Lohrer, of Dresden, Saxony. 
 They were the parents of eight children, of whom Clementine Olzendam, 
 Alexander H. Olzendam, Gustavus Olzendam, Sidonia Olzendam, and Louis 
 Olzendam survive and reside at home. After the death of the mother of these 
 children Mr. Olzendam was joined in marriage to Mrs. Susie J. Carting. 
 
 The family occupy a spacious residence in the northeast part of Manchester, 
 surrounded by grounds carefully cultivated. 
 
 "Mr. Olzendam has risen to a very honorable position in Manchester, pri- 
 marily by closely attending to his business as a manufacturer, and since then, 
 in addition, by showing himself an excellent citizen, liberal, high-minded, 
 disposed to do what he can to aid every benevolent object and to further the 
 ^growth and prosperity of the city. Manchester is better for his coming and 
 his staying. A genial gentleman, he enjoys the acquaintance and confidence 
 of a large number of warm personal friends. Many men, as fortune favors 
 them, withdraw more and more from society, and give out less and less 
 towards it, but society feels his prosperity and enjoys with him his success.'" 
 
 Such is the welcome which New Hampshire extends to men of foreign 
 birth who settle in the State. 
 
 In 1847 J. W. Williams was elected governor. 
 
 Hon. Jared Warner Williams was born in West Woodstock, 
 Conn., in 1796. He was graduated at Brown University in 
 18 18 ; read law at the Litchfield (Conn.) Law School ; and came 
 to Lancaster in 1822, where he commenced the practice of his 
 profession, and was a resident until his death. 
 
 Mr. Williams was elected representative of Lancaster in 
 1830-31 ; was register of Probate from 1832 to 1837; in 1833 
 he was chosen to the State Senate; in 1834 and 1835 he was 
 president of that body ; in 1837 he entered Congress from the 
 "Sixth District," and served four years. He was governor of 
 the State in 1847-48; in 1852 was made judge of Probate ; in 
 1853 he filled the vacancy in the United States Senate occasioned 
 by the death of Hon. C. G. Atherton ; in 1864 he was a delegate 
 to the Chicago convention. In addition to these political distinc- 
 tions. Governor Williams received the degree of A, M. from 
 
 ' Clark's History of Manchester. 
 
1849] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 599 
 
 Dartmouth College in 1825 ; and that of LL. D. from Brown Uni- 
 versity in 1852. He died in September, 1864, aged sixty-eight 
 years. He was a gentleman of the highest type of character, 
 ■winning social qualities, and rare abilities. His various honors 
 sat easy upon him, and vanity did not manifest itself. 
 
 The Mexican war commenced in the spring of 1846. General 
 Zachary Taylor soon after led an expedition into Mexico and 
 won the battles of Palo Alto, Monterey, and Buena Vista. 
 Among his officers were Lieutenant Joseph H. Potter and 
 Major W. W. S. Bliss. 
 
 In General Win field Scott's successful invasion of the country 
 the following year, many New Hampshire men won distinction : 
 Colonel Franklin Pierce, Dr. John D. Walker, Captains T. F. 
 Rowe, E. A. Kimball, J. W. Thompson, and Daniel Batchelder, 
 Lieutenants George Bowers, John H. Jackson, Thomas J. 
 Whipple, Daniel H. Cram, Thomas P. Pierce, John Bedel, and 
 most of the non-commissioned officers and privates of companies 
 C and H of the 9th regiment United States army. 
 
 The Mexican war having resulted in large acquisition of ter- 
 ritory by the United States, and gold having been discovered on 
 the Pacific Slope, a great drain was made on the energetic young 
 men of the State, who rushed to California to better their for- 
 tunes. For fifty years the fertile prairies of the West had also 
 been steadily alluring not only the young men but whole families 
 from their hillside and 'valley farms. 
 
 Samuel Dinsmoor, jr., was elected governor in 1849. 
 
 Samuel Dinsmoor, jr., was admitted to the bar in 18 19, but 
 was not enrolled as an attorney at Keene until 1823. He was 
 the son of Governor Samuel Dinsmoor; born May 8, 1799; grad- 
 uated at Dartmouth College in 1815 ; and was associated with 
 General James Miller in the practice of law in Arkansas. In 
 1826 and 1827, and in 1829 and 1830, he was clerk of the Sen- 
 ate ; for several years he was postmaster ; the cashier of Ash- 
 uelot Bank, later its president ; in 1849, 1850, and 1851 gover- 
 nor of New Hampshire. He died February 24, 1869. 
 
 In 1850 the expenses of the legislative, executive, and judi- 
 ciary departments of the State amounted to ;^36, 142. 
 
600 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. [l^SO 
 
 There were three trains daily each way between Concord and 
 Boston, both by way of the Concord Railroad and of the Man- 
 chester and Lawrence. Passengers taking the ten a. m. train 
 from Concord arrived in Boston in time to take the four p. m. 
 steamboat train for New York. By the Northern Railroad one 
 could reach Montpelier and Wells River; by the Contoocook, 
 Hillsborough ; by the Boston, Concord and Montreal, Lake 
 Winnipiseogee, by way of Meredith Bridge. In the United 
 States at that time there were seven thousand six hundred and 
 seventy-seven miles in operation. Nathaniel White and Benja- 
 min P. Cheney had charge of the express business over most of 
 the New Hampshire Railroads. John Gibson conducted the 
 Eagle Coffee House, and John Gass the American House. 
 
 A constitutional convention met in Concord early in Novem- 
 ber, 1850. Of the two hundred and ninety members, one hun- 
 dred and fifty-seven were farmers, twenty-nine lawyers, and 
 thirty merchants. Franklin Pierce was chosen president, re- 
 ceiving two hundred and fifty-seven votes out of two hundred 
 and sixty-four cast ; and Thomas J. Whipple was chosen secretary 
 almost as unanimously. Among the delegates were — 
 
 William Plumer, Jr. Joel Eastman. 
 
 Gilman Marston. Cyrus Barton. 
 
 Uri Lamprey. George Minot. 
 
 Bradbury Bartlett. Jonathan Eastman. 
 
 Levi Woodbury, Henry Putney. 
 
 Ichabod Bartlett. George W. Nesmith. 
 
 Ichabod Goodwin. Jesse Gault, Jr. 
 
 Thomas E. Sawyer. Asa P. Gate, 
 
 Benning W. Jenness. Aaron Whittemore. 
 
 James Bell. Andrew Wallace. 
 
 N. G. Upham. Isaac Spaulding. 
 
 L. W. Noyes. Charles G. Atherton. 
 
 George W. Hammond. William Haile. 
 
 Levi Chamberlain. Dyer H. Sanborn. 
 
 Ira Whitcher. William P. Weeks. 
 
 Edwin D. Sanborn. Hazen Bedel. 
 
 The State was strongly Democratic at that time, the State 
 Senate that year having only one in the opposition. After a 
 session of about fifty days a new constitution was agreed upon 
 
^^'J ''"-'y ---t // FdL'hie 
 
 \^_yCL^ CX^yl^L^Ci^yl__ 
 
1852] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 60I 
 
 and submitted to the people ; but it found no favor with the 
 Whigs, and was rejected. 
 
 The Democratic State convention met at Concord during the 
 session of the legislature and nominated John Atwood, of New 
 Boston, as their candidate for governor. From some injudicious 
 statements of their candidate, he was repudiated by the party, 
 led by the Cheshire Republican, Newport Argiis, Dover Gazelle, 
 and Concord Patriot, and upon the reassembling of the conventio"'. 
 in 1851 he received only three of the two hundred and five votes 
 cast. A serious bolt was the consequence, and Samuel Dins 
 moor, jr., the Democratic candidate, lacked several thousand 
 votes of a majority. 
 
 In the nomination of 185 1 the Democratic party at first made 
 choice of Luke Woodbury, of Antrim, for their standard beare: 
 the following year, but he "was gathered to his fathers" in 
 August. 
 
 Dr. Noah Martin was elected governor in 1852. Dr. Martin 
 was a descendant of the Scotch-Irish settlers of Londonderry 
 He was born in Epsom in July, 1801, graduated at the Dart- 
 mouth Medical College in 1824, and the next year settled in 
 Great Falls. In 1834 lie settled in Dover. He was represen- 
 tative in 1830, 1832, and 1837, and State senator in 1835 and 
 1836. He was re-elected governor in 1853. He died in Dover 
 in June, 1880. He was a Democrat, well read on a great variety 
 of subjects, proficient in law as well as medicine, and a states- 
 man from his native good sense and judgment. 
 
 ^The result of the fall elections of 1852 was that Franklin 
 Pierce of New Hampshire was elected president, having carried 
 twenty-seven States, choosing two hundred and fifty-four elec- 
 tors ; General Scott, the Whig candidate, having carried only 
 four States — Massachusetts, Vermont, Kentucky, and Ten- 
 nessee, choosing forty-two electors. 
 
 President Franklin Pierce, son of Governor Benjamin Pierce, was born in 
 Hillsborough in November, 1804; graduated from Bowdoin College in 1824; 
 studied law with Judge Woodbury and Judge Parker ; was a zealous Demo- 
 crat; elected to represent Hillsborough in 1829; speaker of the House in 1832 
 ai d 1833 ; elected to Congress in 1833, to the Senate in 1837, resigning in 1842. 
 
 ' W. D. Northend. 
 
602 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l8S2 
 
 He declined the position of attorney-general of the United States in 1846. 
 He volunteered in a Concord company for the Mexican war; was appointed 
 colonel of the 9th Regiment United States army; brigadier-general in 
 March, 1847; ^^^ wounded at battle of Contreras in August; resigned in 
 December at the close of the war. In 1850 he was president of the convention 
 for revising the constitution of the State. " The special feature of his inau- 
 gural address was the support of slavery in the United States, and the an- 
 nouncement of his determination that the Fugitive Slave Act should be 
 strictly enforced. This was the keynote of his administration, and pregnant 
 with vital consequences to the country. From it came during his term the 
 Ostend conference and ' manifesto,' the repeal of the Missouri compromise, 
 and the troubles in Kansas and Nebraska, which crystallized the opposing 
 forces into the Republican party, and led later to the great Rebellion." ' He 
 died in October, 1S69. 
 
 * The countess of Rumford died in December, 1852, at the age of seventy- 
 eight. The Rolfe-Rumford house occupies a very pleasant site but a few rods 
 from the Merrimack river, on a slight eminence that overlooks that stream. 
 
 Her home, the Rolfe-Rumford house, was built in 1764 by Colonel Ben- 
 jamin Rolfe. Colonel Rolfe was a great man in the colony in ante-Revolu- 
 tionary days, the son of Henry Rolfe, one of the original grantees of Pena- 
 cook. He was a man of scholarly attainments, having graduated at Harvard 
 in 1728. Able, wealthy, and enterprising, he was a man of authority, holding 
 the highest offices of the settlement. He was the town clerk of Rumford lor 
 many years, and was the first one chosen to represent the town in the Gen- 
 eral Assembly of New Hampshire. In 1745 he held the commission of colo- 
 nel in the province under Governor Benning Wentworth, By inheritance 
 and his own industry he acquired a large property, and was by far the wealth- 
 iest person in Concord. He lived according to his means, alter the fashion 
 of the day. His large estate was worked by slaves and servants to the num- 
 ber of a dozen. He purchased and owned the first chaise ever used in Con- 
 cord, in 1767. It had, says Dr. Uouton, a standing canvas top, and probably 
 cost about $60, which would be about equal to the sum of $240 in these d.iys. 
 
 This old-time magnate lived a bachelor until he was nearly sixty. At that 
 age he lost his heart to Miss Sarah Walker, the oldest daughter of Rev. Tim- 
 othy Walker, who was thirty years his junior. Miss Walker was beautiful 
 and accomplished. The Rolfes at the " South End," and the Walkers at the 
 "North End," with the Coflins, Eastmans, Bradleys, and Stickneys l)etv\ecn, 
 were the aristocracy of old Rumford. They lived dincrcnlly from the other 
 people, usurped most of the otlices, and controlled the business and social 
 interests of the town. The marriage, therefore, of Colonel Rolfe and Miss 
 Walker must have been one of the grand events of the colony. It occurred 
 in the year 1769. That this union of May and December was otherwise than 
 a happy one we have no reason for believing, but it was very short. In Dec- 
 ember, 1771, Colonel Rolfe died, leaving his widow the wealthiest person in 
 the settlement. 
 
 > Encyclopidb Britannica. ' Fred Myron Colby. 
 
1852] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 603. 
 
 About this time there came to Concord, from Woburn, Mass., a young man 
 by the name of Benjamin Thompson. Though a mere youth in years, he was 
 wonderfully matured in mind. He was a good scholar, and developed hand- 
 somely in personal appearance. He was engaged at once as the teacher of 
 Rumford Academy. 
 
 Thompson was a philosopher by mture, and nothing could divert him 
 from his philosophical researches and mechanical pursuits. Handy with, 
 tools and full of inventive genius, he spent his spare time in all sorts of ex- 
 periments on subjects suggested by his reading. Naturally gay and fond of 
 society, he entered into all the manly sports of the time while at Concord. 
 He was the most expert skater and swimmer among the young men. At the 
 social evening parties he was a favorite. With his experiments in chemistry 
 and philosophy, his feats of swimming and skating upon the Merrimack 
 and Horse-shoe Pond, his genial and engaging manners at all times and 
 places, he for a time was very popular among old and young at Rumford. 
 
 At Mr. Walker's Thompson often met the young widow, Mrs. Rolfe. They 
 married sometime before January, 1773, at Parson Walker's house, and the 
 poor schoolmaster became the richest man in Rumford. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Thompson inaugurated a style of living at the Rumford 
 house that completely threw in the shade anything of the kind previously. 
 While attending a military review at Dover, Thompson attracted the atten- 
 tion of Governor Wentvvorth. 
 
 The distinguished friendship of the royal governor won for Thompson the 
 appointment of major in the nth regiment of the New Hampshire militia, 
 "over the heads of all the old officers." This gained for him the enmity of 
 all his superseded rivals, and of some others who envied him his good fortune. 
 
 In the family mansion was born their daughter, Sarah, the afterward 
 benevolent countess of Rumford, October 18, 1774. A few happy, prosper- 
 ous months went by. Blest in his family relations, honored for his position 
 and his culture, the intimate friend ofWentworth, of Wheelock, the president 
 of Dartmouth College, of Parson Walker, and other eminent and learned men, 
 Benjamin Thompson seemed riding on the highest wave of prosperity and 
 happiness. Upon this brilliant day burst the storm of the Revolution. 
 
 Benjamin Thompson was as yet but twenty-two years of age. His sudden 
 rise, his unvarying prosperity, and, more than all, the governor's favor, had 
 made him enemies, and a grand combination was made to crush him. 
 Though inclined to the patriot cause, he was denounced as a Tory. Even the 
 influence of the Walkers, who were ardent patriots, and known as such, could 
 not save him. Fearing violence from a mob of village patriots, if he remained, 
 young Thompson fled from his home in the night. The jealous officers con- 
 tinued to malign him, and the rumors spread through the American army. 
 Suspected without cause, and wishing to obtain a commission in the patriot 
 army, he demanded an inquiry. It resulted in a drawn verdict. After vainly 
 trying to live down the ill odor by zealous army work on the American side, 
 and finding himself still in danger from suspicion and hostility, he gave up 
 the patriot cause in disgust, and fled to the British in Boston. 
 
604 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l8S4 
 
 Going to England at the close of the Revolution, he obtained service 
 under the elector of Bavaria, and upon his departure was knighted, by which 
 he became Sir Benjamin Thompson. In the public garden of Bavaria his 
 statue stands, of heroic size, as the patron genius of the place. The elector 
 also honored him by conferring upon him several of the highest offices in the 
 empire. He was a member of the Council of State ; major-general ; knight 
 of Poland; commander-in-chief of the army; minister of war; chief of the 
 regency in the elector's absence ; and count of the Holy Roman Empire. To 
 this latter title he added Rumford, in honor of his old home in America. He 
 left Bavaria only as minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary to the 
 court of St. James, with a pension for life. Count Rumford had never ceased 
 his interest in philosophical investigations, and while in England engaged in 
 experiments whose fruits came home to every man's kitchen and fireside. 
 Lady Sarah Thompson, his wife, died in 1792. Mrs. Thompson's son by her 
 first marriage, Paul Rolfe, by inheritance became the owner of the house 
 and estate in Concord, and died in July, 1819, and his half sister became his 
 heiress. She saw life as few saw it. She was a queen of society. She was 
 never married. Tired of courts and their flatteries, after her return to Amer- 
 ica, in 1845, she spent the remainder of her life in a quiet circle of society, 
 aloof from the stir of city life, with an adopted daughter for her companion. 
 
 Governor Nathaniel B. Baker, the son of Lieutenant Abel 
 Baker, of Concord, was born in Henniker, Sept. 29, 18 19. He 
 graduated at Harvard College in the class of 1839 ; read law 
 with Messrs. Pierce and Fowler ; and, from 1841 to 1845, was 
 one of the proprietors and editors of the Nezv Hmnpshire Pat- 
 riot. In 1841 he was quartermaster of the Eleventh regiment; 
 was appointed adjutant of the same in 1842, and held the office 
 the following year. In 1844 and 1845 he was aide to Governor 
 Steele, with rank of colonel. In 1846 he was appointed clerk 
 of the Court of Common Pleas, and of the Superior Court for 
 the county of Merrimack. He was representative from Concord, 
 and speaker of the House of Representatives, in 1850 and 185 1, 
 and elector of president and vice-president in 1852. In 1854 he 
 was elected governor of New Hampshire, and served as chief 
 magistrate one year. Subsequently he took up his residence 
 in Clinton, Iowa, having an appointment as attorney for the 
 railroad in that vicinity. At the commencement of the war he 
 was appointed adjutant-general of Iowa, and held that office, 
 having performed its duties during the trials of the Rebellion 
 with his usual promptness and energy, until the close of the 
 war.i 
 
 > Adjutant-general's Report. 
 
1855] ANTI-SLAVERV AGITATION. 60S 
 
 In 1852 the Democratic party seemed strongly intrenched in 
 power in New Hampshire, and were arrogant and overbearing. 
 The Know-Nothing movement was introduced to break their 
 solid front : and well it succeeded. 
 
 At the spring election in 1855 Ralph Metcalf was elected 
 governor by the Know-Nothing party. Governor Metcalf was 
 born in Charlestown in 'November, 1798, passed his youth on the 
 farm of his father, who was a veteran of the Revolution, gradu- 
 ated at Dartmouth College in 1823, read law, and settled in New- 
 port and later in Claremont. In 183 1 he was elected secretary 
 of state, moved to Concord, and held the office until 1838- 
 He declined the office of attorney-general while he was secretary, 
 and-during a temporary residence in Washington refused the 
 pla™ of editor of one of the leading journals of that city. In 
 1845 he was living at Newport, when he was appointed register 
 of Probate for the county of Sullivan. He was a representative 
 in 1852 and in 1853, the latter year serving on the committee 
 for codifying the laws. He was re-elected in 1856. He died 
 at Claremont in August, 1858. Governor Metcalf was a great 
 lover of romance, read and reread the standard authors, and 
 wielded a ready and humorous pen. He was fond of social life, 
 and contributed freely to its promotion. 
 
 ^ In 1855 the legislature was called upon to elect two United 
 States senators. For the first time in a quarter of a century, 
 with a single exception, the Democratic party was in a minority. 
 The opposition was composed of the Whig party, then on the 
 point of dissolving, the American party, commonly known as 
 the " Know-Nothing " party, and the Free-Soil party. These 
 elements, a year later, were fused in the Republican party. 
 By common consent Hon. John P. Hale was nominated for the 
 short term, and the contest for the long term was between Mr. 
 Clark and the Hon. James Bell. In the senatorial caucus the 
 latter was nominated and subsequently elected by the legisla- 
 ture. The contest, although warm, was a friendly one, so that 
 when, two years later, in 1857, the legislature was called to fill > 
 the vacancy in the office occasioned by the death of Senator 
 
 ■ Judge I. W. Smith. 
 
6o6 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [iSS^ 
 
 Bell, in obedience to the common wishes of their constituents 
 the Republican members nominated and the legislature elected 
 Mr. Clark. Upon the expiration of his term he was re-elected 
 in i860 with little opposition. The ten years spent by Senator 
 Clark in Congress constituted the most eventful period in the 
 history of the Republic. He witnessed the rise, progress, and 
 overthrow of the Rebellion. He was a firm supporter of the 
 various war measures adopted for the suppression of the Rebel- 
 lion, and had the confidence of President Lincoln and Secretary 
 Stanton. He failed of a re-election in 1866, as his colleague. 
 Senator Hale, had done two years before, not from any lack of ap- 
 preciation of the invaluable services they had rendered the coun- 
 try, nor of the honor they had conferred upon the State by tl^ir 
 course in Congress, but because the rule of rotation in ofifice"ad 
 become so thoroughly ingrafted into the practice of the Republi- 
 can party in the State that a departure from it was not deemed 
 wise, even in the persons of these eminent statesmen. 
 
 In the summer of 1866 a vacancy occurred in the office of district judge of 
 the United States District Court for the district of New Hampsliire, and Sena- 
 tor Clark was nominated for tlie position by President Johnson, and unani- 
 mously confirmed by the Senate. He thereupon resigned his seat in the 
 Senate and entered upon the discharge of his judicial duties. The wisdom of 
 his selection has been justified by his career upon the bench. The office of 
 district judge does not afford such opportunity for public distinction as the 
 bench of some other courts, tlie jurisdiction of the court being principally 
 limited to cases arising under the constitution and laws of llie United Slates. 
 New Hampshire, from its size, location, and business relations, furnishes 
 only a small amount of business for the federal courts, and not much of that 
 generally of public interest. In addition to holding his own court, Judge 
 Clark has frequently been called to hold the federal courts in other States in 
 the first circuit. He has brought to the discharge of his judicial duties the 
 same learning, industry, and interest that characterized his labors at the bar 
 and in the Senate. His decisions have commended themselves to the profes- 
 sion for their soundness and fairness. 
 
 Daniel Clark was born in Stratham, October 24, 1809, and 
 graduated at Dartmouth College in 1834. 
 
 St. Paul's school, at Concord, was opened in April, 1856, for the 
 admission of pupils, having been incorporated the previous year. 
 Under the direction of Rev. Dr. Henry A. Coit, the school has 
 
1857] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. GOJ 
 
 increased from five pupils in 1856 to three hundred pupils in 
 1888. 
 
 The school is located on a domain of six hundred acres 
 pleasantly situated in the valley of Turkey river, two miles 
 west of the State House. The buildings erected from time to 
 time to meet the wants of the growing school are architecturally 
 pleasing to the eye and are charmingly grouped. The chapel, not 
 complete in 1888, cost over $100,000, and is said to be the finest 
 of its class in the United States. The founder of the school, a 
 Boston physician, was desirous of endowing, a school of the 
 highest class, for boys, "in which they may obtain an education 
 which shall fit them for college or business, including thorough 
 intellectual training in the various branches of learning ; gymnas- 
 tic and manly exercises adapted to preserve health and strengthen 
 the physical condition ; such aesthetic culture and accomplish- 
 ments as shall tend to refine the manners and elevate the taste; 
 together with careful moral and religious instruction." 
 
 The full course of instruction is designed to cover seven years 
 and to prepare for admission to the freshman, or sophomore 
 class in any American college. The school gathers most of its 
 pupils from other States ; and its high success has won honor 
 for the Episcopal Churcli which it represents. 
 
 Adjoining the grounds of St. Paul's school, and intimately 
 connected with it, is the Diocesan Orphans' Home, the first 
 refuge of the kind opened in the State, and always full of chil- 
 dren. 
 
 In 1857, William Haile of Hinsdale was elected governor of 
 the State. 
 
 Governor Haile was the standard bearer of the newly or- 
 ganized Republican party, whose first national campaign had 
 been led by John C. Fremont. The party drew to itself Whigs, 
 Free-Soil Democrats, Abolitionists, and all those in opposition 
 to the Democratic party. 
 
 Governor Haile was born in Putney, Vermont, in 1807, 
 passed his boyhood and early manhood in Chesterfield, and in 
 1834 embarked in business in a country store in Hinsdale, with 
 small capital but good credit. In 1847 he undertook manufac- 
 
6o8 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l859 
 
 turing, and was as successful as he had been in trade. His 
 honesty and untiring devotion to business insured success. He 
 took an active and prominent part in church affairs, and belonged 
 to a number of benevolent societies. Though extensively en- 
 gaged in business he took a prominent part in political affairs. 
 
 . With the exception of two years he represented Hinsdale in the 
 r,"' legislature from 1846 to 1854. In 1854 and 1855 he was a mem- 
 
 ■ ber of the Senate, being chosen president of that body the latter 
 year, and was elected as representative in 1856. He was the 
 first successful standard bearer of the Republican party for the 
 office of governor. He was re-elected in the year 1858. In 
 1873 he removed to Keene, built a fine residence, and took an 
 active part in business till his death in July, 1876. 
 
 The panic of 1857 came upon the country with crushing and 
 disastrous effect. Every interest was prostrated ; and the 
 president was compelled in his message to Congress to portray 
 the disastrous condition of the country in strong colors. Mr. 
 Buchanan said : — 
 
 With unsurpassed plenty in all the elements of national wealth, our manu. 
 facturers have suspended, our public works are retarded, our private enter- 
 prises of different kinds are abandoned, and thousands of useful laborers are 
 thrown out of employment and reduced to want. 
 
 Following the panic of 1857 there were four years of "hard 
 times." Money was scarce, specie payment was maintained by 
 the banks with great difficulty, as the gold from the California 
 mines had largely been shipped to Europe to pay adverse bal- 
 ances, and new enterprises were few in number and unprofitable 
 in result. 1 
 
 Ichabod Goodwin was chosen the governor of New Hamp- 
 shire, as the Republican candidate, in the year 1859, ^"d was 
 re-elected by the same party in the following year, his second 
 term of office having expired June 5, 1861. Born at the close 
 of the last century in North Berwick, Maine, he was a ship- 
 [■ master for a number of years; settled in Portsmouth, in 1832, 
 j^- and established himself as a merchant. He served in the legis- 
 
 ' James G. Blaine. 
 
^tiSt^i,^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 »^-^ •: 
 
 4 ^/^^ 
 
 -/^ 
 
 w cc CT iN rs:-. '.pi [pj 15; (Q' 'v® )© \^ n R] , 
 
l86o] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 609 
 
 latiire of New Hampshire as a member of the Whig party for 
 a number of years. He was also a delegate at large from the 
 State to the conventions at which Clay, Taylor, and Scott were 
 nominated by the Whigs for the presidency, and was a vice- 
 president at the two first-named conventions; and he twice 
 served in the constitutional conventions of New Hampshire. He 
 was the candidate of the Whigs for Congress at several elections 
 before the State was divided into Congressional districts. New 
 Hampshire was in those days one of the most powerful strong- 
 holds of the Democratic party in the country. 
 
 During his administration the war of the Rebellion was com- 
 menced. The military spirit of the people of New Hampshire 
 had become dormant, and the militia system of the State had 
 fallen pretty much to decay, long before the first election of Mr. 
 Goodwin to the ofTfice of governor. A slight revival of that 
 spirit, perhaps, is marked by the organization in his honor, in 
 January, i860, of "The Governor's Horse Guards," a regiment 
 of cavalry in brilliant uniform, designed to do escort duty to the 
 governor, as well as by a field muster of several voluntary organ- 
 izations of troops which went into camp at Nashua in the same 
 year. But when the call of President Lincoln for troops was 
 made in the spring of 1861, the very foundation of a military 
 system required to be established. The nucleus itself required 
 to be formed. The legislature was not in session and would not 
 convene, except under a special call, until the following June. 
 There were no funds in the treasury which could be devoted to 
 the expense of the organization and equipment of troops, as all 
 the available funds were needed to meet the ordinary State ex- 
 penditures. The great confidence of the people of New Hamp- 
 shire in the wisdom and integrity of Mr. Goodwin found in this 
 emergency full expression. Without requiring time to convene 
 the legislature so as to obtain the security of the State for the 
 loan, the banking institutions and citizens of the State tendered 
 him the sum of ^680,000 for the purpose of enabling him to 
 raise and equip for the field New Hampshire's quota of troops. 
 This offer he gladly accepted ; and averting delay in the proceed- 
 ings by refraining from convening the legislature, he, upon his 
 
6io 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [i860 
 
 own responsibility, proceeded to organize and equip troops for 
 the field ; and in less than two months he had dispatched to the 
 army, near Washington, two well-equipped and well-officered 
 regiments. Of this sum of jS68o,ooo only about $100,000 was 
 expended. On the assembling of the legislature that body 
 unanimously passed the " Enabling Act," under which all his 
 proceedings as governor were ratified, and the State made to 
 assume the responsibility. 
 
 VIEW NEAR MEREDITH VILLAGE. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 WAR OF THE REBELLION, 1861-1865.^ 
 
 Election of Abraham Lincoln — Seceding States — Firing on Sumter 
 — First Regiment — Mason W. Tappan — Old Militia — Governor's 
 Horse Guards — Thomas L. Tullock — Second Regiment — Gilman 
 Marston — J. N. Patterson — Nathaniel S. Berry — Third Reg- 
 iment — Enoch Q. Fellows — John H. Jackson — John Bedel — 
 Fourth Regiment — Thomas J. Whipple — Louis Bell — Fifth Reg- 
 iment — Edward E. Cross — Charles E. Hapgood — Edward E. 
 Sturtevant — Sixth Regiment — Simon G. Griffin — Henry H. 
 Pearson — Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, 
 Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth 
 Regiments — Colonel Henry O. Kent — Joseph A. Gilmore — Eigh- 
 teenth Regiment — Cavalry, Artillery, and Sharpshooters — 
 Summary of Number of Volunteers — E. H. Durell — George Ham- 
 ilton Perkins. 
 
 TN the fall election of i860 the Republican party was success- 
 ful. Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, received one hundred and 
 eighty electoral votes for president ; John C. Breckinridge, 
 seventy-two ; John Bell, thirty-nine ; Stephen A. Douglas, 
 twelve; — and Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, 
 pledged to resist the extension of slavery into the Territories, 
 when the votes were counted in the United States Senate, was 
 declared elected president of the United States. December 20, 
 i860, the State of South Carolina, through a popular convention, 
 passed an ordinance of secession from the Union In January, 
 1861, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and 
 North Carolina followed, and adopted similar acts of secession. 
 Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated March 4, 1861, and imme- 
 diately called to his cabinet William H. Seward, as secretary of 
 state; Salmon P. Chase, as secretary of the Treasury; Simon 
 
 ■ The facts in this chapter are largely derived from the Adjutant-General's Reports. 
 
6l2 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1861 
 
 Cameron, as secretary of war ; and Gideon Wells, as secretary 
 of the navy. 
 
 Early in February forty-two delegates, representing the seven 
 seceded States, had assembled at Montgomery, Alabama, and 
 organized a Southern Confederacy. Jefferson Davis was elected 
 president, and Alexander H. Stevens, vice-president, of the new 
 government. 
 
 April 12, 1861, the Confederate forces opened fire on Fort 
 Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, which was held by a small garrison 
 of loyal men, under command of Major Robert Anderson. The 
 news of the attack was flashed over the wires north and west. 
 The whole American people were roused as never before. The 
 president immediately issued a proclamation calling for seventy- 
 five thousand volunteers. The secretary of war made a requisi- 
 tion on the State of New Hampshire for one regiment of infan- 
 try for three months' service. 
 
 Governor Goodwin directed Adjutant-general Joseph C. Abbott 
 to issue the necessary orders calling for the required number of 
 volunteers ; and in less than ten days a thousand eager recruits 
 were assembled at Concord. Mason W. Tappan was com- 
 missioned colonel, Thomas J. Whipple, lieutenant-colonel, and 
 Aaron F. Stevens, major. 
 
 After a month of drill on the fair grounds, about a mile east 
 of the State House, the First regiment embarked May 25, 1861, 
 and proceeded to Washington. Active hostilities were opened 
 between the opposing forces of the North and South at the 
 battle of Bull Run, July 21 ; a battle which was destined to open 
 the greatest struggle of modern times, if not the greatest in the 
 history of the world. 
 
 The First formed a part of the Union line, but was many 
 miles away from the active operations of that eventful day. The 
 regiment was mustered out August 9, 1861. 
 
 Connected with the First regiment were Adjutant Enoch Q. 
 Fellows, Quartermaster Richard N. Batchelder, Surgeon Alpheus 
 B. Crosby, Captain Louis Bell, Captain Ira McL. Barton, Cap- 
 tain Edward E. Sturtevant, Lieutenant Henry W. Fuller, Ser- 
 geant-major George Y. Sawyer, Sergeant Daniel B. Newhall, and 
 many others who afterward won honor in the service. 
 
l86l] WAR OF THE REBELLION. 613 
 
 Colonel Mason W. Tappan, who led the First regiment of New 
 Hampshire volunteers to the field of battle to help the president 
 maintain the integrity of the Union and resist the attacks of 
 those rebelling against the government, was a native of Newport, 
 and a resident of Bradford. He was born October 20, 1817; 
 studied law with Hon. George W. Nesmith ; was in the legisla- 
 ture in 1853, 1854, and 1855, and was elected a member of Con- 
 gress the latter year. He served in all six years, and was a fear- 
 less defender of Union principles. After his return with the 
 First, he was appointed colonel of the Fourth and of the Six- 
 teenth regiments, but decided to let younger men take the com- 
 mand. He was appointed attorney-general in 1876, and served 
 until his death, October 25, 1886. He was an able lawyer and 
 an eloquent public speaker. 
 
 At the breaking out of the war, Ichabod Goodwin was gov- 
 ernor of the State ; Moody Currier was a member of the Council, 
 Thomas L. Tullock was secretary of state, Allen Tenney was 
 deputy secretary, Peter Sanborn was State treasurer, and Asa 
 McFarland was State printer ; Daniel Clark and John P. Hale 
 were United States senators ; and Gilman Marston, Mason W. 
 Tappan, and Thomas M. Edwards, members of Congress. 
 
 The militia consisted of 34,569 men, divided into three divi- 
 sions, six brigades, and one regiment. The only really effective 
 military organizations at the time were the Amoskeag Veterans 
 and the Governor's Horse Guards. Of the latter, George Stark 
 was colonel, A. Herbert Bellows, lieutenant-colonel, Henry O. 
 Kent, major, Thomas J. Whipple, adjutant. Chandler E. Potter, 
 judge advocate, Joseph Went worth, quartermaster, Charles P. 
 Gage, surgeon, J. C. Eastman, assistant surgeon, Henry E. Par- 
 ker, assistant chaplain, Frank S. Fiske, sergeant-major, Charles 
 A. Tufts, quartermaster-sergeant, Natt Head, chief bugler, 
 Stebbijis H. Dumas, commissary, True Garland, standard 
 bearer. John H. George and Cyrus Eastman were captains ; 
 and Edward H. Rollins, Benjamin Grover, Bainbridge Wadleigh, 
 and Micajah C. Burleigh, were lieutenants. 
 
 The secretary of state, Thomas L. Tullock, was a native of 
 Portsmouth. He was very efficient in aiding Governor Goodwin 
 
6l4 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1861 
 
 in arming and equipping the first troops sent from the State to 
 suppress the Rebellion. At the expiration of his term of office 
 he was appointed navy agent at Portsmouth. At the navy yard 
 several thousand workmen were employed, and an immense amount 
 o£ material was purchased for the construction of ships of war. 
 Among the number launched at the yard during the war, or 
 while Mr. Tullock was agent, were the Kearsarge, Franklin, 
 Ossipee, Sacramento, Sebago, Mahoska, Sonoma, Conemaugh, 
 Pawtucket, Nipsic, Shawmut, Sassacus, and Agamenticus. Mr. 
 Tullock was instrumental in forming the nucleus of the very 
 perfect collection of portraits of governors and statesmen which 
 adorn the State House. He was afterwards postmaster of the 
 •city of Washington. He was a student of historical subjects 
 and a graceful writer on historical and antiquarian themes. 
 
 Thomas Logan Tullock, son of Captain William and Mary (Neal) Tullock, 
 was born in Portsmouth, February 11, 1820. He received his education at 
 the Portsmouth High School, and in early youth embarked in commercial 
 pursuits. In 1849 ^^ ^^^ appointed postmaster of Portsmouth, and held the 
 office four years. In 1858 he was elected by the legislature secretary of state, 
 and held the office until June, 1861, when he was appointed navy agent. He 
 resigned the latter office in August, 1S65, and accepted the office of secretary 
 of the Union Republican Congressional Committee, with headquarters at 
 Washington. Upon the election of General Grant, Mr. Tullock was appointed 
 chief of the appointment division of the Treasury department, and later 
 collector of internal revenue for the District of Columbia. He held the office 
 until 1876. The next year he was appointed assistant postmaster of Washing- 
 ton. In 1882 he was appointed postmaster of Washington. He died June 20, 
 1883. 
 
 Mr. Tullock was twice married; first, August 29, 1844, to Emily Estell 
 "Rogers ; second, January 10, 1866, to Miranda Barney Swain, a native of New 
 Hampshire, " whose devotion to our wounded soldiers during the war of the 
 Rebellion is gratefully remembered throughout the State." Of his children 
 by his first wife, Thomas L. Tullock, jr., paymaster U. S. Navy, was lost on 
 the steamer Oneida, in Yokohama, Japan, January 24, 1870; and Seymour 
 M. Tullock settled in Washington. By his second marriage he left one son, 
 Henry Vanderbilt Tullock. 
 
 Mr. Tullock was an active member of the Methodist church, and was a 
 Mason of high degree. 
 
 Upon the first call for troops so many volunteers assembled 
 that a camp was established at Portsmouth, and enough enlisted 
 to form another regiment. The call came for three hundred 
 
r- 
 
 "^"^^'■^ * ''"^=J°ijT~ "TWl 
 
 »T»QrJJ^ tl ! V ^^-iW^lfP^HMajycr 
 
 ■! 
 
 J^r^c^J^:^-^^^- 
 
 
l86l] WAR OF THE REBELLION. 61$ 
 
 thousand troops to serve three years ; and most of the men re- 
 enlisted. Colonel Thomas P. Pierce, a veteran of the Mexican 
 war, resigned ; and the Second regiment was organized, with 
 Hon. Gilman Marston as colonel ; Frank S. Fiske, of Keene, 
 as lieutenant-colonel ; and Josiah Stevens, Jr., of Concord, as 
 major. The regiment left Portsmouth for the seat of war June 
 20, 1861. A month later, July 2!, they took pa.-t in the battle 
 of Bull Run. Early in the fight, Colonel Marston was severely 
 wounded, but having had his wound dressed, came again upon 
 the field to lead his men. The Second behaved like a veteran 
 regiment, but shared in the panic which seized the Northern 
 army. The loss of the regiment was seven killed, fifty-six 
 wounded, and forty-six prisoners. While in winter quarters the 
 commander of the brigade had noticed the guard-house of the 
 Second, and considered it altogether too comfortable quarters 
 for the prisoners confined there. Accordingly he ordered Col- 
 onel Marston to build a dungeon, without so much as a crack or 
 an opening anywhere, so that it should be perfectly dark. The 
 dungeon was built, and one day General Neaglee went over to 
 inspect it. 
 
 " Where is the entrance," said he ; "and how do you get any- 
 body into it ? " 
 
 " Oh !" said Colonel Marston; "that's not my lookout. I 
 obeyed orders to the letter ! How do you like it .■' " 
 
 In April, 1862, the Second joined the main army of the Poto- 
 mac at Yorktown, and took part in the siege, and in the attack 
 on Fort Magruder during the advance on Williamsburg. The 
 regiment lost in the battle eighteen killed, sixty-six wounded, 
 and twenty-three missing. Captain Leonard Drown was killed. 
 Captain Evarts W. Farr lost an arm, and Captain Edward L. 
 Bailey and Lieutenant Samuel O. Burnham were wounded. At 
 the battle of Fair Oaks, one company of the Second lost twenty- 
 two killed and wounded out of forty-two taken into the fight. 
 The Second took part in the Seven Days' Fight and in the 
 retreat to the James River, and in nearly all the actions of the 
 famous Peninsular Campaign. 
 
 Having joined Pope's army, the Second formed a part of the 
 
6l6 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1861 
 
 Union army at the second battle of Bull Run in August, 1862, 
 and lost sixteen killed, eiglity-seven wounded, and twenty-nine 
 missing, out of three hundred and thirty-two men engaged. 
 
 In the spring of 1863 the regiment returned on a furlough to 
 Concord. Colonel Marston was appointed brigadier-general, and 
 Edward L. Bailey, colonel of the Second. In May they returned 
 to the front, having received into their ranks the recruits of the 
 Seventeenth, and took part in the battle of Gettysburg, fighting 
 in the Peach Orchard. Of the twenty-four officers and three 
 hundred and thirty men taken into the fight, nineteen had been 
 shot dead, one hundred and thirty-six were wounded, and thirty- 
 eight were missing, dead or wounded on the field or prisoners 
 in the hands of the enemy — three-fifths of the whole number 
 engaged. 
 
 Early in August, 1863, the Second, in a brigade commanded 
 by General Marston, were stationed at Point Lookout to guard 
 a depot for prisoners of war, and remained at that post until the 
 spring of 1864. 
 
 In the latter part of April the regiment joined the army of 
 the Potomac, and took part in the battle of Cold Harbor, losing 
 seventy in killed and wounded. This was the last battle of the 
 original Second, the men who had not re-enlisted soon after de- 
 parting for New Hampshire, where they were mustered out June 
 21, 1864. There remained two hundred and fifty men, veterans 
 and recruits, under command of Captain J. N. Patterson. In 
 the army of the James and in the army of the Potomac for the 
 next year, the Second did good service in battle and siege, and 
 were mustered out in November, 1865. 
 
 To the Second belonged Corporal Thomas E. Barker, after- 
 ward colonel of the Twelfth; Adjutant S. G. Langley, lieuten- ' 
 ant-colonel of the Fourth ; Captain T. A. Barker, lieutenant- 
 colonel of the Fourteenth ; Lieutenant H. B. Titus, colonel of 
 the Ninth ; Captain S. G. Griffin, brevet major-general ; Lieuten- 
 ant A. B. Thompson, captain U. S. army and secretary of 
 state ; Lieutenant W. H. Prescott ; Captain W. O. Sides, the 
 first volunteer of New Hampshire ; Private Orrin N. Head, ad- 
 jutant of the Eighth ; Sergeant Welcome A. Crafts, colonel of 
 
l86l] WAR OF THE REBELLION. 617 
 
 the Fifth ; Private Martin A. Haynes, member of Congress ; 
 Chaplain Henry E. Parker, professor at Dartmouth College. 
 
 Miss Harriet P. Dame attended the regiment as a voluntary 
 hospital nurse. 
 
 General Oilman Marston was very popular as commander of 
 the Second, and as brigade commander. He descended from 
 Thomas Marston, one of the first settlers of Hampton, and was 
 born in Orford, August 20, 181 1. He graduated at Dartmouth 
 College in 1837, and four years later, having been admitted to 
 the bar, lie settled in Exeter. He was frequently elected to the 
 legislature, and in 1859 he was elected a member of Congress. 
 He was re-elected in 1861, and again in 1865. After the war he 
 was frequently elected to the legislature, and "is one of the 
 ablest and most distinguished lawyers of the New Hampshire 
 bar."i 
 
 Joab N. Patterson, a graduate of Dartmouth College, in i860, 
 was appointed colonel of the Second, and brevet brigadier-gen- 
 eral for " bravery in battle, and general good conduct throughout 
 the war." He was never absent from march, drill, or skirmish. 
 After the war he was for many years United States marshal, 
 and made his home in Concord. He was born in Hopkinton, 
 January 20, 1835. 
 
 Nathaniel S. Berry, of Hebron, was elected governor in March, 
 1 861, and was inaugurated the following June. He became 
 chief magistrate at the most trying time in the history of the 
 State. In all he did he was influenced by pure and patriotic 
 motives ; his official acts were characterized with care and pru- 
 dence, and his State papers were brief, clear, and wise. He was 
 re-elected in 1862, and when he retired from office in June, 1863, 
 he carried with him the respect and good wishes of all. During 
 his administration all the regiments except the First were sent to 
 the front. 
 
 Nathaniel S. Berry was born in Bath, Maine, September i, 1796; was 
 brought in childhood to Lisbon, learned the tanner's trade, and settled in 
 Bristol. He was a representative in 182S, 1833, 1834, 1837, and 1854; a State 
 senator in 1835 and 1836; judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1841; 
 judge of Probate in 1856. In 1840 he settled in Hebron. 
 
 ' Marston Genealogy. 
 
6l8 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l86r 
 
 The Third regiment was recruited throughout the State, and 
 was organized at Concord early in August, 1861, and mus- 
 tered into the service the last part of the month. So many 
 volunteers offered that there was a surplus of two hundred, who 
 formed the nucleus of the Fourth. Enoch Q. Fellows, of Sand- 
 wich, was commissioned colonel, John H. Jackson, lieutenant- 
 colonel, and John Bedel, major. The colonel was a graduate of 
 West Point, class of 1844, and a native of Sandwich, where he 
 was born June 20, 1825. At the outbreak of the Rebellion he 
 was a brigadier-general of the State militia. He commanded 
 the Third for about a year. He was afterwards colonel of tlie 
 Ninth, and led that regiment into the battle of Antietam. On 
 account of poor health he was soon after obliged to resign. He 
 is said to have been "one of the most capable ofiScers in the 
 army from New Hampshire " during the war. He was faithful 
 and attentive to duty, and cool and skilful in action. He was 
 in the legislature in 1868 and 1869. 
 
 Colonel John H. Jackson was a native of Portsmouth, born 
 October 20, 18 14. Served through the Mexican war with honor, 
 and was in command of the Third for two years. John Bedel, 
 of Bath, was also a veteran of the Mexican war, a son of Gen- 
 eral Moody Bedel, of the war of 181 2, and grandson of General 
 Timothy Bedel, of the Revolutionary army. He was born July 
 8, 1822, in Indian Stream Territory; was admitted to the bar; 
 was in the legislature in 1868 and 1869, and Democratic candi- 
 date for governor in 1869 and 1870. He died February 26, 1875. 
 The Third left the State early in September, 1861, and took 
 part in the expedition against Port Royal, on the coast of South 
 Carolina. At Plilton Head Island they did garrison duty through 
 the winter. In June, 1862, the regiment was sent to James 
 Island, and on the i6th, at Secessionville, received its first bap- 
 tism in blood. It had previously lost about a fifth of its number 
 by sickness. The regiment went into the fight with twenty-six 
 officers and five hundred and ninety-seven men, of whom one 
 hundred and four were killed and wounded. In October the 
 Third took part in the battle of Pocataligo. In the summer of 
 1863 the Third formed a part of the investing force about 
 
l86l] WAR OF THE REBELLION. 619 
 
 Charleston. At the battle of Morris Island its loss was nine 
 killed and thirty-one wounded ; in the assault on Fort Wagner 
 the regiment lost fifty-five killed, wounded, and missing, Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel John Bedel among the number. For the next six 
 months the Third was occupying trenches on Morris Island^ 
 losing thirty-two killed and wounded. In April, 1864, the Third 
 was engaged in an expedition to Florida, and late in the month 
 joined the army of the James. The next year was one of con- 
 stant battle, skirmish, or march. The regiment was in the 
 battle of Drury's Bluff, the capture of Fort Fisher, the siege of 
 Petersburg, and at taking of Wilmington, N. C. The regiment 
 was mustered out July 20, 1865. 
 
 To the Third belonged Lieutenant-colonel Josiah I. Plimpton, 
 killed at Deep Run, Va. ; Lieutenant-colonel James F. Randlett. 
 Adjutant Elbridge J. Copp, Surgeon Albert A. Moulton, Captaii. 
 Michael T. Donohoe, Captain Richard Ela, killed at Drury's 
 Bluff, and Perry Kittredge, D. A. Brown, J. A. Dadmun, S. F 
 Brown, George L. Lovejoy, Nathan W. Gove, John C. Linehan^ 
 and John W. Odlin, of Concord. 
 
 The Fourth regiment was organized at Manchester, and mus- 
 tered into the service September 18, 1861, and a few days later 
 left the State for Washington. Thomas J. Whipple, of Laconia 
 was commissioned colonel ; Louis Bell, of Farmington, lieu, 
 tenant-colonel ; and Jeremiah D. Drew, of Salem, major. The 
 regiment took part in the expedition against Port Royal, and 
 occupied Hilton Head Island. During the winter the Fourth 
 went to Florida. Colonel Whipple resigned in March, 1862. 
 During the summer of 1862 a part of the P'ourth occupied St. 
 Augustine, and put Fort Marion in good repair. They were 
 relieved by the Seventh, in September, and joined the rest of 
 the regiment at Beaufort, in season to take part in the battle of 
 Pocotaligo, losing three killed and twenty-five wounded. The 
 regiment wintered at Beaufort. In the spring of 1863, the 
 Fourth took part in the unsuccessful attack on Charleston, and 
 in the siege of Fort Wagner, which lasted through the summer. 
 In January, 1864, the Fourth was ordered to Beaufort, and 
 the next month to Jacksonville, Florida, thence back to Beaufort. 
 
620 HISTORY OF NKW IIAMPSIUKE. [1861 
 
 The re-enlisted veterans, to the number of three hundred and 
 eighty-eight, received a furlough of thirty days to revisit New 
 Hampshire under Colonel Bell ; and at the expiration of their 
 leave in April they were joined to the army of the James. 
 Then followed months of severe fighting to crush the Rebellion. 
 At one time only one captain was left for duty in the Fourth, 
 and the brigade was in command of a captain. In the attack on 
 Fort Gilman only forty men could be mustered for the fight. 
 In the successful attack on Fort Fisher Colonel Bell fell mor- 
 tally wounded while leading a brigade ; but the fortress, defended 
 by a superior force of the enemy, was captured. Then came the 
 occupation of Wilmington. The Fourth was mustered out and 
 arrived home August 27, 1865. 
 
 To the Fourth regiment belonged Colonel William Badger, 
 Quartermaster William K. Norton, Lieutenant Henry A. Mann, 
 and Captain Frederick A. Kendall. 
 
 Colonel Thomas J. Whipple was born in Wentworth, January 30, 1816; 
 was educated at New Hampton and at Norwich University, read law, and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1840. lie served in the Mexican war as adjutant 
 of Colonel Franklin Pierce's regiment, and was taken prisoner at Vera Cruz. 
 After resigning from the Fourth he was chosen colonel of the Twelfth. He 
 was a member of the constitutional convention of 1876, and has built up a 
 large law practice. He is an able lawyer and a powerful advocate. 
 
 General Louis Bell, son of Governor Samuel Bell, was born March 8, 1837, 
 graduated at Brown University in 1855, was admitted to the bar in 1857, ""'' 
 settled in Farmington. lie was breveted brigadier-general, January 15, 1S65, 
 the day he was mortally wounded. 
 
 The Fifth regiment was mustered into service in October, 1861, 
 and left Concord the last of the month for the seat of war, under 
 command of Colonel Edward E. Cross, of Lancaster, Lieu- 
 tenant-colonel Samuel G. Langley, of Manchester, and Major 
 William W. Cook, of Derry. Dr. Luther M. Knight, of Franklin, 
 was surgeon, and Rev. Elijah R. Wilkins, chaplain. In April, 
 1 862, the regiment took part in the siege of Yorktown and the 
 advance on Williamsburg ; and early in June fought at Fair 
 Oaks. In the last battle the Fifth lost one hundred and eighty- 
 six killed and wounded, Colonel Cross and Major Cook among 
 the latter. Then followed the Seven Days' Battle in the retreat 
 
l86l] WAR OF THE REBELLION. 621 
 
 to Harrison's Landing, in which the Fifth lost over one hundred 
 officers and men. By the middle of August the regiment num- 
 bered only three hundred and fifty fit for duty. At Antietam, 
 of the three hundred and nineteen officers and men who entered 
 the fight, one hundred and eight were killed and wounded. 
 On that day it won the title of the " Fighting Fifth." During 
 its first year of service the Fifth lost three hundred and thirty- 
 five in killed and wounded, besides sixty-nine who died of 
 <Iisease. In December, 1862, the Fifth was in Hancock's 
 ilivision which charged the enemy at Marye's Heights, opposite 
 Fredericksburg, where Major Sturtevant was mortally wounded. 
 The regiment lost in the charge one hundred and eighty-six 
 officers and men, — victims of a blunder. 
 
 In May, 1863, the Fifth took part in the battle of Chancellors- 
 ville, losing forty officers and men ; and in July was engaged 
 in the battle of Gettysburg, where Colonel Cross, leading a 
 brigade, was mortally wounded. In the three days' battle the 
 Fifth lost four officers and eighty-two men killed and wounded, 
 out of one hundred and sixty-five men who went into the 
 fight. Near the last of July, 1863, the regiment returned to 
 Concord to recruit its shattered ranks. During a stay of nearly 
 three months the Fifth was recruited to the minimum strength ; 
 iuid Charles E. Hapgood, of Amherst, was commissioned colo- 
 nel, Richard E. Cross, of Lancaster, lieutenant-colonel, and 
 James E. Larkin, of Concord, major. Early in November the 
 regiment started for the front, and was brigaded with the Sec- 
 ond and the Twelfth at Point Lookout, under command of Gen- 
 eral Marston. In May, 1864, the Fifth joined the army of the 
 Potomac in its grand campaign from the Rapidan to the James 
 under Grant, and fought at the battle of Cold Harbor, losing 
 two hundred and two officers and men killed and wounded. In 
 the attack on Petersburg, June 16, the Fifth lost thirty 
 officers and men killed and wounded, Colonel Hapgood among 
 the latter. The command of the regiment devolved on Major 
 Larkin. June 17 the regiment lost twenty-nine killed and 
 wounded ; June 18, seven men. The regiment was in action at 
 Deep Run. At Reams Station the Fifth lost thirty-three of its 
 
622 lllSTOKY OK NEW JIAMPSIIIKE. [1861 
 
 number. For months during the summer and fall of 1864 the 
 regiment lay in the trenches before Petersburg and took part 
 in the closing struggle of the Rebellion. The original Fifth 
 was mustered out of service October 12, 1864; the re-enlisted 
 veterans were under command of Major, and later Lieutenant- 
 colonel, Welcome A. Crafts. The regiment marched in the grand 
 review at Washington, and was mustered out of the service of 
 the United States July 8, 1865. 
 
 To the Fifth belonged Major Thomas L. Livermore, Colonel 
 of the Eighteenth ; Lieutenant George W. Ballock ; Ira McL. 
 Barton, Charles H. Long, and Isaac W. Hammond. 
 
 The Fifth lost more in killed and wounded than any other 
 regiment in the Union army. 
 
 Colonel Edward E. Cross was born at Lancaster, April 22, 1832, received a 
 common-school education, and learned the printer's trade. He became a news- 
 paper correspondent and made many journeys into tlie Indian country, lead- 
 ing a life of adventure and peril. At the breaking out of the war he was in 
 command of a military force in Mexico, lie was a man of cool courage, 
 fearless of danger. Colonel Charles E. Ilapgood was born in Shrewsbury, 
 Mass., Dec. 11, 1830. In 1858 he was in trade in Amherst. After the war 
 he went into business in Boston. Major Edward E. Sturtevant was born in 
 Keene, August 7, 1S26, was a printer by trade, and settled at Concord, and 
 was on the police force at the breaking out of the war. 
 
 The Sixth regiment was organized at Keene, and mustered 
 into the service the last of November, 1861. Nelson Converse, 
 of Marlborough, was appointed colonel. Simon G. Griffin, of 
 Keene, lieutenant-colonel, and Charles Scott, of Peterborough, 
 major. O. G. Dort was a captain ; Alonzo Nute, of Farming- 
 ton, was quartermaster; Thomas P. Cheney, of Holderness, a 
 lieutenant. The regiment left the State about Christmas time, 
 and joined General Purnside's expedition into North Carolina. 
 It was engaged in the battle of Camden, in April, 1862, led by 
 Colonel Griffin; Colonel Converse having resigned in March, and 
 Capt. O. G. Dort having been appointed major to fill vacancy 
 caused by promotion. In August the Sixth joined the army of 
 General Pope at Culpeper Court House, and took part in the 
 disastrous campaign which followed. At the second battle of 
 Bull Run, August 29, 1862, the regiment lost thirty-two killed. 
 
l86l] WAR OF THE REBELLION. 62^ 
 
 one hundred and ten wounded, and sixty-eight missing, or nearly 
 one half the number engaged. Nearly all the missing were 
 killed or wounded, and the wounded were all captured. Of 
 twenty officers, five were killed, six wounded, and two captured. 
 The shattered Sixth took part in the battle of Chantilly and in 
 the battle of Antietam. In December the Sixth was in the 
 fight at Fredericksburg. In the spring of 1863, the Sixth was 
 transferred to Kentucky, where in May Colonel Griffin was given 
 command of the brigade which included the Sixth and Ninth, 
 and was sent with his brigade to help General Grant invest 
 Vicksburg. At the battle of Jackson Colonel Griffin com- 
 manded the Ninth corps. In January, 1864, the re-enlisted vet- 
 erans enjoyed a furlough of thirty days in New Hampshire. In 
 March the Sixth, Ninth, and Eleventh were brigaded, and 
 stationed at Annapolis, under command of Colonel Griffin, and in 
 April joined the army of the Potomac under General Grant at 
 the Rapidan. Immediately the brigade was brought into action, 
 and nobly acquitted itself in the battle of the Wilderness. At 
 Spottsylvania the Sixth lost sixty-eight killed and wounded, and 
 Colonel Griffin won his star. Lieutenant-colonel Henry If. 
 Pearson lost his life May 26, 1864; and Phin P. Bixby was pro- 
 moted to the command. The history of the Sixth, and of Gen- 
 eral Griffin's brigade, from this time on to the close of the war is 
 inseparably connected with that of the army of the Potomac. 
 They took part in the battles of North Anna River, Tolopotomy 
 Creek, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Poplar Spring 
 Church, Hatcher's Run, and the final assault on Petersburg. The 
 regiment was mustered out July 17, 1865. 
 
 General Simon G. Griffin was born in Nelson, August 9, 1824. He received 
 a thorough academical education, engaged in teaching, represented Nelson in 
 the legislature two years, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Merri- 
 mack county in the fall of i860. He commanded company B of the Second 
 at the battle of Bull Run. He was commissioned colonel of the Si.xth April 
 22, 1S62. He was commissioned brigadier-genfral May 12, 1864, for judgment 
 displayed at the battle of Spottsylvania. He was breveted major-general for 
 " gallant conduct" at the attack on Petersburg, April 2, 1865, while leading a 
 division. He was mustered out of the service in September, 1S65, and settled 
 in Keene. He represented Keene in the legislature in 1866, 1867, and 1868, 
 being chosen speaker his last two terms. He was nominated for Congress ia 
 1871, and again in 1873, but was defeated. 
 
624 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [186I 
 
 Lieutenant-colonel Henry II. Pearson was a student at Phillips Exeter 
 Academy at the breaking out of the war. He was born in Illinois, February 
 26, 1840. Fired with military and patriotic ardor he volunteered among the 
 first, and afterwards returned to Exeter and raised a company, and joined the 
 Sixth. He was a young man ol commanding figure and manner, kind and 
 attentive to the wants of his men, while his coolness and bravery gained for 
 liim the love and respect of all. 
 
 The Seventh regiment was organized at Manchester in De- 
 cember, 1861. It was raised through the efforts of Adjutant- 
 general Joseph C. Abbott, of Concord, who was appointed lieu- 
 tenant-colonel. The command of the regiment was given to 
 Colonel H. S. Putnam, a native of Cornish, born in 1835, and a 
 graduate of West Point in 1857. Daniel Smith, of Dover, was 
 commissioned major, and Andrew H. Young, quartermaster. 
 The Seventh left the State about the middle of January, 1862, 
 and for the rest of the winter was at Dry Tortugas. In June it 
 was transferred to Port Royal, and some time later to St. Augus- 
 tine. In June, 1863, the regiment took part in the siege of 
 Charleston, and in the assault on Fort Wagner. There they 
 lost, in a brief charge, two hundred and eighteen killed, 
 wounded, and missing ; Colonel Putnam among the former. 
 At the battle of Olustee, Florida, in February, 1864, the regi- 
 ment lost two hundred and nine killed, wounded, and miss- 
 ing. In April the Seventh joined the army of the James, and 
 for the next year participated in the siege of Petersburg and the 
 great battles in that neighborhood, including the capture of Fort 
 Fisher. The regiment was mustered out in June, 1865. At 
 that time there were less than one hundred men of the original 
 force. 
 
 Colonel Abbott was born in Concord, July 15, 1825. After the war he 
 was U. S. senator from North Carolina. Lieutenant Samuel II. Henderson, 
 of Dover, killed at Deep Run, August 16, 1864, was born in December, 
 1833. Grovenor A. Curtice, of Hopkinton, was captain of company D of 
 the Seventh. 
 
 The Eighth regiment was organized at Manchester, and was 
 mustered into the service December 23, 1861, with Hawkes 
 Fearing as colonel, O. W. Lull, of Milford, lieutenant-colonel, 
 Morrill B. Smith, of Concord, major, and Dr. S. G. Dearborn, 
 of Milford, surgeon. In March, 1862, the Eighth joined the 
 
•862] WAR OF THE REBELLION. 62$ 
 
 army of the Gulf, under General B. F. Butler. In May and 
 June, 1863, the Eighth was in the engagement at Port Hudson. 
 In their first assault, out of three hundred engaged, one hundred 
 and twenty-four were killed or wounded. Lieutenant-colonel Lull 
 among the former. In April and May, 1864, the Eighth, 
 mounted, took part in the Red River campaign. In December, 
 the remnant of the regiment who had not re-enlisted passed up 
 the Mississippi river, which they had helped to open, on their 
 way home. 
 
 The re-enlisted veterans, to the number of three hundred 
 and five, remained, the battalion under command of Captain 
 James H. Landers, of Concord, and did duty in the neighbor- 
 hood of Natchez until the collapse of the Rebellion. Among 
 their number was Captain Dana W. King, of Nashua. 
 Colonel Fearing was a merchant of Manchester. 
 Lieutenant-colonel Lull, a native of Weare, was born January 
 14, 1826, studied law, and settled in Milford. 
 
 The Ninth regiment was organized at Concord during the 
 summer of 1862, and left the State near the end of August, 
 under command of Colonel E. Q. Fellows, to join the army of 
 the Potomac. In twenty days they took part in the battles of 
 South Mountain and Antietam, losing ten killed and over one 
 hundred wounded. Lieutenant-colonel Herbert B. Titus among 
 the latter. In December the Ninth was engaged in the disas- 
 trous battle of Fredericksburg, led by Colonel Titus and Lieu- 
 tenant-colonel John W. Babbitt. In 1863 they were in Ken- 
 tucky, and later at Vicksburg, and then in Kentucky and Ten- 
 nessee. In May, 1864, the regiment again joined the army of 
 the' Potomac, fought at Spottsylvania, in the trenches before 
 Petersburg, and in the great military movement which crushed 
 General Lee and his army. It joined in the grand review at 
 Washington, and was mustered out in June, 1865. 
 
 Of the Ninth regiment were Majors George W. Everett and 
 
 George H. Chandler, Adjutants William N. Cook and William 
 
 I. Brown, Quartermaster William Pitt Moses, and Captain L. 
 
 H. Pillsbury and Lieutenant W. S. Pillsbury, of Londonderry. 
 
 The Tenth regiment was organized at Manchester in the 
 
626 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1862 
 
 summer of 1862. It was composed mostly of men of Irish 
 birth or descent, and left for the front under command of Colonel 
 Michael T. Donohoe, Lieutenant-colonel John Coughlin, and 
 Major Jesse F. Angell. It was joined to the army of the Poto- 
 mac. Wm. H. D. Cochran was a first lieutenant. Colonel 
 Donohoe, who was breveted brigadier-general for gallant conduct 
 in the field, was born in Lowell, Mass., November 22, 1838, and 
 was educated at the College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, 
 Mass. For the last two years of the war he was in command of 
 a brigade. The Tenth took part in the battle of Fredericks- 
 burg, in December, 1862. During 1863 the regiment was serving 
 in the neighborhood of Norfolk. In 1864 it joined the army of 
 the Potomac, and took part in the battle of Cold Harbor. Most 
 of its service was with the army of the James. The Tenth 
 showed splendid qualities at the assault on'Fort Harrison. The 
 regiment rendered efficient service to the Union cause, and dis- 
 played coolness and bravery on many a battle-field. It was 
 mustered out in June, 1865. 
 
 The Eleventh regiment was organized at Concord in the sum- 
 mer of 1862, and was mustered into service early in September, 
 under command of Colonel Walter Harriman. Major Moses A. 
 Collins, Adjutant Charles R. Morrison, and Quartermaster 
 James F. Briggs went out with the regiment. It joined the 
 army of the Potomac in time to take part in the battle of 
 Fredericksburg. In 1863 it served in Kentucky, and formed 
 part of the force investing Vicksburg, Mississippi. In the fall 
 the regiment formed a part of the garrison which defended 
 Knoxville. In 1864 the Eleventh was in the battle of the 
 Wilderness, when Colonel Harriman was captured, and Lieu- 
 tenant-colonel Moses N. Collins was killed ; at Spottsylvania ; at 
 Cold Harbor ; in the trenches before Petersburg ; at Hatcher's 
 Run ; and in the final struggle before Richmond and Peters- 
 burg. Colonel Harriman, afterwards governor of New Hamp- 
 shire, was breveted brigadier-general. Leander W. Cogswell 
 was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and Evarts W. Farr, major. 
 The Eleventh was discharged in June, 1865. 
 
 The Twelfth regiment was raised mainly from Belknap and 
 
1862] WAR OF THE REBELLION. 62/ 
 
 Carroll counties in August, 1862, and was entrusted to the 
 command of Colonel Joseph H. Potter, a native of Concord and 
 a graduate of West Point, class of 1843. John F. Marsh was 
 lieutenant-colonel and George D. Savage, major. The regiment 
 left for the front the last of September, and was in the battle of 
 Fredericksburg, as part of the reserve. In May, 1863, it was 
 engaged in the battle of Chancellorsville, and in July was brigaded 
 with the Second at Point Lookout. In 1864 it joined the army 
 of the James and fouglit at Drury's Bluff and Cold Harbor, and 
 formed a part of the line investing Richmond. The Twelfth 
 was mustered out in July, 1865. Colonel Potter was appointed 
 brigadier-general, and Thomas E. Barker, colonel. J. Ware 
 Butterfield went out as captain ; Ira C. Evans as musician. 
 
 The Thirteenth regiment was organized in Concord, in the 
 fall of 1862, and mustered into service near the end of Septem- 
 ber. Aaron F; Stevens was appointed colonel, George Bowers, 
 a veteran of the Mexican war, lieutenant-colonel, and Jacob 
 Storer, major. It went to the front early in October, and took 
 part in the battle of Fredericksburg. In 1863 the regiment 
 served in the neighborhood of Norfolk. In 1864 the Thirteenth 
 was in the attack on the Walthal Railroad, at the battles of 
 Swift Creek, Kingsland Creek, Drury's Bluff, and Cold Har- 
 bor, in the trenches before Petersburg, and in many of the 
 skirmishes and battles of the last year of the war, with the army 
 of the James. It was mustered out of the service in June, 1865. 
 Colonel Stevens was appointed brigadier-general by brevet. In 
 the regiment was Person C. Cheney, afterwards governor of New 
 Hampshire, Mortier L. Morrison, George B. Twitchell, John 
 Sullivan, Jr., Charles B. Gafney, Henry Churchill, Rufus P. 
 Staniels, George Farr, and Oliver M. Sawyer. 
 
 The Fourteenth was the last of the three years' regiments 
 raised in New Hampshire. It was organized at Concord in the 
 fall of 1862. Mustered into service September 24, and left the 
 State for Washington the latter part of October, and for over a 
 year did duty in guarding the city of Washington. In February, 
 1864, the regiment was sent to the department of the Gulf, and 
 served in the neighborhood of New Orleans until midsummer, 
 
628 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. [1862 
 
 when it joined General Sheridan and the army of West Virginia, 
 and fought with him in the valley of the Shenandoah, at Win- 
 chester and elsewhere. In January, 1865, the Fourteenth were 
 ordered to Savannah, Georgia. The regiment was discharged 
 the last of July, 1865. Among the officers of the Fourteenth 
 were Colonels Robert Wilson, Alexander Gardiner, Carroll D. 
 Wright, Theodore A. Ripley, and Tileston A. Barker ; Dr. Wil- 
 liam H. Thayer, John W. Sturtevant, Solon A. Carter, Samuel 
 A. Duncan, and Stark Fellows. 
 
 The Fifteenth regiment, of nine months' men, was organized 
 in Concord in the fall of 1862, and arrived at New Orleans and 
 joined the army late in December. In the summer of 1863 the 
 regiment took part in the assault on Port Hudson and the siege 
 which led to the capture of that stronghold. The regiment was 
 mustered out in August. John W. Kingman, of Durham, was 
 colonel. Among the officers were Lieutenant-colonel Henry 
 W. Blair, and Thomas Cogswell, jr. 
 
 The Sixteenth regiment, of nine months' men, was mustered 
 into the service about the middle of October, 1862, and started 
 for the front in December, with James Pike, colonel, Henry W. 
 Fuller, lieutenant-colonel, and Samuel Davis, Jr., major. Their 
 destination was the department of the Gulf, where on their ar- 
 rival they joined the " Banks expedition," and were present at 
 the fall of Port Hudson. On their return North their route was 
 up the Mississippi river. 
 
 The Seventeenth regiment, of three months' men, was raised 
 in the Third Congressional District, and Henry O. Kent, of 
 Lancaster, was appointed colonel. Seven hundred and ninety- 
 one men were enlisted ; and the regiment assembled in Concord 
 in November, 1862. It received a furlough from December 
 until April, 1863, when upon reassembling it was decided by the 
 authorities to consolidate the Seventeenth with the veteran 
 Second. 
 
 Colonel Henry O. Kent, son of Richard Peabody and Emily 
 Mann (Oakes) Kent, was born in Lancaster, February 7, 1834, 
 graduated at Norwich Military University in 1854, read law, and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1858. Soon after he became editor 
 
41' \ 
 
 ^^^^^^^.^^'^-^JL^ 
 
1863] WAR OF THE REBELLION. 629 
 
 of the Coos Republican. His editorials were strong, vigorous, 
 and earnest ; and liis paper became a power in the councils of 
 his party. After the war, in 1870, he sold his interest in the 
 paper and afterwards devoted himself to banking. In 1857 he 
 was clerk of the House of Representatives, and a member in 
 1862, 1868, and 1869. He was a supporter of Horace Greeley 
 for the presidency, in 1872, and thereafterwards was a member 
 of the Democratic party. He was accorded the Congressional 
 nomination in the Third District in 1875, '^^TT< ^"d 1878. He 
 succeeded Colonel Daniel Hall in the naval office at Boston 
 upon the election of President Cleveland. 
 
 Joseph A. Gilmore received the Republican nomination for 
 governor in 1863, and was elected ; and was re-elected in 1864. 
 He was a man of wonderful activity and energy, pushing to 
 completion any work left to his care. His messages were full of 
 patriotic expressions and suggestions. He promptly furnished all 
 troops demanded bj the War Department, and was untiring in 
 his attention to the soldiers in the field and in the hospitals.' 
 
 J. A. Gilmore was born in Weston, Vermont, in 1811, settled in Concord 
 in early manhood, was engaged in heavy mercantile business, and was super- 
 intendent of the Concord Railroad. He was a member of the State Senate 
 in 1858 and 1859. '"^ ^^^^ April 17, 1867. 
 
 The Eighteenth regiment was raised in the summer of 1864, 
 and went to the front under command of Colonel Thomas L. Liv- 
 ermore. Joseph M. Ciough was lieutenant-colonel, and Wil- 
 liam I. Brown, major. The regiment did good service in the 
 closing campaign of the war, and was mustered out in June and 
 July, 1865. 
 
 The First regiment of New Hampshire Cavalry was raised in 
 the spring of 1864, and did good service for the Union cause. 
 
 The State also sent to the front the First Light Battery, a 
 regiment of Heavy Artillery and several companies of Sharp- 
 shooters, — the latter were in thirty battles, — and several com- 
 panies to the First New England Cavalry. 
 
 During the Rebellion the State sent out 31,426 volunteers: 
 In the First, 765 ; Second, 2645 ; Third, 2013; Fourth, 1749; 
 
 ' O. F. R. Waite's New Hampshire in the Rebellion. 
 
630 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [186$ 
 
 Fifth, 2547; Sixth, 2531 ; Seventh, 1719; Eighth, 1586; Ninth, 
 1820; Tenth, 1293; Eleventh, 1622; Twelfth, 1417; Thirteenth, 
 1227; Fourteenth, 1346; Fifteenth, 876; Sixteenth, 874; Sev. 
 enteenth, 203 ; Eighteenth, 951; New England Cavalry, 419; 
 Light Battery, 163 ; Sharpshooters, 345 ; First Cavalry, 1491 ; 
 Heavy Artillery, 1824. Of these, 1538 were killed or died of 
 -wounds; 2541 died of disease; and 285 were missing in action. 
 1613 re-enlisted. 
 
 The State was honorably represented in the navy during the 
 struggle to suppress the Rebellion. Among those who espe- 
 cially distinguished themselves were Captain George E. Belknap 
 and Captain George Hamilton Perkins.^ The latter, a son of 
 Hon. Hamilton E. Perkins, of Concord, commanded an ironclad 
 monitor in the attack on the defences of Mobile Bay, and op- 
 erated his vessel from a position on top of the turret. 
 
 During the Rebellion the country and the Union cause was 
 served by men of New Hampshire birth who had removed to 
 other States. Among these were Benjamin F. Butler, John A. 
 Dix, William Pitt Fessenden, Salmon P. Chase, Henry Wilson, 
 Horace Greeley, and Edward Henry Durell, beside a multitude 
 of others in less conspicuous positions. 
 
 Hon. E. H. Durell, a Union man, and an eminent lawyer of 
 New Orleans, was appointed by President Lincoln, in 1863, 
 judge of the United States District Court for the eastern district 
 ■of Louisiana. During the occupation of that city by the Union 
 army, he was a friend to all Northern soldiers, especially those 
 from his native State. He resigned his office late in the year 
 1874. Judge Durell was offered the Austrian mission, and the 
 office of governor of Louisiana, both of which he declined ; and 
 was the leading candidate of 'Southern Republicans for the 
 vice-presidency in 1886. He died in Schoharie, N. Y., March 
 29, 1887. 
 
 * George H- Perkins was bom October 20, 1836, was appointed cadet midsbipman in 1851, and was 
 noted through the war for liis coolness and bravery. 
 
 ..>' 
 
7 .?[^W-^ ^. /^< 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 mrSH IN NE W HAMPSHIRE} 
 
 Early Irish Settlers — Soldiers in Indian Wars — At Louisburg — 
 Conquest of Canada — Revolution — Emigration of 1840-60 — Ship 
 Fever — Terrors of the Plague — Hawthorne's Description — 
 Mob in Manchester — Rebellion — Growth of Catholic Church — 
 Bishop Bradley. 
 
 A S the ore can be traced by the outcroppings on the ledges in 
 ■^^ the mountains of Colorado and Nevada, so can the nationality 
 of those sprung from the Emerald Isle be determined from the 
 old Milesian or Scottish names which appear in the Provincial 
 records, almost from the first entry in 1623 down to the out- 
 break of the Revolutionary war in 1775. The terrible condition 
 of affairs in Ireland between 1640 and the final establishment 
 of William of Orange as the ruler of the British Empire in 
 1688, drove thousands away from Ireland. Many were sold, 
 young men and women, during the reign of Cromwell, in the 
 West India Islands and New England, thus losing their religion 
 and nationality. 
 
 On the defeat of James the Second the Irish army was dis- 
 banded, the greater part leaving their country for ever to take 
 service in the Continental countries ; the strength of their arms 
 and the intensity of their hatred towards England being felt on 
 .scores of bloody battlefields for more than a hundred years 
 afterwards. It is not at all unreasonable to believe that many 
 were induced to go to America from a love of adventure, as 
 their names appear on the military rolls of the colony at an 
 early date, doing good work for the settlers, fighting the French 
 
 ' From the pen of Hon. John C. Linehan. 
 
632 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1865 
 
 in the north and the Indians around them. Not only in New 
 Hampshire but in nearly all of the thirteen colonies, and most 
 especially in Pennsylvania, were their services in demand, it 
 being a matter of record that William Penn applied for a con- 
 tingent for the defence of his infant colony. Darby Field, an 
 " Irish soldier for discovery," is undoubtedly entitled to the 
 credit of being the first of his race to step foot on the old Granite 
 State. He was sent here by Captain John Mason, in 163 1, and 
 according to all writers on New Hampshire was the first Euro- 
 pean to ascend the White Mountains, in 1635. From 1641 to 
 1660 there will be found in the Provincial records such names 
 as Duggan, Dermott, Gibbons, Vaughan, Neal, Patrick, Buckley, 
 Kane, Kelly, Brian, Healey, Connor, Murphy, Malone, Corbett, 
 McClary, McMuUen, Pendergast, Keilly, McGowan, McGinnis, 
 and Sullivan. On following up the records, it will be found 
 that many of the names have in the lapse of time been changed, 
 but their identity can easily be established. In a comjiany 
 commanded by Captain John Gilman, in 1710-12, appear the 
 names of Connor, Leary, Driscol, McGowan, Carthy, and 
 Patrick Greing. What is called the "Scotch-Irish" settlement 
 of Londonderry took place in 17 19, but for seventy years before 
 that date those distinctive Irish names are found here and there 
 in the Provincial records. 
 
 In the regiment commanded by Colonel Moore at the capture 
 of Louisburg, Cape Breton, in 1745, the following men served. 
 The names are Celtic, unmistakably, some peculiar to Ireland 
 and Scotland, but the majority to Ireland : — 
 
 Richard Fitzgerald, Roger McMahon, John Welch, Thomas 
 1-eary, Daniel Kelly, Daniel Welch, Patrick Gault, Andrew 
 Logan, James McNeil, John Logan, Thomas Haley, John Foy, 
 John McNeil, James McLaughlan, James McLeneehan, Grace, 
 Foy, Kenny, Malone, Connor, Murphy, Flood, Grififin, McGowan, 
 Moore, Kelly, Farley, Moloney, and McCarthy. Eleven years 
 afterward, in the war which ended in the capture of Canada — 
 "the Old French War" — are enrolled the names of Moore, 
 McDuffy, O'Neal, McClary, Mitchel, Logan, Carthy, Con- 
 nor, Flood, McCormack, Malone, Strafon, Kelly, McMahon, 
 
1865] IRISH IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 633 
 
 Hart, Sweeny, Murphy, Ryan, Moloney, McMahon, Cunning- 
 ham, Mooney, McGowan, Sullivan, Madden, Welch, Molloy, 
 McCarthy, McLaughlan, Connor, McCarrill, Tobin, Clark, Don- 
 nell, McKeon, Driscol, Rowan, McClennen, Connolly, Moylan, 
 Haley, Kennedy, Laney, McConnihie, Broderick, Rankin, 
 Grady, Meroney, McMillan, Ennis, McGee, Moran, Murphy, 
 and Powers. Many of these men bear the distinctive Irish 
 given names of Patrick, Michael, Dennis, Cornelius, and Darby, 
 and all are in appearance " Irish as the hills." 
 
 Bryan MeSweeny, a veteran of the French war, was one of 
 the selectmen of Holderness, in 1773, and Michael Dwyer, in 
 1786; Obadiah Mooney in Canterbury, in 1786, and Jacob 
 Flynn in Duxbury, the same year. In Peterborough, 1786, were 
 the families of McNee, Kenny, and McDonnell ; in Concord, 
 McMillan, Roche, Guinlon, and Shute ; in Bedford, Callahan, 
 Flynn, Murphy, Manahan, O'Neil and McCleary ; in Aliens- 
 town, in 1787, the family of Duggan ; in Rochester, Killey, 
 Lynch, and Patrick Murrey. Hon. Robert Means was born in 
 Ireland and came to Amherst in 1764. 
 
 Antrim's first settler was Philip Roiley, 1774; and two of the 
 most eminent citizens in its early days were Maurice Lynch and 
 Tobias Butler, both natives of Ireland. Stephen and Dennis 
 Pendergast were among the Barnstead settlers, in 1788; and in 
 Durham, 1749, the Sullivan family appear often. John, James, 
 Humprey, Valentine, Ebenezer, and their descendants, have been 
 among the first in New England. With these were the nqmes of 
 Driscol, Furness, Cogan, Pendergast, Ryan, and Welch. Fitz- 
 geralds appear in the Boscawen town records in 1757, and 
 Callahan in 1783. Carrigain in Concord, and Kelly and Mc- 
 Gowan in Brentwood, kept up the connection ; and Dorchester 
 furnishes a Darby Kelly and McClanathan ; Cocheco, a Connor, 
 Kelly, and Hern; Exeter, Roger Kelly and Cornelius Lary. 
 Dublin was first settled by Thomas Morse, John Alexander, 
 Henry Strongman, and William Scott, natives of Ireland. 
 Epsom and the McClarys are inseparable in colonial and State 
 records. In Francestown, 1772, Thomas, John, William, and 
 Thomas Qnigley, jr., represented one of the best old Irish 
 
634 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1865 
 
 families ; and in Gilmanton were Magoon, Malone, Mooney, 
 Casey, and Connor. In Goffstown one of the great Irish clans 
 had a representative in John O'Neil, in 1783, and Richard 
 Coughlan represented another in Chesterfield, in 1777. In 
 Holderness was quite a collection of Celts in 1789 — llogan, 
 Mooney, Dwyer, Connor and McSweeny ; in Hopkinton, Connor 
 and McLaughlan ; in Nottingham, Thomas Barry ; and in 
 Londonderry, among the names of others, are those of Donahoe, 
 O'Neil, Donavan, Kelly, Callahan, Murphy, McLaughlan, and 
 Haley ; in Merrimack, McConihie, McCormick, and Griffin ; 
 in Dunstable, 1762, Donallyand Lonergan; in New Boston, 1775, 
 McLaughlan, Rowan, Donavan, Quigley, Butler, and McGinnis ; 
 in New Castle, Malone, Neal, and Shannon ; in Newmarket, 
 Fitzgerald, Malone, and Driscol. There is no doubt but 
 that Irish blood was well mixed with that of the English set- 
 tlers in New Hampshire previous to the Revolution; and that 
 contest proved there was no deterioration from the intermixture ; 
 for the names of Sullivan and Stark will go down to posterity 
 beside those of Poor and Cilley, as gallant defenders of the 
 liberties of the people of the States. One illustration will prove 
 the presence of those of Irish blood here before the Revolution. 
 The expedition against the Six Nations, in 1777, was under the 
 command of Major-general John Sullivan, the son of Irish parents. 
 The division was made up of three brigades; and two of the bri- 
 gade commanders, Generals William Maxwell and Edward Hand, 
 were natives of Ireland ; and at least two of the regimental com- 
 manders, ColonelWilliam Butler and Colonel Thomas Proctor, were 
 from the same country. Of the part taken by the Irish in New 
 Hampshire in the struggle for independence, her rolls of the 
 killed and wounded bear witness, from Bunker Hill to Yorktown. 
 The Mac's and the O's were generally in the thickest of the 
 fray, and their record in the new world for bravery and deter- 
 mination equalled their best efforts in Europe. 
 
 The outbreak of the French Revolution, the long wars that 
 followed, ending only at Waterloo, and the brief period of pros- 
 perity that resulted from that contest to the people of Ireland, 
 in an increased demand for her agricultural products at an. 
 
1865] IRISH IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 635 
 
 enhanced value, checked for the time being the tide of emigra- 
 tion from that country. 
 
 For the first time for centuries the people there had a compara- 
 tive peace. No outbreak had taken place since the rebellion of 
 1 798. The population of the country had rapidly increased, so that 
 in 1840 it was over eight millions of souls. Up to this year very 
 few of the Irish people had sailed for America since the year 
 1800; scarcely any lo New England. The result was that when 
 the dreadful famine broke out between 1840 and 1850, and 
 the exodus to America began, the Irish people were strangers 
 to those of their kindred in New Hampshire whose ancestors had 
 left Ireland more than a century before. And to add to the feel- 
 ing of estrangement, the difference in religion made itself felt, as 
 the great bulk of the new emigrants were Catholics. 
 
 The outlook then for the poor Irish Catholic, whom poverty 
 or misfortune had driven to the United States during the period 
 between 1835 and 1855, was anything but pleasing, especially 
 in New England ; while the fearful stories told of the dreadful 
 scenes on shipboard, the deaths from the famine fever, and the 
 consequent fear of infection, made their presence both undesir- 
 able and unwelcome. The native American riots in Philadelphia 
 and New York ; the burning of the convent in Charlestown, 
 Mass. ; the blood-curdling stories circulated by Maria Monk ; 
 and the brutal and false harangues of the apostate priests — 
 Hogan, Chiniquy, and Gavazzi, — aided by the insensate ravings 
 of the fanatic madman, the " Angel Gabriel," influenced public 
 sentiment, which had already been deeply prejudiced against 
 anything Catholic by early teachings, strengthened by the liter- 
 ature of the day. What the Irish Catholics suffered in those sad 
 days the present generation can form no conception of. Starv- 
 ing and dying at home, those, who were fortunate enough to 
 have the means, left their native land in despair; and, turning 
 their faces to the west, resolved to seek their fortunes in America, 
 where they could earn an honest livelihood, and give their fami- 
 lies a decent maintenance. The emigration first inclined towards 
 Canada, from whence it overflowed into the States. It was but 
 natural that the terrible disease which they brought across the 
 
636 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1865 
 
 ocean with them inspired terror and deepened the prejudice, 
 already strong enough, against them, although their sufferings 
 and misery appealed strongly to the best sympathies of the 
 human heart. The first of the fever-smitten ships to enter the 
 St. Lawrence was the "Urania" from Cork, with several hun- 
 dred emigrants, a large proportion of them sick and dying from 
 the awful plague, on May 8, 1847 ; and before the first week of 
 June following eighty-four ships of various tonnage were quar- 
 antined at Grosse Island, Quebec, not one of which was free from 
 the taint of malignant typhus, the offspring of famine and of 
 the foul ship-hold. This fleet of vessels literally reeked with 
 l^estilence. All sailing vessels, the merciful speed of the well- 
 appointed steamer being unknown to the emigrants of those 
 days, — a tolerably quick passage lasted from six to eight weeks, 
 while passages of ten or twelve weeks, and even a longer time, 
 were not considered at all extraordinary at a period when craft 
 of every kind the most unsuited, as well as the least sea- 
 worthy, were pressed into the service of human deportation. 
 Who can imagine the horrors of even the shortest passage in 
 an emigrant ship crowded beyond its utmost capacity of stowage 
 with unhappy beings of all ages, with fever raging in their 
 midst. Under the most favorable circumstances it is impossible 
 to maintain perfect purity of atmosphere between decks, even 
 when ports are open and every device is adopted to secure the 
 greatest amount of ventilation. But a crowded emigrant ship 
 of forty years since, with fever aboard! — the crew sullen or brutal 
 from very desperation, or paralysed from terror of the plague ; 
 the miserable passengers unable to help themselves, or afford 
 the least relief to each other ; one-fourth or one-third or one- 
 half of the entire number in different stages of the disease ; 
 many dying, some dead ; the fatal poison intensified by the in- 
 describable foulness of the air breathed and rebreathed by the 
 gasping sufferers ; the wails of children, the ravings of the 
 delirious, the cries and groans of those in mortal agony ! Of 
 the eighty-four vessels anchored at Grosse Isle, in the summer 
 of 1847, there was not a single one to which this description 
 might not rightly apply. Sheds were built for the unfortunate 
 
1 86s] IRISH IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 637 
 
 people, sick and dying ; and round their walls lay groups of half- 
 naked men, women, and children. Hundreds were literally 
 flung on the beach, left amid the mud and stones to crawl on the 
 dry land how they could. A priest who was an eye-witness of 
 these distressing scenes said he had seen, one day, thirty-seven 
 people lying on the beach, crawling on the mud and dying like 
 fish out of water. Many of these, and many more besides, 
 gasped out their last breath on that fatal shore, not able to drag 
 themselves from the slime in which they lay. 
 
 The mortality was frightful, and on that barren isle the dust 
 of more than twelve thousand human beings, the victims of 
 famine and plague, mingle with the soil of the " Ijnd of promise." 
 Of this number full five thousand were simply described as un- 
 known. Several priests — a few Irish, the majority French Can- 
 adian — caught the infection, and out of twenty-five who were 
 attacked seven paid with their lives the penalty of their devo- 
 tion. Not a few were professors in colleges, but at the appeal 
 of the archbishop they left their classes and their studies for 
 the horrors and perils of the fever sheds. This deplorable havoc 
 of human life left hundreds of orphans dependent on the charity 
 of the public ; and nobly did the French Canadians respond to 
 the unconscious appeal of this multitude of little ones. From 
 the loss of the parents it was hard to determine the relationship 
 between the unfortunate waifs. It was only by patiently observ- 
 ing the little creatures when they found strength to play, and 
 one infant ran to meet another, or caught its hand, or smiled at 
 it, or kissed it, or showed pleasure in its society, that a clue was 
 found, and many children of the same parents thus preserved ; 
 but many more were separated forever, and both name and iden- 
 tity lost. Thousands were in this way adopted and brought up 
 by their kind protectors, but lost to their tongue and name. 
 Sunday after Sunday, as the children got well enough, they were 
 •exposed at the churches after mass by the good priests, who made 
 touching appeals to those who could provide them with homes ; 
 and these appeals were not in vain, for all found shelter and pro- 
 tection from the kind-hearted French farmers. But it was not 
 alone at Quebec that such dreadful scenes were witnessed, as 
 
638 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. [1865 
 
 Montreal, farther up the river, had their counterpart — over six 
 thousand dying at the east bank of the river, at a point not far 
 from the terminus of the Victoria Bridge. As at Quebec, the 
 priests and nuns were unwearied in their care of the afflicted, 
 and thirteen out of thirty of the Grey nuns who wei^e stricken 
 gave their lives a sacrifice for the poor and lowly. With one 
 exception, every priest in the city was down with the plague, and 
 eight of them went to their graves. From Bishop Bourget down 
 to the lowest secular priest all were equally exposed, and faced 
 death to relieve the wants of those unable to help themselves. 
 Among the first to fall a victim was Father Richards, a venerable 
 man long past the time of active service. 
 
 A convert from Methodism in early life, he had specially 
 devoted himself to the Irish, who were then but a very small 
 portion of the population. 
 
 Not only did he mainly provide for the safety of the hundreds 
 of orphan children, but, in spite of his great age, he labored in 
 the fever sheds with a zeal which could not be excelled. " Father 
 Richards wants fresh straw for the beds;" said a messenger to 
 the mayor. " Certainly he shall have it. I wish it was gold, 
 for his sake ; " said the mayor. A few days after the Protestant 
 mayor and Catholic priest were martyrs of charity. 
 
 Only a few days before stricken down, Father Richards 
 preached on Sunday in St. -Patrick's, and those who heard him 
 on that occasion never forgot the venerable appearance and im- 
 pressive words of that noble servant of God. Addressing a 
 hushed and sorrow-stricken audience, as the tears rolled down 
 his aged cheeks, he thus spoke of the faith and sufferings of the 
 Irish : — 
 
 " Oh my beloved brethren, grieve not, I beseech you, for the 
 sufferings and death of so many of your race, perchance your 
 kindred, who have fallen, and are still to fall, victims to this 
 dreadful pestilence. Their patience, their faith, have edified all 
 whose privilege it was to witness if. Their faith, their resigna- 
 tion to the will of God under such unprecedented misery, is 
 something so extraordinary that, to realize it, it requires to be 
 seen. Oh my brethren, grieve not for them ; they did but pass 
 
186S] IRISH IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. " 6^g 
 
 from earth to the glory of heaven. True, they were cast in 
 heaps into the earth, their place of sepulture marked by no name 
 or epitaph ; but I tell you, my clearly beloved brethren, that from 
 their ashes will spring up the faith along the St. Lawrence, for 
 they died martyrs, as they lived confessors, to the faith." How 
 prophetic the words of this good man were, the innumerable 
 spires, surmounted by the cross, from the St. Lawrence to the' 
 Golden Gate, bear witness. There, as at Quebec, the orphan chil-' 
 dren were provided with homes among the generous Canadians 
 and their own loving kindred, the Irish of Montreal. For years 
 no stone or epitaph marked the last resting-place of the bodies 
 of those who left their native land with such high hope of the 
 future ; and it remained for the workmen who built the Victoria 
 Ikidge, most of them Englishmen, to place a memorial there of 
 the sad event. In the centre of a railed-in spot of land at 
 Point St. Charles, within a hundred yards of the bridge, there 
 is a huge boulder taken from the bed of the river and placed 
 on a platform of roughly hewn stone, and on it there is this 
 inscription : — 
 
 TO 
 
 PRESERVE FROM DESECRATION 
 
 THE REMAINS OF SIX THOUSAND EMIGRANTS, 
 
 WHO DIED OF SHIP-FEVER 
 
 A. D. 1847-3, 
 
 THIS STONE IS ERECTED BY THE 
 
 WORKMEN OF MESSRS. PETO, BRASSY, AND BETTS, 
 
 EMPLOYED IN THE 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF THE VICTORIA BRIDGE, 
 
 A. D. 1859. 
 
 In the little church of the Bon Secour, familiar to all visitors 
 to Montreal, can be seen among the many votive offerings a me- 
 morial picture, representing, with all the painter's art, the horrors 
 and the glories of the fever shed, — the dying Irish strong in 
 their faith, the ministering sisters shedding peace on the pillow 
 of suffering, the holy bishop affording the last consolations of 
 religion to those to whom the world was as nothing ; but in its 
 terrible significance the rude monument by the mighty river's 
 side is far more impressive. 
 
640 . HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l86S 
 
 But the suffering did not cease here, but continued still up the 
 river, which must for that reason be ever memorable in the 
 annals of the Irish Catholic exodus of 1847-8. In the grounds 
 of the General Hospital at Kingston rests all that was mortal of 
 1900 emigrants who were in their sufferings tenderly attended 
 to by Protestant as well as Catholic ; the Protestant mayor and 
 aldermen working side by side with the good sisters and priests. 
 The same scenes of suffering and death were to be witnessed in 
 Toronto. Sheds were constructed, and hearses and dead-carts 
 were in hourly requisition. The panic was universal, but the 
 humane and high-spirited of all denominations did their duty 
 manfully. The priests were ceaselessly at work, with the usual 
 result — the sacrifice of several of their number. 
 
 The greatest loss was that of the bishop, Dr. Power, a man 
 venerable in years, a native of Ireland. He was implored not 
 to go to the sheds and expose himself, but he replied, " My good 
 priests are down in sickness, and the duty devolves on me." 
 Rarely if ever has a larger funeral procession been seen in 
 Toronto, and never has there been a more universal manifestation 
 of sorrow than was witnessed on that mournful occasion. Every 
 place of business in the city was closed, and Protestant vied 
 with Catholic in doing honor to the memory of a holy and brave- 
 hearted prelate. The city of St. John, New Brunswick, was 
 the scene of a similar horror, and destruction of human life. 
 Wherever an emigrant ship touched the shores of the British 
 Provinces, or sailed into their rivers, there the same awful 
 loss of life was recorded. A full description of those terrible 
 days is given in Maguire's " Irish in America," from which the 
 foregoing is condensed ; and how the appearance of the unfor- 
 tunate people, who swarmed over the line into the States, struck 
 the average American, has been told by Nathaniel Hawthorne, 
 in his sketch of an " Inland Port :" — " Nothing struck me more in 
 Burlington than the great number of Irish emigrants. They 
 have filled the British Provinces to the brim, and still continue 
 to ascend the St. Lawrence in infinite tribes, overflowing by 
 every outlet into the States. At Burlington they swarm in huts 
 and mean dwellings near the lake, lounge about the wharves, and 
 
1 86s] IRISH IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 64I 
 
 elbow the native citizens out of competition in their own line. 
 Every species of mere bodily labor is the prerogative of these 
 Irish. Such is their multitude in comparison with any possible 
 demand for their services, that it is difficult to conceive how a 
 third part of them should earn even a daily glass of whiskey, 
 which is doubtless their first necessary of life — daily bread being 
 only the second. Some were angling in the lake, but had caught 
 only a few perches, which little fishes, without a miracle, would 
 be nothing among so many. A miracle there certainly must have 
 been, and a daily one, for the sustenance of these wandering 
 hordes. The men]exhibit a lazy strength and careless merriment, 
 as if they had fed well hitherto, and meant to feed better here- 
 after. The women strode about, uncovered in the open air, with 
 far plumper waists and brawnier limbs, as well as bolder faces, 
 than our shy and slender females. And their progeny, which was 
 innumerable, had the reddest and roundest cheeks of any child- 
 ren in America." 
 
 Not very kindly or sympathetic the remarks of the genial 
 Hawthorne, but they are illustrative of the sentiments of the 
 natives to the manor born in those days. The most extravagant 
 stories were told and believed, and many people would go quite 
 a distance to see the Irish. One woman, when a yoUng girl, 
 told the writer that, in company with a female friend, she 
 walked six miles to the terminus of a railroad then being con- 
 structed to see an Irishman, and was surprised as well as disap- 
 pointed to find that they looked just like other men. Their first 
 employment was on the railroads, in the canals, and in every 
 place where their muscles could be used to the best advantage. 
 Wherever hard labor was required in the ditch, the cut, the 
 mines, laying track, building roads, shovelling, and spike driving, 
 the services of the Irish were in demand. Very often the work 
 was of the hardest description, the hours long, and the pay small ; 
 but severe as the labor was, and long as the days were, and small 
 as the wages might be, their wit or humor never left them ; and 
 the loved ones in the "Old Art " were not neglected when pay-, 
 day came around. Of the sacrifices made by those faithful 
 pioneers, God alone knows. Day and night their thoughts were 
 
642 HISTORY OF NEW IlAMl'SIIIKK. ['865 
 
 constantly with the dear ones at home ; and the aim of all was to 
 work and save enough to bring them across that ocean which 
 furnished graves for so many thousands. The experience of one 
 was that of all. A native of Cork who came over in 1847 made 
 his home in New Hampshire. He left behind him a wife and 
 five children, the oldest but eleven years of age. For two long, 
 long years he toiled unceasingly to save a sum sufficient to pay 
 the expense of their passage, and in the meantime sent money 
 regularly each quarter to provide them with the necessaries of 
 life ; but the happy hour finally arrived, when, after a long and 
 tempestuous voyage of over six weeks, the loved ones were 
 once more united, to begin anew the battle of life on the west- 
 ern shores of the Atlantic. He located in a village in the 
 central part of the State, with none of his own nationality less 
 than twelve miles on either side of him, — no church, the nearest 
 at Lowell, seventy-five miles south. Here he resided four years, 
 in a small community, all American and Protestant, but good 
 kind neighbors, and friendly to the most extreme degree. 
 
 But if the church and the priest were not present, the faith 
 was kept alive. The prayers at mass were read regularly every 
 Sunday, and the rosary recited during Lent and Advent. That 
 good friend of the race. The Boston Pilot — God bless it and 
 Patrick Donahoe for the good it has done — was a weekly visitor ; 
 and after a time the priest made an occasional call to baptize the 
 children, and give their elders an opportunity to go to their duty. 
 
 His life's work is about done, but he has seen grow up around 
 him a community free from the intolerance and prejudice which 
 met him forty years ago ; and this change was brought about by 
 the honest industry which has made the good Irish Catholic 
 respected wherever he cast his lot. The cities of New Hamp- 
 shire have now magnificent Catholic churches, where in his day 
 there were none ; and it is a very small village where there are 
 any manufacturing interests that the little chapel surmounted 
 with a cross, humble it may be, cannot now be found. One of his 
 sons is a respected priest in the church of which he has all his 
 life been a devoted adherent. Another is an honored citizen of 
 the State, and a grand-daughter is one of the order of the Sisters 
 
1865] IRISH IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 643 
 
 of Mercy. So that in his own life he but illustrates the expe- 
 rience of others, not only in the State, but in the nation. 
 
 The period between 1850 and the outbreak of the Rebellion 
 was one of trouble and sorrow for the poor Irish emigrants. 
 Riots broke out ih Baltimore, New Orleans, and Louisville, 
 Kentucky ; but it is to the credit of the American people that, 
 in the main, the outbreaks were the result of the inflammable 
 iiarangues of men like those mentioned. The loyalty even of the 
 newcomers was doubted; and in the State of Massachusetts half 
 a dozen military companies, composed of men of Irish birth or 
 origin, were disbanded on the ground that they could not be 
 trusted with arms in their hands. The excitement all over New 
 England was intense. A priest in Maine was tarred and feath- 
 ered, from the effect of which he never recovered. The Catholic 
 church in Manchester was attacked by a mob on the 4th of July, 
 185s, — the priest having to flee for his life. Thirty years later, 
 at his death in 1885, a mark of respect was paid to his memory 
 by the citizens of Manchester, that showed how completely pub- 
 lic sentiment had changed. On the day of his, funeral all of the 
 mills were shut down, and all of the stores closed, during the hours 
 of service ; and this was sincere ; for no man in the city was more 
 respected by Catholic and Protestant alike than the saintly 
 Father McDonald, whose whole life had been devoted unself- 
 ishly to the service of God. But the time was rapidly approach- 
 ing when the loyalty of the Irish Catholic was to be tried ; and 
 nobly he stood the test, as the record of the State proves in the 
 eventful period from 1861 to 1865. The first call for troops in 
 April, 1 861, to repel the threatened ^invasion of Washington, and 
 the second for 3CX),ooo more to save the Union, found the Irish 
 Catholics of New Hampshire as eager to enroll themselves in 
 the ranks of the volunteers, as those who were born here of the 
 old stock and of a different creed : and from the first conflict at 
 Bull Run, in July, 1861, down to the end at Appomatox, in 1865, 
 the men of New Hampshire shed their blood freely for the res- 
 toration of the Union. Under the old flag they all loved, they 
 forgot the differences of creed and nationality; and in the fires of 
 many battlefields were welded ties of love and friendship that 
 
644 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1865. 
 
 fanaticism can never sever. Not a muster roll of a company, 
 battery, or regiment, not a soldier's monument, rearing its column 
 to the sky, not a tablet or monument in public square or ceme- 
 tery, inscribed in memory of New Hampshire's soldier dead, 
 but will be found engraved with the names of many men or boys 
 of Irish birth or lineage, who gave all that was dear for the land 
 they loved. 
 
 In the Third regiment, company C, Captain, M. T. Donahoe, 
 were one hundred of the old race, and scattered through the 
 other companies of the regiment were more than double that 
 number. Company G, Captain M. O. Flynn, of the Fourth, 
 were of the same stock. Two companies in the Eighth, under 
 Captains Connelly and Healey, and nearly one full regiment, 
 the Tenth, Colonel Michael T. Donahoe, proved the loyalty of 
 the Irish to their adopted country. Not a regimental organiza- 
 tion that left the State, from the First to the Eighteenth, the 
 cavalry, light battery, and the United States navy and marine 
 corps, but what had representatives of the race in their ranks ; 
 and it can be said to their eternal honor that the great majority 
 of them, or of those in the regiments named, volunteered be- 
 fore the government offered bounties as an inducement to enlist. 
 During their four years of service, either in camp, on the march, 
 on the battlefield, on picket, in the hospital, or in the prison pen, 
 the question of nationality or creed was never touched upon ; the 
 blue jacket made Americans of them, and the question of loyalty 
 was then and there forever settled. The children of the men who 
 toiled on the railroad, and who served in building, hewing, cutting, 
 digging, and trenching, thirty and forty years ago, are to-day 
 many of them skilled mechanics, business and professional men, 
 and making their mark in the State. The great body of them 
 are honest, industrious, law-abiding people, willing to earn an 
 honorable living, pay their just obligations, and live in peace 
 with their neighbors. Their clergymen are beloved by their 
 parishioners, and esteemed by their fellow citizens generally. 
 The present generation, nor the one following, cannot forget 
 the labors of Father McDonald in Manchester, Father O'Donnell 
 in Nashua, Father Murphy in Dover, and Father Barry in Concord. 
 
I86S] IRISH IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 645 
 
 The first two have gone to reap the reward of their labors ; the 
 last two still remain, loved and honored by all who know them ;^ 
 and in the State the church is presided over by a prelate^ whose 
 genial presence and loving devotion to the spiritual interests of 
 his flock are a benison to all with whom he comes in contact. 
 Realizing, then, the full significance of the events of the past 
 forty-eight years, the American in New Hampshire of Irish 
 birth or origin cfin in a few years pass between the gates of the 
 old and new centuries, conscious that he has fulfilled the duties 
 of the one, and stands ready to assume the responsibilities of 
 the other. 
 
 * Rev. Michael Lucey, of Exeter, died in 1873, aged nearly 67 years; and Rev. Father Drummond,. 
 of Dover, died in 1883, aged 75 years : both full of years and honors. To them is much credit due 
 for the growth of the Catholic church in New Hampshire. 
 
 ' Right Reverend Dennis M. Bradley, bishop of Manchester, was born in 
 Castle Island, County Kerry, Ireland, February 25, 1846. His father died in 
 1853, and his mother, with six children, came to America the following year 
 and settled in Manchester. He graduated at the College of the Holy Cross, 
 at Worcester, Mass., in 1867 ; studied theology at St. Joseph's Provincial 
 Theological Seminary, at Troy, N. Y. ; was ordained in June, 1871; and for 
 nine years was with Bishop Bacon and Bishop Healy, at Portland. In iSSo- 
 he was chosen pastor of St. Joseph's church, Manchester. June 11, 1884, he 
 was con.secrated first bishop of the new see of Manchester (New Hampshire 
 having been created a diocese), being at the time the youngest bishop of the 
 Roman Catholic Church in the United States. In 1888 Bishop Bradley had 
 under his jurisdiction about eighty-five thousand Catholics under the spiritual 
 rare of fifty-six priests, forty-four churches, aside from two building, thirty- 
 four parochial schools — seventeen for boys, and seventeen for girls, only four 
 of each conducted by lay teachers — four academies for girls, four orphan 
 asylums, one hospital, one home for aged women, and a Catholic high school 
 at Manchester under the care of six " Christian Brothers." 
 
 St. Joseph's Cathedral and the episcopal residence at Manchester cost over 
 
 $125, OCX). 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 SINCE THE REBELLION, 1865-1888. 
 
 Fkedkrick Smyth — Sylvester Marsh — Provincial Papers — Rev. Dr. 
 BouTON— Walter Harriman — Public Instruction — Academies and 
 High Schools — John B. Clark — J. C. Moore — People — Newspa- 
 pers — Onslow Stearns — James A. Weston — Bishop Baker — E. 
 A. Straw — Asa Fowler— J. E. Sargent — Charles H. Burns — 
 P. C. Cheney — Phillips Exeter Academy — Constitutional Con- 
 vention — B. F. Prescott — J. F. Briggs — White Mountains — 
 Natt Head— Charles H. Bell — Frank Jones — Ossian Ray — S. 
 W.Hale — C. H. Bartlett — J. H. Gallinger— Moody Currier — 
 C II. Sawyer — Jonathan Sawyer — Joseph Wentworth — Jonathan 
 
 KiTTREDGE — W. E. CHANDLER — HARRY BiNGHAM — RAILROADS — 
 
 Summer Resorts — Manufacturing. 
 
 TN the Republican convention of January, 1865, Frederick 
 Smyth, of Manchester, received two-thirds of an informal 
 ballot, which was then made unanimous by acclamation. 
 
 ' Frederick Smyth was born in Candia in 1819, and in early manhood was in 
 lusiness in Manchester. He soon became interested in municipal affairs, and 
 -was twice elected city clerk. His manifest efficiency in city affairs, and the 
 thoroughness with which he mastered every detail, suggested his fitness for 
 -mayor, and he was accordingly nominated and elected to that office in March, 
 1852. He was re-elected for two successive years thereafter, and again at a 
 time of peculiar importance in municipal affairs in 1864. A distinguishing 
 mark of his first year's administration will ever remain in the trees which adorn 
 the parks and streets of Manchester. In July and in Octoberof Mayor Smyth's 
 first year, the Whig party lost its two great leaders, — Henry Clay and Daniel 
 Webster, — and the attention of the citizens was called to some fitting expres- 
 sion of feeling in both cases by a brief message from the mayor. His first 
 election was by Whig votes over the opposition of Democrats and Free-Soilers ; 
 his second by Whig and Free-Soil votes; his third with very little oppo- 
 sition, and his fourth with virtually none at all. During his second year the 
 
 > F. B. Eaton. 
 
^//X'^.::^^^^/^ 
 
1 86s] SINCE THE REBELLION. 647 
 
 Amoskeag Falls biidgewas rebuilt, and parts of Goffstown and Bedford were 
 annexed to the city. The most honorable monument, however, which will 
 stand to his name is the part he took in the foundation of a free public library. 
 In 1855 he was appointed by Governor Metcalf and council, chairman of 
 commissioners to locate and build a House of Reformation for juvenile offenders. 
 It was dedicated in 1858. In the year 1857 and 1858 Mr. Smyth was a mem- 
 ber of the State legislature, and was also made treasurer of the Reform school. 
 In the convention which nominated Ichabod Goodwin, in 1859, he stood fourth 
 on the list of candidates. In 1860 he was president of the State Republican 
 Convention, and was soon after appointed by Secretary Chase one of the 
 agents to obtain subscriptions to the national loan. In i86i he was appointed 
 as one of the agents on the part of the United States to the International 
 Exhibition at London, where Her Majesty's commissioners made him ajuror. 
 Early in the war of the Rebellion he was cashier and principal financial 
 manager of the Merrimack River Bank, and also of the Merrimack River 
 Savings Bank. His faith in the government led him to invest largely in 
 bonds and to accept the charter for the bank of discount, which thenceforth 
 became the First National Bank of Manchester. At that time few men or 
 banks cared to follow his example, but the event justified his sagacity. 
 
 ^ He was elected by a majority of over six thousand, the largest 
 majority given to any governor for twenty-four years. He 
 entered upon no easy task. The State was beginning to feel 
 severely the stress of the time. Gradually a great debt had 
 accumulated. Regiment after regiment had been promptly 
 equipped and sent into the field, and the banks had advanced 
 money quite to the extent of their courage, and nearly to that of 
 their ability. In the open market were met the gold bonds of 
 the government, free from taxes. The same trouble pulsed 
 through all the arteries of the body politic ; and the people of a 
 State always careful and conservative in all its expenditures beheld 
 with something like dismay this mountain of obligation swollen 
 into millions. It was almost impossible to get money for current 
 expenses. A previous legislature had authorized the issue of 
 three and one-half millions of six per cent. State bonds, payable 
 in currency, only ^424,000 of which had been taken. Governor 
 Smyth, in his first message, recommended the issue of bonds 
 better calculated to meet the exigencies of the case, and that 
 current expenses be provided for by taxation. As a matter of 
 interest to capitalists, he took care to set forth the resources of 
 the State, its prudent habit in expenditures, and the hostility to 
 
 • F. B. Eaton. 
 
648 HISTORY OF NKW HAMPSHIRE. [1865 
 
 repudiation in every form which our people had inherited from 
 a frugal, patriotic, and God-fearing ancestry. "We must," he 
 said, "now observe the most rigid economy in expenditure, and 
 bring the expenses to a peace basis as soon as possible. Our 
 people are naturally economical, and hold sacred all pecuniary 
 obligations." He compared, in a very effective manner, the 
 agricultural products of a State which had hitherto borne the 
 reputation of producing only men, with those of some of the 
 more fertile members of the Union, to our decided advantage. 
 He called to mind the unrivalled water-power with its present 
 and prospective improvement, and urged that attention to the 
 latent wealth of the State which due regard to our prosperity 
 demanded. 
 
 In the first three months of his administration he raised over 
 one million of dollars on favorable terms, a large amount of which 
 was obtained in Manchester. From that time forward the financial 
 affairs of the State received the most scrupulous attention. In 
 the haste and waste of war, unavoidable confusion at times arose 
 in accounts between the several States and the general govern- 
 ment, and it was not only then impossible to pay our debts, but 
 equally so to get our dues. Governor Smyth's large acquaintance 
 with men gave him influence at headquarters, and he suffered 
 no opportunity to pass to advocate the claims of his State. 
 
 At the close of the war, Governor Smyth found the suspended 
 and disallowed accounts of the State against the general govern- 
 ment of over one million of dollars. These disallowances and 
 suspensions were mainly in the expenditures growing out of 
 earlier military operations previous to his accession to office. 
 Governor Smyth did not busy himself to fix charges of petty 
 larceny against one officer, or of wholesale robbery against 
 others. He did not assume that every man who was charged 
 with fitting out the first regiment sent from the State had stolen 
 all that he couldn't duplicate vouchers for on official paper. On 
 the contrary, he urged upon the accounting officers, at Wash- 
 ington, the impetuous zeal with which the State had responded 
 to the call of the government, and represented the impossibility 
 of complete exactness in the accounts. Under such circum- 
 
1 866] SINCE THE REBELLION. 649 
 
 stances he exerted himself to obtain vouchers where his prede- 
 cessor had omitted to secure them, and to explain their absence 
 when they could not be procured. In this way he saved hun- 
 dreds of thousands of dollars to the treasury of the State, and 
 put no stain on its fair fame. 
 
 At the end of his first year, his nomination for a second term 
 followed as a matter of course, and he was re-elected in 1866 by 
 a large majority. 
 
 The second year of Governor Smyth's administration was in 
 all respects as satisfactory as the first. The State debt was 
 funded at a lower rate of interest than was offered by the gen- 
 eral government. The revision of the statutes, the reorganiza- 
 tion of the militia, measures looking to the restoration of fish to 
 our waters, and the publication of ancient State papers, are 
 among some of the matters of general interest. 
 
 Said the Boston Journal, on his retirement at the close of the second term : 
 "Governor Smyth's administration has been highly successful, not only in a 
 financial point of view, which is demonstrated by statistics, but in all other 
 respects." Said the Commercial Bulletin: " He has been as vigorous and 
 careful of the interests of the people as if those concerns were personal to 
 himself, and successfully sought so to manage the financial affairs of the State 
 that its credit stands as well as any other commonwealth." Said the Daily 
 Monitor: "To-day Governor Smyth resigns his trust with the proud con- 
 sciousness of leaving nothing uncertain or unsettled which diligence, busi- 
 ness tact, and untiring zeal could close up and arrange; nor has Governor 
 Smyth's administration been merely a financial success ; he has neglected no 
 single public interest; himself a practical example of all the virtues which 
 constitute a good citizen, he has interested himself in every movement which 
 loolied to the welfare of the community and the promotion of industry, tem- 
 perance, and good morals among the people." 
 
 It is a significant fact, that in a time of much party feeling the governor 
 was able to say in his valedictory, " Whatever may have been the difference 
 of opinion among us, there lias been no factious opposition from any source 
 to measures necessary for the public good, but I have been uniformly receiv- 
 ing the hearty co-operation of all parties in this difficult work." Only once 
 during his two years' administration did he consider it necessary to interpose 
 his veto, and the House sustained him 132 to 6. 
 
 So successful was the administration that, contrary to precedent, many of 
 the most influential and respectable journals of the State advocated his nom- 
 ination for a third term.' 
 
 2 While on a visit to his native State in 1852, Mr. Sylvester 
 
 ' F. B. Eaton. ' C. C. Coffin. 
 
650 
 
 lllSTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [1866 
 
 Marsh ascended Mount Washington, accompanied by Rev. A. 
 C. Thompson, pastor of the Eliot Church, Roxbury, and while 
 struggling up the steep ascent, the idea came to him that a rail- 
 road to the summit was feasible, and that it could be made a 
 profitable enterprise. He obtained a charter for such a road in 
 1858, but the breaking out of the war postponed action till 1866, 
 when a company was formed and the enterprise successfully in- 
 augurated and completed. 
 
 MOUNT WASHINGTON RAILROAD. 
 
 The subject, referred to by Governor Smyth in his message 
 to the legislature in June, 1866, of preserving the documents 
 and early archives of the I'rovincc and State, met with the aj)- 
 proval of the legislature, and led to the appointment of Rev. 
 Nathaniel Houton, D. IX, as "editor and compiler of Provincial 
 Records." Dr. Bouton was at the time corresponding secretary 
 of the New Hampshire Historical Society. Tliis society was 
 organized and incorporated in the summer of 1823 by Willianx 
 Plumer, Levi Woodbury, Nathaniel A. Haven, George Kent, 
 Jacob B. Moore, Nathaniel Adams, Parker Noyes, John Farmer, 
 
1867] SINCE THE REBELLION. 6$l 
 
 Ichabod Bartlett, Timothy Upham, Andrew Peirce, Samuel 
 Dana Bell, Richard Bartlett, and others. William Plumer was 
 the first president ; and he was succeeded in office by Levi 
 Woodbury, Ichabod Bartlett, Salma Hale, Matthew Harvey, 
 Charles H. Atherton, Joel Parker, Nathaniel Bouton, Nathaniel 
 . G. Upham, Samuel D. Bell, Charles Burroughs, Levi Chamber- 
 lain, William Plumer, jr.. Chandler E. Potter, Ldwin D. Sanborn, 
 Joseph Dow, William II. Y. Ilackctt, Charles II. Bell, and, in 
 1887, by J. Everett Sargent. The society published, in 1824, 
 their first volume; in 1866, their eighth volume; in 1888, the 
 first volume of "Proceedings." 
 
 Dr. Bouton ' resigned his pastorate of the North Church, in 
 Concord, which he had held since 1.825, devoted his time and 
 energy to the work, and edited ten volumes of "Provincial and 
 State Papers." After Dr. Bouton's death, the work was carried 
 on by Isaac W. Hammond, who in 1888 had published six addi- 
 tional volumes. 
 
 In 1867 General Walter Harriman received and accepted the 
 nomination of the Republican party for governor, and after a 
 most exciting campaign, during which he engaged in a joint 
 canvass with Hon. John G. Sinclair, the Democratic candidate, 
 he was elected to the chief magistracy of the State, and was re- 
 elected in 1868, after another hard-fought campaign, by a larger 
 •vote than had ever been cast for a gubernatorial candidate up to 
 that time. 
 
 'Walter Ilarriman, of old Massachusetts colonial stock, was born in War- 
 ner, in 1817. He was a forcible and eloquent orator, for some years in early 
 manhood in the ministry; but afterwards he engaged in commercial pursuits, 
 and became prominent in military and political affairs. He was chosen to- 
 the House of Representatives in 1849, ^"<^ again in 1850, from his native 
 town. In 1853 he was elected State treasurer. In 1858 he was again elected 
 to the legislature by the people of Warner, and was the Democratic candidate 
 for speaker. In 1859 he was elected to the State Senate, and was re-elected 
 the following year, occupying each year a leading position in that body. 
 From his entry into political life he had been an active champion of the prin- 
 ciples of his party upon the stump, and soon came to be regarded as one of 
 the most effective c.impaign speakers in the State, so that his services in this 
 
 • Nathnniei IJutuuii was born in Norwalk, Conn., June 20, 1799", graduated at Yale College in 
 1821 ; was ordained at Concord, March 23, 1825 ; resigned March 23, 1867) died June 6, 1878. 
 2 Rev. S. C. Beane. 
 
€$2 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1867 
 
 direction were most eagerly sought whenever political issues were occupying 
 the public mind. 
 
 In the spring of 1S61 he became editor and joint proprietor of the Union 
 Democrat at Manchester. Regarding all other political considerations as of 
 secondary moment, in the great emergency when the perpetuity of the federal 
 Union and the supremacy of the constitution were threatened by armed re- 
 bellion, he unreservedly sustained, individually and in his editorial capacity, 
 the administration of President Lincoln in the measures adopted for the pros- 
 ecution of the war against Rebellion, thereby taking issue with the great ma- 
 jority of his party, who, while they believed in maintaining the Union invio- 
 late, persisted in their right to criticize the policy of the administration, and 
 to oppose such measures as they believed inappropriate to the legitimate end 
 in view. Hence he found himself acting with those distinctively known as 
 ■"War Democrats," and continued to urge the surrender of all partisan issues, 
 in view of the great contest in which the country was involved. 
 
 In August, 1862, he was made colonel of the Eleventh. He led this regi- 
 ment to the field, and was at its head most of the time until the close of the 
 war, except the four months, from May to September, 1864, when he was an 
 inmate of Confederate prisons. With some other captured Union officers, he 
 was, for seven weeks of this time, imprisoned in that part of Charleston, S. 
 C, which was most exposed to the fire of the Union guns from Morris 
 Island, but providentially, though that part of the doomed city was destroyed, 
 no harm came to him from the guns of his fellow-loyalists. 
 
 The first set battle in which the Eleventh bore a part was that of Fredericks- 
 burg, in December, 1862, when, with unflinching courage, Col. Harriman and 
 his men faced the dreadful carnage of that long day before Marye's Height, 
 less than three months ^fter their arrival in the field. The loss of the regi- 
 ment in this engagement was terrific. The Eleventh, under their colonel, at 
 the front, was in the battle of the Wilderness, May 6, 1864, when they made 
 a daring and stubborn onset on the Confederate intrenchments, carrying be- 
 fore them two successive lines of the enemy's works. But among the five 
 thousand Union men that were captured in that bloody engagement, the com- 
 mander of the Eleventh was included. Colonel Harriman and the survivors 
 of the charge were present at the final grapple of the war before Petersburg, 
 and on the 3d day of April, 1865, he led a brigade of nine large regiments, a 
 force three times as great as the whole American army at Bunker Hill, into 
 that fated city, on the heels of Lee's fleeing command. Colonel Harriman 
 was appointed brigadier-general, U. S. V., by brevet, "for gallant conduct 
 during the war," to date from March 13, 1865. 
 
 On his arrival home, at the close of the war. General Harriman was elected 
 to the office of secretary of state, by the legislature then in session, and he at 
 once entered upon the duties of the office, which he held two years, and until 
 his promotion to the gubernatorial chair. 
 
 He was distinguished as a platform speaker. His delivery was fine, his 
 logic clear as crystal, his manner easy and natural, and his physical force 
 tremendous. With a voice clear and distinct as a trumpet, of immense com- 
 
1867] SINCE THE REBELLION. 653 
 
 pass, volume, and power, his influence over an audience was complete. He 
 affected nothing, but proceeded at once to the work in hand, and from the 
 very outset carried his hearers with him, rising, at times, with the inspira- 
 tion of his theme, to the loftiest flights of eloquence. 
 
 During the presidential campaign of 186S, Governor Harriman engaged 
 actively in the canvass, making an extended tour through the Middle and 
 Western States in advocacy of the election of General Grant, the Republican 
 nominee, by whom, upon his accession to tlie presidency the following spring, 
 he was appointed to the position of naval officer at the port of Boston, which 
 oflice he continued to hold during the entire eight years of General Grant's 
 administration, retiring therefrom in 1877. His voice has been often heard in 
 many of the States of the Union, and he was widely known as an able and 
 -effective political debater. 
 
 General Harriman retained his home in Warner until the spring of 1872, 
 •when he removed to Concord, where he died July 25, 1884. 
 
 In 1867 a State superintendent of public instruction was 
 appointed. At first he co-operated with a board consisting of the 
 governor and Council ; but later he acted alone. His duties 
 were to cultivate an interest in the public schools and to raise 
 the standard of their efficiency. Amos Hadley was the first to 
 fill the office. Ex-senator James W. Patterson was appointed in 
 1880. The present system took the place of a county system of 
 supervision called a Board of Education, which had its secretary 
 and went into effect in 1851. 
 
 The first effort to organize a State supervision of schools was 
 made in 1846 by the appointment of a commissioner. The first 
 incumbent of the office was Charles B. Haddock, who made the 
 first State report. In 1885 the towns, by law, were made 
 school districts, and the schools were placed under the direction 
 of a board of education consisting of three members directly 
 under the government of the town. In the larger towns there 
 has been for many years a system of graded schools at which 
 the children of the State have been afforded good educational 
 facilities. The New Hampshire State Normal School was 
 established in 1871, at Plymouth, for the education of teachers, 
 and is controlled by a board of trustees. Previously and since, 
 teachers' institutes have been maintained for the purpose of 
 improving methods of instruction in the State. 
 
 Besides Dartmouth College and Phillips Exeter Academy 
 there are seminaries, schools, and academies scattered throughout 
 
6$4 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^^^7 
 
 the State. St. Paul school at Concord, under the direction of 
 Dr. Henry A. Coit, has become one of the most celebrated 
 schools of America. There is the normal school at Plymouth, the 
 Holderness school for boys ; the Colby academy, at New Lon- 
 don ; the seminary, at Tilton ; the institution, at New Hamp- 
 ton (1821); Appleton academy (1789), at New Ipswich; Pink- 
 erton academy (18 14), and Adams female academy at Derry ; Rob- 
 inson female seminary, at Exeter ; Brackett academy, at Green- 
 land ; Valley academy, at Hillsborough ; McGaw normal institute,, 
 at Merrimack ; classical institute, at Milton ; McCollom institute, 
 Mont Vernon; Kimball union academy (1813), at Meriden • 
 Dearborn academy, at Seabrook ; Barnard school, at South 
 Hampton ; and Austin academy, at Strafford. There are acad- 
 emies at Andover, Atkinson (1791), Boscawen, Bath, Canaan, 
 Chester, Colebrook, Contoocook, Penacook, North Conway, Doer- 
 ing, Epping, Francestown (1819), Gilmantown (1794), Hampton, 
 Haverhill (1794), Henniker, Hopkinton, Kingston, Marlow, North- 
 wood, Orford, Pembroke (1818), Pittsfield, Portsmouth, (1808), 
 Sandwich, Salisbury, Washington, and Wolfeborough. There 
 are high schools at Bristol, Charlestown, Claremont, Concord, 
 Dover, Dunbarton, Farmington, Exeter, Franklin, Freedom, 
 Hampstead, Hancock, Hinsdale, Jaffrey, Keene, Laconia, Lake 
 Village, Lancaster, Lebanon, Littleton, Manchester, Marlbor- 
 ough, Milford, Nashua, Newport, Petersborough, Portsmouth, 
 Raymond, Rochester, RoUinsford, Great Falls, Troy, Walpole, 
 Warren, Weare, and Winchester. 
 
 The State industrial school, situated on the farm of General 
 John Stark, was chartered in 1855, and opened in 1858. 
 
 Col. John B. Clarke, of Manchester, was elected State printer 
 in 1867. He was re-elected in 1868, 1869, 1877, 1878,1879, 1885, 
 and 1887. John Badger Clarke, son of Greanleaf and Julia 
 (Cogswell) Clarke, was born in Atkinson, January 30, 1820; 
 graduated at Dartmouth College in 1843 ; studied law; and in 
 1852 became proprietor of the Mirror and American, and the 
 Mirror and Farmer. His life's work has been the building of 
 these great newspapers from a small beginning to a most influ- 
 ential place among New England journals. In 1888 the Mirror 
 
?^'/^ 
 
At-'^L.-^ ^ ^ 
 
 ~i—, 
 
a 868] SINCE THE KEBELLION. 6^5 
 
 was welcomed in about thirty thousand households, its influence 
 felt far beyond the frontiers of the State. Under the manage- 
 ment of the "genial, liberal, enterprising, and able" editor, the 
 Mirror has become a power. Colonel Clarke has been aided in 
 his editorial work by James O. Adams and Henry M. Putney. 
 It has always represented the most aggressive Republican ideas. 
 Its Democratic rival in Manchester is the Union, established in 
 1 85 1, the daily edition of which reaches nearly fourteen thousand, 
 while of the Weekly Union seventeen thousand are issued. The 
 success of the Union has also largely been due to the efforts of 
 one man, Hon. Joseph C. Moore, M. D. Joseph Clifford Moore, 
 son of Dr. F. and Frances F. Moore, was born in Loudon, August 
 23, 1845; received a common-school education; attended the 
 New York Medical College ; and commenced to practise with his 
 father at Lake Village, in 1866. In 1879 he became interested 
 in building up the Union, and splendidly succeeded, soon making 
 it a widely read and iniluential morning newspaper. In 1884 
 Dartmouth College conferred upon him the degree of A. M. 
 He was one of the prime movers in organizing the popular New 
 Hampshire Club, and served as its president. 
 
 A State news department, arranged by counties, was first 
 started in the People, at Concord, in 1868, by Henry H. Metcalf. 
 In 1877 he started the Granite Montldy, at Dover; and in 1879 
 issued it at Concord. From the burden of his editorial work he 
 was obliged to relinquish his interest in the magazine to John N. 
 McClintock, who afterwards carried it on, until, in 1888 eleven 
 volumes had been published, devoted chiefly to historical .and 
 biographical matters. 
 
 Of the one hundred and seven publications issued in New 
 Hampshire, the Gazette of Portsmouth was established in 1756, 
 Vac Journal in 1793 ; the Cheshire Republican in 1793 ; the Sen- 
 tinel in 1799, both of Keene ; the Amherst Cabinet in 1802 ; the 
 People and Patriot in 1809, the Statesman in 1823, both of Con- 
 cord ; the Argus and Spectator, of Newport, in 1823 ; the Dover 
 Enquirer TLXid Nashua Gazette in 1827; the Exeter News Letter 
 in 1 83 1 ; Vac Nashua Telegraph in 1832. The Manchester Union 
 and the People and Patriot claim to be the leading Democratic 
 
656 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [187O 
 
 journals. The two leading Republican papers are the Statesman 
 and the Manchester Mirror and American. 
 
 In the Republican State convention of 1869 no name but 
 that of Onslow Stearns was presented for the gubernatorial nom- 
 ination, which was conferred upon him by acclamation, a cir- 
 cumstance of rare occurrence in the case of a first nomination. 
 '- He was elected, by a decided majority over Gen. John Bedel, 
 ; - the Democratic candidate, and was renominated the following 
 year. He sent a letter to the convention, declining the renom- 
 ination, on account of the state of his health and the pressure of 
 business cares, but the convention refused to accept the decli- 
 nation, and a committee was appointed to wait upon him and 
 urge its withdrawal, which was finally successful in its efforts. 
 His re-election followed, and for another year he devoted nc 
 small share of his attention to the interests of the State, not. 
 withstanding the varied demands of the extensive corporate 
 interests under his management. To the financial affairs of the 
 State his care was especially directed, and during his administra- 
 tion the State debt was reduced nearly one-third, while the State 
 tax was also reduced in still greater proportion. He also took a 
 lively interest in the management of the State Prison, and was 
 instrumental in effecting great changes therein, securing more 
 thorough discipline and putting the institution upon a paying 
 basis, whereas it had long been run at a pecuniary loss to the 
 State. 
 
 In the discharge of all his public duties, Mr. Stearns always 
 sought to treat the matter in hand in a thoroughly practical and 
 business-like manner, exercising the same judgment and dis- 
 crimination as in the management of his private and business 
 affairs. Although firmly attached to his party, he was less a 
 partisan in the exercise of his official functions than many of 
 his predecessors had been, and was the first Republican gover- 
 nor of New Hampshire to nominate a Democrat to a position 
 , upon the supreme bench, which he did in 1870, when Hon- 
 Wm. S. Ladd of Lancaster was made an associate justice of 
 the Supreme Judicial Court to fill the vacancy caused by the re- 
 tirement of Judge George W. Nesmith. 
 
9^^^y<-' ! 
 
 <' CUV-i^XCO 
 
1 871] SINCE THE REBELLION. 657 
 
 Governor Stearns was born in Billerica, August 10, 1810; settled in Con- 
 cord in 1845, where he was largely interested in the railroad enterprises of 
 New England ; and died December 29, 1878. 
 
 He was a public spirited and generous man, contributing liberally to all 
 that was calculated to advance the interests of his adopted city. 
 
 The long and arduous labor of his life was not without its substantial re- 
 ward, and he became the possessor of an ample fortune, enabling him to 
 dispense a liberal hospitality. Among the many distinguished persons enter- 
 tained in his elegant mansion were two incumbents of the chief magistracy 
 of the United States — General Grant and Mr. Hayes, each of whom became 
 his guest when visiting Concord. 
 
 In 1871 James A. Weston was chosen governor. 
 
 'James Adams Weston was born in Manchester, August 27, 1827, and was 
 descended from John Weston, one of the founders of Weymouth, Massachu- 
 setts, and James Wilson, one of the Londonderry colonists. 
 
 As a civil engineer, he occupies a place In the front rank in his profession 
 in New England ; and his services have been in demand far beyond his ability 
 to respond, in making surveys for proposed railways and water-works. 
 
 In his political convictions and associations, Mr. Weston has been a Dem- 
 ocrat from youth. 
 
 A devoted supporter of the principles and policy of his party, he has won 
 and held the personal respect of both friends and opponents in political 
 affairs; so that, when a candidate for public office, he has never failed of 
 strong popular support, measurably exceeding that of his party strength 
 alone. In 1861 he was persuaded to accept the Democratic nomination for 
 mayor of Manchester. 
 
 Again, in 1867, Mr. Weston was pressed into service by his party associates 
 in the city, as a mayoralty candidate against Hon. Joseph B. Clark, then 
 mayor, and Republican candidate for re-election. This canvass resulted in 
 his election. 
 
 At the next election the Republicans made a strong and determined effort 
 to regain their ascendency in the city; the returns gave Mayor Weston a 
 majority of seven votes over his Republican opponent, Hon. Isaac W. Smith. 
 The " revising" process was resorted to, however, and the latter declared 
 elected by twenty-three majority. In 1869 Mr. Weston defeated Mayor Smith 
 by a good majority, and was re-elected the following year. 
 
 Mayor Weston's remarkable success as the standard-bearer of his party in 
 the city of Manchester, and the increased popularity he had secured by wise 
 and efficient administration of municipal affairs in that large and prosperous 
 community, suggested him to the Democracy of the State at large as a most 
 fit and available candidate for the gubernatorial nomination ; and at the State 
 convention, in January, 1871, he was made the nominee of the party for gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 The election resulted in no choice of governor by the people, 
 
 'H. H.Metcalf. 
 
658 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [187I 
 
 though Mr. Weston received a decided plurality of the votes 
 cast, and was chosen governor by the legislature in June follow- 
 ing, — the Republicans thus losing control of the State govern- 
 ment for the first time since their advent to power in 1855. 
 Determined to retrieve their fallen fortunes, the Republican 
 leaders, in 1872, brought to the front, as their standard-bearer and 
 gubernatorial nominee, Hon. Ezekiel A. Straw, agent of the 
 Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, a man of great resources 
 and unparalleled influence in manufacturing circles, not only in 
 Manchester, but throughout the State. His defeat of Governor 
 Weston in the following canvass was a matter of no surprise to 
 either party ; and his re-election the subsequent year naturally 
 resulted. The Democracy, however, insisted on continuing Mr. 
 Weston as their candidate ; and in 1874 he secured a handsome 
 plurality, and was again elected governor by the legislature. In 
 December previous he had received the unusual distinction of a 
 fourth election as mayor of the city, being chosen by a majority 
 much larger than he had ever before received, reaching some six 
 hundred votes. Although there was great partisan excitement 
 in the State during Mr. Weston's second administration, his 
 official integrity and thorough devotion to the welfare of the 
 State were conceded even by his most determined political oppo- 
 nents; and no man holds in fuller measure the respect and 
 esteem of the people, regardless of party, than does James A. 
 Weston, the only living Democrat who ever occupied that 
 position. 
 
 Other men in New Hampshire have attained greater wealth and more 
 varied public honors ; but when all the elements of substantial success are 
 considered, there are none, certainly, who outrank James A. Weston. Cau- 
 tious, sagacious, and methodical ; with a well-balanced mind, and executive 
 ability of a high order; scrupulously exact in the performance of every duty 
 and the discharge of every trust, public or private; uniformly courteous in 
 his intercourse with others, and mindful of every obligation to society and 
 humanity, — the ample measure of success he has attained, and the general 
 esteem in which he is held, are but the legitimate outcome of his life and 
 conduct.' 
 
 Bishop Baker died in Concord, December 20, 1871. Right 
 Rev. Osmand Cleander Baker, son of Dr. Isaac and Abigail 
 
 ' H. H. Metcalf. 
 
<Uc^ 
 
 JtU-lL/ , 
 
 
 \J>Hi(b 
 
1872] SINCE THE REBELLION. 659 
 
 (Kidder) Baker, was born in Marlow, July 30, 1812. Entered 
 Middletown University in 1830, and left at the end of his junior 
 year on account of sickness. He was consecrated bishop of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church in 1852. 
 
 In 1872, the Republican party, after the defeat of the previous 
 year, selected as their standard bearer Hon. Ezekiel A. Straw, 
 of Manchester, the agent of the Amoskeag corporation, and 
 elected him. 
 
 Governor straw wa« born In December, 1819, in Salisbury; was educated 
 at the Phillips Exeter Academy, and became a civil engineer, lie received 
 employment in July, 1838, from the Amoskeag company, and continued in 
 their employ until his death. He was in the company's service as engineer 
 for thirteen years. In 185 1 Mr. Straw was appointed to the position of agent 
 ■of the land and water-power department of the company. Five years later 
 the machine shops were also put in his charge, and in 1858 the mills were 
 4idded ; so that he became the active manager of the entire business of the 
 <ompany. He was representative from 1859 'o '863 inclusive, and served 
 •efficiently for the last three years as chairman of the Committee on Finance, 
 at that time — the war period — one of the most important of the legislative 
 <;ommittees. In 1864 he was chosen a senator. 
 
 In the office of chief magistrate of the State, which he filled 
 for two years, being re-elected in 1873, Mr. Straw maintained his 
 independence of character, and acted throughout as his own 
 judgment dictated, looking onlj' to the best interests of the 
 people as viewed from his standpoint. No governor ever brought 
 to the position a higher degree of executive ability and practical 
 knowledge of affairs, or was more universally governed in the 
 performance of his duties by his own convictions of right. After 
 Tie retired from the office of governor, Mr. Straw was not engaged 
 in public service until his death. 
 
 Asa Fowler was speaker of the House of Representatives in 
 1872. 
 
 Asa Fowler was born in Pembroke, February 23, 1811 ; 
 graduated at Dartmouth College in 1833 ; studied law, and settled 
 in Concord. In 1855 he was nominated by the Independent 
 Democrats, or Free-Soilers, as their candidate for governor, and 
 the same year he accepted the position of associate justice of 
 the Supreme Court. He resigned in 1861. He died April 
 26, 1885. 
 
66o HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^^75 
 
 Judge Fowler was one of the most diligent, laborious, and 
 successful lawyers in the State, and for many years he had the 
 largest practice. At different times he was associated with 
 Franklin Pierce, John Y. Mugridge, and William E. Chandler. 
 He drafted more bills for the legislature than any other man. 
 
 The beautiful Fowler Library, presented in 1888 as a gift to- 
 the city of Concord by his children, may be considered a monu- 
 ment to his memory. 
 
 In March, 1873, upon the death of Chief Justice Bellows, 
 Judge J. Everett Sargent was appointed chief justice of the 
 State, which place he held until August, 1874, when the court 
 was overturned. Chief Justice Sargent, at the time of his ap- 
 pointment as chief justice, had become the oldest judge upon 
 the bench, both in age and date of commission, so frequent had 
 been the changes in its members since his appointment to that 
 bench, less than fourteen years before. 
 
 Jonathan Everett Sargent was born at New London, October 23, 1816. lie 
 lived at home, working upon the farm until he was seventeen years of age. 
 
 He studied at Hopkinton and Kimball Union academies. Entered Dart- 
 mouth College and graduated in 1840. He studied law with Hon. W. P- 
 Weeks, of Canaan, and on a visit to Washington was admitted to the bar in 
 1842. 
 
 After returning home, he continued his legal studies with Mr. Weeks untU 
 the July law term, in Sullivan county, in 1843, when he was admitted to the 
 bar. He then went into company with Mr. Weeks at Canaan, where he re- 
 mained till 1847, when he removed to Wentworth and opened an office there- 
 He had been appointed solicitor for Grafton county in November, 1844, 
 while at Canaan, and he at once commenced a lucrative business at Went- 
 worth; was reappointed solicitor in 1849 ^°^ ^^^ years more, thus holding 
 the office for ten years, to 1854, performing the duties to the entire acceptance 
 of the county and the people. He declined a reappointment. 
 
 In 1851 he was first elected a member of the legislature from Wentworth 
 and served as chairman of the committee on incorporations. The next year 
 he was re-elected, and was made chairman of tlie judiciary committee, and in 
 1853 he was again a member, and was nominated with great unanimity and 
 elected as speaker of the House of Representatives.* He served with ability- 
 and impartiality and to the general acceptance of all parties. 
 
 The next winter a new man was to be selected as a candidate for senator in 
 his district, and at the convention he was nominated with great unanimity, 
 and was elected in Maixh, in a close district, by about three hundred major- 
 ity. When the Senate met in June, there was some discussion as to a candi- 
 date for president, but at the caucus he was nominated upon the first ballot. 
 
,1 ti 
 
'^•y 'iyA ff rutct'"' 
 
 LyVL^a/^rlj^ yvr/ Ui 
 
 Liyt-i^ 
 
1873] SINCE THE REBELLION. 661 
 
 and was duly elected as president of the Senate in 1854. He Was renominated 
 in the spring of 1855, ''"' "^^ Know-Nothing movement that year carried 
 everything before it, and he was defeated, with nearly all the other Demo- 
 cratic nominees in the State. On the zd day of April he was appointed a cir- 
 cuit justice of the Court of Common Pleas for the State. But in June of that 
 year, the old courts were abolished and new ones organized. Judge Sargent 
 was making his arrangements to go into practice again at the bar when he 
 received a request from Governor Metcalf that he would accept the second 
 place on the bench of the new Court of Common Pleas. This offer was ac- 
 cepted, and Judge Sargent was appointed as an associate justice of the Court 
 of Common Pleas. 
 
 After the repeal of the Missouri compromise and the passage of the Kansas- 
 Nebraska Act in 1854, the great question between the political parties for sev- 
 eral years, during the contests in Kansas that followed, was as to whether 
 slavery should be allowed in the Territories, or whether they should be free. 
 In the mind of Judge Sargent there could be but one answer to this question,, 
 and in acting according to his convictions of right in that matter he was 
 compelled to oppose the party with which he had hitherto acted; and in car- 
 rying out his convictions consistently he could do no other way than to go 
 with the Republican party. 
 
 He acted as judge of the new Court of Common Pleas for four years, until 
 1859, when, by a statute of that year, that court was abolished, and the Su- 
 preme Judicial Court was to do the work of that court in addition to its own, 
 and one new judge was to be added to that court, making the number of Su- 
 preme Court judges six instead of five, as before. Judge Sargent was at once 
 appointed to that place on the supreme bench. He was then the youngest 
 member of the court in age, as well as in the date of his commission. He 
 remained upon the bench of that court just fifteen years, from 1859 to 1874. 
 He was distinguished for his laborious industry, his impartiality, and his 
 ability. His written opinions are contained in the sixteen volumes of the 
 New Hampshire Reports, from the 39th to the 54th inclusive, numbering 
 about three hundred in all. Many of these are leading opinions upon various 
 subjects, and show great learning and research. Since 1869 Judge Sargent 
 has resided in Concord, devoting his attention at first to law, and later to 
 finances and historical studies. He succeeded Hon. Charles H. Bell as pres- 
 ident of the New Hampshire Historical Society in 1887. 
 
 In 1873, Charles H. Burns, of Wilton, one of the ablest law- 
 yers and one of the most eloquent orators of New Hampshire, 
 was elected to the State Senate. Charles H. Burns, son of 
 Charles A. and Elizabeth (Hutchinson) Burns, and a descendant 
 of John Burns, the pioneer Scotch-Irish settler, who settled irj 
 Milford in 1746, was born in Milford, January 19, 1835. He re- 
 ceived a high-school education, read law with Col. O. W. Lull, 
 graduated at the Harvard Law School in 1858, and was sooa 
 
€62 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1875 
 
 after admitted to the bar. He settled in Wilton, although his 
 "business grew to require an office at Nashua. In 1876 he was 
 appointed county solicitor of Hillsborough county, and served 
 seven years. He was re-elected to the Senate in 1879. In 1881 
 he was appointed United States district attorney for New 
 Hampshire and re-appointed in 1885. In 1883 his many friends 
 desired to elect him to the United States Senate. 
 
 During Governor James A. Weston's second term in office, in 
 1874, he was supported by a Democratic majority in the Senate 
 and House of Representatives. There was a complete overturn 
 in all State offices. 
 
 Hn 1875, under peculiar circumstances, Person C. Cheney be- 
 came the Republican candidate for governor. In 1874 the Re- 
 publicans had lost the State for causes which it would not be 
 useful to recite ; and the Democrats, having control of every 
 branch of legislation, had used their power to fortify themselves 
 in the possession of the State government, by making new ward 
 ■divisions in the city of Manchester, and redistricting for coun- 
 cillors and senators, in such a manner as to put their adversaries 
 at great disadvantage, and render it almost impossible to recover 
 the State. Under such circumstances it became absolutely 
 necessary for them to place at the head of the ticket a name of 
 the greatest personal popularity. Such were the prestige of Mr. 
 Cheney, gained by his successful administration as mayor of 
 Manchester, his personal magnetism among those who knew 
 liim, and his well-known energy as a canvasser, that, unexpect- 
 edly to himself, he was selected as the standard bearer of his 
 party, and the result proved how wisely. The hottest campaign 
 -ever known in a State proverbial for the violence of its political 
 -contests ensued, and there was no choice of governor by the 
 people ; but Mr. Cheney had a plurality of the votes cast, al- 
 though Judge Roberts, his competitor, received the heaviest 
 vote his party had ever polled in New Hampshire. The Repub- 
 licans secured a majority in the legislature, which elected Mr. 
 Cheney governor. In 1876 Governor Cheney was again a can- 
 <lidate, and after a canvass which exceeded in intensity even that 
 
 ■ Daniel Hall. 
 
1876] SINCE TllK UEIil-.LLlON. 663 
 
 of 1875, he was re-elected by a flattering majority of the popular 
 vote, which was heavier than had ever before been cast in New 
 Hampshire. Mr. Cheney brought to the office of governor a 
 patriotic love for the State and solicitude for her good name, a 
 clear insight, great executive ability, thorough business habits, 
 and personal dignity, urbanity, and tact of a high order. These 
 qualities, combined with his undoubted integrity and earnest- 
 ness of purpose, enabled him to give the State a most prudent 
 and successful administration of its affairs. The retrenchment 
 of expenses, so much needed in a period of financial depression 
 following years of sharp distress, was kept steadily in view, and 
 a thorough business system inaugurated in all branches of the 
 government ; the affairs of the adjutant-general's office were re- 
 deemed from years of neglect and confusion ; the State debt was 
 materially reduced ; at his suggestion a law was passed requiring 
 vouchers to be filed for all disbursements from the governor's 
 contingent fund ; and the finances of the State were left in all 
 respects upon a sound and stable basis. The prominent part of 
 New Hampshire in the Centennial Exposition was due largely 
 to his foresight, his faith in its benefits, and his untiring efforts 
 in its behalf. None who participated in them will ever forget 
 the brilliant success of "New Hampshire Day" at Philadelphia, 
 or the reception of Governor and Mrs. Cheney, during his term 
 of office, to the members of the legislature and the citizens of 
 the State, at White's Opera House, which was a memorable 
 social event. 
 
 Governor Cheney retired from office with the universal respect 
 and esteem of men of all parties, and has since devoted himself 
 closely to business. 
 
 Person C. Cheney was born in that part of Holderness which is now Ash- 
 land, February 25, 1828. The square, old-fashioned New England house, 
 where the family resided, is still to be seen. It stands in the picturesque 
 village of Ashland, overlooking the valley below, and commanding a view of 
 lofty hills and beautiful scenery. His boyhood and early manhood were 
 passed at Peterborough. 
 
 Mr. Cheney took an early interest in politics, and represented the town of 
 Peterborough in the legislature in 1853 and 1854. He entered ardently into 
 the memorable events of i860 and i86t, and zealously aided and promoted the 
 preparation of the State for the great struggle to maintain the Union. In due 
 
664 IIISTOKY OF NEW IIAMPSIIIKE. [^^7^ 
 
 time he offered his personal services, and in August, 1862, was appointed 
 quartermaster of the Thirteenth regiment, and proceeded with the regiment 
 to the seat of war. Joining the army of the Potomac, he rendered faithful 
 service to the regiment and the country, until exposure and overwork in the 
 campaign before Fredericksburg brought on a long and dangerous sickness. 
 Barely escaping with his life, he was compelled to resign and return home. 
 He received an honorable discharge in August, 1863. In 1864 he was chosen 
 railroad commissioner for New Hampshire. In 1866 Mr. Cheney removed to 
 Manchester. 
 
 Mr. Cheney, upon becoming a resident of Manchester, became at once 
 thoroughly and prominently identified with the development and prosperity 
 of that rapidly growing city; and very soon his business capacity and in- 
 tegrity, his liberal spirit and engaging manners, attracted attention to him as 
 a man not only highly fitted for public honors, but as pre-eminently capable 
 of commanding them at the hands of the people. He was brought forward 
 as a candidate for mayor of Manchester in 1S71, and elected by a larger ma- 
 jority than any candidate had received since 1863. He performed the duties 
 intelligently and to general acceptance, but declined a re-election. Mr. 
 Cheney for many years has been extensively interested in manufacturing en- 
 terprises and in banking. 
 
 During Governor Currier's administration, a vacancy occurring in the 
 United States Senate by the death of Hon. Austin F. Pike, Mr. Cheney was 
 appointed by the governor to act as senator until the meeting of the legisla- 
 ture the following June, which position he accepted and filled, but declined 
 to be a candidate for an election by that body. 
 
 ' A brave, true, and honest man, a sincere and warm-hearted friend, of 
 positive convictions, of unflinching devotion to principle, and fitted for any 
 station ; his useful service, his honorable and upright character, and his high 
 and unselfish aims, have made him a power in the State. 
 
 Having considered Exeter in 1776, a glance at the town a cen- 
 tury later may be of interest. It chief object of interest at the 
 latter date is Phillips Exeter Academy. 
 
 ^This venerable institution is one of the oldest nurseries of 
 classical education in America. It was founded in 1783 by Dr. 
 John Phillips, a merchant of Exeter, in the days when that town 
 was a business centre and the shipment of heavy goods was by 
 water, in vessels of a few hundred tons burden. Dr. Phillips hav- 
 ing amassed a considerable fortune, seems to have determined on 
 the perpetuation of the family name, not especially to satisfy 
 family pride, but to confer a lasting blessing on a posterity ever 
 ready to acknowledge its obligations to the world's benefactors. 
 
 Exeter of 1888 only contains double the number of inhabi- 
 
 ■ Daniel Hall. ^ H. H. Metcalf. 
 
18/6] SINCE THE REBELLION. 665 
 
 tants it did in 1776. Yet its natural beauty remains almost un- 
 
 disturbed. The Squamscott river is as placid and the falls above 
 it awaken scarcely a new echo, while many of those incident to 
 
666 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1876 
 
 shipping died along its banks forty or fifty years since. A cot- 
 ton-mill by the river side arid a machine-shop and foundry near 
 the depot, are the principal manufactories, and occupy the 
 place of corn-mills, saw-mills, and a few tanneries. The latter, 
 in active operation, with shipping, ship-building, and country 
 trade, were the foundation of prosperity and wealth one hundred 
 years ago. It was the fortune of Dr. Phillips to endow an in- 
 stitution more lasting than all of these, and the fortune of pos- 
 terity to reap the manifold results of such a beneficent endow- 
 ment. It appears by the catalogue of 1783 that 56 students 
 attended, and of these, 38 belonged to Exeter. As early as 
 1785 there was one student from the West Indies. Before the 
 year 1800 a dozen had attended from the West Indies ; and 
 other States besides New Hampshire were well represented. 
 The number attending to April, 1869, was 3855. This number 
 must have increased to nearly five thousand. 
 
 The list of principals is wonderfully short. Only four names 
 appear. Dr. Benjamin Abbott, Dr. Gideon L. Soule, Albert C. 
 Perkins, and W. Q. Scott. The labors of Dr. Abbott and Dr. 
 Soule cover more than three-fourths of a century of indefatiga- 
 ble toil and unremitting aid to those climbing the hill of science. 
 Dr. Abbott was principal of the academy from 1788 to 1838, 
 — just half a century. Dr. Soule, having been already associated 
 with Dr. Abbott for about seventeen years, was elected princi- 
 pal in 1838, and held the position until 1873. The success, the 
 fame, and the lasting reputation of the school is largely attribu- 
 table to the efforts of these venerable instructors. 
 
 Among the pupils of Exeter were Lewis Cass, Daniel Web- 
 ster, Leverett Saltonstall, Joseph G. Coggswell, Edward Everett, 
 John A. Dix, John G. Palfrey, Jared Sparks, George Bancroft, 
 and others eminent in learning and statesmanship. 
 
 The academy building being destroyed by fire in December, 
 1870, donations for the new building delicately and modestly 
 dropped into the trustee's hands from members of the alumni, 
 until (with contributions from other beneficent sources) the sum 
 swelled to $50,000, or enough to complete the new academy- 
 building. 
 
'^^^.u^^iJ^C.^ridyC^XZZ:^' 
 
1876] SINCE THE REBELLION. 667' 
 
 The academy building destroyed in 1870 was erected in 1794, 
 with the exception of the " wings," which were afterwards added. 
 
 In 1876 a constitutional convention was held at Concord. 
 As a result of its deliberations, the religious qualification of 
 office-holders was removed ; biennial elections were decided 
 upon ; but the work was so poorly done that another convention 
 was soon demanded. 
 
 In 1876, December 8, there died in Dover Daniel M. Christie, 
 who for half a century was one of the leaders of the New 
 Hampshire bar. Daniel Miltimore Christie was of Scotch- 
 Irish stock. He was born in Antrim, October 15, 1790; grad- 
 uated at Dartmouth College, in 18 15, at the head of his class ;. 
 read law in Peterborough ; and settled at first in York, Maine. 
 In 1823 he moved to Dover. He was first elected to the leg- 
 islature in 1826 and was re-elected eleven times. Daniel M. 
 Christie, LL.D., was a man of extraordinary endowments, un- 
 remitting in his labors and his diligence. He became a great 
 man, not at a bound, but slowly and steadily. In his prime he 
 was the contemporary and peer of Daniel Webster, Jeremiah 
 Smith, Jeremiah Mason, George Sullivan, and Ichabod Bartlett. 
 
 He married Mrs. Dorothy Dix Woodman, daughter of John 
 Wheeler, Esq., and widow of Hon. Charles Woodman. In his 
 home life he was a model father and husband, kind, considerate, 
 and indulgent. They were the parents of six daughters. 
 
 At the spring election in 1877 the Republican party elected 
 its candidate, Benjamin F. Prescott, of Epping. His Demo- 
 cratic competitor was Hon. Daniel Marcy, of Portsmouth. 
 
 Mr. Prescott, a descendant of Captain Jonathan Prescott, who fought with 
 Peppeirell at the siege of Louisburg, was born in Epping, February 26, 1833; 
 graduated at Dartmoutli College in 1856, was admitted to the bar in 1859, ^^^ 
 associate editor with Amos Hadleyon the Independent Democrat till 1866. In 
 1872 he was elected secretary of state, and was re-elected in 1873, 1875, and 
 1876. To him, while secretary of state and governor, and since, is chiefly 
 due the unequalled collection of historic portraits at the State House, Dart- 
 mouth College, and at Phillips Exeter Academy. As early as 1876 he was 
 made a member of the Royal Historical Society of London. 
 
 Under Governor Prescott's administration the laws of the 
 State were revised, the new prison constructed, the militia reor- 
 
€68 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. U^77 
 
 ganized, and judicial appointments made. The prison was built 
 within the appropriation. In all his official acts, Governor Pres- 
 ■cott was animated by a purpose single to the welfare of the 
 State, and upon his retirement to private life, at the end of his 
 term, he took with him the respect of its people, irrespective of 
 l^arty or sect. 
 
 While governor he was frequently called upon to address pub- 
 lic and private gatherings, and he seldom failed to respond. His 
 first address was at Epping, on the occasion of a public recep- 
 tion given him by the citizens of the town, without distinction 
 of party, on the day after his inauguration. He was present at 
 the inauguration of Rev. Samuel C. Bartlett, D.D., LL.D., as 
 president of Dartmouth College, and gave an address of welcome 
 to that eminent scholar. The governor visited, with a large de- 
 tachment of the State militia and distinguished citizens of the 
 State, the centennial celebration of the battle of Bennington, 
 Vt., and spoke there for the State at the banquet on that mem- 
 orable occasion. He was also at State and town fairs and meet- 
 ings of various kinds. 
 
 In 1877 James F. Briggs, of Manchester, was elected a mem- 
 "ber of Congress, and was re-elected in 1879 and in 1881. 
 
 James F. Briggs, son of John and Nancy (Franklin) Briggs, 
 was born at Bury, Lancashire, England, October 23, 1827, and 
 in infancy was brought by his parents to the United States. In 
 1836 the family settled in Ashland, where the father commenced 
 the manufacture of woollen cloth. Here the son served his ap- 
 prenticeship, educated himself, studied law, and was admitted to 
 the bar in 185 1. He at first settled at Hillsborough Bridge, 
 representing the town in 1856, 1857, and 1858. During the Re- 
 bellion he served as quartermaster of the Eleventh. In 1871 he 
 established himself at Manchester, where he was appointed city 
 solicitor. He was soon elected to the State Senate, and was a 
 member of the constitutional convention. During his term in 
 Congress he was a faithful, hard-working member, wielding a 
 great influence, and commanding the confidence of his associ- 
 ates. A ready writer and an able speaker, he fairly won his 
 success at the bar and his influence in legislative assemblies. 
 
1877] 
 
 SINCE THE REBELLION. 
 
 669 
 
 From Among the Clouds, a newspaper published on the 
 summit of Mount Washington, and established in 1876, the 
 following summary of leading events in White Mountain history- 
 has been selected. 
 
 The Indian name of the White Mountains was Waumbek 
 Methna ; of Mount Washington, Agiochook. The first ascent 
 
 EChO LAKE, FRANCONIA NOTCH. 
 
 of Mount Washington was by Darby Field. The first account 
 of the mountains was published in John Josselyn's "New 
 England Rarities Discovered," 1672. Conway was settled in 
 1764. The White Mountain Notch was discovered by Nash 
 and Sawyer, 1771. Franconia was settled in 1774; Bartlett 
 about 1777; and Jackson (formerly Adams), about 1778. 
 Mount Washington was named in 1784. Bethlehem was settled 
 in 1790. The first settlement at site of Fabyan House was by. 
 
670 
 
 rllSTOKY Ol' NICW HAMPSIUKE. 
 
 [1877 
 
 CaptainEleazer Rosebrookin 1792. Abel Crawford, the "Patri- 
 arch of the Mountains," Rosebrook's son-in-law, settled near 
 Bemis Station, about 1793. The first house for visitors was 
 built by Capt. Rosebrook in 1803. Ethan Allen Crawford, 
 Abel's son, who was born at Guildhall, Vt., 1792, and died at 
 Fabyan's, 1848, took Rosebrook's house, in 1817. He opened 
 the first foot-path to the summit of Mount Washington in 1819, 
 and built a stone cabin near the Summit soon afterwards. 
 
 CASTELLATED RIDGE OF MOUNT JEFFERSON. 
 
 A. N. Brackett, J. W. Weeks, and five others, from Lancaster, 
 went over the entire White Mountain range, with E. A. Craw- 
 ford as guide, in July, 1820, and named Mounts Madison, 
 Adams, Jefferson, Monroe, Franklin, and Pleasant. They were 
 the first to spend the night on Mount Washington. The first 
 ladies to ascend Mount Washington were three. Misses Austens 
 of Portsmouth, n „ 
 
 The family of J i ^me s Willey, jr., was destroyed by a land- 
 slide in White Mountain Notch, August 28, 1826. The first 
 bridle-path to the summit was opened in 1840, by Thomas J. 
 
1878] SINCE THE REBELLION. 67! 
 
 Crawford, brother of Ethan. His father, Abel Crawford, then 
 seventy-five years old, rode the first horse that climbed the 
 mountain. 
 
 The old Summit House was built by J. S. Hall and L. M. 
 Rosebrook, in 1852. The old Tip-top House was built by Sam- 
 uel F. Spaulding & Co., in 1853. 
 
 The carriage road was begun in 1855, and finished in 1861 ; 
 the engineers were D. O. Macombcr and C. II. V. Cavis. The 
 railway was projected by Sylvester Marsh, of Littleton ; it was 
 chartered in 1858 ; work was begun in 1866 ; the road was opened 
 to the public when built to Jacob's Ladder, August 24, 1868 ; and 
 finished in July, 1869. The depot was built at Summit in fall 
 of 1870; it was blown down in spring of 1876. The Summit 
 House was built by John E. Lyon and Walter Aiken in 1872. 
 The signal station was built in 1874. The Glen stage office was 
 built in 1878. The Tower was built in 1880. The first winter 
 ascent of mountain was made by the sheriff of Coos county and 
 B. F. Osgood of the Glen House, December 7, 1858. The first 
 party spent a night on the mountain in winter, February 19, 
 1862. Tlie signal station was established in 1870. Private 
 William Stevens died at the station, I<"ebruary 26, 1872. 
 
 Frederick Strickland, an Englishman, perished in the Am- 
 monoosuc Ravine, October, 1851. Miss Lizzie Bourne, of Ken- 
 nebunk, Me., perished on the Glen bridle-path, near the Sum- 
 mit, on the night of September 14, 1855. Mr. B. L. Ball, of 
 Boston, was lost on Mount Washington, in October, 1855, in a 
 snowstorm, but was rescued after two days' and nights' expo- 
 sure without food or sleep. Benjamin Chandler, of Delaware, 
 perished near Chandler's Peak, August 7, 1856, in a storm, and 
 his remains were not discovered for nearly a year. Harry W. 
 Hunter, of Pittsburg, Pa., perished on the Crawford bridle-path, 
 September 3, 1874, a mile from the Summit. The remains 
 were discovered July 14, 1880. 
 
 In the election of 1878 Governor Prescott was the successful 
 candidate against Hon. P'rank A. McKean, of Nashua. 
 
 The amended constitution was to go into effect in June, 1879, 
 the election of governor and members of the legislature taking 
 place in November instead of March as formerly. 
 
6/2 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1878 
 
 At the convention in September, 1878, which was the first to 
 select candidates for a biennial term, Natt Head was nominated 
 upon the first ballot by a decided majority. By reason of the 
 third party or " Greenback " movement, it was not expected by 
 his most sanguine supporters that he would be elected on the 
 popular vote, yet the result was that he was chosen over all by 
 a large majority. 
 
 Governor Natt Head was descended from Welsh and Scotch ancestry, and 
 ■was born in Hooksett, May 20, 1828. His great-grandfather. Colonel James 
 Head, had command of a garrison in " Suncook" during the French war and 
 was killed at the battle of Bennington. Colonel Head had three sons, of 
 whom Nathaniel, born in Bradford, in 17541 was the grandfather of Governor 
 Natt Head. When a young man the son paid his addresses to Miss Anna 
 Knox, daughter of Timothy Knox, of Pembroke. She was of Scotch-Irish 
 blood, and one day, as the father and son were plowing, the former remarked, 
 "Nathaniel, do you intend to marry that Irish girl?" The son respectfully 
 but emphatically answered in the affirmative; whereupon the father added, 
 "Then, understand, you can never share in my property." Young Nathan- 
 iel's answer was : " Very well ; I will take care of myself." And in accordance^ 
 with his declaration he dropped the goad-stick, and in a few hours left the 
 paternal roof to take up a farm in the wilderness and build a home. The 
 father made good his threat, and at his death Nathaniel received one dollar 
 and his brothers the remainder of the property. Nathaniel located in that 
 portion of Chester now Hooksett, and, building a log-house, carried to it Anna 
 Knox, his wife. The site of the primitive cabin was the identical spot 
 where Governor Head's residence now stands. 
 
 The appointment which brought Governor Natt Head most conspicuously 
 before the public was that of adjutant, inspector, and quartermaster-general 
 of the State, which he received from Governor Gilmore, in March, 1864. Me 
 was called to that office at a period when the Republic was in one of the most 
 serious crises of the great civil war, and when the loyal people of New 
 Hampshire were putting forth every effort to enlist the men called for under 
 the president's proclamation of the preceding month. 
 
 The reports issued during General Head's administration not only give the 
 name and history of every officer and soldier who went into the service from 
 the State, but they embrace biographical sketches of all the field officers who 
 fell in battle or who died of disease during the war, together with a brief 
 history of all the organizations, giving their principal movements from their 
 departure to their return home. These books also include the military his- 
 tory of New Hampshire from 1623 to 1861, the data for which were gathered 
 with' great perseverance and under many discouragements from various 
 sources in this and other States, and from the rolls in the War Department at 
 Washington, thus making the united reports a work of inestimable value to 
 the present and coming generations, and, at the same time, constituting an 
 
1879] SINCE THE REBELLION. 6^1 
 
 invaluable contribution to the martial history of the nation. He was the 
 first adjutant-general in our country who conceived the idea of having hand- 
 somely engraved on steel, with attractive and appropriate symbols, and of a 
 size adapted to framing, a memorial certificate to be presented to all surviving 
 officers and soldiers from the State, and to the widows or nearest relatives of 
 those who gave their lives in the great struggle for the preservation of the 
 Republic. 
 
 His gubernatorial administration was througliout eminently 
 successful, creditable alike to his own ability and fidelity and to 
 the fair fame of the State which he so honorably served. 
 
 During his term of office there arose many important measures 
 and questions whose consideration demanded practical good 
 sense, wisdom, and impartial judgment. The well-known Buz- 
 zell murder case, which finally became one of the most celebrated 
 in the criminal records of the world, had been twice tried when 
 Governor Head entered the executive chair. Buzzell was then 
 awaiting execution, and thousands had petitioned for a commu- 
 tation of his sentence. His Excellency and his official advisers 
 gave a long and patient hearing to counsel for th.e State and for 
 the defence, and to all others who desired to be heard, and then, 
 after mature deliberation, refused the prayer on the ground that 
 no new evidence had been presented that would warrant the 
 changing of the decision of the court. Buzzell suffered the ex^ 
 treme penalty of the law, and the conclusion in his case was sus- 
 tained by legal and public opinion. The project of a new Stat6 
 Prison, which had been successfully inaugurated under his prede- 
 cessor, was carried forward to its completion. The commissioners 
 selected to superintend the work consulted with the governor at 
 every step, and without even a whisper of extravagance or job- 
 bery the building was finished, dedicated, and opened for use, 
 and stands to-day, in thoroughness of structure and excellence of 
 arrangement, second to no other penitentiary in the country; 
 There came before Governor Head many judicial and other ap- 
 pointments, all of which were made with the single aim of serv- 
 ing the highest interest of the State. His administration took 
 its rank in history as one of the purest, wisest, and best that 
 New Hampshire has ever had. 
 
 The " Holderness School for Boys " was opened in 1879 ^^ a 
 
674 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l8SO 
 
 diocesan school in the old mansion of the Livermores, and the 
 venerable church served as its chapel until the erection of a beau- 
 tiful Gothic chapel was demanded. Destroyed by fire in March, 
 1882, the historic homestead has given place to new buildings 
 specially adapted to the school work. Rev. Frank C. Coolbaugh 
 is the rector of the school, and also of Trinity church in the 
 town of Holderness. 
 
 St. Mary's school for girls, in Concord, was opened seven years later, or in 
 1886, in the mansion occupied by Hall Burgin, Governor Gilmore, and Judge 
 Asa Fowler. The Chase Home for Children, an orphanage under episcopal 
 patronage, was opened in Portsmouth in 1879. 
 
 In 1880 Aretas Blood, of Manchester, was chairman of the 
 electors who cast the vote of New Hampshire for James A. 
 Garfield for president of the United States. 
 
 Aretas Blood, a descendant of James Blood, an early settler of 
 Concord, Mass., was born October 8, 1816, in Weathersfield, 
 Vt. Having learned the trade of a blacksmith and machinist, 
 Mr. Blood, after having visited the West, settled in Man- 
 chester in 1853, and established the next year the Manchester 
 Locomotive Works. In 1857 he became the agent and manager 
 of the company. Here his mechanical skill, executive ability, 
 and judgment in financial affairs have had full scope for their 
 exercise ; and he has built up one of the largest manufacturing- 
 establishments in the State. The works can turn out one hundred 
 and fifty locomotives and fifty steam fire engines every year, and 
 give employment to seven hundred skilled workmen. Over 
 thirteen hundred of these locomotives are now in use. Mr. 
 Blood's financial ability has been called into the service of 
 several manufacturing enterprises and banks. 
 
 Mr. Blood has been very successful in business ; and his 
 success in life may be attributed to his stubborn jierseverance, 
 as well as his good judgment and remarkable common sense. 
 
 Mr. Blood was married September 4, 1845, to Lavina K. Kendall. His 
 daughter Nora married Frank P. Carpenter; his daughter Emma married 
 Dr. L. M. French. 
 
 Hon. Charles H. Bell, of Exeter, the Republican candidate 
 for governor, elected in the fall of 1880, was inaugurated ii, 
 
w 
 
1881 
 
 SINCE THE KEBELLION. 
 
 67 s 
 
 June, i88i. As was expected at the time of his election the 
 administration of Governor Bell was marked by the dignity 
 and high character of the chief magistrate. 
 
 Governor Charles H. Bell, son of Governor John and Persis 
 (Thorn) Bell, and nephew of Governor Samuel Bell, was born in 
 Nov., 1823, in Chester, was educated at Pembroke and Phillips 
 Exeter Academies, graduated at Dartmouth College in 1844, read 
 
 CHARLES H. BELL. 
 
 law with Bell and Tuck in Exeter, and subsequently, continued 
 with his cousin Hon. Samuel Dana Bell, one of the most emi- 
 nent lawyers in the State, and who for five years held the office 
 of chief justice of New Hampshire. On his admittance to the 
 bar, the young lawyer commenced to practice in his native town, 
 and later removed to Great Falls, and finally settled in Exeter. 
 He entered actively into practice, and speedily manifested abil- 
 ities of a high order and unusual professional attainments, which 
 at once raised him to prominence. In 1856 he was appointed 
 solicitor of Rockingham county, and filled the office for ten 
 years. He was a representative in 1858, and chairman of the 
 judiciary committee. He was re-elected in 1859 and i860, being 
 elected speaker the last year. He developed rare qualities as a 
 
676 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. [1881 
 
 presiding officer. With an extended knowledge of parliamentary- 
 law, coupled with his native dignity and firmness, he wielded 
 the gavel with such ability and judicial fairness as to make him 
 one of the most popular of speakers. 
 
 In 1863 and 1864 Mr. Bell was elected to the State Senate, and during the 
 latter year served as president of that body. In 1872 and 1873 he was again 
 chosen to the House, bringing with him a ripeness and experience in legisla- 
 tive duties that gave to him the leadership of his party, and made him one 
 of its most influential members. In 1S79 Mr. Bell was appointed United 
 States Senator, for the special session of that year, by Governor Prescott, to 
 take the place of Bainbridge Wadleigh, whose term of office liad expired. 
 
 At the commencement at Dartmouth College in June, 1881, the degree of 
 LL. D. was conferred upon him. 
 
 The Democratic candidate for governor in the fall election of 
 1880 was Hon. Frank Jones, of Portsmouth. Mr. Jones was 
 born in Harrington, September 15, 1832. He was a son of 
 Thomas and Mary (Priest) Jones, and a grandson of Pelatiah 
 Jones, a successful shipmaster of Portsmouth. Mr. Jones 
 started in business in Portsmouth, and soon gained a reputa- 
 tion for business sagacity and executive ability. Financially he 
 became the most successful man in New Hampshire. 
 
 ' Frank Jones is a familiar name with the people of New Hampshire, ami 
 well known beyond its borders. It is synonymous with pluck, energy, and 
 success. He has been four times the Democratic candidate for mayor of 
 Portsmouth, and twice elected to that office — in 1868 and 1869 — although the 
 Republican party was in a majority in the city at the time. He was also, for 
 two years, the candidate of his party for State senator, and, though failing of 
 an election, very nearly overcame the decided Republican majority in the dis- 
 trict. In 1875 he was nominated with great unanimity by the Democratic 
 convention at Newmarket for representative in Congress for the First Con- 
 gressional District, and in the election defeated the Republican nominee, Col. 
 Charles S. Whitehouse, of Rochester, although at the previous election the 
 Republicans elected their candidate. Renominated for the next Congress, in 
 1877, the Republicans made a determined effort to secure his defeat, selecting 
 as their candidate Gen. Gilman Marston, of Exeter, who had won distinction 
 in military as well as civil life, and had been three times elected to the same 
 office in past years; yet so great was Mr. Jones' popularity and so well satis- 
 fied were the people with his services for the previous term, that his oppo- 
 nents were unable to compass his defeat, and he was returned by a plurality 
 of forty votes over the formidable candidate who had been pitted against him. 
 At the close of his second terrain Congress, although strongly importuned to 
 
 » H. H. Metcalf. 
 
7722^ 
 
c 
 
 Q . f^Cl/^ca^iu 
 
l88l] SINCE THE REBELLION. (tJJ 
 
 be again a candidate, he positively refused. He was actively interested in the 
 railroad war of 1887. Mr. Jones has acquired a very large fortune, which he 
 uses in a public-spirited way. He built the Rockingham house, the pride of 
 Portsmouth upon the site of the old Langdon house, the home of Woodbury 
 Langdon, a brother of John Langdon, and one of the early judges of the Su- 
 preme Court. The original house was burned in the great iire which devas- 
 tated Portsmouth in 1781, but was rebuilt by Judge Langdon five years later. 
 In 1830 the place was purchased by a company and transformed into a hotel. 
 Coming into the possession of Mr. Jones it was substantially rebuilt in 1870, 
 and again in iSSf. "The Wentworth" at Newcastle, the island town in 
 Portsmouth harbor, was completed by Mr. Jones in 1879-80. 
 
 One of the leading members of the State Senate in 1881 was 
 Hon. V. C. Oilman, of Nashua. 
 
 Virgil Chase Oilman, a member of the historical Oilman fam- 
 ily, a descendant of Moses Oilman, and a son of Emerson and 
 Delia (Way) Oilman, was born in Unity, May 5, 1827. He was 
 educated at the public schools of Lowell, Mass., and settled in 
 Nashua in 1843. ^^ the age of twenty-four years he embarked 
 in the manufacture of card-board and glazed paper, then an in- 
 fant enterprise in this country, and continued in the business 
 for over twenty years. His health required out-of-door exercise 
 after long application to office work ; and he devoted his ener- 
 gies to cultivating a farm, and breeding Jersey cattle, driving 
 horses, and Plymouth Rock fowls. In 1876 he accepted the 
 office of treasurer of the Nashua Savings Bank, which cares for 
 deposits of over three million dollars, and is a director in the 
 Nashua Iron and Steel Company, the Underbill Edge Tool 
 Company, the Amesbury Axle Company, and the Indian Head 
 National Bank. Mr. Oilman has served the city of Nashua in 
 every office from ward clerk to mayor, as assessor, member of 
 the board of education, and trustee, secretary, and treasurer of 
 the public library. In the Senate he served as chairman of 
 the judiciary committee, where his business-like and methodical 
 habits were of great advantage to, and fully appreciated by, the 
 Senate and by the public. Here his sound judgment and ster- 
 ling common sense had ample opportunities for exercise. An 
 active and influential member of the Congregational church, 
 public-spirited in forwarding every good work, his energy, integ. 
 rity, and discretion are widely recognized. In 1850 he married 
 
678 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1882 
 
 Sarah Louise, daughter of Gideon Nevvcomb, Esq., of Roxbury. 
 Of their two children, one died in infancy, and the other, Har- 
 riet Louise Oilman, married Charles W. Hoitt, a lawyer of 
 Nashua. 
 
 At the death of Hon. Evarts W. Farr, in November, 1880, 
 Mr. Ossian Ray, of Lancaster, was elected to fill out the unex- 
 pired term. He was twice re-elected and served until March 4, 
 1885. 
 
 Ossian Ray was born December 13, 1835, in Hinesburg, Vt., 
 and traces his descent from Revolutionary patriots. In 1854 
 he settled in Lancaster, and at the age of twenty-one was ad- 
 mitted to the bar, and formed a partnership with Hon. Jacob 
 Benton. He has since been associated with Hon. William S. 
 Ladd, Hon. Irving W. Drew, Hon. Chester B. Jordon, and 
 Philip Carpenter. Mr. Ray represented Lancaster in 1868 and 
 1869, and was solicitor of Coos county from 1862 to 1872. He 
 was appointed United States attorney for the district of New 
 Hampshire by President Hayes. He was an active and influen- 
 tial member of Congress, and ranks very high in the legal pro- 
 fession. 
 
 Samuel W. Hale, of Keene, was elected governor in the fall 
 of 1882, defeating M. V. B. Edgerley, of Manchester, the Dem- 
 ocratic candidate, and was inaugurated in June, 1883. 
 
 Governor Hale's administration of the affairs of the common- 
 wealth was characterized by dignity, moderation, and prudence ; 
 and he retired from his high office, at the close of his term, with 
 the respect of political friend and foe. 
 
 Governor Hale was born in Fitchburg, Mass., in 1823, and in 1845 set- 
 tled in Dublin, removing to Keene in 1859, when he became extensively in- 
 terested in manufacturing enterprises, railroads, and large financial transac- 
 tions. 
 
 He was elected a member of the State legislature in 1S66, and was re-elected 
 the next year. In 1869 he was chosen a member of the governor's Council, 
 to which position he was re-elected in 1870. 
 
 Charles H. Bartlett, of Manchester, was chosen president of 
 the State Senate in 1883. Charles Henry Bartlett, son of 
 John and Jane (Sanborn) Bartlett, and a descendant of Richard 
 Bartlett (of Newbury, Mass., in 1635), was born in Sunapee, 
 
"^/t^^/A 
 
 // A 
 
^a^^-^^L.<-.c.^^ nT:0^^^^^^. 
 
^gj^.'ta ¥Utdl(r- 
 
1884] SINCE THE REBELLION. 6/9 
 
 October 15, 1833. He received an academic education; studied 
 law ; was admitted to the bar, in 1858; settled in Wentworth, 
 and in 1863 moved to Manchester. From 1867 to his election 
 to the Senate, he was cl^k of the United States District Court. 
 He was mayor of Manchester in 1872. Mr. Bartlett brought 
 to his chosen profession of the law a keen, well-balanced mind, 
 with faculties always at command. He was a member of the 
 constitutional convention iri 1876, and received the degree of 
 A. M. from Dartmouth College in 1881. 
 
 The Republican majority of 1883 were unable to elect a 
 United States senator until after a long contest. The candi- 
 dates offered to the suffrages of the legislature included the 
 leading men of the part}'. At length the legislature elected 
 Austin F. Pike, of Franklin. He died during his term of office 
 in 1884. 
 
 In the fall election of 1884, Dr. Jacob H. Gallinger, of Con- 
 cord, was elected to represent the Second Congressional District, 
 and was re-elected in 1886. Dr. Gallinger was born in Cornwall, 
 Ontario, March 28, 1837. At the age of twelve years he entered 
 a printing office, and at the age of eighteen he commenced the 
 study of medicine in Cincinnati. In i860 he settled in Keene, 
 and two years later in Concord. He represented Concord in 
 the legislature in 1872 and 1873 ; was a member of the consti- 
 tutional convention in 1876; State senator in 1878 and 1879; 
 president of the Senate during his last term ; and chairman of 
 the Republican State Committee since 1882. Dr. Gallinger is 
 one of the most popular and successful campaign orators in the 
 State. As a speaker he is rapid, direct, and practical, has an Ex- 
 cellent voice, and always commands the close attention of his 
 audience. He is also a facile and effective writer, and has fre- 
 quently been called upon for public addresses on topics aside 
 from politics. As an organizer he is noted for his executive 
 ability. As a physician he has a large practice. 
 
 Hon. Moody Currier, of Manchester, was inaugurated gov- 
 ernor in June, 1885, having been elected the preceding fall. 
 
 Governor Currier was born in Boscawen In April, 1806. He is the arcliitect 
 of his own fortunes. He was brought up on a farm in Bow, but early evinced 
 
680 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['885 
 
 an insatiable desire for information. He fitted for college, and graduated at 
 Dartmouth in 1834, read law with Hon. Daniel Clark, and engaged in literary 
 pursuits. He settled in Manchester in 1841, and became cashier of the Amos- 
 keag Bank in 1848 at its organization, fie is still connected with the insti- 
 tution as well as other large financial interests. « He was clerk of the Senate in 
 1843 and 1844, senator in 1856, president of the Senate in 1S57, councillor in 
 i860 and 1S61, chairman of the war committee of the Council during the first 
 fifteen months of the Rebellion. In that position he exhibited great ability 
 and energy, and rendered efficient service to the State and the nation. He 
 entered with his whole soul into the business of raising and equipping troops, 
 and won great praise from all parties for his efforts in this direction. The 
 first eight regiments of infantry, a battery, four companies of cavalry, and 
 three companies of sharpshooters were organized, equipped and sent to the 
 front with the utmost despatch while Mr. Currier was at the head of the 
 war committee. In compliment to him, the rendezvous of the Eighth regi- 
 ment at Manchester was named " Camp Currier." 
 
 Gcvernor Currier has an ardent temperament and versatile 
 talent. His practical judgment is shown in the success of the 
 banking institutions which he has managed for many years, and 
 also in the success of the various other enterprises with which 
 he has been connected in an official capacity. He is method- 
 ical and cautious in his habits, and has always sustained 
 the reputation of being honorable and upright in all his business 
 relations. He maintains a high rank as a scholar, and, unlike 
 many other men who have enjoyed the advantages of a liberal 
 educatioif, he has throughout his whole life taken a strong inte- 
 rest in the study of literature, science, and philosophy. He 
 retains a taste for the ancient classics and is quite familiar with 
 French, German, and other modern languages. He has written 
 many pieces of poetry, creditable in taste and composition. By 
 industry and prudence he has acquired a handsome fortune, and 
 his residence is a model of taste. He is liberal in his gifts to 
 worthy objects and especially to those which relate to intellectual 
 culture. 
 
 His administration of the affairs of the State was marked by 
 the prudence, sagacity, and caution so characteristic of him all 
 his life ; and he retired from office at the close of his term with 
 the respect of all. 
 
 At the fall election in November, 1886, Rev. Luther F. Mc- 
 Kinney, of Manchester, the Democratic candidate for Congress- 
 
■ 7y' )j-/ .4 /r ."- '■ . "' ■ 
 

 o~irxJ--i/- -^ 
 
 U^A/\ 
 
1887] SINCE THE REBELLION. 68 1 
 
 man in the First District, was elected. Dr. Jacob H. Gallinger 
 was re-elected in the Second District. 
 
 In the fall of 1886 Charles H. Sawyer, of Dover, was the 
 Republican candidate for governor. The 'Democrats voted for 
 Colonel Thomas Cogswell, of Gilmanton ; the Prohibitionists 
 voted for Col. Joseph VVentworth, of Concord. His Excellency 
 Governor Sawyer was elected by the legislature, and inaugurated 
 in June, 1887. ^ He does not owe the estimation in which he is 
 held to the doings of his ancestors. He has earned his own po- 
 sition in the world. Yet he cannot fail to feel an honorable 
 pride in the fact that he is sprung from a line of energetic and in- 
 genious workers, who made themselves useful and respected in 
 their generations. 
 
 Charles H. Sawyer is a lineal descendant of John Sawyer, a 
 farmer of Lincolnshire in England, one of whose sons, Thomas, 
 emigrated to this country about the year 1636. 
 
 Phineas, the great-great-grandson of Thomas, and the grand- 
 father of Charles H. Sawyer, bought in Marlborough, Mass., a 
 century later, a water privilege and mills, to which he afterwards 
 added a cotton factory ; a difficult and hazardous undertaking at 
 that early day. 
 
 Jonathan Sawyer, the youngest of his twelve children, 
 was born" at Marlborough, Massachusetts, in 1817. He went 
 with his mother and other members of the family, when 
 he was twelve years old, to Lowell, where for the next few 
 years he attended school. He was a member of the first class 
 that entered the high school of that city, having among his 
 mates Hon. Benjamin F. Butler, Gov. E. A. Straw, and G. V. 
 Fox, assistant secretary of the navy during the civil war. On 
 account of a severe sickness, young Sawyer at sixteen years of 
 age left school, and while recruiting his health made a visit to 
 his brother, Alfred Ira Sawyer, who, after some experience as a 
 dyer at Amesbury and Great Falls, had come in 1824 to Dover, 
 where he was operating a grist-mill, a custom carding and 
 cloth-dressing mill, converting this last into a flannel-mill. 
 Jonathan remained in Dover two years, going to school and 
 
 ' Gov. C. H. Bell. 
 
682 lUSTOKY 01' NEW IIAMPSUIRE [1887 
 
 working for his brother. In the fall of 1835 he returned to 
 Lowell. His mother, for the purpose of conferring upon her 
 son a more complete education, sent him to the great Methodist 
 school at Wilbraham, 'which at that time was a most flourishing 
 preparatory school for the Wesleyan University at Middletown, 
 Conn. Here he remained two terms, when, at nineteen years of 
 age, returning to Lowell, he went into a woollen establishment as 
 a dyer. Afterwards he went into this business on his own ac- 
 count, and continued in it until 1839.' 
 
 Forty years ago Dover received Jonathan Saw-yer, then a 
 young man full of hope and ambition, honesty and executive 
 ability, whose career has done so much to advance the prosper- 
 ity of his adopted home. He found on Bellamy river a small 
 water-power, about which to-day is built one of the largest and 
 most prosperous manufacturing establishments within New 
 England, the products of which are welcomed in a million 
 American homes. He gathered about him a score of working 
 people at first, whose pay was small in those early days of free 
 trade. But when our government threw its protecting arm and 
 fostering care about the infant industries of the country, the es- 
 tablishment prospered and grew. Willing hands found ready 
 work. The fame of the goods became widespread ; new mills 
 were built ; new machinery was introduced ; new operatives 
 were employed. The profits of the business were embarked in 
 it enlargement, until five hundred busy workmen found employ- 
 ment. While theirnumber was increasing the pay had doubled. 
 He is still a principal and active proprietor of the Sawyer Wool- 
 len Mills, in the enjoyment of health, competence, and the res- 
 pect won by a life of honorable exertion and spotless integrity. 
 
 Charles H. Sawyer, the eldest son of Jonathan and Martha 
 (Perkins) Sawyer, was born in Watertown, N. Y., March 30, 
 1840. At the age of ten he was brought by his father to Dover, 
 and acquired the basis of his education in the excellent public 
 schools of that place. When he became seventeen, his father, 
 who designed him for the hereditary calling of manufacturing, 
 placed him in the flannel-mill as an ordinary hand, to enable him 
 
 1 Rev. Dr. George B. Spalding. 
 
1887] SINCE THE REBELLION. 683 
 
 to form a practical acquaintance with the various and compli- 
 cated processes required to transform the rough fleece into the 
 finished fabric. Here he supplemented his book education by the 
 education of work, observation, and experience. Step by step he 
 rose to the higher grades of employment, mastering every de- 
 tail of the business as he went, until at the age of twenty-six he 
 was appointed superintendent of the establishment. He soon be- 
 came interested in large financial operations. Though so diligent 
 a man of affairs. Governor Sawyer finds the time for mental 
 cultivation. His library contains the best books of solid value, 
 and he has made himself acquainted with their contents. On 
 all subjects of public interest and practical importance he keeps 
 thoroughly informed, and has well-considered opinions. Nat- 
 urally somewhat reticent, he never obtrudes his views ; but 
 when they are sought for, they are found to go straight to the 
 mark, and to have behind them all the force of rare sagacity and 
 careful thought. He makes no pretentions to oratory, yet ora- 
 tors might well envy the impression which his plain, convincing 
 statements command. In the recent panic caused by the with- 
 drawal from the State of foreign insurance companies, it was 
 mainly Colonel Sawyer's calm and clear demonstration of the 
 feasibility of a manufacturers' mutual system of home insurance 
 that quieted the needless feelings of alarm. 
 
 It has been truly remarked of Governor Sawyer that "Nature 
 made him on a large scale." His great interests he wields easily, 
 and carries his broad responsibilities without fatigue. His re- 
 markable executive ability never seems to be taxed to its full 
 capacity ; there is always an appearance of reserve strength be- 
 yond. He has a large way of estimating men and things. No 
 petty prejudices obscure the clearness of his vision or weaken 
 the soundness of his judgment. He has the courage of his 
 convictions, and does not shrink from telling an unpalatable 
 truth when necessary ; but he has the rare faculty of giving no 
 needless Offence. In the wide round of his occupations he 
 must needs have caused some disappointments ; but his char- 
 acter for justice and fair dealing is so universally understood 
 that censure finds no vulnerable spot to fasten on. Modest and 
 
684 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['887 
 
 unassuming in a remarkable degree, the public positions he has 
 held have come to him through no longing or efforts of his own ; 
 in his case it is emphatically true that " the office has always 
 sought the man." ^ 
 
 Governor Sawyer is a member of the Congregational society 
 in Dover, and a liberal contributor to its support, as well as to 
 every worthy object of charity and scheme of benevolence that 
 is brought to his notice from whatever quarter. Though his 
 manner is reserved, his heart is warm, and his sympathies are 
 quick and wide ; and his generosity and helpfulness in a good 
 cause are not "limited by place or creed or nationality. Gover- 
 nor Sawyer has too great an interest in public affairs to be 
 without decided political convictions. He cast his earliest vote 
 for Abraham Lincoln, and has ever since been unswerving in his 
 allegiance to the Republican party. His experience in the ser- 
 vice of the public has not been inconsiderable. After having 
 served with credit in both branches of the city council of 
 Dover, he was chosen a representative in the State legislature 
 in the years iSdgand 1870, and again in 1876 and 1877. His 
 ability and standing in that body are indicated by the fact of his 
 assignment to the important committees on the judiciary, rail- 
 roads, manufactures, and national affairs. His last political 
 service before election was that of delegate at large to the Na- 
 tional Republican Convention at Chicago, in 1884.^ 
 
 The Democratic candidate for governor in 1886, Colonel 
 Thomas Cogswell, of Gilmanton, was a veteran of the Union 
 army, a lawyer and farmer, and popular with his party. 
 
 Colonel Joseph Wentworth, of Concord, the candidate of the 
 Prohibition party for the office of governor, again called into 
 prominence a member of the historical Wentworth family, who 
 for so many years influenced the destinies of Province and State. 
 He traces his descent from Elder William Wentworth, the pro. 
 genitor of the New England branch of the family, through 
 Ezekiel, of Dover, Benjamin, of Dover, Colonel John Wentworth, 
 a judge of the Court of Common Pleas, Hon. John Wentworth, a 
 member of the Continental Congress, and Hon. Paul Went- 
 
 ■ Ex-Gov. C. H. Bell. 
 
l887] SINCE THE REBELLION. 685 
 
 worth, a leading citizen of Sandwich in the early half of the 
 present century. In him is united the blood of the Went- 
 worths, the Gilmans, the Frosts, the Cogswells, gind the Leigh- 
 tons. His brother, Hon. John Wentworth, of Chicago, has 
 been prominently before the people of Illinois since the settle- 
 ment of that western metropolis. 
 
 Colonel Joseph Wentworth, born in Sandwich, January 30, 1818, at- 
 tended school at the New Hampton, Hopkinton, and Berwick Academies, 
 and settled in his native town, where for tliirty years he kept a general country 
 store, looking after his farm and banking interests. 
 
 He was aide to Governor Page, the first register of deeds for Carroll county, 
 sheriff for five years, representative to the legislature in 1844-45, »"d ^ mem- 
 ber of the constitutional convention in 1850, postmaster fifteen years, also 
 president and chief owner of Carroll County National Bank. In 1870 he 
 moved to Concord and was chosen assessor of ward six, member of the con- 
 stitutional convention in 1876, and a representative to the legislature in 1878. 
 Mr. Wentworth was married in 1845 '" Sarah Payson Jones, of Brookline, 
 Mass., and is the father of six cliildren, two sons and four daughters, all now 
 living. His sons, Paul and Moses, entered Harvard College the same day, 
 and graduated the same day, and are both practising law, one in Chicago, and 
 the other in Sandwich. 
 
 Mr. Wentworth, since his residence in Concord, has had much influence in 
 social and flnancial circles. He enthusiastically supports those political doc- 
 rines which he believes to be right, and was the standard bearer of a party, 
 not so strong in numbers, as they are strong in their attachment to what they 
 conceive to be their duty. 
 
 One of the earliest and most eloquent advocates of temperance 
 was Jonathan Kittredge, afterwards chief justice of the Court 
 of Common Pleas. He was son of Dr. Jonathan and Apphia 
 (Woodman) Kittredge, and was born in Canterbury, July 17, 1793. 
 He graduated at Dartmouth College in 18 13, read law, and 
 settled in Lyme. He afterwards lived at Canaan ; and in 1859 
 moved to Concord. He died April 8, 1864. 
 
 Nathaniel White, of Concord, was a leading advocate of 
 temperance by precept and example. 
 
 The successful candidate in the race for the United States 
 senatorship in June, 1887, was the Hon. William Eaton 
 Chandler, of Concord. He was elected June 15, for the term of 
 twenty months. In him New Hampshire had another strong 
 senator. He entered the Senate chamber with a national repu- 
 
686 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['887 
 
 tation for sagacity and wisdom already acquired, with the ex- 
 perience of his whole youth and manhood devoted to public 
 affairs, with the acquaintance and confidence of officials and 
 statesmen of every section, with a thorough knowledge of the 
 wants and needs of the State of New Hampshire and of the 
 citizens of the State of every degree, with a familiarity with the 
 intricate mechanism of all the departments of the government, 
 with a full and discriminating understanding of law — State, na- 
 tional, and international — which would grace the bench of any 
 court, and with judgment almost intuitive. 
 
 The following is from Appleton's Cyclopcedia of American Biog- 
 raphy : — 
 
 " Chandler, William Eaton, cabinet minister, born in Concord, 
 N. H., December 28, 1835. He studied law in Concord, and at 
 the Harvard Law School, where he was graduated in 1855. For 
 several years after his admission to the bar in 1856 he practised 
 in Concord, and in 1859 was appointed reporter of the New 
 Hampshire Supreme Court, and published five volumes of re- 
 ports. From the time of his coming of age Mr. Chandler was 
 actively connected with the Republican party, serving first as 
 secretary, and afterward as chairman of the State committee. In' 
 1862 he was elected to the New Hampshire House of Repre- 
 sentatives, of which he was speaker for two successive terms, in 
 1863-64. In November, 1864, he was employed by the navy 
 department as special counsel to prosecute the Philadelphia 
 navy-yard frauds, and on March 9, 1865, was appointed first 
 solicitor and judge-advocate-general of that department. On 
 17th June, 1865, he became first assistant secretary of the 
 Treasury. On 30th November, 1 867, he resigned this place and 
 resumed law practice. During the next thirteen years, although 
 occupying no official position except that of member of the con- 
 stitutional convention of New Hampshire in 1876, he continued 
 to take an active part in politics. He was a delegate from his 
 State to the Republican national convention in 1868, and was 
 secretary of the national committee from that time until 1876. 
 In that year he advocated the claims of the Hayes electors in 
 Florida before the canvassing board of the State, and later was 
 

1887] SINCE THE KEUliLLION. 687 
 
 one of the counsel to prepare the case submitted by the Repub- 
 lican side to the electoral commission. Mr. Chandler afterward 
 became an especially outspoken opponent of the Southern policy 
 of the Hayes administration. In 1880 he was a delegate to the 
 Republican national convention, and served as a member of the 
 committee on credentials, in which place he was active in secur- 
 ing the report in favor of district representation, which was 
 adopted by the convention. During the subsequent campaign 
 he was a member of the national committee. On March 23, 
 1 88 1, he was nominated for United States solicitor-general, but 
 the Senate refused to confirm, the vote being nearly upon party 
 lines. In that year he was again a member of the New Hamp- 
 shire legislature. On 7th April, 1882, he was appointed secre- 
 tary of the navy. Among the important measures carried out 
 by him were the simplification and reduction of the unwieldy 
 navy-yard establishment ; the limitation of the number of annual 
 appointments to the actual wants of the naval service; the dis- 
 continuance of the extravagant policy of repairing worthless 
 vessels ; and the beginning of a modern navy in the construction 
 of the four new cruisers recommended by the advisory board. 
 The organization and successful voyage of the Greely relief ex- 
 pedition in 1884 were largely due to his personal efforts. Mr. 
 •Chandler was a strenuous advocate of uniting with the navy the 
 other nautical branches of the federal administration, including 
 the light-house establishment, the coast survey, and the revenue 
 marine, upon the principle, first distinctly set forth by him, that 
 ' the officers and seamen of the navy should be employed to per- 
 form all the work of the national government upon or in direct 
 connection with the ocean.' " 
 
 Mr. Chandler has been twice married, — in 1859 ^^ ^ daughter 
 of Governor Joseph A. Gilmore, and in 1874 to a daughter of 
 Hon. John P. Hale. 
 
 Since the days of Franklin Pierce and Isaac Hill, the Demo- 
 cratic party has had many and able leaders, prominent among 
 whom have been Colonel John H. George, Hon. Josiah Minot, 
 Hon. Daniel Marcy, Hon. Harry Bingham, Hon. Frank Jones, 
 Hon. A. W. Sulloway, Hon. James A. Weston, Colonel Thomas 
 
o 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
^O/yi^ /^.^^^^^^^^^^-^^^ 
 
l887] SINCE THE REBELLION. 689 
 
 Cogswell, John M. Hill, Hon. Hosea W. Parker, Hon. Edmund 
 Burke, John H. Pearson, and Charles F. Stone. 
 
 Hon. Harry Bingham, born March 30, 1821, in Concord, Vt., 
 of New Hampshire stock ; was brought up on a farm ; educated 
 at Lyndon (Vt.) Academy ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 
 1843 ; studied law with George C. Cahoon, David Hibbard, and 
 Hon. Harry Hibbard ; taught school while a student ; was ad- 
 mitted to the bar at the May term, 1846, and settled in Littleton 
 in the practice of the law. In i86i, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, and 
 1868 he was elected representative, and every term from 1871 
 until 1 88 1, sixteen terms in all, when he was elected to the 
 State Senate. He has been frequently the Democratic candidate 
 for United States senator, and a member of the State constitu- 
 tional convention in 1876. Mr. Bingham is unmarried, attends 
 the Episcopal church, has been the standard-bearer of the Dem- 
 ocratic party on many a hard-fought field, and is a lawyer, orator, 
 and statesman of national reputation. ^ 
 
 During the session of the legislature in the summer and fall 
 of 1887 the railroad question was very thoroughly discussed, the 
 contest arising between the Concord Railroad and the Boston and 
 Maine Railroad, for the possession of the roads in the central 
 part of the State. 
 
 During the extended hearing before the Railroad Committee, 
 certain interesting historical facts were developed. From the 
 address of Hon. Samuel C; Eastman, speaker of the House in 
 1883, are taken the following : — 
 
 When railroads were first chartered the Democratic party, 
 which then controlled the legislature of the State, was exceed- 
 ingly jealous of all corporations. It refused for a long time to 
 recognize the public necessity there was for the incorporation of 
 railroads ; and it was only when they had declared that they 
 should be public corporations and should be compelled to 
 discharge their duties as public corporations, that the legisla- 
 ture decided to charter one of them. The Concord Railroad, 
 one of the first chartered, it was feared might be a monopoly. 
 It was also feared that there might be a temptation to abuse 
 
 ■ H. H. Metcalf. 
 
690 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MAMPSIUKI::. 
 
 [1887 
 
 the power that had been conferred upon it by the State and to. 
 place more money in the pocl<ets of the stockholders than 
 was right ; therefore two limits were placed upon its powers, for 
 
 o 
 (J 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 the purpose of protecting the public. One of them was a pro- 
 vision that at any time, after a certain period, the State should 
 have the right to take the prsperty of the railroad, paying to its 
 stockholders the amount of money they had invested in build- 
 
1887] SINCE THE REBELLION. 691 
 
 ing the road and an annual dividend of ten per cent, on the 
 amount they had so invested, provided it had not already been 
 paid them out of the earnings of the corporation. The other 
 restriction was, in case the corporation should, after a period of 
 five years, earn more money and pay to its stockholders more 
 money than ten per cent, per annum, the legislature should 
 have the right to adjust their tariff so as probably for the next 
 five years to bring their income down to the limit of ten per 
 cent. These two provisions seem very important indications 
 both of the intention of the legislature and of the State in 
 chartering the railroads, for the provision was incorporated in 
 other railroad charters. 
 
 The paternal system of the management of railroad corpora- 
 tions was in force in the State down to 1883, when the general 
 railroad law was passed. At that time it was proposed to prac- 
 tically abandon the paternal system of the State exercising 
 jurisdiction over railroads, as a father over the actions of his 
 children ; but leave them to the management of their own 
 affairs in just such a way as seemed best to them, subject of 
 course still to certain general regulations. And if any railroad 
 should ask permission to destroy its own existence or transfer 
 its powers to another corporation, the legislature no longer 
 thought it necessary for them to intervene. The law did not 
 accomplish what was expected, for the court decided that the 
 legislation was insufficient. 
 
 The Concord Railroad has accumulated a large surplus, not 
 necessarily divisible nor due to the State. The management 
 have done nothing with their surplus which was not legitimate, 
 praiseworthy, and commendable, devoting it to the development 
 of their ability the better to discharge their public duties to the 
 State. 
 
 For various reasons, which the inquisitive antiquarian may 
 discover by consulting the dusty files of contemporary news- 
 papers, the so-called Hazen bill, said to have been in the inte- 
 rest or to the liking of the Boston and Maine Railroad, having 
 passed the legislature, was vetoed by the governor. The Ather- 
 ton bill, which was supported by the friends of the Concord 
 
692 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1887 
 
 Railroad, was killed in the House of Representatives. The 
 supporters of the two bills were not divided according to their 
 political creeds. The members of both the House and the 
 Senate had the advantage of much interested advice from 
 attorneys and local political magnates, assembled at Concord 
 from every section of the State. Feeling ran very high, charges 
 and counter-charges were made, but after adjournment the dis- 
 puted points were referred to the Supreme Court of the State. 
 
 Prominent in railroad circles for many years has been Mr. J. 
 W. White, of Nashua. 
 
 Jeremiah Wilson White, son of Jeremiah White of Pittsfield 
 (a leading farmer of the town, and one of the founders of the 
 Pittsfield Academy), was born in Pittsfield, September i6, 1821 ; 
 received his education at the Pittsfield Academy, of which James 
 F. Joy was at the time principal ; entered a drug store in Bos- 
 ton, and served an apprenticeship ; and in the summer of 1845 
 settled in Nashua, and embarked in business for himself. From 
 the first his habits of industry, his sound business judgment, 
 his foresight, and his rare knowledge of men, insured success, 
 and he soon became one of the solid and substantial business 
 men of Nashua. To his efforts are due some of the finest busi- 
 ness blocks of that city and the establishment of the Second 
 National Bank of Nashua. For many years he has been an ex- 
 tensive dealer in coal ; and in 1876 became prominently identi- 
 fied with the management of the Nashua and Lowell Railroad. 
 By prompt, daring, and aggressive measures Mr. White obtained 
 control of the corporation, and secured a recognition of the 
 value of the railroad, and caused its stock to be greatly enhanced 
 in value. Although a Whig and later a Republican, Mr. White 
 has never been active in politics. At the breaking out of the 
 Rebellion private business had necessitated his presence in 
 Charleston, S. C, where he was granted an interview with his 
 friend Captain, afterwards General, J. G. Foster, U. S. A., who 
 was second in command at Fort Sumter before the bombard- 
 ment. In a subsequent interview with General Scott he ex- 
 pressed the opinion that it would require a force of ten thousand 
 men to relieve the fortress, while the authorities considered two 
 thousand men an ample force. 
 
^ {^^^^^-a^^^^ ^^CLl/^d^^^ 
 
'887] SINCE THE REBELLION. 693 
 
 > Ml . White is treasurer of the Nashua and Lowell Railroad, 
 treasurer of the Nashua Savings Bank, president of the Second 
 National Bank of Nashua, and president of the White Mountain 
 Freezer Company and of the Nashua Electric Light Company. 
 
 If any one family may be said to have been identified with 
 the inception and growth of the railroad system of the State, 
 it is the Spalding family of Nashua, Isaac Spalding, Dr. 
 Edward Spalding, E. H. Spalding, and John A. Spalding are 
 n;imes well known in railroad circles. 
 
 Dr. Edward Spalding, president of the Peterborough Rail- 
 road, and one of the most respected citizens of Nashua, was 
 born in Amherst, September 15, 1813. He was the son of 
 Dr. Matthias and Rebecca Wentworth (Atherton) Spalding, 
 and a descendant of the pioneer Puritan, Edward Spalding of 
 Braintree, Mass., in 1632, Edward Johnson of Woburn, and 
 Joshua Atherton of Amherst. He graduated at Dartmouth 
 College in 1833, studied medicine with his father, and settled in 
 Nashua in 1837. He practised his profession for twenty years, 
 until gradually he was obliged to relinquish it to care for impor- 
 tant financial trusts confided to him. President of the Nashua 
 Savings Bank, of the Indian Head National Bank, and of the 
 Pennichuck Water-works, a director of each of the two cotton 
 manufacturing companies of Nashua, a trustee of Dartmouth 
 College, of the Agricultural College, and of the Nashua Public 
 Library, and a patron of literary, historical, and genealogical 
 enterprises, overwhelmed with cares and trusts, he has yet found 
 time to serve his fellow-citizens in important offices. He was 
 mayor of Nashua in 1864, and a delegate to the Baltimore con- 
 vention the same year, a member of the constitutional conven- 
 tion in 1876, and a councillor in 1878 and 1879. 
 
 Dr. Spalding was married June 23, 1842, to Pora Everett Barrett. Of 
 their three children, a son, Edward Atherton Spalding, died in boyhood, and 
 two daughters are living. 
 
 After the establishment of railroads and manufacturing enter- 
 
 ' Mr. White was married in 1846 to Caroline G. Merrill, of Pittsfield, who died in 1S80. He mar. 
 tied, second, Mrs. Ann M. I'richard, of Bradford, Vt. A daughter died in infancy. His son Jame» 
 Wilson White died in January, 1876, aged z6 years. 
 
1 888] SINCE THE REBELLION. 695 
 
 prises throughout the State, a new industry was developed, i. e., 
 the entertainment of summer guests. Such are the attractions 
 of the seaside, mountain, and rural scenery, that a constantly 
 increasing throng of tourists have sought through the summer 
 months to enjoy its advantages ; and sumptuous hotels have 
 everywhere been erected to meet the demands of the travelling 
 public. They are built on mountain summits, in deep gorges, 
 in the valleys, on the hillsides, by the rivers, and on the borders 
 of beautiful lakes. The sea-coast of the State is fringed with 
 hotels and private summer residences. 
 
 From an agricultural State, New Hampshire has become a 
 manufacturing centre of great importance, — the Merrimack 
 river turning more spindles than any other stream of water in the 
 world. In its fall of five hundred feet from Lake Winnipi- 
 siogee to the ocean it is nearly everywhere fettered in its course ; 
 and the Lake, a reservoir of over seventy square miles, is of the 
 greatest service to commerce. Manchester, Nashua, Dover. 
 Concord, Portsmouth, and Keene, are all manufacturing cities, 
 Exeter, Rochester, Farmington, Newmarket, Epping, Deering, 
 Franklin, Tilton, Laconia, Bristol, Claremont, Newport, Peter- 
 borough, Lebanon, Lisbon, Littleton, Plymouth, and Berlin, 
 are important manufacturing towns. Suncook, Great Falls, and 
 Lake Village, are flourishing manufacturing communities. Mills 
 and factories are on every stream which affords power ; and 
 shops are in every village. 
 
 In Concord, early in the century, Louis Downing and J. 
 Stephens Abbot were making wagons and coaches ; the Abbot 
 Downing Co. continued the work. James R. Hill made har. 
 nesses, and was succeeded in the business by George H. Emery 
 and J. E. Dwight. Belting, leather hose, granite work, silver 
 ware, churns, furniture, musical instruments, shoes, machinery, 
 stoves, tools, and many other articles, are manufactured at 
 Concord. 
 
 In the State are made cotton and woollen cloths, locomotives, 
 stockings, glassware, and a thousand other things. 
 
 George Henry Emery is a descendant of Anthony Emery, 
 of Newbury, Mass., in 1640, and later of Dover; of James 
 
696 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW I1AMPSH[KE. 
 
 [1888 
 
 Emery, a representative to the General Court in 1676; of Job 
 Emery of Kittery in 1699 ; of Joseph Emery, of Job Emery, of 
 Ichabod Emery, and of Joseph Emery of Stratham, his father, 
 who was a skilled machinist and a farmer. George H. Emery 
 was born in Stratham, May 12, 1836, received his education in 
 
 GEORGE HENRY EMERY. 
 
 the public schools of Concord, and in boyhood " went West." 
 He became a professor in Bell's Commercial College in Chicago. 
 During a visit to his old home in Concord in 1859 he was 
 offered a situation, and accepted it. His energy, sagacity, and 
 executive ability were soon recognized. In 1865 he was admitted 
 as a member of the firm, and became the senior in 1884. He 
 
6g8 IllSTOKY OF NEW H AMI'SIUKK. [lS8S 
 
 was married September 12, 1861, to Abbie W. Clark. Three 
 daughters grace his home. 
 
 Mr. Emery is a representative of the active and enterprising 
 younger business men who have been building up and sustain- 
 ing manufacturing enterprises, and reaching for a market for 
 their products to the uttermost parts of the world. He directs 
 a great industry with apparent ease, and finds time to devote ' 
 to the amenities of life and to social duties. 
 
 The writer has endeavored to condense into one volume the 
 history of a great commonwealth from its first beginnings at 
 Little Harbor in 1623 to the year 1888, a period of two hundred 
 and sixty-five years. That he has omitted much of interest will 
 not be denied. The task of enlarging upon historical facts and 
 placing them on record will be continued in the pages of the 
 Granite Monthly. New Hampshire is a charming place to live 
 in. The air is bracing, dry, and salubrious ; the climate is in- 
 vigorating ; the scenery is everywhere attractive, in places 
 grand ; the water is pure ; the drainage is perfect ; the women 
 are fair and pure minded ; the men are honest and honorable. In 
 no other State of the Union, perhaps, is a deeper interest mani- 
 fested in the doings of the pioneers. The people of every com- 
 munity live and build as if they were satisfied with the State as 
 a home and did not expect to move on. The Commonwealth for 
 over a century has been a nursery of men and women who have 
 gone forth into other States to build up and improve the homes 
 of their adoption. The West is full of them. 
 
 
 Poi'lLAl 
 
 ION 01 
 
 Nkw 
 
 llAMP 
 
 siiiui:. 
 
 
 
 
 Counties. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 i860. 
 
 1S50. 
 
 184.,. 
 
 ■S30. 
 
 1820. 
 
 iSio. 
 
 iSoo. 
 
 Belknap, . 
 
 ■7.97" 
 
 17,681 
 
 18,549 
 
 ■7,721 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Carroll, 
 
 18,291 
 
 •7,332 
 
 20,465 
 
 20,157 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Cheshire, . 
 
 28,846 
 
 27,265 
 
 27,434 
 
 30,144 
 
 62,429 
 
 27,016 
 
 45,376 
 
 40,988 
 
 38,825 
 
 Coos, . 
 
 18,615 
 
 "4,932 
 
 13,161 
 
 11,853 
 
 9,849 
 
 8,388 
 
 4,549 
 
 3,991 
 
 — 
 
 Grafton, 
 
 38,802 
 
 39,103 
 
 42,260 
 
 42,343 
 
 42,311 
 
 38,682 
 
 32,989 
 
 23,462 
 
 23.093 
 
 Hillsborough, 
 
 75,583 
 
 64,238 
 
 62,140 
 
 57,478 
 
 42,494 
 
 37,724 
 
 53,884 
 
 49,249 
 
 43,899 
 
 Merrimack, . 
 
 46,291 
 
 42,151 
 
 41,408 
 
 40,337 
 
 36,253 
 
 34,614 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Rockingham, 
 
 49,110 
 
 47,297 
 
 50,122 
 
 49,194 
 
 45,77' 
 
 44,325 
 
 55.107 
 
 50,175 
 
 45,427 
 
 Strafford, . 
 
 35.593 
 
 30,243 
 
 31,493 
 
 29,374 
 
 61,127 
 
 58,910 
 
 51.117 
 
 41.595 
 
 32,614 
 
 Sullivan, 
 
 18,162 
 
 18,058 
 
 19,042 
 
 19,375 
 
 20,340 
 
 19,669 
 
 
 
 
 Total, . 347,311 318,300 326,073 317,976 284,574 269,328 244,022 214,460 183,858 
 
APPENDIX.— TABLES. 
 
 COLONIAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 A. D. Kings of England. °i"!;5"""'\''' ^.f"" "?"'?=¥'■« 
 ^ ^ and Massachusetts, while united. 
 
 1623 James I 
 
 1625 Charles L 
 
 1641 " Richard Bellingham. 
 
 1642 " John Winthrop. 
 
 1644 " John Endicott. 
 
 164s " Thomas Dudley. 
 
 1646 " John Winthrop. 
 
 1649 The Commonwealth John Endicott. 
 
 1650 " Thomas Dudley. 
 
 1651 " John Endicott. 
 
 1654 " Richard Bellingham. 
 
 1655 " John Endicott. 
 
 1660 Charles II John Endicott. 
 
 1665 ' Richard Bellingham. 
 
 1673 " John Leverett. 
 
 1679 " Simon Bradstreet. 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1680 
 
 1681 
 
 1682 
 
 168s 
 
 i686 
 
 1687 
 
 1689 
 
 1692 
 
 1697 
 
 1698 
 
 1699 
 
 1702 Anne. 
 
 1714 
 
 I7'S 
 1716 
 1717 
 1727 
 1728 
 
 Kings of England. 
 Charles II. 
 
 James II. 
 
 William III. 
 
 George I. 
 
 George II. 
 
 PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Chief Magistrates of New Hampshire. 
 
 John Cutt, Pres. 
 
 Richard Waldron, Pres. 
 
 Edward Cranfield, Lieut.-Gov. 
 
 Walter Barefoote, Deputj-Gov. 
 
 Joseph Dudley, Pres. 
 
 Edmund Andros, Gov. 
 
 Simon Bradstreet. 
 
 John Usher, Lieut.-Gov. 
 
 William Partridge, Lieut.-Gov. 
 
 Samuel Allen, Gov. 
 
 Earl of Bellomont. 
 
 Williatn Partridge, Lieut.-Gov. 
 
 Joseph Dudley, Gov. 
 
 John Usher, Lieut.-Gov. 
 
 Joseph Dudley, Gov. 
 
 George Vaughan, Lieut.-Gov. 
 
 Samuel Shute, Gov. 
 
 John Wentworth, Lieut.-Gov. 
 
 Chief Magistrates of Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 Simon Bradstreet. 
 
 Joseph Dudley. 
 Edmund Andros. 
 Simon Bradsti-eet. 
 William Phips, Gov. 
 
 " <( 
 
 *' i( 
 
 Earl of Bellomont. 
 Joseph Dudley. 
 
 Samuel Shute. 
 
 William Burnet, Gov. 
 
 William Burnet 
 
702 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 AD. 
 1730 
 1 741 
 
 '757 
 1760 
 1767 
 1770 
 1774 
 1775 
 
 Kings of England. 
 George II. 
 
 George III. 
 
 Chief Magistrates of New Hampshire. 
 Jonathan Belcher, Gov. 
 , David Dunbar, Lieut.-Gov. 
 J Benning Wentworth, Gov. 
 
 John Wentworth, Gov. 
 
 The British government terminated. 
 
 agisl 
 sachusetts. 
 Jonathan Belcher. 
 11 tt 
 
 William Shirley. 
 
 Thomas Pownal. 
 
 Francis Bernard. 
 
 II II 
 
 Thomas Hutchinson. 
 Thomas Gage. • 
 
 REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT. 
 
 A. D. 
 1776 
 1780 
 
 178s 
 1786 
 1787 
 1788. 
 
 1789 
 1790 
 
 1794 
 1797 
 1800 
 1801 
 1805 
 1807 
 1809 
 1810 
 1812 
 1813 
 1816 
 1817 
 1819 
 1823 
 1824 
 1825 
 1827 
 1828 
 1829 
 1830 
 183 1 
 
 1834 
 1836 
 
 1837 
 1839 
 1841 
 1842 
 1844 
 
 184s 
 1846 
 
 1847 
 1849 
 1852 
 i8S3 
 
 United States. 
 
 Continental Congress. 
 
 Presidents of United States. 
 George Washington. 
 
 John Adams. 
 II II 
 
 Thos. Jefferson. 
 
 II 11 
 
 James Madison. 
 
 James Munroe. 
 
 John Q. Adams. 
 
 A. Jackson. 
 
 M. Van Buren. 
 II 
 
 W. H. Harrison. 
 John Tyler. 
 
 Z. Taylor. 
 Millard Filmore. 
 
 II K 
 
 Janpes K. Polk. 
 . II II 
 
 Franklin Pierce. 
 
 Presidents of New Hampshire. 
 ' Meshech Weare. 
 
 II II 
 
 John Langdon. 
 John Sullivan. 
 II II 
 
 John Langdon. 
 
 John Sullivan. 
 Josiah Bartlett, first 
 
 Gov. of N. H. 
 John T. Gilman. 
 
 John Langdon. 
 II II 
 
 Jeremiah Smith. 
 John Langdon. 
 William Plumer. 
 John T. Gilman. 
 William Plumer. 
 It II 
 
 Samuel Bell. 
 
 Levi Woodbury. 
 
 David L. Morril. 
 II II 
 
 Benjamin Pierce. 
 
 John Bell. 
 
 Benjamin Pierce. 
 
 Matthew Harvey. 
 
 Samuel Dinsmoor. 
 
 William Badger. 
 
 Isaac Hill. 
 II II 
 
 John Page. 
 
 It It 
 
 Henry Hubbard. 
 John H. Steele. 
 It It 
 
 Anthony Colby. 
 Jared W. Williams. 
 Samuel Dinsmoor. 
 Noah Martin. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 703 
 
 A. D. 
 
 18S+ 
 
 I8S7 
 1859 
 1861 
 1863 
 1865 
 1867 
 1869 
 1871 
 1872 
 1874 
 
 187s 
 1877 
 1879 
 1881 
 1883 
 1883 
 1885 
 1887 
 
 Presidents of United States. 
 Franklin Pierce. 
 
 James Buchanan. 
 
 (C 1( 
 
 A. Lincoln. 
 A. Johnson. 
 U. S. Grant. 
 
 R. B. Hayes. 
 
 J. A. Garfield. 
 C. A. Arthur. 
 
 Grover Cleveland. 
 
 Governors of New Hampshire^ 
 
 Nathaniel B. Baker. 
 Ralph Metcalf. 
 William W. Haile. 
 Ichabod Goodwin. 
 Nathaniel S. Berry. 
 Joseph A. Gilmore. 
 Frederick Smyth. 
 Walter Harriman. 
 Onslow Stearns. 
 James A. Weston. 
 Ezekiel A. Straw. 
 James A. Weston. 
 Person C. Cheney. 
 Benjamin F. Prescott. 
 Natt Head. 
 Charles H. Bell. 
 (( (( 
 
 Samuel W. Hale. 
 Moody Currier. 
 Charles H. Sawyer. 
 
 VOTE FOR GOVERNOR. 
 
 R., Republican or Anti-Federal. F., Federal, 
 J., Jackson. U., Democrat. W., Whig. F. S., 
 American or Know-Nothing. R., Republican. 
 
 1785. Whole vote, 7,079 
 
 Scattering . . . 330 
 
 Josiah Bartlett . . 720 
 
 John Sullivan . . . 777 
 
 John Langdon,' R. . . 2,497 
 
 George Atkinson, F. . . 2,755 
 
 D.-R., Democrat-Republican. A., Adams. 
 Free Soil. I. D., Independent Democrat. A., 
 
 1790. Whole vote, 7,762 
 
 Necessary for choice, 3,881 
 Scattering .... 528 
 
 J. Bartlett,' D.-R. . .. 1,676 
 
 Joshua AVentworth, R. . 2,369 
 
 John Pickering, F. . . 3,189 
 
 1786. 
 
 Whole vote, 8,567 
 
 Necessary for choice, 4,284 
 
 Scattering . . . 658 
 
 John Langdon, R. . . 3,600 
 
 John Sullivan, F. . . 4,309 
 
 1787. Whole vote, 9>9o7 
 Necessary for choice, 4,954 
 
 S. Livermore . . . 603 
 
 J. Bartlett ... 628 
 
 J. Langdon, R. . . . 4,034 
 
 J. Sullivan,' F. . . . 4,642 
 
 1788. Whole vote, 8,840 
 Necessary for choice, 4,421 
 
 Scattering .... 1,053 
 
 J. Sullivan, F. . . . 3,366 
 
 J. Langdon, D.-R. . . 4,421 
 
 1789. Whole tote, 8,534 
 Necessary for choice, 4,268 
 
 Scattering 
 Joshua Wentworth 
 J. Bartlett 
 John Pickering, R. 
 J. Sullivan,' F. . 
 
 332 
 89 
 
 968 
 3.488 
 3.657 
 
 1791. 
 
 Scattering 
 J. Bartlett, R. 
 
 1792. 
 
 Scattering 
 J. Bartlett, R. 
 
 1793- 
 
 Scattering 
 Timothy Walker 
 J. T. Oilman 
 J. Langdon, R. 
 J. Bartlett, R. 
 
 1794. 
 
 Scattering 
 
 J. T. Oilman, F. 
 
 1795- 
 
 Scattering 
 
 J. T. Oilman, F. 
 
 1796. 
 
 Scattering 
 
 J. T. Oilman, F. 
 
 Whole vols, 8,679 
 288 
 
 • 8,391 
 
 Whole vote, 8,389 
 
 . . . 297 
 
 8,092 
 
 Whole vote, 9,854 
 
 . 70 
 
 382 
 
 708 
 
 1 ,306 
 
 . . 7,388 
 
 Whole vote, 10,470 
 
 2,841 
 
 . 7,629 
 
 Whole vote, 9,440 
 100 
 
 • 9.340 
 
 Whole vote, 10,775 
 
 . . . 2,966 
 
 . 7,809 
 
 • Elected by Senate. 
 
704 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 1797. 
 
 Scattering 
 
 J. T. Oilman, F. 
 
 Whole vote, 
 
 1798. 
 
 Scattering 
 J, Langdon . 
 Timothy Walker, . 
 Oliver Peabody, R. 
 J. T. Oilman, F. . 
 
 Whole vote. 
 
 1808. Whole vote, 15,899 
 
 Scattering .... 1,997 
 
 J. T. Oilman, F. . . . 1,261 
 
 J. Langdon, R. . . . 12,641 
 
 1809. 
 
 Scattering 
 
 J. Langdon, R. 
 
 J. Smith, F. 
 
 1799. 
 
 Scattering 
 J. T. Oilman 
 
 Whole vote, 
 
 Whole vote, 
 
 1800. 
 
 Scattering 
 
 Timothy Walker, D.-R. 
 
 J. T. Oilman, F. 
 
 1801. 
 
 Scattering 
 
 T. Walker, D.-R. 
 
 J. T. Oilman, F. 
 
 1802. 
 
 Scattering 
 J. Langdon . 
 J. T. Oilman, F. 
 
 1803. 
 
 Scattering 
 
 J. Langdon 
 
 J. T. Oilman, F. 
 
 1804. 
 
 Scattering . 
 J. Langdon 
 J. T. Oilman, F. 
 
 1805. 
 
 Scattering 
 J. T. Oilman 
 J. Langdon, R. 
 
 1S06. 
 
 Scattering 
 Oliver Peabody 
 Jeremiah Smith 
 J. T. Oilman, F. 
 T. Farrar, F. 
 J. Langdon, R. 
 
 1807. 
 
 Scattering 
 
 J. Langdon, R. 
 
 Whole vote. 
 
 Whole vote, 
 
 Whole vote, 
 
 Whole vote, 
 
 Whole vote. 
 
 Whole vote. 
 
 Whole vote. 
 
 1810. Whole vote, 31,575 
 
 Scattering .... 84 
 
 J. Smith, F. . . * . 15,166 
 
 J. Langdon, R. . . . 16,325 
 
 i8ii. Whole vote, 32,096 
 
 Scattering .... 65 
 
 J. Smith, F. ... 14,477 
 
 J. Langdon, R. . . . 17,554 
 
 1812. Whole vote, 
 
 Necessary for choice. 
 Scattering .... 
 W. Plumer,' R. . . . 
 J. T. Oilman, F. 
 
 10,823 
 1,198 
 9.625 
 
 12. IS3 
 469 
 
 364 
 
 734 
 
 1,189 
 
 9.397 
 
 ".738 
 
 1,600 
 
 10,138 
 
 16,762 
 
 361 
 
 6,039 
 
 10,362 
 
 16,639 
 492 
 
 S.249 
 10,898 
 
 19,166 
 
 36 
 
 8,753 
 
 10.377 
 
 21.317 
 
 43 
 
 9,011 
 
 12,263 
 
 24,282 
 
 27 
 
 12,009 
 
 12,246 
 
 28,443 
 59 
 
 12,287 
 
 16,097 
 
 2o,S73 
 255 
 866 
 902 
 
 1.553 
 1,720 
 
 15.277 
 
 16,861 
 
 2,949 
 
 13.912 
 
 Elected by legislature. 
 
 Whole vote, 30,983 
 
 132 
 . 15.241 
 . 15,610 
 
 I8I3. 
 
 Scattering 
 W. Plumer, R. 
 J. T. Oilman 
 
 1814. 
 
 Scattering 
 W. Plumer 
 J. T. Oilman 
 
 1815. 
 
 Scattering 
 W. Plumer . 
 J. T. Oilman 
 
 1816. 
 
 Scattering 
 James Sheafe, F. 
 W. Plumer . 
 
 1817. 
 
 Scattering 
 J. Bartlett . 
 J. Mason 
 J. Sheafe, F. 
 W. Plumer . 
 
 31.982 
 
 15.992 
 
 877 
 
 • 15.492 
 
 • 15.613 
 
 Whole vote, 35,729 
 
 212 
 
 . . . 17,410 
 
 . 18,107 
 
 Whole vote, 38,562 
 
 • • o 73 
 . 18,794 
 
 • 19.695 
 
 Whole vote, 36,194 
 . . . 38 
 
 • 17.799 
 . 18,357 
 
 Whole vote, 38,407 
 
 75 
 
 ■ 17.994 
 
 . 20,338 
 
 Whole vote, 35,375 
 112 
 
 539 
 
 3.607 
 
 12,029 
 
 19,088 
 
 1818. Whole vote, 31,465 
 
 Scattering .... 922 
 
 William Hale, F. . . 5,019 
 
 J. Mason, F. ... 6,850 
 
 W. Plumer, R. . . . 18,674 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 70s 
 
 1819. 
 
 Scattering 
 William Hale, F. 
 Samuel Bell. R. 
 
 1820. 
 Scattering 
 Samuel Bell, R. 
 
 1821. 
 
 Scattering 
 S. Bell 
 
 1822. 
 
 Scattering 
 S. Bell 
 
 1823. 
 
 Scattering 
 
 S. Dinsmoor, R. 
 
 L. Woodbury, R. 
 
 Whole vote, 24,265 
 
 1,844 
 
 . 8,660 
 
 . 13.861 
 
 Whol 
 
 vote, 24,771 
 
 • 2.559 
 . 22,212 
 
 Whole vote, 24,448 
 . 1,866 
 
 • 22,582 
 
 Whole vote, 23,980 
 1 ,046 
 
 • 22,934 
 
 Whole vote, 29,943 
 240 
 . 12,718 
 . 16,985 
 
 1824. Whole vote, 30,348 
 Necessary for choice, 15.175 
 
 Scattering . ". . . 3,708 
 
 L. Woodbury, . . 11,741 
 
 D. L. Morrill,' A. . . 14,899 
 
 1825. Whole vote, 29,729 
 Scattering .... 563 
 D. L. Morrill, A. . . . 29,166 
 
 1826. 
 
 Scattering 
 B. Pierce, J. . 
 D. L. Morrill, A. 
 
 Whole vote, 
 
 30,251 
 
 285 
 
 12,287 
 
 17,679 
 
 1827. Whole vote, 27,411 
 
 Scattering . . . . 1,187 
 p. L. Morrill, A. . . 2,529 
 
 B. Pierce, J. 
 
 1828. 
 
 Scattering 
 B. Pierce, J. 
 John Bell, A. 
 
 1829. 
 
 Scattering 
 John Bell, A. 
 Benjamin Pierce, J. 
 
 • 23,695 
 
 Whole vote, 39,897 
 
 . . . 76 
 
 . 18,672 
 
 . 21,149 
 
 \\ ho ; vote, 32,246 
 
 . . . 48 
 
 • 19,583 
 
 • 22,615 
 
 1830. Whole vote, 42,441 
 
 Scattering .... 187 
 
 Timothy (jpham, A. . . 19,040 
 
 Matthew Harvey," J. . . 23,214 
 
 1831. Whole vote, 42,294 
 
 Scattering . . . no 
 
 Ichabod Bartlett, A. . . 18,681 
 S. Dinsmoor, J. . . . 231503 
 
 1832. 
 Scattering 
 I. Bartlett, A. 
 S. Dinsmoor, J. 
 
 1833- 
 
 Scattering 
 
 A. Liverniore, A. 
 
 S. Dinsmoor, J. 
 
 1834- 
 
 Scattering 
 W. Badger, D. 
 
 Whole vote, 
 
 Whole vote, 
 
 Whole vote, 
 
 1835- 
 
 Scattering 
 Joseph Healey, W, 
 Wni. Badger, D. 
 
 Whole vote. 
 
 1836. 
 Scattering 
 George Sullivan, 
 Joseph Healey 
 Isaac Hill, D. 
 
 1837- , 
 Scattering 
 George Sullivan 
 Joseph Healey 
 Isaac Hill, D 
 
 1838. 
 Scattering . 
 James Wilson, W 
 Isaac Hill, D. 
 
 1839- 
 
 Scattering 
 James Wilson, W, 
 John Page, D. 
 
 1840. 
 Scattering 
 Enos Stevens, W. 
 John Page. D. 
 
 1841. 
 
 Scattering 
 Daniel lloit, F. S 
 Enos Stevens, W. 
 John Page, D. 
 
 39.233 
 
 146 
 
 14,920 
 
 24,167 
 
 33.476 
 1,240 
 
 3.959 
 28,277 
 
 30.173 
 
 1,631 
 
 28,542 
 
 40,900 
 308 
 
 14,825 
 
 25.767 
 
 30.925 
 I, III 
 
 2.344 
 
 2,566 
 
 24,904 
 
 24.532 
 
 1.156 
 
 458 
 
 557 
 
 22,361 
 
 54.570 
 198 
 
 25.675 
 28,697 
 
 54.601 
 
 155 
 23,928 
 30.518 
 
 50.799 
 
 562 
 
 20,716 
 
 29,521 
 
 Whole vote, 51,689 
 . ■ 70 
 
 • 1.273 
 
 • 21,230 
 . 29,116 
 
 Whole vote, 
 
 Whole vote. 
 
 Whole vote, 
 
 Whole vote, 
 
 Whole vote. 
 
 * Elected by legislature. 
 
 2 Resigned. J. M. Harper acted as governor. 
 
7o6 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 1842. Whole vote, 
 
 48,104 
 
 Scattering 
 
 
 358 
 
 D. Hoit, F. S. 
 
 
 2,812 
 
 John H. White, I. D. . 
 
 
 5,869 
 
 E. Stevens, W. 
 
 
 12,234 
 
 Henry Hubbard, D. . 
 
 
 26,831 
 
 1843. Whole 
 
 vote 
 
 44.583 
 
 Scattering 
 
 
 83 
 
 Daniel Hoit, F. S. 
 
 
 3.402 
 
 J. H. White, I. D. 
 
 
 5,497 
 
 Anthony Colby, W. . 
 
 
 12,551 
 
 Henry Hubbard, D. . 
 
 
 23.050 
 
 1844. Whole vote, 48,692 
 
 Scattering .... 201 
 
 J. H. White, I. D. . • 1,988 
 
 D. Hoit, F. S. . . • S.767 
 Anthony Colby, W. . . 14.75° 
 J. H. Steele, D. . . . 25,986 
 
 1845. Whole vote, 45,765 
 Scattering .... 994 
 D. Hoit, F. S. . . . S.786 
 A. Colby, W. . . . 15.579 
 J. H. Steele, D. . . . 23,406 
 
 1846. Whole vote, 55,194 
 Scattering .... 56S 
 N. S. Berry, F. S. . • 10,379 
 A. Colby,' W. . . . 17,707 
 Jared W. Williams, D. . 26,740 
 
 1847. Whole vote, 60,500 
 Scattering .... 54 
 N. S. Berry, F. S. . . 8,531 
 A. Colby, W. . . . 21,109 
 J. W. Williams, D. . . 30,806 
 
 1848. Whole vote, 61,542 
 Scattering .... 468 
 N. S. Berry, F. S. . . 28,829 
 J. W. Williams, D. . . 32,245 
 
 1849. Whole vote, 56,033 
 Scattering . . . . 117 
 N. S. Berry, F. S. . . 7,045 
 Levi Chamberlain, W. . . 18,764 
 S. Dinsmoor, Jr., D. . . 30,107 
 
 1850. Whole vote, 55,789 
 Scattering .... 54 
 N. S. Berry, F. S. . . 6,472 
 L. Chamberlain, W. . . 18,512 
 S. Dinsmoor, D. . . . 30,751 
 
 1851. Whole vote, S8,iii 
 Necessary for choice, 29,056 
 
 Scattering . . . . 179 
 
 John Atwood, F. S. . . 12,049 
 Thomas E. Sawyer, W. . 18,458 
 S. Dinsmoor,' D. . . 27,425 
 
 1852. Whole vote, 60,405 
 Scattering .... 269 
 John Atwood, F. S. . . 9,497 
 Thomas E. Sawyer, W. . 19,857 
 Noah Martin, D. . . . 30,800 
 
 1853. Whole vote, 56,566 
 Scattering .... 47 
 J. H. White, F. S. . . 7,993 
 James Bell, W. . . . 17,590 
 N. Martin, D. . . . 30,934 
 
 1854. Whole vote, 57,931 
 Scattering . • • . 122 
 Jared Perkins, F. S. . . 11,080 
 James Bell, W. , . . 16,941 
 N. B. Baker, D. . . . 29,788 
 
 1855- 
 
 Scattering 
 Asa Fowler, F. S, 
 James Bell, W. 
 N. B. Baker, D. 
 R. Metcalf, A. 
 
 1856. 
 
 Whole vote, 64,690 
 
 193 
 
 • 1,237 
 
 ■ 3,436 
 
 • 27,05s 
 
 ■ 32,766 
 
 Whole vote, 66,703 
 
 Necessary for choice, 33,352 
 Scattering .... 193 
 
 I. Goodwin, W. . . . 2,360 
 John S. Wells, D. . . 32,031 
 
 Ralph Metcalf,' A. . . 32,119 
 
 1857- 
 
 Scattering 
 J. S. Wells, D. 
 W. Haile, R. 
 
 Whole vote, 65,882 
 452 
 
 • 31,214 
 
 • 34,216 
 
 1858. Whole vote, 67,963 
 Scattering .... 72 
 Asa P. Cate, D. . . . 31,679 
 W. Haile, R. . . . 36,212 
 
 1859. Whole vote, 69,156 
 Scattering .... 27 
 A. P. Cate, D. . . . 32,802 
 I. Goodwin, R. . . . 36,326 
 
 1S60. 
 
 Scattering 
 A. P. Cate, 
 I. Goodwin, 
 
 Whole vote, 71,603 
 22 
 
 • 33-554 
 . • ■ 38,037 
 
 ' Elected by legislature. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 ;o7 
 
 1861. Whole vote, 67,143 
 Scattering .... 24 
 George Stark, D. . . 31,452 
 N. S. Berry, R. . . . 35,467 
 
 1862. Whole vote, 62,470 
 Scattering .... 45 
 Hall J. Wheeler, I. D. . . 1,709 
 George Stark, D. . . . 28,566 
 N. S. Berry, R. . . . 32,150 
 
 1863. Whole vote, 66,543 
 Necessary for choice, 33,272 
 
 Scattering .... 303 
 W. Harriman, I. D. . . 4,372 
 
 Joseph A. Gilmore,' R. . . 29,035 
 I. A. Eastman, D. . . 32,833 
 
 1864. Whole vote, 68,425 
 Scattering .... 79 
 E. W. Harrington, D, . . 31,340 
 J. A. Gilmore, R. . . 37,006 
 
 1865. Whole vote, 62,219 
 Scattering .... 57 
 
 E. W. Harrington, D. . . 28,017 
 Frederick Smyth, R. . . 34,145 
 
 1866. Whole vote, 65,638 
 Scattering .... 18 
 John G. Sinclair, D. . . 30,484 
 
 F. Smyth, R. . . . 35,136 
 
 1867. Whole vote, 68,608 
 Scattering .... 136 
 J. G. Sinclair, D. . • 32,663 
 Walter Harriman, R. . . 35,809 
 
 1868. 
 
 Scattering 
 J. G. Sinclair 
 W. Harriman 
 
 Whole vote, 77,068 
 
 30 
 
 . 37,260 
 
 • 39.778 
 
 1869. Whole vote, 67,829 
 Scattering .... 42 
 
 J. Bedel, D 32.057 
 
 Onslow Stearns, R. . . 35,772 
 
 1870. Whole vote, 68,442 
 Scattering .... 33 
 Lorenzo D. Barrows, T. . 1,135 
 
 Samuel Flint, D. . 
 John Bedel 
 Onslow Stearns, R. 
 
 Whole vote, 
 
 1871. 
 
 Scattering 
 
 Horton D. Walker 
 
 Albert G. Comins, T. . 
 
 Lemuel P. Cooper, A. D 
 
 James Pike, R. 
 
 J. A. Weston,' D. 
 
 7.369 
 25,058 
 
 34.847 
 
 69,729 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 3H 
 
 782 
 
 32,892 
 
 34.700 
 
 1872. 
 
 Scattering 
 
 Samuel K. Mason, A. D 
 
 John Blackman, T. 
 
 J. A. Weston, D. . 
 
 E. A. Straw, R. . 
 
 Whole vote, 76,232 
 
 14 
 
 687 
 
 1,098 
 
 32,016 
 
 34.023 
 
 1874. Whole vote, 71,891 
 Scattering .... 40 
 J. T. Blackman, T. . . 2,500 
 Luther McCutchins, R. . 34,143 
 J. A. Weston,' D. . . 35,608 
 
 1875. Whole vote, 79,206 
 Scattering .... 19 
 Nathaniel White, T. . . 773 
 Hiram R. Roberts, D. . . 39,121 
 P. C. Cheney,' R. . . 39,293 
 
 1876. Whole vote, 80,319 
 Scattering .... 14 
 Asa S. Kendall, T. . . 411 
 Daniel Marcy, D. . . 38,133 
 P. C. Cheney, R. . . 41,761 
 
 1877. Whole vote, 77,873 
 Scattering .... 59 
 Asa S. Kendall, T. . . 338 
 D. Marcy, D. . . . 36,721 
 B. F. Prescott, R. . . 40,755 
 
 1878. 
 
 Scattering 
 Samuel Flint, P. . 
 Asa S. Kendall, T. 
 Frank A. McKean, D. 
 B. F. Prescott, R. 
 
 Whole vote, 77,788 
 
 82 
 
 269 
 
 205 
 
 37.860 
 
 39,372 
 
 Under New Constitution. 
 
 1878. Whole vote, 75,759 W. G. Brown, G. 
 
 Scattering .... 51 F. A. McKean, D. 
 
 Asa S. Kendall, T. . . 91 Natt Head, R. 
 
 ' Elected by legislature. 
 
 6,407 
 
 31.135 
 38,075 
 
7o8 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 iSSo. 
 
 Scattering 
 
 George D. Dodge, T. 
 
 Warren G. Brown, G. 
 
 Frank Jones, D. . 
 
 Charles H. Bell, R. 
 
 Whole vote, 86,164 
 75 
 
 31' 
 
 503 
 
 40,813 
 
 44.432 
 
 1884. Whole vote, 84,470 
 
 Scattering .... 26 
 
 George Carpenter, L. R. . 490 
 Larkin D. Mason, T. . . 1,803 
 John M. Hill, D. . . . 39,637 
 Moody Currier, R. . . 43,514 
 
 1S82. 
 Scattering 
 
 Whole vote, 76,287 
 118 
 
 Josiah W. Fletcher, T. 
 John F. Woodbury 
 M. V. B. Edgerly. D. 
 Samuel W. Hale, R. 
 
 407 
 
 444 
 36,916 
 38,402 
 
 i886. Whole vote, 77,391 
 
 Scattering . . . . 14 
 
 George Carpenter 
 Joseph Wentworth, T. . 
 Thomas Cogswell, D. . 
 Charles H. Sawyer,' R. 
 
 106 
 
 2.137 
 37.338 
 37.796 
 
 PRESIDENTIAL VOTE. 
 
 1788 — Whole vote, 20,142; Electors — Feds.: Benj. Bellows, John Picker- 
 ing, Ebenezer Thompson, John Sullivan, John Parker. 
 
 1792 — Whole vote, 25,564; Electors — Feds.: Josiah Butler, J. T. Gilman, 
 Jonathan Freeman, John Pickering, Benj. Bellows, Eben. Thompson. 
 
 1796 — Whole vote, 4,374; Electors — Feds. : Oliver Peabody, J. T. Gilman, 
 Benj. Bellows, Timothy Farrar, Ebenezer Thompson, Timothy Walker. 
 
 1800 — Legislature chose Electors — Feds.: O. Peabody, John Prentiss, E. 
 Thompson, T. Farrar, B. Bellows, Arthur Livermore. 
 
 1804 — Whole vote, 17,452 ; Electors — Reps. : John Goddard, Levi Bartlett, 
 Jonathan Steele, Robt. Alcock, T. Walker, Geo. Aldrich, Wm. Tarlton, re- 
 ceived 8,99s to 9,088. 
 
 1808 — Whole vote, 26,721; Electors — Feds. : Jas. Smith, O. Peabody, T. 
 Farrar, Samuel Hale, Robert Wallace, Benj. West, Jonathan Franklin, re- 
 ceived 13,929 to 14,006. 
 
 1812 — Whole vote, 34,800 ; Electors — Feds. : John Goddard, O. Peabody, 
 Samuel Hale, Nathan Taylor, T. Farrar, Benj. West, Caleb Ellis, Jonathan 
 Franklin, received 18,839 to 20,386. 
 
 1816 — Whole vote, 28,480; Rep., 15,188; Fed., 13,367; Electors — Reps, r 
 Thomas Manning, Benj. Butler, Wm. Badger, Amos Cogswell, R. H. Ayer, 
 Jacob TuUie, Thos. C. Drew, Dan. Young. 
 
 1820 — Whole vote,. 9,490; 9,061 to 9,444; Electors — Reps.: W. Plumer, 
 William Fisk, S. Dinsmoor, Ezra Bartlett, David Barker, John Pendexter, 
 James Smith, Nath.Shanborn. 
 
 1824 — Whole vote, 9,389; 8,869 to 9,389; Electors — Reps. : Josiah Bart- 
 lett, Wm. Badger, Samuel Quarles, Wm. Fish, Abel Parker, Caleb Keith, 
 Hall Burgin, Moses White. 
 
 1828 — Whole vote, 45, 040; Reps., 24,922 ; Feds., 24,124; Electors — Reps. : 
 Geo. Sullivan, Samuel Quarles, Samuel Sparhawk, Wm. Bixby, Nahum 
 Parker, Thomas Woolson, Ezra Bartlett, Wm. Lovejoy. 
 
 1832 — Whole vote, 45,978; Dems., 26,269; Whigs, 19,627; Electors — 
 Dems. : Benj. Pierce, Phinehas Parkhurst, Samuel Collins, John Taylor, 
 John Holbrook, Joseph Weeks, Moses White. 
 
 1836 — Whole vote, 24,980; Dems., 18,658 to 18,722; Electors — Dems.: 
 Jona. Harvey, Isaac Waldron, Tristram Shaw, Stephen Gale, Josiah Russell, 
 G. Gilmore, Ebenezer Carlton. 
 
 1840 — Whole vote, 59,022; Dems., 32,671; Whig, 26,434; Electors — 
 Dems. : John W. Weeks, Stephen Perley, Samuel Hatch, Andrew Pierce, Jr., 
 John Scott, Francis Holbrook, Saml. Burns. 
 
 ' Elected by legislature. 
 
APPENDIX. 709 
 
 1844 — Whole vote, 48,976; Dems., 27,016; Whigs, 17,776; F. S., 4,152; 
 Electors — Dems. : William Badger, John McNiel, Elijah R. Currier, Isaac 
 Hale, Elijah Sawyer, John L. Putnam. 
 
 1848 — Whole vote,^5i,204; Dems., 27,762; Whigs, 14,789; F. S., 7,559; 
 Electors — Dems.: Samuel Tilton, Jesse Bowers, James H. Smith, Jonathan 
 Eastman, R. H. Ayer, Simeon Warren. 
 
 1852— Whole vote, 51,022; Dems., 28,884; Whigs, 15,540; F. S., 6,568; 
 Electors — Dems. : Henry Hubbard, Samuel Jones, Jabez A. Douglas, Samuel 
 Webster, Nathaniel B. Baker. 
 
 1856 — Whole vote, 71,556; Reps., 38,345; Dems., 32,^89; Whigs, 422; 
 Electors — Reps. : W. H. H. Bailey, Thomas L. Whitton, Daniel Clark, 
 John H. White, Thomas M. Edwards. 
 
 i860 — Whole vote, 65,953 ; Reps.', 37,519; Dems. Doug., 25,881; Dems. 
 Breck., 2,112; American, 4,441 ; Electors — Reps. : John Sullivan, Ebenezer 
 Stevens, David Gillis, Nathaniel Tolles, Daniel Blaisdell. 
 
 1864 — Whole vote, 69,630; Reps., 36,593; Dems., 33,037; Electors — 
 Reps. : W. H. Y. Hackett, Daniel M. Christie, Archibald H. Dunlap, Allen 
 Giffin, Henry O. Kent. 
 
 1868 — Whole vote, 69,457; Reps., 31,191; Dems., 31,249; Electors — 
 Reps. : Amos Paul, Joel Eastman, Mason W. Tappan, Edward L. Goddard, 
 Albert M. Shaw. 
 
 1872 — Whole vote, 68,895; Reps., 37,167; Dems., 31,423; Temp., 200; 
 Labor R., 100; Scat., 5; Electors — Reps.: Lyman D. Stevens, Benj. J. Cole, 
 Phineas Adams, William Haile, Benj. F. Whidden. 
 
 1876 — Whole vote, 80,132; Reps., 41,539; Dems., 38,509; Temp., 75; 
 Scat., 9; Electors — Reps.: Zimri S. Wallingford; John J. Morrill, Moody 
 Currier, Levi W. Barton, John M. Brackett. 
 
 1880 — Whole vote, 86,132; Reps., 44,852; Dems., 40,794; Greenback, 
 528; Electors — Reps.: Aretas Blood, Ezra H. Winchester: Albert L. East- 
 man, John A. Spalding, Henry L. Tilton. 
 
 1884 — Whole vote, 84,555; Reps., 43,249; Dems., 39,183; Greenback, 
 552; Temp., ii;7i; Electors — Reps.: George W. Libbey, James E. Larkin, 
 John B. Smith, Marshall C. Wentworth. 
 
 COUNCILLORS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 John Cutt, 1680, Portsmouth. James Sherlock, 16S4. 
 
 Richard Martyn, 1680, Portsmouth. Francis Champernoon, 1684. 
 
 William Vaughan, 1680, " Robert Wadleigh, 1684, Exeter. 
 
 Thomas Daniel, 1680, " Henry Greene, 1685, Hampton. 
 
 John Gilman, 1680, Exeter. John Usher, 1692, Boston. 
 
 Christopher Hussey, 1680, Hampton. Thomas Graflfort, 1^92, Portsmouth. 
 
 Richard Waldron, 1680, Dover. John Walford, 1692, Portsmouth. 
 
 Elias Stileman, 1680, Newcastle. John Love, 1692. 
 
 Samuel Dalton, 1680, Hampton. Peter Coffin, 1692, Dover. 
 
 Job Clements, 1681, Dover. John Gerrish, 1692, Dover. 
 
 Robert Mason, 1681, Newcastle. Nathaniel Weare, 1692, Hampton. 
 
 Richard Waldron, Jr., 1681, Ports- William Partridge, 1697, Portsmouth. 
 
 mouth. Joseph Smith, 1698, Hampton. 
 
 Anthony Nutter, 1681, Dover. Kingsley Hall, 1698, Exeter. 
 
 Walter Barefoote, 1682, Newcastle. Sampson Sheafe, 1698, Newcastle. 
 
 Richard Chamberlain, 1682. Peter Weare, 1698, Hampton Falls. 
 
 Nathaniel Fryer, 1683, Newcastle. Samuel Penhallow, 1702, Portsmouth. 
 
 Robert Elliot, 1683, " John Plaisted, 1702, 
 
 John Hinckes, 1683, " Henry Dow, 1702, Hampton. 
 
 Edward Randolph, 1683, Portsmouth. George Jaffrey, 1702, Newcastle. 
 
710 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSIURE. 
 
 Mark Hunking, 1710, Portsmouth. 
 John Wentworth, 1712, " 
 George Vaughan, 1715, ". 
 Richard Gerrish. 1716, Dover. 
 Theodore Atkinson, 1716, Newcastle. 
 Shadrach Walton, 1716, " 
 
 George Jaffrey, Jr., 1716, " 
 
 Richard Wibird, 1716, Portsmouth. 
 Thomas Westbrook, 1716, " 
 Thomas Packer, 1719, " 
 
 Archibald McPheadris, 1722, Ports- 
 mouth. 
 John Ffrost, 1724, Newcastle. 
 Jotham Odiorne, 1724, Newcastle. 
 Henry Sherburne, 1728, Portsmouth. 
 Richard Waldron, 1732, " 
 
 Joshua Peirce, 1732, " 
 
 Benning Wentworth, 1732, " 
 Theodore Atkinson, 1732, Newcastle. 
 Ephraim Dennet, 1732, Portsmouth. 
 Benjamin Gamling, 1732, " 
 
 Ellis Huske, 1733, " 
 
 Joseph Sherburne, 1733, " 
 
 Richard Wibird, 1739, " 
 
 John Rindge, 1740, " 
 
 John Downing, 1740. 
 Samuel Smith, 1740. 
 
 Joseph Blanchard, 1740, Dunstable. 
 
 Sampson Sheafe, 1740, Newcastle. 
 
 Samuel Solley, 1753, Portsmouth. 
 
 Daniel Warner, 1753, " 
 
 Joseph Newmarch, 1754, " 
 
 Mark H. Wentworth, 1759, Ports- 
 mouth. 
 
 James Nevin, 1759, Portsmouth. 
 
 John Nelson, 1761, " 
 
 William Temple, 1762, " 
 
 Theodore Atkinson, Jr., 1762. 
 
 Nathaniel Barrell, 1762, Portsmouth. 
 
 Peter Livius, 1765, " 
 
 Jonathan Warner, 1766, " 
 
 Daniel Rindge, 1766, " 
 
 Daniel Peirce, 1766, " 
 
 George JaiTrey, 1766, " 
 
 Henry Sherburne, 1766, " 
 
 Daniel Rogers, 1766. 
 
 Peter Gilman, 1772, Exeter. 
 
 Thomas W. Waldron, 1772, Ports- 
 mouth. 
 
 Paul Wentworth, 1772, Somersworth. 
 
 John Sherburne, 1774, Portsmouth. 
 
 John Phillips, 1774, Exeter. 
 
 George Boyd, 1775, Portsmouth. 
 
 Revolutionary Government. 
 
 Meshech Weare, 1776 to 1783, Hamp- 
 ton Falls. 
 
 Josiah Bartlett,i776to 1783, Kingston. 
 
 William Whipple, 1776, Portsmouth. 
 
 Matthew Thornton, 1776 and 1780, 
 Londonderry. 
 
 Nathaniel Folsom, 1776, Exeter. 
 
 John Wentworth, 1776 to 1783, Dover. 
 
 Ebenezer Thompson, 1776 to 1780, 
 Durham. 
 
 Wyseman Claggett, 1776 and 1781-2, 
 Litchfield. 
 
 Jonathan Blanchard, 1776 to 177S, 
 Dunstable. 
 
 Samuel Ashley, 1776 to 1779, Win- 
 chester. 
 
 Benjamin Giles, 1776, Newport. 
 
 John Hurd, 1776, llaverhill. 
 
 Nicholas Gilman, 1777 to 1783, Exe- 
 ter. 
 
 George Atkinson, 1777 to 1780, Ports- 
 mouth. 
 
 Matthew Patten, 1777 and 1778, Bed- 
 ford. 
 
 Under State 
 
 John McClary, 1784, Epsom. 
 Joseph Badger, 1784, 1790 and 1791, 
 179s and 1796, Gilmanton. 
 
 Timothy Walker, 1777 to 1779, Con- 
 cord. 
 
 Benjamin Bellows, 1776 to 1779, 1781, 
 1783, Walpole. 
 
 Moses Nichols, 1779, Amherst. 
 
 Jacob Abbot, 1779 and 1780,1782-1783, 
 Wilton. 
 
 Charles Johnston, 1779 to 1781, Hav- 
 erhill. 
 
 John McClary, 1780 to 1783, Epsom. 
 
 Timothy Farrar, 1780 and 1782-1783, 
 New Ipswich. 
 
 Enoch Hale, 1780 and 1781, Walpole. 
 
 Samuel Hunt, 1780, Charlestown. 
 
 Francis Worcester, 1780 and 1782, 
 Plymouth. 
 
 George Ffrost, 1781 to 1783, Durham, 
 (son of John Ffrost). 
 
 Woodbury Langdon, 1781 to 1783, 
 Portsmouth. 
 
 John Hale, 1781, Mollis. 
 
 Thomas Sparhawk, 1782 and 1783, 
 Walpole. 
 
 Constitution. 
 
 Moses Chase, 1784, 17S7,' Cornish. 
 Francis Blood, 1784, Temple. 
 Nathaniel Peabodv, 1784, Atkinson. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 711 
 
 John Sullivan, 1785, Durham. 
 
 MatthewThornton, 17S5, Merrimack. 
 
 Amos Shepard, 1785, 1786, Alstead. 
 
 Moses Dow, 1785, 17S6. 
 
 Christopher Toppan, 1786, 1790, 1794 
 to 1796' Hampton. 
 
 Joshua Wentworth, i786,Portsmouth. 
 
 Robert Means, 1786, Amherst. 
 
 Joseph Oilman, 17S7, Exeter. 
 
 EbenezerThompsbn, 1787, Durham. 
 
 Daniel Emerson, 1787, HoUis. 
 
 John Pickering, 17S7, Portsmouth. 
 
 Peter Green, 1788, Concord. 
 
 Robert Wallace, 1788, 1790 to 1802, 
 Ilenniker. 
 
 Ebenezer Smith, 17S8, 1793-1794. 
 
 Josiah Richardson, 1788, Keene. 
 
 William Simpson, 178S, Orford. 
 
 John Pickering, 1789, Portsmouth. 
 
 Ichabod Rollins, 1789, Somersworth. 
 
 Charles Barrett, 1789, New Ipsw ich. 
 
 Sanford Kingsbury, 1789, Claremont. 
 
 Jonathan Freeman, 1789 to 1796, 
 Hanover. 
 
 Lemuel Holmes, 1790 to 1793. 
 
 Nathaniel Rogers, 1791, Exeter. 
 
 Phillips White, 1792-93, South Hamp- 
 ton. 
 
 Thomas Bellows, 1794, 1798, Walpole. 
 
 Joseph Cilley, 1 797-1 79S, Notting- 
 ham. 
 
 Aaron Wingate, 1797 to 1S02, Farm- 
 ington. 
 
 Russell Freeman, 1797 to 1801, Hano- 
 ver. 
 
 James Sheafe, 1799, Portsmouth. 
 
 Samuel Stevens, 1799 to 1S04, Charles- 
 town. 
 
 Joseph Blanchard, 1801-1802, Chester. 
 
 Levi Bartlett, 1802-1803, Kingston. 
 
 David Hough, 1802, Lebanon. 
 
 William Hale, 1803-1804, Dover. 
 
 Benjamin Pierce, 1803 to 1808, 1814 
 to 1S17, Hillsborough. 
 
 Daniel Blaisdell, 1803 to 1807. 
 
 Nahum Parker, 1805-1806, Fitz- 
 william. 
 
 Amasa Allen, 1807-1808, Walpole. 
 
 Daniel Gookin, 1808, North Hampton. 
 
 William Tarleton, 1808, Piermont. 
 
 Elijah Hall, 180910 1816, Portsmouth. 
 
 Richard Dame, 1809-1810, Rochester. 
 
 Samuel Bell, 1S09-1810, Amherst. 
 
 Caleb Ellis, 1809, Judge, Claremont. 
 
 Benjamin J. Gilbert, 1809-1810, Hano- 
 ver. 
 Jedediah K. Smith, iSioto 1813, Am- 
 herst. 
 
 Nathaniel Upham, 1811 and 1812, 
 Rochester. 
 
 Ithamar Chase, 181 1 to 1S15, Cornish. 
 
 Jonathan Franklin, 1811-1812, Lyme. 
 
 Nathan Taylor, 1813, Sanbornton. 
 
 Enoch Colby, 1813 to 1817, Thornton. 
 
 Samuel Quarles, 1814 to i8i6,Ossipee. 
 
 Levi Jackson, 1816 and 1817, Chester- 
 field. 
 
 John M. Page, 1817 to 1819, Tam- 
 worth. 
 
 John Bell, jr., 1817 and 1821, Chester. 
 
 Richard H. Ayer, 1816 to 1822, Hook- 
 sett. 
 
 Samuel Grant, 1818, Walpole. 
 
 Jeduthun Wilcox, 1818, Orford. 
 
 Aaron Matson, 1819, Stoddard. 
 
 John French, 1819-1821, Landaft'. 
 
 Richard Odell, 1820 to 1822, Conway. 
 
 Samuel Dinsmoor, 1821, Keene. 
 
 Hunking Penhallow, 1822-1823. 
 
 Elijah Belding, 1822-1823, Swanzeys. 
 
 Ezra Bartlett, 1822 to 1824, Haverhill. 
 
 Daniel C. Atkinson, 1823-1824, San- 
 bornton. 
 
 Jonathan Harvey, 1823-1S24, Sutton. 
 
 Thomas C. Drew, 1824-1825, Walpole. 
 
 Daniel Hoit, 1824-1825, Sandwich. 
 
 Langley Boardman, 1825 and 1826- 
 1828, Portsmouth. 
 
 John Wallace, 1825 to 1827, Milford. 
 
 Caleb Keith, i82t;to 1828, Wentworth. 
 
 Jotham Lord, 1826 to 1828, West- 
 moreland. 
 
 Francis N. Fisk, 1827, 1828, 1829 and 
 1830, Concord. 
 
 Andrew Peirce, 1827-1828. 
 
 Matthew Harvey, 1828-1829.* 
 
 B. M. Bean, 1829.* 
 
 Joseph Healey, 1829 to 1831.* 
 
 Stephen P. Webster, 1829-1830. 
 
 Thomas E. Sawyer, 1830-1831. 
 
 Jesse Bowers, 1830. 
 
 Jacob Freese, 1831-1832. 
 
 Stephen Peabody, 1831-1833. 
 
 Samuel C. Webhter, 1831. 
 
 Richard Russell, 1832. 
 
 Stephen Johnson, 1832 to 1834. 
 
 Nathaniel Rix, 1832 and 1833. 
 
 Samuel Cushman, 1833-1834. 
 
 Job Otis, 1833 to 1835. 
 
 Jacob Tuttle, 1834 and 1835. 
 
 Elijah Miller, 1834 and 1835. 
 
 Ezekiel Morrill, 1835 and 1836. 
 
 Jonathan Gove, 1835 and 1836. 
 
 Samuel Tilton, 1836-1837.* 
 
 Benjamin Evans, 1836-1837. 
 
 John Page, 1836.* 
 
712 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Samuel Burns, 1836-1837. 
 Tristram Shaw, 1837. 
 Leonard Biscoe, 1837. 
 Moses Baker, 1838-1839. 
 Israel Hunt, Jr., 183S-1839. 
 Enos Stevens, 1838-1839. 
 John Page, 1839. 
 John L. Elwyn, 1S39. 
 John White, 1839 to 1841. 
 Isaac Waldron, 1840. 
 Henry B. Rust, 1840-1841. 
 John H. Steele, 1840-1841. 
 Phtnehas Handerson, 1840-1841. 
 Moses Norris, Jr., 1S41. 
 Cyrus Barton, 1842. 
 Samuel G. Berry, 1842-1843. 
 James McK. Wilkins, 1842-1843. 
 Samuel Egerton, 1843. 
 Tames H. Johnson, 1842-1843. 
 Elijah R. Currier, 1843-1844. 
 Francis Holbrook, 1S43-1844. 
 Josiah Bartlett, 1844-1845. 
 William Parker, 1844-1845. 
 Caleb Blodgett, 1844-1845. 
 Benjamin Jenness, 1845. 
 Amos Perkins, 1845. 
 John Kelley, 1846-1847. 
 John C. Young, 1846. 
 Samuel Jones, 1846-1847. 
 Tared Perkins, 1846 to 1848. 
 Enos Ferrin, 1846-1S47. 
 Zebulon Pease, 1847-1S48. 
 Joseph Clough, 1848-1849. 
 Mace Moulton, 1S48. 
 Isaac Ross, 1848-1849. 
 Dana Woodman, 1849-1350. 
 John L. Hadley, 1S49-1850. 
 Alvah Smith, 1849-1850. 
 Greanleaf Clarke, 1850-1851. 
 Simeon Warner, 1850-1851. 
 Joseph H. Smith, 1851-1852. 
 Samuel Butterfield, 1S51-1852. 
 George Huntington, 1851. 
 Moses Eaton, Jr., 1852. 
 James Batcheller, 1852-1853. 
 Russell Cox, 1852-1853. 
 Uri Lamprey, 1853. 
 Abel Haley, 1853-1854. 
 Zebidiah Shattuck, 1853. 
 Edson Hill, 1854. 
 Stephen Smith, 1854-1855. 
 Daniel M. Smith, 1854. 
 Thomas Merrill, 1854-1S56. 
 John Dame, 1855-1856. 
 N. V. Whitehouse, 1855. 
 Milon C. McClure, 1S55-1S56. 
 William Tenney, 1855. 
 Thomas Cogswell, 1856. 
 
 Richard H. Messer, 1856-1857. 
 W. H. H. Bailey, 1857-1858. 
 Nich. V. Whitehouse, 1857. 
 Allen Giffin, 1857. 
 Daniel Rogers, 1857. 
 Thomas L. Whitton, 1858-1859. 
 John N. Worcester, 1858-1859. 
 Aurin M. Chase, 1858-1859. 
 Reed P. Clark, 1859-1S60. 
 Robert Elwell, 1850-1860. 
 Cyrus Eastman, 1859. 
 Daniel Sawyer, 1860-1861. 
 Moody Currier, 1860-1861. 
 D. R."Burnham, 1860-1861. 
 Richard P. J. Tenney, 1861-1862. 
 Chas. F. Brooks, 1861-1S62. 
 Oliver Wyatt, 1862. 
 Oliver Pillsbury, 1862-1S63. 
 Ethan Colby, 1862. 
 John W. Noyes, 1863-1S64. 
 John W. Sanborn, 1863. 
 Charles H. Eastman, 1863-1864. 
 Levi Parker, 1863. 
 John M. Brackett, 1S64-1865. 
 Leonard Chase, 1864-1865. 
 David Culver, 1864-1 S65. 
 Horton D. Walker, 1865-1866. 
 John H. Elliott, 1S65-1866. 
 Benjamin J. Cole, 1866-1867. 
 Isaac Spalding, 1866-1867. 
 Luther B. Hawkins, 1866. 
 William C. Patten, 1867-1868. 
 William C. Tutherly, 1867-1868. 
 Hazen Bedel, 1867-1868. 
 Charles Jones, 1868. 
 Moses II. Ilodgdon, 1868. 
 Moses Humphrey, 1869-1870. 
 Samuel W. Hale, 1869-1S70. 
 Ncthan H. Weeks, 1869-1870. 
 Ezra Gould, 1876. 
 Daniel Barnard, 1870-1871. 
 Alonzo H. Rust, 1871. 
 Dexter Richards, 1871-1872-1S73. 
 Joseph Powers, 1S71-1872-1S73. 
 Samuel P. Dow, 1872-1873. 
 John J. Morrill, 1872-1873. 
 Wm. P. Newell, 1872-1873. 
 Boliver Lowell, 1873-1S74. 
 Nathan R. Perkins, 1873-1874. 
 John S. Robinson, 1874. 
 John C. Moulton, 1874. 
 Albert McKean, 1874. 
 Charles A. Foss, 1875, 1876. 
 Moulton H. Marston, 1875-1876. 
 Edward H. Burnham, 1875. 
 Albert S. Scott, 1875-1876. 
 Jeremiah Blodgett, 1875-1877. 
 Jonn M. Parker, 1876-1877. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 713 
 
 Evarts W. Farr, 1876. 
 Joshua B. Smith, 1877-1878. 
 Edward Spalding, 1877-1878. 
 Francis A. Cushman, 1877-1878. 
 Hiram A. Tuttle, 1878-1879. 
 Joseph Burrows, 1878-1879. 
 Warren Brown, 1879. 
 Nathan Parker, 1879. 
 James Burnap, 1879. 
 Thomas G. Jameson, 1881. 
 I. D. Stevens, 1881. 
 John W. Wheeler, 1881. 
 George H. Stowell, i88i. 
 Arthur L. Meserve,,i88i. 
 Amos C. Chase, 1883. 
 
 STATE 
 
 Elias Stileman, 1680. 
 Richard Chamberlain, 1682. 
 Thomas Davis, 1692. 
 Thomas Newton, 1693. 
 Henry Penny, 1696. 
 Charles Story, 1697. 
 Henry Penny, 1698. 
 Sampson Sheafe, 1698. 
 Charles Story, 1699. 
 Samuel Penhallow, 1704. 
 Charles Story, 1705. 
 Richard Waldron, 1719. 
 Theodore Atkinson, 1741. 
 Theodore Atkinson, Jr., 1762. 
 Theodore Atkinson, 1769. 
 Eben. Thompson, 1775. 
 Joseph Pearson, 1786. 
 Philip Carrigan, 1805. 
 Nathaniel Parker, 1809. 
 Samuel Sparhawk, 1810. 
 Albe Cady, 1814. 
 
 Grovener A. Curtice, 1883. 
 John A. Spalding, 1883. 
 David H. Goodell, 1883. 
 David M. Aldrich, 1883. 
 Charles W. Talpey, 1885. 
 Benjamin A. Kimball, 1885. 
 M. L. Morrison, 1885. 
 Peter Upton, 1885. 
 John W. Jewell, 1885. 
 Nathaniel H. Clark,' 1887. 
 John C. Linehan,' 1887. 
 Charles Williams, 1887. 
 John B. Smith, 1887. 
 Albert S. Batchellor, 1887. 
 
 SECRETARIES. 
 
 Samuel Sparhawk, i8i6. ■ 
 Richard Bartlett, 1825. 
 Dudley S. Palmer, 1829. 
 Ralph Metcalf, 1831. 
 Josiah Stevens, Jr., 1838. 
 Thomas P. Treadwell, 1843. 
 George G. Fogg, 1846. 
 Thomas P. Treadwell, 1847. 
 John L. Hadley, 1850. 
 Lemuel N. Patten, 1855. 
 Thomas L. Tullock, 1858. 
 Allen Tenny, 1861. 
 Benjamin Gerrish, Jr., 1865. 
 Walter Harriman, 1865. 
 John D. Lyman, 1867. 
 Nathan W. Gove, 1870. 
 John H. Goodale, 1871. 
 Benjamin F. Prescott, 1872. 
 W. Butterfield, 1874. 
 B. F. Prescott, 1875. 
 A. B. Thompson, 1877. 
 
 STATE TREASURERS. 
 
 Richard Martin, 1680. 
 James Graham, 1689. 
 Richard Martin, 1692. 
 Joseph Smith, 1699. 
 Samuel Penhallow, 1699. 
 George Jaflfrey, 1726. 
 Henry Sherburne, 1732. 
 George Jaffrey, 1742. 
 Nicholas Gilman, 1775. 
 John T. Gilman, 1783. 
 William Gardner, 1789. 
 J. T. Gilman, 1791. 
 Oliver Peabody, 1794. 
 Nathaniel Gilman, 1804. 
 Thomas W. Thompson, 1809. 
 Nathaniel Gilman, 181 1. 
 William A. Kent, 1814. 
 
 William Pickering, 1816. 
 Samuel Morril, 1828. 
 William Pickering, 1829. 
 Abner B. Kelley, 1830. 
 Zenas Clement, 1837. 
 John At wood, 1843. 
 James Peverly, Jr., 1846. 
 John Atwood, 1847. 
 Edson Hill, 1850. 
 Walter Harriman, 1853. 
 William Berry, 1855. 
 Peter Sanborn, 1857. 
 Leander W. Cogswell, 1871. 
 S. A. Carter, 1872. 
 J. G. Dearborn, 1874. 
 S. A. Carter, 1875. 
 
 * Elected by legislature. 
 
7'4 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 PRESIDENTS OF THE SENATE. 
 
 Meshech Weare, 1775. 
 Woodbury Langdon, 17S4. 
 John McClarv, 1785. 
 Joseph Gilman, 17S7. 
 John Pickering, 1788. 
 Ebenezer tmith, 1790. 
 Moses Dow, 1791. 
 Ebenezer Smith, 1792. 
 Abiel Foster, 1793. 
 Oliver Peabody, 1794. 
 Ebenezer Smith, 1795. 
 Amos Shepard, 1797. 
 Nicholas Gilman, 1804. 
 Clement Storer, 1805. 
 Samuel Bell, 1807. 
 Moses P. Pay son, 1809. 
 William Plumer, i8i6. 
 Joshua Darling, 1812. 
 Oliver Peabody, 1813. 
 Moses P. Payson, 1813. 
 William Badger, 1816. 
 Jonathan Harvey, 1816. 
 Clement Storer, 1817. 
 Jonathan Harvey, 1818. 
 David L. Morril, 1823. 
 Josiah Bartlett, 1824. 
 Matthew Harvey, 1825. 
 Nahum Parker, 1828. 
 Abner Greenleaf, 1S29. 
 Samuel Cartland, 1829. 
 J. M. Harper, 1830. 
 Samuel Cartland, 1831. 
 Benning M. Bean, 1832. 
 Jared W. Williams, 1833. 
 Chas. F. Gove, 1835. 
 James Clark, 1S36. 
 John Woodbury, 1S37. 
 Samuel Jones, 1838. 
 James McK. Wilkins, 1S39. 
 James B. Creighton, 1840. 
 
 Josiah Quincy, 1S41. 
 Titus Brown, 1843. 
 Timothy Hoskins, 1S44. 
 Asa P. Cate, 1845. 
 James U. Parker, 1846. 
 Harry Hibbard, 1847. 
 William P. Weeks, 1849. 
 Richard Jenness, 1850. 
 John S. Wells, 1S51. 
 James M. Rix, 1853. 
 Jonathan E. Sargent, 1854. 
 William Haile, 1855. 
 Thomas J. Melvin, 1856. 
 Moody Currier, 1857. 
 Austin F. Pike, 1858. 
 James A. Gilmore, 1859. 
 G. S. Towle, i860. 
 Herman Foster, 1861. 
 W. H. Y. Hackett, 1862. 
 Onslow Stearns, 1863. 
 
 C. H. Bell, 1864. 
 E. A. Straw, 1865. 
 
 D. Barnard, 1866. 
 W. T. Parker, 1867. 
 Ezra A. Stevens, 1S68. 
 J. Y. Mugridge, 1869. 
 Nathaniel Gordon, 1870. 
 Geo. W. M. Pitman, 1871. 
 Chas. H. Campbell, 1872. 
 D. A. Warde, 1873. 
 Wm. H. Gove, 1874. 
 
 J. W. Sanborn, 1875. 
 Chas. Holman, 1876. 
 Natt He.id, 1877. 
 David H. Buffum, 187S. 
 John Kimball, 1879. 
 J. H. Gallinger, 18S1. 
 Chas. H. Bartlett, 1883. 
 Chester Pike, 1885. 
 Frank D. Currier, 1887. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 1784-85. 
 
 Woodbury Langdon, Portsmouth. 
 John Langdon, Portsmouth. 
 Joseph Gilman, Exeter. 
 John McClary, Epsom. 
 Timothy Walker, Concord. 
 John Wentworth, Dover. 
 Ebenezer Smith, Meredith. 
 Francis Blood, Temple. 
 Matthew Thornton, Merrimack. 
 Simeon Olcott, Charlestown. 
 Enoch Hale, Walpole. 
 Moses Dow, Haverhill. 
 
 1785-86. 
 
 Joshua Wentworth,' Portsmouth. 
 George Atkinson, Portsmouth. 
 John McClary, Epsom. 
 Joseph Gilman, Exeter. 
 Nathaniel Peabody, Atkinson. 
 John Wentworth, Dover. 
 Otis Baker, Dover. 
 Matthew Thornton, Merrimack. 
 Ebenezer Webster, Salisbury. 
 Moses Chase, Cornish. 
 John Bellows, Walpole. 
 Francis Worcester, Plymouth. 
 
 ' By legislature, John Langdon having resigned. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 715 
 
 1786-87. 
 John McClary, Epsom. 
 Joseph Gilman, Exeter. 
 Joshua Wentworth, Portsmouth. 
 George Atkinson, " 
 
 John Bell, Londonderry. 
 John McDuffee, Rochester. 
 Otis Baker, Dover 
 Matthew Thornton, Merrimack. 
 Ebenezer Webster, Salisbury. 
 John Bellows, Walpole. 
 Amos Shepard, Alstead. 
 Elisha Payne, Haverhill. 
 
 1787-88. 
 
 George Atkinson, Portsmouth. 
 Joseph Gilman, Exeter. 
 John Bell, Londonderry. 
 Peter Green, Concord. 
 Joshua Wentworth. Portsmouth. 
 Ebenezer Smith, Meredith. 
 Ebenezer Thompson, Durham. 
 Robert Means, Amherst. 
 Joshua Bailey, Hopkinton. 
 John Bellows, Walpole. 
 Amos Shepard, Alstead. 
 Elisha Payne, Haverhill. 
 
 1788-89. 
 John Pickering, Portsmouth. 
 Pierce Long, " 
 
 Christopher Toppan, Hampton. 
 John Bell, Londonderry. 
 Joshua Wentworth, Portsmouth. 
 Ebenezer Smith, Meredith. 
 John Waldron, Dover. 
 Robert Wallace, Henniker. 
 Ebenezer Webster, Salisbury. 
 Amos Shepard, Alstead. 
 Moses Chase, Cornish. 
 Francis Worcester, Plymouth. 
 
 1789-90. 
 John Pickering, Portsmouth. 
 John Bell, Londonderry. 
 Peter Green, Concord. 
 Christopher Toppan, Hampton. 
 Nathaniel Rogers, Newmarket. 
 
 Ukder New Constitution - 
 I793-94• 
 
 Christopher Toppan, Hampton. 
 Oliver Peabody, Exeter. 
 James McGregor, Londonderry. 
 Abiel Foster, Canterbury. 
 Samuel Hale, Harrington. 
 
 John McDuffee, Rochester. 
 Ebenezer Smith, Meredith. 
 Robert Means, Amherst. 
 Robert Wallace, Henniker. 
 Amos Shepard, Alstead. 
 John Hubbard, Charlestown. 
 Jonathan Freeman, Hanover. 
 1790-91. 
 
 Joseph Cilley, Nottingham. 
 Nathaniel Peabody, Atkinson. 
 Peter Green, Concord. 
 Oliver Peabody,' Exeter. 
 Nathaniel Rogers, Newmarket. 
 John Waldron, Dover. 
 Ebenezer Smith, Meredith. 
 Ebenezer Webster, Salisbury. 
 Robert Wallace, Henniker. 
 Amos Shepard, Alstead. 
 Sanford Kingsbury, Claremont. 
 Jonathan Freeman, Hanover. 
 1791-92. 
 
 Nathaniel Rogers, Newmarket. 
 James Sheafe, Portsmouth. 
 Christopher Toppan, Hampton. 
 Nathaniel Peabody, Atkinson. 
 Abiel Foster,^ Canterbury. 
 John Waldron, Dover. 
 Samuel Hale, Barrington. 
 Robert Wallace, Henniker. 
 Robert Means, Amherst. 
 Sanford Kingsbury, Claremont. 
 William Page, Charlestown. 
 Moses Dow, Haverhill. 
 1792-93. 
 Abiel Foster, Canterbury. 
 James Sheafe, Portsmouth. 
 Nathaniel Peabody, Atkinson. 
 Christopher Toppan, Hampton. 
 Nathaniel Gilman, Exeter. 
 John Waldron, Dover. 
 Ebenezer Smith, Meredith. 
 Robert Wallace, Henniker. 
 Joshua Atherton, Amherst. 
 Amos Shepard, Alstead. 
 John Bellows, Walpole. 
 Jonathan Freeman, Hanover. 
 
 ■ State Districted in December, 17^2. 
 Ebenezer Smith, Meredith. 
 Joshua Atherton, Amherst. 
 Henry Gerrish, Boscawen. 
 Charles Barrett, New Ipswich. 
 Elisha Whitcomb, Swanzey. 
 John Bellows, Walpole. 
 Jonathan Freeman, Hanover. 
 
 ' Oliver Peabody resigned and John Bell was elected to fill vacancy. 
 ^ John T. Gilman resigned and Abiel Foster was elected to fill vacancy. 
 
7i6 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 I794-9S- 
 Moses Leavitt, North Hampton, 
 Oliver Peabody,' Exeter. 
 Joseph Blanchard, Chester. 
 Abiel Foster, Canterbury. 
 Samuel Hale,' Barrington. 
 Ebenezer Smith, Meredith. 
 William Gordon, Amherst. 
 James Flanders, Warner. 
 Charles Barrett, New Ipswich. 
 Elisha Whitcomb, Swanzey. 
 John Bellows, Walpole. 
 Moses Baker, Campton. 
 
 I 795-96. 
 Moses Leavitt, North Hampton. 
 Nath'l Gilman, Exeter. 
 Joseph Blanchard, Chester. 
 Joseph Cilley, Nottingham. 
 John McDuffee, Rochester. 
 Ebenezer Smith, Meredith. 
 William Gordon,* Amherst. 
 James Flanders, Warner. 
 Ephraim Hartwell, New Ipswich. 
 Elisha Whitcomb, Swanzey. 
 Amos Shepard, Alstead. 
 Moses Baker, Campton. 
 
 1796-97. 
 Moses Leavitt, North Hampton. 
 
 Jeremiah Fogg, Kensington, 
 oseph Blanchard, Chester. 
 Michael McClary, Epsom. 
 John McDuffee, Rochester. 
 Ebenezer Smith, Meredith. 
 Timothy Taylor, Merrimack. 
 James Flanders, Warner. 
 Ephraim Hartwell, New Ipswich. 
 Elisha Whitcomb, Swanzey. 
 Amos Shepard, Alstead. 
 Moses Baker, Campton. 
 
 1797-98. 
 Moses Leavitt, North Hampton. 
 Jeremiah Fogg, Kensington. 
 Joseph Blanchard, Chester. 
 Michael McClary, Epsom. 
 William Hale, Dover. 
 Nathan Hoit, Moultonborough. 
 John Orr, Bedford. 
 James Flanders, Warner. 
 John Duncan, Antrim. 
 Elisha Whitcomb, Swanzey. 
 Amos Shepard, Alstead. 
 Moses Baker, Campton. 
 
 1798-99. 
 Moses Leavitt, North Hampton. 
 Jeremiah Fogg, Kensington. 
 Joseph Blanchard, Chester. 
 Michael McClary, Epsom. 
 William Hale, Dover. 
 Nathan Hoit, Moultonborough. 
 John Orr, Bedford. 
 James Flanders, Warner. 
 Ephraim Hartwell, New Ipswich. 
 Elisha Whitcomb, Swanzey. 
 Amos Shepard, Alstead. 
 Moses Baker, Campton. 
 1799-1S00. 
 Moses Leavitt,^ Hampton. 
 Jeremiah Fogg, Kensington. 
 Joseph Blanchard, Chester. 
 Michael McClary, Epsom. 
 William Hale, Dover. 
 Nathan Hoit,' Moultonborough. 
 John Orr, Bedford. 
 Henry Gerrish, Boscawen. 
 Ephraim Hartwell, New Ipswich. 
 Elisha Whitcomb, Swanzey. 
 Amos Shepard, Alstead. 
 Moses Baker, Campton. 
 
 1800-01. 
 Moses Leavitt, North Hampton. 
 Jeremiah Fogg, Kensington. 
 Silas Betton, Salem. 
 Michael McClary, Epsom. 
 William Hale, Dover. 
 Nathan Taylor, Sanbornton. 
 John Orr, Bedford. 
 James Flanders, Warner. 
 Ephraim Hartwell, New Ipswich. 
 Daniel Newcomb,' Keene. 
 Amos Shepard, Alstead. 
 John Mooney, Meredith. 
 
 1801-02. 
 John Goddard, Portsmouth. 
 Jeremiah Fogg, Kensington. 
 Silas Betton, Salem. 
 Michael McClary, Epsom. 
 John McDuffee, Rochester. 
 Nathan Taylor, Sanbornton. 
 
 John Orr, Bedford, 
 eremiah Flanders, Warner. 
 Ephraim Hartwell, New Ipswich. 
 Elisha Whitcomb, Swanzey. 
 Amos Shepard, Alstead. 
 Moore Russell, Plymouth. 
 
 * Resigned. Phillips White and John Waldron elected by Convention. 
 ' Resigaed. Daniel Emeraon elected. 
 
 3 Election contested. James Sheafe, of Portsmouth, seated. 
 
 4 Election contested. Nathaniel Taylor, of Sanbornton, seated, 
 ' Resigned. Elisha Whitcomb elected. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 717 
 
 1S02-03. 
 John Goddard, Portsmouth. 
 Nathaniel Gilman, Exeter. 
 Silas Betton, Salem. 
 James H. McClary, Epsom. 
 John McDufl'ee, Rochester, 
 Nathan Tavlor, Sanbornton. 
 John Orr, Bedford. 
 James Flanders, Warner. 
 Seth Payson, Rindge. 
 Ezra Pierce, Westmoreland. 
 Amos Shepard, Alstead, 
 Moore Russell, PIvmoutli. 
 
 1803-0.). 
 Clement Storer, Portsmouth. 
 Ezekiel Godfrey, Poplin. 
 John Bell, Londonderry. 
 Richard Jen ness, Deerfield. 
 John Waldron, Dover. 
 Nathan Taylor, Sanbornton. 
 John Orr, JSedford. 
 James Flanders, Warner. 
 Seth Payson, Rindge. 
 Ezra Pierce, Westmoreland. 
 Amos Shepard, Alstead. 
 Moore Russell, Plymouth. 
 
 1804-05. 
 Clement Storer, Portsmouth. 
 Nicholas Gilman, Exeter. 
 John Orr, Bedford. 
 John Bradley, Concord. 
 John Waldron, Dover. 
 Nathan Taylor, Sanbornton. 
 Jedediah K. Smith, Amherst. 
 Robert Alcock, Deering. 
 Seth Payson, Rindge. 
 Amasa Allen, Walpole. 
 Daniel Kimball, Plainfield. 
 Moses P. Payson. 
 
 1805-06. 
 Clement Storer, Portsmouth. 
 Richard Jenness, Deerfield. 
 John Orr, Bedford. 
 John Bradley, Concord. 
 John Waldron, Dover. 
 Nath'l Shannon, Moultonborough. 
 Jedediah K. Smith, Amherst. 
 Robert Alcock, Deering. 
 Daniel Newcomb, Keene. 
 George Aldrich, Westmoreland. 
 Daniel Kimball, Plainfield. 
 Moses P. Fayson, Bath. 
 
 1806-07. 
 Clement Storer, Portsmouth. 
 Benj. Barnard, South Hampton. 
 
 William White, Chester. 
 John Bradley, Concord. 
 Richard Dame, Rochester. 
 Nath'l Shannon, Moultonborough. 
 Jedediah K. Smith, Amherst. 
 Robert Alcock, Deering. 
 Lockhart Willard, Keene. 
 George Aldrich, Westmoreland. 
 Daniel Kimball, Plainfield. 
 Peter Carlton, Landaff. 
 
 1807-08. 
 
 Elijah Hall, Portsmouth. 
 Richard Jenness, Deerfield. 
 William White, Chester. 
 John Bradley, Concord. 
 Richard Dame, Rochester. 
 Nath'l Shannon, Moultonborough. 
 Samuel Bell, Chester. 
 Robert Alcock, Deering. 
 Lockhart Willard, Keene. 
 Geo. Aldrich, Westmoreland. 
 John Fairfield, Lyme. 
 Moses P. Payson, Bath. 
 
 1808-09. 
 Elijah Hall, Portsmouth. 
 Richard Jenness, Deerfield. 
 William White, Chester. 
 John Bradley, Concord. 
 Richard Dame, Rochester. 
 Nath'l Shannon, Moultonborough. 
 Samuel Bell, Chester. 
 Joshua Darling, Henniker. 
 Lockhart Willard, Keene. 
 Geo. Aldrich, Westmoreland. 
 John Fairfield, Lyme. 
 Moses P. Payson, Bath. 
 
 1809-10. 
 Josiah Bartlett, Portsmouth. 
 Henry Butler, Nottingham. 
 Wm. Adams, Londonderry. 
 Wm. Austin Kent, Concord. 
 Beard Plumer, Milton. 
 Samuel Shepard, Gilmanton. 
 Jedediah K. Smith, Amherst. 
 Joshua Darling, Henniker. 
 Lockhart Willard, Keene. 
 Roger Vose, Walpole. 
 John Fairfield, Lyme. 
 Moses P. Payson, Plymouth. 
 
 1810-H. 
 Josiah Bartlett, Portsmouth. 
 Wm. Plumer, Epping. 
 Wm. Adams, Londonderry. 
 Josiah Sanborn, Epsom. 
 Beard Plumer, Milton. 
 
7i8 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Samuel Quarles, Ossipee. 
 Wm. Fisk, Amherst. 
 Joshua Darling, Henniker. 
 Lockhart Willard, Keene. 
 Roger Vose, Walpole. 
 John Fairfield, Lyme. 
 Moore Russell, Plymouth. 
 
 1811-12. 
 William Ham, Jr., Portsmouth. 
 Wm. Plumer, Epping. 
 Wm. Adams, Londonderry. 
 Josiah Sanborn, Epsom. 
 Beard Plumer, Milton. 
 Samuel Quarles, Ossipee. 
 Wm. Fisk, Amherst. 
 Joshua Darling, Henniker. 
 Joshua Wilder, Rindge. 
 Thomas C. Drew, Walpole. 
 Caleb Ellis, Claremont. 
 Moore Russell, Plymouth. 
 
 1812-13. 
 Wm. Ham, Portsmouth. 
 Simeon Folsom, Exeter. 
 Wm. Adams, Londonderry. 
 Josiah Sanborn, Epsom. 
 Beard Plumer. Milton. 
 Samuel Qiiarles, Ossipee. 
 Wm. Fisk, Amherst. 
 Joshua Darling, Henniker. 
 Levi Jackson, Chesterfield. 
 Roger Vose, Walpole. 
 Daniel Kimball, Plainfield. 
 Moore Russell, Plymouth. 
 
 1813-14. 
 William Ham, Portsmouth. 
 Oliver Peabody, Exeter. 
 William Adams, Londonderry. 
 William A. Kent, Concord. 
 Jonas C. March, Rochester. 
 Samuel Shepard, Gilmanton. 
 William Fisk, Amherst. 
 Joshua Darling, Henniker. 
 Levi Jackson, Chesterfield. 
 Josiah Bellows, Walpole. 
 Daniel Kimball, Plainfield. 
 Moses P. Pay son, Bath. 
 
 1814-15. 
 William Ham, Portsmouth. 
 Geo. Sullivan, Exeter. 
 Amos Kent, Chester. 
 William A. Kent, Concord. 
 Jonas C. March, Rochester. 
 William Badger, Gilmanton. 
 James Wallace, Milford. 
 Joshua Darling, Henniker. 
 
 Levi Jackson, Chesterfield. 
 Geo. B. Upham, Claremont. 
 Daniel Blaisdell, Lebanon. 
 Moses P. Payson, Bath. 
 
 181S-16. 
 William Ham, Portsmouth. 
 Geo. Sullivan, Exeter. 
 Amos Kent, Chester. 
 Ezekiel Webster, Boscawen. 
 Jonas C. March, Rochester. 
 William Badger, Gilmanton. 
 James Wallace, Milford. 
 Joshua Darling, Henniker. 
 Levi Jackson, Chesterfield. 
 Samuel Fiske, Cl.nremont. 
 Daniel Blaisdell, Lebanon. 
 Moses P. Payson, Bath. 
 
 1816-17. 
 Wm. Ham, Portsmouth. 
 Joseph Shepard, Epping. 
 John Vose, Atkinson. 
 John Harvey, Northwood. 
 Beard Plumer, Milton. 
 William Badger, Gilmanton. 
 James Wallace, Milford. 
 Jonathan Harvey, Sutton. 
 Phineas Handerson, dies rfield> 
 James H. Bingham, Alstt. d. 
 John Durkee, Hanover. 
 Dan. Young, Lisbon. 
 
 1817-18. 
 Clement Storer, Portsmouth. 
 John Bradford, Newmarket. 
 Thos. Chandler, Bedford. 
 John Harvey, Northwood. 
 Amos Cogswell, Dover. 
 Nath'l Shannon, Moultonborough. 
 Benj. Pool, Hollis. 
 Jonathan Harvey, Sutton. 
 Phineas Handerson, Keene. 
 James H. Bingham, Alstead. 
 Abiathar G. Britton, Orford. 
 Dan. Young, Lisbon. 
 
 1818-19. 
 John Langdon, Jr., Portsmouth. 
 John Broadhead, Newmarket. 
 Thomas Chandler, Bedford. 
 Caleb Stark, Dunbarton. 
 Amos Cogswell, Dover. 
 Nath'l Shannon, Moultonborough. 
 Benj. Pool, Hollis. 
 Jonathan Harvey, Sutton. 
 Phineas Handerson, Keene. 
 James H. Bingham, Alstead. 
 Abiathar G. Britton; Orford. 
 Dan. Young, Lisbon. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 719 
 
 1819-20. 
 
 George Long, Portsmouth. 
 John Broadhead, Newmarket. 
 James Parker, Litchfield. 
 John McClary, Epsom. 
 Amos Cogswell, Dover. 
 Daniel C. Atkinson, Sanbornton. 
 Benj. Pool, Hollis. 
 Jonathan Harvey, Sutton. 
 John Wood, Keene. 
 Uriah Wilcox, Newport. 
 John Durkee, Hanover. 
 Dan Young, Lisbon. 
 
 George Long, Portsmoutli. 
 John Broadhead, Newmarket. 
 John Gould, Dunbarton. 
 Isaac Hill, Concord. 
 Nehemiah Eastman, Farmington. 
 Daniel Hoit, Sandwich. 
 Benj. Pool, Hollis. 
 Jonathan Harvey, Sutton. 
 Elijah Belding, Swanzey. 
 Thomas C. Drew, Walpole. 
 John Dame, Plymouth. 
 Dan Young," Lisbon. 
 
 Hunking Penhallow, Portsmouth. 
 Newell Healey, Kensington. 
 Samuel M. Richardson, Pelham. 
 Isaac Hill, Concord. 
 Nehemiah Eastman, Farmington. 
 Daniel Hoit, Sandjvich. 
 John Wallace, Jr., Milford. 
 Jonathan Harvey, Sutton. 
 Jotham Lord, Jr. , Westmoreland. 
 Thomas C. Drew, Walpole. 
 Ziba Huntington, Lebanon. 
 Arthur Livermore, Holderness. 
 
 1822-23. 
 
 Langley Boardman, Portsmouth. 
 John Kimball, Exeter. 
 Hezekiah D. Buzzell, Weare. 
 Isaac Hill, Concord. 
 Nehemiah Eastman, Farmington. 
 Daniel Hoit, Sandwich. 
 John Wallace, Jr., Milford. 
 Jonathan Harvey, Sutton. 
 Jotham Lord, Jr., Westmoreland. 
 James H. Bingham, Alstead. 
 Ziba Huntington, Lebanon. 
 Arthur Livermore, Holderness. 
 
 1823-24. 
 
 Langley Boardman, Portsmouth. 
 John Kimball, Exeter. 
 David L. Morril, Goffstown. 
 Ezekiel Morrill, Canterbury. 
 Nehemiah Eastman, Farmington. 
 Pearson Cogswell, Gilmanton. 
 John Wallace, Jr., Milford. 
 Thomas W. Colby; Hopkinton. 
 John Wood, Keene. 
 Gawen Gilmore, Acworth. 
 James Poole, Hanover. 
 Stephen P. Webster, Haverhill. 
 
 1824-25. 
 
 Josiah Bartlett, Stratham. 
 John Kimball, Exeter. 
 John Pattee, Goffstown. 
 Ezekiel Morrill, Canterbury. 
 Nehemiah Eastman, Farmington. 
 Benning M. Bean, Moultonborough. 
 John Wallace, Jr., Milford. 
 Joseph Healey, Washington. 
 Salma Hale, Keene. 
 Gawen Gilmore, Acworth. 
 Moses H. Bradley, Bristol. 
 Stephen P. Webster, Haverhill. 
 
 1825-26. 
 
 William Claggett, Portsmouth. 
 John Broadhead, Newmarket. 
 Thomas Chandler, Bedford. 
 Hall Burgin, Allenstown. 
 Andrew Pierce, Dover. 
 Benning M. Bean, Moultonborough. 
 Jesse Bowers, Dunstable. 
 Matthew Harvey, Hopkinton. 
 Phineas Handerson, Chesterfield. 
 Stephen P. Webster, Haverhill. 
 Stephen Johnson, Walpole. 
 Diarca Allen, Lebanon. 
 
 1826-27. 
 
 John W. Parsons, Rye. 
 John Broadhead, Newmarket. 
 Thomas Chandler, Bedford. 
 Hall Burgin, Allenstown. 
 Andrew Pierce, Dover. 
 Benning M. Bean, Moultonborough. 
 Jesse Bowers, Dunstable. 
 Matthew Harvey, Hopkinton. 
 Asa Parker, Jaffrey. 
 Stephen Johnson, Walpole. 
 James Smith, Grantham. 
 John W. Weeks, Lancaster. 
 
 ' Resigned. Abel Merrill elected. 
 
720 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 1827-28. 
 
 John \V. Parsons, Rye. 
 Wm. Pluiner, Jr., Epping. 
 Thomas Chandler, Bedibrd. 
 Isaac Hill, Concord. 
 James Bartlett, Dover. 
 William Prescott, Gilmanton. 
 Jesse Bowers, Dunstable. 
 Matthew Harvey, Hopkinton. 
 Asa Parker, Jaffrey. 
 Jonathan Nye, Claremont. 
 James Minot, Bristol. 
 John W. Weeks, Lancaster. 
 
 1828-29. 
 John W. Parsons, Rye. 
 William Plumer, Ji., Epping. 
 David Steele, GnHslown. 
 Hall Burgin, Allenstown. 
 James Bartlett, Dover. 
 Daniel Hoit, Sandwich. 
 John Wallace, Jr., Milford. 
 Bodwell Emerson, Hopkinton. 
 Nahum Parker, Fitzwilliam. 
 Thomas Woolson, Claremont. 
 James Poole,' Hanover. 
 John W. Weeks, Lancaster. 
 
 1829-30. 
 
 Abner Greenleaf, Portsmouth. 
 Jacob Freese, Deertield. 
 Frederick G. Stark, Manchester. 
 Joseph M. Harper, Canterbury. 
 Henry B. Rust,* Wolfeborough. 
 Ezekiel Wentworth, Ossipee. 
 Wm. Bixby, Francestown. 
 Benjamin Evans, Warner. 
 Levi Chamberlain, Fitzwilliam. 
 Eleazer Jackson, Jr., Cornish. 
 Elijah Miller, Hanover. 
 Samuel Cartland, Haverhill. 
 
 1830-31. 
 
 John E. Parrott, Portsmouth. 
 Jacob Freese, Deerfield. 
 Frederick G. Stark, Manchester. 
 Joseph M. Harper, Canterbury. 
 Henry B. Rust," WoH'eborough. 
 Ezekiel Wentworth, Ossipee. 
 Wm. Bixby, Francestown. 
 Benj. Evans, Warner. 
 Levi Chamberlain, Fitzwilliam. 
 Eleazer Jackson, Jr., Cornish. 
 
 Elijah Miller, Hanover. 
 Samuel Cartland, Haverhill. 
 
 1831-32. 
 
 Langley Boardman,* Portsmouth. 
 Bradbury Bartlett, Nottingham. 
 Frederick G. Stark, Manchester. 
 Aaron Whittemore, Pembroke. 
 Henry B. Rust, Wolfeborough. 
 Benning M. Bean, Moultonborough. 
 Daniel Abbott, Dunstable. 
 Nath'l Knowlton, Hopkinton. 
 Phineas Handerson, Chesterfield. 
 Eleazer Jackson, Jr., Cornish. 
 Robert Burns, Hebron. 
 Samuel Cartland,' Haverhill. 
 
 »832-33- 
 Daniel P. Drown, Portsmouth. 
 Bradbury Bartlett, Nottingham. 
 Jesse Carr, Gotfstown. 
 Aaron Whittemore, Pembroke. 
 James Farrington, Rochester. 
 Benning M. Bean, Moultonborough. 
 Peter Woodbury, Francestown. 
 Nath'l Knowlton, Hopkinton. 
 Phineas Handerson, Chesterfield. 
 Eleazer Jackson, Jr., Cornish. 
 Robert Burns, Hebron. 
 Jared W. Williams, Lancaster. 
 
 1833-34. 
 
 Daniel P. Drown, Portsmouth. 
 
 Abel Brown, South Hampton. 
 Jesse Carr, Goffstown. 
 
 Cyrus Barton, Concord. 
 James Farrington, Rochester. 
 
 Warren Lovell, Mereditli. 
 
 Peter Woodbury, Francestowo^ 
 Jacob Tuttle, Antrim. 
 
 Nathan Wild, Chestei field. 
 
 Austin Corbin, Newport. 
 
 Caleb Blodgett, Dorchester. 
 
 Jared W. Williams, Lancaster. 
 
 '834-35- 
 
 Tristram Shaw, Hampton. 
 
 Abel Brown, South Hampton. 
 Jesse Carr, Gofi'stown. 
 
 Cyrus Barton, Concord. 
 James Farrington, Rochester. 
 
 Warren Lovell, Meredith. 
 
 Israel Hunt, Jr. , Dunstable. 
 
 ' James Poole died November 20. James Minot elected but declined. 
 
 * Abner Greenleaf resigned. 
 
 3 John Chadwiclc of Middleton resigned. 
 
 * Levi Woodbury elected and resigned. 
 
 S Resigned. Benning M. Bean elected. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 721 
 
 Ruben Porter, Sutton. 
 Nathan Wild, Chesterfield. 
 Austin Corbin, Newport. 
 Caleb Blodgett, Dorchester. 
 Jared W. Williams, Lancaster. 
 
 1835-36. 
 Thomas J. Parsons, Rye. 
 Smith Lamprey, Kensington. 
 Charles F. Gove, Gofi"stown. 
 James Clark, Franklin. 
 Noah Martin, Dover. 
 Jonathan T. Chase, Conway. 
 Israel Hunt, Jr., Dunstable. 
 Ruben Porter, Sutlon. 
 Levi Fisk, JafTrey. 
 .Samuel Egerton, Langdon. 
 Nathaniel S. Berry, Bristol. 
 Walter Blair, Plymouth. 
 
 1836-37- 
 Thomas J. Parsons, Rye. 
 Smith Lamprey, Kensington. 
 John Woodbury, Salem. 
 James Clark, Franklin. 
 Noah Martin, Dover. 
 Jonathan T. Chase, Conway. 
 Israel Hunt, Jr., Dunstable. 
 Samuel Jones, Bradford. 
 Levi P'isk, Jaffrey. 
 -Samuel Egerton, Langdon. 
 Nath'l S. Berrv, Bristol. 
 Walter Blair, Plymouth. 
 
 1837-38. 
 Thomas B. Leighton, Portsmouth. 
 Benj. Jenness, Deerfield. 
 John Woodbury, Salem. 
 .Samuel 15. Dyer, Loudon. 
 Ezekiel Ilurd, Dover. 
 Neal McGaft'ey, Sandwich. 
 David Stiles, Lyndeborough. 
 Samuel Jones, Bradford, 
 llenrv Cooledge, Keene. 
 John Gove, Jr.^ Claremont. 
 George W. Lang, Hebron. 
 Nath'l P. Melvin, Bridgewater. 
 
 1838-39. 
 
 Samuel Clears, Portsmouth. 
 
 Benj. Jenness, Deerfield. 
 Jame.s McK. Wilkins. Bedford. 
 Amos Cogswell, Canterbur3'. 
 Ezekiet Ilurd, Dover. 
 Neal McGaffey, Sandwich. 
 Daniel Adams, Mont Vt-rnon. 
 Samuel Jones, Bradford. 
 John Prentice, Keene. 
 Austin Tyler, Claremont. 
 
 George W. Lang, Hebron. 
 Nath'l P. Melvin, Plymouth. 
 
 1839-40. 
 Thomas B. Leighton, Portsmouth. 
 James B. Creighton, Newmarket. 
 J. McK. Wilkins, Bedford. 
 Amos Cogswell, Canterbury. 
 George Nutter, Barnstead. 
 John Comerford. Sanbornton. 
 Daniel Adams, Mont Vernon. 
 Abram Brown, Hopkinton. 
 |ohn Prentice, Keene. 
 John Gove, Jr., Claremont. 
 Converse Goodhue, Enfield. 
 James H. Johnson, Bath. 
 
 1840-41. 
 James Pickering, Newington. 
 James B. Creighton, Newmarket. 
 David A. Gregg, Derry. 
 Peter Renton, Concord. 
 Georgf! Nutter, Barnstead. 
 John Comerford, Sanbornton. 
 Daniel Adams, Mont Vernon. 
 Abrara Brown, Hopkinton. 
 Elijah Beldiner, Swanzey. 
 Jeremiah D. Nettleton, Newport. 
 Converse Goodhue, Enfield. 
 James H. Johnson, Bath. 
 
 iS4t-42. 
 
 James Pickering, Newington. 
 
 Samuel Hatch, Exeter. 
 
 David A. Gregg, Derry. 
 
 Peter Renton, Concord. 
 
 George McDaniell, Banington. 
 John L. Perley, Meredith. 
 
 Humphrey Moore, Milford. 
 Jicob Straw, Henniker. 
 
 Elijah Belding, Swanzey. 
 Jeremiah D. Nettleton, Newport. 
 
 Josiah Q^iincy, Rumney. 
 
 Simeon B. Johnson, Littleton. 
 
 1842-43. 
 Thos. I*. Treadwell, Portsmouth. 
 Samuel Hatch, Exeter. 
 Simon P. Colby, Weare. 
 Isaac Hale, Franklin. 
 George McDaniel, Barrington. 
 John L. Perley, Meredith. 
 Titus Brown, Francestown. 
 Jacob Straw, Henniker. 
 James Batcheller, Marlborough. 
 Daniel M. Smith, Lempster. 
 Josiah Quincy, Rumnev. 
 Simeon Warner, Whitefield. 
 
723 
 
 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 1843-44. 
 
 John K. Hatch, Greenland. 
 Jonathan Morrill, Brentwood. 
 Simon P. Colby, Weare. 
 Isaac Hale, Franklin. 
 Andrew Pierce, Jr., Dover. 
 Zebulon Pease, Freedom. 
 Titus Brown, Francestown. 
 T. Hoskins, Westmoreland. 
 Elijah Carpenter, Swanzey. 
 Daniel M. Smith, Lempster. 
 Joseph Sweatt, Andover. 
 Simeon Warner, Whitefield. 
 
 1844-45. 
 
 John K. Hatch, Greenland. 
 Jonathan Morrill, Brentwood. 
 Jesse Gibson, Pelham. 
 Asa P. Cate, Northfield. 
 Joseph H. Smith, Dover. 
 Zebulon Pease, Freedom. 
 William McKean, Deering. 
 T. Hoskins, Westmoreland". 
 Benaiah Cooke, Keene. 
 Reuben Davis, Cornish. 
 Joseph Sweatt, Andover. 
 Ephraim Cross, Lancaster. 
 
 • 1845-46. 
 
 Stephen Demeritt, Durham. 
 Perley Robinson, Poplin. 
 Jesse Gibson, Pelham. 
 Asa P. Cate, Northfield. 
 Joseph H. Smith. Dover. 
 Charles Lane, Meredith. 
 A¥m. JfcKean, Deering. 
 David Pat'en, Hancock. 
 Salma Hale, Keene. 
 Reuben Davis, Cornish. 
 Sylvanus Hewes, Lyme. 
 Ephraim Cross, Lancaster. 
 
 1846-47. 
 
 G. H. Dodge, Hampton Falls. 
 Abraham Emerson, Candia. 
 James U. Parker, Merrimack. 
 Andrew Taylor, Canterbury. 
 Wm. W. Rollins, Somersworth. 
 Artemus Harmon, Eaton. 
 Timothy Abbott, Milton. 
 David Patten, Hancock. 
 Nath'l Kingsbury, Temple. 
 Asa Page, Sutton. 
 Irenus Hamilton, Lyme. 
 Harry Hibbard, Bath. 
 
 1847-48. 
 
 James Pass, Stratham. 
 - Abraham Emmerson, Candia. 
 Noyes Poor, Goffslown. 
 Wm. H. Gage, Boscawen. 
 James Drake,' Pittsfield. 
 Charles Lane, Gilford. 
 Ralph E. Tenney,' Hollis. 
 Frederick Vose, Walpole. 
 Frederick Boyden,' Hinsdale. 
 Asa Page, Sutton. 
 Sylvanus Hewes, Lyme. 
 Harry Hibbard, Bath. 
 
 1848-4^. 
 
 James Foss, Stratham. 
 Joseph D. Pindar, Newmarket. 
 Noyes Poor, GoBslown. 
 Wm. H. Gage, Boscawen. 
 James Drake, Pittsfield. 
 Jeremiah Dame, Farmington. 
 Ralph E. Tenney,' Hollis. 
 Frederick Vose, Walpole. 
 Frederick Boyden,' Hinsdale. 
 Asa Page, Sutton. 
 Sylvanus Hewes, Lyme. 
 Harry Hibbard, i3ath. 
 
 1849-50. 
 
 James Foss, Stratham. 
 Joseph D. Pindar, Newmarket. 
 Noyes Poor, Goft'stown. 
 Wm. H. Gage, Boscawen. 
 James Drake, Pittsfield. 
 Jeiemiah Dame, Farmington. 
 Ralph E. Tenney, Hollis. 
 Frederick Vose, Walpole. 
 Frederick Boyden, Hinsdale. 
 Asa Page, Sutton. 
 Sylvanus Hewes, Lyme. 
 Harry Hibbard, Bath. 
 
 1850-51. 
 
 Richard Jenness, Pdrtsmouth. 
 Chas. Sanborn, East Kingston. 
 Samuel Marshall, Derry. 
 Joseph Clough, Loudon. 
 S. P. Montgomery, Stratford. 
 Abel Haley, Tuttonborough. 
 Daniel Batchekier, Wilton. 
 Hiram Monroe, Hillsborough. 
 James Batchellor, Marlborough. 
 Daniel N. Adams. Springfield. 
 Abraham P. Hoit, Bririgewater. 
 William Clark, Campton. 
 
 ' Elected by legislature. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 723 
 
 1851-52- 
 Alfred Hoit,' Lee- 
 John S. Wells, Exeter. 
 Peter P. Woodbury, Bedford. 
 John S. Shannon, Gilmanton. 
 Asa Freeman, Dover. 
 Abel Malay, Tuftonborough. 
 Albert McKean, Nashville. 
 Jacob Taylor, Stoddard. 
 James Batcheller, Marlborough. 
 Daniel N. Adams, Springfield. 
 Abraham Hoit, Bridgewater. 
 Joseph Pitman,' Bartlett. 
 
 1852-53- 
 Alfred lloit, Lee. 
 John S. Wells, Exeter. 
 Peter P. Woodbury, Bedford. 
 John P. Shannon, Gilmanton. 
 Asa Freeman, Dover. 
 Bradbury C. Tuttle, Meredith. 
 B. B. W'liitemore,' Nashua. 
 Jacob Taylor, Stoddard. 
 Asaliel II. Bennet, Winchester. 
 
 A. B. Williamson, Claremont. 
 Thomas Merrill, Enfield. 
 James M. Rix, Lancaster. 
 
 1853-54- 
 John M. Weare, Seabrook. 
 Josiah Eastman, Hampstead. 
 Charles Stark, Manchester. 
 Ebenezer Symmes, Hopkinton. 
 I. G. Jordan, Soniersworth. 
 Bradbury C. Tuttle, Meredith. 
 
 B. B. Whitemore, Nashua. 
 Leonard Eaton, Warner. 
 A. H. Bennett, Winchester. 
 A. B. Williamson, Claremont. 
 Thomas Merrill, Enfield. 
 James M. Rix, Lancaster. 
 
 1854-55- 
 John M. Weare, Seabrook. 
 Josiah C. Eastman, Hampstead. 
 Nathan Parker, Bedford. 
 Ebenezer Symmes, Concord. 
 I. G. Jordan, Somersworth. 
 Obed Hall, Tamworth. 
 Robert B. Cochran,' N. Boston. 
 Leonard Eaton, Warner. 
 William Haile, Hinsdale. 
 Oliver B. Buswell, Grantham. 
 J. Everett Sargent, Wentvforth. 
 Jonas D. Sleeper, Haverhill. 
 
 1855-56- 
 Marcellus BuflTord, Portsmouth. 
 Thomas J. Melvin, Chester. 
 
 » Elected 
 
 Nathan Parker, Manchester. 
 William P. Rixford, Concord. 
 George M. Herring, Farmington. 
 Larkin i). Mason," Tamworth. 
 Moody Hobbs, Pelham. 
 George W. Hammond, Gilsum. 
 Wm. Haile, Hinsdale. 
 Nathan Mudgett, Newport. 
 John Clough, Enfield. 
 Jonas D. Sleeper, Haverhill. 
 
 1856-57- 
 Daniel Marcy, Portsmouth. 
 Thomas J. Melvin, Chester. 
 Moody Currier, Manchester. 
 Charles Rowell, Allenstown. 
 George M. Herring, Farmington. 
 Obed Hall, Tamworth. 
 Moody Hobbs, Pelham. 
 Robert B. Cochran, New Boston. 
 Geo. W. Hammond, Gilsum. 
 Nathan Mudgett, Newport. 
 John Clough, Enfield. 
 Wm. Burns, Lancaster. 
 
 1857-58. 
 Daniel Marcy, Portsmouth. 
 John Ordway, Hampstead. 
 Moody Currier, Manchester. 
 Charles Rowell, Allensto.wn. 
 M. C. Burleigh, Somersworth. 
 Robert S. Webster, Barnstead. 
 Aaron W. Sawyer, Nashua. 
 Daniel Paige, Weare. 
 C. F. Brooks, Westmoreland. 
 John P. Chellis, Plainfield. 
 Austin F. Pike, Franklin. 
 Wm. Burns, Lancaster. 
 
 1858-59- 
 Samuel P. Dow, Newmarket. 
 John Ordway, Hampstead. 
 John M, Parker, Goffstown. 
 Joseph A. Gllmore, Concord. 
 M. C. Burleigh, Somersworth. 
 Robert S. Webster, Barnstead. 
 Aaron W. Sawver, Nashua. 
 Daniel Paige, Weare. 
 C. F. Brooks, Westmoreland. 
 John P. Chellis, Plainfield. 
 Austin F. Pike, Franklin. 
 John G. Sinclair, Bethlehem. 
 
 1859-60. 
 John S. Bennett, Newmarket. 
 Joseph Blake, Raymond. 
 John M. Parker, (SoflTstown. 
 Joseph A. Gilmore, Concord. 
 
 by legislature. 
 
724 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 John D. Lyman, Farmington. 
 Saml. Emmerson, Moultonborough. 
 Hoeea Eaton, New Ipswich. 
 Walter Harriman, Warner. 
 Thomas Fisk, Dublin. 
 Jesse Slader, Acworth. 
 George S. Towie, Lebanon. 
 John G. Sinclair, Bethlehem. 
 
 1860-61. 
 Clement March, Portsmouth. 
 Joseph Blake, Raymond. 
 Herman Foster, Manchester. 
 David Merrill, Jr. , Canterbury. 
 John D. Lyman, Farmington. 
 Eli Wentworth, Milton. 
 Hosea Eaton, New Ipswich. 
 Walter Harriman, Warner. 
 Thomas Fisk, Dublin. 
 Jesse Slader, Acworth. 
 George S. Towle, Lebanon. 
 Wm. A. Burns, Rumney. 
 
 1861-62. 
 W. H. Y. Hackett, Portsmouth. 
 Wm. C. Patten, Kin'gston. 
 Herman Foster, Manchester. 
 David Morrill, Jr., Canterbury. 
 Charles A. Tufts, Dover. 
 Eli Wentworth, Milton. 
 I^eonard Chase, Milford. 
 John Burnham, Hopkinton. 
 John J. Allen, Jr., Fitzwilliam. 
 Lemuel P. Cooper, Croydon. 
 Cyrus Adams, Grafton. 
 Wm. A. Burns, Rumney. 
 
 1862-63. 
 W. H. Y. Hackett, Portsmouth. 
 Wm. C. Patten, Kingston. 
 Isaac W. Smith, Manchester. 
 Onslow Stearns, Concord. 
 Charles A. Tufts, Dover. 
 John Wadleigh, Meredith. 
 Leonard Chase, Milford. 
 John Burnham, Hopkinton. 
 John J. Allen, Jr., Fitzwilliam. 
 Lemuel P. Cooper, Croydon. 
 Cyrus Adams, Grafton.' 
 Amos W. Drew, Stewartstown. 
 
 1863-64. 
 Charles W. Hatch, Greenland. 
 Charles H. Bell, Exeter. 
 Isaac W. Smith, Manchester. 
 Onslow Stearns, Concord. 
 C. S. Whitehouse, Rochester. 
 John Wadleigh, Meredith. 
 Edward P. Emerson, Nashua. 
 
 Charles J. Smith, Mont Vernon. 
 Milan Harris, Nelson. 
 Amos F. Fiske, Marlow. 
 Daniel Blaisdell, Hanover. 
 Amos W. Drew, Stewartstown. 
 
 1864-65 
 Charles W. Hatch, Greenland. 
 Charles H. Bell, Exeter. 
 Ezekiel A. Straw, Manchester. 
 Henry L. Burnham, Dunbarton. 
 C. S. Whitehouse, Rochester. 
 W. H. H. Mason, Moultonborough. 
 Edward P. Emerson, Nashua. 
 Chas. J. Smith, Mont Vernon. 
 Milan Harris, Nelson. 
 Amos F. Fiske, Mai low. 
 Daniel Blaisdell, Hanover. 
 George A. Bingham, Littleton. 
 
 1865-66. 
 Darius Frink, Newington. 
 Joseph J. Dearborn, Deerfield. 
 Ezekiel A. .Straw, Manchester. 
 H. L. Burnham, Dunbarton. 
 G. W. Burleigh, Somersworth. 
 W. H. II. Mason, Moultonborough. 
 Joseph Newell, Wilton. 
 John W. Morse, Bradford. 
 Orrin Perkins, Winchester. 
 John M. Glidden, Charlestown. 
 Daniel Barnard, Franklin. 
 George A. Bingham, Littleton. 
 
 1866-67. 
 Darius Frink, Newington. 
 Joseph J. Dearborn, Deerfield. 
 Wm. T. Parker, Merrimack. 
 Henry F. Sanborn, Epsom. 
 G. W. Burleigh, Somersworth. 
 Orsino A. J. Vaughan, Laconia. 
 Joseph Newell, Wilton. 
 John W. Morse, Bradford. 
 Orrin Perkins, Winchester. 
 John M. Glidden, Charlestown. 
 Daniel Barnard, Franklin. 
 Thomas J. Smith, Wentworth. 
 
 1867-68. 
 Ezra A. Stevens, Portsmouth. 
 Isaiah L. Robinson, Freemont. 
 Wm. T. Parker, Merrimack. 
 Henry F. Sanborn, Epsom. 
 Alonzo Nute, Farmington. 
 Orsino A. J. Vaughan, Laconia. 
 Thomas H. Marshall, Mason. 
 John M. Hayes, Salisbury. 
 Benjamin Read, Swanzey. 
 Levi W. Barton, Newport. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 725 
 
 Henry W. Blair, Plymouth. 
 Thomas J. Smith, Wentworth. 
 
 186S-69. 
 Ezra A. Stevens, Portsmouth. 
 Isaiah L. Robinson, Freemont. 
 Jos. A. Kennard, Manchester. 
 John Y. Mugridge, Concord. 
 Alonzo Nute, Farmington. 
 Edwin Pease, Conway. 
 Thomas H. Marshall, Mason. 
 John M. Hayes, Salisbury. 
 Benjamin Read, Swanzey. 
 Levi W. Barton, Newport. 
 Henry W. Blair, Plymouth. 
 John W. Barney, Lancaster. 
 
 1869-70. 
 John H. Bailey, Portsmouth. 
 Nathaniel Gordon, Exeter. 
 Jos. A. Kennard, Manchester. 
 John Y. Mugridge, Concord. 
 Geo. C. Pcavey, StralTord. 
 Ezra Gould, Sandwich. 
 Gilman Scripture, N.Tshua. 
 Jonas Livingston, Peterborough. 
 Ellery Albee, Winchester. 
 Ira Colby, Jr., Claremont. 
 Cyrus Taylor,' Bristol. 
 John W. Barney, Lancaster. 
 
 1870-71. 
 William B. Small, Newmarket. 
 Nathaniel Gordon, Exeter. 
 George Holbrook, Manchester. 
 Reuben L. French,' Pittsfield. 
 George C. Peavey, Strafford. 
 William N. Blair,° Laconia. 
 Gilman Scripture, Nashua. 
 A. Whittemore, Bennington. 
 Ellery Albee, Winchester. 
 Ira Colby, Jr.,' Claremont. 
 Cyrus Taylor, Bristol. 
 Geo. W. M. Pitman, Bartlett. 
 
 1871-72. 
 Daniel Marcy,' Portsmouth. 
 Matthew H. Taylor, Salem. 
 Geo. Holbrook, Manchester. 
 Charles T. Cram, Pittsfield. 
 Joshua G. Hall, Dover. 
 John C. Moulton, Laconia. 
 Charles H. Campbell, Nashua. 
 George Jones, Warner. 
 T. A. Barker, Westmoreland. 
 Alvah Smith,' Lempster. 
 Lewis W. Fling, Bristol. 
 Geo. W. M. Pitman, Bartlett. 
 
 ' Edwin D. Sanborn elected and resigned. 
 
 1872-73- 
 Warren Brown, Hampton Falls. 
 Matthew H. Taylor, Salem. 
 Geo. C. Foster, Bedford. 
 David A. Warde, Concord. 
 Joshua G. Hall, Dover. 
 John C. Moulton, Laconia. 
 Charles H. Campbell, Nashua. 
 Geo. Jones, Warner. 
 Tileston A. Barker, Westmoreland. 
 Henry A. Hitchcock, Walpole. 
 Lewis W. Fling, Bristol. 
 James J. Barrett, Littleton. 
 
 1873-74- 
 Warren Brown, Hampton Falls. 
 Charles Sanborn, Sandown. 
 Geo. Foster, Bedford. 
 David A. Warde, Concord. 
 Edwin Wallace, Rochester. 
 Otis G. Hatch, Tamworth. 
 Charles H. Burns, Wilton. 
 William H. Gove, Woare. 
 Henry Abbott, Winchester. 
 Henry A. Hitchcock, Walpole. 
 Warren F. Daniell, Franklin. 
 Eleazer B. Parker, Franconia. 
 
 1874-75- 
 
 Jeremiah F. Hall, Portsmouth. 
 James Priest,' Derry. 
 G. Byron Chandler, >ranchester. 
 Geo. E. Todd, Concord. 
 Wm. H. Farrar,' Soniersworth. 
 John W. Sanborn, Wakefield. 
 Thomas P. Pierce,' Nashua. 
 William H. Gove,' Weare. 
 Henry Abbott, Winchester. 
 Geo. H. Stowell, Claremont. 
 Warren F. Daniell, Franklin. 
 Eleazer B. Parker, Franconia. 
 
 1875-76. 
 
 Jeremiah F. Hall, Portsmouth. 
 James Priest, Derry. 
 Samuel H. Martin, Manchester. 
 John Proctor, Andover. 
 Joshua B. Smith, Durham. 
 John W. Sanborn, Wakefield. 
 Charles Holman,' Nashua. 
 Alonzo F. Carr, Goffstown. 
 Geo. A. Whitney, Rindge. 
 Geo. H. Stowell, Claremont. 
 Joseph D. Weeks, Canaan. 
 Wayne Cobleigh, Northumberland. 
 ^ Elected by legislature. 
 
726 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW IlAMl'SHIKE. 
 
 1876-77. 
 
 Thomas Leavitt, Exeter. 
 Natt Head, Hooksett. 
 James F. Briggs, Manchester. 
 Geo. E. Todd, Concord. 
 Joshua B. Smith, Durham. 
 John F. Cloutman, Farmington. 
 Chas. Holman, Nashua. 
 Alonzo F. Carr, GofFstown. 
 Royal H. Porter, Keene. 
 James Burnap, Marlow. 
 James W. Johnson, Enfield. 
 Wayne Cobleigh, Northumberland. 
 
 1S77-7S. 
 
 Marcellus Eldridge, Portsmouth. 
 John W. Wheeler, Salem. 
 Hiram K. Slayton, Manchester. 
 Natt Head, Hooksett. 
 David H. BufFum, Somersworth. 
 
 John E. Cloutman, Farmington. 
 Harrison Eaton, Amherst. 
 Oliver H. Noyes, Henniker. 
 Royal n. Porter, Keene. 
 James Burnap, Marlow. 
 James W. Johnson, Enfield. 
 Wm. H. Cummings, Lisbon. 
 
 1878-79. 
 
 Emmons B. Philbrick, Rye. 
 John W. Wheeler, Salem. 
 Hiram K. Slayton, Manchester. 
 Jacob H. Gallinger, Concord. 
 David H. BufFum, Somersworth. 
 Thomas Cogswell, Gilmanton. 
 John A. Spalding, Nashua. 
 Daniel M. White, Peterborough. 
 Charles J. Amidon, Hinsdale. 
 Albert M. Shaw, Lebanon. 
 Joseph D. Weeks, Canaan. 
 Wm. H. Cummings, Lisbon. 
 
 1879-81. 
 
 1. Coos. Sherburne R. Merrill, Colebrook. 
 
 2. Grafton. Edward F. Mann, Benton. 
 
 3. Lebanon. Albert M. Shaw, Lebanon. 
 
 4. Plymouth. Hiram Hodgdon, Ashland. 
 
 5. Laconia. Isaac N. Blodgett, Franklin. 
 
 6. Winnipesaukee. Dudley C. Coleman, Brookfield. 
 
 7. Sullivan. Albert Pitts, Charlestown. 
 
 8. Hillsborough. Cornelius Cooledge, Hillsborough. 
 
 9. Merrimack. Nehemiah G. Ordway, Warner. 
 
 10. Concord. Jacob H. Gallinger, Concord. 
 
 11. Pittslield. Charles F. Cate, Northwood. 
 
 12. Somersworth. Luther Hayes, Milton. 
 
 13. Keene. Edward Gustine, Keene. 
 
 14. Cheshire. Charles J. Amidon, Hinsdale. 
 
 15. Peterborough. Charles H. Burns, Wilton. 
 
 16. Amherst. George W. Todd, Mont Vernon. 
 
 17. Nashua. Orren C. Moore, Nashua. 
 
 18. Manchester. Elbridge G. Haynes, Manchester. 
 
 19. Amoskeag. William G. Perry, Manchester. 
 
 20. Londonderry. William H. Shepard, Derry. 
 
 21. Rockingham. Greanleaf Clarke, Atkinson. 
 
 22. Newmarket. Emmons G. Philbrick, Rye. 
 
 23. Dover. Charles E. Smith, Dover. 
 
 24. John II. Broughton, Portsmouth. 
 
 18S1-S3. 
 
 1. Sherburne R. Merrill, Colebrook. 
 
 2. Edward F. Mann, Benton. 
 
 3. Alfred A. Cox, Enfield. 
 
 4. Joseph M. Clough, New London. 
 
 5. Richard Gove, Laconia. 
 
 6. Joseph C. Moore, Lake Village. 
 7T Geo. H. Fairbanks. 
 
 8. C. Cooledge, Hillsborough. 
 
 9. Grovener A. Curtice, Hopkinton. 
 
 10. John Kimball, Concord. 
 
 11. Geo. II. Towle. 
 Chas. W. Talpey, Farmington. 
 Edward Gustine, Keene. 
 John M. Parker, Fitzwilliam. 
 G. W. Cummings, Francestown. 
 
 16. Timothy Keley, Amherst. 
 
 17. Virgil C. Gilman, Nashua. 
 
 18. Geo. B. Gilmore, Manchester. 
 
 12. 
 13- 
 
 IS 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 727 
 
 19. David B. Varney, Manchester. 
 
 20. Silas F. Learned. 
 
 21. Amos C. ClTiec, Kingston. 
 
 22. Samuel A. Haley, Newmarket. 
 
 23. James F. Seavey, Dover. 
 
 24. Titus S. Tredick, Portsmouth. 
 
 1883-85. 
 
 Irving W. Drew, Lancaster. 
 Iliirrv Bingham, Littleton. 
 Drivid E. Willard, Orford. 
 licnj. K. Perkins, Bristol. 
 J. M. Taylor, Sanhornton. 
 Levi K. Haley, Wolfeboroiigh. 
 Chester Pike, Cornish. 
 Tliomas Dinsmoor, Alstead. 
 Charles H. Amsden, Penacook. 
 Henry Robinson, Concord. 
 Aaron Wliittemore, Pittsfield. 
 Charles W. Folsom, Rochester. 
 Geo. K. Harvey, Surrey. 
 Geo. G. Davis, Marlborough. 
 G. W. Cummings, Francestown. 
 Geo. A. Wason, New Boston. 
 Amos Webster, Nashua. 
 Charles H. Bartlett, Manchester. 
 Israel Dow, Manchester. 
 Benj. R. Wheeler, Salem. 
 F. i'. French, East Kingston. 
 Lafayette Hall, Newmarket. 
 James F. Seavey, Dover. 
 John Laighton, Portsmouth. 
 
 1885-87. 
 
 r. Henry O. Kent, Lancaster. 
 3. Harry Bingham, Littleton. 
 
 3. Elias H. Cheney, Lebanon. 
 
 4. Manson S. Brown, Plymouth. 
 
 5. J. F. Tavlor, Tilton. 
 
 6. Asa M. Brackett, Wakefield. 
 
 7. Chester Pike, Cornish. 
 
 8. John S. Collins, Gilsum. 
 
 I. 
 2. 
 3- 
 4- 
 
 .■;• 
 
 6. 
 
 7- 
 8. 
 
 9- 
 10. 
 II. 
 12. 
 
 13- 
 14. 
 
 15- 
 16. 
 
 17- 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 22. 
 
 23- 
 24. 
 
 9. Walter S. Davis, Ilopkinton. 
 
 10. Lyman D. .Stevens, Concord. 
 
 11. Jonathan E. Berry, Barrington. 
 
 12. T. G. Jameson, Somersworth. 
 
 13. William P. Chamberlain, Keene. 
 
 14. Murray Davis, Chesterfield. 
 
 15. Peter 11. Clark, New Ipswich. 
 
 16. Wm. H W. Hinds, Milford. 
 
 17. Hiram T. Morrill, Nashua. 
 
 18. A. P. Olzendam, Manihester. 
 
 19. Edwin II. Hobbs, Manchester. 
 
 20. Jesse Gault, Hooksett. 
 
 21. Nathaniel H. Clarke, Plaistow. 
 
 22. John Hatch, Greenland. 
 
 23. William H. Morton, Rollinsford. 
 
 24. Moses H. Goodrich, P'mouth. 
 
 1887-89. 
 
 1. Samuel E. Paine, Berlin. 
 
 2. Lycurgus Pitman, Conway. 
 
 3. Frank D. Currier, Canaan. 
 
 4. J. E. French, Moultonborough. 
 
 5. Robert C. Carr, Andover. 
 
 6. Frank M. Rollins, Gillord. 
 
 7. Dexter Richards, Newport. 
 
 8. Nathan C. Jameson, Antrim. 
 
 9. Edmund E. Truesdell, Pembroke. 
 
 10. Enoch Gerrish, Concord. 
 
 11. Charles S. George, Barnstead. 
 
 12. Charles II. Looney, Milton. 
 
 13. Charles II. Ilersey, Keene. 
 
 14. Ezra S. Stearns, Rindge. 
 
 15. Franklin Worcester. Hollls. 
 
 16. Oliver D. Sawyer, Weare. 
 
 17. Edward O. Blunt, Nashua. 
 
 18. Geo. S. Eastman, Manchester. 
 
 19. Henry A. Bailey, Manchester. 
 
 20. L. A. Morri-on, Windham. 
 
 21. Edward H. Gilman, Exeter. 
 
 22. David Jenness. Rye. 
 
 23. Benjamin F. Nealle\', Dover. 
 
 24. Francis E. Langdon, P'mouth. 
 
 SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE SINCE 1680. 
 
 Richard Waldron, 1684. 
 John Gilman, 1692. 
 John Pickering, 1693. 
 Richard Martin, 1696. 
 Geo. JafiFrey, 1696. 
 John Plaisted, 1696. 
 John Pickering, 1697. 
 Geo. JafFrey, 1697. 
 Samuel Penhallow, 1099. 
 Daniel Tilton, 1702. 
 Samuel Penhallow, 1702. 
 John Pickering, 1702. 
 John Pinkerton, 1702. 
 
 John Pickering, 1703. 
 Richard Gerry, 1703. 
 John Pickering, 1704. 
 T. II. Hanking, 1709. 
 Richard Gerrish, 1710. 
 Thomas Packer, 1719. 
 Joshua Pierce, 1724. 
 Peter Weare, 1725. 
 John Plaisted, 1727. 
 Nath. Weare, 1727. 
 Andrew Wiggiji, 1728. 
 Naih. Noyes, 1744. 
 Nathan BLogers, 1745. 
 
728 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Ebenezer Stevens, 1745. 
 Meshech Weare, 1752. 
 Henry Sherburne, 1752. 
 Peter Gilman, 1759. 
 Henry Sherburne, 1761. 
 Peter Gilman, 1766. 
 John Wentworth, 1771. 
 Matthew Thornton, 1776 
 Phillips White, 1776. 
 John Langdon, 1776. 
 John Dudley, 1782. 
 George Atkinson, 1784. 
 John Sullivan, 1785. 
 Thomas Bartlett, 1789. 
 Wm. Plumer, 1791. 
 Nathaniel Peabody, 1793. 
 John Prentice, 1794- 
 Russell Freeman, 1795. 
 Wm. Plumer, 1797- 
 John Prentice, 1798. 
 Samuel Bell, 1805. 
 Charles Cutts, 1807. 
 Geo. B. Upham, 1809. 
 Charles Cutts, 1810. 
 Clement Storer, 1811. 
 Thomas W. Thompson, 1813. 
 Geo. B. Upham, 1815. 
 David L. Morril, 1816. 
 Henry B. Chase, 1S17. 
 Matthew Harvey, 1818. 
 Ichabod Bartlett, 1821. 
 Chas. Woodman, 1823. 
 Andrew Pierce, 1823. 
 Edmund Parker, 1823. 
 Levi Woodbury, 1825. 
 Henry Hubbard, 1825. . 
 James Wilson, Jr., 1828. 
 
 James B. Thornton, 1829. 
 Samuel C. Webster, 1830. 
 Franklin Pierce, 1831. 
 C. G. Atherton, 1833. 
 Ira A. Eastman, 1837. 
 Moses Norrls, Jr.. 1839. 
 John S. Wells. 1841. 
 Samuel Swasey, 1842. 
 Harry Hibbard, 1S44. 
 John P. Hale, 1846. 
 Moses Norris, Jr , 1847. 
 Sam. H. Ayer, 1S48. 
 N. B. Baker, 1S50. 
 G. W. Kittredge. 1852. 
 J. E. Sargent, 1853. 
 Francis R. Chase, 1854. 
 John J. Prentiss, 1855. 
 E. H. Rollins, 18^6. 
 N. B. Bryant, 1858. 
 C. H. Bell, i860. 
 E. A. Rollins. 1861. 
 W. E. Chandler, 1863. 
 A. F. Pike. 1865. 
 S. G. Griffin, 1867. 
 S. M. Wheeler, 1869. 
 Wm. H. Gove, 1871. 
 Asa Fowler, 1872. 
 James W. Emery, 1873. 
 Albert R. Hatch, 1874. 
 Chas. P. Sanborn, 1875. 
 A. A. Woolson, 1877. 
 Henry H. Huse, 1879 
 Chester B. Jordon, iS8l. 
 S. C. Eastman, 1S83. 
 E. Aldrich. i88s. 
 A. Burleigh, 1S87. 
 
 CLERKS OF THE SENATE. 
 
 Ebenezer Thompson, 1776. 
 Joseph Pearson, 1786. 
 Nathaniel Parker, 1S03. 
 John A. Harper. 1806. 
 Abiel Foster, 1809. 
 Henry B. Chase, 1810. 
 Samuel A. Kimball, 1813. 
 Levi Woodbury, 1816. 
 Ichabod Bartlett, 1817. 
 Isaac Hill, 1819. 
 William Claggett, 1820. 
 Philip Carrigain, 1821. 
 Moses Eastman, 1824. 
 Isaac Hill, 1825. 
 Samuel Dinsmoor, Jr., 1826. 
 W. H. Y. Ilackett, 182S. 
 Samuel Dinsmoor. Jr., 1829. 
 C. G. Atherton, 183 1. 
 Winthrop A. Marston, 1833. 
 
 Asa Fowler, 1835. 
 Isaac Folsom, 1841. 
 Henry E. Baldwin, 1842. 
 Moody Currier, 1844. 
 J. A. Richaidson, 1846. 
 John II. George, 1847. 
 Francis R. Chase, 1S49. 
 J. H. George, 18150. 
 W. L. Foster. 1851. 
 Geo. C. Williams, 1853. 
 Geo. S. Barton, 1855. 
 Calvin M.iy. Jr., 1857. 
 Greanleaf Cummings, 1859. 
 William A. Preston, 1861. 
 C. H, Bartlett, 1863. 
 Horace S. Cummings, 1865. 
 Geo. R. Fowler, 1867. 
 John W. Currier, 1869. 
 William M. Chase, 1871. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 729 
 
 Luther S. Morrill, 1872. 
 Thomas J. Smith, 1874. 
 Tj'ler Westgate, 1876. 
 Calvin Sanders, 1878. 
 
 James E. Dodge, 1879. 
 Frank D. Currier, 1883. 
 Ira A. Chase, 1887. 
 
 CLERKS OF THE HOUSE. 
 
 1S64. 
 
 John H. Goodale, 1855. 
 Henry O. Kent, 1857. 
 Edward Sawyer, i860. 
 Samuel D. Lord, 1862. 
 Benjamin Gerrish, Jr. , 
 S. D. Lord, 1865. 
 Charles B. Shackford, 1866. 
 Wm. U. Patten, 1868. 
 Josiah H. Benton, Jr., 1870. 
 James R. Jackson, 1871. 
 Josiah H. Benton, Jr., 1872. 
 Samuel C. Clark, 1873. 
 Charles H. Smith, 1S74. 
 Samuel C. Clark, 1875. 
 Charles C. Danforth, 1876. 
 Alpheus W. Baker, 1878. 
 Chae. G. Emmons, 1881. 
 E. F. Jones, 1883. 
 Geo. A. Dickey, 1887. 
 
 Noah Emery, 1776. 
 John Smith, 1781. 
 John Calfe, 1783. 
 Wm. Plumer, 1790. 
 John Calf, 1791. 
 John O. Ballard, 1809. 
 Moses L. Neal 1810. 
 Henry Hutchinson, 1813. 
 Moses L. Neal, 1816. 
 Samuel D. Bell, 182O. 
 James Clark, 1829. 
 Charles Lane, 1835. 
 Jeremiah Elkins, 1836. 
 David H. Collins, 1S39. 
 Harry Hibbard, 1840. 
 Albert G. Allen, 1842. 
 Tiiomas J. Harris, 1846. 
 Lewis Smith, 1847. 
 Thomas J. Whipple, 18-19. 
 Ellery A. Hibbard,iSs3. 
 
 JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE. 
 
 Richard Martyn, C. J., Portsmouth, 1693 to 1694. 
 
 Robert Wadleigh, Exeter, 1693 to 1697. 
 
 Joseph Smith, Hampton, 1693 to 1696. 
 
 William Partridge, Portsmouth, 1693 to 1696. 
 
 Nathaniel Weare, C. J., Hampton, 1694 to 1696. 
 
 Joseph Smith, C. J., Hampton, 1696 to 1697. 
 
 Kingsley Hall, Exeter, 1696 to 1697. 
 
 Thomas Packer, Portsmouth, 1696 to 1697. 
 
 Peter Coffin, C. J., Dover, 1697 to 1698. 
 
 John Gerrish, Dover, 1697 to 1698. 
 
 Job Alcock, Portsmouth, 1697 to 169S. 
 
 Joseph Smith, C. J., Hampton, 1698 to 1699. 
 
 Kingsley Hall, Exeter, 1698 to 1699. 
 
 Shadrach Walton, Newcastle, 1698 to 1699. 
 
 Richard Hilton, Newmarket, 1698 to 1699. 
 
 John Hinckes, C. J., Portsmouth, 1699 to 1708. 
 
 John Gerrish, Dover, 1699 to 1714. 
 
 Peter Coffin, Dover, 1699 to 17 12. 
 
 William Vaughan, C. J., Portsmouth, 1708 to 1716. 
 
 John Plaisted, Portsmouth, 1699 to 1719; C.J. 1716 to 1717. 
 
 Mark Hunking, Portsmouth, 1712 to 1729. 
 
 Samuel Penhallow, Portsmouth, 1714 to 1717; C. J. 1717 to 1726. 
 
 George Jaffrey, Portsmouth, 1717 to 1726; C. J. 1726 to 1732, 1742 to 1749. 
 
 Thomas Packer, Portsmouth, 1717 to 1724. 
 
 Henry Sherburne, C J., Portsmouth, 1732 to 1742. 
 
 John Frost, Newcastle, 1724 to 1732. 
 
 Nathaniel Weare, Hampton, 1730 to 1738. 
 
 Peter Weare, Hampton Falls, 1726 to 1730. 
 
 Andrew Wiggin, Stratharo, 1729 to 1732. 
 
 Nicholas Oilman, Exeter, 1732 to 1740. 
 
730 HISTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Benjamin Gambling, Portsmouth, 1733 to 1735. 
 
 Ellis Huske, Portsmouth, 1739 to 1749; C. J. 1749 to ij^'i- 
 
 Joseph Sherburne, Portsmouth, 1739 to 1740. 
 
 Samuel Oilman, Exeter, 1740 to 1747. 
 
 Thomas Millet, Dover, 1740 to 1742. 
 
 Jotham Odiorne, Newcastle, T742 to 1747. 
 
 Thomas Wallingsford, Somersworth, 1747 to 1771. 
 
 Meshech Weare, Hampton Falls, ■ 747 to 1775. 
 
 Joseph Blanchard, Dunstable, 1749 to 1758. 
 
 Theodore Atkinson, C. J., Newcastle, 1754 to 1775. 
 
 Leverett Hubbard, Portsmouth, 1763 to 1775. 
 
 William Parker, Portsmouth, 1771 to 1775. 
 
 SUPERIOR COURT OF JUDICATURE, 1776 to 1813. 
 
 Meshech Weare, C. J., Hampton Falls, Jan. 27, 1776, to June 19, 1782. 
 
 Leverett Hubbard, Portsmouth, Jan. 27, 1776, to 1785. 
 
 Matthew Thornton, Londonderry, Ja'n. 27, 1776, to 1782. 
 
 John Wentworth, Salmon Falls, Jan. 27, 1776, to May 14, 1781. 
 
 Samuel Livermore, C. J., llolderness, June 21, 1782, to 1790. 
 
 Woodbury Langdon, Portsmouth, June 22, 1782, to 1783; 1786 to 1791. 
 
 Josiah Bartlett, Kingston, 1782 to 1790; C. J.Jan. 15, 1790, to June, 1790. 
 
 William Whipple, Portsmouth, June 20, 1783, to 1785. 
 
 John Dudley, Raymond, Dec, 1784, to Feb. i, 1797. 
 
 John Pickering, C. J., Portsmouth, July 7, 1790, to Feb., 1795. 
 
 Simeon Olcott, Charlestown, Jan. 25, 1790, to 1795 ; C. J. 1795, to 1802. 
 
 Timothy Farrar, New Ipswich, March 18, 1791. to Jan., 1S03. 
 
 Ebenezer Thompson, Durham, April 3, 1795. to 1796. 
 
 Daniel Newcomb, Keene, April 6, 1796, to 1798. 
 
 Edward St. Loe Livermore, Portsmouth, Feb. 6,' 1797, tO 1799. 
 
 Paine Wingate, Stratham, April 4, 1798, to 1809. 
 
 Jeremiah Smith, C. J., Exeter, May 17, 1802, to May, 1809. 
 
 Arthur Livermore, Holderness, Dec. 21, 1799, to 1809; C. J., 1S09, tojune, 
 
 1813. 
 William King Atkinson, Dover, April 26, 1803, to 1805. 
 Richard Evans, Portsmouth, June 5, 1809. to 1813. 
 Jonathan Steele, Durham, Feb. 19, 1810. to 1812. 
 Clifton Claggett, Litchfield, Aug. 10, 1812, to 1S13. 
 
 SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT, 1813 to 1816. 
 
 Jeremiah Smith, C. J., Exeter, July I2, 1813, June, 1816. 
 Caleb Ellis, Claremont, July 12, 1813, June, 1816. 
 Arthur Livermore, Holderness, July 12, 1813, June, 1816. 
 
 SUPREME COURT OF JUDICATURE, 1S16 to 1855. 
 
 William Merchant Richardson, C. J., Chester, 1816, to March 23, 1838. 
 
 Samuel Bell, Chester, July 5, 1816, to June, 1819. 
 
 Levi Woodbury, Francestown, Dec. 9, 1816, to 1823. 
 
 Samuel Green, Concord, June 26, 1819, to 1840. 
 
 John Harris, Hopkinton, Oct. 6, 1823, to Jan. 5, 1833. 
 
 Joel Parker, Keene, 1S33 to 1838 ; C. J. June 25, 1838, to June 24, 184S. 
 
 Nathaniel Gookin Upham, Concord, Jan. 8, 1833, to Dec. i, 1843. 
 
 Leonard Wilcox, Orford, 1838 to 1840; June 26, 1848, to June 18, 1850. 
 
 John James Gilchrist, Charlestown, 1840 to 1848; C.J. 1848, to March 16, 1855. 
 
 Andrew Salter Woods, Bath, 1840 to 1855; C. J. 1855, to Aug. 17, 1855- 
 
APPENDIX. 731 
 
 Ira Allen Eastman, Gilmanton, Aug. 31, 1849, '° Aug. 17, 1S55. 
 Samuel Dana Bell, Manchester, Aug. 31, 1849, '° Aug. 17, 1855. 
 Ira Perley, Concord, June 28, 1850, to Oct. i, 1852. 
 
 SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT, 1855 to 1874. 
 
 Ira Parley, Concord, C. J. 1855 to 1859; Aug. i, 1864, to Oct. i, 1864. 
 
 Ira Allen Eastman, Concord, July 20, 1855, to Dec. i, 1859. 
 
 Asa Fowler, Concord, July 20, 1855, to Feb. 23,.i86i. 
 
 Geo. Y. Sawyer, Nashua, July 20, 1855, to Nov. 1, 1859. 
 
 Samuel Dana Bell, Manchester, 1855 to 1859; ^- J- '859, to Aug. i, 1S64. 
 
 J. Everett Sargent, Wentworth, 1859 to 1873 ; C. J. 1873, '° Aug. 18, 1874. 
 
 Henry A. BeIlo\v.s, Concord, 1859 '" 1869; C. J. 1869 to 1873. 
 
 Charles Doe, RoUinsford, Sept. 23, 1859. 
 
 Geo. W. Nesmith, Franklin, Dec. 31, 1859, t° 0<^'- 3'i 1870. 
 
 William 11. Bartlett, Concord, Feb. 23, i86i, to Sept. 24, 1867. 
 
 Jeremiah Smith, Dover, Oct. 19, 1867, to Jan. 26, 1874. 
 
 William L. Foster, Concord, Oct. i. 1869. 
 
 William S. Ladd, Lancaster, Oct. 31, 1870. 
 
 Ellery A. Hibbard, Laconia, March 17, 1873, J"'y 22, 1874. 
 
 Isaac W. Smith, Manchester, Feb. 10, 1874. 
 
 SUPERIOR COURT OF JUDICATURE, 1874x0 1876. 
 
 Edmund L. Gushing, Charlestown, C. J., Aug. 18, 1874, to July 22, 1876. 
 William S. Ladd, Lancaster, Aug. 14, 1874, to Ju'j. 22, 1876. 
 Isaac W. Smith, Manchester, Aug. 18, 1874, to July 22, 1876. 
 
 SUPREME COURT, 1876. 
 
 Charles Doe, RoUinsford, C. J., July 22, 1876. 
 
 Clinton W. Stanley, Manchester, from July 22, 1876, to Dec. i, 1885. 
 
 William L. Foster, Concord, July 22, 1876, to July i, 1881. 
 
 Aaron W. Sawyer, Nashua, July 22, 1876, to June 18, 1877. 
 
 Geo. A. Bingham, Littleton, July 22, 1876, again Dec, 1885. 
 
 William H. H. Allen, Claremont, July 22, 1876. 
 
 Isaac W. Smith, Manchester, July 24, 1877. 
 
 Lewis W. Clark, Manchester, Aug. 13, 1877. 
 
 Isaac K. Blodgett, Franklin, Nov. 30, 1880. 
 
 Alonzo P. Carpenter, Bath, July i, 1881. 
 
 JUSTICES OF COURT OF COMMON PLEAS. 
 Eastern Circuit, 1813 to 1816. 
 Timothy Farrar, New Ipswich, C. J., July 13, 1813, to July, 1816. 
 Oliver Peabody, Exeter, July 13, 1813, to July, 1816. 
 Samuel Hale, Barrington, July 13, 1813, to July, 1816. 
 
 Western Circuit, 1813 to 1816. 
 William H. Woodward, C. J., Hanover, July 13, 1813, to July, 1816. 
 Richard C. Everett, Lancaster, July 13, 1813, to July, 1816. 
 Nahum Parker, Fitzwilliam, July 13, 1813, to July, i8i6. 
 
 First District, 1816 to 1820. 
 Daniel M. Durell, C. J., Dover, July 5, 1816, to Dec, 1821. 
 
 Second District, 1816 to 1820. 
 William H. Woodward, C. J., Hanover, July 5, 1816, to June 30, 1818. 
 Roger Vose, C. J., Walpole, June 30, i8i8, to Dec, 1820. 
 
732 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 From 1825 to 1832. 
 Arthur Livermore, C. J., Holderness, Jan. 7, 1825, to December, 1832. 
 Timothy Farrar, Jr., Hanover, Dec. 25, 1824, to Dec, 1832. 
 Josiah Butler, Deerfield, Jan. 7, 1825, to Dec, 1832. 
 
 Circuit Justices. 
 Charles F. Gove, Nashua, Jan., 1843, to Dec, 1847. 
 Noah Tebbetts, Rochester, Jan., 1843, to Dec, 1844. 
 Ira Allen Eastman, Gilmanion, Sept. 26, 1844, to 1849. 
 Leonard Wiicox, Orford, Dec, 1847, to 1848. 
 Samuel Dana Bell, Manchester, June 26, 1848, to 1849. 
 
 Circuit Justices, 1851 to 1855. 
 Geo. Y. Saviryer, Nashua, Sept. 15, 1851, to Aug., 1854. 
 Charles R. Morrison, Haverhill, Sept. 15, 1851, to August 18,1855. 
 Josiah Minot, Concord, Sept. 18, 1852, to March 26, 1855. 
 Charles W. Woodman, Dover, Aug. 26, 1854, to Aug. 18, 1855. 
 Edward L. Gushing, Charlestown, March 3, 1855, to Aug. 18, 1855. 
 
 From 1855 to 1859. 
 Jonathan Kittredge, C. J., Canaan, Aug. 18, 1855, to August i, 1859. 
 J. Everett Sargent, Wentworth, Aug. 18, 1855, to Aug. i, 1S59. 
 Henry F. French, Exeter, Aug. 18, 1855, to Aug. i, 1859. 
 
 Circuit Court, 1874 to 1876. 
 William L. Foster, Concord, C. J., Aug. 14, 1874. 
 Edv^ard D. Rand, Lisbon, Aug. 18, 1874, to July 22, 1876. 
 Clinton W. Stanley, Manchester, Sept. 10, 1874. 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERALS. 
 
 Edv^ard Randolph, 1683. William Gordon, 1801. 
 
 Joseph Ryan, 1684. Jeremiah Mason, 1802. 
 
 James Graham, 1687. George Sullivan, 1805. 
 
 John Pickering, 1697. Samuel Bell, 1806. 
 
 William K. Atkinson, 1807. 
 
 Matthew Livermore, 1736. Daniel French, 1812. 
 
 Wyseman Claggett, 1765. George Sullivan, 1815. 
 
 Samuel Livermore, 1769. Chas. F. Gove, 1835. 
 
 Wyseman Claggett, 1776. Lyman B. Walker, 1843. 
 
 Samuel Livermore, 1778. John Sullivan, 1848. 
 
 John Sullivan, 1782. William C. Clarke, 1863. 
 
 John Pickering, 1786. Lewis W. Clark, 1868. 
 
 Benjamin West, 17S6. Mason W. Tappan, 1872. 
 
 John Prentice, 1787. Daniel Barnard, 1886. 
 Joshua Atherton, 1793. 
 
 LAW REPORTERS. 
 William L. Foster, 1850. John M. Shirley, 1871. 
 
 Georgp G. Fogg, 1855. Daniel Hall, 1876. 
 
 William E. Chandler, 1859. Edward A. jenks, 1877. 
 
 Amos Hadley, 1865. William S. Ladd, 1880. 
 
 SENATORS TO CONGRESS. 
 Paine Wingate, Stratham, Mar., 1789, Mar., 1793. 
 John Langdon, Portsmouth, Mar., 1789, Mar., 1795. 
 Samuel Livermore, Holderness, Mar., 1793, Mar., 1799. 
 John Langdon, Portsmouth, Mar., 1795, Mar., 1801. 
 Samuel Livermore, Holderness, Mar., 1799, June, 1801. 
 Simeon Olcott, Charlestown, June, 1801, Mar., 1805. 
 
APPENDIX. 733 
 
 James Sheafe, Portsmouth, June, 1801, June, ;8o2. 
 William Pliimer, Epping, June 2, 1801, Mar., 1807. 
 Nicholas Oilman, Exeter, Mar., 1805, Mar., 1811. 
 Nahum Parker, Fitzwilliam, Mar., 1807, June, 1810. 
 Charles Cutts, Portsmouth, June, 1810, June, 1813. 
 Nicholas Oilman, Exeter, Mar.., 1811, May, 1814. 
 Thos. W. Thompson, Concord, June, 1814, Mar., 1817. 
 Jeremiah Mason, Portsmouth, June, 1813, June, 1817. 
 Clement Storer, Portsmouth, June, 1817, Mar., 1819. 
 David L. Morril, Goffstown, Mar., 1817, Mar., 1823. 
 John F. Parrott, Portsmouth, Mar., 1819, Mar., 1825. 
 Samuel Bell, Chester, Mar., 1823, Mar., 1829. 
 Levi Woodbury, Portsmouth, Mar., 1825, Mar., 1831. 
 Samuel Bell, Chester, Mar., 1829, Mar., 1835. 
 Isaac Hill, Concord, Mar., 1831, June, 1836. 
 John Page, Haverhill, June, 1836, Mar., 1837. 
 Henry Hubbard, Charlestown, Mar., 1835, Mar., 1841. 
 Franklin Pierce, Hillsborough, Mar., 1837, Mar., 1842. 
 Leonard Wilcox, Orford, Mar., 1842, Mar., 1843. 
 Levi Woodbury, Portsmouth, Mar., 1841, Nov., 1845. 
 Benning W. Jenness, Strafford, Nov., 1845, June, 1846. 
 Joseph Cillev, Nottingham, June, 1846, Mar., 1847. 
 Chas. G. Atherton, Nashua, Mar., 1843, Mar., 1849. 
 John P. Hale, Dover, Mar., 1847, Mar., 1853. 
 Moses Norris, Manchester, Mar., 1849, Jan., 1855. 
 John S. Wells, Exeter, Jan., 1851;, Mar., 1855. 
 Chas. O. Atherton, Nashua, Mar., 1853, Nov., 1853. 
 Jared W. Williams, Lancaster, Nov., 1853, July, 1855. 
 John P. Hale, Dover, July, 1855, Mar., 1859. 
 James Bell, Laconia, Mar., 1855, May, 1857. 
 Daniel Clark, Manciiester, June, 1857, Mar., 1861. 
 John P. Hale, Dover, Mar., 1859, Mar., 1865. 
 Daniel Clark, Manchester, Mar., 1861, Aug., 1866. 
 Geo. G. Fogg, Concord, Aug., 1866, Mar., 1867. 
 Aaron H. Cragin, Lebanon, Mar., 1865, Mar., 1871. 
 James W. Patterson, Hanover, Mar., 1867, Mar., 1873. 
 Aaron H. Cragin, Lebanon, Mar., 1871, Mar., 1877. 
 Bainbridge Wadleigh, Milford, Mar., 1873, Mar., 1879. 
 Edward H. Rollins, Concord, Mar., 1877, Mar., 1883. 
 Charles H. Bell, Exeter, Mar., 1879, June, '879- 
 Henry W. Blair, Plymouth, June, 1879, Mar., 1885. 
 Austin F. Pike, Franklin, June, 1883, to 1886. 
 Person C. Cheney, Manchester, 1886 to June, 1887. 
 William E. Chandler, Concord, June, 1887, to Mar., 1889. 
 Henry W. Blair, Mar., 1885, to June, 1885. 
 Henry W. Blair, June, 1885, to Mar., 1891. 
 
 MEMBERS OF CONGRESS FROM 1774 TO 1789. 
 
 Josiah Bartlett. Pierce Long. 
 
 Jonathan Blanchard. John Langdon. 
 
 Nathaniel Folsom. Nathaniel Peabody. 
 
 George Frost. John Sullivan. 
 
 Abiel Foster. Matthewr Thornton. 
 
 John Taylor Oilman. William Whipple. 
 
 Nicholas Oilman. John Wentworth. 
 
 Woodbury Larigdon. Philip White. 
 
 Samuel Livef-more. Paine Wingate. 
 
734 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES TO CONGRESS, FROM 1789. 
 
 1ST Congress. 
 
 Nicholas Gilman, Exeter, Merchant. 
 
 Samuel Livertnore, Holderness, Law- 
 yer. 
 
 Abiel Foster, Canterbury, Clergy- 
 man. 
 
 2ND Congress. 
 
 Nicholas Gilman, Exeter, Merchant. 
 
 Samuel Livermore, Holderness. 
 
 Jeremiah Smith, Peterboro', Lawyer. 
 3RD Congress. 
 
 John S. Sherburne, Portsmouth, 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Nicholas Gilman, Exeter, Merchant. 
 
 Paine Wingate, Stratham, Clergy- 
 man. 
 
 Jeremiah Smith, Peterboro', Lawyer. 
 4TH Congress. 
 
 John S. Sherburne, Portsmouth. 
 
 Nicholas Gilman, Exeter, Merchant. 
 
 Abiel Foster, Canterbury, Clergyman. 
 
 Jeremiah Smith, Peterboro', Lawyer. 
 STH Congress. 
 
 Abiel Foster, Canterbury, Clergyman. 
 
 William Gordon, Amherst, Lawyer. 
 
 Jeremiah Smith, Peterboro', " 
 
 Pcleg Sprague, Keene, " 
 
 Jonathan Freeman, Hanover, Farmer. 
 6th Congress, 1799. 
 
 Peleg Sprague, Keene, Lawyer. 
 
 James Sheafe, Portsmouth, Merchant. 
 
 William Gordon, Amherst, Lawyer. 
 
 Samuel Tenney, Exeter, Physician. 
 
 Abiel Foster, Canterbury, Clergyman. 
 
 Jonathan Freeman, Hanover, Farmer. 
 7TH Congress, 1801. 
 
 Samuel Tenney, Exeter, Physician. 
 
 Abiel Foster, Canterbury. 
 
 Joseph Pierce, Alton, Farmer. 
 
 Samuel Hunt, Charlestown, Lawyer. 
 
 Geo. B. Upham, Claremont, " 
 8th Congress, 1803. 
 
 Samuel Tenney, Exeter, Physician. 
 
 Silas Betton, Salem, Lawyer. 
 
 Clifton Claggett, Litclifield, Lawyer. 
 
 Samuel Hunt, Charlestown, " 
 
 David Hough, Lebanon, " 
 
 9TH Congress, 1805. 
 
 Samuel Tenney, Exeter, Physician. 
 
 Silas Betton, Salem, Lawyer. 
 
 Thomas W. Thompson, Concord, 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Caleb Ellis, Claremont, Lawyer. 
 
 David Hough, Lebanon, Lawyer. 
 
 lOTH Congress, 1807. 
 
 Daniel M. Durell, Dover, Lawyer. 
 
 Clement Storer, Portsmouth, Mer- 
 chant. 
 
 Jedediah K. Smith, Amherst, Lawyer. 
 
 Francis Gardner, Walpole, " 
 
 Peter Carleton, Landaif, Farmer. 
 iiTH Congress, 1809. 
 
 Nathaniel H. Haven, Portsmouth, 
 Merchant. 
 
 William Hale, Dover, Merchant. 
 
 James Wilson, Peterboro', Lawyer. 
 
 John C. Chamberlain, Charlestown, 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Daniel Blaisdell, Canaan, Farmer. 
 I2TH Congress, 181 i. 
 
 Geo. Sullivan, Exeter, Lawyer. 
 
 Josiah Bartlett, Stratham, Physician. 
 
 John A. Harper, Meredith, Lawyer. 
 
 Samuel Dinsmoor, Keene, " 
 
 Obed Hall, Bartlett, Farmer. 
 
 13TH Congress, 1813. 
 
 Daniel Webster.Portsmouth, Lawyer. 
 
 Bradbury Cilley,Nottingham, Farmer. 
 
 William Hale, Dover, Merchant. 
 
 Samuel Smith, 'Peterboro', Merchant. 
 
 Roger Vose, Walpole, Lawyer. 
 
 Jeduthun Wilcox, Orford, " 
 14TH Congress, 1815. 
 
 Daniel Webster, Portsmouth, Lawyer 
 
 Bradbury Cilley, Nottingham, Far- 
 mer. 
 
 Chas. H. Atherton, Amherst, Lawyer. 
 
 Roger Vose, Walpole, . " 
 
 Jeduthun Wilcox, Orford, " 
 
 iSTii Congress, 1817. 
 
 John F. Parrott, Portsmouth, Mer- 
 chant. 
 
 Josiah Butler, Deerfield, Lawyer. 
 
 Nathaniel Upham, Rochester, Mer- 
 chant, 
 
 Clifton Claggett, Litchfield, Lawyer. 
 
 Salma Hale, Keene, " 
 
 Arthur Livermore, Holderness, " 
 i6th Congress, 1819. 
 
 Josiah Butler, Deerfield, Lawyer. 
 
 N. Upham, Rochester, Merchant. 
 
 Clifton Claggett, Litchfield, Lawyer. 
 
 William Plumer, Jr., Epping, " 
 
 Joseph Buffum, Jr., Keene, " 
 
 Arthur Livermore, Holderness, " 
 17TH Congress, 1821, 
 
 Josiah Butler, Deerfield, Lawyer. 
 
 William Plumer, Jr., Epping, " 
 
 N. Upham, Rochester, Merchant. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 735 
 
 Matthew Harvey, Hopkin ton, Lawyer. 
 
 Aaron Matson, Stoddard, Farmer. 
 
 Thomas Whipple, Jr., Wentworth, 
 Physician. 
 
 i8th Congress, 1823. 
 
 Ichabod Bartlett, Portsmouth, Law- 
 yer. 
 
 William Plumer, Jr., Epping, Lawyer. 
 
 Matthew Harvey. 
 
 Aaron Matson. 
 
 Arthur Livermore. 
 
 Thomas Whipple, Jr. 
 
 19TH Congress, 1825. 
 
 I. Bartlett, Portsmouth, Lawyer. 
 
 Nehemiah Eastman, Farmington, 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Jonathan Harvey, Sutton, Farmer. 
 
 Titus Brown, Francestown, Lawyer. 
 
 Thomas Whipple, Jr., Wentworth, 
 Physician. 
 
 Joseph Healey, Washington, Farmer. 
 
 20TH Congress, 1827. 
 
 I. Bartlett, Portsmouth, Lawyer. 
 
 David Barker, Jr., Rochester, " 
 
 Jonathan Harvey, Sutton, Farmer. 
 
 Titus Brown, Francestown, Lawyer. 
 
 Joseph Healey, Washington, Farmer. 
 
 Thomas Whipple, Jr., Wentworth. 
 2 1 ST Congress, 1829. 
 
 John Broadhead, Newmarket, Clergy- 
 man. 
 
 Joseph Hammons, Farmington, Phy- 
 sician. 
 
 Jonathan Harvey, Sutton, Farmer. 
 
 Thomas Chandler, Bedford, Farmer. 
 
 Henry Hubbard, Charlestown, Law- 
 yer. 
 
 John W. Weeks, Lancaster, Farmer. 
 22ND Congress, 1831. 
 
 John Broadhead, Newmarket, Cler- 
 gyman. 
 
 Joseph Hammons, Farmington, Phy- 
 sician. 
 
 Joseph M. Harper, Canterbury, Far- 
 mer. 
 
 Thomas Chandler, Bedford, Farmer. 
 
 Henry Hubbard, Charlestown, Law- 
 yer. 
 John W. Weeks, Lancaster, Farmer. 
 23RD Congress, 1833. 
 
 Benning M. Bean, Moultonboro', 
 
 Farmer. 
 Joseph M. Harper, Canterbury, Far- 
 mer. 
 
 Franklin Pierce, Hillsboro', Lawyer. 
 
 Henry Hubbard, Charlestown, " 
 
 Robert Burns, Plymouth, Physician. 
 
 24TH Congress, 1835. 
 Samuel Cushman, Portsmouth, Law- 
 yer. 
 
 B. W. Bean, Moultonboro', Farmer. 
 F. Pierce, Hillsboro', Lawyer. 
 Joseph Weeks, Richmond, Farmer. 
 Robert Burns, Plymouth, Physician. 
 
 25TH Congress, 1837. 
 Samuel Cushman, Portsmouth, Law- 
 yer. 
 James Farrington, Rochester, Phy- 
 sician. 
 Chas. G. Atherton, Nashua, Lawyer. 
 Joseph Weeks, Richmond, Farmer. 
 Jared W. Williams, Lancaster, Law- 
 yer. 
 
 26TH Congress, 1839. 
 Tristram Shaw, Exeter, Farmer. 
 Ira A. Eastman, Gilmanton, Lawyer. 
 Chas. G. Atherton, Nashua, Lawyer. 
 Edmund Burke, Newport, " 
 
 J. W. Williams, Lancaster, " 
 
 27TI1 Congress, 1841. 
 Tristram Shaw, Exeter, Farmer. 
 Ira A. Eastman, Gilmanton, Lawyer. 
 
 C. G. Atherton, Nashua, Lawyer. 
 E. Burke, Newport, Lawyer. 
 
 John R. Reding, Haverhill, Printer. 
 
 28th Congress, 1S43. 
 John P. Hale, Dover, Lawyer. 
 Moses Morris, Jr., Pittsfield, Lawyer. 
 Edmund Burke, Newport, Lawyer. 
 J. R. Reding, Haverhill, Printer. 
 
 29TH Congress, 1845. 
 Moses Norris, Jr., Pittsfield, Lawyer. 
 Mace Moulton, Manchester, Sheriff. 
 James H. Johnson, Bath, Merchant. 
 
 30TH Congress, 1847. 
 Amos Tuck, Exeter, Lawyer. 
 Chas. H. Peaslee, Concord, Lawyer. 
 James Wilson, Keene, Lawyer. 
 James H. Johnson, Bath, Merchant. 
 
 31ST Congress, 1849. 
 Amos Tuck, Exeter, Lawyer. 
 C. H. Peaslee, Concord, " 
 J. Wilson, Keene, " 
 
 G. W. Morrison, Manchester, Lawyer. 
 Harry Hibbard, Bath, Lawyer. 
 
 32ND Congress, 1851. 
 Amos Tuck, Exeter, Lawyer. 
 C. H. Peaslee, Concord, " 
 J. Perkins, Winchester, Clergyman. 
 Harry Hibbard, Bath, Lawyer. 
 
 33RD Congress, 1853. 
 Geo. W. Kittredge, Newmarket, Phy- 
 
736 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Geo. W. Morrison, Manchester, Law- 
 yer. 
 Harry Hibbard, Bath, Lawyer. 
 
 34TH Congress, 1855. 
 James Pike, Newmarket, Clergyman. 
 Mason W. Tappan, Bradford, Lawyer. 
 Aaron H. Cragin, Lebanon, " 
 
 3STH Congress, 1857. 
 J.' Pike, Newmarket, Clergyman. 
 M. W. Tappan, Bradford, Lawyer. 
 A. H. ragin, Lebanon, " 
 
 36x11 Congress, 1859. 
 Gilman Marston, Exeter, Lawyer. 
 M. W. Tappan, Bradford, " 
 Thos. M. Edwards, Keene, " 
 
 37TH Congress, 1861. 
 G. Marston, Exeter, Lawyer. 
 E. H. Rollins, Concord, Merchant. 
 T. M. Edwards, Keene, Lawyer. 
 
 38TH Congress, 1863. 
 Daniel Marcv,Portsmouth, Merchant 
 E. H. Rollins, Concord, " 
 
 J. W. Patterson, Hanover, Instructor. 
 
 39TH Congress, 1865. 
 Gilman Marston, Exeter, Lawyer. 
 E. H. Rollins, Concord, Merchant. 
 J. W. Patterson, Hanover, Instructor. 
 
 40TH Congress, 1867. 
 Jacob H. Ela, Rochester, Lawyer. 
 Aaron F. Stevens, Nashua, " 
 Jacob Benton, Lancaster, " 
 
 41ST Congress, 1869. 
 J. H. Ela, Rochester, Lawyer. 
 A. F. Stevens, Nashua, " 
 J. Benton, Lancaster, " 
 
 42ND Congress, 1871. 
 Ellery A. Hibbard, Laconia, Lawyer. 
 Samuel N. Bell, Manchester, " 
 Hosea VV. Parker, Claremont, " 
 
 43RD Congress, 1873. 
 Wm. P. Small, Newmarket, Lawyer. 
 Austin F. Pike, Franklin, Lawyer. 
 H. W. Parker, Claremont, " 
 
 44TH Congress, 1875. 
 Frank Jones, Portsmouth, Merchant. 
 Samuel N. Bell, Manchester, Lawyer. 
 Henry W. Blair, Plymouth, Lawyer. 
 
 45TH Congress, 1877. 
 Frank Jones, Portsmouth, Merchant. 
 J. F. Briggs, Manchester, Lawyer. 
 H. W. Blair, Plymouth, Lawyer. 
 
 46TH Congress, 1879. 
 Joshua G. Hall, Dover, Lawyer. 
 J. F. Briggs, Manchester, " 
 E. W. Farr, Littleton, 
 Ossian Ray, Lancaster, " 
 
 47TH Congress, 1881. 
 J. G. Hall, Dover, Lawyer. 
 J. F. Briggs, Manchester, Lawyer. 
 Ossian Ray, Lancaster, Lawyer. 
 
 48TH Congress, 1883. 
 M. A. Haynes, Lake Village, Editor. 
 Ossian Ray, Lancaster, Lawyer. 
 
 49TH Congress, 1885. 
 M. A. Haynes, Lake Village, Editor. 
 J. H. Gallinger, Concord, Physician. 
 
 50TH Congress, 1887. 
 L. F. McKinney, Manchester, Clergy- 
 man. 
 J. H. Gallinger, Concord, Physician 
 
 TOWNS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE, AND DATE OF INCORPORATION. 
 
 Rockingham County. 
 Portsmouth and Exeter, shire towns. Record rolls are kept at Exeter. 
 Atkinson, formerly of Haverhill, and later of Plaistow, was incorporated Sept. 
 
 3, 1767. The territory was granted by the Indians Nov. 15, 1642. 
 Auburn, that part of Chester called Long Meadow, incorporated June 23, 
 
 1845. 
 Brentwood, formerly part of Exeter, incorporated June 26, 1742. 
 Candia, that part of Chester called Charming Fare, incorporated Dec. 17, 
 
 Chester, once called Cheshire, included Auburn, Candia, Raymond, and part of 
 
 Hooksett and Manchester, incorporated May 8, 1722. 
 Danville, part of Kingston, incorporated by the name of Hawke, Feb. 22, 
 
 1760. Name changed to Danville in 1836. 
 Deeriield, formerly part of Nottingham, incorporated January 8, 1766. 
 Derry, formerly part of Londonderry, incorporated July 2, 1827. 
 East Kingston, formerly part of Kingston, incorporated Nov. 17, 1738. 
 Epping, formerly part of Exeter, incorporated Feb. 23, 1741. 
 Exeter, settled April 3, 1638. It comprised the territory now known as Exeter, 
 
 Epping, Newmarket, So. Newmarket, Brentwood, Fremont, and Stratham. 
 
APPENDIX. 737 
 
 Fremont, formed from Brentwood, originally a part of Exeter, incorporated 
 June 22, 1764, by name of Poplin. Name changed July 8, 1854. 
 
 Greenland, incorporated 1703. 
 
 Hampstead, once a part of Haverhill, Mass., and Kingston, incorporated Jan. 
 19, 1749. 
 
 Hampton, incorporated May 22, 1639, included Hampton Falls, Kensington, 
 North Hampton, South Hampton, and Seabrook. 
 
 Hampton Falls, once a part of Hampton, incorporated 1712. 
 
 Kensington, part of Hampton Falls and earlier of Hampton, incorporated 
 April I, 1737. 
 
 Kingstpn, incorporated August 6, 1694, included territory of East Kingston, 
 Danville, Sandown, and part of Hampstead. 
 
 Londonderry, once called Nutfield, incorporated June 21, 1722, comprised 
 Windham, Derry, and part of Manchester. 
 
 Newcastle, part of Portsmouth called Great Island, incorporated 1693. 
 
 Newington, part of Dover called Bloody Point and part of Portsmouth, incor- 
 porated July, 1764. 
 
 Newmarket, formed from Exeter, incorporated Dec. 17, 1727. 
 
 Newton, incorporated Dec. 6, 1749- 
 
 North Hampton, formerly part of Hampton, incorporated Nov. 30, 1742. 
 
 Northwood, part of Nottmgham, incorporated Feb. 6, 1773. 
 
 Nottingham, incorporated May 10, 1722, included Deerfield and Northwood. 
 
 Plaistow, originally part of Haverhill, Mass., included Atkinson, incorporated 
 
 Feb. 28, 1749. ,^„^ r<f-„-x-'.r^'':-..,/Vi<^i 
 
 Portsmouth, originally called Strawberry Bank, incorporated as a town iiyS3, 
 
 May 28, included Newington, Greenland, Newcastle, and Rye. Adopted a 
 
 city charter 1849. 
 Raymond, that part of Chester called Freetown, incorporated May 9, 1764. 
 Rye, part of Portsmouth called Sandy Beach, incorporated April 20, 1726. 
 
 Gosport added in 1876. 
 Salem, originally a part of Methuen, Mass., incorporated May n, 1750. 
 Sandown, part of Kingston, incorporated April 6, 1756. • 
 Seabrook, part of Hampton Falls and earlier of Hampton, incorporated June 
 
 3, 1768. 
 South Hampton, formed of parts of Hampton and Kingston, incorporated 
 
 May 25, 1742. 
 SouthNewmarket, part of Newmarket and earlier of Exeter, incorporated June 
 
 27, 1849. 
 Stratham, originally called Winnicott, part of Squamscott Patent, afterwards 
 
 part of Exeter, incorporated March 14, i8i6. 
 Windham, originally part of Londonderry, incorporated Feb. 12, 1742. 
 
 Strafford County. 
 
 Dover, shire town. 
 
 Barrington, including Strafford, incorporated May 10, 1722. 
 
 Dover, originally included Durham, Lee, Madbury, part of Newington, Roll- 
 insford, and Somersworth, once called Northam, and Cocheco, was incor- 
 porated Oct. 22, 1641 ; adopted city charter, Sept. i, 1855. 
 
 Durham, once called Oyster River, included Lee, and was incorporated a parish 
 in May, 1765, and a town May 15, 1732. 
 
 Farmington, part of Rochester, incorporated Dec. t, 1798. 
 
 Lee, part of Durham, and earlier of Dover, incorporated Jap. 16, 1766. 
 
 Madbury, part of Dover, incorporated May 31, 1775. 
 
 Middleton included Brookfield, and was incorporated March 4, 1778. 
 
 Milton, part of Rochester, was incorporated June 11, 1802 
 
 New Durham was incorporated Dec. 7, 1762. 
 
 Rochester, including Farmingtoji and Milton, was incorporated May 10, 1722. 
 
 Rollinsford, a part of Dover, and later of Somersworth, was incorporated July 
 3, 1849. 
 
738 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Somersworth, originally part of Dover, was incorporated April 22, 1754. 
 Strafford, part of Harrington, was incorporated June 17, 1820. 
 
 Belknap County. 
 
 Laconia, the shire town, was incorporated Dec:-22, 1840. 
 
 Alton, originally New Durham Gore, was incorporated June 16, 1796. 
 
 Barnstead was incorporated May 20, 1727. 
 
 Belmont, Gilmanton divided, was incorporated as Upper Gilmanton June 28, 
 
 1859, ^""^ "'^ name changed to Belmont in July, 1869. 
 Center Harbor, formed from Moultonborough Gore and part of New Hampton 
 
 was incorporated Dec 7, 1797- 
 Gilford, part of Gilmanton, was incorporated June 16, 1812. 
 Gilmanton, including Gilford and Belmont, was incorporated May 18, 1727. 
 Laconia, Meredith divided and a part of Gilford, was incorporated in July, 
 
 1855. 
 Meredith, originally New Salem, was incorporated Dec. 30, 1768. 
 New Hampton, part of Moultonborough Gore, was incorporated Nov. 27, 
 
 1777. 
 Sanbornton, including part of Franklin, was incorporated March i, 1870. 
 
 The town was divided in July, 1869, and the south part was called Tilton. 
 Tilton, Sanbornton divided, was incorporated in July, 1869. 
 
 Carroll County. 
 
 Originally a part of Strafford county, was incorporate'c) Dec. 22, 1840. Os- 
 ' sipee is the shire town. 
 
 Albany was incorporated Nov. 10, 1766, as Burton. The name was changed 
 in 1834. 
 
 Bartlett was incorporated June 16, 1790. 
 
 Brookfield, part of Middleton, was incorporated Dec. 30, 1794. 
 
 Chatham was incorporated Feb. 7, 1767. 
 
 Conway, formerly called Pequakett, was incorporated April 6, 1772. 
 
 Eaton, including Madison, was incorporated Nov. 7, 1766. 
 
 Effingham, including part of Freedom, formerly called Leavitt's Town, was 
 incorporated Aug. 8, 1788. 
 
 Freedom, formed from part of Effingham and Ossipee Gore, was incor- 
 porated June 16, 1831. 
 
 Hart's Location, unincorporated, 
 
 Jackson, incorporated as Adams, Dec. 4, 1800, had its name changed in 1829. 
 
 Ma/jison, Eaton divided, was incorporated in June, 1853. 
 
 Moultonborough was incorporated Nov. 27, 1777. 
 
 Ossipee, formerly called New Garden, was incorporated Feb. 22, 1785. 
 
 Sandwich was incorporated Oct. 25, 1768. 
 
 Tamworth was incorporated Oct. 14, 1766. 
 
 Tuflonborough was incorporated Dec. 17, 1795- 
 
 Wakefield, originally called East Town, was incorporated Aug. 30, 1774. 
 
 Wolfeborough was incorporated July 9, 1770. 
 
 Merrimack County. 
 
 Originally part of Rockingham and Hillsborough counties, was incorporated 
 July 23, 1823. Cpncord is the shire town. 
 
 Allenstown was incorporated July 2, 1831. 
 
 Andover, originally called Emerisstown, afterwards, in 1746, New Breton, 
 was incorporated June 25, 1779. 
 
 Boscawen, formerly Contoocook, was incorporated April 22, 1760. 
 
 Bow, originally including the larger part of Concord and Pembroke, was in- 
 corporated May 20, 1727. 
 
 Bradford, once called New Bradford, was incorporated-Sept. 27, 1787. 
 
APPENDIX. 739 
 
 Concord, granted as Penacook by Massachusetts, January 17, I725; and 
 
 incorporated as Rumford in 1730; was incorporated as Concord in 1765; 
 
 became ttie capital of the State in 1816, and adopted a city charter in March, 
 
 1853. 
 Canterbury, Including Loudon and Northfield, was incorporated May 20, 1727. 
 Chichester was incorporated May 20, 1727. 
 
 Danbury was incorporated June 18, 1795, being a part of Alexandria. 
 Dunbarton was incorporated Aug. 10, 1765, and included a part of Hooksett. 
 
 It was once called Stark's Town. 
 Epsom was incorporated May 18, 1727. 
 Franklin was Incorporated Dec. 24, 1828, from parts of Andover, Salisbury, 
 
 Northfield, and Sanbornton. 
 Henniker was incorporated Nov. 10, 1768. It was originally called No. 6. 
 Hill was incorporated Nov. 10, 1778, as New Chester; Feb. 12, 1788, the town 
 
 of Bridgewater was constituted from it; June 24, 1819, the town of Bristol 
 
 was taken from Bridgewater and New Chester; in 1836 the name was 
 
 changed to Hill; July i, 1868, the town was severed from Grafton county 
 
 and annexed to Merrimack county. 
 Hooksett, formed from parts of Chester, Goffstown, and Dunbarton, was 
 
 incorporated July 3, 1822. 
 Hopkinton, originally New Hopkinton, was incorporated Jan. n, 1765. 
 Loudon, part or Canterbury, was incorporated January 23, 1773. 
 Newbury, incorporated as Pishersfield, Nov. 27, 1778; had its name changed 
 
 in 1836. 
 New London, originally called Dantzic, vras incorporated Jan. 25, 1779. 
 Northfield, originally a part of Canterbury, was incorporated June 19, 1780. 
 Pembroke, formed of a part of Bow, a part of Allen's grant called Buckstreet, 
 
 and an ungranted gore called Suncook, was incorporated Nov. i, 1759. 
 
 The Massachusetts grant of Suncook was made to the soldiers of Capt. 
 
 John Lovewell in May, 1727. 
 Pittsfield, a part of Chichester, was incorporated March 27, 1782. 
 Salisbury, originally granted by Massachusetts and called I3aker's-town or 
 
 Gerrish-town, was granted afterwards by Masonian proprietors, Oct. 25, 
 
 1749, and called Steven's-town ; was incorporated March i, 1768. 
 Sutton, formerly called Perry's-town, was incorporated April 13, 1784. 
 Warner, formerly called New Amesbury and Jennistown, was incorporated 
 
 Sept. 4, 1774. 
 Webster, the west part of Boscawen, was incorporated July 3, i860. 
 Wilmot, originally called Kearsarge, was incorporated June i8, 1807. 
 
 Hillsborough County. 
 
 Amherst, Manchester, and Nashua, shire towns. Records kept at Nashua. 
 Amherst, originally Narragansett No. 3, or Souhegan West, granted by 
 
 Massachusetts in 1733, was incorporated Jan. 18, 1760, and included part of 
 
 Milford and Mont Vernon. 
 Antrim, once called Society Land, was incorporated March 22, 1777. 
 Bennington, part of Society Land, was incorporated Dec. 15, 1842. 
 Bedford, originally Narragansett No. 5, or Souhegan East, was incorporated 
 
 May 19, 1750, and included part of Manchester. 
 Brookline, formerly called Raby, was incorporated March 30, 1769. 
 Deering, another portion of what was called Society Land, was incorporated 
 
 Jan. 17, 1774. 
 Francestown, formerly called New Boston Addition, was incorporated Jan. 
 
 8, 1772. 
 Goffstown, including part of Manchester and Hooksett, Was incorporated June 
 
 16, 1761. 
 Greenfield was incorporated June 15, 1791. 
 Greenville was incorporated 
 
740 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Hancock was incorporated Nov. .5, 1779. 
 
 Hillsborough was incorporated Nov. 14, 1772. 
 
 HoUis, once a part of Dunstable and Munson, Mass., was incorporated April 
 
 3. '746- 
 
 Hudson, formerly part of Dunstable, called Nottingham West, was incor- 
 porated July 5, 1746. 
 
 Litchfield, once called Brenton's Farm, was incorporated June 5, 1749. 
 
 Lyndeborough, formerly called Salem Canada, was incorporated April 23, 
 1764. 
 
 Manchester, formed from parts of Chester, Londonderry, Bedford, and 
 Goffstown, and a tract of land called Harrytown, was incorporated Sept. 3, 
 I75i,^as Derryfield. The present name was taken in 1810. The city charter 
 was adopted in 1846. 
 
 Mason, formerly called No. i, was incorporated August 26, 1768. 
 
 Merrimack, part of Dunstable called Souhegan East, was incorporated April 
 2, 1746. 
 
 Milford, formerly the south-west parish of Amherst, and a tract called 
 Mile Slip, was incorporated January 11, 1794. 
 
 Mont Vernon, originally part of Amherst, was incorporated Dec. 15, 1803. 
 
 Nashua, part of Dunstable, Mass., which was incorporated October 15, 
 1673, was incorporated by New Hampshire as Dunstable, April i, 1746. In 
 1837 t^^ name was changed to Nashua. In 1842 the town was divided and 
 the north part was incorporated as Nashville. In 1853 Nashville and 
 Nashua were united and chartered as the city of Nashua. 
 
 New Boston was incorporated Feb. 18, 1763. 
 
 New Ipswich, once called Ipswich Canada, was incorporated Sept. 9, 1762. 
 
 Pelham, part of Dracut, Mass., was incorporated July 6, 1746. 
 
 Peterborough was incorporated Jan. 17, 1760. 
 
 Sharon, once called Peterborough Slip, was incorporated June 24, 1791. 
 
 Temple was incorporated August 26, 1768. 
 
 Weare, formerly Halestown, was incorporated Sept. 21, 1764. 
 
 Wilton was incorporated June 25, 1762. 
 
 Windsor, formerly Campbell's Gore, was incorporated Dec. 27, 179S. 
 
 Cheshire County. 
 Shire town, Keene. 
 
 Alstead, originally called Newton, was incorporated Aug. 6, 1763. 
 Chesterfield, called No. i, was incorporated Feb. ii, 1752. 
 J Dublin, originally Monadnock No. 2, was incorporated March 29,1771. It 
 
 , was divided July 2, 1870, and the town of Harrisville was formed. 
 ■^ Fitzwilliam, originally Monadnock No. 4, and a part of Troy, was incorpor- 
 ated May 19, 1773. 
 Gilsum, originally called Boyle, included Surry, and was incorporated July 
 
 13. 1763- 
 
 Harrisville, formed from Dublin and Nelson, was incorporated July 2, 1870. 
 
 Hinsdale, originally Fort Dummer, part of Northfield, Mass., was incor- 
 porated Sept. 3, 1753. 
 X Jaffrey, called Monadnock No. 2, was incorporated Aug. 17, 1773. 
 
 Keene, called Upper Ashuelot, was incorporated April 11, 1753. 
 J- Marlborough, called Monadnock No. 5, was incorporated Dec. 13, 1776, and 
 
 • included parts of Roxbury and Troy. 
 
 Marlow was incorporated Oct. 7, 1761. 
 
 Nelson was incorporated as Packersfield Feb. 22 1774, and included a part 
 of Roxbury. The name was changed in June, 1814. 
 
 Richmond was incorporated Feb. 28, 1752. 
 / Rindge, called Monadnock No. i, was incorporated Feb. 21, 1768. 
 
 Roxbury, formed of parts of Nelson, Keene, and Marlborough, was incor- 
 porated Dec. 9, 1 81 2. 
 
APPENDIX. 741 
 
 Stoddard, formerly called Limerick, was incorporated Nov. 4, 1774. 
 
 Sullivan was incorporated Sept. 27, 1787. 
 
 Surry, formed from parts of Gilsum and Westmoreland, was incorporated 
 
 May 9, 1769. 
 Swanzey, called Lower Ashuelot, was incorporated July 2, 1753. 
 Troy, formed of parts of Marlborough and Fitzwilliam, was incorporated 
 
 June 23, 1815. 
 Walpole, formerly called Great Falls or Bellows' Town, was incorporated 
 
 Feb. 13, 1752. 
 Westmoreland, called Great Meadow, was incorporated Feb. 11, 1753- 
 Winchester, called Arlington, was incorporated July 3, 1752. 
 
 Sullivan County, 
 Originally a part of Cheshire county, was incorporated July 5, 1827. Newport 
 
 is the shire town. 
 Acworth was incorporated Sept. 19, 1766. 
 Charlestown, originally called No. 4, granted by Massachusetts Dec. 31, 
 
 1735, including part of Langdon, was incorporated July 2, 1753- 
 Claremont was incorporated Oct. 26, 1764. 
 Cornish was incorporated June 21, 1763. 
 Croydon was incorporated May 31, 1763. 
 Goshen was incorporated Dec. 27, 1791. 
 Grantham was incorporated July 11, 1761; name changed to New Grantham 
 
 in 1786; original name taken in 1818. 
 Langdon, formed from parts of Charlestown and Walpole, was incorporated 
 
 Jan. II, "1787. 
 Lempster, originally called Dupplin, was incorporated Oct. 5, 1761. 
 Newport was incorporated Oct. 6, 1761. 
 Plainfield was incorporated Aug. 14, 1761. 
 Springfield, originally granted as Protectworth, was incorporated Jan. 24, 
 
 1794- 
 Sunapee, originally granted as Saville, was incorporated April 4, 1781, as 
 
 Wendell; the name was changed to Sunapee in June. 1850. 
 Unity was incorporated July 13, 1764. 
 Washington, formerly called Camden, was incorporated Dec. 13, 1776. 
 
 Grafton County. 
 
 Haverhill and Plymouth are shire towns. The records are kept at Haverhill. 
 
 Alexandria, including Danbury, was incorporated Nov. 23, 1782. 
 
 Ashland, formed from the southwest portion of Holderness, was incorporated 
 
 July I, 1868. 
 Bath was incorporated Sept, ip, 1761. 
 Benton was incorporated Jan. 31, 1764, as Coventry. The name was changed 
 
 in 1841. 
 Bethlehem was incorporated Dec. 27, 1799. 
 Bridgewater was incorporated Feb. 12, 1788. It was originally part of New 
 
 Chester, now Hill. 
 Bristol was incorporated June 24, 1819, from parts of Bridgewater and New 
 
 Chester, now Hill. 
 Campton was incorporated Jan. 5, 1767. 
 Canaan was incorporated July 9, 1761. 
 Dorchester was Incorporated May i, 1772. 
 Easton was incorporated 1876, from Landaff. 
 
 Ellsworth was incorporated June 16, 1802 j it was granted as Trecothick. 
 Enfield was incorporated July 14, 1761 ; it was formerly called Belham. 
 Franconia, formerly called Morristown, was incorporated Feb. 14, 1764. 
 Grafton was incorporated Nov. 5, 1778. 
 Groton, granted as Cockermouth, was incorporated Dec. 7, 1796. 
 
742 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Hanover was incorporated July 4, 1761. 
 
 Haverhill, called Lower Cohos, was incorporated May 18, 1763. 
 
 Hebron, part of Cockermouth grant, was incorporated June 15, 1792. 
 
 Holderness was incorporated October 24, 1761, and included Ashland- 
 
 Landaff was incorporated Jan. 31, 1764, and included Gaston, 
 
 Lebanon was incorporated July 4, 1761. 
 
 Lincoln was incorporated Jan. 31, 1764. 
 
 Lisbon, called Concord, afterwards Giinthwaite, and again Concord, was 
 
 incorporated October 20, 1768. Its name was changed to Lisbon in 1817. 
 Littleton, called Chiswick, and afterwards Apthorp, was incorporated Nov. 
 
 4, 1784. Apthorp v.'as divided, forming Littleton and Dalton. 
 Livermore was incorporated in i866. 
 
 Lyman was incorporated Nov. 10, 1761, and included Monroe. 
 Lyme was incorporated July 8, 1761. 
 Monroe was incorporated July 13, 1854, from Lyman. 
 Orange was granted Feb. 6, 1769, as Cardigan, and was incorporated July 18, 
 
 1781. In 1820 a third of the township was annexed' to Alexandria. 
 Orford was incorporated Sept. 25, 1761. 
 Piermont was incorporated Nov. 6, 1764. 
 Plymouth, embracing a part of Hebron and Alexandria, was incorporated July 
 
 IS. 1763- 
 
 Rumney was incorporated March, 1767. 
 
 Thornton was incorporated Nov. 24, 1781. It was divided in July, 1867, and a 
 
 part annexed to Campton. 
 Warren was incorporated July 14, 1763. 
 Waterville was incorporated July I, 1829. 
 Wentworth was incorporated Nov. i, 1776. 
 Woodstock was incorporated Sept. 23, 1763, as Peeling. The name was changed 
 
 to Fairfield, and back to Peeling. In 1840 it took the name of Woodstock. 
 
 Coos County, 
 
 Was incorporated Dec. 27, 1803. Colebrook and Lancasterare the shire towns. 
 
 The records are kept at Lancaster. 
 Berlin was granted as Maynesborough July 1, 1771. It was incorporated July i, 
 
 1829. 
 Carroll, formerly called Breton Woods, was incorporated June 22, 1832. 
 Clarksville was incorporated June 30, 1853. 
 
 Colebrook, formerly called Colburne, was incorporated June 11, 1796. 
 Columbia, formerly called Cockburne, was incorporated Dec. 16, 1797. 
 Dalton, originally part of Apthorp, was incorporated Nov. 4, 1784. 
 Dummer, granted March 8, 1773, was incorporated Dec. 19, 1848. 
 Errol was incorporated Dec. 28, 1836. 
 
 Gorham, called Shelburne Addition, was incorporated June 18, 1836. 
 Jefferson, granted as Dartmouth, was incorporated Dec. 8, 1796. 
 Lancaster, originally called Upper Coos, was incorporated July 1;, 1763. 
 Milan, originally called Paulsburg, was incorporated Dec. 16, 1S24. 
 Northumberland was incorporated Nov. 16, 1779. 
 
 Pittsburg, formerly called Indian Stream, was incorporated Dec. 10, 1840 
 Randolph, formerly called Durand, was incorporated June 16, 1824.' 
 Shelburne was incorporated Dec. 13, 1820. 
 
 Stark was incorporated Jan. 9, 1765, as Piercy. The name was changed in 18^2. 
 btewartstown was incorporated Dec. 24, 1799. It was formerly called Stewart, 
 btratford was mcorporated Nov. 16, 1779. 
 Whitefield was incorporated Dec. 1, 1804. 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page 264, fourth paragraph from bottom of page,/^r "1763" 
 read "June, \']66\'" for "Jesse Kelley " read "Jesse Kel- 
 sey ; " and after " Connecticut " insert " Ezra Parmelee." 
 
 Page 577, Edmund Burke died January 25, 1882. 
 
 Page 630, Hon. E. H. Durell was candidate for Vice-President 
 in 1868. 
 
 Page 680, second line, " read law with Hon. Daniel Clark " 
 should read " yi\th Hon. Daniel Clark, read law." 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abbott 307. 
 
 Benj. ^33 666. 
 
 Epiiraim 132. 
 
 J. C. 612 624. 
 
 J. C. A. 23 133. 
 
 J. Stephens 693. 
 
 Joshua 339 341. 
 Abenakis 306. 
 
 Abercrombie, Gen. 236 245246289. 
 Aberdeen, Scotland 362. 
 ■Abigail, Squaw 144. 
 Abolitionist 607. 
 Acadie 79 117. 
 Ackland, Major 387. 
 ACWORTT1281, 335 337 390- 
 Adams 276 657 66g 670. 
 
 Academy 654. 
 
 Ephraim 408. 
 
 Hugh 176. 
 
 James 142. 
 
 James O. 655. 
 
 John 142, 176 353. 
 
 John 481 507 541. 
 
 John Q 491. 
 
 Joseph 135. 
 
 Nathaniel 650, 
 
 Phinehas 533 542 553. 
 . Samuel 303 305 334 371. 
 
 Winborn 387. 
 Adjutant-Gen. 335 495 496 611. 
 Admiralty Court 300. 
 Advent 642. 
 Africa 520. 
 African 420. 
 Agamenticus Mt. 40. 
 
 (ship) 614. 
 Agiochook 66g. 
 Agricultural Coll, 525. 
 Aiken, Andrew 339, 
 Aiken, James 142 212. 
 
 John 14^ 147 148. 
 
 Nathaniel 142. 
 
 Walter 671. 
 Aix la Chapelle 230. 
 Alabama 5S2 6ti. 
 Albany 281. 
 
 Albany, N. Y. 63 162 231 233 236 
 241 348 365 381 389 445 473 
 5")- 
 Albee, John 38 125. 
 Aldrich 276. 
 
 George 334. 
 Alexander Col. 392. 
 
 James 142. 
 
 John 633- 
 
 Randel 142. 
 ' Algonquin 21. 
 Allen, C. W. 212. 
 
 Daniel 132, 
 
 John 132. 
 
 Josiah 337. 
 
 Samuel 107 121 123 128 133 175. 
 
 Stephen 212. 
 
 Thomas 133. 
 
 "William 131. 
 
 Allen.stown 149 235 336 337 450 
 
 633. 
 Allin, Edward 09. 
 Allison, Samuel 142. 
 Almonie, Robert 100. 
 Alstead 261 279 290 334 387. 
 
 Centre 261, 
 Amazeen 128, 
 Ambrose, Alice 61. 
 
 Henry 48. 
 America So 103 140 152 175 192 
 200 219 239 24S 250 252 29S 
 344 348 354 368 398 402 419 
 424 471 483 488 501 507 597 
 604 631 635 636 640 641 645 
 664. 
 American 201 203 205 227 233 250 
 252 291 299 318 320 321 322 
 325-327 328 331 339 340 346 
 358, 360 364 378 381 383 406 
 423 453 488 491 501 507 535 
 552 571 605 612 635 636 640 
 642 643 644 645 652. 
 Academy of Arts 298 375. 
 Army 289 385. 
 Colonies 230 240. 
 Home 600. 
 Patriot 480. 
 Amesbury, Mass. 113 146 422 428 
 677681. 
 Amherst 66 70 167 176 206 264 
 45346249952753962(622623. 
 Cabinet 480 508 574 655. 
 General 246 247 291. 
 Ammonoosuc R. R. 574. 
 
 river 233 332 333 335 338 3394o8. 
 Among the Clouds 669. 
 Amoskeag 149 208 233 398 476 477 
 530 531 532 533 553 563 596 
 597. 
 Falls 89 139 557 647. 
 Hotel 557. 
 Manuf. Co. 658. 
 Veterans 613. 
 Amran, Rev. S. 148. 
 Anabaptist_4 1 49 54. 
 Anasagunticook 307. 
 Anderson, Allen 142. 
 James 142. 
 John 142. 
 Robert 612, 
 Andover 464 520 576. 
 Mass, 145 156 159 164 167 197 
 322 553. 
 Andre, Major 392. 
 Andrew 86 89. 
 
 Sergt. 338. 
 Andros, Sir Edmund 79 90 103 106 
 107 no 123. 
 Androscoggin 18 87 117. 
 Angel Gabriel 635. 
 Annals of Lyim 195. 
 Annapolis, Md. 623. 
 Antietam 618 621 623 625. 
 An ti federalist 416 417. 
 
 Antinomians 40 41 49. 
 Antrim 108 182 462 554 601 633 
 667. 
 Apollo 359. 
 Apostles 525. 
 Appeal to kmg'65. 
 Applebee 276. 
 Appledore 60, 
 Appleton, Dr. 552. 
 
 Academy 654. 
 
 Jesse 70. 
 Appleton's Cyclopsedia 686. 
 Appomatox 643. 
 Apthorf 279 302 304 414. 
 Aquadahian 55. 
 Arouckel, Robert 142. 
 Arcadians 231. 
 Archibald, John 142 ig6. 
 Ardell, Wm. 130. 
 Ardra, Ireland 356. 
 Argus and Spectator 655. 
 Arfington 219. 
 Armenia, Turkey 520. 
 Armour, Andrew 196. 
 Armstrong, John 196. 
 
 Army of the Gulf 625^27^28. 
 of the James 616 619 620 624 626 
 627. 
 of the Potomac 616 621 623 626, 
 of the United States 346. 
 
 Arnold, Benedict 345 365 386 390 
 392- 
 
 Articles of Confederat'on 418. 
 
 Ash 276. 
 
 Ashburton Treaty 585. 
 
 Ashland 663 668. 
 
 Ashley, Sam. 279 280. 
 
 Ashuelot Bank 599. 
 
 R; R. 574. 
 
 River 391. 
 Assembly 95-97 lor 104 117 128- 
 132 134 137 148 162 175 176 
 180 182 189 198 204 211 252 
 253 267 268 291 300 301 342 
 346 349-351 363 378 420 428 
 5&9. 
 Asten, Abiel 156 159. 
 Athenian 381. 
 Athens 344. 
 Atherton 441. 
 Charles 394. 
 Charles G. 594 598 600. 
 Charles H. 467 651, 
 Toshua 417 552. 
 
 >}lll 69 T. 
 
 Atkinson 287 373 406 654. 
 
 Academy 461. 
 
 George 403 407. 
 
 Samuel 339, 
 
 Theodore 125 126 128 130 i''i2 
 
 174 175 205 2" 355 361 381 
 
 ... 423 424 425 426 534. 
 
 Atlantic 18 20 184 185 230 266 356 
 
 642. 
 
 & St. Lawrence R. R. 574, 
 
 Compfird by ,!nhri T. n»<l K(twan1 P. MeCUntock. 
 
JNDEX. 
 
 Attorney-General 300. 
 Atwood, John 601. 
 Auburn 145 149 267. 
 Aulb^ John 47. 
 Austin Academy 654. 
 \ Hope 535. 
 
 Joseph 48. 
 
 Misses 670. 
 Aualria 487. 
 Austrian Mission 630, 
 Austyi), Theo. gg. 
 Avery, Daniel 258. 
 Averytown 257. 
 Ayer, Ebenezer 156 159 215. 
 
 F. D. 164 167 559. 
 
 R. H. 509. 
 
 Babbett, Geo. M. 473. 
 
 J. W. 625. 
 Bacon, Bishop 645. 
 Badger 654, 
 
 Joseph 406 417 459 569. 
 
 Win. 569 570 571 O20. 
 Bailey 276 390. 
 
 E. L. 615 616. 
 
 Jonathan 302. 
 Bahamas 501. 
 Baker, Abel 604. 
 
 Abigail 658. 
 
 Isaac 65S. 
 
 James 207. 
 
 John 76. 
 
 Joseph 483. 
 
 Mark 97. 
 
 Moses 270 409. 
 
 Nath'l B. 604. 
 
 O. C. 658 f^sg 
 
 Samuel 3S9. 
 
 Wm. 262. 
 Baker's Corner 260 262, 
 
 Pond 228. 
 
 River 226 228 39S. 
 Balch, John 428. 
 Baldwin, Mr. 273. 
 
 Col. 469 510. 
 
 Henry 47. 
 
 Isaac 289 338. 
 
 Thomas 263. 
 Ball, Capt. 387 390. 
 
 B. L. 671. 
 
 Peter 100. 
 Ballard, Ebenezcr 275. 
 
 John 207. 
 
 Joseph 275. 
 Ballock, G. W. 622. 
 Baltimore 577 643. 
 Bancroft, Geo. 320 329 383 399 666. 
 Bandfield, Jno. 100. 
 Bannister, Warner 2G1. 
 Baptist 71 195 197 260 261 264 277 
 488 490 505 522 523 530 559 
 566. 
 Bnrbadocs 61 64 105 287. 
 Barclay, Capt. 317 350. 
 Barber, Daniel 281. 
 Barefoote, Walter 61 96 101 102 104 
 105 423. 
 Barker, T. E. 616 627. 
 
 T. A. 628. 
 Barnard, Jeremiah 176. 
 Barlow, Geo. 48. 
 Bamett, John 142. 
 
 Moses 142. 
 Barney, Humphrey 99. 
 Barnstable 41 195. 
 Baknrtbad 173 211 569633. 
 Barnum, P. T. 262. 
 Baron de St. Casline no. 
 
 Pieskan 233, 
 Barr, John 142. 
 
 Barr, Samuel 142. 
 
 Barrett 276. 
 
 Bakrington 143 149 211 251 337. 
 
 Barron, Elias 156 159 lOu. 
 
 Micah 464. 
 Barry, J. E. 644. 
 
 Thom. 634. 
 IJarstow, Geo. 5J6 527. 
 
 BAKTLEiTT, 433. 
 
 Jlradbury 502 514 515 546 600. 
 
 Charles 11. 678679. 
 
 Ichabod, 564 566 56S 600 651 
 667. 
 
 John 100. 
 
 J. C. 526. 
 
 Jane 67S. 
 
 Jolni 67S. 
 
 Josiah 367 381 393 394 403 417 
 
 419 428 429 430 431 432 434 444 
 
 446 448. 
 
 Richard 539 651 678. 
 
 Samuel C. 516 668. 
 
 Thomas 344 345 367 407. 
 Barlli:tt's Dictionary 310. 
 Barton, Cyrus 600. 
 
 Goodwiie 57, 
 
 I. McL. 612 622 
 
 Josiah 334. 
 Basques 20. 
 Batchelder, Benjamin 133. 
 
 Daniel 599. 
 
 Elijah 458. 
 
 Increase 290. 
 
 Jolin 290. 
 
 Nathan 55 133 408. 
 
 Nathaniel 97. 
 
 K. N. 6i2. 
 
 Stephen 42 48 53 69. 
 Bates, Dexter 261. 
 Bath 263 409 618 654, 
 
 Me. 617. 
 Bayard, J. A. 471 472. 
 Bay Colony 32 44 45 47 68 72 92 
 _ 170172. 
 
 Magistratis 46. 1 
 
 State 454. I 
 
 of Fundy 231. ' 
 
 Bayley, Josiah 133. 
 Beal, Capt. Hezekiah 389. 
 
 Joseph 47. 
 Beaman, John 207. 
 Bean, John 98 207. 
 
 Jonathan 270. 
 
 Joseph 286. 
 
 Lieut. 286. 
 
 S. C. 651. 
 
 Sinclair 553. 
 Beard, Joseph gg. 
 
 Wm. 85. 
 
 Robert 208. 
 
 Thomas 47. 
 Beaver River ig6. 
 Beaufort 6ig. 
 Bcckwith, Eben 260. 
 Bedel, Hazen 600. 
 
 John 5S8 sgg 6ig 6ig 656. 
 
 Moody 48g 494 505 588 61S. 
 
 Timothy 378 409 618. 
 Bedford 214 239 240 241 337 633. 
 Beede, Daniel 459. 
 Belcher, Jonathan 173 174 175 176 
 17S 183 184 187 188 423. 
 Belfast, Me. 356. 
 Belknap, Jeremy 21 23 24 25 26 36 
 
 37 31*39 95 »57 »58 I75 199214 
 268-303 363 379 430 432. 
 Co. 626 . 
 Geo. E. 630. 
 William 276. 
 Bell, 128, 
 
 Bell, Charles H. 366 376 378 45a 
 553 651 661 674-676 684. 
 
 Ensign 3S7. 
 
 Fred 3S7. 
 
 James 257 600 605 606. 
 
 John 142 450611 675. 
 
 Jonathan 526. 
 
 Joseph 578. 
 
 Louis 612 6ig 620. 
 
 Persis T. 675. 
 
 Samuel 448 511 514 515 5J^ 525, 
 526 533 553 570 595 ^-'»W5- 
 
 Samuel Dana 651 675. 
 
 & Tuck 675 682. 
 Belletre, Mons. 248. 
 liellingham. Rich. 54 74. 
 Bellona 557. 
 Bellows, Benjamin 219 417. 
 
 Herbert A. 613. 
 
 Chief Justice Henry A. 577. 
 
 Falls 462. 
 Belmont 256 257 569. 
 Belvidere 83. 
 Beinis Ht-i.uhts 346 3S8. 
 
 Station 661. 
 Bennington 274. 
 
 Vt. 372 382 383 384 391 407 4" 
 419 481 545 668 672. 
 Benton 279. 
 
 Jacob 678. 
 
 Jnmes4o8. 
 Berlin 287 288 483 488. 
 Bermuda 501. 
 Berry, James 132. 
 
 Joseph 132 163. 
 
 Nathaniel 132. 
 
 Nalhaniei S. 576 617. 
 
 William 47. 
 Ikrwick, Me. 160 161 356360361. 
 Bethel 535. 
 Bethlichem 414660. 
 Belton, James 408. 
 Betts 639. 
 
 Beverly, Mass. 540. 
 Bible 171 255. 
 Biblical Journal 258, 
 Bickford, John 99. 
 
 William 210. 
 Bicknall, Nathaniel 263. 
 Biddeford, Me. 161. 
 Bill 276. 
 
 Billenca, J^lass. 15O 262 322 469 
 657. 
 liillings, John 47. 
 P.illy 2.19. 
 liilsby, Eng. 41. 
 Binjiham 436. 
 
 Elisha 263. 
 
 Harry 687 68g. 
 Bird, Samuel 213. 
 Bishop 276. 
 
 Elder 263. 
 
 Thomas 323. 
 Bixby, Phiii. P. 623. 
 Black, Israel 133. 
 
 Brook 531. 
 
 Point 89 ii8. 
 
 Rocks 85. 
 I'lackbourne 293. 
 Illackstone 453. 
 Hlackwater River 553. 
 Blaine, J. G, 608. 
 Blair, H. W. 409 628. 
 
 James 142. 
 
 John 142. 
 .Montgomery 541. 
 Blake, Amos J. 290 342 365. 
 
 John 97. 
 
 Moses 133 304. 
 
 Nathan, 207. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 lU 
 
 Blake, Philip 133 
 
 Timothy 134 
 Blake *s Pond 304 
 Blanchard, Abel, 522 
 
 Colonel 213 233 234 297 
 
 David 586 
 
 Jonathan 167 403 419 421 
 
 Joseph 148 
 
 Richard A. 578 
 
 Thomas 154 
 Blind Will 89 
 Bliss 276 
 
 W. W. S. 599 
 Blodgett 212 
 
 Newcomb 27S, 531 
 
 Samuel 477 563 
 Blood 213 
 
 Aretas 593 674 
 
 Caleb 260 
 
 Ebenezer 335 
 
 Ephraim 340 
 
 Francis 403 406 
 
 James 674 
 
 Joseph 335 
 
 Nathan 740 
 Bloody Point 46 72 135 234 
 Blunt, John 125 
 Board of Assistants 50 
 
 of Trade loi 105 183 
 Boardman, Joseph 367 
 Boating Company 475 
 Bohonnon, Andrew 177 
 Boiling Rock 73 
 Bologna 219 
 Bolton, Conn. 276 
 Bon Secour 639 
 Bonny Place 576 
 Boott s Spur 37 
 Borough 543 
 
 BosCAWEN 169 176 206 264 285 338 
 339 454 464 473 499 554 558 576 
 
 *:. • 1 654679 
 
 Admiral 177 192 194 
 
 Boston 3739-43 50546062636569 
 
 "73 79 81 88 103 104 106 107 I XI 
 
 iiS 123 129 134 138 139 150 182 
 
 183 201 204 210 217 236 261 
 
 280 287 293 297 302 3 16-322 326 
 
 329 333 335 338 339 342 344 
 
 345 355 358 360 363 364 381 391 
 
 408414 419424426449450457 
 
 458 462 467-469 475 478 499 506 
 
 510 540 541 544 550 556 557 56» 
 
 562 572 575 586596597600607 
 
 622 C71 
 
 Boston Common 327 453 
 
 Concord & Mont. R. R, 573 600 
 Courier 563 
 Journal 649 
 Liberator 585 
 & I.owell R. R. 468 469 
 & Maine R. R. 573 
 Neck 364 
 News Letter 194 
 Pilot 642 
 Post Boy 194 
 Botta 329 
 
 Boulter, Nathaniel 97 
 Boundaries 18 
 
 Boundary-line Com'n i8r 182 185 
 Bourget, Bishop 636 
 Bourne, Lizzie 671 
 Bouton, Nathaniel 34 51 155 167 
 214267268335 337 559 650 65« 
 Boutwell, James 197 
 Bow 157 161 171 173 176 198 211 
 214 215 221 222 224 225234 23S 
 265 266 336 338 461 477 510 525 
 564 
 Act 224 235 
 
 Bowdoin College 70 591 
 Bowen, John 554 
 
 Peter 554 
 Bowers, 464 
 
 George 599 627 
 Boyd, Nathan 337 
 Boyes, Matthew 53 
 Boyle 276 
 
 Boyne, Battle of 482 
 Boynton, Jacob 340 
 Brackett 163 
 
 Academy 654 
 
 Anthony 47 
 
 A. N.670 
 
 Joshua 431 
 
 William 47 
 Braddock, General 231 235 
 Bradford 338 464 554 
 
 (Historian) 28 
 
 Mass. 86 146 672 
 
 Captain 273 
 Bradley, Dennis M. 645 
 
 Jonathan 207 
 
 Samuel 207 
 
 Sarah 524 
 Bradstreet, Dorothy 69 
 
 Nathan 147 
 
 Simon 52 69 74 107 
 Braintree, Mass. 41 
 Brakin, Wni. 47 
 Bramen 597 
 Bramhall^ George 100 
 Brandywine 340 354 
 Brant 355 
 Brassy 639 
 Bratz, Mons. du 82 
 Breakfast flill 114 
 Breckenridge, J. C. 6n 
 Breed's Hill, 318 321 323 328 363 
 Brhntwood 197 388 
 Breton 20 
 Brewer, Colonel 324 331 
 
 £nsign 241 
 Brewster 428 
 
 C. W. 95 
 Nero 305 
 
 Brewster's Rambles 268 
 Breyman, Col. 387 
 Bridge, Ebenezer 322 332 
 Bridgewater 281 45S 526 527 
 Bridgeman's V«rt 207 20S 
 Briggs, J. F. 626 668 
 John 668 
 Nancy F. 668 
 Nathan 388 
 Brigham, David 277 
 Bristol 526 617 
 Eng. 22 24 46 
 R. I. 82 
 British 174 192 231 232 239 240 245 
 248 250 295 298 299 314 318- 
 327329331 339340342343350 
 353354359363-365369382383 
 385 387 39'-393 396 398 425 448 
 488 491 Soi 502 505 507 550631 
 640 
 Brittany 20 
 Broadhead, John 459 
 Broderick, 633 
 
 J- 337„ 
 Broeck, Ten 387 
 Brookin, William 100 
 Brookline 287 337 
 Brooks, Major 323 
 
 General 387 
 Brown, Arthur 178 249 589 
 
 Colonel 290 
 
 D. A. 619 
 Elizabeth 249 
 Francis 261 5*8 
 
 Brown, Hannah 339 
 
 Hugh 196 
 
 James 335 
 
 John 48 100 133 592 
 
 Joseph 70 
 
 Josiah 334 
 
 Michael 99 
 
 S. F. 619 
 
 Timothy 207 
 
 William 133 
 
 William I. 625 620 
 
 University 59S 51)9 620 
 Brunswick, Rife. 70 
 Biyant, John 132 
 
 Robert 132 
 
 Walter 157 18S 
 Buchanan, James 501, 608 
 Buckminster, Joseph 71 
 
 Lieut. Col. 324 
 Buckstreet 171 235 
 Buena Vista 599 
 Buffee, Thomas 334 
 Bulkley, Peter 67 
 Bull, Dixy 37 
 
 Run 612 615 616622 623 
 Bullgar, Richard 48 53 
 Buoncompagni, Hugo 219 
 Bunker HilT 257 274 389 299 316 
 318 321 3^3 325 327 330331-335 
 336339-346 363 370 408550634 
 652 
 Burbank Moses 177 
 
 Samuel 207 
 Bureau of Education 520 
 Burge 213 
 
 Burke, Edmund 577 689 
 Burleigh, M. C. 613 
 
 Place 554 
 Burlington 494 
 Burnap, Jacob 212 
 Bumet, William 152 173 
 Burnham, Abraham 459 
 
 Abraham W. 522 
 
 Elizabeth 153 
 
 S. O. 615 
 Burns 143 
 
 Charles A. 661 
 
 Charles H, 661 662 
 
 Elizabeth H. 601 
 
 John 303-601 
 Bumside, Gen. 622 
 Burpee, Nathaniel 262 
 Burr, Aaron 449 
 Burt 276 
 Burroughs, Dr. 591 
 
 Charles 551 
 
 Joseph 65 
 Burton 281 
 Bury, Eng. 668 
 Butler 499 
 
 Benj. F. 345 625 630681 
 
 Henry 345-491 
 
 John 212 
 
 Judge 538 
 
 Tobias 633 
 
 William 634 
 
 Zephaniah 345 
 Butler's Tavern 461 
 Butterfield, J. Ware 627 
 Butt's Hill 354 
 Buzzell 673 
 
 Caldwell, James 142 196 
 Calf, John 144 146 148 439 
 
 Robert 148 
 Cahoon,_G. C. 689 
 California 599 608 
 Calisto, Marie 261 262 
 Call, Philip 553 554 
 
 Stephen 285 553 
 
IV 
 
 IKDEX. 
 
 Callahan 633-634 
 Calvin 68 
 
 Cambridge, Eng. 49 
 Cambridge College, Eng. 70 71 
 Cambridge, Mass, 201 274 314 322 
 331 332 340 342 343 344 363 380 
 
 447 574 
 Camden, N. C. 622 
 Cameron, Simon 611 612 
 Cammet, Silas 269 
 Campbell, Daniel 
 
 Henry 196 
 
 James 142 
 
 John 196 
 Cami'Ton 409 287 300 
 Canaan 263 458 654 660 685 
 Canada 24 86 89 no in 112 114 
 115 iiS 119 152 154 157 162 
 
 205 207 2o8 210 211 212 230 
 245 246 255 271 275 278 280 
 306 .307 345 346 365 378 379 
 
 396 39a 433 469 53<» 554 587 
 ^ ,. 588 63s 
 
 Canadians 636 
 Canal Company 475 
 Canaugh, Jeremy 98 
 Candia 145 146 148 149 267 279 
 333 408 646 
 Canie, Joseph 99 
 Canney, Thomas 47 
 Canning, Thomas 135 
 Canseau, 199 205 317 
 Canterbury 173 207208 211 256 
 302 388 395 408 421 545 583 584 
 633 
 Carthy 632 
 Cape Ann 23 39 
 
 Breton 19S 199 280 289 632 
 Cod 21 
 Capitol 565 
 
 Cardigan Mount 434 435 
 Cargill, David 142 
 -Carlton or Carleton 
 
 David 334 
 
 Edward 53 
 
 George 334 365 
 
 Kobert 414 
 
 Theodore 367 
 Carling, S. J. 598 
 Carpenter. Abraham 364 
 
 Frank P. 674 
 
 Philip 678 
 Carr, John 153 268 269 
 
 Jesse 576 338 
 Carre, Sir Robert 61 
 Carribee Islands 178 
 Carrigain 633 
 Carrigan's Mass 235 
 Carrington, H. B. 318, 363 
 Carroll Co. 627685 
 Carter, Ezra 214 235 
 
 Philip gS 
 
 Stephen 334 
 
 S. A. 628 
 
 William G. 
 Carthaginians 82 
 Cartier, Jacques 20 
 Cartwnpht, George 61 
 
 Rev. Dr. 530 
 Casco Bay 51 90 115 117 
 Case, Samuel 100 
 Casey 634^ 
 Cass, Benjamin 270 
 
 Jonathan 371 .^. 
 
 John 134 
 
 Joseph 97 134 
 
 Lewis 371 501 565 666 
 
 Samuel 97 
 Castle Island 645 
 Castine 91 116 117 
 
 Castine, Baron de St. 91 
 Caswell, Me. 263 
 
 Nathan 414 
 
 Robert 48 
 Cate. A. P. 600 
 
 Edward 99 
 Tohii 132 
 
 William 100 
 Cathedral 645 
 
 Catliolic no 139 219 635 636 640 
 642 643 645 
 Cattor, widow 99 
 Cavis, C. H. V. 671 
 Cawkwell, Eng. 71 
 Cavalry N. H. 629, 630 
 Cedar Swamp 580 
 Celebrating Christmas a crime 63 
 Celtic 356 632 
 Celts 634 
 Centennial 663 
 Center, Jacob 461 
 CuNTKK Harbor 281 458 459 460 
 Cerberus (ship) 323. 
 Chadburne, Humphrey 35 47 
 
 Wilham 47 
 Chads, Captain 323 
 Chamberlain, Benjamin 142 
 
 Kbenezer 460 
 
 John 156 159 
 
 Levi 600 651 
 
 Richard loi 104 
 Chamijemoon, Francis 104 
 Champlain 2 1 
 Chandler, Abial 339 
 
 Benjamin 671 
 
 Geo, H, 625 
 
 John 195 214235 
 Chandler, Zachariah 520 439 
 
 William £. 660 685 686 687 
 
 Peak 671 
 
 School 521 
 Chancellorsville 621 627 
 Chantilly 623 
 Chapman, Calvin 19^ 
 Charges against Puritans 62 63 64 
 Charles I. 21 64 189 
 
 II. 51 65 69 93 105 139 223 453 
 
 River 33 38 194 321 322 469 
 Charleston, S. C, 619 624 652 
 
 Harbor 612 
 CiiARi.BSTOWN 177206308209210 
 
 221 264278293 335509586588 
 605 654 
 
 Convention 435 
 
 Mass 319 320 321 322 323 327 333 
 
 335 336 340 407 408 428 436 45 1 
 
 468 469 635 
 
 Neck 338 343 
 Charming Fare 148 267 
 Chase 521 
 
 Benjamin 144 267 
 
 Carlton 589 
 
 Home 674 
 
 Tames 98 
 
 John 414 
 
 Moses 406 439 
 
 Philander 590 
 
 Rachel 98 
 
 Salmon P, 406 611 630 647 
 
 Stephen 125 
 
 Thomas 48 98 
 Chatham 287 
 Chatterton, Thomas 47 
 
 Michael 47 
 Chaudiere 536 
 Chaucey, Dr. 201 
 Chelmsford 46S ^09 550 
 Cheney, Benjamin P. 600 
 
 Person C. 627 662 663 664 
 
 Thomas P. 622 
 
 Cherokces 249 
 Cherry Mount 304 306 
 Cheshire 144 145 
 
 County 254 332 436 454 585 
 
 R. R. 573 
 Cheshire Republican 262 601 655 
 Chesley, Captain 117 
 
 George 153 
 
 Phillips 99 
 
 Thomas 99 
 
 Chustuk 141 143 144 145 146 147 
 
 148 149 153 206211 267268333 
 
 389 408 4n 450 464 526 555 
 
 654 672 
 
 Centre 145 267 
 
 Eng. 70 
 
 Captain 33a 
 Chesterfield 219 334409 436 449 
 458 607 634 
 Chestnut country 143 267 
 Chevalier, Jno. 100 
 Chicago 598 685 
 
 Convention 684 
 Chichester 173 211 337 389 455 
 54-1 
 China 520 
 Chiniquy 635 
 Chippewa 505 
 Chiswick 302 414 
 Cliittendon 436 
 Choate 143 
 Christian 220 260 277 
 
 Brothers 645 
 Christie or Cristi 169 
 
 Daniel M. 554 594 667 
 
 Jesse 142 
 Christo et Eccleseae 201 
 Church Iddo 388 
 
 John 99 114 
 
 {ohn H, 212 
 
 History 68 
 
 and State 68 
 
 of England 133 590 
 
 of Refuge 
 
 of Rome 68 
 Churchill, Henry 627 
 Churchman 46 49 74 589 
 Cilley 634 
 
 Bradbury 504 
 
 Culling 345 
 
 1 >. P. 2yo 
 
 Joseph 334 346 347 368 372 386 
 . 387388389390413 439 
 Cincinnati 679 
 Circuit Court 480 
 City of Brotherly Love 557 
 Claggett, CHfton 486 
 
 Wysemau 300 301 
 Clapp, E. W. 540 
 Claremont 279 281 3S8 462 590 
 
 592 605 654 693 
 
 Junction 281 
 Clark or Clarke 276 633 
 
 Abraham 99 
 
 Arthur 48 
 
 Daniel 605 606 613 680 
 
 Greenleaf 654 
 
 James 142 
 
 John 70 98 
 
 John B. 654 655 
 
 Joseph B. 657 
 
 Julia 654 
 
 Major 98 387 
 
 Matthew 142 
 
 Rev. 148 
 
 Samuel 100 137 
 
 Thomas 66 76 98 
 
 Ward 118 
 Clay, Henry 541 609 646 
 
 John 270 
 
INDEX, 
 
 Clear Sirenm 536 
 Clements loi 103 
 
 Job 94 99 
 
 Robert 54 
 
 Saral) 217 
 Ciendenin, Andrew 14a 
 
 Arch. 142 
 Cleveland 247 
 
 Pres, 629 
 •Clifford 655 
 
 Israel 134-9S 
 
 Jacob 134 
 
 John gS 
 
 John Jr. g8 
 
 Znchnrinh 134 
 Clhich, J no. 
 Clinton 491 
 
 General 319 322 329 333 354 
 
 Iowa 604 
 Clogstone, Paul 335 
 Clough 302 
 
 Jeremiah 408 
 
 John 526 
 
 Jos. M. 629 
 Cloyes, Elijah 334 
 Clyde, Daniel ig6 
 Cobbett or Corfaett 632 
 
 Abraham 62 64 
 
 Thotnas 107 108 
 Cobbett's Pond 187 195 
 Cobleigh 276 
 Coburn, Andrew 387 
 Cocheco 27 67 87 89 no 111 113 
 114 119633 
 Cochran, Admiral 501 
 
 Chauncey 566 
 
 James 413 4U 
 
 John 178 ig6 
 
 Ninin 142 
 
 Peter 142 147 
 
 Robert 142 
 
 Sally 566 568 569 
 
 Tluimas 142 147 
 
 William 142 
 
 William H. D. 626 
 Cod, Cape 21 
 Coe, Curtis 174 176 
 
 Joseph 339 
 Coffin, Enoch 164 
 
 C. C. 649 
 
 John T. 55 
 
 Peter 76 95 98 1 1 1 118 
 
 Samuel 539 
 Cogan 633 
 Cogswell 654 685 
 
 Col. 337 
 
 Jos. G. 666 
 
 L. W. 626 
 
 Thomas 439 628 681 684 689 
 
 William 431 536 569 
 Cohos 303 
 
 Coit, Henry A. 606 654 
 Colburn 212 213 
 
 Andrew 342 
 
 Thomas 340 
 Colby 276 
 
 Academy 654 
 
 Anthony 594 
 
 Jtenaiah 146 
 
 Enoch 146 268 
 
 Fred Myron 189 347 3^1 379 382 
 393 444450551 569570571 
 
 John 7o 284 
 
 Joseph 594 sgs 
 
 Rev. 148 
 
 Simeon P. 576 
 Colchester 279 
 Colcord, Edward 48 52 76 97 
 
 Peter 153 
 
 Samuel 97 128 
 
 Cold Friday 485 
 
 Harbor 616 621 623 626 
 
 Water Army 535 
 Cole 276 
 
 Abraham 98 
 
 Eunice 60 
 
 Isaac gS 
 
 John 334 
 
 Matthew 47 
 
 Samuel 280 
 CoLEBRooK 588 592 654 
 Coleman, Anna 61 
 
 Jabez iiS 154 
 
 William 452 
 Collins Ephraim 554 
 
 John 286 
 
 Moses A. 626 
 
 Thomas 337 
 Colmer, Abraham 25 
 Colonial Confederation 231 
 
 Laws 308 309 310 311 312 313 
 Colonies 252 370 
 Colorado 631 
 Colt, Captain 330 
 Colton, Chester ig/ 
 Columbus 20 
 Comach, Thomas 47 
 Combination 42 
 
 oE N. E. Colonies 77 
 Connnercial Bulletin 649 
 Commissioners 185 
 Committee on Claims 586 
 
 on Finance 659 
 
 of Safety 280 293 294 295 297 298 
 
 320 323 332 343 345 347 349350 
 
 361 366370372373377378381 
 
 407421 428445447 
 
 Commonwealth 403 470 513 514 558 
 
 Eng. SI _ 69s 
 
 Company of Laconia 24 26 
 Comstock, Azariah 388 
 
 Cyrus 261 
 Conaghie, John 142 
 Conant, Wm. 263 
 
 Concord 21 140 164 165 167 171 
 179206-208 215 217228249258 
 275 276 285 286337 338 339 383 
 389 396 402 406 411 414 417428 
 432 441 446 447 450 453 455 456 
 461 462 469 475 476 478 480 484 
 490 494 508-512 522 523 530 539 
 
 543 544 554 559 560 563 564 566 
 568 572 574 576 583 591 593 596 
 600-606612 615-628630633644 
 65 1 654 655 657 661 667 674 679 
 
 681 685 686 693 
 Mass. 156 318 320 363 373 674 
 Bridge 447 
 
 & Claremont R. R. 574 
 Depot 690 
 Gazette 480 
 
 R. R. 564 600 689 6gi 692 
 Vermont 68q 
 Conemaugh (snip) 614 
 Confederate 612 652 
 Congregational Church 68 70 145 
 147 164 257 258 25g 260 261 263 
 264 268 277 280 281 290 421 460 
 490 505 510 584 58s 677 684 
 Congress 253 255 292 295 298 314 
 342 346347349352 354355363 
 365370371 373 376377378381 
 382 383 393 399402 403 406407 
 412 414 417 418 419420 421422 
 425 429 432 436 439 447 449 459 
 470471 472474479480481 485 
 488 500 515 520 533 538 542 543 
 
 544 564 57"> 577 585 59^ 606 608 
 609 613 614 617 668 676 678 680 
 
 684 
 
 Connecticut 17 18 63 81 92 177 181 
 19s 206 208 209 226 2*7 228 234 
 251 252 254 263 164 276 277279 
 302 306 307 322 323 324 349 363 
 3863873984" 41242843443s 
 436 450 459 469 470 47> 49" 499 
 50s 5MS17518 519544 562 587 
 598 651 682 
 
 R. R. 574 
 Connelly, Capt. 644 
 Connolly 633 
 Connor 632 634 
 
 Benjamin 433 
 
 J. B. 214 452 
 
 Samuel 388 
 Constable, Andrew 98 
 Constitution, Fort 504 
 
 U. S. 286287355 
 Continental Army 240 291 343 345 
 365 409 412 
 
 Congress 684 
 Contoocook 116 139 155 176206207 
 542 600 654 
 
 R. R..574 
 
 Convention 377 
 Converse, Nelson 622 
 Cornwall, Ont. 679 
 
 CONWAV 281 433 573 669 
 
 Cook or Cooke, Col. 386 387 
 
 Elisha 207 
 
 Howard M. 522 
 
 John 99 
 
 Richard 76 
 
 W. N. 625 
 
 W. W. 620 
 Coolbaugh, F. C. 674 
 Coole, William 48 
 Cooley 276 
 Cooliage, Joseph 562 
 Cooper, William 47 
 Coos County 171 216 227 229 448 
 476 534 671 678 
 
 County Bar 588 
 
 Republican 629 
 Coosauk 304 
 Coosaukes 307 
 Copley 294 
 Copp, E. J. 619 
 Copp's HiU 195 323 329 
 Cork 635 642 
 Corlis, Jon. 337 
 Cornelius 633 
 Cornish 2^79 335 406 624 
 
 Convention 435 
 Cornwallis, Lord 346 347 39S 396 
 449 
 Cossit, Ranna 281 590 
 Cotton 
 
 John 69 100 
 
 Seaborn 69 104 
 
 Theodore 133 
 
 Ward 69 
 
 William 100 
 Couch, Robert 59 
 Coughlan, John 626 634 
 Council 180 181 268 347349363402 
 423 424 453 467 490505 50651a 
 553 568 613 653 680 
 
 Room 192 193 
 
 of New England 25 45 
 
 of Nice 219 
 
 of Safety 107 
 
 of Trade 78 
 C<mnt de Frontenac 112 114 
 
 Rumford 165 396 445 603 604 
 Countess Rumford 165 604 
 Courier, Boston 563 
 Court of Appeals 291 
 
 of Associates 50 95 
 
VI 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Court of Common Pleas 174 280 
 
 287345350371 406407 408 411 
 
 421 429 4SS 498 52' 533 566 568 
 
 570 576604 617 661 684 68s 
 
 of St. James 181 
 
 of Sessions 469 513 
 Covenanters, Scotch 140 186 
 Cox^ J no. 99 
 
 Moses 48 97 
 Cradock, Matthew 39 
 Crafts, William 100 
 
 W. A. 616 622 
 Craige, John 142 
 
 Alexander 147 
 
 Hugh 142 
 Cram, Asa 335 
 
 Benjamin 98 134 
 
 Daniel H. 599 
 
 ' Jonathan 286 
 
 John 134 408 
 
 N. P. 592 
 
 Thomas 98 134 
 Crame, John 48 
 
 Cran5eld} Edward 71 97 100 loi 
 103 104 J05 III 125347 
 Crawford 541 671 
 
 Abel 670-671 
 
 Ethan A. 670 
 
 John 389 
 
 Thomas J. 670 
 
 William 147 
 Crawley^ Thomas 48 . 
 Crichitt, EHas 98 
 Cromay, John 142 
 Crombie, James 388 
 Cromwell, John 212 
 
 Oliver 41 51 64 69 139 196 631 
 
 Phillips 99 
 
 Thomas 48 
 Cromwell's Falls 476 
 Cross, E. E. 620621 622 
 
 John 48 52 74 
 
 Mr. 212 263 
 
 Nathan 154 
 
 Richard E. 621 
 
 William 285 
 Crosby, Alpheus B. 612 
 
 Jaazamiah 177 
 
 Josiah 333 
 Crossfield, John 389 
 Crow-bill 484 
 
 Crown Pomt 162 229 230 231 233 
 234 236 237 241 242 245 246 247 
 365 424 
 Crowther, John 47 
 Croydon 409 
 Crystal Hills 36 
 Culpeper Court House 622 
 Cumberland County 30a 
 Cummings 212 21} 
 
 Abram 289 
 
 Henry 554 
 
 William 155 
 Cunningham 144 633 
 Currier, Hannah 283 
 
 Joseph 270 
 
 Moody 613 664 679 68a 
 
 Sargeant 414 
 Curtice, G. A. 624 
 Curtiss, John P. 380 
 Curwen's Journal 201 
 Cushing, Joseph 480 
 Cushman 276 
 Cutt or Cutts 
 
 Charles 484 
 
 Elenor 100 
 
 Hannah 94 
 
 John 73 76 93 94 95 97 423 428 
 
 , 444 
 
 J DO. 99 100 
 
 Cutt or Cutts, Mary 100 
 
 Otsella 100 
 
 Richard 66 73 76 94 
 
 Robert 94 
 
 Ursula 94 114 
 Cutter, Robert 195 
 
 Seth 337 
 Cuyahoga 247 
 Cypher, John 337 
 
 Dadman, J. A. 619 
 Dale, John 272 
 Dalton 228 302 304 414 
 
 Caleb 338 
 
 Philemon 48 53 
 
 Samuel 74 94 97 98 
 
 Timothy 42 69 
 
 Trbtrain 302 
 Dam, John 99 
 
 Wildram 99 
 Dame, Charles 197 
 
 Harriet P. 617 
 
 L. L. 468 
 Dana, Sylvester 263 
 
 Wiliiam 264 
 Dane 34 
 Danforth, Nath. 177 
 
 Samuel 36 
 Daniell or Daniells 143 281 
 
 Samuel 408 
 
 Thomas 76 94 100 loi 103 
 Dan vers J Mass. 272 
 Danville 264 458 
 Darby 633 
 Darley 276 
 Darn, John 48 
 Dartmouth 279 305 
 
 College 70 176 254 264 280 351 
 352 406 435 448 482 499 508 510 
 5*2 514-516518-521 526540554 
 555 55S 564 571 584 585 590 599 
 6o[ 605 606 617 653 654 655 659 
 660 667 668 675 680 689 
 
 Medical College 521 
 Davis, Abel 285 
 
 Aquila ^94 
 
 Benjamm 264 
 
 Daniel 132 
 
 Eleazer 156 159 160 161 
 
 Francis 408 464 
 
 James 48 52 74 loS 
 
 John 334 
 
 Josiah 156 158 
 
 Jefferson 612 
 
 Mary 285 
 
 Moses 153 587 
 
 Robert 57 539 560 
 
 Samuel 132 365 628 
 
 Timothy 100 117 
 Day,' P. B. 212 
 Deane, Charles 25 
 Dearborn Academy 654 
 
 Ebenezer 145 146 
 
 Ceorge W. 372 
 
 Godfrey 48 
 
 Henry 97 195 337 344 345 346 368 
 
 385 387 389 390 
 John 97 
 
 Samuel 128 338 339 
 S. G. 624 
 Debeline, Capt. 209 210 
 De Champlam 31 
 Declaration Independence 195 303 
 305 377 378 381 401 407 420 424 
 429 
 Deep Run 619 621 624 
 Dhbrfiblo 177 209 268 281 336338 
 344 388 389 408 538 592 
 Dbbring 462 654 
 Deer-keepers 312 
 
 Deer Neck 454 
 Deer-reeves 312 
 Delaware 470 471 472 671 
 Demerit, Joseph 290 
 Democrat 402 412 416 419 421 422 
 474485 490500 508 538 539 558 
 565 570 572 573 575 577 578 579 
 586 591 592 593 595 600601 60s 
 607 6<ra 646 651 659 667 
 Denham, Alexander 97 
 Denison, General 67 
 Denmark 262 483 
 Dennet Alexander 100 
 
 Jbhn 99 
 Dennis 633 
 
 John 177 
 Derby 376 
 Dermont 632 
 Derrv 141 144 187 336 620 654 
 
 James 99 
 
 John 99 
 Derryfield 218 337 398 405 530 
 D»Estaing 354 
 Detroit 230 248 249 491 501 
 Devens, Richard 323 
 Devon 22 
 Devonshire 302 
 Dewey 276 
 Dexter 276 
 Dickerson, Castro 249 
 
 Sylvia 249 
 Dickey, Matthew 336 
 Dinsmoor, Robert 564 565 
 
 Samuel 489 538 542 ^6^ 570 59^ >. , | 
 
 William 564. 
 Dinsmore, John 142 196 564 
 District Columbia 614 
 
 '' 6ot 
 
 Court U. S. 630 
 Dix, John A. 630 666 
 Docom, John 132 
 Dodge 307 
 
 Col. 323 
 
 L. W. 301 307 
 Doe, Charles 482 
 Dolhoff, Christian 98 
 Donaldson, Major 565 
 Donally 634 
 Donavan 634 
 Donnell 633 
 Donohoe 634 
 
 M. T. 619 626 644 
 
 Patrick 642 
 Doolittle, Col. 335 
 Door, Jonathan 207 
 
 Richard 100 
 
 DORCHESTRR 281 633 
 
 Mass. 195 319 320 
 Eng. 24 
 Heights 364 
 Don, O. Ci. 622 
 Douglas, Patrick 142 
 
 S. A. 611 
 Dow, Daniel 98 
 Henry 74 98 130 
 Tonatlian 417 
 'ohn 592 
 'osepn 98 651 
 -bloses 403 407 
 Reuben 3^0 341 
 Downer, William 264 
 Downing, Emanuel 54 
 
 Louis 693 
 Downs, Ebenezer 153 
 Gershom 207 
 Thomas 99 
 DovnR 24 2S 26 33 38 40 II 42 43 
 47485053 54 55 56 6i 62 65 
 66 69 70 71 72 73 76 84 85 87 
 9394959697101 103 107108 
 
 Hei 
 Jon 
 Job 
 Jos 
 Mo 
 
INDEX, 
 
 VU 
 
 Dover Continued 
 
 III 113 115 118 119 138 153 162 
 
 171 176 178 211 229387406420 
 
 466 482 503 592 593 594601 624 
 
 644 645 654 655 667 681 693 
 
 Dover named 53 
 
 Dover Gazette 592 598 601 
 
 Neck 30 34 40 44 
 
 Point 21 24 2728 
 
 & Winnipiseogee R. R. 573 574 
 Doyne, Francis 169 
 Drake, Abraham 97 
 Draper 281 
 Dresden 598 
 Dresham 274 
 Drew, Irving W. 678 
 
 John 1 18 
 
 J. 1). 619 
 Drisco. Tege gS 
 Driscoll 632 633 
 Drown, John 134 
 
 Leo 100 
 
 Leonard 615 
 Drummond, Fr. 645 
 Drury's Bluff 619 627 
 Dry Tortugas 624 
 Dublin 633 678 
 Dudley, Ann 119 
 
 John 380 
 
 Joseph 105 121 130 136 
 
 Mary 119 
 
 Samuel 53 54 70 gS 119 
 
 Stephen 144 
 
 Theof. gS 
 
 Thomas 70 74 105 117 118 132 
 »34 135 »36 
 Duggan or Duggin 632 633 
 
 Daniel 100 
 Duke of York go 
 Duke*s Province 79 
 Dumas, S. H. C13 
 Dtnnnier, Wm. 152 
 Dunbar, Dnvid 174 176 198 
 DuNiJAKTON 149 214 215 217229 
 234 2S1 398399400654 
 Duncan, John 408 439 
 
 S. A. 628 
 Dunkirk 200 
 Dunlap, Alex. 196 
 
 James ig6 
 Dunstable 66 118 131 155 156 160 
 167 208210 211 212 213 272304 
 334 335 387 634 
 Durell, Edward H. 294 630 
 Durham 108 113 176 178 299 357 
 358 359 361 386 387 420455 469 
 628 633 
 Dustin, Hannah 115 116 120 
 
 Paul 261 
 Dutch 41 51 7g 93 130 
 Duxbiiry 453 633 
 Dwight, Rev. Dr. 351 
 Dwyer 634 
 Dwyer, Michael 633 
 Dyer 634 
 
 Mary 521 
 
 Joseph 522 
 
 Eagle Coffee House 600 
 
 Hotel 565 
 Eames, Capt. 304 
 
 Daniel 283 
 
 David 435 
 
 James H. 591 
 
 Jonathan 283 
 Earl of Belmont 129 130 
 
 Halifax 426 
 Earle, William lo* 
 East Boston 585 
 
 Concord 22 140 166 339 
 
 l'',aRt Derry 187 
 
 tJilmanton 257' 
 
 (ireenwich 391 
 
 India 292 
 
 India Company 178 
 East Kingston 186 281 
 
 Lebanon 435 
 Eastern R. R. 573 580 581 
 Eastern Diocese 589 
 Eastman 276 
 
 Abigail 284 
 
 Amos 213 226 227 39S 
 
 Cyrus 613 
 
 Eben 163 
 
 Ebenezer 229 338 554 
 
 Edward 286 , 
 
 Ira A. 257 
 
 Jeremiah 408 
 
 Joel 600 
 
 Jonathan 494 587 600 
 
 J. C. 613 
 
 S. C. 689 
 
 Timothy 526 542 
 Eaton 281 
 
 Collins 389 
 
 F. B. 267 647 649 
 
 John 134 
 
 Samuel 301 
 Eayers, Edward 99 
 Eayrs, Wm. 142 
 Edperley, M. J. B. 678 
 
 Thos. I07 259 
 Edmunds, T. M. 613 
 Eighteenth Regt. 622 630644 
 Eighth Regt. 616 625 630 644 
 Ela 276 
 Eia, J. H. 591 
 
 Richard 619 
 Eldridge, Erasmus 70 
 Eleventh Regt. 623 626 630 652 
 668 
 Eli7abeth, Qneen 23 
 Elkins, Eleazer 98 
 
 Gershom 97 128 
 
 Henry 48 
 
 Moses 117 
 Elij Walter 100 
 Elhns, Anthony 47 
 Elliot 83 
 
 Church 83 650 
 
 Deborah 524 
 
 Jacob 339 
 
 Robert gs 100 104 107 
 Ellis, Caleb 4g8 
 
 Francis D. 262 
 
 Jno. 98 
 
 Joshua 334 
 
 River 37 
 Elmendorf 471 
 Elmira, N. Y. 355 
 Elms, Anthony gg 
 
 Farm 285 
 Emanuel College 71 
 Embury, Philip 458 
 Emerald Isle 631 
 Emerson, Amos 333 
 
 Benjamin 257 
 
 Daniel 212 213 408 
 
 Jonathan 146 387 
 
 iohn 125 146 
 latthew 146 
 Nath. 270 408 
 Samuel T46 269 
 Emery 276 
 Anthony 693 
 Edward 177 
 George H. 693-694. 
 Ichabod 693 
 Jacob 255 
 James 693 
 
 Emery, Job 693 
 John 367 
 Joseph 6g3 
 Noah 375 
 Emmons, Joseph 134 
 Enabling Act 610 
 Endicott, John 38 54 55 74 '63 
 
 Roch 55 
 Enfield 263 473 
 
 England 20 23 27-30 33 383940- 
 
 42 46 4g 51 63 64 67-69 71 81 
 
 82 9697 103-107 115 117 121 
 
 125 128-130 138 152 16s 175 
 
 178 179 181 194 198 201 211 219 
 
 220223 225 230 235239250253 
 
 262 265 272 281 282 289 298 347 
 
 35< 352 356409424441 457469 
 
 480483 487 488490507 5'9 532 
 
 535 544 572 575604631668 
 
 English 20 31 67 79 80-84 88 8g lis 
 
 117 118 129 132 133 152 153 158 
 
 159 161 197 198 203 205 223226 
 
 22g23i235 241-244247248251 
 
 252 28g 2g8 326 358 376 378 380 
 
 3g2 452 454 488 517 521 530594 
 
 William 48 74 
 
 Turnpike Ace 462 463 
 
 Englishman 79 82 88 363 426 639 
 
 671 
 
 Ennis 633 
 
 Episcopacy 71 280607 
 Episcopal 589 
 Episcopalian 139 281 457 
 EppiNG 195 394 485 490 522 525 
 539 541 592 654 667 668 
 Epsom 140 164 173 206 211 336337 
 338406455494601633 
 Erie, Fort 5°' 5o5 
 Errol 536 
 Essex 106 573 
 Co. 66 176 324 
 Institute 202 
 Established Church 32 43 49 139 
 140 17S 186 261 
 Esterbrook 207 
 EstoWj Wm. 48 74 
 Eastwich 128 
 Phesant 423 
 Europe 20 21 3r 68 173 igi 198 
 383 456507531608 
 European 82 
 
 Executive Council 419-422 
 Exeter 38 41 42 43 45 49 5o S3 
 54 55 65 66 69 70 76 84 85 9J 
 94 95 100 102 107 108 113-115 
 117 119129144 171 172174 175 
 195 197 211 255256268286312 
 3M 316337342343347349350- 
 358 361 366 367 368 369 371 372 
 373 375 376 377 381 387 388 394 
 412 413 416 418 421 422 428 431 
 433 438 444 445 446 447 448 450 
 456 466 481 482 501 512 540541 
 592 617 633 645 664 666 674 676 
 693 
 Academy 624 653 664 665 667 
 England 22 24 
 News Letter 655 
 River 72 
 Evans, Benjamin 162 
 Edward 263 
 Good wife 57 
 Ira C. 627 
 Israel 167 
 Jonathan 
 John gg 162 535 
 Judge 486 
 Robert 99 
 Simeon 535 
 William 161 
 
via 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Iwerett, Edward 666 
 G. W. 62s 
 
 Fabius, George 99 
 
 Jno. 99 
 Fabynn 66£) 670 
 Factory Village 257 
 Fairchild, Toy H. 70 
 Fairfield, Walter 263 
 Fair Oaks 6iq 620 
 Falcom (ship) 324 
 Farley 213 262 518 632 
 Farmer, John 21 33 95 114 142 263 
 264 268 650 
 Farmer's Magazine 258 
 Farmington 279 302 6ig 620 622 
 654 693 
 
 & Rochester R. R. 574 
 Farnsworth 177 281 
 
 J. D 263 
 
 Stephen 207 
 Fan:, E. W. 615 626 678 
 
 George 627 
 Farrar, Jacob 156 159 
 
 Joseph 156 
 
 Stephen 275 
 
 Timothy 514 
 Farwell 213 280 
 
 Isaac 335 
 
 Joseph 156 158 159 161 335 
 
 Josiah 154 
 Fast ^98 505 
 
 Mail 217 
 Fay, Joseph 387 
 
 Solomon Payson 70 
 Fayes, John 135 
 Fearing, Hawkes624 
 Febiger 330 
 
 Federal Constitution 165 
 
 Federalist 407 412 416 421 422 429 
 
 447 452 456 465 466 470 474 479 
 
 481 4S4 485 488 490-492 498-500 
 
 505 507 508 510 511 521 524 538 
 
 586 
 
 Fellows, E. Q. 618625 
 
 Isaac 435 
 
 Stark 628 
 Fenton, John 350 
 Fernald, John 204 
 
 Renald 47 53 58 76 
 
 Thomas 47 
 Fessenden, Col. 580 
 
 William P. 630 
 Field 226 
 
 of Mars. 543 
 
 Darby ^6 37 48 632 669 
 
 Zachane 99 
 Field-drivers 309 
 Fields, James T. 204 
 Fifield 464 
 
 Benj. 97 134 
 
 Jona 133 z86 
 
 Stenhen 388 
 
 WiHiam 48 97 
 Fifth Regt. 617 620 621 622 630 
 Fifteenth Regt. 628 630 
 Fighting Fifth 621 
 Filbrook, Jno. 133 
 Fining Indians 80 
 First Bap. Ch. Concord 259 526 
 
 Battery 6ig 630 
 
 N. E. Cav. 629 630 
 
 Regt. 629 630 644 
 Fish, Elijah 277 
 Fisher, Jabez 212 
 
 John 143 2q6 
 Fisher's Island 194 
 Fishkill 393 
 Fisk, Francis N. 539 
 
 Frank S. 613 615 
 
 Fisk, Wilbur 458 
 Fisk's Hotel 546 
 Fitch 297 
 
 John 71 
 Fitchburg, Mass. 366 678 
 Fitts, Abraham 270 
 Fitzgerald, 632 633 
 FrrzwiLLiAM 290 291 332 334 342 
 366 
 Five Nations 348 
 Flagg, Eben 147 
 
 James 389 
 
 Lieut. 113 
 Flanders, David 341 
 
 Jacob 388 
 
 Joseph 526 
 Fletcher, Kbenezer 588 
 
 General 436 
 
 Hiram Adams 588 
 
 Jno. 100 
 
 Kimball B. 588 
 
 William 571 
 Flint, Ebenezer 197 , 
 Flood 632 
 
 Florida 230262 61 j 619 624 
 Floyd, Capt. 113 
 Flynn, Jacob 633 
 
 M. O. 644 
 Fogg, Geo. G. 592 
 
 Jeremiah 181 
 
 Samuel 97 
 FoUett, Nicholas 107 
 Folsom or FoUshanij Deborah 447 
 
 Ephraim 98 
 
 John 98 208 
 
 Nat 98 
 
 Nathaniel 316 333 342 352 353 
 
 367 368 370 371 372 377 381 418 
 
 419 447 
 
 Peter 98 
 
 Peter L. 258 
 
 Samuel 98 372 375. 
 Fort Ann 289 
 
 Dummer 206 207 220 
 
 Duquesne 230 231 236 245 
 
 Edward 233 234 243 424 
 
 Fisher 619 620 624 
 
 George 346 
 
 Gilmnn 620 
 
 Harrison 626 
 
 Hill 83 
 
 Magruder 615 - 
 
 Marion 619 
 
 McClary 491 504 
 
 Point 293 
 
 Sullivan 316 
 
 Sumter 692 
 
 Wagner 619 
 
 Washington 316 
 
 Wentworth 234 
 
 William and Mary 297 29S 316 
 341 353 359367412 
 
 William Henry 237 239 241 244 
 245 
 Foster 307 308 389 
 
 Abiel 403 421 439 
 
 John 108 
 
 John G. 307 692 
 
 Moses 235 
 
 Obediah 214 
 
 Perley 307 
 
 Robert 303 
 
 Stephen S. 582 583 584 585 
 Founds, Phil 100 
 Fourteenth Regt. 616 627 630 
 Fourth Regt. 616 6x8 619 620 629 
 636 644 
 
 Turnpike 576 
 Fowler, Asa 659 660 674 
 
 Library 660 
 
 Fowler, Ludwig 100 
 Fox 293 
 
 Daniel 433 
 
 G. B. 541 584 
 
 G. V. 681 
 
 John 259 301 
 
 Point, 113 
 Foy, John 632 
 
 France 20 64 So i to 198 200 205 
 2 1 1 220 230 248 281 402 497 49S 
 301: 
 Fkancestown 540 633 654 
 Fkanconia 18 279 669 
 Franklin 228 234 284 285 358 553 
 535 595 620 654 679 693 
 Franklin (ship) 614 
 
 Benjamin 425 
 
 & Bristol R. R. 574 
 
 Dr. 425 
 
 Mountani 670 
 Frayser, William 135 
 Frazer^ General 387 
 Frederick of Prussia 353 
 Fredericksburg 62 1 623 625627664 
 Free Baptist 290 393 527 528 536 
 Freedland 487 . 
 Freedom 654 
 Freeman, Edmund 264 
 
 Edward 494 
 
 Frederick 389 
 
 Russell 456 462 
 Fremont 197 279 
 
 J C. 607 
 
 Free Soilcrs 593 594 605 607 646 
 
 659 
 
 Freetown 144 148 149 
 
 French 17 20 22 79 89 109 115 117 
 
 118 136 139 152 153 162 171 173 
 
 199 200 202 205 208 210 212 215 
 
 223 225 228 239 241 245 247248 
 
 251 252 254 280284288289338 
 
 348 354 396 408 413 455 487 488 
 
 507531 554 567633 
 
 Canadian 637 
 
 Revolution 456 634 
 
 D. L. 212 213 
 
 John 133 154 
 
 Joseph 413 
 
 Nathan 210 
 
 Nicholas 269 
 Frenchman, Jno. loo 
 Frisbie, Levi 518 
 Frontenac 230 245 
 Frost 685 
 
 Capt, 88 
 
 George 420 
 
 Jno, 99 128 210 
 
 Frothingham 322 328 339 
 Foye, Caleb 167 
 
 James 159 322 331 340 34: 
 
 Jonathan 156 
 Fryeburg 157 535 
 
 Fryer, Nathaniel 76 104 107 loS 122 
 128 129 
 Fullam, Jacob 156 158 
 
 Major 158 
 Fuller, Giles 48 
 
 Henry W. 612 628 
 
 Jonathan 388 
 
 John 97 
 
 William 48 74 97 
 FuUerton, J. E. 255 457 
 Furber, Anthony 100 
 
 John 290 
 
 William 48 76 99 loS 
 Furness 633 
 Funall, Thus. 47 
 Fursen, Thomas 135 
 Gaffncy, C. B. 627 
 Gage, Abner 337 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Ga^e, Charles P. 613 
 
 General 293 319 320 
 Gains, George 407 
 Gale, Amos 251 
 
 Eliphalet 285 
 
 John C. 286 
 Galiinger, Jacob H. 679 681 
 Gardiner 330 332 
 
 Alexander 628 
 
 Bay 501 
 Garfield, James A. 674 
 Garland, Jacob 128 
 
 Jon. 97 
 
 True 613 
 Garrison House S5 112 
 
 W. L. 5,2 585 
 Garvin's I'alls 169 596 
 Gass, John 600 
 Gatanois 24S 
 Gates, James M. 592 
 
 General 345 3S5 386 390 391 392 
 Gandy 436 
 Gaul 230 
 Gault, Jesse 600 
 
 Patrick 632 
 Gavazzi Fr. 635 
 Gay House 473 
 Gayles, Rlark 99 
 Gazette, N. H. 395 
 General Court, Mass. 50 51 52 53 
 54 56 59 60 62 64 65 66 71 73 
 74 76 81 163 168 iSo 222 225 
 271 372 562 
 
 of N. H. 95 180 1972:1 234 250 
 
 308 311 312 313 39440H05413 
 
 414 415 441 4534564595(1 526 
 
 578 
 
 George II. 202 
 
 George III. 279 281 282 293 297 
 35? S16 5'9S34 578 
 
 David 462 
 
 John 539 
 
 John H. 613 6S7 
 Georgia 429 611 
 Gcrmantown 354 
 Germany 68 487 
 Gerrish, Capt. 302-304 330 332 
 
 Jno. 99 107 108 122 130 
 
 Stephen 177 
 
 William 74 
 
 Place 454 
 Gerry 426 
 Gettysburg 616 621 
 Client Treaty 505 
 Gibbons 632 
 
 ^Ambrose 35 47 52 53 76 
 "ibralter 199 
 Gibson 143 
 
 Elizabeth 289 
 
 John 600 
 
 j. B. 524 
 
 Richard 589 
 
 Samuel 287 289 
 Giddings, EHphalet 375 
 Gifford, William 99 
 Gilbert, J. 464 
 
 Samuel 276 
 Gilchrist, Justice 585 
 Gilford 256 25S 
 
 Court House 340 
 Gill, Thorn, roo 
 Gillis, Jotham 533 
 GiUmor, James 142 
 Oilman 484 685 
 
 Robert 142 
 
 Daniel 445 446 449 450 
 
 Delia 677 
 
 Edward 98 444 
 
 Emerson 677 
 
 I'orl 620 
 
 Oilman, General 345 421 444 445 
 446 
 Harnet L. 678 
 
 John 66 94 98 loi 256 337 652 
 John Taylor 375 377 403 417 422 
 433 444 446 447 443 466 470 489 
 490 496 498 499 504 505 506 508 
 552 569 570 
 Joseph 371 373 375 406 
 Joshua 74 256 
 Moses 98 677 
 Nathaniel 433 446 447 449 
 Nicholas 176 361 369370377381 
 422 433 440 446 449 474 
 Peter 445 
 Thomas 367 369 
 Tristram 270 
 Virgil C. 677 
 
 GiLM ANTON 141 173 211 250 257 
 
 258 266 407 445 454 459 592 
 
 634 654 681 
 
 Academy 257-259 
 
 Corner 257 480 569 
 
 Gazette 25S 
 Gilmore, James 196 
 
 Joseph A. 629 672 674 687 
 Gilson, John 20S 209 
 
 Joseph 156 159 
 GiLSUM 276 277 279 388 391 
 Glasgow, Scotland 393 
 
 (Ship) 323 
 Glastonbury, Conn. 276 544 
 Gledon, Charles 98 
 Glocester, Mass. 144 
 Glover, Henry 337 
 Goddard, John 47 135 455 456 465 
 471 499 
 Godfrey, Edward 35 
 
 Moses 290 
 
 William 128 
 Godfree, Isaac 97 128 
 
 Ton. 97 
 
 Thomas 97 
 Goe, Henry 47 
 
 Ralpli 47 
 Goffe, Anthony 98 99 
 
 John 63 142 229 305 
 Goff's Falls 476 504 
 GoFFSTOWN 216 263 264 338 386 
 541 634 647 
 Golden Gate 639 
 Goodell, David 414 520 
 Goodhue 212 
 
 Goodwin, Ichabod 600 608 609 612 
 613 647 
 Gookm 83 
 
 Daniel 504 
 
 Nathaniel 69 
 Gordon 279 328 
 
 Alexander 98 
 
 Matthew D. 212 
 Gore Hall 201 ' 
 
 Gorges, Sir Ferdinand 23 24 26 29 
 33 34373951 63 67 123 
 
 Thomas 37 
 GoRHAM 534 
 
 Nathaniel 399 
 Gosport 211 
 Goss, Richard 3S8 
 
 Robert 132 
 Gotham 306 
 Gould 276 
 
 James 387 
 Gove, Ebenezer 133 283 388 
 
 Edward 95 97 loi 102 103 108 
 
 John 133 
 
 Jonathan 4;i 
 
 N. W. 620 ■ 
 Governor's Horse Guard 613 1 
 
 Island 143 I 
 
 Grace 632 
 Grady 633 
 
 Grafforb, Thomas 122 
 Gkafton, 300 
 
 Co.. 171 254407 473 475 576 577 
 586 
 
 Vt. 407 558 
 Graham, Hugh 196 
 
 John 336 
 
 Kobt. 147 
 
 William 147 
 Granite Monthly 55 3 18 576 655 698 
 
 State 423 578 
 Grant, Col. 247 249 
 
 Daniel 388 
 
 U. S. 345 614 621 623 653 657 
 Gray, Harrison 449 
 
 Jon. 335 
 
 Mary E. 449 
 
 Nuns 638 
 
 William 99 
 Grantham 263 458 
 
 Circuit 261 
 Graves, Samuel 142 
 Great Bay 17 31 32 45 72 115 136 
 
 Bridge 391 
 
 Britain 178 197 201 252 281 295 
 
 299 31S 349 35» 352 358 368 
 
 373 376 377 401 402 487 488 497 
 
 498 564 571 586 
 
 Falls 206 219 573 601 654 675 881 
 693 
 
 House 34 
 
 House Patent 73 
 
 Island 35 66 68 93 94 104 105 108 
 125,134317 
 
 Meadow 206 207 214 221 
 
 Seal 93 
 
 Spirit 83 
 Greeley 211 
 
 Dr. 335 
 
 Horace 520 629 630 
 
 Joseph 335 
 
 Samuel 272 
 
 S. S. N. 259 _ 
 Greely Expedition 687 
 Green, Abraham 97 
 
 Henry 97 122 
 
 House 524 
 
 Isaac 133 
 
 Judge 461 
 
 Nathan 133 
 
 Mountains 399 436 
 
 Peter 405 
 
 Thomas 336 
 Greenfield, Samuel 48 53 
 Greenland 45 89 125 131 132 163 
 404 458 504 580 
 Greenleaf, Capt. 113 
 Gregg, Andrew 196 
 
 David 195 
 
 Hugh 265 
 
 James 142 
 
 John 142 195 
 Gregorian Calendar 219 220 
 
 Rule 219 220 
 Greing 632 
 
 Gridley, Richard 322 323 331 
 Griffin 634 
 
 Mrs. 261 
 
 S. G. 661 622 623 
 Griffin's Falls 476 
 Griffith, David 100 
 Grlswold 472 
 
 Bishop 589 590 
 Grosse Island 636 
 Groton 3S7 
 
 Mass. 1^56 177 
 Grout, Elijah 408 
 Grover, Benjamin 613 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Gubbtail, Thos. loo 
 Guinlon 633 
 Gulf of Mexico 230 
 Gunnison, John 197 
 Gunstock, Brook 258 
 Gunthwait 275 
 Gurnsey 276 
 Gustine, John 259 
 Samuel 259 260 
 
 Hackett, James 373 
 
 W. H. Y. 542 651 
 Hadley 177 
 
 Amos 6S3 667 
 Haddock, C. B. 653 
 Hadduck, William 284 285 
 Hawkins no 
 Haile, William 600 607 
 Haines 276 
 
 Matthew 132 
 
 William 132 
 Hale 455 
 
 Enoch 407 436 
 
 John 48 76 338 386 455 
 
 John P. 591 595 605 606 613 687 
 
 Moses 14& 147 
 
 Ralph 48 95 98 
 
 Richard 275 
 
 Satma 366 651 
 
 Samuel W. 678 
 
 William 455 524 
 Hale's Bridge 454 
 Haley 634 
 
 Thomas 6^2 
 Hall, Councillor 490 536 
 
 Daniel 629 664 
 
 Henry 146 
 
 John 09 146 
 
 Joseph 99 loi 
 
 J. S. 671 
 
 Kinsley 98 129 
 
 Nathan 99 
 
 Nathaniel 146 
 
 Ralph 98 
 
 Rev. 270 
 
 Samuel 98 
 Hall's Stream 18 
 
 Tavern 391 
 Hallet, George 562 
 Halifax 238 291 293 335 352 501 
 Hallowcll, Me. 
 
 Robt. 424 
 Ham, Jno. 99 
 
 John 257 
 
 Joseph 153 
 
 William 100 
 Hamilton, Alexander 452 
 
 George 452 
 Hammond, G. W. 600 
 
 Isaac W. 395 459 622 651 
 Hampshire, £ng. 23 79 100 
 
 Grants 220 
 
 HAMfSTEAD 213 2^9 333 413 654 
 
 Hampton 38 42 48 49 50 52-54 56 
 
 59 60 61 66 69 70 74 84 89 93 94 
 
 95-97 101-104 107 108 117 118 
 
 128 129 133 143 146 147 163 178 
 
 180 iSi 211 268284345348388 
 
 457466617 
 
 Falls 133 144 146 178 180 298 347 
 348 379 382 422 446 580 592 
 
 Marsh 53 
 
 River 60 61 
 Hancock 654 
 
 John 377 426 429 469 
 
 y(i. s. 621 
 
 Hanover 250 254 263 264 454 458 
 464 517 519 
 Hanson, Isaac 98 
 John 153 
 
 Hanson, Thomas 99 
 
 Timothy 99 
 
 Tobias 99 113 
 
 Widow 98 
 Hapgood, Charles K. 621 622 
 Hardy 213 
 
 Jno. 100 
 
 Thomas 337 
 Harford Will 99 
 Harkness, John 334 
 Harriman 464 
 
 John 263 
 
 Walter 433 626 651 652 653 
 Harper, John A. 489 
 
 William 142 
 Harper's Ferry 585 
 Harris 276 
 
 George 263 
 
 Joshua 263 
 
 Judge 464 558 fv-^\ ■- 
 
 Nicholas 99 -' 
 
 Sarah 291 
 
 Silas 435 
 Harrison, W. H. 540 578 
 Harnpon's Landing 621 
 Harrytown 149 
 Hart 633 
 
 Oliver 524 
 
 Hartford, Conn. 447 506 507 
 
 Harvard College 54 55 67 7087 127 
 
 133 147 »S9 164 172 297 300 322 
 
 348 351 352 359 360420470481 
 
 515 604 685 
 
 Law School 661 686 
 Harvey, Hannah S. 558 
 
 James 142 
 
 John 142 
 
 Matthew 558 559 657 
 
 Peter 100 
 
 Thomas 100 
 Harwood, John 156 158 
 Hassell 212 
 Hastings 177 
 
 James 389 
 Hatcher's Run 623 626 
 Hatfield 177 
 Hathorne, Wi 
 Hatteras 
 Havekhill 277 278 279 396 407 
 428 450 461 491 523 577 587 58K 
 654 
 
 Mass. 505366 115 133 M4 M5- 
 
 147 156 181 197 216 227 263 2J5 
 
 340 461 
 Haven, N. A. 650 
 Hawkb 264 285 389 458 
 Hawkins, James 99 ^ 
 Hawthorne, Nathaniel 640 
 Hawaiian 520 
 Hayes John L. 592 
 
 R. B. 657 678 685 687 
 Haynes, John 587 
 
 M. A. 617 
 Hayward, Hylvanus 276391 
 
 William 48 52 53 74 
 Hazen Bill 691 
 
 Richard 1S8 
 Hazelton, Ephraim 146 
 
 John 146 
 
 Peter 526 
 
 Richard 146 
 
 Thomas 146 
 Hazzard 22 
 Head, James 672 
 
 Nathaniel 439 
 
 Natt 613 672 673 
 
 O. N. 616 
 Hcaley 632 
 
 Captain 644 
 
 Samuel 134 
 
 vm. 54 57 
 
 Healey, William 146 
 Healy, Bishop 645 
 Heard, John 48 99 in 
 Joseph 207 
 Tristram 153 
 Heath 473 
 
 General 364 
 
 Neheniiah 134 
 
 William 76 
 Heavy Artillery 629 630 
 Heokon 576 617 
 
 Conn. 276 270 280519 
 Hedding, Elijah 458 
 Heights of Abraham 404 
 Helm, Christopher 48 
 Hemphill, Nathaniel 196 
 Henderson, S H. 624 
 
 William 99 
 Hendrick, Daniel 48 
 Hennikbr 285 287 337338 408604 
 654 
 Henry VIII. 2068 
 Herald of Freedom 572 582 585 
 Herd, Benjamin 99 
 
 Thomas 47 
 Herrick, M. A. 591 
 Herron, John 301 
 Hessian 553 554 
 Hibbard, David 689 
 
 Harry 686 
 
 Jedicfiah 264 
 Hieringen 553 
 Hiland, T. 383 
 Hildrcth 276 
 Hiu, 526 
 
 212 
 
 Benjamin 146 147 290 1 
 
 Charles 264 
 
 George 473 , 
 
 Isaac 480 511 539 552 566 574 577 
 687 
 
 James R. 693- 
 
 John 287 458 -■ 
 
 John M. 689 
 
 Parker 333 
 
 Valentine 54 56 76 
 
 HlLLSBOKOUGH 167 176 254 287 289 
 
 332 338 387 388 408 411 420 462 
 
 494 499 505 5'9 527 55° 552 553 
 
 600 654 662 
 
 Bridge 288 668 
 
 County 285 287 
 
 & Peterborough R. R. 574 
 Hilton, Edward 24-29 31 34 35 44- 
 48 52 76 98 119 
 
 Grant 45 71 73 
 
 Head Island 618 619 
 
 House 113 
 
 Joseph 388 
 
 Martha 192 
 
 Patent 40 43 4546 71-74 
 
 Samuel 98 
 
 William 24-29 31 48 52 76 98 
 
 Winthiop 117-119 174 445 
 Hilton's Mill 98 
 
 Point 26 29 44 46 73 74 
 Hilyard, Benjamin 134 
 
 1 imothy 97 
 Hinckes or riincks, John 104 105 
 106 122 128 130 
 Hinds, Jacob 334 
 Hinesburg, Vt. 678 
 Hinsdale 206 208 210 211 220 334 
 607 608 654 
 Historical Society 650 
 Hitchcock, C. H. 20 235 
 
 Roswell D. 70 
 Hobbs, Capt. aio 
 
 Harvey 99 
 
 James 212 
 
INDEX, 
 
 Hobbs, Jonathan 97 
 
 Morris 37 
 
 Nehemiah 97 
 Hobart 333 
 
 Isaac 340 
 Hodge, William 132 
 Hodgedon, John 210 
 Hogan 634 635 
 Hog-coiistables 311 
 Hog-rceves 311 312 
 Hogp, John 2i6 217 
 
 William 142 
 Hoit 200 
 
 C. N. 678 
 
 Ephraim 134 
 
 Stephen 338 
 lIoi.unKNRSs 263 299-301 393 394 
 4f>o G22 633 634 654 663 673 674 
 Holland 20 
 
 Edward 100 
 
 Stephen 372 
 
 Max 235 
 
 HOLUS 5766,112 167 212 340 345 
 388 40S 
 
 Hollme, Jonathan 142 
 Holmes 140 
 
 Abraham 142 
 Holt 213 
 
 Nnthan 336 
 
 Peter 195 
 
 Samuel 132 
 Holt's Rock 144 
 Holy Cross College 626 645 
 Hoctk, Jacob 264 
 
 HooKSETT 145 2 16 477 510 539 596 
 671 688 
 
 Falls 139 
 Hooper, John 334 
 
 William 471 
 Hopkins, John 142 196 197 
 
 Solomon 142 
 HoPKiNTON 206 207 215 216 280 
 338 464 465 4S6 558 559 568 6 1 7 
 624 634 654 660 685 
 Horn, William 99 
 Horner, Thos. 142 
 Horse Hill 141 
 
 Horee Shoe Pond 154 396 464 
 Hough, George 444. 
 House of Correction 312 
 
 of Representatives 347-349 363 
 
 376 378 395 401 403 407 413 
 
 417 419-421 432 437-439 441 
 
 449 462 465 466 470 471 526 528 
 
 534 54'"' 559 5^5 577 585 651 
 
 Houston, John 239 241 
 
 Samuel 142 
 How, Daniel 207 
 
 Nehemiah 207 
 Howe, B. 3S7 
 
 General 250 31S 320 325 329 335 
 
 HO. 277 
 Howland 276 
 Howlet, Davis 391 
 Hoyt, John 524 
 Hubbard 24 26 27 28 30 
 
 Henry 585 586 
 
 Isaac G. 599 
 
 John 585 
 Hubbarton, N. Y. 386 389 
 Huckins, Jno. roo. 
 Hudson 66 141 211 212 334 335 
 
 River 41 64 233 314387473 
 
 John 99 
 Hngen, Nathaniel 132 
 Huger 472 
 Huggins, John 48 
 Hughes, John 424 
 Hull, Reuben roo 
 Humphrey, William 142 
 
 Hunckins, Francis 100 
 
 Mark joo 112 
 Hunking, Mark 96 
 
 Hunt, George 99 
 
 Roland 100 
 
 Thomas 23 
 Hunter, David 142 
 Huntington, J. H. 229 
 Huntley, Calista M. 261 
 
 Elisha 262 
 
 Nathan 259 260 
 
 Russell M. 262 
 Huntoon 276 
 
 Joseph 388 
 Hurd, Isaac 70 
 
 Samuel 264 
 Hussey, Christopher 48 69 74 94 
 
 John 97 
 llnske, Ellis 424 
 Hutchins, Abel 595 
 
 Ephraim 595 
 
 Gordon 337 
 
 Hezekiah 333 
 
 Timothy 134 
 
 Wiiljam 337 
 Hufcliinson, James 334 
 
 Gov. 157 
 
 Mill 272 
 
 Thomas 182 
 Hyde, Levi 264 
 
 Illinois 611 6S5 
 Imbursement 507 
 Ince Jonathan 50 55 
 Independence Mount 365 
 Independent D 667 
 India 393 520 
 
 Indian 17 21 23 24 27 28323536 
 37 41 42 56 57 64-67 69 71 77- 
 
 94 109 IIO-12I 125 131 132 136 
 
 138 139 141 146 151-158 160 161 
 163 164 169 171 173 178 179 199 
 205207-215 217 219221 223 225 
 227-229231-235241 243-249251 
 254 25G 272 27R 280283 289304- 
 
 306 354 355 357 383 39^ 398 399 
 435 445 491 5^7 5^9 52° 53' 535 
 554 570 575 587 622 632 
 Chnstians 83 
 praying 81 
 
 Stream 570 575 586 588 618 
 War no 122 125 212 221 
 Inferior Court 350 498 
 Ingalls, Benjamm 535 
 Daniel 535 
 Mehitable 145 
 Moses 536 
 Robert F. 535 ■ 
 Samuel 144-146 148 
 Insane Asylum 568 
 Ipswich, Mass. 49 52 195 215 
 Ireland g6 138 140 147 178 187 195 
 196 215 229 262 281 287 295 356 
 358 408 419 457 481 631-633 
 655 640 
 Irish 138 139 140 229 356 358 626 
 633 634 638 640 641 643 645 
 Catholic 635 640 642 
 Celts 138 ^ 
 
 in N. H. 631-645 
 Irishman 358 
 Iron Works 257 259 
 Ironsides 139 
 Iroquois 34 
 Isle of M. 247 
 
 Isles of Shoals 21 34 60 94 351 
 Israel's River 228 305 
 Italians 20 
 Italy 262 487 
 
 Jackman, Michael 390 
 Jackson 669 
 Jackson 128 
 
 Andrew 330 335 501 508 541 551 
 553 564 566 570 574 57S 586 
 
 Col. 330 335 501 508 541 
 
 -Hall 431 
 
 John 30 100 
 
 J. H. 618 
 
 Richard 100 
 
 Sarah 132 
 
 Thomas 100 
 
 Mississippi 623 
 Jacksonville 619 
 Jacob, Benj. 97 
 
 Browne 97 
 
 iohn 97 
 'cter 261 
 
 Thomas 97 
 Jaffrev 334 408 462 654 
 12S 
 
 George 211 361 
 James I. 22 23 29 33 
 
 II, 105 no 467 631 
 
 Francis 144 , 
 
 Hugh 47 
 
 Island 618 
 
 James W. 592 
 
 River 615 621 
 Jameson 276 
 
 William 196 
 Jamaica 105 354 
 Japan 514 520 
 Jarvis' Hill 281 
 Jefferds, Forest 195 
 Jefferson 279 305 346 
 
 Mt. 670 
 
 Thojnas 419 470 474 479 542 
 Jefts, John 156 158 
 Jenness, B. W. 600 
 
 Francis 97 
 
 Jon. 290 
 
 John S. 26 30 43 71 163 
 Jerry's Point 317 
 Jcsseman, 276 
 Jesuit 152 
 Jesuitical 80 
 Jesus College -jt 
 Jewell, Joseph 100 
 Jewett 113 276 
 
 Samuel 257 270 273 
 Jilley, Paul 433 
 Jocelyn 35 
 
 Henry 37 39 47 
 
 John 37 
 Johnson 290 
 
 Andrew 606 
 
 Ebenezer 132 
 
 Edmund 48 
 
 Edward 54 56 
 
 Ichabod 156 158 
 
 James 47 97 132 135 
 
 Jesse 263 
 
 John 132 
 
 Josiah 156 
 
 Mrs. 557 ' 
 
 Noah 156 159 198 
 
 Reuben G. 576 577 
 
 Samuel 290 
 
 Thomas 48 
 
 William 187 231 233 234 
 John'* River 228 305 307 
 Jonathan (Ship) 25 27 
 Jones, Alexander 47 
 
 Frank 676 677 687 
 
 Francis 100 128 
 
 George 98 
 
 Ja. 100 
 
 John 47 100 
 
 Josiah 156 159 161 
 
Xll 
 
 lA'DKX. 
 
 Jones, Makin 99 
 
 Mary Priest 676 
 
 Paul 412 
 
 Pelatiah 676 
 
 Samuel 263 
 
 Sarah P. 685 
 
 Stephen loS 
 
 Thomas 48 207 280 676 
 
 ■William 47 135 
 Jordan 128 
 
 Chester B. 678 
 Jose, Jean 100 
 
 Richard 100 126 130 
 Josselyn, John 669 
 Jourdain 63 
 Journaman, Ditto 100 
 Joy, J. F. 692 
 Judd 276 
 Judkins, Joel 98 
 
 Leonard 286 
 Julian Calendar 219 220 
 
 Kane 632 
 Kansas 661 
 Kay 276 
 
 Kearsarge 536 614 
 
 Keenborough 197 
 
 Keene 206 220 221 262 334388389 
 
 391 392 40S 409 41 1 428 462 538 
 
 564 565 570 578 579580595 599 
 
 608 615 622 623 654678679693 
 
 Annals 366 392 
 
 Raid 391 
 
 Sentinel 655 
 Keep, John 212 
 Kcitly 632 
 Kelly or Kelley 632 633 634 
 
 B. 257 
 
 Daniel 632 
 
 Darby 633 
 
 Ephraim 337 
 
 Jesse 264 
 
 Roger 633 
 Kelsey, Alexander 142 
 Kemp, Reuben 338 339 
 Kendrick2i3 
 Kendall, F. A. 620 
 
 L. K. 674 
 Kene, Nathaniel 99 
 Kenilwortli 191 
 Keniston, John 89 
 Kennebec River 87 89 114 117 345 
 Kentiebunk, Me, 671 
 Kennedy, Lieut. 241 
 
 Nathaniel 181 
 
 Robert 142 
 Kenney 633 
 
 Joseph 435 
 Kensington 181 388 408 
 Kent, Chancellor 483 
 
 Emily M. 628 
 
 George 650 
 
 Henry O. 613 628 
 
 Moody 568 
 
 Richard P. 628 
 
 William 461 548 
 Kentucky 623 625 626 643 
 Kerch, Henry 100 
 Kerry County 645 
 Kcyes, Solomon 156 160 
 Kid, James ^8 
 Kidder, Benjamin 142 155 
 
 Joseph 213 
 
 Reuben 274 
 
 S, P. 563 
 Kiiburn 276 ' 
 Kilkenny R. R, 574 
 Killey 6.^3 
 Kim. William 99 
 Kimball 276 
 
 Kimball, Abraham 338 
 
 Daniel 264 
 
 E. A. 599 
 
 Joseph 303 
 
 Obediah 389 
 
 Thomas 86 
 
 Union Academy 264 654 660 
 Kimball's Corner 144 
 King of England 175 180 183 185 
 188 189 198 222 233 238 241 253 
 265 516 
 
 Philip 587 
 
 Philip's War 107 109 117 
 
 William 103 104 129 130 139 143 
 
 in Council 
 King Roger 48 
 
 Samuer27i 409 
 Kingman, J. W. 628 
 King's Commissioners 61 65 
 
 Council 221 223 467 
 
 Bench 265 
 
 Bridge 393 
 
 Surveyors 218 
 
 trees 217 352 531 
 
 woods 177 
 Kingsland Creek 627 
 Kingston 117 119 128 144 154 171 
 178 211 264 281 388428430458 
 640 654 
 Kinhead, Samuel 19& 
 Kinneston 276 
 Kinsman 338 
 Kirk 139 
 
 Kittery, Me. 42 66 76 88 94 135 
 199 202 203 420445 
 
 Navy Yard 491 504 
 
 Point 420 
 Kittridge Apphia 685 
 
 Jonattian 156 158 172 685 
 
 Perry 619 
 Knapp 276 
 Knight, John 99 
 
 L. M. 620 
 
 Roger 47 
 Knollys, Hansard 41 46 48 71 
 Knowles, John 97 
 
 Sir Charles 192 201 210 
 Knowlton 2(/> 
 
 Thomas 322 324 
 Know Nothing 605 661 
 Knox 143 
 
 Anna 672 
 
 Harry 399 426 
 
 Timothy 672 
 Knoxvilie, Ky. 626 
 Kyle, John 196 
 
 Laconia 34 35 38 256 616 654 693 
 694 
 
 Company, 29 44 
 
 Grant 26 
 
 Patent 26 45 
 Ladbrooke, Thomas 100 
 Ladd, Ann 445 
 
 Capt. 229 
 
 Nad 98 
 
 Nathaniel 444 
 
 William 445 
 
 W. S. 656 678 
 Lafayette 353 426 544-548 564 
 
 George W. 574 
 Lake Champlain 230 233 234 237 
 242 436 505 
 
 Company 55 
 
 Geoi^e 233 234 236-238 241 242 
 
 244 245 445 
 
 Sunapee 469 
 
 Village 55 258 654 655 693 
 Lakin, Isaac 156 159 
 Lamper-eel River 55 
 
 Lamphier 262 
 Lamprey, Daniel 97 
 
 Uri 600 
 
 River 87 113 117 153 
 Lanipson, Samuel 176 
 Lancashire, Eng. 667 
 Lancaster 228 277-279 419 444 
 574 588 598 620622 628 654 656 
 670 678 
 
 Mass, 324 
 
 Daniel 258 259 270 
 Lanoaff 458 
 Lander, John 47 
 Landers, J. H. 625 
 Lane, John 146 
 
 Sampson 47 
 Lang, Robert 100 
 Langdon House 677 
 
 James 71 135 
 
 John 262 297 298 353 368 372 
 
 379381 395 403 407 412 417- 
 
 419 421 447 448 465 46(1471 474 
 
 484 488 490 502 677 
 
 Mills 596 
 
 Samuel 71 133 297 298 322 349 
 
 Tobias 108 
 
 William 358 
 
 Woodbury 303 406 419 432 456 
 Langleyj S. G. 616 620 
 Langmaid 128 
 Larcy, Cornelius 98 633 
 Larkham, Thomas 41 46 48 
 Larkin, James E. 621 
 Larnard, Col. 386 387 390 
 
 Samuel 414 
 Latimer, Col. 387 
 Latitude of State iS 
 Lavosiur 544 
 Lawrence. David 98 
 Laws 96 
 Lawson, Chris. 48 
 
 Samuel 213 
 Layton, Thos. 48 
 Leach 128 
 
 Leadder, Richard 50 
 Lear 128 
 1-eary 632 
 
 John 632 
 Leavitt, Dudley 480 
 
 J. A. 100 
 
 Moses c^8 407 439 
 
 Nathaniel 333 
 
 Samuel 98 107 loS 
 
 Thomas 48 455 
 LeBanon 263 264 435 436 464 493 
 495517654 
 Lecross, Edward 323 
 Lee 113 281 346 347 433 
 
 Abraham iii 
 
 Jason 4 58 
 
 Jesse 444 
 
 R. E, 625 652 
 Leer, Hugh 100 
 Legatt, John 53 76 
 Legislature 93 
 Leighton 685 
 Lempster 263 462 
 Lennard, John 489 
 Leslie, James 142 
 Leverett, John ^4 
 Leveridge, William 40 48 
 Lewis 95 135 195 262 
 Lewiston, Me. 536 
 Lexington, Mass. 314 315 318 340- 
 342 363 550 
 Libby, Jeremiah 425 
 LienLin, Ensign 388 
 Ljsht, Jno. 100 
 Limerick, Ire, 356 
 Lincoln 279 
 
INDEX. 
 
 XIU 
 
 Lincoln, Abrahnui 541 606609611 
 630652 684 
 Lincolnshire, Eng. 41 
 Lindsey, James 142 
 Lineham, J. C. 619 631 
 Ljngfield, Edward 156 159 
 Linkiield, Edward 142 
 Linn, Ephraim too 
 Linzee, Capt. 323 
 Lisbon 275 276 287 527 587 617 
 693 
 Listen, Nicliolas gS 
 LiTCHFiEt.D 141 208 213 289 
 
 Conn. 540 563 598 
 Little, E. G. 212 302 324 331 333 
 460 
 
 Harbor 21 24 26 27 29 30 35 
 
 43 45 57 125 191 193 446 496 498 
 504 695 
 Littlefield, Edmund 48 
 
 GuH Brook 167 
 Littleton 302 4x4 654 693 
 Lively (ship) 323 
 LiVERMORE 467 
 Livermore 143 
 
 Arthur 455 486 498 564 674 
 
 Daniel 337 349 388 
 
 Ed. St. Loe 439 456 
 
 House 674 
 
 Jonathan 273 274 349 421 
 
 John 299 
 Livermore, Mrs. S. 301 
 
 Samuel 299 301 355 357393 394 
 403 417 418 421 439446451 674 
 
 Thomas L. 622 620 
 Livingstone, Chancellor 557 
 Livius, Peter 345 
 Locke 163 
 
 Sherburne 526 
 Lock Street 154 
 Logan 632 
 Lonrer, Theresa 598 
 London, Eng. 22-24 27 38 94 133 
 175 201 202289351 353 453J»7 
 647 
 
 Bishop of 281 
 Londonderry 66 138-143 145 149 
 175 178 187 195 1962062(1218 
 226 229 239265 300301 336 386 
 398 405 407 408 419482 525530 
 553 564 600 625 632 634 657 
 Lonergan 634 
 Long, C. H. 622 
 
 Ed. J. 502 504 
 
 Pierce 371 375 403 422 425 
 
 Island 70 194 353 354 5°' 
 
 Island Sound 195 557 
 
 Meadows 145 148 149267 
 Longfellow 192 552 
 Longitude of State 18 
 LongstafE, Henry 47 99 '35 
 Lord 21 176 260 558 
 
 Chatham 360 
 
 Halifax 202 
 
 Loudon 192 194 236238239 241 
 245 
 Lossing 328 
 
 Loudon 256 389 408 458 544 ^54 
 Loupce's Pond 257 
 Louis XIV. no 117 
 Louisburg 199-204 211 230 238 245 
 Louisiana 297 424 519 611 630 632 
 667 
 Louisville, Ky. 643 
 Love, John 122 
 Lovejoy 334 619 
 Lovers, George 100 
 Lovewell, John 149 151 152 ^54 
 156-158 161 167-169 234 306 
 398 
 
 Lovewell, Nehemiah 208-210 212 
 Zacheus 22S [213 
 
 Lovewell's Township i68 170 
 
 Lovitt 97 
 
 Low 539 565 593 
 James R. 181 
 
 Lowell, Mass. 83 467 469 560-563 
 626 677 682 
 
 Lower Ashuelot 206 207 220 221 
 Canada 5S8 
 
 Loyalist 201 2S0 
 
 Lubberland 115 
 
 Lucey, Fr. 645 
 
 Lnfkins, Peter 207 
 
 Lund 213 283 324 
 
 Lundy's Lane 505 588 
 
 Lunenburg, Mass. 177265 
 
 Lull, O. N. 624625661 
 
 Luther, Martin 68 
 
 Lyford, Stephen 55 
 
 LvMAN 263 506 
 
 Lyme 263 
 
 , Eng. 41 
 
 Lynch 633 
 
 Lynde, David 279 
 
 LVNDEBOROUGH 27I-273 279 334 
 462 
 
 Lyndon, Vt. 68g 
 
 Lynn, Mass. 69 163 261 685 
 
 Lyon, James 287 
 
 Macaulay, T. B. 454 
 
 Mack 262 391 392 
 
 Macoy, Alexander 196 
 
 M addon 633 
 
 Madison, James 488 491 
 Mount 670 
 
 Magalloway 536 
 
 Magna Charta 363 
 
 Magoon 98 388 634 
 
 Magregor, David 239 
 
 Magruder, Fort 615 
 
 Maguire 640 
 
 Mahurin, Ephraim 489 495 
 
 Mahoska (sliip^ 614 
 
 Main Street, Cfoncord 249 
 
 Maine iS 24 26 34 51 61 62 66 77 
 
 79 85 8g 90 105 110 113 118 123 
 
 153 162 199202 203251300307 
 
 315 346 356 393 466491 5^9563 
 
 575 617 643 
 
 Majesty's Council 265 266 
 
 Mallune, Luke 99 
 
 Malone 632 634 
 
 Maloon, Nathaniel 553 
 
 Maltby, William 323 
 
 Mamaronec 250 
 
 Manahan 633 
 
 Manchester 141 149 398 477 553 
 
 557 595-597 598 600 619 620 
 
 624 625 643-645 648 652 654 
 
 655 659 662 668 674 678-6S0 
 
 693 694 
 
 Mann 70 143 263 335 340 341 408 
 620 
 
 Mansfield, Mass. 453 
 
 Mansfield 70 225 265 
 
 Manual, John 338 
 
 Maquot Indians 79 
 
 Marblehead, Mass 70 
 
 March 132 213 
 
 Marcy 335 667 687 
 
 Marian, Jon. 98 
 Fort 619 
 
 Mariana 23 33 38 
 
 Market-day 56 
 
 Marks, David 290 
 
 Marlborough 335 342 387 389 
 462 622 654 
 Mass. 681 
 
 Marlow 259 260-263 654 
 Marquis de Chastcllux 457 
 Mars, Field of 543 
 Marsh 216 333 389 627 649 671 
 Marshall 261-328 386 495 501 516 
 Marston 48 74 98 348 
 
 Gilman 348 fiKX> 613 615 616 617 
 621 676 
 Martin or Martyn 73 76 93 94 100 
 101 103 loH 143 276 
 Noah 601 
 Maryland 96 470 471 
 Marye's Heights 621 652 
 Mascoma Lake 434 437 
 Mason 287 335 408 
 17 24 29 30 38 42 45 50 54 100 r34 
 136 138 
 Jeremiah 450-452 455-457 499 
 500511 514 516 521 53.1 534 54» 
 542 553 51*5 667 
 John 23 24 26 29 33 34 37 39 42 
 45 47 5» 6367 71 458632 
 John Tufton 216 222 
 Robert Tufton 51 67 68 92 96 97 
 107 122 175 211 466 594 
 Masonry y^Z 
 Massabesic 148 
 
 Massachusetts 17 18 25 28 33 34 38 ' 
 39 40 46 49 54-56 60-62 64-68 
 70-74 77-81 82 85 89 92 96 104 
 105 107 108 113 117 122 123 130 
 131 »37 138 140 M» 143 144 '55- 
 157 162 163 172 173 175-177 180 
 181-183 184-186 i88 198 199 
 204 205 208209213 2x6 219-221 
 223-225 250 252 255 262 265 266 
 268 2742872S9 29S299 302 316 
 320 332 333 335 338 340 341-344 
 35S 360 372 376 386 390 393 396 
 411 419420422423 428454455 
 458466469475479491 502 506 
 515 51S 5x9 530 533 540 544 
 573 580-582 601 643 651 
 Masson 98 gg 
 Matthews, Francis 47 48 
 Matton, Hurbeitus 100 
 Maud, Daniel 71 
 Maverick, Samuel 61 
 Mayne, Sir Wm. 287 
 Maynesborougli 287 
 Maxfield, David 283 
 Maxweil, Capt. 323 
 
 Thompson 335 
 McAdams, William 196 
 McAllister 143 336 
 McCarrill 633 
 McCarty, John 389 
 McCarthy 632 633 
 McClairathan 633 
 McClary 336 337 345 388 403 406 
 439 489 632 633 
 Fort 491 504 * 
 
 McClure 267 287 5x7 
 McClintock 132 X43 404 655 
 McClennen 633 
 McColley 287288289 
 McCollom Inst. 654 
 McConnihic 633 634 
 McCormack 632 634 
 McCrillis, William 337 
 McDonald 643 644 
 McDonnell 633 
 McDuffee 142 X44 632 
 McFarJand 142 167 198 439 480508 
 544 569 613 
 McGaffey, Andrew 337 
 McGaw f nstitute 654 
 McGee 213 633 
 McGinnis 632 
 McGowan 632 633 
 
XIV 
 
 JNDEX. 
 
 McGrath, Daniel 339 
 McGregore 141 142 239 
 Mclntire 276 
 McKeen 138 142 671 
 McKenney or McKinney 207 680 
 McKeon 633 
 McLaughlan 337 632 634 
 McLeneehan, James 632 
 McLeod, George 336 
 McMahon 632 633 
 McMaster, John 303 
 . McMillan 338 339 632 633 
 McMurphy 142 148 
 McNeaf or McNeil 142 218338494 
 
 McNee 633 
 
 McSweeney, Bryan 633 
 Meacham, Samuel 263 
 Mead, Joseph 98 
 Meader, John 99 
 Means 70 408 499 633 
 Medford, Mass. 134 250 333 339 
 341-344 468 469 
 Medical College 601 
 Mediterranean 268 
 Metcha 100 134 
 Meloon 128 
 Melvin 156 159 335 
 Menzies, James 133 
 Mercer, Kraucis 100 
 Meredith 407 
 
 Bridge 155 
 
 Neck 459 
 
 Village 257 287 407 569 592 600 
 Meriden 264 654 
 Meroncy 633 
 
 Merrill 163 177 2" 589 693 
 
 Merrill's Falls 476 , 
 
 Merrimack, Town, River, and 
 County 17 18 21-24 26 33 34 36 
 39 SO 54 57 64-66 119 139 143 
 144 152 154 183 184 185206208 
 209 211 212 223 228 229 234 235 
 254 265 266 335 455 468 469 476 
 478 479 508 510 542 553 560 563 
 568 575 576 580 581 584 596 603 
 623 634 647 690 
 
 Merritt, Kbenczer 264 
 
 Merry Mount 28 32 
 
 Messer, Moses 535 
 
 Mesandowit 1 1 1 
 
 Meservy or Meserve 211 252 297 
 424 
 
 Metcalf, Henry H. 414427 577655 
 657 664 676 689 
 Ralph 605 647 661 
 
 Methodist 165 260261 277 302 457 
 
 458 490505 527 528 559 572 573 
 
 638-659 681 
 
 Methuen, Mass. 544 
 
 Mexico 599 622 
 
 Mexican War 581 599 615 6(8 620 
 
 Miamie 248 
 
 Michif^an 501 
 
 Michilimackinac 248 
 
 Middlebury College 578 
 
 Midtlleham 191 
 
 Middleton, Conn, 459 659 681 
 
 Middlesex 66 106 299 324 468 469 
 476477 5»o 560562 
 
 Milan 19 287 488 
 
 Mill brook 301 
 
 Mill Slip 453 
 
 Milesian 631 
 
 MiLFORD 66 176 209 272 334 360 
 
 ,..,. 452 453 565 624 62s 654 661 
 
 Miliken, Samuel 337 
 
 Militia 488 
 
 Miller 259 491 505 
 
 Mills 216 
 
 Millville 207 543 
 Milton 445 654 
 Minden Plains 404 
 Miner, Thomas 263 
 Mingay, Jeoffrey 48 74 
 Minot, Maine 70 
 Minot 303 524 594 600 687 
 Missisq^uoi Bay 246 
 Mississippi River 1S5 230 584 611 
 625 62S 
 Missouri Compromise 513 661 
 Mitchell 99 142 181 183 185 188 267 
 339 47* 
 Mobile Bay 630 
 Moderator 30S 
 Moffat 207 211 
 Mogg 88 
 
 Mohawks 22 79 83 89 115 118 154 
 MoUoy 633 
 RIolony 632 633 
 Monadnoc 290 291 
 
 R- R. 534 
 Moncton, Col. 231 
 Monhegan 21 
 
 Monmouth 345 346 359 390 
 Monroe, James 507 522 
 
 Mount 670 
 MoNSON 57 452 453 
 
 Richard 100 
 Montcalm, Gen. 236 239 241 245 
 Montelony 229 
 Monterey 599 
 
 Mont veknon 176 334 446 462 654 
 Montgomery, Alabama 612 
 Montgomery 142 336 491 504 535 
 Montpelicr & W. R, R. R. 600 
 Montreal 162 210 230 241 243 247 
 249254348501 638639 
 Moody 59 70 73 95 100 104 106 125 
 
 212 257 
 
 Mooney 588 633 
 
 Moore 47 98 107 108 142 145 17J 
 
 173 204 211 268-269 271 324 
 
 332 336 337 345 476 539 632 
 
 650 655 
 
 Moore, Joseph C. 655 
 
 Moose Meadows 228 
 
 Moran 633 
 
 Morey, Israel 263 
 
 Morgan 98 385 3S6 
 
 Morginn, John 134 
 
 Mormon 277 
 
 Morril, David L. 541 544 
 
 Morrill 177 214 333 554 
 Amos 337 
 
 Morris Island 619 
 
 Morris 48 370 446 619 
 
 Morrisania 393 
 
 Morrison 142 196 265 481 627 
 
 Morristown 349 354 365 392 
 
 Morrow, John 196 
 
 Morton, Thomas 27 28 32 33 
 
 Morton's Hill 321 
 
 Mosaic Code 467 
 
 Moses, W. P. 625 
 
 Morse or Moss 100 146 148212276 
 
 633 
 Mott 471 
 
 Moulton 48 98 100 128 459 619 
 Moulton's Point 321 
 Moulton BOROUGH 459 592 
 Mount Hope 80 
 
 Merry 28 32 
 
 Wollaston 32 
 
 Washington 20 37 
 Mountalona 215 
 Moylan 633 
 Muchmore, Jno. 100 
 Miidgett 257 
 Mugridge, J. T. 660 
 
 Murphy 632 633 643 644 
 Murrey 223 265 633 
 Musters 54 543 
 Muzzy, John 527 
 Mystic Beach 341 
 River 321 322 324 325 342 343 509 
 
 Namaska Mills 597 
 Narraganset 106 176 
 Narrows 316 
 Nash 264 303 305 669 
 Nashua 65 66 131 154 167 173 308 
 340 478 563 573 609644 654 655 
 662 67 1 677 678 692 693 
 Nashville, Tenn. 565 
 Nassau Hall 299 
 Nasson, Richard 98 
 Natickj Mass. 80 89 
 Native Cattle 34 
 Naumkeag 23 
 Neaglee, Gen. 615 
 Neal 132 489632 634 
 
 Walter 29 35-38 43 46 108 
 Nebraska 661 
 Neeuham, Nicholas 48 
 Nelson 623 
 
 Matthew 100 
 Napoleon 487 488 493 503 
 Nesmith, G. W. 284 332 341 385 
 470 472 475 486 534 554 555 -595 
 613 630 656 
 
 James 142 
 Netherlands 40 
 Nevada 63 1_ 
 Nevers, Phinchas 340 
 Ncvin, Jas. 424 
 
 New Boston 279 338 339 411 601 
 634 
 New Brunswick 114-557 640 
 Newuurv 271 302 405 
 
 Mass. 70 132 144 146 147 175 177 
 
 . 678 
 
 Newburyport, Mass. 271 303 420 
 
 485 580 581 
 
 Newcastle 38 45 102 108 125-127 
 
 132 J33 174 177 297 381 387 393 
 404 420 423 677 
 Duke of 20I 
 New Chester 526 527 
 Niiw Durham 389 393 
 England 18-633 
 Canaan 27 
 
 England Conference 261 
 England Indians 109 
 New Hampshire 16-688 
 Club 655 
 Gazetteer 268 
 Hist. Soc. 55 
 
 Med. Soc. 429 431 432 444 
 Named 34 
 
 Patriot 480 484 503 538 574 601 
 Hampton 460 536 569 587 620 
 68s 
 Holderness 459 
 Ii'SWiCH 278 334 408 532 654 
 Jersey i8o 181 238 334 392 408 
 481 532 
 London 194 195 338 594 595 666 
 Oilcans 230 293 505 627 628 630 
 643 
 Plymouth 81 
 Windsor 393 
 
 York 51 79 90 106 129 130 141 173 
 
 180192 195 230 231 239241 248 
 
 250251 253 342 344 346 355 364 
 
 378 386 387 390 393 395 396 399 
 
 412417457473 513 556557585 
 
 592 593 600 635 
 
 York Evening Post 452 
 
 York Med. Coll. 655 
 
INDKX. 
 
 XV 
 
 New, Zealand R. R. 574 
 Newcomb, Daniel 439 
 
 Gideon 678 > 
 
 Sarah L. 678 
 Newfoundland 20 23 
 Newhall, D. B. 612 
 Newickawannock 34 35 44 50 55 84 
 Newington 45 113 135279407470 
 
 575 
 Newman, Agent 162 
 Newmarket 173 388 676 693 
 Newport 263 264 557 577 601 605 
 
 „ , 654655693 
 
 R. I. 354 392 
 Newton 213 522 
 
 Sir John 355 
 Newtown, Pa. 365 
 Njaeara 230 231 236 245 346 504 
 Nichol, Col. 407 
 Nicholson 471 472 
 Nickels, Alex. 142 
 Nickson, Col. 324 332 391 
 Niles, Daniel L. 590 
 
 Delia W. 590 
 
 WilHam \V, 590 
 Ninth Regiment 616 6i8 623-625 
 630 
 Njpsic (ship) 614 
 Nisitisstt 312 
 Nixon, General 387 
 Noble, Oliver 125 263 
 Nock, James 153 
 Nonconformists 104 
 Nooks Hill 364 
 Norfolk County 43 50 53 54 66 . 
 
 Eng. 42 
 
 Va. 626 627 
 Normal School 653 
 Norman, Capt. 293 
 Normands 20 
 Norris 98 576 
 Norridgewock 117 153 154 
 North, I^ord 317 
 
 Thomas 99 
 
 America 230 235 236 245 247 250 
 352 501 520 
 
 American Colonies 289 
 
 Anna River 623 
 
 Berwick, Me. 6o3 
 
 Carolina 591 611 622 624 
 
 Conway 654 
 
 End 512 
 
 of Ireland 229 
 
 Pembroke 169 
 
 Stream 272 
 
 Virginia 22 
 
 NORTHAM 36 41 43 5a 
 
 Mass. 41 
 Northampton, Mass. 177 197 289 
 409 
 Northern Frontier 233 
 
 R. R- 573 576 600 
 
 States 522 
 Northers 276 
 
 NORTHFIELD 222 356 395 458 553 
 572 
 
 Northumberland 228 229 
 
 NoRTHwooD 289 290 344 455 654 
 
 Norton 42 47 134 620 
 
 Norwalk, Conn. 65t 
 
 Norway 262 
 
 Norwich University 620 628 
 
 Conn. 519 
 Nott, Handel 213 
 Nottingham 143 149 208 211 272 
 290 337 344-346 386 407 455 
 491 502 634 
 
 West 212 
 Notch of White Mts. 669 670 
 Nova Scotia 180 199 205 353 
 
 Noyes m 259 276 504 578 600 
 650 
 Nubble 114 
 Nud, Thomas 98 
 Number tour 206-211 221 278 
 
 Two 221 
 Numphon 83 
 Nute 47 48 622 
 Nutfield 153 156 530 
 Nutt 99 
 
 Nutter 48 76 95 97 99 104 
 Nutting, Capt. 323 
 
 Oakes 276 
 
 Odd Fellows 598 
 
 Odjin 70 449 619 
 
 Odiornc 27 128 184 211 316 
 
 O'Donneli, Fr. 644 
 
 Ogden 590 
 
 Ogdensburg R. R 574 
 
 Ohio 230 371 501 
 
 Olcott, Buikley 177 
 
 General 436 
 
 Samuel 474 
 
 Simeon 407 
 Old Colony Club 360 
 
 Bay Colony 267 
 
 Belknap 55 256 
 
 Gilmanton c^ 
 
 Hampton Village 580 
 
 Hundred 
 
 145 
 
 North Ch. Concord 165 404 461 
 462 523 559 566 568 592 
 Old South Church 582 583 
 Olicott General 436 
 Olive Street Ct. 213 
 Olmutz 547 
 Olustee 624 
 
 Olzendam, Abram P. 597 598 
 O'Neal 632 
 Oneida (ship) 614 
 O'Neil 633 634 
 Orange 435 
 
 Orders in Council 488 507 
 Ordway, Dr. 430 
 
 James 48 
 Orford 263 281 388 475 617 654 
 Orphan's Home 607 
 Orr, John 526 
 Orthodox 71 172 
 Osgood, John 48 
 Osgood's Mills 485 
 OssiPEE 85 86 88 155 160 592 
 
 (ship) 614 
 O'Sulliv " 
 
 livan, Philip 356 
 Oswego 236 
 Ottawas 248 
 Ottis99 III 
 Overseers of Poor, 309 
 Oxford, Eng. 49 351 
 Oyster River 66 71 8485 108 112- 
 114 117-119 153 176 358 
 
 Packer, Thomas 132 211 
 
 Pacific 230 599 
 
 Paddleford, Jonathan 263 
 
 Page 48 97 98 228 241 264 276 278 
 339399431 441 489577685 
 
 Paige 216 282 283 284 
 
 Palo Alto 599 
 
 Palmer 47 48 97 98 268 270 276 
 
 Palfrey 23 24 666 
 
 Pan away 43 
 
 Panic 01 1857 608 
 
 Parker 76 128 143 177 207 264 276 
 
 334 335 376 417 431 439 474 475 
 
 482 484 524 539 544 566 613 617 
 
 651 689 
 
 Parent's Magazine 258 
 
 Paris 402 
 
 Parliament 51 125 219 265 291 293 
 Parrott 524 52J 542 
 Parry, Edward 292 293 
 Parsons 163280303 515 592 
 Partridge 99 100 128-130 
 Park, Alexander 196 
 Passaconaway 53 83 84 
 Patten 267 335 
 Patterson 330 332 337 386 387 559 
 
 James W. 653 
 
 Joab N. 616 617 
 Paugus 155 161 
 Paulsborough 287 
 Paupers 309 
 
 Pawtucket Falls 34 83 84 184 186 
 188 265 
 
 (Ship) 614 
 Payne or Paine 53 99 403 434 437 
 439 462 464 
 Peabody 48 333 407 4>2 433 565 
 
 Nathaniel 373 406413 417418 421 
 422 431 439441 
 Peach Orchard 616 
 Pearl Street Ch. 213 
 Pease 276 
 
 Pearson 623 624 689 
 Peaslee, Charles H. 566 568 
 Peirce or Pierce 70 132 143 175 211 
 221 287499 502 599615 
 
 Benjamin 439 526 550 552 
 
 Franklin 70 552 577 59»-593 597 
 509-601-620 660 687 
 Peavey, Edwara389 
 Prlham 141 211 212 337 389 
 Pemaquid 21 23 37 89 90 114 117 
 
 X74 '77 
 Pembroke 156 161 169 172 178 179 
 
 206 235 255 267 336 387 388 
 
 408 413 450 453 458 484 522 
 
 543 544 546 566 568 575 654 
 
 659 672 675 
 
 Pemigewasset 228 436 553 
 
 Penacook 23 81 86 88 no 1 11 115 
 
 117 139 140 162-164 169 206 222 
 229 266 330 654 
 
 Pendergast 632 633 
 Pendexter, John 433 
 Penhallow J. 108 132 137 153 423 
 Pendleton, Brian 54 58 73 77 
 Penn, William 632 
 Pennichuck 57 65 167 
 Peninsular Campaign 615 
 Pennsylvania 355 360 383 393 632 
 Penobscot 21 88 91 no 113 117 
 Penniti Peter 144 
 Pension Act 586 
 People 6^5 
 
 Pepperrell, William 139 194 196 
 199 200 203 204 355 360 383 
 392 419 420 459 471 491 
 Pepperill, Mass. 322 
 Pequod war 40 77 
 Percy, General 319 
 Perkins 48 97 98 132 134 464 587 
 630666 
 George H. 630 
 Perry 212 274 501 
 Persia 487 520 
 Persians 82 
 Pest House 435 
 
 Peterborough 264 265 334-33« 387 
 408 481 578 591 622 633 654 
 663 667 69J 
 Petersburg 619 621-625 627 . 
 Peter 86 89 
 
 the Grtat 353 
 Peters 47 207 369 
 Pets 639 
 
 Pet-Webster Place 473 
 Petlingill 285 286 335 475 
 
XVI 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pettit, Thomas 48 
 Peverly 47 592 
 Pheiiix Hotel 595 
 Philadelphia 292 298 314 383 393 
 418 419 421 422 425 449 4S2 556 
 557 635 
 Philbrick or Philbrook 48 97 98 
 117 128 132433 473 
 Philip, Sachem 79 80 81 82 84 86 
 Philip s war 76 77 83 95 
 Philhppe, Louis 426 
 Phillips Academy 448 482 578 665 
 675 
 Phillips 56 207 372 664-666 
 Philips, Sir William 203 206 
 Piccioli, Geronomo 262 
 Pickering 47 95 100 107 108 129 133 
 
 417 439 470 472 
 Pidgin, WiUiam 70 
 P1ERMONT228 279 
 Pigot, General 325 329 
 Pigwachet 85 86 110 117 155 168306 
 Pike 69 71 264 340 628 664 679 
 Pilgrims 44 68 74 139 360 
 Pillsbury, Edmund 283 290484571 
 573 582 625 
 Pinkerton 143 654 
 Pinkham 48 99 
 Piper, William 301 
 Pipping, Bartholomew 98 
 Fiscataqua 17 18 20 21 24-30 32-34 
 37 42-47 50-54 57-61-63 65-67 
 71-74 84 85 87 94 129 178 423 
 424 426 448 453 456 502 504 563 
 580 
 Indians 40 
 Patent 73 426 
 Piscataquo^ ^78 
 Pitman, William 100 
 Pittsburg 586 589 671 
 PiTTSFiELD 576 654 692 693 
 
 Mass. 519 
 Pitt, William 239 246 426 
 Plainfield 263 264 
 
 Conn, 70 
 Plains 504 
 Plaisted 129 130 
 Plaistow 213 340 341 
 Plansawa 169 
 Pleasant, Mount 670 
 Plimpton, J. I. 619 
 Plowden 452 
 
 Flumer, William 195 394 401 402 
 411-413 416-418 422-423 432 
 433 437 439 442 447 448 455 465 
 466 470-472 474 482 484-486 
 489-491 498 499 504-507 510 
 512 520-522 524 525 527 528 538 
 542 600 650 651 
 Plutarch 358 
 
 Plymouth 156 228 279 300 301 350 
 428 571 653 654 693 
 Plymouth, Mass. 27 29 32 33 74 188 
 £ng. 22-25 
 
 Colony 40 63 81 83 106 
 Council 23 24 29 33 34 39 
 Pocotaligo 618 619 
 Point Lookout 616 621 627 
 
 St. Charles, P. Q., 639 
 Pollard 212 
 
 Polk, James K, 540 577 
 Poll Tax 309 
 
 Pomfret, William 48 56 76 
 Pomp 249 
 
 Pomroy, Leonard 25 
 Pontiac 248 
 
 Poor 316 332 337 340 346 359 368 
 370 385 386 388 389 520 535 634 
 Pope 68 
 
 Gregory XIII. 219 
 
 Pope, General 622 
 
 Pope's Army 615 
 
 Popery loi 139 
 
 Poplar Springs 623 
 
 PofUN 279 
 
 Pormot, Philemon 48 
 
 Port Hudson 625 628 
 
 Royal 118 119 618 619 624 
 
 Porter 163 264 301 535 
 
 Portland, Me. 21 70 300 540 645 
 
 Portsmouth 25 45 56 59 62 65 66 
 68 71 72 76 85 89 93 97 loi I02 
 104 107 loS 113 114 119 125 128 
 129 131 137 141 143 146 162 163 
 175 178 179 183 184 193 197 202 
 204 211 214289-291 293 298299 
 300 302 305 314 316 317 345 350 
 357 364 366 367 373 376 378 380 
 389 394 395 403 405 407 412 4»9 
 420 422-426 428 433 438 444 448 
 450453 456-458464-46647047T 
 489 491 496 499 501-504 510 515 
 522 538 540 541 553 566 580 585 
 591 592 C08 613 615 618 654 655 
 667 674 676 677-693 
 Eiig. 23 
 
 Portugal 20 178 346 
 
 Portuguese 20 
 
 Potter 36 73 228 264 389 464 570 
 599 613 627 651 
 
 Potomac 61.^ 616 625 663 
 
 Poughkeepsie 458 
 
 Pounds 310 
 
 Powell, Kobert 98 
 
 Powers 212 228 229 304 340409633 
 640 
 
 Pratt, Thomas 340 
 
 Presbyterian 70 138 140 147 170 172 
 186 239 264 265 267 287 510 527 
 
 Prescott 128-134 19s 284 322-324 
 
 326 330-332 340 341 456 568 61 6 
 
 667 671 
 
 Prentice 143 213 290 300 466 
 
 Presson, John 100 
 
 Pretender 117 
 
 Priest 276 
 
 Primer 171 
 
 Prince Albert 345 
 of Wales 202 
 24 25 
 
 Princeton, N. J. 239 299 354 371 
 
 451 557 
 Pring, Martin 20 
 Pritchard 532 693 
 Probate Court 376 585 598 
 Proctor 143 213 634 
 Prospect Hill 331 
 Protestant 219 402 640 
 Provincial Laws 308-313 
 
 Papers 38 51 268651 
 Providence, K. I. 157 391 392 523 
 
 / I,' % "7 
 
 (ship) 25 27 
 
 Puddington, Robert 47 58 100 
 
 Pulpit Rock 94 114 
 
 Punch Brook 285 
 
 Puritans 32 41 46 49 68 69 71 72 
 
 140 170488 
 
 Puritan 45 47 70 73 74 163 
 
 Puritanism 287 
 
 Puritan Historians 44 74 
 
 Putney J. 215 216 600 656 
 
 Vt. 607 
 
 Putnam 71 207 214 272 322-324327 
 
 330331 353 354624 
 
 Quakers 49 59 60 63 67 80 82 103 
 117 153 195 527 
 
 aualification of Voters 313 
 uainpegan Falls 44 45 
 
 Quebec 18 230 246 247 330 345 535 
 636-639 
 Queen Anne 117 130-134 174 445 
 
 College 481 
 
 Street 626 
 Quigley 196 633 634 
 Quimby 276 554 
 
 1^^'uv 337 453 
 
 Kadclift, Anne 191 
 
 Railroads 574 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter 23 38 
 (Frigate) 378 
 
 Ralle, Fr. 152 153 
 
 Rambler 95 
 
 Ramsay 328 X^ 
 
 Ramsey, Hugh 142 216 
 
 Rand 47 12S 163 334 
 
 Randall 128 393 
 
 Randell, Alexander 142 
 
 Randlett, J. F. 619 
 
 Randolph of Virginia 471 
 
 Edward 67 79 95 96 101 103 
 104 423 
 
 Range 196 
 
 Rangers, Rogers 231-234 236-239 
 
 241-24S 250278280302 304363 
 
 399 412 
 
 Rankin, James 414 633 
 
 Rano, Elias 339 
 
 Rapidan 621 623 
 
 Rawlins 99 153 
 
 Rawson 53 207 
 
 Rawbone, George 48 
 
 Ray, Ossian 678 
 
 Raymond 144-146 148 149268 279 
 a8i 333 380654 
 William 47 
 
 Rayner, John 71 
 
 Ream's Station 621 
 
 Rebellion 18 277 491 583 604 606 
 
 609 61 1 630 643 647 652 668 68q 
 
 692 
 
 Record Office 181 
 
 Redman, John 97 
 
 Red River 625 
 
 Reed 133 290 387 
 James 290 291 316 323 325 310 
 332 333 335-337 34^-343 359 
 365-367 370 3«9 
 
 Reform School 647 
 
 Regular Army 494 
 
 Reid 48 142 336 386-389 395 
 
 Renkin 142 
 
 Repository, N, H, 258 
 
 Representatives 572 
 
 Republican 412 416447 465 470474 
 479 484 490 498 499 505-508 
 510 511 524 538 558 597 605- 
 608 611 614 674 676 
 
 Republic 364 672 
 
 Republican Convention 646 647 
 
 Revere, Paul 298 
 
 Revolution 38 68 181 199 201 202 
 204 254 255 271 272 274-278 
 280 286 288 291 299 301 302 306 
 308 313 314 400 401 406-409 
 413 414 416 418-422 433 446 
 447 449451 457467481489496 
 505 5i» 519545551569586604 
 605 618 630 
 
 Rhine Confederation 487 
 
 Rhode Island 61 63 180 345 354 
 . 373 375 391 407 408 470 506 
 
 Rice 261 264 339 
 
 Rich, Rich. 99 
 
 Richards, Francis 100 177 207 338 
 638 
 
 Richardson, Caleb 146 156 159 210 
 212 262 269 276 
 
INDEX. 
 
 XVU 
 
 Richardson, Chief -Justice, Win. 
 
 M. 212 467 511 512 515 566568 
 
 Richmond 219 334 339 388 
 
 Va. 626 627 
 Richmond Island 37 
 Ricker 99 
 Ridge Hill 167 
 Rieasell, Baroness 3S3 
 RiNDGE 287 334 388 407 
 Riudge 175535 536 
 Ripley, T. A. 628 
 Rishvorth, Edward ^8 
 Ritchie, Alexander 196 
 Rivers o[ N. H. 18 
 Uolibe, Win. 265 
 Kobbins 156 158 159 207 
 Roberts 27 41 48 94 99 100 107 207 
 662 
 Robeval 20 
 Robie 117-132 270 
 Robins 276 
 
 Robinson 84 98 125 146 336 33S 
 339 371 387 460 524 654 
 Roby 48 97 335 539 
 Roche 633 
 
 Rochester 143 148 203 207 210 
 an 251 388 591 592 633 654 
 676 693 
 RockiiiRhain Co. 144 254 289 333 
 363 395 406 4 1 2 42 1 429 456 480 
 481 483 4S5 499 5»4 522 54» 549 
 553 675 677 
 Rockhei, Wilham 100 
 Rockwell, Charles 212 
 Rockwood, Ebenezer43i 
 Rodgers 142 167 
 Roe, Richard 99 
 
 Rogers 70 71 142 214-216 229 249 
 431 439614 
 
 Nathaniel P. 571-573 
 
 Robert 215 229 231-234 235 237 
 238 241-243 245 248 250 280 
 302 304 396 
 Roiley, Philip 633 
 RoUu 198 214 222 225 265 604 
 Rollins 199 283 388 389 430 592 613 
 RoUinsford 654 
 Rood, Henman 258 259 
 Roper, Walter 48 
 Rope- walk, South 504 
 Roman 82 219 359 645 
 Rome 219 
 Ronier, Col. 130 
 Rosebrook 670 671 
 Rf)swell, Sir Henry 33 
 Roundlieads 74 
 Rousley, Robert 99 
 Rowan 633 634 
 Row 47 97 
 Rowe 269 475 599 
 Rowland, William F. 70 
 Rowley, Mass. 268 
 Rowlens 99 
 
 Roxbury, Mass. 346 650 678 
 Royal Commissioners 73 
 
 Fusilliers 340 341 
 
 George 328 
 
 Navy 282 594 597 
 
 Province 67 73 92 93 163 
 Royalists 46 49 74 
 Royalton 464 
 Royce 259 260 262 433 
 Riiggs, David 207 
 Runiford 161 164 177 179 207 214 
 215 221-225235 249250 265 266 
 
 Academy 603 
 RuMNEY 226 281 287 398 459 568 
 Rump Tax 260 
 Runners 
 Runnels, Daniel 407 
 
 Rural Museum 258 
 Russell, Eleazer 425 428 
 
 John 264 
 Russj John 176 
 Russia 220 487 
 Rut, John 20 
 Rutgers College 481 
 Rutland, Vt. 177 
 Rutledge 426 
 Ryan 633 
 
 RvE 27 45 ri3 H5 120 146 163 388 
 Ryegate 464 502 
 
 Ryswick 117 
 
 Sabbath 65 67 255 310 311 460 465 
 
 School Advocate 250 
 Sachem, Philip 79-81 
 Saco i8 82 157 158 161 202 306 433 
 Sacremento, Ship 614 
 Safford, C. G. 259 
 Sagadock 24 26 
 Sagamore's Creek 114 
 Salem 337 388 619 
 
 Canada 271 272 
 
 Mass. 23 52 141 202 214 216 519 
 
 Salisbury 284 285 339 464 473 475 
 
 524 553 554 576 654 
 
 Salisbury Mass. 50 54 60 61 69 
 105 141 180 213 281-283 
 
 Fort 234 430 
 
 N. C. 59 
 
 Village 580 595 
 Salmon Brook 131 154 
 
 Falls 18 113 358 
 Salter, Titus 364 
 Samuel 83 
 
 Saltonstall, Leverett 666 
 Sanborn or Sanbourne 97 98 117 
 128 133 134 264 285 388 408 494 
 554600613 651 
 Sanbornton 141 287 388-408 553 
 Sanders 48 99 
 
 Point 35 
 Sandown 239 287 333 337 459 
 Sandwich 654 685 
 Sandy Beach 113 114 125 163 
 Saratoga 345 346 388 399 
 Sargent 48 128 145 146 332 
 
 J. Everett 220 651 660 661 
 Sartwell, Obediah 211 
 Sartwill 177 
 Sarsacuss 614 
 Saunders, William 48 
 Saunderson, Robert 48 
 Savage 100 276 283 627 
 Savannah, Ga. 628 
 Savings Bank 598 
 Sautelle 213 
 
 Sawyer 263 264 305 340 341 600612 
 627 681 682 
 
 Charles H. 681-684 
 
 Jonathan 681 682 
 Saxon 138 
 
 race 92 
 Saxony 598 
 
 Scammel, Alexander 345 346 359 
 360 368 386-^89 395 
 Scammon, Col. 331 
 Scnmon, Richard 98 
 Scarborough 89 350 
 
 (ship) 317 _ 
 Scheme of History 17 
 Schoharie, N. Y. 630 
 School 67 309 
 Scoffield, John 263 
 Scotch 27 138 139 186 195 196 631 
 671 
 -Irish 17 138-142 147 163 170239 
 398 439 467 481 525 530 555 564 
 591 594 601 66i 667 1 
 
 Scotland 101 186 187 196 197 215 
 219293 351 424632 
 Scots 139 
 Scott 265 334-336 387 599 601 6og 
 
 622 6j3 666 992 
 Sea Fencibles 496 
 Seabrook 103 281 287 347 348388 
 . , , 654 
 
 Seamon, Richard 99 
 Searle, Jonathan 270 439 
 Seavey, William 47 128 
 Seavie, John 100 163 
 Seavy or Seavey ia8 163 
 Sebago (ship) 614 
 Sel)atis 169 
 Sccessionville 6i8 
 Second church of Exeter 70 
 
 Regiment 6i5-*6i7 621 623 629 
 Secoiinet brook 64 
 Secar's Narrative 535 
 Selectman 309 
 Senter, Joseph 460 
 Seven days fight 615 620 
 Seven years war 232 
 Seventeenth Regiment 616628 630 
 Seventh Regiment 619 624 630 
 Severence, Lieut. 286 
 Severet, Philip 100 
 Sewall, Judge 163 
 Seward 100 577 580 611 
 Sbnckford 99 146 389 489 501 
 Shakers 207 263 
 Shannon, George 337 634 
 Shnrpleigh, Ma]or 98 
 Sharpshooters 630 
 Shattuck 208 
 
 Shaw 56 74 98 134 181 348 435 
 Shawmut (ship) 614 
 Shay's Rebellion 411 
 Sheafe, James 394 423 465 485 510 
 
 Sampson 227 229 230 423 
 SnfiLBURNE 534-536 
 Slieller, William 100 
 Shenandoah 628 
 Slicpard, Samuel 195 197 
 Sheppard, John 301 
 
 Mills 272 
 Sherborn, Samuel 97 
 Sherburne 47 53 54 58 76 108 113 
 184 432 437 465 
 Shendan, General 628 
 Sherman 50 54 276 
 Sherlock, James 104 
 Sherwill, Nicholas 25 
 Shields, John 142 
 Shillaber, B. P. 31 
 Sliipperd, William 134 
 Shipway, John 100 
 Shirley, 147 148 188 192 199 204 
 205 209 233 236 238 
 Shirley, John M. 453 462 466 472 
 474 508510514-516552 557 576 
 Shortndge, Richard 100 
 Shrewsbury, Mass. 24 73 622 
 Shurtleff, William 125 
 Shute 134 137 138 141 143 152 174 
 
 633 
 
 Sibley, Stephen 576 
 
 Sides, Wilham O. 616 
 
 Sieur de Villteu 114 
 
 Silver, Dr. 257 
 
 Simon 86 89 
 
 Simonds 14 
 
 Simpson 195 208 345 337 388 
 
 Sinckler, John 98 
 
 Sinclair 301 651 
 
 Sisyphus 474 
 
 Six Nations 355 
 
 Sixt'jcnth Regiment 628 630 
 
xvm 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sixth Regiment 622 623 630 
 Skillan, fienjamin 132 
 SkuUard, Samuel 48 
 Slavery discontinued 53 
 Sleeper 98 117 526 527 
 Sloane 263 
 Smart 98 339 
 Smibert (artist) 202 
 Smilie, Francis 196 
 Smiley, William 408 
 Smith 21 23 38 48 S3 54 707697 
 98 129 146 153 212 213 258 264 
 268 276 284 2S6 301 388 407 439 
 460 472 481 523 526 624 
 Isaac W. 60s 657 
 Jeremiah 394 432 447 466 468 
 480-484 490 498 499 514 524 
 527 667 
 William 
 Smith's Lake 352 
 Smollett 20J 
 
 Smyth, Frederick 646-650 
 Snell, George 100 
 Snow, Daniel 3S8 
 Society for Propagating Gospel 
 178302 
 of Cincinnati S55 
 Sokokies 306 
 Solomon 102 
 Somerset (ship) 323 
 Somersetshire, £ng. 95 540 
 Somersworth 408 421 
 Sonoma (ship) 614 
 Sons of Liberty 232 253 
 Soper, Joseph 337 
 Soul 365 
 
 Sorrell, Edward 98 
 Soucook 179 
 
 Souhegan, East 206 452 453 
 River 209 
 
 West 167 176 206 2I24S3 
 Soule, Gideon L. 666 
 South Carolina 248 611 618 
 Church, Concord 166 
 Hampton 197 281 654 
 Mountain 625 
 Newmarket 459 
 Road, Salisbury 553 
 Virginia 22 
 Woods, Chester 144 
 Southern States 544 
 Southerners 582 
 Soward, Robert 48 
 Sowell, Edward 98 
 Spafford or Spofford 181 183 185 
 186 [97 207 258 279 280 
 Spain 20 64 198 267 594 
 Spanish 153 197 198487 
 Spalding or Spaulding 143 334 337 
 600 681 693 
 Edward 693 
 Sparhawk 446 539 
 Sparks Jared 666 
 Spencer, Thomas 47 
 Sperry, Ebenezer 213 
 Spikeman, Captain 241 243-245 
 Spooner 276 
 
 Spottsylvama623 625 626 
 Springfield 392 473 
 Spruce Creek 66 
 Squamscott 29 41 665 
 Falls 72 73 
 Patent 72-74 
 Squando 82-84 qo 
 
 Augustine, tla. 619624 
 St. Clair Flats 575 
 General 392 
 Croix 117 
 
 Francis 84 iiS 169 227 239 245 
 277 398 587 
 
 St. George 24S 448 
 
 Helena 178 
 
 lames 202 540 
 
 Johns 20 114 194 249 365 
 
 Johns, N. B. 640 
 
 Joseph Seminary 645 
 
 Lawrence 18 20 22 84 118 199 
 230 246 247 469 636 639 640 
 
 Mary*s School 674 
 
 Patrick 634 
 
 Paul School 601 606 607 654 
 Stagpoll, James 99 
 Stamp Act 252 253 332 424 
 Standish, Miles 38 
 Staniels, Rufus P. 627 
 Stanstead,.P. Q. 284 
 Stanton, Secretary 606 
 Stanyan 53 74 95 97 133 182 183 
 Starbuck, Edward 54 76 
 Stark 281 
 
 Stark 142 2i6 398 400 433 439 484 
 530 545 563 596 
 
 George 243 341 364 382 398 476 
 556 560 613 
 
 John 217 226-228 231 237 241- 
 
 345 289 302 304 316 322-325 
 329-333 335 336 338-343 345 
 
 346 349 352 353 364365368370 
 372 382 383 385 390-393 396- 
 400 412 419 447 484 533 545 
 
 o ,. V, . 556563654 
 
 Stark*s River 228 
 
 Starkstown ^98 
 
 State Constitution 165 486 
 
 Council 372 
 
 House 512 539 551 566 613 614 
 
 Line, Mass. 141 
 
 Paper Office 103 
 
 Prison 489 494 565 582 656 673 
 
 Senate 415-418 402 420-422 438 
 462 465 466472 484485 501 52a 
 528 546 574 597 598 608 65 1 668 
 
 Treasurer 651 
 Staten Island 354 302 393 563 
 Statesman, Concord 539 655 
 Stavers, Uarthol 426 
 
 John 426 
 Steadman 328 
 Stearns, Onslow 656 657 
 Steele, John H. 553 591 
 
 Thomas \^ 
 Sterret, David 536 
 Sterrett 142 
 
 Stevens or Stephens 99 100 153 
 163 177 181 195207-211 275284 
 532 575 591 612 615 627 
 Stevenstown 32S 284 285 489 495 
 Stewart 98 142 196 [553 
 
 Stewartstown 489495 
 Stickney 207 214 383 
 Stillman 76 94 100 101 104 108 128 
 Stillwater 345 
 Stinson 316 117 265 398 
 Stockbridge, Mass. 519 
 Stockwell, Emmons 378 
 Stoddard 209 
 
 Colonel 177 
 Stokes, Isaac 99 
 Stone 362 334 388 417 689 
 Stone's Pond 263 
 Stoney Brook 272 
 
 Point 330 346 
 Stoors, Constant 462 
 Storer 485 627 
 Storre, Augustus 48 
 Story 129 130 133 514 540 
 Stoughton 53 66 67 
 Strafford 654 
 
 County 254 257 358 420 431 499 
 55J 
 
 Strafon 633 
 Stratford 279 423 
 
 Conn, 194 
 Stratham 146 606 
 Straw. E, A. 65S 659 681 
 Strawberry Bank 34 35 42 43 46 
 47 50 53-56 71-74 76 94 
 Streeter 276 
 Strickland, Fred 671 
 Strong, Governor 506 
 Strongman, Henry<633 
 ■Stuart, John • 
 
 Sturtevant 613 630 623 628 
 Sudbury 338 
 Suffolk 106 
 Suffolk County 67 
 Sullivan 276 356 361 562 574 633 
 633 634 
 County 585 605 
 Fort 496 504 
 
 George 504 514 569 633 667 
 Tames 356 469 510 561 562 
 John 262 297-399 334 344 346 
 352-359 364 365 367 368 378 
 381 391 394 403 409 410 4" 413 
 416 418 419 426428433 566 568 
 Sulloway A. W. 687 637 
 
 Sumner 376 380 464 
 Sumter, I* ort 579 613 693 
 Suncook 139 140 168 169 170 173 
 176 178 179 198206208265266 
 267 484 545 574 
 Sunderland, Mass. 177 
 Superior Courts 348 393 407 409 
 420 423 455 482 498 533 538 568 
 604 
 Supreme Court 406 422 419 436450 
 451 456469471486498499513 
 513516521 526540550656659 
 677 
 Surplus Revenue 575 
 SuRRV 276 387 339 463 
 Sutherland, David 263 364 
 Sutton 558 
 Swain 348 533 524 614 
 Swaine, William 98 
 Swan, Josiah 213 
 
 SW AN2F.V 206 220 32 1 334 336 
 
 Swayn 133 
 Swayne, Richard 48 
 Sweden 362 481 
 Sweeney, Bryant 301 633 
 Sweet, Joseph 133 134 
 Swete, George 98 
 Swett 89 97 
 Swift Creek 637 
 Swine 311 
 Switzerland 20 
 Syll, Joseph 87 
 Symmes, Thomas 155 
 Symmetry (ship) 333 
 Symonds 47 52 
 Syria 530 
 
 Tabor, Jeremiah 583 
 Taegart 142 335 388 
 Talbot, William K. 212 
 Taler, Henry ^7 
 Tales of Wayside Inn 193 
 Talford, John 147 
 Tallant, James 484 
 
 John 
 Tamworth 155 
 Tappan 118 164 612 613 
 Tarlton 128 
 Tasket, William 99 
 Taxes 313 
 
 Taylor or Tayler 48 97 98 99 143 
 
 276 280 285 442 445 520 524 599 
 
 609 
 
JiXDEX. 
 
 XIX 
 
 Tea 2gj 
 
 Teachers 309 
 
 Tebbets, N. C, 257 
 
 Temi'Lkj72 ^%^ 334 335 388 406 
 
 491 505 52J 
 
 John 424 
 Templetpn, 196 525 
 Tennessee 625 
 Tenney 213 375 433 47" 
 Tenny* Allen 613 
 Tenth Repiinent 625 630 644 
 Terrett on Dover Church 65 
 Texas 591 593 595 
 1 hanksgivtng 498 505 
 Thayer 69-118 63S 
 
 School 52 1 
 Theological Seminary 357 1^9 
 Tiling, Jon. 98 108 
 Third Reclment 617 619 629 644 
 Thirteenth Regiment 627 630 
 Thorn i43-»96 337 43 » 
 Thomas 98 334 365 387 
 Thomlinson 175 179 180 186 187 
 198 211 
 Thompson 24-30 43 99 118 14a 164 
 194 196 301 334 361 365 377 396 
 403 439 445 572 599 604 616 650 
 Thornton, Matthew 143 ais 285 
 ^, 301 347 367 377 407 419 527 
 
 Thurston, James 173 
 Thnrlteii, Thomas 97 
 Tibbetts, Jeremiah 99 
 
 widow 99 
 Ticonderoga 230 236 237 241 242 
 244-246 291 348 365 382 422 445 
 588 
 Tidman, Thomas 98 
 Tilden, Rev. 583 
 Tilsit Peace o! 487 
 
 TlLTON 591 654 
 
 TiUon 97»34 439 
 Tingsborough 510 
 Tippecanoe 578 
 Tippen, Bartholomew 95 
 Titus, H. B. 616 625 
 Tobin 633 
 Toby 155 
 Todd 142 
 Toleration 69 
 Tolford, John 5^7 
 Tolopotomy 623 
 Tom, Captain 81 
 Tombs, Rev. S. 173 
 Tomkins, Mary 61 
 Toppan 403 498 439 
 Topsfield2i6 
 
 Tories 276 280 344 345 355 372 391 
 392 394 5" 
 Toronto, Ont. 640 
 Tower of London 103 
 Towle 97 128 146 489 
 Town Marks 54 
 Towns, Ezra 334 336 
 Townsend^ Charles 297 
 Tracy, Unah 474 
 Trafalgar 487 
 Trail, Robert 424 
 Transcript, Boston 562 
 Trask, Nathaniel 197 
 Treasury Dept. 575 614 
 Trecothick, Barlow 251 
 Trefethen 128 
 Trenlon 354 "SH 37> 557 
 Trewopisja. 100 
 Trimmings 57 58 135 
 Trickit 99 135 
 Trinity College 590 
 Trowbridge, Edward 299 
 Triie Jacob 286 
 True], Pavid 526 
 
 Truesdell, Moses 338 
 Trumbull, Jonathan 349 
 'rubbs, Joseph 259 260 
 Tuck 97 147 388 592 67s 
 Tucke, Robert 48 
 Tucker 55 100 128 
 Tuckerman, E. 37 
 Tuetou 230 
 Tufton. Robert jo 51 
 Tuftonborough 458 
 Tufts, Charles A. 613 
 Tullock 614 
 
 Thomas L. 433 614 615 
 Turkey 520 
 
 River 607 
 Turner ii8 267 a68 
 Turnpike Acts 454 
 Tuscan 103 
 
 Tuttle, John 48 99 107 108 
 Twelfth Regiment 616 620621 6a6 
 627 630 
 Twitchell, G. B. 627 
 Twomley, Ralph 99 
 Tyler 578 
 Tyug 161 213 
 Tyng's Island 4/6 
 Tynge, William 52 
 Tyngsborough 510 
 
 Underbill 40 41 46 146 408 677 
 Union 165 412 4^4 479 557 612 613 
 614 
 Manchester 665 
 Army 612 616 
 Bank 466 
 Democrat 652 
 Locks 510 
 Seminary 585 
 United Colonies 376 
 United States 165 394 396 399 402 
 407 412 416 417 419 422 423 425 
 432 449 450 451 466 472 474 480 
 4S1 489493 494 50' 505 506 510 
 5 13-5 16 520 524-526 533 541 564 
 566 577 586 597 599 600 61 1 622 
 647 674 
 Bank 438 
 Cabinet 520 
 Court 293 481 
 Navy 613 630 
 
 Senate 196 429 465 466 474 484 
 485 499 574 585 5S6 594 605 606 
 611 613 676 
 Treasury 575 
 Unitarians 462 559 566 598 
 Unity 273 462 677 
 Universalist 260 261 264 429 527 
 528 580 
 University of Aberdeen 298 
 
 of New Hampshire 511 
 Upliam 489-49> 501 505 511 558 568 
 600 651 
 Upper Ashuelot 206207 220 221 
 Coos 172 ?27 228 234 278 574 
 Barllett 4^3 
 Ammonoosuc 234 
 Urania 6:16 
 
 Usher, John 107 119 121 122 128- 
 132 134 136 138 
 Robert 156 158 159 
 Utah_277 
 Utopian 401 
 Utrecht 1 19 
 
 Valentine, John 133 
 
 Valley Academy 650 
 
 Valley Forge 346 ;i49 
 
 Van Buren, Martm 565 577 578 
 
 Vance iq6 
 
 Vanderbilt, Commodore 563 
 
 Varnum, John 333 
 
 Vaudreuil, Mons. de 247 
 
 Vaughan, George 35 47 134 136 204 
 
 William 94 100 loi 103 104 107 
 
 108 122 128-130 137 204 205 632 
 
 Veazey, Henry 524 
 
 Vennard 128 
 
 Vera Cniz 620 
 
 Verazzano ao 
 
 Vermont 18 143 i8r 220 249 251 261 
 
 ?83 355 383 390393 4'* 435 43^ 
 
 464469 491 499 506 514 519 588 
 
 607 
 
 Vernon 220 
 
 Vicksburg, Miss, 623 625 626 > 
 
 Victoria 647 
 Bridge 638 639 
 
 Villebon 117 
 
 Villien, Sieur de 114 
 
 Vines 37 
 
 Virgni( Ebjnezer 214 
 
 Virginia 22 39 64 252 380 390 395 
 417 471 472 533 
 
 Waddell, John 195 
 Wadleigh 24 613 676 
 Wadley, Robert 98 107 108 
 Wagner, Fort 619 624 
 Watte 280 302 629 
 Waitt, Jason 387 
 Wakan 100 
 
 Wakefield, William 48 74 
 Walden, Nico 100 
 Walbach, Col. 504 
 Waldo 213 334 
 
 Waldron 47 48 52-54 56 61 66 67 
 76 87-89 94-98 100-103 J07 
 
 108 no III 115 T22 128-131 
 17343945s 
 
 Waldron's Mill 
 Wales 94 
 
 Walford 47 57 59 122 12S 
 Walker 48 100 113 142 276335 396 
 539 599 ^» 
 
 Joseph B. 2*9 239 250 
 
 Timothy 164 166 222-224250 265 
 266406417439446447523602 
 
 School 602 
 Wall 47 48 
 
 Street 217 
 Wallace 143 239 285 337 408 533 
 600 
 Wallaston, Mount 32 
 Wallingford, Thomas 211 
 Wailis or Walles 128 142 163 
 Walling's Map 235 
 Walnut Hill 143 146 
 Walpole 206 219 335 387 407 450 
 45 » 454 462 499 654 
 Wallpole R. R. 627 
 Waltham, Mass. 333 
 Walton 47 48 108 119 128 153 176 
 
 354 
 Wameslt83 84 
 War Department 672 
 War Democrat 652 
 Warden 48 53 
 
 Ward 48 97 197 201 322 323 325 
 330 332 343 
 Warnmp, Ont. 309 
 Warner 338 494 651 653 
 Warnerton, Thomas 35 47 52 76 
 Warren 281 279 283 408 654 
 Warren 200 201 326 330 388 
 Washington 566654 
 Washington, D. C. 413 500 504 605 
 610 612 6r4 619 622 643 648 660 
 Fort 404 496 
 
 George 193 194 233 250 286 287 
 304 343 346 349 353-35S 358 
 
XX 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Washington, George Continued. 
 359 363-366 372 373 380 383 
 390-392 396 399 412 420 422- 
 425 426 436 447-449 461 462 
 470 481 500 522 550597619650 
 669 670 671 
 Mount 303 305 
 Watanic 131 
 
 Waterhouse, Richard 100 
 Waterloo 634 
 Waterman, Silas 264 
 Watertown, Mass. 54 299 459 682 
 Watson 9^ 132 432 
 Watts, Kichard icx> 
 Waugh, Joseph 196 
 Waumbech, Methna 269 
 Waunalancet 83 88 89 no 
 Weare 279 337 338 654 
 Weare loi 129 134 142 348 379 381 
 389 
 Meshech 301 347-349 368 370 
 372 377 379 388-390 403 408 4 12 
 425 445 446 569 
 Nathaniel 97 98 loi 104 105 122 
 1^4 »62 347 348 420 
 Wearing long hair 80 
 Weathersfield, Vt. 674 
 Webber, Richard 100 
 Webster 70 97 117 118 128 146 270 
 284 288 310 388 430 467 546 553 
 
 ^ . . 554 
 
 Daniel 117 284 285 481 483 4S5 
 
 496499 500 510 5" 5M5»5 52i 
 554 586 595 646 666 667 
 Ebenezer 117 128 284-287 552 553 
 Ezekiel 239 287 449 464 543 551 
 "8 
 Place 553 554 
 Wccanacohunt 44 
 Wedgewood 48 98 107 
 Weeks 132 259 272 279 368 458 494 
 600 660 670 
 Weirs 55 256 
 Weir, Robert 138 142 
 Weld 213 
 
 Weldon R. R. 623 
 Wellman, Jesse 334 
 Wells 261 262 276 358 
 
 Maine 42 69 70 117 
 Welman 437 
 Welsh 94 171 672 
 Welch 98 197 632 633 
 Wenboum, William 48 53 
 Wentworth 660 679 281-283 620 
 Wentworth 48 99 in 131 189 191 
 192 194 207 228 287 293-295 
 334 352 380 408 420 421 534 
 684 685 
 Benning 174 175 176 183 184 188 
 189 194 197 198 204 205 211 228 
 234 249 253 259 268 281 282 
 352 448 602 684 
 John 137 147 152 194 207211 253 
 291 293 297 300 302 305 317 
 350-352 366 369 380 406 420 
 421 424 428 433 445 446 519 531 
 569 684 685 
 Joseph 613 681 684 
 Wesley, John 457 458 522 
 Wesleyan University 459 682 
 West 451 
 
 Andover 473 475 576 
 Concord 166 
 Dunstable 57 167 
 
 West India 178 200 202 252 295 
 473 478631 666 
 Peterborough 591 
 
 Point 345 392 393 407 520 521 
 550618 624627 
 
 Riding 453 
 
 River 211 
 
 Virginia 628 
 
 Woodstock 598 
 Westbrook 155 165 
 Westcot, Daniel 100 
 Western Brigade 491 
 
 States 544 
 Westmoreland 206 221 334 462 499 
 Westminster, Vt. 577 
 Wetmore, Nath. D. 592 
 Weston 156-158 
 
 James A. 657 658 662 687 
 Weymouth, Mass. 657 
 Weymouth, Capt 23. 
 Whalley, Col. 63 
 Wheat, Thomas 340 
 Wheaton, George 281 
 Wheeler 118483 555667 
 Wheelock, Eleazer 264 280 516 
 
 5«8 5i9 
 
 General 508 510 516 
 Wheelwright, John 40-42 48 53 69 
 70 141 
 
 Pond 113 
 Whidden 100 
 
 Whig 280 505 508 564 572 577 579 
 
 586 595 596 601 605 607 609 
 
 646 
 
 Whipping Indians 80 
 
 Whipple 276 305 388 389 420 424 
 
 566 599 612 613 619 620 
 
 Joseph 133 279 305-307 328 345 
 
 368 389 420 
 
 Whitclier 318-600 
 
 Whitcomb 276 324 332 334 385 
 
 White 100 128 147 195 274 283 302 
 
 421 439 472 600 663 685 692 
 
 Hills 35-37 
 
 House 552 
 
 Jeremiah W. 692 693 
 
 Mountains 18 ig 36 414 632 669 
 
 Mountain Notch 304 306 534 
 
 River Vt. 576 
 WhiteHeld 301-305 
 
 George 70 192 204 302 303 522 
 523 
 Whitehall 182 201 
 Whitehouse 99 676 
 Whittier, John G. 60 572 
 Whiting 156 157 159 275 276 
 WhitelavkT-James 464 
 Whitney 277 524 
 Whittlemore, Aaron 172 267 566 
 Whitton 150 554 
 Wibird, Richard 211 423 
 Wicasie Falls ^76 510 
 Wiccarsee Locks 510 
 Wiggin 29 35 3840 43 45 46 48 52- 
 54 59 73 76 85 97 98 105 
 Wilbraham 682 
 Wilcox 264 276 
 Wilder 279 286 
 
 Wilderness, Battle of 623 626 652 
 Wilkins 134 176 333 527 620 
 Wilkinson 385 388 
 Willard 54 56 57 65 207 279 
 Willey 99 433 524 670 
 William & Mary no 
 
 William of Orange 107 139 631 
 Williams 39 41 43 46 47 52 53 70 76 
 
 . . 100 387 414 598 
 
 Williamsburg 360 614 620 
 Williss, Mrs. 54 
 Wjlson 48 98 142 147 
 Wilmington, N. C. 619 620 
 WiLMOT 473 475 
 Wilson 142 146 147 148 528628630 
 
 James 565 578 579 580 595 657 
 Wilton 209 271 272 274 661 662 
 Wiltshire 272 
 Winchester 207 219 388 392 654 
 
 y«. 628 
 Wincot, Captain loi 
 Wingate 103 133 394 408 418 gc2 
 Windham 141 187 195 196 262 337 
 408 564 
 Windicott, Jno. 99 
 Windsor, Vt. 465 
 Winfield 145 
 Winford, Ezekiel 99 
 Winn 212 339 
 
 Winnipiseogee 20 22 51 55 in 143 
 155 185 205 256 300 509 553 600 
 Winnichaunet 24 
 Winnicumeh 42 
 Winslow, Governor 53 64 81 
 Winter Hill 343 345 353 407 
 
 Wmthrop 25 38 40 45-47 74-76 119 
 Wiscasset, Me. 419 
 Witch Brook Valley 57 167 
 
 Witchcraft 57 
 Withers, Thomas 47 
 Woburn, Mass. 56 147 156 164 289 
 468603 
 Wood 177 259 340 558 
 Woods 156 158 172 174 175 
 Woodbriage, Col. 331 
 Woodbury 337 540 592 605 
 
 Charles Levi 20 24 
 
 Levi 511 515 538-542 552 565 585 
 600650651 
 Woodman 108 130 172 667 685 
 Woodstock 279 
 Woodwell 207 
 Wooster, Lydia 358 
 
 WOLFHBOROUGH 253 3OO 352 654 
 
 Women's Dress 80 
 
 Worcester 213 308 310 348 419 626 
 
 Mass. 645 
 
 County 324 
 Worthen, Ezekiel 351 
 Wright 4898 177628 
 Wriswall, Captain 113 
 Wrisley, Mary 283 
 Wyman 156-159 375 
 
 Yale College 280 435 499 651 
 
 Yankee 381 
 
 Yarmouth, Eng. 40 70 
 
 Yeaton 128 
 
 Yerrington, William 99 
 
 Yokohama, Japan 614 
 
 York 21 113-115346383419667 
 
 County, Me, 300 
 Yorkshire, Eng. 453 
 
 Me. 66 
 Yorktown 346 347 359 360 449 615 
 620 634 
 
 Scammel 360 
 Young 98 99 209 275 414 52s 624 
 Youngmen, Ebenezer 340 
 
This preservation photocopy 
 
 was made and hand bound at BookLab, Inc. 
 
 in compliance with copyright law. The paper, 
 
 Weyerhaeuser Cougar Opaque Natural, 
 
 meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO 
 
 Z39. 48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). 
 
 Austin 1994