I: WMmk » fH '",'' VX: ..9^-^^ ri^f Mr i'i; ' '' "~ t-,i£i' ^/f ;i9- W3 Cornell University Library LA822 .A3 Elementary and middle-class instruction olin 3 1924 030 570 075 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030570075 ELEMENTARY AND MIDDLE-CLASS INSTRUCTION IN THE NETHERLANDS. ELEIEITARY 11 IIDDLE-CLISS INSTRUCTION AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF 13''» AUGUST 1857 (ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION) AND 2»D MAY 1863 (MIDDLE-CLASS INSTRUCTION). PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL COMMISSION OF THE NETHERLANDS. LEYDEN PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY A. W. SYTHOFF. 1876. PREFACE. By the Netherlands' Constitution of 1848 (art. 194) the position of the State .with regard to Public Instruction was regulated as follows: „Public Instruction shall be an object of incessant care on the part of the Government. „Public Instruction shall be regulated by law, with due deference to all religious creeds. „The constituted authorities shall provide for sufficient public Elementary Instruction throughout the Kingdom. „Instruction is free, under supervision of the authorities and, with regard to Middle-Class and Elementary Instruction, conditioning an examination as to the capacity and morality of tlie Teachers, as shall be regulated by law. „A report on the state of the Universities, Middle-Class and Elementary Schools sliall be sent in to the States-General every year by the Crown." The Law on Elementary Instruction was passed 13"" August 1857 and on Middle-Class Instruction Z"* May 1863, A project of Law on Higher (University) Instruction has been framed and will be discussed in the Chambers in the course of the spring session of 1876. Hitherto the Universities and Gymnasia (Grammar Schools) included in this branch of Instruction have been regulated in accordance with the organic Decree of 3"* August 1815, with some supplements of later date, but on the same principles. PREFACE. In the following pages a description is given of the regulation of Elementary and Middle-Class Instruction according to the above mentioned laws. At the same time the state of education anterior to the introduction of these Laws is compared with its subsequent development. Literal translations of both laws are appended. SECTION THE FIRST. ELEMENTAEY INSTEUCTION. § 1. The Chief ProTisions of the Law. When, in the beginning of the present century, the Batavian Eepublic had taken instruction under its special protection, and endeavoured to promote its establishment by Publications based entirely on the liberal principles advocated and promulgated by the Society for the Public Good, which tended especially to render the school entirely independent of ecclesiastical influence, the first School Law was passed on the 8rd of April 1806. By this Law, and the Kegulations and Ordinances thereto appertaining, it was prescribed among other things, that the supervision of the schools should be committed to School-Inspectors, who were to constitute in each Department (Province) a permanent School-Board. In larger Communes there were to be, besides. Local School-Boards. No school was to be established without a special sanction of the Provincial or Communal Government. The Instruction embraced: Eeading, Writing, Arithmetic, Dutch, Erench, and other Modern Languages, and even the Classics, Geography, History and the allied Branches. This Law applied to all schools with the single exception of the Gymnasia, or Latin-schools (Grammar-schools). Public Schools were such as were entirely, or partially, supported by funds, either of the State, the Department, the Muni- cipality, or some ecclesiastical corporation ; — Private Schools were distinguished into two classes; to the first class belonged those founded either by churches and other ecclesiastical bodies, or by the Society for the Public Good, or else those the expenses of which were defrayed by individuals binding themselves to their support. To the second class belonged such as were carried on entirely at the expense or risk of the Principals. 1 3 With regard to the tuition, it was prescibed that, while imparting suitable and useful information, it should be made conducive to the development of the intellectual faculties of the children, and to their training in all Christian and social virtues. The school-books to be used were subjected to a strict inspection on the part of the Government, through the School-Boards. The qualification for giving School-Instruction was obtained by Certificates after examinations, held by the School-Inspectors, or School-Boards. There were four different Classes, or Grades of Certificates ; to get appointed to any school, however, whether public or private, a special appointment, or admission was required, which, as a rule, could only be obtained by submitting to another examination, mostly a com- petitive one. Tor female teachers, and all private teachers, there existed only one Class or Grade. Their qualification, however, as well as that of the Teachers of the 4)th Grade, and originally of those of the 3rd Grade also, was limited to the Province, or the Commune where it was obtained. Persons transgressing any of these prescriptions were liable to punishment or penalties. When, on the establishment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands after the events of 1813, a new constitution was framed, a Decree, dated the 6th of March 1815, settled : That the School-Law of 1806 should be taken as the basis for the further regu- lating of Instruction. Afterwards, however, a vehement opposition arose in the Southern Provinces (Belgium) among the clerical party, against the exclusion of dogmatic instruction from the schools, objecting to the State's interfering with educational matters. This opposition asserted itself especially during the political disturbances in Belgium in 1830, which resulted in the final separation of the two parts of the Kingdom. In the Northern Provinces (Netherland), too, voices were heard in favour of the so-called liberty of Instruction. By a Koyal Decree of the 3nd of January 1843 (Staatsblad N". 1) the influence of the ecclesiastical element obtained an important ascendancy. In appointing Teachers, the Candidate's religious per- suasion was to be taken into account. The Clergy of the various Creeds were allowed a right of censorship on the school-books. Eeligious instruction was not exactly included in the Programme, but the school-rooms were to be placed at the disposal of the Clergy, out of the school-hours, for religious instruction. At Haarlem there was a Government-school for the Training of Teachers, founded in 1816; in some other places there were smaller establishments of the same description, erected either by Communal Governments, or by the Society for the Public Good. The results of the provisions of the Law and of the Instmction were, — ■ con- sidering the condition of the schools in other countries at the time, — mentioned as satisfactory, even in the opinion of foreigners who had made a study of the subject. Nevertheless a conviction prevailed that Instruction might be made more universal; that the position and comforts of the Teachers, especially, called for 3 improvement, and that Government ought to do more for the training of eiRcient Teachers. In 1849 and 1854 His Majesty's ministers laid before the States-General several Projects of Law, or Bills, for regulating "Elementary Instruction, which however, were never taken into discussion. At length in 1857 the Law was passed, a translation of which is given hereafter as Appendix I. The chief pro- visions of this Law, which came into operation on the 1st of January 1858, are the following : — There are two kinds of Elementary Instruction, — ordinary, whict embraces Beading, Writing, Arithmetic, the Elements of Morphology, or knowledge of form in general, Dutch Grammar, the Elements of Geography, History, Natural Philosophy and Singing; — and the more extended, including, in addi- tion to the foregoing Branches, a knowledge of the Elements of Modern Languages, of Mathematics, of the Agricultural sciences. Gymnastics, Drawing and Needle-work. The schools are distinguished as: — Public Schools, supported by the State, the Province, or the Ciimmune, and — Private Schools, — all other schools, whether subsidized, or not, by the Province or the Commune. The charges of Public Elementary Instruction are borne by the Communes, who have to provide for eiRcient Public Instruction, under the supervision of the States Deputies and the Grown. If the finances of a Commune prove insuffi- cient, pecuniary aid is granted by the State and by the Province, each for one half. School-fees may be raised by the Commune, but this is not obligatory; children supported by public charity, or parents in indigent circumstances, are exempt from paying school-fees. The Public Schools, and such Private Schools as receive pecuniary assistance, are open to all children, without distinction of Eeligious Creed. The Instruction, while imparting suitable and useful information, is made conducive to the development of the intellectual capacities of the children, and to their training in all Christian and social virtues. Keligious instruction, for which the school- rooms shall be available out of the school-hours, is left to the ecclesiastical communities. Teachers are distinguished as Head Masters and Head Mistresses, Assistant- teachers, male and female, and Pupil-teachers, male and female. For the education of Teachers, there are to be, at least, two Government Training-Schools ; while Normal Lessons are to be given in connection with some of the best Element- ary Schools. Certificates of Capacity as Assistant-teacher, male or female, are to be ob- tained by passing Examinations, which are held twice a year in each Province, by the Provincial Inspector and the District School-Inspectors. An appointment as Head Master, or Head Mistress, to a Public School, can only be obtained after passing a second examination and moreover a competitive one. The ap- pointment is made by the Communal Council from a list of from three to six names of candidates, prepared by the Burgomaster and Assessors in con- cert with the District School-Inspector. Any person giving instruction without a Certificate of Capacity is liable to punishment. The Teachers at Public Schools are entitled to pensions, one third of which is borne by the Commune and two thirds by the State. For giving Private Instruction, or instruction in private houses, a Certificate of Capacity in likewise required, and a Testimonial of good moral conduct; foreigners require besides a Eoyal permission. Any person guilty of scandalous conduct, or propagating doctrines inconsistent with morality and public order, may be deprived of his qualification by the States Deputies. The School-Inspection is committed to Provincial Inspectors, District School- Inspectors, and Local School-Boards. The Provincial Inspectors and the School- Inspectors are appointed by the crown ; the Provincial Inspectors receive an annual salary; the District Inspectors only allowances for travelling expenses and main- tenance. In Communes with a population of more than 3000 souls there are Local School-Boards, appointed by the Council; in the others the Burgomaster and Assessors act as School-Board. The Board reports every year on the state of the Instruction. By transitional provision a period of three years was allowed to the Communes for carrying out the provisions of this Law, and the Certificates of general ad- mission of the 1st and 3nd Grade, obtained under the LaW of 1806, were considered as giving the same rights as the Certificates of Capacity for Head-masters. The main points in which the present Law differs from the previous one, are : 1". The more precise specification and the greater extension of the subjects of Tuition. 2". The admission of all children without distinction of. religious creed to the Public Schools. 3". A greater freedom for the establishment of Private Schools. 4". An improved and more efficient School-Supervision. 5". The transferring of the costs of Public Elementary Instruction to the Communes. By various Koyal Decrees the Kingdom has been divided into 94 School- Districts, of which there are 13 in North-Brabant, 10 in Guelderland, 11 in South- Holland, 12 in North-Holland, 6 in Zeeland, 5 in Utrecht, 9 in Friesland, 8 in Overyssel, 7 in Groningen, 3 in Drenthe and 8 in Limburgh. A Eoyal Decree of 5th February 1850, ordered the establishmeiit of three Government Seminaries for the training of Teachers at Bois-le-Duc, Haarlem and Groningen. The Programmes for the Examination of the Teachers were fixed by Eoyal Decree of the 5th April 1858, and afterwards amended by Decree of 28 August 1865. Since the year 1816 Government had laid before the States General annual Eeports concerning the state of the Instruction. The accounts and statements given belov are extracted from the Eeports made up since 1848. However as new instructions have been given since 1858 regarding the form of these Eeports, and the arrangement of school statistics, they are divided into two sections ; the iirst from 1848 to 1857 inclusive; the other from 1858 to 1873 inclusive. § 2. State of the Elementary Schools from 1848 to 1857, inclnsive. a. Number and Specification of Schools. The number of schools from 1848 till 1857 incl. is seen from the following Table. PROVINCES. Pu Sch 1848. blic )ols. 1857. Pri\ Scho the CI 1843. ate Dls of first iss, 1857. Pri Scho( the 6 Cla 1848. ^ate Is of econd ss. 1857. TOT 1848. AL. 1857. . S o o o g s i § o 1 (1h 11 !^ o 13 o North-Brabant 298 298 19 27 66 100 383 425 1848 2,440 156 809 3,405 Gnelderlaud. . . 328 337 15 44 59 61 402 442 1849 2,448 168 621 8,237 South-HoUand 258 259 37 78 253 147 548 484 1850 2,454 167 631 3,252 Sorth-Holland 283 294 30 42 212 174 525 510 1851 2,446 188 648 «,277 Zeeland 137 137 1 4 44 19 182 160 1852 2,457 214 655 8,826 Utrecht. 80 81 22 24 55 54 157 159 1858 2,469 234 671 3,374 Frieslaud 357 358 » 3 5 9 362 370 1854 2,480 239 670 3,389 Overyssel 211 210 9 16 37 19 257 245 1855 2,479 260 666 3,405 Grroningen — 198 207 14 20 89 28 251 255 1856 2,479 271 676 8,425 Drenthe 131 135 1 7 3 4 135 146 1857 2,478 278 666 3,422 Limbnrgh 159 162 S 13 36 51 203 226 From this we see, that during the decade the number of Public Schools increased very little; only the Provinces of Guelderland, North- Holland and Groningen show any considerable increase. On the other hand, the number of Private Schools, especially of the first Class increased rather considerably. 6. The Teachers. The following Table shows the number of Teachers of both sexes, for each of the kind of schools, and for each Province in the first and tenth year of the Decade, and for the whole Kingdom in each year. 91 32:3 3 t I -siUBiBigsv OSOOlOQOMCOCOlOCOt'QOlOi-ieOt^lO K^CQi-lt- i-H oi CO 00 CO t- eo O CO CO r-l « cH i-H OQ rH r-l t^OS^OCScoOCM'^Oa CO --< aOrHi-l SC»- CO lO O 00 rH rH CO rH »— 1 Oi rH rH rH t-tMt-CD-tiiCOCOOOSCO OSU3OrH<0'«il0»iO00 C0t-0SrH100S0SC*O0S OS OS OS O^O O O O rH O CM 04 c^f oTco CO CO 00 00 00 i ri r 1 k '9)ac)ST3sy Oi O rH CO -^ CM C^» r-l (M CO ''S i-H R S rH »0 lO R S S rH OS rH lO rH •«? lO CO »0 t- COCO r-t rH rH rH OSCOt-OCOOrHt-'^-^ OSeDOC0'=?t-O(M0000 rHrHG4CMCMCMCOCOCO0O 1 -siaqoBax tr- e» (M CO OS OS O OJ 1COOrH(M^iaOSrH SOSCOCOCMrH RCMOS (M lO 0 |J CO 00 00 CO 00 CO CO (30 CO 00 00t-COt-COt-Q0t-00t-0Dt-COt-00t-(Xlt-00ir-00t- OOCOOOOOCOCOOOOOaOCOCOOOOOOOCOCOQOOOCOCOQDCO North-Brabant Gnelderland... South- Holland North-Holland 1 1 Friesland Overyssel Groningeu i 1 The number of male Teachers in all the schools together rose during the decade from 5,348 to 6,480; that of the female Teachers from 524 to 911. The increase of 1,332 male Teachers was distributed as foUows, 134 Head-masters, 433 Assistant-teachers and 666 Pupil-teachers, whose number was thus doub- led; the increase, of female Teachers was: — Head-mistresses 95, Assistant- teachers, — whose number was more than doubled — 293. In this increase the Public Schools came in for 735 males and 26 females, the Private Schools of the first Class, for 364 and 114, those of the second Class for 133 and 347 respectively. c. N^ ■■* to" rjT lo (o" co" o" o" os" in in T? CO 00 o ■«? t- i-l 04 04_C. W CO tO_ 0_ 04 t-; C» t-^ O CO -^^JJ^ t^ ■^^ OS CD CO^ CO^ Gs ^ ^O 04 4—1 o in in M co_tr^coc^co_^co o ■^a" t^ in 04" CO D-^ 00" r—T 04 r-n 0" os" ir- 1— *" os" t- cd" so" c- 0" ■-t-COr-H(^rHOOSrHO » r^ r-i ■^COOO'^-'SlTp-^CO'*-"*! (fl (fi ^ ^ ^ ^ £^ -3^ ' ilC fl Is 1 ^ ■* «s w -i coci— icoc-osmoosiftiocO'^osifti— icomot-r— (t- OOcDCOcOOOi-HCOOSr-Ct- ■«^«3ino4COC4ClDOOCOOOrHOSCDeO.-tOOCOOOr-'CO'*cOr-iir---'^Ost-'^t-oaoooomi>- 1- CO^COCOOOrH^t-eOOO ,'*'-< t- 04 CO CO "^ ■^ CO 0_ O "5?^ rH t^ ;4 V" r-^T~^r-^r^tr^iOiaiai—i i—t i—i r-H 04rH r-i co" CT OS rn" rH r-" r-^ Os" o" Oi s^ C0rHrHO0C4C4O4rHO0rH f . -<#C^tOin5DO0OacDO0COCO04 GOCQcDt-COCO-'S'OOt- comcoooeoosoo^int- Vi >J '.^rHC4C00400C004iO'-Hi:0 t-rHt-lr-' OS --^ ■ J) "2 "; o^ o_ !>; in CO o^ in oo_^ 5 r^ 00 r^ ai CO*" CO" CO -«^" CO*" CO*" co" "^ in t-^ c-^ oo" 00 o" o" o" t—tr-ir—fr-i'-^i—li—iG-iG'ia'i TSr-H-^OSi-HOSooincDCOeDt— OOS50in50t--^eoos COr-liOCOrH-^OinOOCS u* inMcoc— omcomo4co>— CO cococoost-cocOr-HO OrHC-OS0404lr-QD004 >» 03 -^^ »n CO^ r-H_0_ era 00^ r-H CO CO_ -^^ S -^ CO 00 rH^ CO -«*i t- oscococoinmoososQO V" i-TrH oo -^t-^CO -^ 04 CO r-i SO-^-'JICDt-ODOSOSOrH rHrH(-|r-lf-lr-.rH.-lC0O4 oiO'^nHeocoGOininTficot-coomi-HcacococO'^t- soosoomt^ominosc^ 1 ■ OOOseOOOCOOOt^inCOC— f-HC0C0"SC0C0OSO4000000 QOCOOSOOt-OSt-OSCO«3 Ij r-ico»ncoos=Qi>-rfi!OOt-inr-H""#ino5i-HCo->#mo4in coTjicocoot-o-^-^^ir- o L-^t-OcOi-lineOQOODt-r-HOp-tCOCOCOr-HCOr-HCOCOO OCOODOOrHCOCOQOrHGO Id COCO^-^'^"<*IC0COrHr-Hi-(rHCOC0CO04CO04i-Hr-Hr-HO4 rHrHOCOGQrHrHOrH^GO (-< COCOCOOOCOCOCOCOCOM H ^-N -— >, ^ 2^ G^ t^ osTScMincoinoco-^coeoootr-oacot— ooooooioin"^ 00O4rHrHOS00OSinO4rH 05inQD-^004rHCOQO>-Hf-HOOOGOOOCOininJr-QOCOC4 t-t-04-- rH CO O ■^'' co" t-^ co" t-^ Oi to" eo" t-^ co" in -*" co" cd" m" co" co*" oo" in" in t~^ co" ■^" CD co" os" C— -^ CO rH*" GO CD 1 ® ^^,_ipHi-Hr-HrHf-H r— Ir-HrHrHrHr-H C0C0C050COCOC0MC0CO 1 r-lr-H04cO'^t-COt:-04cOOOSOSr-HCO-^r-Hin-*t-OSCO t-t^t-'^QOOD'OOir-co (— ,jn,_(,_iroooooooaosDO-- rsj .-K S O Cl. ^ |-| 1 1 i 1 -^ 1 1 1 05 3 a - 9 Disregarding the shortcomings in the statement of sex in 1848 and 1850, we have, according to the date of the 15 th of January of the eight latter years, as the average annual ciphers for the decade, of children attending the Public Schools: 179,315 boys, and 134,880 girls; the Private Schools of the first class 17,673 boys and 17,686 girls, those of the second class 206,56 boys and 19,888 girls, the Elementary Schools altogether 301,543 boys and 173,453 girls. There- fore for every 10,000 boys we get at the Public Schools 7636 girls, at the Private Schools of the 1st class 10,008, for those of the 3nd class 9,638 and so at the Elementary Schools together 7,937 girls. The collective number of scholars at all the schools was lowest in 1849 and highest in 1857. These two years show a difference of 36,645 scholars, i. e. 17,761 boys and 8884 girls. The number of school-going children was in each year and in each Province, with the exception of North- Holland, at least in most years, considerably higher on the 15th of January than on the 15th of July; the greatest difference being at the Public Schools. The comparatively small difl'erence in the Private schools of the first class, by far the greatest number of which are denomin- ational, is chiefly owing to the circumstance that in most cases the parents forfeit the support they receive from charity, if their children fail to attend the school. The following Table gives upon every hundred of school-going children on the 15 th of January, the number of those who attended school on the 15 th of July, in each of the years between 1851 and 1857. V E A R S. Public Schools. Private Schools of the first Class. Private Schools of the second Class. All the Schools together. 1851. 78 98 95.5 81 1852. 78 99 96 82 1853. 78 99 97 82 1854. 80 98 96 83 1855. 79 97 96 83 1856. 80 98 97 84 1857. 82 98 98 85 Non-attendance, therefore, on the 15th of July, was lowest in 1857 and highest in 1851. The number of scholars receiving gratuitous instruction, was first stated in 1854 for each Province. The next Table shows, in an increasing order, the number of non-paying scholars in the four years 1854/57 for each Province, and for the sake of comparison the total number of school-going children, with 10 the addition of the average number of non-paying children upon every thousand Scholars attending school during that period. PROVINCES. SriTBEE OF SGHOLAKS. 1854. 1S55. I 1S56. 1857. GKATniors n'STRixiioy. 1 = 111 1851. 1855. 1856. 3,176 2,687 2.472 9,179 9,474 8,963 6,492 7.185 7,209 lo,S09 16,017 14,697 11,625 11,4S4 11.607 15,S« 15,748 16,621 7,715' 6,004 5,832 145,975 143,793 143,386 12,536 1 10,628 \ 10,783 6,087 6,945 7,146 25,542 36,126 26,559 31,969 31,545 31,497 Drenthe Overyssel Limbnrg North-Brabant. Friesland Gelderland Zeelaud The Kingdom. . Ccroningen Utrecht North-Holland . Sonth-HoUaud . 13,885 34,634 24,435 47,922 36,470 49,638 16,687 391,573 28,986 16,580 56,972 65,364 13,936 13,583 34,364 34,292 23,443 23,853 47,498 50.268 36.234 37.508 49,886 48,859 17,873 17.739 387,565 393,951 29.127 29,843 16,412 16,468 56,081 56,376 62.711 65,163 14,008 32,025 24,868 i 49.460 1 38,978: 54,094: 13,253 406,329 31,209^ 17.319 75.575 67,540 2.636 8.587 6,715 14,744 12,360 17,454 6,269 146,063 10,840 7,227 27,963 31,267 198 268 286 314 315 324 361 367 376 410 468 484 With respect to Drenthe, Trhere the propoi-tion of non-paying pupils is lowest, it is to be observed that besides these, a great number of children — as many as 2,889 in 1856, and 3,336 in 1857 — received their instruction at half-price. Charity-schools, properly so called, where only gratuitous instruction was given, were found iu the most populous Communes. By far the greatest number of scholars attended the day-schools only, a smaller part both day-and evening-schools, and another part the evening-school alone. The evening-schools served chiefly to enable backward scholars to retrieve what they had forgotten, or to furnish adults, who in the daytime followed a trade or calling, an opportunity for cultivating their minds. § 3. State of the Elementary Schools from 1858 to 1873 inclusire. a. Number and Specification of Schools. In the following Table we give for each Province separately the number of Public and Private Schools existing on the I'st of January 1858 and 31st of December 187 3; 11 n u -» CO xn m OS OS t— lo in «) Q CO Oa •^ -"Ji 00 CD CM 00 t- CO CO OS >4 ^H ^ ■^ 10 m (—1 rH Tjl CM CM r-l CM CO -«J H to H , «) c OB in OS OS 10 rH It- (M CO CO H w rt !M -* CO CO t- t- in in in CO l:^ 00 ►-B ■i g S9 XI CU p •uoi?onj:jsui H Q o p en XaBiuaraaia ia-eaTpjo jo to CO OS in (— 1 m CO CO OS t- in CO CM CD • O o 'uononj'jsui X d 33 ;z; ij-ujaaraoia 19 CO G5 OS 00 t- CM OS ■<# t» CM r-l CQ -* rH 10 CO CO CO ^JBUipjO JO ^ri r-H rH GQ « OS ■uoT?onJisui ^ji!^Tiam3|3 fe ^ OS CD C5 rH S CO 1— 1 l> o I papua^xa ajoui g § - T-^ OS j *nau3nj!jsui CD H Q •74 ^ ij-e^uauiaia: to *-■ rH r-^ -^ (M s R D- rH K s CO t>3 ij«UIpJO JO p CQ ■uoijonjisui X c XiBjuaniaia 10 X H A rH CO ^ r— 1 CO 02 CM rH CO rH s -* CM ij'BUlpJO JO ^?H • ^ 1 M ,-( OS 00 t- t- en t- CD »« CM -^ -^ 1 1 X t- 10 in 00 -^ CM rH CM m ^ ^rt "S "^ J H IC J V b S o o £ 5 ';3 i 1 ■s 3 X CO CO rH -^ 00 , t» CM CM (M ■* CD IB X >-B 10 CO <* (M CM r— 1 CM . CM ■«JI CM CO m ° w H ^^ M 1— * tjQ CD in in ■^ rH C3S t- rH rH in (3 )> a -* CD t- ■^ t- CO OS la CM rH >j r :. d X CM CiJ (M CM rH CO rH CM rH i-\ CM CM 09 =3 s ■ 2 ? 1 1 rt M CL. : 1 s x c CO OS M CO (M t- ■ CO OS rH CO CM OS S 1-9 « ©I 05 CM r-\ CO rH CM rH rH cm" tm ' w u I-H K > fit . '- H (SI a, 'S £ 1 1 I % il i D £ JC . £ i X ;- '« p ^ "fl t- £ c } p ^ c c c *■ 5 ^ ^ >■ .;: ^ ; ci 5 a ;z s 1= ) g i2; P H 12 On comparing the number of Public Schools on the 1st of January 1858 with that of the year 1857 (p. 5) a rather considerable difference in favour of 1858 is perceptible. This increase, however, is only apparent, and must be ascribed to the following causes. According to the Law of the 3rd of April 1806 schools maintained or supported, wholly or partially, by any public fund, were considered Public Schools. Among these, therefore, must be reckoned all schools whose Head-masters, while deriving their chief revenue from the school- fees, enjoyed from the Government, the Province, or the Commune, a grant, whether consisting in money, or in the gratuitous use of the school-building or a dwelling-house. On examining the statements of the Keport for the year 1858, it appeared that formerly all such schools, in all the Provinces, were classed as Private, though they were properly Public schools. Furthermore the question arose what to do with those schools which, under the old Law, were termed Public, but which, under the new Law, were to be classed among the Private Schools receiving pecuniary support, since Art. 3 of that Law considers as Public Schools only such as are supported and maintained by the Commune, the Province, or the State, separately or collectively. By a Decree of the Minister of the Interior, of the 8th of January 1859 it was decided, that the schools, with respect to their denomination, should remain in their previous category, as long as the Instruction in the Commune in question was not regulated in accordance with the Law of 1857. It is therefore obvious, that the increase of the number of schools in each Province, since the 1st of January 1858, must not be referred to each sort, but only to the total number of elementary schools. This is not only the case with the division of the schools into Public and Private, but also — nay chiefly — with the distinction of schools as ordinary Elementary ones, and those where one, or more, branches of more extended Elementary Instruc- tion is given or taught. The statement, namely, of this last description of schools, was confined on the 1st January 1858 to the Public ones, and even this statement was at first very deficient. Art. 72 of the Law provides that, pending the regulation by Law of Middle- Class Instruction, its provisions should also be applicable to whatever con- cerned the more advanced instruction in the Modern Languages and in the Mathematical and Physical sciences. The greatest difficulty was to find a fixed standard, by which to judge whether the instruction in a living Language must be considered as instruction in the elements of the Language according to Art. 1, of the Law, or according to Art. 73 of the same Law. A classification of schools imparting instruction in the Modern Languages and Mathematics, into Elementary and Middle-Class Schools, therefore, was not pos- sible till the promulgation of the Law on Middle-Class Instruction. Only a few schools, where the instruction in one or two Modern Languages was limited exclusively to the very first rudiments, could emphatically be stated to belong 13 to the Elementary Schools, and of a few others, that the instruction given there must be considered as Middle-Class Instruction; while with regard to most of them it was taken for granted that both Elementary and more advanced Instruc- tion in the Modern Languages and Mathematics was given. Almost all the so-called French Schools, Boarding-Schools and Institutes required fresh investi- gations and regulations. In the statements of 1858 all schools of which it was doubtful to which category they belonged, where classed as Elementary Schools. On comparing the two Periods, 1st January 1858 and 31st December 1873, it will be perceived that, during those sixteen years, the total number of element- ary schools has increased by 317 or 9' 2 percent. Two Provinces only, Utrecht and Limburgh, yield a trifling decrease in the number of schools, one of 1, the other of 3. The increase was greatest in South-Holland and Friesland, each 59, and in Guelderlaud 49. The increase of Public Schools in South -Holland is chiefly referable to the establishment of schools at the Hague, at Eotterdam, at Schiedam, at Delft and at Dordrecht; in North-HoUand it was partially the consequence of the foundation of schools at Amsterdam, and in Drenthe of the converting into Public Schools of three schools of the Maatschappij van Wel- dadigheid (Benevolent Society) at Vledder, and of five auxiliary schools formerly kept at the expense of the inhabitants. The decrease of the Private Schools not receiving pecuniary aid, in South- Holland, North-Holland, Utrecht, Groningen, Drenthe and Limburgh was owing partly to the abolishing of some Schools of Unions and of Boarding-schools, partly to the granting of subsidies in certain cases, by which the number of such Private schools supported in this manner, rose in proportion. The considerable increase of Private Schools with subsidies is chiefly owing to the circumstance that some schools, in which public Head-masters gave tuition in the evenings on their own account, are not mentioned separately on the 1st of January 185S, but are, on the 31st of December 1873. For this purpose the rooms of the Public Schools were set open, which were then ceded gratuitously during the winter months, mostly with firing and lighting. The following Table shows, in the same manner as for each Province, the number of Public and Private Schools for each year, — for 1858 on the 1st of Januaiy and 31st of December, for the other years on the last day of each year. — 14 Public Schools. Private Schools. All the Schools together. SUBSIDIZED. NON-SUBSIDIZED. YEARS. 1 -— .^ . H ■o a H ? s H i S s 'f a O S m is is ^1 1 ■g s ° i *" a w 1 -4 g , 1858.j,!^'^»"- ( 31st Dec. 2,196 320 2,516 24 24 933 933 3,153 320 3,473 2,197 319. 2,516 26 „ 26 1,008 „ 1,008 3,231 319 3,550 1859. 2,164 334 2,498 49 „ 49 1,016 „ 1,016 3,229 334 3,563 1860. 2,144 346 2,490 67 „ 67 982 *9 982 3,193 346 3,539 1861. 2,139 362 2,501 106 „ 106 967 „ 967 3,212 362 3,574 1862. 2,184 351 2,535 27 99 126 307 639 946 2,518 1,089 3,607 1863. 2,167 382 2,549 30 95 125 293 641 934 2,490 1,118 3,608 1864. 2,177 381 2,558 37 114 151 289 616 9o5 2,503 1-,111 3,614 1865. 2,180 385 2,565 35 117 152 300 606 906 2,515 1,108 3,623 1866. 2,177 395 2,572 31 119 150 308 611 919 2,516 1,125 3,641 1867. 2,185 399 2,584 32 123 155 322 594 916 2,539 1,116 3,655 1868. 2,183 407 2,590 29 125 154 355 576 931 2,567 1,108 3,675 1869. 2,179 417 2,596 46 128 174 361 593 954 2,586 1,138- 3,724 1870. 2,183 425 2,608 47 129 176 360 583 943 2,590 1,137 3,727 1871. 2,195 430 2,625 40 125 165 366 570 944 2,601 1,133 3,734 1872., „ 2,214 435 2,649 28 116 144 392 581 973 2,634 1,132 3,766 1873. 2,215 454 2,669 30 113 143 406 572 978 2,651 1,139 3,790 As appears from this Tabular view (as far as regards tlie Private Schools) the distinction of the schools as those of ordinary Elementary Schools, and those of ordinary and more extended combined, was first made since 1863. Since the 1st of January 1858 the number of Public Schools underwent an increase of 153, viz. 19 for ordinary, and 134 for extended Elementary Instruc- tion. The Private Schools were increased by 164; of these schools the number of those receiving pecuniary aid at the last-mentioned period was 119, that of, the non-subsidized schools 46 more than at the first period. The Private Schools for more extended Elementary Instruction, receiving pecuniary assistance, have an increase of 14, the non-subsidized a decrease of 67. &. Staff of Teachers. Similarly to the number of schools, the following Table gives a view of the staff of Teachers of both sexes, distinguished into Head-masters and mistresses Assistant-teachers, and Pupil-teachers, for the Provinces on the 1st Jan. 1858 and 31st Dee. 1873, and for the Kingdom on 1st Jan. and 31st Dec. 1858, and on 31st Dec. for the following year. PROVINCES. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. PRIVATE SCHOOLS. ALL THE SCHOOLS TOGETHER. STJBaXDIZBD isroisr-etjBarDizED. Males ■Females. Males Females. Males • B'emales. Males • H'emales. 1 "* = 3 1 'n C6 a 1 re oj '/I ra 'ft OJ J. '^ a. ^ — cj a 1 ■< - . i 3 =3 O a. 1 1 .11 o ''r, OJ re cy CJ (- 3: " a 1 2 ^ -V re — 4j M S a 1 c Zl re ^ '/I re ■< — '/ re « ^ u a 1 -s . i a. S Nortli-Brabaiit. 1 1858. ■ ) 1873. 302 300 137 149 80 118 4 4 4 9 9 6 3 5 1 5 9 1 53 44 54 83 36 45 65 93 196 277 15 16 355 350 191 336 110 168 70 101 300 295 15 21 Guelderlaud . . . f 1858. 317 160 128 13 20 3 4 2 2 1 73 68 46 36 35 21 394 230 174 51 56 24 ■ I 1873. 319 269 137 5 15 12 23 31 3 9 17 88 93 36 40 110 6 430 393 176 54 142 18 South-Hollaml . ( 1858. • i 1873. 259 331 275 610 188 284 8 14 9 95 4 111 4 1 6 1 5 5 1 161 138 371 360 305 171 56 69 89 190 53 80 424 475 547 982 394 455 64 88 98 290 57 192 North-Holland . f 1SB8 ■ I 1873. 284 318 215 518 118 133 9 11 6 172 3 05 1 9 1 5 1 1 7 9 5 153 137 360 359 137 119 73 03 133 219 40 98 437 464 476 942 250 303 82 81 138 400 43 168 Zeeland f 1858. 134 78 78 6 5 4 3 ., „ ., „ 17 11 11 3 3 1 154 89 89 9 8 5 ' 1 1873. 144 139 70 7 18 21 2 „ „ 20 21 20 8 18 4 166 160 97 16 36 23 Utrecht, 1 18B8. 86 66 39 3 6 4 2 2 4. .. 56 02 54 20 35 7 144 130 97 23 31 11 • \ 1873. 81 97 49 „ 13 7 8 9 ., 5 13 2 54 75 67 20 57 25 143 181 106 25 83 34 Friesland f 1858. • I 1873. 344 348 157 245 82 107 6 7 9 32 4 20 2 7 2 3 •• " 11 60 4 31 5 48 3 3 " 6 2 367 415 163 279 87 156 9 10 9 38 4 28 Overyssel f 1858. • I 1873. 205 209 113 199 94 100 7 1 9 13 6 17 20 11 2 1 6 10 3 36 31 19 36 26 16 8 14 8 3(1 1 1 241 260 132 246 120 124 16 21 17 43 7 21 f 1858. 212 114 71 1 1 3 3 „ ., „ 36 30 13 5 9 3 351 146 83 6 10 3 Groningen • I 1873. 231 222 75 1 15 7 7 „ 2 2 3 ., 31 28 21 2 3 1 269 350 98 5 21 8 1 1858. 131 39 18 2 4 ., 1 ,, „ ., 12 8 15 ., 144 47 34 2 4 ,j Drenthe ■ i 1873. 146 51 75 „ 10 2 2 ^ o 6 5 o 1 1 „ 154 58 77 3 3 10 f 1858. 170 OS 48 3 4 1 „ 33 18 13 33 41 17 203 86 61 34 45 18 Liinburgh ■ \ 1873. 169 91 107 ., 5 13 ., ., .. 5 10 3 20 23 31 33 117 13 189 113 138 38 132 27 The Kins dom. 1858. 2444 1423 941 CI 77 39 30 10 7 4 1 „ 040 805 560 301 538 158 3104 2337 1511 366 616 187 18B9. 2403 1309 916 48 73 10 34 IS 10 15 10 4 689 754 573 330 553 150 3120 208 1 1499 393 635 164 1860. 2417 1345 1281 41 59 22 46 37 13 21 35 5 633 753 593 346 605 165 3095 2125 1887 408 089 193 1861. 2437 145S 1691 35 77 37 73 55 30 33 ;!S 5 611 735 596 351 615 146 3121 2248 3323 418 730 188 1862. 2447 1543 3008 33 95 58 93 65 37 39 57 15 596 707 687 343 619 173 3136 3314 2732 414 801 246 1863. 3470 1677 2199 34 137 72 87 74 33 39 59 5 5SS 777 735 353 059 188 3145 2528 3960 426 845 365 1864. 2491 1794 3356 33 147 116 100 75 32 .43 00 13 562 783 678 341. 671 Hi'J 3153 3652 2966 419 878 297 1865. 2482 1889 3049 34 139 85 103 83 25 40 51 10 567 793 GSO 341 OS 1 173 3151 3763 2760 418 871 267 1866. . 2600 1989 1884 3S 157 89 101 75 22 43 61 14 570 835 009 349 736 193 3171 3899 2515 430 954 296 1867. 2512 2111 1847 40 181 141 99 7H 17 47 60 11 575 874 560 349 73S 193 3186 3063 3424 436 979 348 1868. 2478 2104 1733 40 193 139 101 83 17 47 71 11 577 923 505 350 773 172 3156 3109 2315 437 1036 322 1869. 2520 3347 1061 38 318 301 100 93 30 51 72 17 603 951 535 353 836 313 3339 3390 2316 442 1126 430 1870. 2529 2374 1630 38 236 303 100 Ul 15 52 77 14 • 588 963 573 316 865 311 3217 3430 2234 436 1178 428 1871. 2536 2470 1478 39 270 220 94 S5 15 51 86 10 597 951 536 345 919 309 3227 3506 2029 435 1276 445 1872. 2578 2577 1339 44 309 271 94 73 14 47 09 16 619 1035 509 344 936 215 3293 3685 1862 435 1314 502 1873. 2596 2656 1267 50 387 293 90 70 14 46 7S 15 629 1113 656 345 1018 243 3315 3839 1837 441 1483 650 15 From a comparison of the number of Teachers at all the Elementary Schools together on the 1st of January 1858, with the statement of 1857 (p. 6), it appears that the male Teachers had an increase of 372, the female of 358. This increase relates almost exclusively to the Assistant-teachers. The number of Head- masters was increased by 6 only, that of Head-mistresses by 14; and whereas the male Pupil-teachers reckon 548 more, .the Assistant-teachers were fewer by 183. The great decrease in the number of Assistant-teachers, and the still greater increase of Pupil -teachers, must be ascribed to the fact that formerly the holders of a Certificate of the 4th Grade were classed as Ushers, while in 1858 they are included among the Pupil-teachers, when below 18 years of age. The prospect, too, that in consequence of the provisions of the new Law, several aged Teachers would be put on the Pension-list, and the consequent vacancies be filled up, induced many young men to qualify themselves for the profession. The increase in the number of female Teachers, concerns chiefly the Pupil- teachers, who, on the 1st of January 1858 numbering 187, were not included in the former Tables. The number of female Assistant-teachers had an increase of 57 only. From the 1st of January 1858 to the 31st of Dec. 1873 the male Teachers of all the schools together increased from 6,853 to 8,991, the female Teachers from 1,169 to 3,474, total increase 3,344. This increase of 3,039 in the number of male Teachers was thus distributed: Head-masters 311, Assistant- teachers 1,603, Pupil-teachers 336; of the 1,305 females, — Head-mistresses 75, Assistant-teachers 867, Pupil-teachers 363. In this increase the Public Schools came in for 1,709 males, and 563 males; the subsidized Private Schools for 137 and 134 respectively, and the non- subsidized Private Schools for 293 and 609. c. Numberof Scholars. Before the year 1862 the number of pupils was stated every half-year, in January and July. Since then the statement is given for every quarter, on the 15th of January, 15th of April, 15th of July, and 15th of October. Formerly the number of pupils actually present at school at those two periods was stated, whereas after 1861 the number of pupils entered on the school-lists was given. This change was necessary, as it was evident that the number, actually present on a given day, was likely to lead to false conclusions, when any casualty might make it either considerably above, or below, the average. Furthermore since 1863 the school-going children have been distributed into categories ac- cording to their ages: below the age of 6 years, from 6 to 9, from 9 to 13 and above 13. This distinction of age proves very convenient for a juster ap- pi'eciation of the school-attendance. 16 Of the years 1858 — 1861, therefore, no correct statements can be furnished; and, as anything like a correct comparison is not possible, we give here a Tabular view of the period of twelve years elapsing between 1862 — 1873, of the number of pupils of both sexes, and separately for each of the three descrip- tions of schools. For the Provinces the number of the first and last year only is given; for the Kingdom that of each year. Unlike the Table at p. 8, the following Table includes only the pupils of the day-schools on the 15 th of January of each year. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. SUBSIDIZEE PRIVATE SCHOOLS. NON -SUBSIDIZED PRIVATE SCHOOLS. Boys. Oirls Boys GUrl s . Boys Gi-irls - PKOVINCES. TniAi,, 1 s to a t^ « ?-' ^ 00 O 8,104 o S O '^ 8,401 D 1 3,859 TOTAL. 31,479 S S CQ 748 a O ''' o 5,107 TO U ^ 4.' a-' ^ O " TUTAl.. 13,399 1 s CQ 42 t— 00 O 130 -3 TO C o S O " > TO is 't — S a.' >. '~0 TO '/ o ^3 ^ r/ TO U o S 5 " t « o s; TOTAL. TO n:i. 1862. 10,537 73,408 73,683 30,098 183,315 8,700 03,381) 50,891 13,313 140,193 103 651 995 1,368 3,100 121 583 802 942 2,447 3,186 13,775 14,084 8,046 37,091 2,029 15,247 17,418 8,353 43,( 1863. 10,954 71,601 74,175 33,473 189,103 9,487 01,108 69,097 16,375 145,737 139 031 910 1,430 3,090 118 555 80(1 1,101 2,574 1,999 11,915 14,663 8,714 37,391 2,694 14,762 17,839 9,272 44,! 1864. 10,640 74,071 73,131 30,375 188,313 9,213 03,393 58,001 14,588 146,094 117 640 958 1,677 3.298 123 008 910 1,138 2,779 1,896 13,521 14,532 8,302 37,351 3,636 15,972 17,385 8,905 44,' 1865. / 11,584 74,455 74,482 33,341. 193,805 9,883 03,737 69,718 15,803 149,140 103 043 905 1 ,003 3,353 146 008 830 1,125 2,714 1,931 12,375 14,393 8,512 37,111 2,925 15,443 18,119 9,814 46,; 1866. 11,709 70,100 74,403 33,301 196,418 9,988 64.040 69,380 16,754 1 19,708 134 570 SS4 1,084 3,373 148 077 920 1,340 2,985 1 ,948 13,811 14,555 8,884 38,198 2,790 16,297 18,446 10,085 4V,( 1867. 11,840 75,333 74,319 31,437 193,919 10,325 03,788 58,959 14,859 147,931 94 034 894 1,589 3,211 131 705 947 1,234 3,007 3,103 13,071 14,498 8,496 38,168 2,966 16,850 18,769 10,334 48,' 1868. 11,493 77,085 73,700 30,713 193,995 10,096 06,300 58,305 14,490 148,150 99 577 1 ,003 1,743 3.421 131 751 970 1,194 3,046 3,274 13,490 14,770 8,492 39,050 3,060 17,574 19,518 10,469 50,( 1869. 13,409 79,653 75,341 30,509 197,913 10,970 08,000 59,795 14,031 1 53,398 101 065 945 1,593 3,394 184 795 895 1,273 3,146 2,373 14,371 15,412 8,686 40,843 3,249 18,752 20,324 10,437 52,' 1870. 13,871 83,679 70,310 30,985 303,851 11,300 70,080 00,304 15,0] 3 157,333 130 647 975 1,565 3,297 143 818 998 1,489 3.447 2,654 10,105 10,100 8,859 43,778 3,075 20,306 21,148 10,894 56,( 1871. 13,339 82,837 78,877 30,963 305,000 10,719 70,839 03,005 14.835 159,388 107 753 1,030 1 ,000 3,491 140 899 1,071 1,530 3,652 2,955 17,086 16,991 8,554 45,586 4,172 20,874 21,743 10,536 5V.; 1872. 13,389 84,873 79,881 31,414 308,457 10,810 73,840 04,679 15,469 103,730 88 617 980 1,434 3,109 133 871 1,078 1,410 3,491 3,119 17,624 17,880 8,379 40,902 4,102 21,422 22,320 10,698 58, 1873. 12,445 86,093 83,253 31,206 212,995 11,017 74,380 07,003 10,080 109,151 77 551 871 1,371 3,870 110 797 1,008 1,314 3,129 3,417 18,540 19,083 8,910 49,950 4,621 22,300 24,217 10,826 61, ;giiools. Girls. 748 80'.) "J13 1,133 580 6S5 077 854 392 40'J 159 175 1 ,480 3,110 1,309 1,310 1,453 3,060 807 1,084 383 438 5,107 5,483 7,958 9,336 11,459 14,070 8,706 10,803 3,814 4,410 3,517 3,857 7,228 8,384 5,608 6,317 5,320 6,340 3,457 3,957 3.355 3,637 02,389 01,108 03,393 03,737 04.040 03,788 65,300 68,006 70,686 70,839 73,846 74,386 4,824 4,015 7,356 8.783 10,210 12,131 8,047 1 1 ,095 3,118 3,946 2,053 2,520 5,893 6,724 4,624 5,405 4.977 5,702 3,161 3,605 3,038 4,076 50,891 59,097 58,601 59,718 59,380 58,959 68,305 59,795 00,304 03,005 04,579 07,002 -«3 (M SUBSIDIZED PRIVATE SCHOOLS. Boys. 1,560 1,480 2,130 2,542 1,822 2,448 1,437 3,004 910 1 ,430 315 427 1,303 1,530 810 1,039 904 1,153 458 579 704 853 13,213 15,375 14,588 15,803 15,754 14,859 14,490 14,031 16,013 14,835 15,459 16,080 13,399 12,387 18,350 21,074 24,071 29,334 1S,S67 35,356 7,1.34 10,267 4.944 5.979 15.864 18,744 13,351 13,931 13,554 15.300 5.883 7,335 7,970 8,994 140,193 145,737 145,094 149,140 149,708 147,931 148.150 1 53,398 157.323 159,3,88 163,730 109,151 42 31 18 8 11 IS 11 5 33 6 34 32 103 129 117 103 134 94 99 101 130 107 C5 .^ o "" 120 104 103 205 00 7 67 118 S3 23 16 20 5 48 30 85 44 651 031 046 013 670 634 577 666 647 753 617 551 GH r 1 s. 158 254 574 104 141 355 359 355 808 349 468 1 ,040 87 113 368 35 106 148 91 137 300 110 90 343 136 57 270 20 17 71 30 74 138 82 147 351 13 70 88 19 110 136 104 147 323 79 138 363 111 130 366 61 102 329 10 15 30 40 40 995 1.358 3.166 910 1.430 3,096 958 1,577 3.298 905 1,002 3,353 884 1,084 3,272 894 1,589 3,211 1,003 1,743 3,421 945 1,593 3,294 975 1.555 3,297 1,036 1 ,006 3,491 980 1,424 3,109 871 1,371 2,870 IS 32 18 11 4 3 15 19 3 1 9 4 20 15 121 118 123 145 148 131 131 184 143 140 133 110 71. 97 153 153 07 53 63 95 87 19 11 36 43 35 04 35 10 11 296 582 555 608 608 077 705 751 795 SIS 899 871 797 NON-SUBSIDIZED PRIVATE SCHOOLS. Boys. 05 60 133 09 215 17S 205 238 82 121 68 70 93 , 90 103 124 97 39 36 8 23 88 43 87 7 41 100 140 76 232 85 124 43 121 S 48 7 55 23 40 239 109 802 943 SOd 1,101 910 1,138 836 1,125 920 1,240 917 1,234 970 1,194 895 1,273 998 1,489 1,071 1,536 1,078 1,410 1,008 1,214 217 305 578 673 281 194 247 330 242 56 123 155 S 48 304 337 299 214 00 02 82 749 2,447 2,574 2,779 2,714 2,985 3,007 3,046 3,146 3,447 3,652 3,491 3.129 461 509 234 339 285 050 332 518 78 83 100 74 59 427 231 188 22S 498 38 61 90 70 3,186 1,999 1,896 1,931 1,948 2,103 3,274 2,373 2,654 2,955 3,119 3,417 «_ 00 o 764 1,481 1,086 1,623 3,752 5,173 3,055 4,026 304 658 1,438 1,657 395 1.598 004 703 018 810 131 181 618 035 13,776 11,915 12.521 12,276 12,811 13,071 13,490 14,371 10,105 17,086 17,524 18,540 O " 954 1,634 1,246 1,807 4,195 5,292 4,412 4,572 370 620 1,357 1,686 328 1,198 093 736 587 739 120 141 623 659 14,084 14,663 14,532 14,393 14,555 14,498 14,770 15,412 10,160 16,991 17,880 19,083 790 1,002 1,059 1,455 1,915 1,900 2,257 1,919 236 366 648 609 178 415 357 631 301 310 52 55 253 248 8.046 8,714 8,302 8,512 8,884 8,490 8,492 8,086 8,859 8,654 8,379 8,910 2,969 4,626 3,635 5,224 10,147 13,015 10,046 11,0.34 1,048 1,727 3,603 4,026 700 3,029 1,944 2,350 1,734 2,363 331 438 1,484 1,612 37,691 37,291 37,251 37,111 38,198 38,168 39,050 40,843 43,778 45,586 40,903 49,950 G)-irls. 979 1,226 268 428 215 879 307 536 76 58 182 83 32 426 184 179 178 468 29 75 179 264 2,629 2,694 2,636 2,935 3,790 3,966 3,060 3,249 3.675 4,172 4,102 4,621 3,102 4,218 1,238 2,198 3,400 5,124 2,966 3,753 349 688 1,291 1,574 309 1,656 691 803 561 833 87 171 1,187 1,322 15,247 14,762 15,972 16,443 10,297 16,850 17,574 18,752 20,306 20,874 21 ,422 22,300 o " 3,535 4,940 1,508 2,417 3,867 5,589 4,235 4,727 352 663 1,286 1,721 199 1,12S 689 831 504 061 89 149 1,154 1,401 17,418 17,839 17,385 18,119 18,440 18,769 19,518 20,324 21,148 21,743 22.320 24,217 1.930 2,219 1.051 1,574 1,562 2,068 2,024 1,939 134 290 594 696 67 248 249 558 146 146 20 49 576 1,039 8,353 9.272 8,965 9.814 10.086 10.334 10.469 10,437 10,894 10.536 10,698 10.826 9,606 12.603 4,065 6,617 9.050 13,660 9,532 10,965 911 1,099 3,353 4,073 007 3,358 1.813 3,431 1.389 2.098 225 444 3,096 4,020 43,647 44,507 44,958 46,301 47,618 48,919 50,643 53,762 56.083 57.325 58,542 01,964 ALL THE SCHOOLS IN GENERAL. Boys. 1.B58 1.618 1.399 1,573 1.039 1.424 1,197 1,513 503 729 330 308 1,803 2,730 1,659 1.541 1.789 2,746 897 1,164 695 593 13.875 13.082 12.659 13,617 13,791 14,037 13.865 14,883 15.645 15,401 15,497 15.939 o 9,048 9,613 11,398 10,978 10,838 10,899 12,882 13,858 16,583 16,223 20,471 19,359 12,942 14.512 15,337 17,580 3.810 4.525 5.668 5,327 4.285 4,048 4.958 4,788 8.187 7,617 10,597 8.999 6,954 6,303 7.498 6.937 6,423 6,388 7,296 6,864 2.780 2,567 3,238 3,078 4,984 5,607 5.840 6,548 86.834 88,301 84,037 89,748 87,338 88,611 87,373 89.7S0 89,487 89,841 89.038 89,711 91,152 89.478 94,679 91,698 99,431 93,461 100,675 96,894 103,028 98,739 105,183 103,306 4,903 4,935 5,945 6,845 5,021 0,319 4,953 0,093 2,391 3.140 1,279 1,445 3.004 3.500 3.483 2,955 2,407 2,701 1,000 1,239 2,116 2,255 36,102 42.622 40,254 43,458 43.769 41,522 40,947 40,788 41,399 41,113 41,225 41,487 25.022 28,929 29,081 34,158 39,406 47,473 33,604 40.523 11,229 14,804 9,948 11,499 20,611 35,830 17.458 18,931 17,007 19.667 7,344 8,719 13,402 15,336 224,072 229,489 228,762 234,228 236,888 234,298 235,466 242,048 249.926 254,083 258,489 265,815 Gi- i r 1 s. TS C r^ 5? 00 o 5 1.745 2,041 li212 1,509 806 1,568 987 1,405 387 530 343 257 1.512 2.530 1,402 1.393 1,657 2,543 836 1,159 664 747 11,450 12.299 11.971 12,953 12,926 13.412 13,286 14,409 1B.077 15,037 15,097 15,748 8,403 9,798 9.349 11.576 14,932 1 9,246 11,734 14.651 3,250 6,123 3,819 4.467 7.637 9,940 6,342 7,105 5,846 7,214 2,554 3,128 4,453 5,245 78.218 76,485 79,873 79,788 81,620 81,343 83,625 87,553 91,870 92,012 95.149 97.483 8,424 9,688 9,079 11,465 14,159 17,788 12,374 15,924 3,567 4,635 3,362 4.283 6.098 7,859 5,419 6,372 5,566 0,390 2.258 3,761 4.805 5,710 75,111 78,336 76,896 78.673 78,746 78,075 78,853 81,014 82,510 85,819 87,984 92,887 3.550 3,768 3,359 4,354 8,505 4,586 3,551 4,667 1,083 1.734 897 1,210 1,332 1.815 1,205 1.829 1,174 1,419 526 683 1,326 2.061 21,508 35,748 24,691 26,741 27,079 26,427 26,159 26,330 27,396 26,897 27,567 28,126 22,122 25.295 22,999 28.964 33,402 43,188 28,646 30,647 8,287 12,022 8,420 10,207 16,479 22,150 14,368 16,699 14,242 17,572 6,174 7,731 11.14S 13,769 186,287 192,868 193,431 198,155 200,371 199.857 201,845 209,306 216.853 220,365 225,779 234,244 17 The number of Pupils on the school-lists on 15th of January 1873, was considerably higher than at the same period in 1863. That cipher is increased by 89,700 (41,743 boys, and 47,957 girls). Of these 38,466 (4,508 boys, and 28,958 girls) belonged to the Public Schools; 886 (—396 boys, and 682 girls) to the subsidized Private Schools; 30,576 (12,259 boys, and 18,317 girls) to the non- subsidized Private Schools. In the following Table the presumed number of children is stated from 6 to 13 years of age, besides the number of those who were not entered on the school-lists on 15th of January of each of those years. YEARS, PROBABLE NUMBER OF CHILDREN OF NUMBER OF CHILDREN PROBABLY NOT ATTENDING THE DAY-SCHOOL IN JANUARY, OF NUMBER OP CHILDREN PER 1000, NOT ATTENDING THE DAY-SCHOOL IN JANUARY, OP 6, 7 and 8 Years. 9, 10 and H Years. 6, 7 and 8 Years. 9, 10 and 11 Years. 6, 7 and 8 Years. 9, 10 and 11 Years. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. 1862. 111,188 109,452 106,233 103,740 34,306 31,334 17,973 38,629 319 285 169 276 1863. 112,159 110,468 107,209 104,675 28,158 34,387 18,513 26,361 351 311 173 253 1864. 113,235 111,525 108.234 105,673 25,997 31,652 19,623 28,777 230 384 181 272 1865. 115,283 112,307 109,685 106,245 27,882 32,419 19,904 37,599 343 289 181 360 1866. 116,805 113,650 111,723 107,774 27,317 32,030 21,880 39,028 234 282 196 269 1867. 117,401 114,052 112,202 108,068 28,372 32,709 22,491 29,393 242 287 300 372 1868. 118,844 115,211 113,585 109,172 27,692 31,686 24,107 30,319 233 275 212 278 1869. 120,130 116,296 114,813 110,182 25,451 28,748 23,115 29,168 212 246 201 264 1870. 117,800 116,688 112,680 109,577 18,869 28,818 19,129 27,067 156 206 170 347 1871. 119,088 116,649 113,810 110,486 18,413 24,087 16,916 24,667 155 206 148 233 1872. 119,764 117,211 114,457 111,020 18,510 24,146 17,016 24,790 155 306 149 333 1873. 121,040 118,393 115,664 112,133 18,718 24,394 17,203 25,047 155 206 149 333 Thus the relative number of children not attending the day-school, was at each age greater in girls than in boys ; and of both sexes, but especially males, greater at the ages from 6 to 9 than from 9 to 13. For the better appreciation of the two Tables must be borne in mind the considerable increase of school-attendance which was already observable in 1858/61. In these 4 years the increase in the number of pupils was comparatively more considerable, than in the following period of 12 years. Were it possible to make an exact comparison between the years 1858 and 1878, the result would certainly be still more favourable for the last mentioned year. But even allowing, — which may be done with some foundation, — that the ciphers stated in the foregoing Table, per 1000 children not attending school, exceed 18 the reality, especially in the sense of their not being all entirely debarred from instruction, but rather of their having attended school for too short a time, or irregularly, or else of their receiving private instruction at home, then still it is not to be denied that the opportunities for instruction are far too much neglected. Several causes tend to this. Indifference of the parents, in the first place: — they themselves have jogged on without learning, or without learning much ; the children need not plod so long at school. But this is not the only cause; perhaps not even the principal one, and if so, it is by no means everywhere the case. In the larger Communes where it is desirable for the mothers to earn something too, the children, especially the girls — as the ciphers confirm — are often kept from school for domestic occupations; elsewhere, especially in manufacturing places, and often among small tradespeople, the children are required to earn something too, the parents' wages being but trifling; but what more than anything else tends to paralyse the efficiency of the school and the cultivation of the people, is field-labour and the tending of cattle. Not only, or exclusively, the more indigent labourers make their children take part in the labours of the field; but the wealthier farmers are guilty of the same abuse. In Drenthe and Overyssel there are the peat-grounds, in Grro- ningen, — where, however, instruction stands very high, — it is the culture of flax, in South-Holland along the Yssel, the brick-fields, here and there spinning and weaving, and everywhere — mostly, and sometimes exclusively, in the summer months — agriculture, which undermines, what moral influence endeavours to establish. Pauperism, too, contributes to foster this evil. — Though this cause may not be the most powerful, yet it certainly goes a great way. Want of clothes, or shoes, prevents many a child from being sent to school, for a time at least, if not for long. In this way irregular attendance is promoted. The evil, however, is fiot of recent growth, only formerly it had not been so much attended to. Improvement is even discernible; this is clearly seen in the foregoing Table. This improvement, however, is not yet rapid enough, and as it proceeds, a considerable space of time will have to elapse, before peace can be concluded with this enemy, who will even then require it to be an armed peace. Has the question been ever mooted in Netherland what ought to be done in order to combat this enemy successfully? It certainly has — but the answer does not meet with the sympathy of all parties. After certain authorities and Teachers had pointed out the extent of the evil, a Union was formed to combat non-attendance at school, viz „the Netherland School-league." Two brothers, Dr. P. Harting, Professor in the University of Utrecht, and Dr. D. Harting, Clergyman at Enkhuizen, in the Province of North-Holland, were the founders of this Society. At the. beginning this School-league met with encouragement and co-operation; 19 it spread all over the country in more than a hundred departments. Its aim was to promote schooling, and a regular school-attendance without legislative interference, but by mere moral influence. School-festivals were instituted ; prizes for regular attendance offered ; school-libraries established ; increased opportunities for receiving instruction were insisted on, as also the augmentation of the staff of Assistant-teachers; — the encouragement of needlework, was urged as a powerful means to keep girls longer at the school; but in vain. Yet it must be gratefully acknowledged, that the labours of many depart- ments of the School-league, of several local and independent Societies for the promotion of regular school-attendance, have had a beneficial influence. Another corporation, the Union for the Promotion of Popular Education, has from small beginnings, obtained a considerable range, and bears in its hanner compulsory schooling, but compulsory schooling, with ample and eflBcient means for obtaining good instruction. It holds meetings, and endeavours by that means to convince the public of the solidity of its principles. Great is the number of those who, from antagonists, have been converted into champions of compulsory education, partly from the experience that moral means are nugatory, but also partly from the powerful influence of the last mentioned Society. The conviction, however, of the necessity of introducing com- pulsory education, is, as yet, far from being generally prevalent. By far the greatest number, even the most zealous advocates, acknowledge that the time for its introduction is not yet come; that augmentation of the number of schools, extension of the staff of Teachers, must precede. This, therefore, is strenuously insisted on. It is to be hoped, however, that as long as compulsory education cannot be introduced, the strenuous exertions of those who desire to work only by means of moral influence, will prevail. In the following Tabular view the number of scholars at the day-school is stated, that received gratuitous instruction, in each Province, during the years 1863 and 1873; and, in the same period of 13 years, each year for the Kingdom. . 20 ^^^^ o O Q 2 S3 a C;-*CO(MiOC*(:0^rHOSrH«lUS-^QO-<3'/-H'^OCOC-0 OSrHOeMrHOinOSOCQfWO inOloacQoat^^TjIi— ll>.04iOOO«OOS«DCOOClrH00050 OCMrH(M o 10COCOOCOeOQOeDO(MiftCMrH10C0050'»SC* t~ eo in CO i>* co c— 1 ■^iOiOcOcDir5cD!Dif350«3?DC*lr-'*t01rtiO'*'^(?2CO ininininmin»niftinininm 1 rd coioo(Moso«)-«Jico(MQO.-iosoaeoic3(-iinosiooos COOin--ir-«5t*COO-*«DCOi-lOSOSCO'«*l*; CN OS OS^ (M OS OS_ OS_ lO M3^ W -^^ 00^ eD_ in_ O '«? "^^ co^ 10 '* osG CMCOOSOrHiOrHCOt-tMCOOS Oh ^^COOCOeD^OB^COf-H-<*1-^MOB^CCOOWr-1 f"!,"^^ to" t> CO W «d" OO" C^ CO Wr-T r-T r-T of (M" CO 00 0^ 1— i_ r-H^ in OS r-^ rH_^ "^ «_ rH"oOSrHrH"rH"cMCO tsTiOCD ■* COCO(MCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO ' ■'§ CJ w (Mccioo-.cO'*w30s(M'«#TSost-int-c- rHinoosoamcoocQeocoin *= 1 CQCOmcOJir500rHOSCX30(Slr— l-^eOTOCO(SiODi— ICOt-fH «3(MCMCOt-^ OS -^ CO in 0^ »n^ t- 0^ os^ oo_^ 0^ co_^ t^ as" cd" ^" ir- -*' cq" cd" CO c- cd' cu ,s n-l rH (M CO CO CO CM CO r~i (M CO i-t rH rH —i t-COODC»OSOSOSOSOOrH(M (/3 r^^r-lr-iT-ir-^t-ir-iaiQiOi&l _J -«*-»^O(MQ0rHOOeDe000cDOe05DO0S0SQ0OOin OSC-COCOOSiO-HTjIOSCOrHOa s •«*OaQO{MeDCDiOt-rHQO- 0^ rH «3 '^^ in (M ^„ "*„ "-"L « "i '^ ^'l. "^ ® '^ '™- co" ^^^ os" CO oT t^ 0" (kT C4 co" t-^ co" r-T i> -«?" in eo" tjT ^^^^ «d OS in CM co^ 0^ CO rH 0^ CO 0^ 0_ OS CO ■«?" 00" Os" CM CO eo" 0" CO 04 C* •3 1 tg i-l rH rH rH GQ CM (M C»OOOOOOOSOSOSOOrHrHrH r-t i^ ^-^ r-i r-\ cn QOm^OOCQ'^OSCOOSCOrHrHt-eDMCOrHintOOODQO OOOSt-)ineDOr-tO'«3'"*t-cO o C-COOcOtM' ■11 1 ) WaSiWlZHNP&HO^Bl^ 21 Paupers, and persons who, though no paupers, cannot afford to pay for school- ing, are, according to Art. 33 of the Law of 1857, exempt from the payment of fees for each child attending school. As this however is rendered discreti- onary, and as there are besides many Private Schools of Unions where gratuitous instruction is given, it is clear that gratuitous instruction is not confined to children of paupers, or of indigent parents, but extends to all who receive their instruction at schools where no school-fees are exacted. According to the foregoing Table the proportion of those who received gra- tuitous instruction — as far as regards the Public Schools — , was everywhere greater in 1873 than in 1863, with the exception of the Provinces of South- Holland, North-Holland and Drenthe. At the Private Schools on the contrary, it was diminished in all the Provinces. In Drenthe, where, at the end of 1873 there existed 13 Private Schools, there occur no gratuitously instructed pupils at those establishments for that year. The reason is, that the Private Schools at the Government Paupers' Institutions have been converted into Public Schools. According to the annual account, the number of children receiving gratuitous instruction at the Public Schools, has increased, while that of the Private Schools has diminished. Now, as gratuitous instruction, since this Law came into opera- tion, was introduced at a considerable number of schools, and was again abolished in many Communes in latter years, it follows from the foregoing Tabular view, that the 3rd clause of Art. 38 of the Law is being constantly better enforced, and that the Governments of the Communes do as much as possible to encourage a regular school-attendance of the children of paupers and of indigent persons. The following Table shows the number of scholars, who, on the 15th of January attended both the Day-and Evening-School, and of those who visited the Evening- School alone, of either sex, of each of the three descriptions of schools, for each Province, of the two first and last years only — 1858 and 1873, and of every year for the whole Kingdom. f . t— OSOSOOCOCOt-COp-IMCMCO'^O'^t-lOaSrH'^OSt- lO Oa OS »0 m rH O -^ 00 -* rH lO (M f-H CD CD 1 3 t-QOOS»nTjl5!flOWOeDCO»niOOrHCO > bH r-t i-ti-ICOD3cDrH rH rHCOrHr-lCO in 1 S i o so" (M cm" «" cm" r-4 r-i r^ CM" r-^ r^ i-T rH r^ r^ r^ Q0CD05lOQ0-^(MO'«3l'^(MO'**lQ0C0O ill s M03'^O0a0»0aeD0S'C'*l£3040S0i0»-tO(M<:DOO"3COt'' ifl lo -i*" -^" io co" co" co" CO* »o w9 ■^" -^jT tjh" -^ -^ ^" :; O rH t-i ■3 m P it eOOSC-'^OS5O-^0D'«?in'<*«OrHrHlO»nCOCDrH00in00 OSlOt-t-OSt-CDrHlOiOOSCDcDOSCOCO ll ft D 0! OSOOSrHlOOrHQOtKlOa'^COOSOOOia-^OOrHCOlflt' O-'JiOrHt-cOeDfMO-^t'Ot-cOCMM H o 0S(M0a'.^l0C0rHC0OaaJiioeocoooso»aseo-*ocDc»eD«>c-oaO'■ rHSOrH C-O0S00iOC0iOCDt-CDi>-C»O0>(M«J' 111 ^ n 13 O r-^ Oi r-i r^ (M 04 Oi" WT wT Oa -CO(MO t--^0»O0lWrH00Q0t-C0-^e0rHrH'^ cS w o 00 d 00 O ■* ?C ift OS rH CO CO rH rH r» CO CO lO ITS rH CM -^^^ CO CD^ CO^ 00^ SD^ OS^ CD »D CO CO lO CO C^ W rH rHCOCOOSrHrHOOrHrHCOoaOOOO Q 10-^K3rHQOt-rHrHt-CMOS- r^ i-i"^ CO •a fo OS^C«eOCOOS(M^COrHOSCOCM'incOOS»D -*" in" co" oo" o" wTca" co" co" of «" co" co" co" eo" ^'' ooosirtoaincocoiacococo-^oooaot-cDoscoosco t-'^rHrHt-COlOt— rHCOCOrHCOC004(M H % COt-C0C0OSt-'^0a-CCCO'<='^'=eded . * Failed.... Cerlificales as .^ssislant-teacher [ Succeeded. Failed . . . . IB ID i H Succeeded. Failed .... Succeeded . Failed .... Succeeded . led ... . ■ a. one or more branches of ord. Elem. Inslr. \ "'^'^^*''*" ( Failed... 6. the French Language c. Ihe German Language J .1. 1- !• L I i Sue a. the English Language { ( Fai .,„.,, ( Succeeded. p. the Spanish Language \ ( Failed. . . . J. ,, ., .. ( Succeeded. /. Mathematics < ( Failed .... „ .. ( Succeeded. v. Gvranastics { ( Failed .... > I, . I Succeeded. «. Drawing j ' Failed .... • II, ( Succeeded. t. Agriculture { ( Failed .... ,,,„,, i Succeeded. a. the trench Language ■', ' Failed.... s h. the German Language. . c. the English Language | d. the Danish Language j e. Mathematics \ f. .Agriculture j .- • (Si g. (ivmnastics \ [ Fi h. Drawing Tnlal of male Teachers . Cerlificales as Ilead-mislross . . . Certificates as Assistanl-leacher . . a. one or more hranches of ord. Elem. Inslr. 41 % h. the French Language . ^ I (/. the English Language . . . Succeeded. Failed .... Succeeded. Failed .... Succeeded . Failed. . . . Succeeded . Failed .... Succeeded . Failed. . . . Succeeded, ailed. . . . Succeeded . Failed .... Succeeded . Failed .... Succeeded. Failed. . . . Succeeded. Failed .... Succeeded . Failed .... Succeeded . Failed .... j Succeeded . ' Failed .... Succeeded. k e. Drawing /. NccJIc work g. Gymnastics a. Ihe French Language . h. the German Language. c. Ihe English Language. d. the Italian Language . e. Mathematics /. Drawing g. Needle-work h. Gvmnaslics ( Succeeded. ( Failed.... ( Succ 1 Faili Succeeded. Failed .... Succeeded. Failed .... Succeeded . Failed .... j Succeeded . I Failed. . . . Succeeded . Failed. . . . ceeded iled Succeeded . Failed .... Succeeded. Failed .... Succeeded . Failed .... Succeeded . ailed. . . . Succeeded . Failed. . . . Total of female-Teachers. ■) s ■ I -I I Succee ( Failed ■I -I ( Su ■ ( Fa j Su ■ I Fa ■I ( Succeeded. ■ I Failed . . . . 1858. 1 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. i 1866. \ 1867. i 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. J 1872. ! 1873 Total of Teachers male and female Succeeded . Failed . . . . 46 29 265 170 5 » 16 6 17 2 7 1 1 » 14 2 2 91 04 686 353 28 9 122 42 19 4 29 8 14 4 15 4 15 85 24 16 9 34 14 1 56 4 434 122 1,120 475 99 75 266 172 2 2 10 7 10 4 94 108 45 41 16 33 33 47 31 29 1 » „ » 113 01 29 28 5 5 1 1 20 7 1 1 689 I 469 33 12 ; 145 ! .52 15 6 21 16 4 46 1 93 2fi 34 i 13 43 i 22 : 537 134 99 267 191 1 1 14 6 7 3 4 8 7 » 2 3 y> n » 99 99 54 31 42 40 78 28 1 14 3 16 8 743 517 30 16 157 79 15 3 29 11 10 4 17 3 21 2 122 55 49 9 65 25 147 118 276 152 4 1 75 147 45 34 49 31 G8 21 1 1 17 4 39 10 759 527 38 14 171 75 9 2 25 6 7 2 10 3 50 4 127 50 35 12 81 13 84 U3 I 106 5 7 142 179 321 226 3 M 12 1 2 1 7 72 150 41 32 46 38 71 50 2 20 5 40 17 791 711 25 23 168 92 19 5 45 15 11 3 19 3 3 117 51 45 20 82 16 103 7 640 667 693 147 I 212 188 237 1,226 616 1,383 729 1,426 715 1,484 948 130 179 392 275 2 2 17 6 12 4 12 1 12 3 15 » 30 9 95 135 41 22 36 43 62 60 1 » 27 8 24 5 908 752 44 19 162 69 8 5 37 16 14 7 21 7 1 110 229 342 428 2 g 16 27 10 5 10 11 14 9 11 11 15 70 128 44 40 17 38 64 65 1 50 16 43 35 815 1,048 30 21 114 121 14 21 42 34 15 6 17 7 5 4 152 73 2 22 20 » 2i 1 „ » ! M 98 43 ! 48 18 76 23 I 91 5 754 235 ,662 987 77 57 \ 35 16 I I 48 I 1 22 92 7 567 332 1,382 1,380 103 222 359 466 3 7 14 5 4 3 5 8 12 12 79 137 44 34 24 39 78 100 1 57 17 41 33 837 1,090 34 30 138 119 I 56 ! 16 I 32 1 29 17 6 13 6 8 2 86 14 89 62 43 17 62 25 1 78 9 659 336 1,496 1,426 130 228 433 463 2 10 11 3 2 9 3 12 10 6 2 17 8 71 180 25 22 36 29 81 68 1 1 44 20 40 23 921 1,070 39 27 134 59 21 12 42 21 10 34 12 65 35 6 66 613 249 1,534 1,319 168 241 454 497 3 16 12 5 1 9 3 5 6 10 1 10 4 1 81 150 34 24 26 29 102 1 40 9 51 34 175 286 473 399 1 1 9 8 5 » 5 3 15 6 3 10 9 2 81 158 37 31 21 37 117 114 » 1 43 16 40 35 1,002 ] 1,040 1,113 I 1,107 47 20 162 94 17 2 51 12 9 2 22 1 37 : 8 11 2 ^i y. » 1 93 107 11 8 ., 1 „ » 79 98 54 40 1 41 10 60 20 2 3 75 4 60 23 159 125 18 4 53 9 18 3 27 7 2 W 105 13 3 M 110 48 44 8 62 18 66 7 709 733 226 265 1,711 1,339 1,773 1,372 220 306 375 374 13 11 3 3 3 4 16 13 6 4 67 165 36 42 32 43 110 132 46 25 43 32 990 167 39 24 199 78 25 7 38 22 16 1 30 9 2 86 10 1 106 49 40 16 62 29 89 11 734 256 1,724 1,423 198 303 349 322 19 31 6 5 7 7 31 18 20 5 18 11 78 141 32 31 28 26 119 3 2 47 12 48 27 978 1,060 36 20 175 73 25 3 56 21 29 3 43 5 117 7 6 5 1 96 19 2 1 808 227 1,786 1,287 191 236 285 203 2 19 3 8 4 15 13 91 114 43 27 23 23 66 31 17 38 21 831 265 336 337 269 10 5 7 11 3 7 4 16 12 115 117 48 32 39 41 121 105 3 1 41 24 53 36 1,076 749 1,049 3 i 111 46 38 12 66 13 42 13 157 69 17 26 17 19 3 20 1 2 1 76 14 3 M 68 41 34 17 64 24 6 4 105 14 3 642 218 1,473 967 54 11 229 80 20 2 39 9 9 2 21 4 108 30 134 76 58 18 89 45 4 170 40 2 941 325 2,017 1,374 267 364 309 229 4 10 2 4 4 11 9 8 2 27 14 117 184 70 46 39 30 107 73 20 3 49 11 54 21 1,088 1,002 47 13 193 93 30 1 39 21 23 2 22 4 5 6 135 39 1 1 121 67 66 11 101 30 4 1 6 4 174 25 4 4 971 322 2,059 1,324 / 45 YEARS. CERTIFICATES OF CAPACITY, AS: H O 1 .s a mi § o CO o H T 1st Grade. SACUERS OF TBE ■Si 2 B 5f H - 1 II |.| 1 o a 2nd Grade. 3rd Grade. 4th Grade. 1848. 3 96 227 243 108 1 4 134 5 821 _ _ 1849. 3 116 264 235 113 „ 7 148 10 896 — — 1850. 2 143 236 224 126 „ 22 125 16 894 300 1,194 1851. 3 148 240 275 149 . 3 28 134 13 993 219 1,212 1852. 1 140 228 274 151 4 13 149 13 973 270 1,243 1853. „ 170 234 294 199 G 15 160 10 1,088 332 1,420 1854. „ 141 252 311 209 5 10 207 20 1,155 388 1,543 1855. 1 125 332 291 191 10 10 171 11 1.042 335 1,377 1856. 2 155 264 266 240 9 11 267 31 1,245 422 1,667 1857. 5 205 344 263 412 8 10 335 23 1,605 480 2,085 From this Table it appears that the number of Certificates issued was almost doubled during the decade in question. The increase was greatest in the Cer- tificates for foreign Languages, which rose from 108 to 413, and for those of School-mistresses which rose from 134 to 335. During the whole decade 10,713 Certificates were delivered, of which 8730 to males, and 1983 to females. Por the first two years 1848 and 1849 the number of failures, and consequently the total number of examined is not given; in the last eight years from 1850 to 1857 11,741 examinations were passed, of which 8995, or 77 p. ct. were suc- cessful, and 3746 or 33 p. ct. failures. According to the provisions of the Law of 1857 Certificates of capacity are delivered for school instraction as Head- or Assistant-teacher of either sex, and for Private Instruction ; examinations undergone for separate branches of extended Elementary Instruction, were inserted in such certificates. The certificates issued in accordance with Art. 73 of the Law, for more advanced instruction in the modern Languages are not included in the following Table. Of these Certificates 100 were delivered in 1850, 73 in 1859, 41 in 1860, 42 in 1861, 34 in 1863, 15 in 1863; while in each of these six years 60, 14, 6, 13, 7 and 3 candi- dates failed. Of the successful male Candidates 38 obtained Certificates for the Erench Language, 33 for the German, 33 for the English and 3 for the Italian Language; 83 for Mathematics, 49 for Physics; of the female Candidates 31 succeeded for French, 18 for German and 16 for English, The Table contains a statement for the Period from 1858 to 1873 of the number of the successful and unsuccessful candidates of every year, arranged according to the kind of Certificate, and the notice of Certificates previously obtained. 46 During the Period of sixteen years 1858/1873 43,937 Examinations were passed, of which 25,256 or 597o were successful and 17,681 or 4l7o failures. Of each hundred Candidates examined, there were 30 who failed in 1858, 33 in 1859, 35 in 1860, 33 in 1861, 39 in 1863, 37 in 1863, 50 in 1864, 49 in 1865, 46 in 1866, 44 in 1867, 44 in 1868, 45 in 1869, 42 in 1870, 40 in 1871, 41 1873 and 39 in 1873. The great increase in the number of Candidates of late years is chiefly the consequence of the prescription of the Law with regard to the required number of Assistant-teachers at each school, as also of the improved prospects of the profession. The year 1871 as far as regards the number of Candidates examined, cannot be taken into account, as in that year only one examination took place on account of the then prevailing small-pox. The many Candidates who failed in the spring and presented themselves again in the autumn, could not undergo their second examination, as it was not held. Hence the small number in com- parison with other years. On comparing the results of the examinations of the first years, with those of later ones, the number of failures proves to have rather increased than diminished. The principal reason is, that, especially in 1858, in order not to make the transition too great, the examinations were held so as not to depart too much from the former standard. Gradually, however, the Boards of Examiners have raised their standard, and at last brought the tests entirely in accordance with the regulation for these examinations. With respect to the relative number of successful and unsuccessful Candidates, the females have decidedly the advantage. Eemales presenting themselves for examination take more pains and have more perseverance, generally belong to a better station in life than the male Candidates, and have enjoyed from childhood a better education and more culture. They are commonly occupied only for a few hours a day in giving practical instruction, and have therefore more time for study, than the male Pupil-teachers, who are often occupied in school during the greatest part of the day. Even when the standard of knowledge is equal, the females still possess more general culture, can express themselves better, furnish better compositions or themes, and turn what they have learned to better account. This is more particularly the case with the examinations in foreign Languages, in which their superiority is remarkable. From the years 1859 to 1873 inclusive, the King has granted permission to 735 foreigners (199 males and 536 females), after successful examination, to give Elementary Instruction in this Kingdom. Here is to be observed that these were for the greater part Teachers in boarding-schools, charged with instructing their own tongue. 47 § 8. Salaries of Teachers. The incomes of Teachers before 1858 cannot be easily estimated; the more so, as the standard according to which the amount was calculated, is unknown. While some enjoyed a clear income with or without a dwelling, others had to find out of their salaries one or more Assistant-teachers, or were bur- dened with the obligation of teaching children of paupers, the rent of a dwelling-house, or the expenses of school-appliances. On the introduction of the new Law the complaints of the insufficiency of salaries were loudest in North-Brabant and in the rural Districts of Guelderland and North-Holland. In South-Holland the salaries of Teachers in the Communes where school-funds existed, were in general sufficient. Where these funds did not exist, the Teachers suffered great losses in their incomes, by bad payment, and the irregular attendance of the children. In North-Brabant, for instance, of the 393 Teachers in 1856, 89 derived less than 300 florins, 75 from 3 to 400 florins, 85 from 4 to 600 fl., 89 from 600 to 1000 fl., and only 13 a higher income. In the Province of Overyssel there existed formerly a Provincial-Eegulation concerning the school-fees, and the Teachers' salaries in the smaller towns and in the rural Communes; this Eegulation was abolished 19th of June 1836, while the school- fees were regulated by Local orders. In this Province there were in 1856 many Teachers, who had all in all scarcely 300 guilders income. In Drenthe there were even in 1856 Supplementary-schools, where the Teachers had not so much as 100 florins, while many Teachers of much frequented schools, who had a family to provide for, were obliged, on an income of 4 or 500 florins, to give board and lodging to an Assistant-teacher, which cost him at least 350 fl. ; most of the Masters in that Province lacked, too, the advantage of a garden. In Fries- land the financial condition of the schoolmasters was on the whole better, as considerable sums were granted from the Communal Treasury, or the Eccle- siastical stipends, as gifts, subsidies, or increase of salary. Of the Head-masters and mistresses at the Public schools in 1858, 1613 had free dwellings from the Commune, 143 indemnification for house-rent, 387 dwellings rent-free from other causes, while 476 had neither rent-free dwellings nor indemnification for house-rent. These indemnifications were in general fixed at a low amount, and in many cases were far from sufficient for the obtaining of a commodious dwelling. In 1861, when the Law came fully into eifect, 1635 Head-masters and mistresses had rent-free dwellings from the Communes, 544 in- demnification for house-rent, 391 rent-free houses from other sources, and 39 neither rent-free dwellings, nor indemnification. These last-mentioned were Head- masters at sotae smaller Supplementary-schools, for the most part in Overyssel and Drenthe, which were established by virtue of Art. 30 or 51 of the Law. The following Table gives a view of the. fixed and variable salaries of the 48 Head-masters and mistresses at the Pablic Schools in 1861, the first year after the introduction of the new Law, when the regulation might be considered as being fully in force, and with regard to which, therefore, complete statements were possible; as also in 1873, the last year of which such statements have been reported to the Government. With regard to the salaries of the staif of Teachers at the private schools, no accounts can be given, as no statements concerning them are required, nor are they given. o as \ I 1 1 ?5 •66i5 'Id 01 00£B 'Id mojj CSRSKSeCC&Sfifi SrH S c H K It S S ph ft '6695 "Id o; 0095 'W tuojj B SrHrH SRBBRSSRRPRRRSRRRI! rH rH •66SS 'Td 0^ 009S 'Id ™ojj SRSRSRRRKfiflliflKiiSSSIiSRR S K •eei-B 'Id o^ 00^5 "Id uioj; R R S S S^ RSRRRftKERR E rH R R R 8 coil ■6685 'Id 0? 00S5 'Id raojj R R R B ECQ RRRRRRSRRRKRRRRR R(M *6655 'Id o» 005S Md i«ojj R R R BrH m ERRREERRRRRRRRRR JH lO •66TS 'Td 0^ COTS 'Id mojj S R E R CM (M r-H (N (-1 E E R R rH REERRRRR .* >n ■6605 'Id 01 OOOS 'Id mojj REERCItM Rr-H Er-1 SEr-H RRRERSEEE M ■* •666T 'Id o» 0061 *Id i"OJj REE E«Di-lr-iC« E E E E r-H ERRRSRRRR 00 CO •6691 "Id o; 0081 'Id niojj RcH fif— l-^W EC- RrH REE E i— ! r— 1 E E E R S S »£S CO 1— i '66il 'Id 01 ooil "Id raojj R rH r-i rH (54 CQ t^ -^ ? CM t- CD O in 00 CO --CO CO U3 "66^ 'Id 01 00^ -Id raoj; Q00SQ0CMini:-CD-3<0»tDOxn«)0SC0Ot-eDi0C0C0(M OlOOCOrH CM r^ rH -^CMOOCDOOt-COinr-GO rH rH -H r^ C- CO '668 'Id 0? 005 'Id roojj OmCD-^rH ECO R R RrH RTOCMOSCOrHt-rHlDt-CM '^CM'^CM (MCOCM-^ in-^rHrH CM 00 CO so CM ^-^ O o PS a. 1 rHCOrHCOrHCOrH, CO rH cDt-eoir-eot-cot-co QOOOOOODOOODQOOOOO •i g a s Hill K ^ m 9^ ^ » 00 1 ■O r-i 30 00 -1 i-t s e 'a •0 (-1 >-eo 30 00 — 1 rH r 1 ■O rH CO rH ■^eo t- CO 3D C» 00 CO — 1 rH rH rH li •11 ■0 r^ >.co » oo -H rH 1 :o rH eo [>■ CO c- » 00 00 -H rH rH i EH 50 Here is to be observed tbat, according to Art. 19 of the Law, the Teachers shall have a dwelling-house, if possible with a garden, or, where this cannot be procured, indemnification for house-rent, and in some places also for a garden. With regard to many, the amount of the variable income cannot be stated, it not being guaranteed to any certain minimum. Several Teachers have besides their, salary, grants for the first three or four rates of- the Personal Taxes, or free firing and lighting. Enally, at the end of 1873 no fewer than 1377 Public Teachers, almost 49%, had besides emoluments from other offices, of which 1142 were connected with the church. On comparing the foregoing numbers, it will appear that most of the Head- masters enjoy a much better position since the complete carrying out of the new Law. If in 1861 there were still 1009, or 41<'/o, whose yearly salary and variable income was less than 500 florins, this number had fallen at the end of 1873 to 584, or SS^o. The number of Teachers deriving an income of from 500 fl. to 1000 fl., only 1137 or 460/o in 1861, had risen at the end of 1873 to 1577, or about eoo/g. This improvement has gone on increasing considerably, and will most probably continue to increase yearly. This is also desirable as long as there are 138 Teachers receiving no more than the minimum of 400 fl. prescribed by the Law. This important object continues to be the constant care of the authorities, and the endeavours of the School-Boards with the Com- munal governments to this effect frequently prove successful. The position of Teachers in North-Brabant, Guelderland, Overyssel, Gronin- gen, Drenthe and Limburgh was, at that time, more unfavorable as to the salaries, than in the other Provinces. For in these Provinces a great number of schools were still subject to the prescriptions of Art. 20 of the Law of 1857, in virtue of which, in Communes where, on account of the extent of the area, or the scattered nature of the population, a greater number of schools is required than would otherwise be the case, a Head-master or Assistant-teacher, whose yearly salary shall be at least 200 florins, may be placed at the head of those schools, subject to the approbation of the States Deputies. This enactment was still applied in 1873 in North-Brabant to 53 schools, in Guelderland to 32, in Overyssel to 27, in Groningen to 9, in Drenthe to 48 and in Limburgh to 12 schools; whereas in South-Holland it was only applied to 2, in North- Holland to 5, in Zeeland to 4, in Utrecht to 2 and in Eriesland to 8. Even more than the Head-masters have the Assistant-teachers gained, from a pecuniary point of view, by their improved position. Only very few have their salary limited to the minimum of 200 fl. as fixed by Law. In most cases, by far, the salaries average from 425 to 550 florins per annum, especially since in many of the larger Communes the Pupil-teachers have been superceded by Assistant-teachers. The allowances for Pupil-teachers also are but seldom limited to the legal minimum of 25 florins ; in most cases it amounts to 100 or 150 fl. Before the introduction of the Law of 1857 the income of the Teachers was 51 regulated in quite a different manner. It then consisted in what they derived from the Public and from the Communal Treashry, and in a great part from the amount of the school-fees. By Decree of 20th of March 1814 (Staatsblad N". 39) it was provided, — that the salaries, which the Elementary Teachers derived from any public funds before the incorporation into the French Empire, should be paid to them from the Public Treasury. These salaries were, by far, most considerable for North-Brabant ; and hence this Province derived much the greatest share ever since. In later years the Government frequently granted fresh salaries, so that the collective amount of yearly salaries of the State, which was in 1849 139,242 florins, had risen in 1857 to 156,000, of which sum North-Brabant drew 49,765 fl., Guelderland 22,576 fl., South-Holland 9107 fl., North-Holland 10,271 fl., Zeeland 5558 fl., Utrecht 23S1 fl., Friesland 6364 fl., Overyssel 13,297 fl., Groningen 16,105 fl., Drenthe 7197 fl. and Limburgh 13,409 fl. After the complete introduction of the new Law in 1861, which prescribed in Art. 70 that these salaries should still be paid out for three years to come, the State had paid only a portion of these salaries, for the last time to an amount of 73,000 fl., being the probable amount, which the Communes could fairly claim, since many of the Estates and Funds formerly destined for edu- cational purposes had passed into the possession of the State. This sum, however, is no longer paid directly to the Teachers, but to the Communes. Before the introduction of the Law, the Government frequently granted grati- fications to indigent Teachers; the average amount of these, during the years 1850 — ^1857, was 8095 fl. a year. After the full introduction of the Law it was possible to diminish the amount considerably. The gratifications and salaries granted by some Provinces have been stopped since 1861. The following- Table gives a view of the incomes of the Public Teachers in the whole Kingdom, at three periods, viz. the year 1858 when the Law came into operation, when the position, however, might be considered as quite similar to the previous year; 1873, being the last year of which statements have been compiled, and the intermediate year 1866. Total Income of Teachers at the Pnhlic Elementary Schools, in the year 1858. isee. 18 T3. Contribution of the Slate'. Fl. 173,845 9,874 „ 602,869 „ 896,140 Fl. 151,458 900 „ 2,412,654 „ 25,737 Fl. 179,618 „ 8,699 „ 3,172,560 „ 22,279 Contribution of the Provinces Contribution of the Communes School-fees, paid to the Teachers . . Sum Total. .". Fl. 1,682,728 Fl. 2,590,749 Fl. 3,383,156 52 In these sums is also included, what the State or the Communes disbursed to the Teachers of the Traintng and Normal Schools. It is therefore very evident that the income of the Teachers has undergone a considerable improvement under the new Law. The average amount, which each Teacher of the Public Elementary schools derived in the above-mentioned years, is difficult to ascertain ; if the collective number of Teachers be taken, as given in the Table at page 14, the result will not be correct, for in these numbers: 4977 in 1858, and 7348 in 1873, the Pupil-teachers are also included, whose number has prodi- giously increased, and who receive but trifling allowances. The truth will be better approximated by coniining the research to the Head-masters and mis- tresses and Assistant-teachers of both sexes; for these the collective numbers in the two above-mentioned years, amount to 4004 and 5689. By dividing these two numbers in the collective amount of the income of the Teachers during these two years, the whole income for each Public Teacher will be, in 1858 430 fl., and in 1873 595 iiorins. From these ciphers it appears plainly that the new regulation has on the whole been profitable to the Teachers. § 9. Pensions of the Teachers; Widows' and Orphans' fnuds. The school-law of 1806 gave no right of pension to the Teachers, so that the provision for old age was entirely left to them, while their scanty pay generally did not allow them to make any savings for the future. Thence a great number of superannuated and valetudinarian Masters at the schools, whom it was difficult to remove from a post which had gradually become too onerous, because their dismissal would expose them, without any fault of their own, and in spite of former services — sometimes very eminent services — to a precarious existence. The Law of 1857 confers on Head-masters and Assistant-teachers, after an honorable discharge, at the age of sixty-five years, and after a term of forty years' service, the right to a pension. Also after a period of ten years' service pension may be claimed on account of inability or unfitness, in consequence of either bodily or mental disease. In calculating the amount of the pensions, such services are taken into consideration, as have been performed as Head-master or as Assistant-teacher under the new Law, as also the time they have been engaged in Elementary Instruction as Teacher in a public school under the former Law. The pension amounts for each year's service to one sixtieth part of the annual salary, and rises to two-thirds of such a salary. As contribution to the Pension Fund two per cent of the annual salary is paid every year into the Public Treasury ; the Commune makes good to the Government one third of the amount of such pensions. The following is a yearly table of the pensions granted since 1858, to which is added the amount of some pensions awarded by Communal Treasuries to honor- ably discharged Teachers before the introduction of the Law. 53 YEARS. Tax oa the Teachers Number ot AMOUNT OF PENSIONS, GBANTED BEFOBE 1858 GRANTED AFTER 1858 for Pensions, II, ^- 1, — ^ Pension. granted. by the Province. ■ by the Commune. by the State. by the Commune. 1858. Fl. 25,543 6 Fl. 801 Fl. 12,763 Fl. 773 Fl. 386 1859. „ 25,909 66 „ 765 „ 14,112 „ 12,827 „ 6,414 1860. „ 30,926 65 „ 765 „ 14,459 „ 27,651 „ 13,827 1861. „ 39,878 64 „ 765 „ 16,453 „ 42,057 „ 21,028 1862. „ 40,213 55 „ 765 „ 13,085 „ 51,220 „ 25,482 1863. „ 42,786 42 „ 765 „ 12,173 „ 55,629 „ 27,686 1864. „ 43.232 32 „ 765 „ 11,087 „ 59,602 „ 29,801 1865. „ 43,938 37 „ 757 „ 9,671 „ 64,001 „ 33,139 1866. „ 45,084 28 „ 414 „ 7,570 „ 66,862 „ 33,431 1867. „ 46,359 32 „ 283 „ 8,269 „ 71,312 „ 35,656 1868. „ 47,664 34 „ 275 „ -6,447 „ 75,679 „ 37,839 1869. „ 48,795 31 „ 275 „ 4,471 „ 80,062 „ 40,031 1870. „ 49,941 53 „ 275 „ 4,319 „ 85,017 „ 42,640 1871. „ 51,613 34 r 275 „ 3,976 „ 88,971 „ 44,580 1872. „ 54,428 40 „ 275 „ 3,724 „ 92,088 „ 46,064 1873, „ 58,923 45 „ 25 „ 2,706 „ 97,113 „ 48,557 The pensions awarded before 1858 were granted voluntarily, both by the Province and the Commune. As no fresh ones have been added since the introduction of the Law in 1857, the amount has gradually decreased; besides this, in 1858 in the Provinces of North-Brabant, Utrecht, Drenthe and Lim- burgh, no pensions whatever were granted either by the Province or the Com- munes. The amount -of pensions awarded by virtue of the Law Kas increased considerably every year. Although the Teachers have repeatedly memorialized Government for pensions to widows and orphans, it has not been thought proper to accede to this request, especially as the regulations in the Civil Service allow of no pen- sions either for widows or orphans, provision for whom is left entirely to private associations. There are many such, which are more especially intended for Teachers. Both by the General Netherland Teachers' Association and the Private Unions, Provincial or District Eunds have been established, from which the widows or orphans of deceased Teachers receive either a sum of money at once, or a yearly stipend. In some Provinces these Funds are also supported from the Provincial Treasury. There exist besides a number of Insurance Banks, Savings-Banks, and such like, which have been erected by the Teachers among themselves. 54 § 10. School-baildin^s, School-fnrnitiire, and Masters' Dwellings. Art. 36 of. the Law of 1857 provides, that if a Commune be judged to be too heavily taxed by the expenditure requisite for suitable establishments of Elementary Instruction, such portion thereof as shall continue to be charged upon the Commune, shall be fixed by the Crown, and the deficiency shall be made up by the Province and by the Government, in the proportion of one moiety by each. Among the great advantages derived from this arrangement, must be especially reckoned the improvement of the school-buildings, the school-furniture, and other appliances, and the Masters' dwellings. Other advantages of this law are, that by awarding small yearly allowances for defraying the expenses of the instruction, the augmentation of a Head-master's salary, or the necessary ap- pointment of an Assistant-teacher, or of a Pupil-teacher, which otherwise would be too expensive, is rendered possible. There is scarcely a single Commune in the whole country which cannot show either a new school, or the extension or re-edifiacation of a school, or of a Master's dwelling-house, or else new and improved school-furniture and appliances. Art. 4s of the Law empowers the District School-Inspectors to close such schools as are too small, or are, for any other causes, detrimental to health. This power was amply made use of; but in most cases, it was sufficient to confer with the Communal authorities in order to get the necessary improve- ments effected, without its being necessary to have recourse to a formal verdict. In many Communes the Authorities themselves voluntarily undertook to build or re-build the existing-schools. Most of the new school-buildings have a Master's dwelling attached, instead of which indemnification would ohterwise have to be paid. Often, too, a garden is superadded, and thereby the position of the Muster and his family is improved. School-buildings which have been repaired, have generally had the school- furniture partially or entirely Tenewed or improved. The old-fashioned, mostly very inconvenient desks and forms, have been replaced by better, here and there by a modified American form of school-desks. Most schools are provided with the necessary number of black-boards, and closets for books, writing-books, and the coats and caps of the school- children. Not everywhere are the schools properly provided with maps and charts, weights and measures, and other objects required for the lessons in Form, but great improvement has taken place in this respect also, especially during the last year or two. Pictorial aids for graphic instruction are gradually purchased. Though there are still some private schools, where space and airiness are desiderata, yet most of them have been greatly improved since the introduction of the Law. 55 That more money was spent after 1858 for the building of schools, than before that, time, and that consequently the new legislation on this subject, as on many others, has been productive of great improvements, will be evident fromthe following statements. In 1848 the State expended for new school-build- ings 16,450 fl. ; in the succeeding years this sum rose gradually, till in 1857 it amounted to 25,490 fi. ; by the Provinces an amount of 53,581 fl. was given in 1857 for the same purpose. The average amount, during the last four years before the introduction of the new Law, for the State and the Pro- vinces together, was 67,814 fl. Whereas in the years from 1858 to 1873 the State and the Provinces together expended, in accordance with Art. 36, 3,429,513 fl., or a yearly average of 151,845, which sum was applied almost exclu- sively for school-buildings. It is, however, especially the Communes which have expended great sums for the building of schools, since during the above men- tioned period of sixteen years, an amount of 13,667,510 fl., or an average of 791,719 fl. yearly, was spent by the Communes for new schools, and 9,909,980 fl. or yearly 619,374 for repairs, for the purchase and preservation of school-furni- ture and for appliances. § 11. School-fees. Up to 1860 inclusive, the school-fees were almost exclusively received by the School-masters; but in the subsequent yeai's by the Communal Governments. In some Communes, however, the Master was allowed a certain share in the school- fees, or he was authorised to keep an evening-school on his own account with the enjoyment of the profits thereof. The following Table contains a statement of the school-fees paid at the public Communal Schools since 1858; further is added the amount of the school-fees paid to the State since 1863 in the day-schools, which since that period have been combined with the Govern- ment Training-schools, as also t"he Elementary School at Maestricht founded and supported by Government. 56 YEARS. AWOUNT OF SCHOOL-FEES RECEIVED IN THE COMMUNAL SCnoOLS, BY Day-Schools Government ^ -^ '"■- ~ of Training- Elementary- the Masters. the Commune. schools. Schools. 1858, , Fl. 896,140 Fl. 62,156 Fi. — Fl. — 1859. „ 657,303 „ 221,211 n 1) 1860. „ 562,047 „ 314,465 n n 1861. „ 26,370 „ 623,587 11 n 1862. „ 14,090 „ 669,645 n n 1863. „ 16,208 „ 697,086 „ 3,931 „ 4,355 1864. „ 22,336 „ 729,169 „ 4,422 „ 3,172 1865. „ 25,093 „ 745,668 „ 4,579 „ 4,298- 1866. „ 25,737 „ 771,430 „ 4,731 „ 3,981 1867. „ 22,223 „ 751,989 „ 4,790 „ 4,250 1868. „ 21,754 „ 766,812 „ 4,531 „ 4,077 1869. „ 20,534 „ 793,361 „ 4,286 „ 4,149 1870. „ 20,779 „ 826,530 „ 4,281 „ 4,729 1871. „ 20,884 „ 831,967 „ 4,293 „ 4,814 1872. , 21,869 „ 871,780 , 4,099 „ 4,424 1873. „ 22,279 „ 878,869 „ 4,154 „ 4,601 Not till 1860 did the Eegulations for the fixing of school-fees come into operation for nearly all the Communes. In a rather considerable number of Com- munes it was resolved to give the ordinary Elementary Instruction in the day- schools, — and in a few even in the evening-schools, — gratuitously. As early as 1859 133 of the 1139 Communes had already resolved to render the ordinary Elementary Instruction at the day-schools gratuitous; to these 147 Communes more acceded in 1860 ; so that at the end of that year gratuitous instruction was given in 370 Communes. Of these Communes there were 338 in which there existed no Private School; in the others there were one or more Private Schools, among which, however, were several Boarding-schools, and schools for more extended Elementary Instruction for children of the wealthier classes. In 1861 there were only 338 Communes with gratuitous instruction; in 1867 the number had again risen to 353. In 1868 school-fees were introduced in 16 Communes more, and abolished in 3; in 1869 introduced in 5, and abolished in 4; in 1870 introduced in 9, and abolished in 8 ; in 1871 introduced in 4, and abolished in 7 ; in 1873 introduced in 7, and abolished in 10; in 1873 introduced in 5, and abolished in 3 ; so that, at the end of this year, 341 of the 1131 Communes gave gratuitous instruction. 57 Tlieso numbers, in counectiou witli the still increasing amount of the school- fees, prove that the Communal Governments incline more than formerly to exacting school-fees. This is no doubt greatly promoted by the principle adopted by Government, not to give any pecuniary aid by virtue of Art, 36 to Com- munes that exact no school-fees. As to the influence of gratuitous instruction on school-attendance, a great difference of opinion prevails; which indeed is not to be wondered at con- sidering the various results obtained. When we consider that the children of parents receiving public relief, and of the indigent, receive gratuitous instruction, and that persons of limited means are often generously excused; when, besides, we learn from experience, that the poor and indigent make themselves most guilty of irregular attendance, we are apt to conclude that gratuitous instruc- tion does not tend to promote regular school-attendance. Nor must the number of scholars entered upon the registers as attending school, be taken exclusively into account ; this is indeed higher in gratuitous schools ; the question is whether the scholars entered do really attend school. Now in some Communes non-pay- ment acts favorably, in others not; what can be had for nothing is often little prized, whereas, when schooling costs money, people do not like to throTV it away. In the larger Communes, where the instruction in the Charity-schools is gratuitous, it occurs that many a decent, poor person would rather keep a child at home, than send it to such a school. These may be reasons why non-attendance is often not greater at schools where school-fees are exacted, than the reverse. Thoiigh school-attendance is not always promoted by gratuitous instruction, yet it is also certain, that high school-fees we still more injurious. Therefore, in by far the greatest pai't of the Communes, very moderate school-fees are exacted, by which the precept of Art. 33 of the Law is still kept in view, that it must serve only as a partial defrayment of the charges of the instruction. Thus the school-fees ai'c only paid for the instruction, and the parents of the scholars are at no expense for the purchasing of books or other appli- ances, which are iucluded in the chai'ges of instruction paid by the Commune ; this is au improvement, which has had a most favorable effect. Until the complete operation of the Law, the Master derived from each pupil, according to Art. 70, a certain school-fee, and he was chai'ged besides with the furnishing of the necessary school-appliances. This was not unfrequently attended with difficulties, and had an injurious effect on the instruction; for the Master who had to settle with the parents, for whom any expense was often too onerous, was obliged to consider ripely before putting a new book, or any other article, into the hands of his pupils. The tuition could not but suffer under this. The new provision put an end to all this; at present the furnishing of the necessary school -appliances is mostly provided for in rather a liberal manner. 58 § 12. Charges of Public Elementary Instrnction. Not till 1858 were any complete statements made concerning the collective charges of Elementary Instruction, so that a comparison between the expenses before and rffter the introduction of the Law is not possible. As however the Law, as has been said above, allowed a term of three years for the regulation of the Elementary Schools, the state of matters in the iirst year would not, of course, differ materially in point of charges from the year immediately preceding. The considerable increase of this expenditure during the succeeding years will appear clearly from the following Table, in which, however, as in § 9 with the incomes of the Teachers, only the years 1858, 1866 and T.873 are taken into account. ^, U3 U3 e4 oa lO ' n CO -^ rH OQ (M in -* CM CO O c- t-OO R CO CM O in o G<1 04 rH CO in -^ r-i r-t in i> co" r-T 50* 5 on ^ R S K T: S F R S R R 8 R 8 8 8 R R R 8 s 04 t- o o -« t-\ i—i CM O C-OO CM » P^ O CO CO 00 CO in 00 00 OS CD t- CO « r-H CM »n CO CO O^ co_^ t^ CD OS OS o_ - 1 ^ QO lO lOO co" co" • CM CO O in 00 Eh Z (—1 CO CO O CO CD O i-i o •-> rH O CM O^ ""1 ^„ ^^ OS r-t O !>; CO^ ' H CQ in „ CO lo" CO CO r-Tc^ R CO(M - « E t-OS - - " t^ CO ■< I « o co' in in" lo -#" co"oo" in os" o" CO co" '<# r-^ in rH co" CO eci CO -^^ t- 8 r-H 00 o CD in CO t- t- CO 8 ■«? CM o in o ® 1— t ■*^rH C- eo CO r-i t— ■^ CO CM O OS l-H S S E » 1! 8 8 8 8 8 8 RjC SpH" » 8 R os" -I s 8 R CO 8 R CO ^ OS to o (M lO CM O C^ CM CM O t- c* H tr- rH CO O 00 ^ „ " OJ OS_ r-l<--4^ ee -* QD O * 00 o in in OS CO o in OO^rH 00 CO OS CM in CO s S < ©T 00 CO co" '^" t^ cm" co" OS a a R SrH R R S R ".^ RO CM o CM OS CO R R R S ^88 E a o ^ of O !^ S " R S R R 8 8 R s in o •^r^ o -^ O O 05 0) o t-O CD in O i-H OS „ 2 t- rH 00 CO i>; rH CM o_ Mi .S ^ R R R^ R»R R ocT 8 8 8 8 R "O !>'■* R R CO - g r~i rH ■*. £ S " R 8 8 R R 8 s rH O O Cn CO OS CM o o ■ : jQ S3 S Ed H • S . • . .2 j5 . 2 a-g ^ : .3 a ■ g£ <5 " S a J3 1— I ja O e-i tD ti-H ** . ■3^1 ^s sal s is li'i •°.|£ las "o ! o ti u s « 2 tio I-" -1. ii o 5 3 . i^ = ."o 1 o J a o Eh a a CO tH .X; o ^ V M o a> « d V ra z3 o o a X fl O A 1 &. a h:] &-■ H iJEl O H H(» SE (» ■«! O ocnwwcj en 1 60 Tbe expenditure of the State has been iucreased since 185S by more than 309,000 florins, and has therefore risen to nearly half a million. This increase is occasioned chiefly by the charges for the training of Teachers, and their pensions. The expenditure of the Provinces has diminished, with the only exception of the grants, allowed by virtue of Art. 36 by the Government and the Provinces, each for the half, to such Communes as were too heavily burthened by the charges of their Elementary Instruction. The Communes increased their expenditure, during the period of fifteen years, from two to almost six miUions of florins. The total amount of the expenditure for Public Elementary Instruction was in 1873 fully three times more than in 1858, and thus rose to more than 6,500,000 florins. This wiU no doubt continue to rise, as, in the two latter years considerable improvement has again been going on in the salaries of the Teachers, details of which are, however, still wanting. As the whole population of the Kingdom on the 31st of December 1873 amounted to 3,716,002, the costs of Public Elementary Instruction averaged in that year fl. 1-77 per head. Taking the number of scholars at the Public Schools in this year, Eiccording to Table at page 20, at 382,146, the costs in that year for each scholar averaged fl. 17-10. In these statements those school-fees are also included, which are for the greater part exacted by the Communes, and consequently return to the Com- munal Treasury. In some Communes moreover there exist special School-Fuuds, the amount of which is also to be deducted from the Expenditure of such Communes; finally the Teachers pay a small contribution towards the Pension Fund. The following Table shows clearly how much was contributed in the above mentioned years, by the State, the Provinces, the Communes, the School- Punds, the Teachers themselves (in as much as regards their Pensions), and directly from the parents of the scholars (the school-fees). 61 Contribntions towards the Expenses of El. Ins. in the year IS 58. 18 e 6. 18 7 3. The State The Provinces Fl. 242,974 43,099, „ 993,963 „ 117,106 „ 958,296 25,542 Fl. 408,625 „ 67,587 „ 3,363,667 61,089 „ 805,879 45,084 Fl. 509,634 „ 104,839 „ 4,903,126 71,791 „ 887,624 58,922 The School-Funds The School-fees Contrihution of Teachers Sum Total Fl. 2,380,980 Fl. 4,751,931 Fl. 6,535,936 Hence it appears that tte charges for Elementary Instruction were borne in 1873, for 7-8 p. c. by the State, 1-6 p. c. by the Provinces, 75-0 p. c. by the Communes, 1-1 p. c. by the School-Funds, 13*6 p. c. by the school-fees, and I'O p. c. by the Teachers themselyes. SECTION THE SECOND. MIDDLE-CLASS INSTEUCTION. Before the introduction of the Law of 3nd of May 1863 (Staatsblad N». 50) there existed no proper regulation of Middle-Class Instruction. The Law of 1806 referring — as has already been observed — to all schools, with the only exception of the Latin or Grammar-Schools, it was impossible to draw a line between Elementary and Middle-Class Instruction ; even concerning the signifi- cation of Middle-Class Instruction it was impossible to agree. The Law on Elementary Instruction (1857) did not remove the difficulty; it only defined that Instruction in the Elements of Modern Languages should be reckoned to belong to more extended Elementary Instruction; while the further cultivation of these branches, should — pending the regulation by Law of Middle-Class Instruction — be provisionally subject to the same rules and regulations. The Law of 3nd of May 1863, a translation of which is added below as Appendix II, gives a clearer definition of what is to be understood by Middle- Class Instruction, and what schools belong to this branch of tuition; from this it also follows, which of the then existing schools might, in a certain sense, be considered as Middle- Class Schools. The popularity of the Law, as evinced by the great number of Middle-Class Schools established in a very few years, proves that this regulation provided in a want widely felt. The Law took effect on July 1st 1863; the first schools founded on the new principles were opened in the beginning of the school-year 1864/65. In the following pages it will be seen that, while before that period, there were scarcely any, or at least very defectively organized Middle-Class Schools, during the school-years 1864 — 75, and thus in eleven years' time, a great deal has been effected — more than might at first have been expected. While on the one hand. Government with 63 commendable zeal acquitted itself of its duties resulting from the Law, a noble emulation arose, on the other hand, between the Communes, to organize the new Middle-Class Schools in the most efficient and liberal way. Middle-Class Instruction may now be considered as being completely oiganized throughout the Kingdom. Before entering upon a descriptiovi of the schools thus called into existence, it is necessary to explain what Middle-Glass Instruction is, and what schools it embraces, as also what ar« the chief provisions of the Law. Then will be specrhed coacerning each Class of these schools, what existed at the time of the enactment of the Law of 1863, what has been brought about by virtue of this Law, and what was the state of matters at the end of the year 1874. On speaking of the different descriptions of schools, mention wiU be made, at the same time, of the Eules especially relating to them. § 1. Meaning of Middle-Class Instruction; chief proTTsions of the Lair. A definition properly so-called of Middle-Class Instruction is not to be found in the Law of 1863. In the Groyernment ilemorial, the following is said: „If „ we call Elementary Instruction the Instruction of the People, in that sense ., that, as the commencement of mental culture, it is at the same time destined „ for aU, and University Instruction be considered as destined for- the few, who „wish to obtain a scientific education for a profession or office for which „ scientific attainments are required'; — then the broad field of Middle-Class ., Instruction, lying between these two, embraces the education of that numerous „ middle-class, who, beyond the elementary subjects, require a more general culture „and preparation for the various professions of industrial society. The idea of „Industrial Society, not limited to Agriculture, Manufactures and Trade „or Commerce, but understood in its widest signification, points plainly to the „ acquiring of the knowledge of the present world, and to its application to ., economical and technical pursuits." From the Law itself appears what schools belong to this system. They fall within the following chief divisions: A. Schools, specially destined for artisans or small farmers, chiefly serving to impart to those, who have to support themselves by the labour of their hands, snch information as is most useful for them in the exercise of their trade. The Law calls these schools Burgher-schools, and distinguishes them into: 1". Day and Evening Burgher-schools, in which instruction is given durii^ the day and in the evening; and 2". Evening Bnigher-schools, meant for those who in the day-time are already learning a trade, or are working at a trade, and therefore have only in the evening time to bestow on the further cultivation of their minds. The Law makes these schools obligatory in all Communes where the population exceeds 10,000, at the expense of the Communes, without any pecuniary aid from the 64, State or the Province. In exceptional cases, the Crown can release the Com- mune from this obligation; namely, when the population is so scattered as to render the attendance at school. doubtful, or when such instruction is provided for in some other way. The Burgher-school may also be combined with some public Elementary School. Dispensation may be given by the Crown for a Day Burgher-school, if such an Evening-school already satisfies the require- ments of the Commune. This dispensation, however, is only given for a certain number of years. The Law prescribes, that the Day Burgher-school shall embrace a course of two years, and that instruction shall be given in Mathematics, the Eirst Eudiments of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics and Mechanism, of Physics and Chemistry, of Natural History, of either Technology or Agriculture, the Eudiments of Geography, History and the Dutch Language, the Eudiments of Political Economy, Drawing (Eree-hand and Kectilinear), and Gymnastics. Where the Communal Council deems it expedient, instruction may be added in Mo- delling and some foreign Language. The fixing of the duration of the course and the subjects to be taught in the evening-school, is left to the Communal Council. When, however, dispensation is granted from the establishment of a Day Burgher-school, the Evening-school is bound to have at least a course of two years; and the Crown, after hearing the Communal Government, decides which of the above-mentioned subjects shall be taught. B. Another class of schools are the Higher Burgher-schools, destined for that wealthier middle-class, who require a superior culture, and more multi- farious acquirements; and more especially for those, who, without classical training, i. e. a proficiency in the Classics, wish to prepare themselves for Com- merce, Industrial pursuits, or the Civil Service, or who in general aim at superior culture. Hence these schools are no specialties, neither are they Technical or Industrial Schools ; but they must lay the general foundations for such as desire to continue their training for technical pursuits, while at the same time they afford to those, who, after completing their studies at these schools, receive no fui'ther instruction, that general scientific culture, which they cannot dispense with in their prospective civil situations. The Law makes it obligatory for the State to found and maintain fifteen such schools; besides this, the Provinces, Communes, and Private individuals, desiring to found such establishments, may receive grants from the Public Treasury. With regard to the Higher Burgher-schools, to be founded by the State, the Law distinguishes two species; namely those with a five years' curriculum, and those with a three years' cuiTiculum. In the latter the instruction runs on Mathematics, the rudiments of Physics and Chemistry, the elements of Botany and Zoology, Political Economy, Book-keeping, Geo- graphy and History, the Dutch, Erench, English and German Languages, Pen- manship, Eree-hand and Eectilinear Drawing, and Gymnastics. In the schools with a five years' curriculum instruction is given in Mathematics, the Eudi- ments of general and applied Mechanics, Mechanism and Technology, in Physics 65 and Chemistry, and their chief applications, in the elements of Mineralogy, Geology, Botany, Zoology, and Cosmography, in the Outlines of the Dutch Constitution, Political Economy and Statistics, especially respecting Netherland and its Colo- nies and Possessions in other parts of the world, in Geography and History, the Dutch, French, English and German Languages and Literature, the Elements of Commercial Sciences, including the knowledge of raw and wrought materials and Book-keeping, Penmanship, Tree-hand and Eectilinear Drawing, and Gym- nastics. At Higher Burgher-schools not established by the State the curriculum may be modified, abridged or extended C In the third place the Law speaks of the Polytechnic School. This is a Government Institution, destined: 1". for the training of Manufacturers or Technical Industrials, who desire a higher degree of theoretical and practical knowledge than can be obtained at a Higher Burgher- school with a five years' curriculum, and '3". for those who wish to become Civil Engineers, Architects, Naval Engineers, Mechanic and Mining Engineers. The curriculum comprises : Higher Algebra, Spherical Trigonometry, Analytical Geometry, Descriptive Ge- ometry and its Applications, Differential and Integral Calculus, Land-surveying, Levelling and Mensuration, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Mechanism, Mechanical Technology, Construction of Machinery, Applied Physics, Applied, Practical and Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Technology, a knowledge of Modern Manufactures, Mineralogy, Geology, Applied Geology and Mining, Metallurgy, Hydraulic Engineering, Eoadmaking, Construction of Eailways and Bridges, Civil Architecture, Ship-building, Eectilinear and Pree-hand Drawing as applied to different branches. Practical Exercises in Modelling, the construction ot Models of Machines and Engines, Political Economy, Commercial Jurisprudence, Administrative Jurisprudence with regard to Engineering, Public Works, Mining and Manufactures. !•• Besides the above-named schools, the Law speaks expressly of Agricul- tural Schools, in respect of which it is fixed that, if no Private Establishments arise, with or without Government aid, to provide in this want, a school shall be founded by Government for the scientific training of agriculturists. The In- struction at this school, as set down in Art. 30 of the Law, embraces all the special branches, the knowledge of which is deemed necessary for a scientific agriculturist, including Practical Farming. E. Schools for Navigation, Commerce and Drawing are not mentioned specifically in the Law. As, however, there is an opportunity for obtaining Certificates of Capacity for instruction in the branches relating to those pursuits, such schools are reckoned to be Establishments of Middle- Class Instruction. F. While the Law, as appears above, enters into many details concerning the arrangement of boys' schools, there are in it no provisions for Middle-Class schools for girls. That the Legislator, however, thought of the possibility of 6 66 Middle-Class Schools for girls being founded, but deemed it unnecessary to fix any general rules for their arrangement, appears from the prescription of Art. 21 of the Law, according to which the arrangement of girls' schools established by Communal Governments, the Provinces, or private persons, with or without pecuniary aid, shall be left to the founders, under reserve of such conditions as may have been made on the granting of any such aid. The Law does not apply to Naval and Military schools, nor, as far as regards the competency of the Teachers, to schools for Deaf-Mutes or the Blind. Nobody is allowed to give Middle-Class Instruction, who is not in possession of a Cer- tificate of Capacity and testimonials of good moral conduct, as prescribed by the Law; foreigners require moreover the sanction of the King. Transgressions of these prescriptions are punishable with fine or imprisonment, as is ruled for Elemeatary Instruction. At the Middle-Class Schools founded or endowed by Government, as at the public or endowed Elementary Schools, the Teachers are to abstain from teaching, or permitting to be taught, anything inconsistent with the respect due to the religions opinions of others. The Law points out explicitly what Certificates of Capacity can be obtained for the different branches. The requirements for the Examination to obtain such Certificates are detailed in the Royal Decrees of 3nd of February 1864!, (Staats- bkd N". 8), 25th of November 1867 (Staatsblad N". 115), 28th of February 1868 (Staatsblad N". 27) and 11th of October 1869 (Staatsblad W. 156), concerning the regulation of the Examinations. The Law prescribes what Certificates of Capacity the Teachers at the Public Middle-Class Schools must hold; for the Private Schools it is only prescribed in general, that they who impart instruction there, shall hold a Certificate in conformity with the Law. The Teachers at the Government Schools are appointed, suspended, or dis- missed by the King; those of the Communal Schools are appointed by the Com- munal Council, from a list of qualified Candidates, drawn up by the Burgo- master and the Assessors after advice of the Inspector; they are suspended by the Burgoma.ster and Assessors who have to account to the Communal Council for their decisions, and are dismissed by the Communal Council, after hearing the Burgomaster and Assessors and the Inspector. The Teachers of the Government Schools have, as Government functionaries, a right to a pension ; the Teachers at the Communal Burgher-schools, obligatory to the Communes, are, with regard to pension, on an equality with the- Government functionaries. The time passed iu service at any public school, by virtue of an appointment by the King, the Minister of the Interior, or a Communal Govern- ment, is brought into account in calculating the amount of the pension. The Inspection of the Middle-Class Schools, under the superintendence of the Minister of the Interior, is committed : a, to Local Boards, chosen by the Com- 67 munal Council; b, to Inspectors, one of whom is specially charged* with, the supervision of the Agricultural Schools. There ai-e two Inspectors, one of whom is charged with the supervision in the Provinces of South-Holland, North-Hol- land, Pi-iesland, Groningen and Drenthe, the other with that in North-Brabant, Guelderland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overyssel and Limburgh; the latter is also charged with supervision of the Agricultural Instruction. The Members of the Local Boards and the Inspectors are empowered to prosecute for any transgres- sion against the Laws_ and Eegulations concerning Middle-Class Instruction. They have at all times access to the schools, and the Teachers are bound to give then all information required, concerning the school and the tuition. Default in this respect is punishable with fine or imprisonment. The Boards send in each year a report to the Communal Council, the Inspectors to the Minister of the Interior. § 2. Middle-Class Sckools for Artisans. A. State of matters before and in 1863. Middle-Class Schools for artisans, as the Law of 1863 requires them under the denomination of Burgher-schools, did not exist at the time. There were however several schools, in which instruction was given in the evening. These may be distinguished into two chief classes, viz: Drawing Schools or Drawing Aca- demies, in which the instruction was limited to Pree-hand Drawing and Eectili- near or Architectural Drawing, and those Schools, where instruction was also given in Mathematics and the Natural Sciences, and which were generally called Industrial Schools. The Drawing Schools . originated in the Eoyal Decree of 13th of April 1817, which regulated Instruction in the Plastic Arts. Most of the pupils at these establishments belonged to the labouring classes, but also many young people of the better classes profited of this opportunity for learning Drawing, which branch, at that time, was not taught in the so called Frencb Schools and similar establishments, which have now been superseded by the Higher Burgher-schools. The conviction which obtained in many Communes, that the instruction in Drawing did not suffice for the requirements of Artisans, and that it was a desideratum to add thereto instruction in Arithmetic, Geometry and even Physics and Mechanics, urged the Society for the Public Good, the Netherland Society for the Promotion of Industry and afterwards also The Union for the Promotion of Handicrafts and Jlanufac- tures, to take the matter in hand, and either created Industrial Schools, or else supported by pecuniary contributions the endeavours of individuals and of Communal Governments. 68 Hitherto no official reports have been published concerning these schools. As far as the scattered and accessible facts could be collected, they have been stated in the „Annual for Statistics and Political Economy" of 1865. According to this, there were in all 72 Communes where Middle-Class Instruc- tion was accessible to Artisans; in the schools then extant, numbering 78, there were 372 Teachers attached. According to the same authority the number of pupils was 6850; though there is reason to suppose that this number is ex- aggerated. In 43 of these establishments, with about one third of the whole number of pupils, the instruction was limited to Drawing; in the 36 others the instruction extended also to Mathematics or the Natural Sciences. B. State of matters from 1863 to 1874. a. Number and Specification of Schools. In § 1 of this Section it has been said, that, with reserve of the total or partial (temporary) remission to be granted by the Crown, all Communes of more than 10,000 inhabitants are bounden by the Law to establish Day and Evening Burgher-schools. Those Communes which had attained to this number on the 1st of July 1863, were allowed a respite of six years to fulfil this obligation; those, whose populations should reach the required number at a later period, were allowed the same respite of six years, reckoning from the time, when this number should be attained. When the Law came into operation, there were 36 Communes with more than ten thousand inhabitants, that on the 1st of July 1869 had thus to comply with the above-mentioned obligation. In five of these, viz. at the Hague, at Amsterdam, Utrecht, Leeuwaarden and Groningen, Day and Evening Burgher- schools have been founded. The following twenty-one Communes, viz. Bois- le-Duc, Tilburgh, Breda, Arnhem, Nymegen, Zutphen, Dordrecht, Delft, Schiedam, Gouda, Haarlem, Zaandam, Alkmaar, Middelburgh, Flushing, Amersfort, Har- lingen, ZwoUe, Deventer, Kampen, and Maestricht obtained a respite for a limited time; seven Communes, viz. Apeldoorn, Ede, Opsterland, Tietjerkster- adeel, West-Stellingwerf, Schoterland, and Wonseradeel, have received entire remission, as the population is so scattered as to render arttendance at a Bur- gher-school problematic ; these have all been granted this remission for an indefinite time, with the exception of Apeldoorn, that obtained a respite of five years. Finally a complete remission has been accorded, the want being supplied in other ways, to: the Commune of Eotterdam in 1869, for an indefinite period, on account of the existing Academy for the Plastic Arts and Technical Sciences, subsidized by the Commune, and the Industrial School likewise so subsidized; the Commune of Leyden in 1866, for an in- definite time, ou account of the two existing schools (the Evening Burgher-school and the Industrial School) subsidized by the Commune, and established by the Society Mathesis Scientiarum Genitrix; and the Commune of Helder in 1869 for five years, and in 1874 for two years, on account of tbe Drawing School and the Industrial School, existing there and subsidized by the Commune. Since the introduction of the Law the populations of the Communes of Haar- lemmermeer, Wymbritaeradeel, Lonneker and Hoogeveen have risen to above ten thousand; Hoogeveen has received final remission in 1874; Haarlemmer- meer till 1879; as since the year 1871, in which the others attained a popu- lation above 10,000, six years have not yet elapsed, the obligation of founding a Burgher-school is not yet incumbent. On the other hand five Communes, whose population was far below ten thousand souls, and for which, therefore, the legal obligation would not be incumbent for many years, have established an Evening Burgher-school ; these are : Tiel, Gorinchem, Enkhuizen, Zierikzee, and Goes. In the following- Table all the schools which have been established, either by virtue of the Law, or voluntarily by the Communes, as also those which at Eotterdam, Leyden, and Helder have justified a complete remission, are given in one view. The Table indicates the kind of school and its name, the period of its opening, the duration of the complete Curriculum, as also the amount of the school-fees, which the Law fixes at a maximum of 13 ilorins. 70 SPECIFICATION •|| ■s a of the ilum irs. HATE or SCHOOL- PROVINCES. COMMUNES. OF THE O ;2 i.Ss. SCHOOLS. Durati Curt in FEES. ( Bois-le-Duc . . Evening Burgher-school. 1869. 3 Gratuitous. North- Brabant Tilburgh id. 1870. 2 Fl. 1.50 to 5 p. annum. Breda id. 1867. 2 „ 6. Arnhem id. 1866. 3 „ 6. Gaelderlaud...'! Nymegea .... Zutphen id. id. 1865. 1864. 3 4 „ 4. Tiel Id. Day Burgher-school. 1870. 1866. 2 2 „ 6. „ 12. The Hague . . . Rotterdam . . . 1° Academy for the Plastic Arts and Techn. Sciences. — 9 „ 1.50 to Fl. 5. 2» Industrial School. 1870. 3 „ 5. South-Holland < Leyden \ Dordrecht. . . . Evening Burgher-school. id. 1866. 5 5 „ .- to Fl. 16. „ 3. |Delft id. 1864. 3 Gratuitous. Schiedam .... id. 1869. 4 Fl. i. Gouda id. 1866. 5 „ 2. Gorinchem . . . id. 1871. 2 „ 6. Amsterdam. , . Day and Evening Burgher- Day-sch.Fl. 0.10 to 0.15 school. 1868. 2 3 p.w. Even. Fl. 1.50 p.a. Haarlem Evening Burgher-school. 1864. 4 Fl. L North-Hollands Helder Drawing and Industr. Sch. — 4 „ 3. Zaandam Evening Burgher-school. 1866. 4 „ 5. Alkmaar id. 1869. 4 Gratuitous. Enkhuizen . . . id. 1870. 3 Fl. 6. Middelburgh. . id. 1867. 3 „ 3. Zeeland Flushing Zierikzee id. id. 1869. 1869. 3 3 „ i. 1 Goes id. 1865. 3 >, 4. Utrecht Day and Evening Burgher- Day-sch. Fl. 12; Even- Utrecht school. 1866. 2 4 ing Fl. 2. Amersfort Evening Burgher-school. 1871. 3 Fl. 2. Leeuwaarden. . Day and Evening Burgher- Day-scb. Fl, 8 ; Evening Friesland school. 1868. 2 3 Fl. 2. Harlingeu. . . . Evening Burgher-school. 1865. 3 Fl. 5. ZwoUe '. Deventer id. 1868. 3 „ 6. OTcryssel id. 1865. 5 „ 1.50 to Fl.; 12. Kampen id. 1868. 2 Gratuitous. Groningeu Groningen. . . . Day and Evening Burgher- Day-sch. Fl. 8; Evening school. 1866. 2 3 Fl. 5. Evening Burgher-school. 1869. 3 Fl. 2. Limbur^h Maestricht. . . . id. 1867. 2 „ i. 71 • At the schools at Bois-le-Duc, Breda, Arnhem, Nymegen, Zutphen, Leyden, Dordrecht, Schiedam, Haarlem, Alkmaar and Deventer, the lowest class must be considered in the light of a preparatory class, intended to prepare pupils who have not had sufficient Elementary Instruction for the tuition of an evening Burgher- school. The higher classes at Utrecht, ZwoUe and Deventer consist of pupils for more advanced instruction in Drawing. At the Academy at Eotterdam the instruction comprises a preparatory course of three years, besides two parallel courses of six years, one of which is specially devoted to instruction in the Plastic Arts, the other for the Technical Sciences. At the Hague there exists no Evening Burgher-school; the scholars for whom it was destined, all attend the Academy for the Plastic Arts, to be mentioned hereafter. Of the two Evening Burgher-schools at Groningen, one is intended for those who have followed the curriculum of the Day Burgher-school, the other for young operatives, who are employed at a trade during the day. Nowhere has the alternative allowed by the Law, to combine the Burgher- school with an Elementary School been brought into application. The course of the evening school lasts commonly from September to May ; in some schools the attendance of the pupils in the evening is so irregular even in March, that the course is obliged to be closed. In a few Communes trial has been made with passable success, to keep up an abridged course during the rest of the year. As to the scope of the instruction at these schools, the Programme for the Day Burgher-schools is fixed by the Law and mentioned above; in those at the Hague, at Utrecht, Leeuwaarden and Groningen the French Language is also taught. In the Evening Schools the tuition generally comprises Mathe- matics, Mechanism, Physics, Chemistry, Technology, the Dutch Language, His- tory, Geography, the Eudiments of Political Economy, and Free-hand and Rectilinear Drawing. Instruction in the workskop is not given in any of the above- mentioned schools, with the exception of the Industrial School at Eotterdam ; in this establishment it embraces the handicrafts of the carpenter, the smith, the joiner, bricklayer, stone-cutting etc. ; the pupils of this school attend the drawing lessons of the Academy. Instruction in Farming is not given in any of the Burgher-schools. Here is to be observed that many of the above-mentioned schools have sup- planted formerly existing Drawing or Industrial Schools. Only a few of those last-mentioned have maintained themselves, and that mostly in Communes where no Burgher-schools have been founded. These will be spoken of later. b. The Scholars. The number of scholars at the above mentioned schools, founded since 1863, in December 1874, is given in the following Table. The schools of one kind are classed together; first the 5 Day Burgher-schools, then the 31 Evening 73 Burgher-schools, and lastly the establishments at Eotterdam, Leyden and Hel- der, which have authorized a complete remission. The sign ( — ) denotes that the class mentioned at the head of the column, does not exist, in consequence of the organization of the school; the sign („) denotes the absence of pupils. Por comparison's sake with former years, the number of pupils of the years 1868 and 1871 is also added. 73 COMMUNES. SPECIFICATION OF TUG SCHOOLS. Sohool-attendance in December 1874. Ci. 1. 01. ci. 3. 01. 4. CI. 5 6. fill tog- ether. Sohool-atten- danoeinDeo. 1S68. 1871. The Hague. Amsterdam. Utrecht. . . . Loeuwaardon. Groningen. . Bois-le-Duc Tilburgh. . Breda .... Arnhom. . . Nymcgen. . Zutphen . . Tiel Dordrecht. Delft Schiedam . Gouda. . . . Gorinchem . Amsterdam. Haarlem . . Zaandam. . Alkfflnar . . Enkhuizen. Middelburgh . Flushing . Zierilizeo. Goes .... Utrecht. . Amersfort . Leeuwnardon. Harlingen . Zwolle Deventer. . Kampen. . . Groaingoii. id. . Maeslricht. . Rotterdam. id. . Leyden . . . Helder. . . . Day Burgher-school. Evening Burghor-school. Acad, for 1>1. Arts and T.S, Industrial School. Evening Burgher-school. Drawing and Industr. Sch. 41 72 27 S2 U 85 29 15 17 57 19 48 68 IS 81 24 61 86 14 17 17 88 24 26 12 142 11 27 28 40 104 9 19 86 42 18 26 46 18 84 16 21 20 IS 21 82 7 26 32 27 27 80 21 8 13 10 20 15 17 9 68 8 12 15 9 13 18 15 15 16 40 7 10 14 17 24 14 24 39 17 7 8 22 4 87 6 14 M 252 11 14 14 27 16 2 14 15 7 7 96 808 15 15 Total 60 67 118 46 66 58 106 89 87 48 130 26 121 124 61 111 24 130 89 36 46 27 59 39 65 25 343 26 63 43 801 431 22 48 65 68 1,030 (161) 158 121 4,604 39 12 89 24 58 30 90 60 106 94 143 100 38 '44 21 245 16 81 172 277 20 39 60 703 196 2,720 74 The various systems of organization make it impossible to give, in this Table, the collective number for each Class; therefore the total only for all the classes collectively is given. The scholars of the Industrial School at Eotterdam are not added, as they are already included in those of the Academy. At some of the schools the scholars are allowed to attend a part of the lessons; as a rule only for the higher classes, after they hare passed through the lower classes; this is the case at Zutphen, Schiedam, Gouda, Zierikzee, Utrecht, ZwoUe, Deventer, Eotterdam, Leyden and Helder, where the tuition in these higher classes extends generally to Drawing, as applied to Architecture and Mechanism. On comparing the numbers of pupils in the different years as shown in the table, a passably regular progress is observable, both in the total and in the number of some schools; whereas in others little change appears to have taken place in the number of pupils. The number of pupils of the Day Burgher-schools amounting in 1868 to 155, and increased in 1871 to only 197, amounted in 1874 to 356. This number, however, is small, especially in proportion to the population of the Communes where the schools exist. Of the scholars there were 31 under 12 years of age, 185 from 12 to 14, 125 from 14 to 16, 20 from 16 to 18, and 5 above 18 years of age; 126 of these pupils were children of operatives, 53 of small dealers and vendors, 16 of architects and artists, 108 of officials, teachers or military men, 54 whose parents, or at least whose fathers were either dead or without any profession. From the above it results, that the Day Burgher-schools are in general not attended by that class of the population for which the legislator intended them ; for these establishments were to be day schools for boys of the labouring or agricultural classes, who, after leaving the Elementary School, might pass a couple of years at a Middle-Class School. During the debates on the Law in the States-General the fear was already expressed, that these schools would not be numerously attended, and perchance not by the very persons, for whom they were intended ; but it was thought best to make a trial. If we consider that in 1874 these schools had only existed for a few years, we must be careful not to pronounce too decidedly on their greater or lesser efficiency. The results of the Evening Burgher-schools, and the institutions of the same description at Eotterdam, Leyden and Helder, give more favorable results, for in the last seven years the total number of pupils rose from 2565 to 4148. Of these 3307 already practised a trade; among them were: 1582 Carpenters, joiners, wain-wrights ; 473 Smiths, gun- smiths, instrument-makers, braziers; 236 Stone-cutters, masons, plumbers; 170 Sculptors, stucco-workers, goldsmiths, engravers, lithographers; 75 320 Painters, glaziers, varnishors 68 Architects; 364 of sundry other trades; and lastly 216 office-clerks, and juvoiiilo teachers. or the 8'M pupils oxercising or learning no trade (either because they attended some (Clemontary School during the day, or ])ecau8e the choice of a trade was not yet made, or again because they were unwilling to learn one,) the pai'ontH of 408 were operatives, of LBS dealers or vendors, of 53 architects or artists, of 10)i ofliciuls, teachers or military men, while of 119 the iuther or both parents were eitlior dead or without any profession. From this statement it appears that the Evening Burgher-schools were actually attended by those pupils, for wliom the Legislator intended them, and that oven a good many young people of the labouring class, who were already beyond the usual age Cor attending school, still eagerly profited of the opportunity of acquiring such theoretical knowledge as might be useful for them in the exercise of tlieir trade. No doul)t the number of scholars at these institutions would be Hlili greater, and the sehool-attendanco still more regular, especially in the spring, if the parents and maaters took more inturost in the matter; for these latter, who for the most part have themselves received a very imperfect training in their youth, often do not acknowlodt;ii the utility of a better training in nccorchiiico with the wants of their station in life; instead of encouraging young (nun to [n'olit of the opportunity within their reach, they not iinfrequently prevent their attending the evening seliool. The younger operatives often lack the iiK^ination to attend the lessons, because tliey are too weary of an evening after a hard day's work; or else they have no opportunity of going, because llieir work lasts too long, especially in spring and autumn, for them to be able to attend school. Nevertheless some improvement in this respect is observable of late; in some Communes the Evening Burgher-schools have found grace with the masters, who begin to perceive that by not putting difficulties in the way of llidir apprentices to cultivate and improve tlieir minds, they promote their own interests. An improvement, however, in this erroneous conception, which is entirely based on the prejudice of tiie nninformed portion of the community, can of course only take place by degrees. e. The Staff of Teaohern, In the following Table, every tiling is colloctod that concerns the Staff of Teachers of the Burgher-schools and the Institutions on a par with them, or- ganized by virtue of the Law ol' 1863. 76 OOOOU3 ooooooooooo ooo OO- ooi oooooooooc»o lOOO o o o o o I o o o o o I CO CO t« CD CO o o o o O O O f-H CQ o» eo ^ r-Toi" ^ ^ o m ■oors 'Id ooe'i 'Id raoij: •008 I U OOB'l U niojj = <- •OOS t *Td 008 Td *008 "Id 00^ 'U ooooo oocoooiooooio ooo oo o ooooo looi^Oio irsocoooiooiooooi .lamio ,iao lO .oiouaioio t^04_"^_^C^O tr-CilCC"^cOOOGSOSCOi-H [■^OSOO^OeO OS r-JOQcq^tD-^ oooo tr- lO o 00- 0« OS O r-l rH i-H (M ^ 1— I « « CO GQ CO M = M r-l -^ H C^OO^i-l ■oot "la o^ dn r-('*iOi-iC4 COeD^t-ioiaeou3-«3< |kac^03ioc4aoa»u3 B_ 'O -a T3 "la s — — — — ca -0':3-t:"0"3'^'^'^'0''3'Wn3t3'C'B'a"3'W'^'W'^ 5 §"" „ O m t* ■=« £3.5 "2 rS a J as E »' : a -.a : : wo. tx s a = as ^ ^.a .s o'SS o o a sz: a^S .S o a a ^ a Sa . ^ - .H -3 .H 1 as >js: 77 Of the 157 Teacliers marked in the Table as giving instruction at the same time at the Higher Burgher-schools, we shall speak again in describing these establishments. Of the other 191 there are 48 appointed at the Day Burgher- schools, who ai'e not engaged at any other school. Most of the rest give instruc- tion during the day-time at some Elementary Schools, or private tuition in Drawing. Of the Teachera attached to the Industrial School at Eotterdam, there are 14 wlio give instruction in the different handicrafts. The second division of the Table contains the salaries; nearly 60 per cent of these do not amount quite to 400 florins ; the average amount is about 518 florins. For the Day and Evening Burgher-schools alone the average is 1021 florins, for the Evening Burgher-schools and other Institutions 415 fl. for each Teacher. The number of salaried posts amounts to 817 ; besides these, there are at the schools of Gorinchem, Enkhuizen, Zierikzee, Goes and Amersfoort 31 Teachers employed without any fixed salary; these latter give tuition also, all of them, at the Higher Bm-gher-schools in those Communes, but their salary is not specified for each of the establishments separately. The salaries of the Dii'ectors of the schools are marked in the last column. Those of Tilburgh, Breda, Arnhem, Nyraegen, Zutpheu, Tiel, Schiedam, Gro- riachem, Haarlem, Zaandam, Enkhuizen, Zierikzee, Goes, Amersfort, Deventer and Kampen are likewise Directors of the Higher Burgher-schools; of their salaries in these combined situations, a statement will be given }ater. Those at Dordrecht, Delft, Gouda, Alkmaar, Middelburgh, Harlingen, ZwoUe and Maestricht are at the same time Teachers at the Higher Burgher-schools. The Directors of the Bui^her-schools at the Hague and at Amsterdam, and the Director of the Industrial School at Eotterdam, have besides a dwelling rent-free. d. Tfie Tuition. In describing these schools something has already been said about the tuition and the subjects of instruction. The age at which the pupils are admitted is twelve; many, however, come at a later age. In almost all the schools the admission is preceded by a simple examination, which is limited to Eeading, Writing, and Ciphering. At the commencement of the year 1874/75 the number of applications was 1505, of whom, however, 442, that is 29 per cent, were refused; the preceding years this number had been between 27 and 32 p. c. The chief cause of this unfavorable result, notwithstanding the moderate demands and the absence of all severity, is to be attiibuted to the fact, that most of the boys do not pass immediately on leaving the Elementary School, to the Burgher-school; and during the interval of two or tliree years, passed without any instruction whatever, much of what has been learnt must of course be lost. The fruits of the instruction at the Evening Burgher-schools 78 must also suffer much, of course, in consequence of the insufScient culture of the pupils admitted. The Law affords the opportunity for undergoing examinations on leaving the school; these comprise the branches taught in the school, and are held by a Board consisting of one of the Members of the Local Board for Middle-Class Listruction as chairman, and the Teachers of the School. These examinations have been held several times in the various Communes where Day and Evening Bnrgher-sohools exist; an exact specification of the number of pupils examined, and the results of the examinations may be dispensed with, as of little interest. ' e. Schoolrooms and School- appliances. The schoolrooms of the Day or Evening Burgher-schools are generally con- sidered very satisfactory. At Amsterdam and Utrecht new and commodious buildings have been erected for Day and Evening Schools; likewise for the Evening Schools at Gouda and Zwolle. At Breda, Arnhem, Nymegen, Zutphen, Tiel, Leyden, Schiedam, Gorinchem, Zaandam, Enkhuizen, Zierikzee, Goes, Amersfort, Harlingen, D^venter and Kampen, the rooms and school-appliances of the Higher Biirgher-school were made available for the instruction of the Evening Burgher-school. In most of the other Communes the buildings previously in use as Drawing and Industrial Schools have been rebuilt and modilied to suit them for their new destination. The school-appliances, especially for Draw- ing, are every where copiously provided. For the Academy of the Plastic Arts and Technical Sciences at Eotterdam, a vast building has been erected by the Commune, at a cost of more than 100,000 fl. f. Drawing Schools and Industrial Schools in 1874. It has already been mentioned above, that, in some Communes where no Day or Evening Burgher-schools have been established,' the Drawing Schools and other similar institutions have been allowed to remain. The number of these amounted in 1874 to 32, at which 130 Teachers gave tuition to 3500 pupils. At 33 of these schools the instruction comprised Free-hand and Architectural Drawing; at the others Mathematics were added ; at a few also Physics and Mechanics ; at three of them moreover Modelling. A special account of these schools may be dis- pensed with here. Only mention must be specially made of the Eoyal School for the Plastic Arts at Bois-le-Duc, with 8 Teachers and 330 pupils; the Academy for the Plastic Arts at the Hague, with 14 Teachers and 310 pupils ; the Industrial School at the Hague, with 11 Teachers and 69 pupils; the Industrial School at Amsterdam, founded by the Society for Operatives, with 14 Teachers and 88 pupils (in both these schools instruction is also given in the "Workshop) ; and a second school (without instruction in the Workshop) of the same Society, destined solely for sons of Members, with 11 Teachers and 109 Pupils. 79 § 3. Higher Bargher-schooh. A. State of matters before and in 1863. As the Higher Burglier-schools were not established till after the introduction of the Law of 1863, there can only be question, before that Period, of a few schools that bore some resemblance to them. First, then, were those schools in which the instruction was given, specified in the Law of 1857 as more advanced Instruction in the modern Lan- guages, Mathematics and Physics. Above (page 39) it was mentioned that, from an inquiry set on foot immediately upon the introduction of the Law of 1863, it appeared that almost all these schools were to be considered as establishments of more extended Elementary Instruction, and that only a very few might be regarded as destined for Elementary and Middle-Class Instruc- tion at the same time. These were a few private boarding-schools and boys' schools, some of which, however, have since declined. As to the young-ladies' boarding-schools, these are still reckoned to belong to the schools of more ex- tended Elementary Instruction, whereby the scope of the Instruction is more taken into account, than the age of the pupils. Another class of these schools was the so-called second division of the Gymnasia (Latin- schools), which were created since 1838 to make up for the wants of Middle- Class Instruction. In these the scholars were instructed in common with the first division (Latin-school) in some branches, while those hours which the latter devoted to the Classics, were employed by the 2nd division entirely, or partially, in the study of Modern Languages, Mathematics, etc. Towards the end of 1863 there were 30 such establishments, viz. at Bois-le-Duc, Endhoven, Boxmeer, Nymegen, Zutphen, Harderwyk, Doesburgh, Zaltbommel, the Hagae, Eotterdam, Leyden, Dordrecht, Gouda, Brielle, Haarlem, Alkmaar, Enkhuizen, Zie- rikzee, Franeker, Devent^r, Kampen, Enschede, Almelo, Oldenzaal, Ootmarsum, Groningen, Winschoten, Meppel, Assen and Maestricht, with 167 Teachers; the number of pupils, however, was not more than 708, of whom 33 were in the second division of the Gymnasium at Bois-le-Duc, 46 at Zutphen, 49 at the Hague, 37 at Eotterdam, 59 at Groningen, 38 at Winschoten and 98 at Maes- tricht. Only at the Gymnasia at Bois-le-Duc, at the Hague and at Maestricht, were the two divisions entirely separated, each with a Director of its own ; only at the one of Maestricht, which bore the name of „ Eoyal Athenaeum," did the instruction take a wider scope. In 1874 only three remained of all these Establishments, viz. those at Oldenzaal, Almelo and Winschoten; of the rest 19 had been changed into Higher Burgher-schools, and 8 had been sup- pressed. Besides these schools, there existed in 1863 two other Private Institutions, 80 which deserve special mention, viz. The Institute for Commerce and Industry at Amsterdam, and the Technical School at Utrecht. The Institute for Commerce and Industry at Amsterdam was established in 1846 on a somewhat comprehensive plan. Lectures were to be delivered there by twenty scientific gentlemen residing at Amsterdam, among whom eight; Professors of the Athenaeum, upon almost every subject relating to Mathematics, the Natural Sciences, Political and Commercial Science, History, Navigation, Ship-building, Applied Mechanics, etc. ; besides this, instruction was to be given in nine foreign Languages, in Penmanship, Drawing, and Modelling. It was not a school properly so called ; school-tuition was not to be given ; there were Lectures, which the pupils were free to attend or not. The Fee was 200 florins each year. In the first year 40 Pupils were entered; several of the branches, however, included in so comprehensive a scheme, were not taught. In 1849 a Preparatory Class was attached to the Institute, at a Pee of 150 florins; in this year the number of pupils was only 34, besides 13 at the Preparatory Class. The following year the state was still more unfavorable, so that at the close of the school-year 1850/51 it was resolved to stop the instruction. One of the founders, however, Dr. Sarphati, determined to carry on the affair at his own expense. The instruction was re-organized, the pretentious Institute was transformed into a Commercial School, where school-instruction with a three years' curriculum was to be given. The attempt made to obtain pecuniary assis- tance from the Commune of Amsterdam failed. The school then struggled on for some years, and at a later period even witnessed a considerable increase in the number of pupils. In 1853 it was only 35, in 1863 it had risen to 70, and in 1865 even to 97. WLen a Higher Burgher-school was erected at Amsterdam, it seemed primitively the intention of fasing it with the Commercial School; this, however, dit not happen, and it lingered on for a short time ; the number of pupils however sank in 1866 to 49. Shortly after, on the death of Dr. Sar- phati, at whose expense it had been maintained during the last years, it was suppressed. The Technical School at Utrecht was founded in 1850. According to the plan proposed by certain individuals, its founders, it was to embrace: „what- „ ever was taught at various eminent educational establishments, in connection „ with other branches of Instruction. It was, however, to be neither exclusively an „ educational establishroent, nor a Polytechnic School, but was meant to fill up „ a gap, which was acknowledged for a long time to exist, by men of experi- „ence." According to the Programme, the School was destined for youths be- tween 14 and 18 years of age, who should receive tuition, during a three years' curriculum, in : Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Mechanics, Zoology and Botany, ^Mineralogy and Geology, Technology and the knowledge of raw and TiTought materials. Geography, Ethnology, Political Economy and Commercial Jmisprudence, Drawing and Book-keeping, as also in Foreign Languages, as far as a repetition was deemed necessary. The Eee was 100 florins, which however, was afterwards raised to 150 fl. The Province and the Commune granted pecuniary aid in 1853. In 1850 it was opened with 10 Pupils; after- wards this number increased; in 1863- it amounted to 55. In 1866 this school was fused with the Government Higher Burgher-school then opened at Utrecht. Finally, mention must be made here of another Middle-Class Scbdol, the plan for which existed as early as 1863, therefore before the introduction of the Law, but which was not opened till that period, namely the Twente Industrial and Commercial School at Enschede. The plan was projected by the Twente-Association for the Promotion of Industry and Commerce. The rather considerable capital for erecting the requisite buildings and purchas- ing the school-appliances, was got together by certain individuals and Societies. The State and the Commune have granted annual subsidies. As the curriculum of this school corresponds almost entirely with that of the subsequently founded Higher Burgher- schools with a five years' curriculum, it is not necessary to mention it here separately, but it may be included among those established by virtue of the Law of 1863. B. State of matters from 1863 to 1874. a. Number and Specification of Higher Burgher-schooh. The first Higher Burgher-schools were opened in the commencement of the school-year 1864/65. In 1864 the Government Schools at Groningen andKoer- mond, and the subsidized Communal Schools at Zutphen, Leyden, Delft, Haar- lem, Sneek, Deventer, and Maestricht were opened; in January 1865 the non- subsidized Communal School at the Hague, and in February 1865 the Govern- ment School at Middelburgh ; the Private Establishment at Enschede had already been opened in 1863. In the beginning of the school-year 1865/66 the Government School at Gouda wjis opened, and the Communal Schools at Nymegen, Eotter- dam, Dordrecht, Amsterdam, Goes, and Harlingen; in April 1866 the Government School at Tilburgh, and the Communal School at Zaandam ; all these Communal Establishments with subsidies from the Public Treasury. In September 1866 Government Schools were opened at Utrecht and Helmoud, as also subsidized Communal Schools at Arnhem, Veendam and Venlo ; at the beginning of the school-year 1867/68 the Government Schools at Bois-le-Duc, Zalt-Bommel, Alk- maar, Leeuwaarden and Zwolle, and a subsidized Communal School at Breda. In September 1868 Government Schools were opened at Sappemeer, Warffum and Assen, as also a non-subsidized Communal School at Kampen, and a subsidized one at Hoorn; in Februaiy 1869 a non-subsidized Communal Commercial School was opened at Amsterdam, and in April 1869 a subsidized Higher Bnrgher- school at Schiedam ; in the beginning of the school-year 1869/70 similar schools 6 at Wageningen and at Zierikzee. In September 1870 were opened Government Schools at Winterswyk and Heerenveen, and subsidized Communal Schools at Tiel and Enkhuizen; in 1871 subsidized Communal Schools at Gorinchem and Amers- fort; in 1874 a second non-subsidized Communal School at Haarlem, and a similar one, but with Government aid, at Almelo. In 1875 a second non- subsidized Communal School is to be opened at Eotterdam, and in 1876 one at Amsterdam. In the preceding account no mention is made of the number of years of the curriculum at each of the schools; not unfrequently an extension has been given some time after their opening. The following Table shows for each school, with the statement of their denomination, the duration of the curriculum, and the amount of the Pees. This latter is fixed for the Communal Schools by the Communal Council, for the Government Schools by the Minister of the Interior ; for these latter schools the Law prescribes a maximum of 60 florins a year. In the last column (a) denotes the yearly amount of the Fee for a single branch, (A) for one hour a week, and (c) for an indefinite number of lessons. 83 PROVINCES. COMMUNES. SPECIFICATION OF SCHOOLS. BATE OF FEES for the entire Instruction. for Instruction in single branches. North-Brabant< Guelderland. South-Holland- Sorth-Holland< Zeeland j Utrecht | Ffieslaiid < OTcryssel Groningen — Drenthe Limhnrgh Bois-le-Duc . Tilbnrgh . . . Breda Helmond . . . Arnhem. . . . Nymegen. . . Zutphen. . . . Tiel Winterswijk Wageningen. Zalt-Bommel The Hague . Rotterdam. . Leyden Dordrecht . . Delft Schiedam. . . Gouda GoriDchem. . Amsterdam . id. Haarlem . . . id. Zaandam . . Alkmaar . . Haom .... Enkhuizen. Middelbargh Zierikzee. Goes Utrecht . . Amersfort LceuwaardeD Harlingen . Sneek .... Heerenveen ZwoUe Deventer . . Kampcn. . . Ensched^. . Almelo. . . . Groningen . Veendam . . Sappemeer. Warffam . Assen Maestricht. Roermond . Venlo Government School. id. Siibs. Communal School. Government School. Snhs. Communal School. id. id. id. Government School. Suhs. Communal School. Government School. Non-subs. Communal Sch. Suhs. Communal School. id. ■ id. id. id. Government School. Suhs. Communal School. id. Non-subs. Com. Commer- cial School. Suhs. Communal School. Non-subs. Commtinal Sch. Subs. Communal School. Government School. Subs. Communal School. id. Government School. Subs. Communal School. id. Government School. Suhs. Communal School. Government School. Suhs. Communal School. id. Government School. id. Subs. Communal School. Non-subs. Communal Sch. Subs. Private School. Subs. Communal School. Government School. Suhs. Communal School. Government School. id. id. Subs. Communal School. Government School. Subs. Communal School. 1867. 5 1866. 5 1867. 5 1866. 3 1866. 5 1865. 5 1864. 5 1870. 5 1870. 3 1869. 3 1867. 3 1865. 5 1865. 5 1864. 5 1865. 5 1864. 5 1869. 5 1865. 3 1871. 5 1865. 5 1869. 3 1864. 5 1874. 3 1866. 4 1867. 5 1868. 4 1870. 3 1865. 5 1869. 5 1865. S 1866. 5 1871. 5 1867. 5 1865. 4 1864. 5 1870. 3 1867. 5 1864. 5 1868. 5 1863. 5 1874. 3 1864. 5 1866. 5 1868. 3 1868. 3 1868. 3 1864. 5 1864. 5 1866. 3 Fl. 30 p. ann. 30 50 30 60 60 40 50 . 30 . 40 • 30 , 60 . 60 , 60 , 54to72„ ■ 70 , 60 , 30 , 50 to 60 „ ,60 „ . 180 , 60 . 40 , 60 , 30 , 40 to 50 „ , 20 to 30 „ . 40 , 40 , 40 to 50 „ , 60 , 40 , 50 , 40 , 30 to 50 , 30 , 50 , 50 to 60 , 30 , 70or35 , 25 to 50 , 50 , 20 to 50 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , ]8to24 FI. 7 to 14 («). 7 to 14 {a). 3 [6). 7 to 14 (a). 6 to 60 (a). 5 (i). 40 (c). 5 to 12 (a). 7 to 14 {a). 15 to 40 (c). 7 to 14 (a). 10 to 25 (a). 10 to 25 (a). 10 to 15 {a). 10 to 30 (a). 6 to 15 (a). 7 to 14 (a). 9 to 27 (a). 10 to 25 (a). 10 to 25 (a). 10 to 25 (a). 10 to 25 (a). 20 to 100 (c). 7 to 14 (a). 10 to 40 (a). 15 W. 7 to 14 (a). 10 (a). 5 to 12 (a). 10 to 20 (a). 4 to 8 (a). 7,50 to 15 (a). 2 (a). 3 to 12 (a). 7 to 14 (a). 7,50 to 15 (a). 3 {i). 10 (a). 6 (a). 3 to 5 (i). 7,50 to 15 (a). 20 to 50 (c). 7 to 14 (a). 7 to 14 (a). 7 to 14 ^a). 5 to 10 (a). 5 to 10 (a). 18 to 24 (a). 84 There are, thus, 17 Grovernment Schools, of which 9 have a five-years' cur- riculum, and 8 a three-years' curriculucn ; 33 Communal Schools with a five years' curriculum, 20 of which are subsidized by the State; 3 subsidized Communal Schools having u, four years' curriculum, agreeing pretty well with the four lower classes of a complete school ; 4 subsidized and 1 non-subsidized Com- munal Schools having a three years' curriculum ; 1 subsidized Private School having a five years' curriculum, and 1 non-subsidized Communal Commercial School with a three years' curriculum. Total 49 schools. In behalf of the above subsidized schools, t!ie following grants are paid from the Public Treasury : Two grants of 10,000 florins a year each, to the Communal Schools at Am-- sterdam and Maestricht ; Three grants of 8,500 a year each, to the Communal Schools at Goes, Sneek, and Veendam ; One grant of 7,350 florins a year, to the Communal School at Breda; Seventeen grants of 7,000 florins a year each, to the Communal Schools at Arnhem, Nymegen, Zutphen, Tiel, Eotterdam, Leyden, Dordrecht, Delft, Schie- dam, Gorinchem, Haarlem, Zaandam, Zierikzee, Amersfort, Harlingen- and De- venter, and to the Private School at Enschede ; One grant of 6,000 florins, to the Communal School at Hoorn ; Four grants of 5,000 florins each, to the Communal Schools at Wageningen, Enkhuizen, Almelo, and Venlo. So that the total of these 38 Public grants is 197,750 florins. b. Tlie Scholars. The number of scholars attending the above-mentioned schools, in December 1874, is shown in the following Table. Here is to be observed that a dash ( — ) after the name of a school in any of the columns, signifies that the class marked at the head of the column does not exist, according to the organization of that school; whereas the mark („) denotes that such a class has no pupils for the time being, which is generally owing to the school's being but recently opened or extended, so that there can be no pupils Jbr the higher classes. 85 SCHOOLS. Bois-le-Duc Tilburgli Breda Helmond Arnhem Nymegen Zutphea Tiel Winterswijk Wageningen Zalt-Bommel The Hague Rollf rdam Leyden Dordrecht Delft Schiedam Gouda Gorinchem Amsterdam id. (Commer cial School) .... Haarlem, 5 y. c. . . id. 3 y. c. . . Zaandam Alkmaar Hoorn Enkhuizen Middelburgh r Zierikzee Goes Utrecht Amersfort Leeawaarden Harlingen Sneek Heerenveen ZwoUe Deventer Kampen Ensched^ Almelo Groningen Veendam Sappemeer Warffum Assen Maestricht Roermond Venlo Total School-attendance for all the branches. 01. 1. u 20 20 30 30 28 16 13 58 54 36 30 29 27 18 17 54 39 23 18 21 11 25 20 28 28 18 22 9 16 14 27 24 20 14 29 39 25 31 8 7 36 19 41 1138 CI. 2. 17 10 15 3 22 19 26 14 11 10 6 49 43 26 47 17 20 13 20 69 26 5 10 13 6 4 23 13 16 . 29 23 20 9 16 2 19 17 12 12 4 20 17 5 2 16 17 16 12 841 CI. 3. 11 4 10 3 12 9 27 8 3 6 4 35 34 29 30 19 7 3 15 45 31 11 3 21 3 14 20 9 12 7 2 14 14 8 11 1 15 9 7 1 1 18 9 4 597 CI. 1. 10 3 13 12 l"2 6 24 26 21 20 24 1 7 15 34 17 3 19 2 5 7 10 14 19 10 13 389 CI. 14 13 16 12 13 8 7 17 10 9 1 14 7 11 3 11 4 245 51 35 61 26 85 64 102 39 20 32 23 180 170 128 139 102 58 34 66 200 75 115 28 41 46 21 18 83 42 62 110 66 68 27 43 16 70 73 63 45 34 104 57 43 11 24 92 61 57_ 3210 ■U^ *° E « 5 3 2 K a a g o H 21 4 4 1 17 6 7 2 3 13 11 3 11 6 12 1 16 17 11 20 4 23 14 14 37 7 1 15 41 7 7 7 1 439 72 39 65 27 102 70 109 39 29 38 25 183 170 141 150 105 69 40 74 304 75' 123 28 50 58 22 18 99 59 73 130 70 91 35 61 30 84 110 70 46 49 145 64 50 13 31 98 68 58 3649 86 Here is to be observed that at some schools the lowest class is divided into two divisions, one of which must be rather regarded as a preparatory class ; such was the case in the school-year 18741/75 at Helmond, Goes, Sappemeer, Eoer- mond and Venlo, where these preparatory classes numbered respectively 10, 13, 11, 6 and 23 scholars, who are, however, included in those of the first column. The Commercial School at Amsterdam cannot properly be considered as a Higher Burgher-school; it is notwithstanding classed here among these schools, as it is the only school of the kind in the Kingdom, and because at some of the Higher Burgher- schools mentioned in the Table, namely at those of Kotterdam, Dordrecht, and Groningen, the two higher classes are formed into two divisions, one of which is specially destined for future merchants. The number of those, who made use of this special training for commerce, has, however, hitherto remained small. The three classes of the Commercial School at Amsterdam, can, as to general culture and acquirement, vie with the three highest classes of the schools with a five-years' curriculum. Another circumstance to be mentioned, is that at all the Government Schools, and at most of the Communal Higher Burgher-schools, one class is immediately divided into parallel classes when the number of pupils exceeds 80. In the school-year 1874/75 such a division was made in the three lower classes at the Hague, the three lower ones at Eotterdam, the 2nd and 3rd classes at Leyden, the three lower ones at Dordrecht, the two lower classes of the Higher Burgher-school at Amsterdam into three, the 3rd into two, the two lower classes of the Commercial School into two, the 1st and 3nd at Middelburgh, the three lower ones at Utrecht, and the 1st class at Groningen. Since the year 1870/71 a few of these Higher Burgher-schools have also admitted girls as pupils. That this measure, as was to be expected, has not met with universal approval, appears from the fact that in the school-year 1874/75 only 25 girls have profited of the opportunity, namely at the schools of Win terswyk, Wageningen, Zalt-Bommel, Middelburgh, Heerenveen, Almelo, Veendam, Sappe- meer, and Warffum. Pupils for single branches are not admitted at the school of Eotterdam; there attendance at all lessons is obligatory. There are stiU among the above-mentioned schools several, where the higher classes have not yet attained their normal state; as a rule this cannot be attained tiU after the lapse of six years from the opening. Consequently the number of pupils in the 4th and 5th class is smaller in proportion to the total number, than will probably be the case in a few years. It is however not uninteresting to follow the yearly increase of pupils since the introduction of the Law. The following Table contains a statement of the collective numbei- of Pupils, both for single branches and for the complete instruction, during the eleven years that these schools have been in operation. 87 TOTAL ATTENDANCE IN THE SCHOOL- J3 S| SCHOOLS. TEAB o S u ' m CO t^ 00 Oi o ^fl G^ to ^ iO ■si fi CO CO CO i^ t-.. i~~ t- r^ ** in CO t^ 00 Oi o to -^ CO iO CO CO CO CO t^ t- f- t^ r- CO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 QO 00 Bnis-le-Duc . . . 40 69 78 84 89 80 64 72 24,190 30 Tilburgh — 18 36 46 42 38 30 25 33 42 39 24,747 12 Breda — — — 26 32 92 89 86 69 74 65 15,335 42 Hclmond. ..:... — — 30 50 47 37 34 27 28 24 27 6,875 40 Arnhem. — 77 82 76 91 117 118 107 120 102 36,004 28 Nymcgen — 44 35 53 48 82 ';9 76 70 74 70 22,929 31 Zutnhen 76 88 64 68 75 60 67 SI 100 109 109 14,421 76 Tiel. — — — — — — 65 28 61 33 53 30 41 29 39 29 8,601 7,771 45 37 Winterswijk. . . . Waseninpen. , . . — — — — — 16 18 27 34 43 38 6,005 63 Zalt-Bomrael . , , — — — 14 30 34 22 26 30 3:i 25 3,947 64 The Hague U 81 105 123 147 159 167 186 164 151 183 97,565 19 Rotterdam — I 76 89 109 124 146 184 19S 22! 199 170 129,239 13 Levden 28 57 91 118 101 100 127 129 130 154 141 40,249 35 Dordrecht 53 59 77 80 97 120 139 167 150 150 25,823 58 Delft 84 118 125 115 104 102 48 115 66 102 68 116 84 113 70 103 69 23,366 21,103 45 33 Schiedam Gouda — 33 38 32 31 44 50 50 57 50 70 46 77 40 74 16,576 8,982 24 82 Gorinchem Amsterdam 48 109 137 166 196 200 212 194 207 204 id. (Commer- 286,932 10 cial School).. — — — — — bO 75 50 57 68 75 Haarlem, 5 y. c. . id. 3 y. c. 73 102 132 136 121 131 134 143 148 133 123 28 33,364 45 Zaandam 87 63 59 47 55 54 56 48 44 50 12,346 40 Alkmaar _^ , — 43 59 46 64 66 63 60 58 11,980 48 — — — — 32 42 30 31 32 28 34 21 19 22 22 18 9,603 5,488 23 33 Enkhuizen Middelburgh. . . . 87 106 83 78 71 80 88 96 100 92 99 15,926 62 Zicrikzee — — — 59 65 67 53 52 59 8,043 73 Goes — 38 47 74 47 116 62 117 47 112 61 131 73 160 78 169 73 141 73 130 6,239 64,271 117 20 Utrecht Amersfort _ _ — — — 45 61 70 70 13,402 53 Leeawaardcn . . . — — 58 78 74 84 83 87 80 91 27,003 34 Harlingen 47 48 67 53 49 32 42 46 38 35 10,840 32 78 98 101 97 90 79 78 31 82 37 70 37 62 22 51 30 9,654 53 Heerenveen Zwolle 48 75 76 82 90 75 92 79 103 85 112 94 123 99 131 83 105 84 110 21,329 18,132 39 61 Deventer Kampen — 55 76 75 76 81 77 70 16,047 44 Ensched^ 25 37 42 43 69 67 51 36 46 46 46 5,394 85 Almelo . — _ — — — — — — 49 4,171 117 Groningen 61 92 116 122 141 153 142 164 177 133 145 39,835 36 Veendam — 74 73 88 84 64 66 47 46 64 9,749 66 "Sappemeer — 63 63 66 52 58 60 50 4,301 116 Warffum — — — 32 43 36 80 17 12 13 2,086 64 101 106 119 131 33 107 47 112 48 119 47 135 56 115 52 97 31 98 7,269 28,660 42 34 Maestricht Roermond 46 64 83 93 79 68 70 81 81 72 68 9,609 71 Venlo — — 24 31 25 2,741 73 3,210 71 73 65 63 58 3,649 8,240 71 Total 750 1,418 1,940 2,465 3,569 8,817 3.874 3,636 Eiom the Table it appears, that during the first nine years since the opening of these schools, the number of pupils has goue on increasing, and this con- secutively with 668, 522, 515, 286, 469, 349, '258 and 59. During the last two years the number has diminished with 235. The decrease was observed chiefly in those scholars who attended only lessons in single branches, and at the Government Schools ; this was in consequence of a change in the regulation of these schools, by which admission to the school, and the passing into a higher class, was rendered less easy. The average number of pupils per school, was, during the years given in the Table, successively 62, 67, 74, 77, 74, 78, 79, 81, 83, 77 and 78. Here is to be observed that in several small Communes Higher Burgher-schools have been established, which being, of course, attended by a smaller number of pupils, must have an unfavorable influence on the average cipher. The decrease observed at some schools is a consequence of the recent suppression of preparatory classes. The proportion between the number of scholars who follow the instruction in all the branches, and those who attend merely single lessons, has changed very little. During the years from 1865 — 1872 on each 100 pupils, from 84 to 86 per cent belonged to the first category, 16 to 14 p. c. to the latter, who are ge- nerally distinguished by the appellation of „ Auditors" ; in the years 1873 and 1874 the number of those following the complete instruction, had risen to 88 p. c. Of the 439 scholars attending in 1871 the instruction in single branches, 187 attended the tuition in Mathematics, 25 in Mechanics, 185 in Physics, 152 in Chemistry, 92 in Natural History, 30 in Cosmography, 46 in the Political Sciences, 107 in G»ography, 103 in History, 172 in the Dutch Language and Literature, 191 in the French Language and Literature, 195 in the German Language and Literature, 185 in the English Language and Literature, 32 in the Commercial Sciences, 47 in Book-keeping alone, 15 in Penmanship and 107 in Drawing. In the last two columns of the Table at p. 87 the number of the population of the Communes on the 31st of December 1874 is added, and the number of pupils upon every 10,000 inhabitants '). The proportion of these numbers diverges considerably ; in the smaller Communes the proportion is generally more favorable than in the larger ones. This is to be accounted for in different ways; in the larger Communes there are usually either public or private elementary schools, or both, which as competitors of the Middle-Class Schools often interfere with the attendance at the latter, as the Masters of such schools endeavour to keep the pupils as long as possible at their own schools, not unfrequently till their 15th or 16th year, so that it is then too late to think of sending them to a Middle- Class School. The disparity of these numbers is besides not a little increased by ') The population of Heerenveen is not inserted, as this place belongs to three different Communes: Schoterland, Haslserland and Aengwirden. the fact that, in many of the smaller Communes, the Higher Burgher-schools are attended by boys from the neighbouring Communes, The disparity dis- appears for a great part when we regard each Province separately, and compare the number of pupils at the Higher Burgher-schools with the provincial population ; then it results, that on every 10,000 inhabitants the Higher Burgher-schools are attended: in Drenthc by 2-4, in North-Brabant by 4-5, in Priesland by 6-7, in Guelderland by 9-3, in North-Holland by 9-8, in Limburgh by 9'7, in Utrecht by 11-0, in Groningen by 11-5, in Zeeland by 12'5, in South-Holland by 13-7, in Overyssel by 13-6, and in the whole country by 9' 7. In judging of these numbers, and especially in comparing the school-attenSance at similar institutions in other countries, it is of importance to bear in mind both the duration of the course and the age of the pupils. As to the duration of the course, this varies iu the Dutch Higher Burgher-schools between a three, four and iive years' curriculum, as has been shown in the Tables at pages 83 and 85. Each class has a course of one year; there are none having, like many Kealschulen and Gymnasia in Germany, a course of two years. Therefore the school with a five years' curriculum can be gone through in fi^e years ; only a portion of the pupils require a longer space of time, when at the close of the school-year they have not made sufficient progress to be admitted into a higher class. More will be said upon this subject in speaking of the Instruction at the Higher Burgher-schools. With respect to the age, it is a rare case for pupils to be admitted at the Higher Burgher-schools under 13 years of age; as a rule this only occurs at establisments having a preparatory class attached to the lowest class. Of the 3,874 pupils attending the Higher Burgher-schools in December 1873, the ages of the pupils at the beginning of the school-year 1872/73 were as shown in the following Table. NUMBER OF SCHOLARS AT THE HIGHER BURGHER-SCHOOLS, OF THE AGES CLASSES. below 12 years. from 12_-13 years. from 13-14 years. from 14—15 years. from 15-16 years. from 16—17 years. from 17—18 years. above 18 years. Total. . / !»' Class ^ i I 2°* Class 2 1 1 3'^ Class 1 £ i 4"' Class " S [ 6th Class Total Scholars for singl branches 57 2 235 32 1 375 132 27 w » 259 229 136 19 1 151 269 212 66 13 43 160 181 104 48 4 50 98 96 76 324 102 3 14 42 80 119 1127 888 697 365 257 59 14 268 7 534 11 644 30 711 64 536 105 258 207 3334 540 General Total. . . 73 275 545 674 775 641 426 465 3874 90 Hence if we reckon the average ages of the pupils of each class, at the commencement of the school-year, we find for the 1st class an average age of 13'8 years, for the 2nd class of 15-0, for the 3rd class of lS-9, for the 4th class of 16"9, and for the 5th or highest class of 17'3. Of the pupils attending only single lessons, almost half are above 18 years of age, therefore above the ordinary age of those who follow the entire instruction. Since 1867, in which year a beginning was made everywhere to note with precision the ages of the pupils, no change worth mentioning has taken place; for the years 1873 and 1874 we have no statistical statements concerning the ages of the pupils. At all the schools Gymnastics are taught. At Breda alone this instruction was not regulated, though even there the opportunity was not wanting for the pupils to attend Gymnastic exercises out of school-hours. At the 48 other schools 2558 of the 3117 pupils, who were entered in 1874/75 for the entire instruction, participated in the Gymnastic exercises ; at all these schools special Teachers of Gymnastics are appointed. At most of the schools military drill, and the use of arms was also practised. The time set aside for this purpose varies from 1 to 3 hours a week. The lessons are mostly given before or after the ordi- nary school-hours ; lately, however, a commencement has been made to set aside, now and then, half an hour from the ordinary instruction, for Gymnastics. c. Staff of Teachers. The number of Teachers employed in December 1874 at the Higher Burgher- schools, amounted to 558, of whom 135 were Doctors in the Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Philology or the Law; 37 Bachelors of the same; 208 held Certificates of Capacity by virtue of the Law of 1863; 87 a Certificate according to the prescriptions before 1868, giving also the qualification to give Middle- Class instruction ; ] held a Diploma as Engineer, or were Military or Naval Officers out of service, qualified either by the Military Academy, or J;he Naval Institute (Art. 82 and 87); 28 possessed Certificates of Capacity for Middle- Class instruction obtained abroad, and had their qualification confirmed by the King for this country (Art. 90); 40 were employed in 1863 at Institutions of Middle-Class instruction, and could therefore by virtue of the Law be appointed to a Public School (Art. 83), and lastly there were 13 without Certificates, mostly Teachers of Penmanship. In the following Table the number of Teachers at each school is to be seen. 91 NUMBER OF TEACHERS IN DECEMBER 1874, i 11 . SCHOOLS. o o h n bo lb II o'gS ■1^ Mi ft* "S 3 -■ If! TOTAL. Bois-le-Duc • 1 5 3 4 13 Tilburgh 2 „ 4 1 1 1- 3 « 12 „ Breda 1 ,J 6 „ „ 2 1 ^j 10 ^j Helmond 1 4 ^ 4 1 1 11 J, Arnhem 4 2 5 1 ^j 1 ,, 13 ,^ Nymegen 1 1 2 3 1 1 4 jj 13 ,j Zutphen 2 1 3 4 w „ 1 1 12 Tie! i „ - 3 2 „ „ „ y „ Winlerswyk „ M 5 2 » „ » 7 „ Wageningen 3 1 5 ,j ,, „ 9 1 Zall-Bommel 3 ^, 3 2 1 „ „ 9 „ The Hague 4 1 6 3 1 1 jj 16 1 Rotterdam 3 2 5 6 2 1 2 ,^ 21 „ Leyden c 1 5 2 J, 1 1 16 „ 4 2 4 3 4 4 •■ 2 1 1 16 14 ' Delft Schiedam . . .~ 2 1 3 4 1 1 „ ^ 12 ,j Gouda 3 4 1 ,^ ^ ^ ^ 8 „ Gorinchem 3 1 4 2 „ „ 10 „ Amsterdam 6 1 7 5 jj 1 20 „ id. (Commer- cial School) 2 1 6 „ 1 1 1 2 14 „ Haarlem , 5 y. c. . . . 5 ,j 6 1 1 1 14 „ id. 3 y. u 1 „ 7 1 1 1 11 ZaaQdaoQ. 2 3 1 4 8 1 1 » 2 •' 10 12 Alkmaar Hoorn 1 O 3 2 8 1 Enkhuizen 1 1 ] ,, „ „ 2 1 6 ,j Middelbiirgh 3 „ 6 3 ^ 1 1 „ 14 „ O 4 6 4 i' 2 e 4 5 4 1 1 2 2 » 2 1 1 " 11 10 16 11 « Goes Utrecht Amersfort Leeuwaarden 4 „ 6 3 ») .J 13 „ Harlingen. . . . 1 2 1 1 3 6 2 » ' i " 7 10 2 Sneek Heerenvcen 3 „ 4 jj ,j ,^ 1 8 „ ZwoUe 4 2 6 2 M ^, „ 14 „ Deventer 5 2 3 2 1 „ 2 15 „ 4 2 5 3 14 Ensched^ 3 3 2 8 Almelo 5 2 1 4 6 1 1 1 1 1 i 7 17 1 Groningen Veendam 2 1 3 3 ,j M „ „ 9 Sappemeer 4 V 4 2 N „ „ 1 11 ., WariTttm 1 1 5 1 U „ 8 1 Assen 3 5 1 ,, 9 ,j Maestricht 3 „ 1 3 1 7 ,j i 16 „ Raermond 4 4 1 3 1 13 Venlo 1 2 » 1 2 6 1 Total 139 37 216 88 10 28 41 14 573 8 92 Tlie numbers in this Table do not quite agree with those previously men- tioned; this is owing to 15 of these Teachers giving tuition at more than one school, and consequently appearing twice in the list; of these last-mentioned 4 possess a Doctor's degree, and 8 a Certificate of Capacity according to the Law of 1863. As there were 8 vacancies in 1874, the numljcr of Teachers' posts at all the Higher Burgher-schools was in fact 566. It is not possible to give a table of the Teachers with respect to the branches they teach. Though, as a rule, the system of specialities has been adopted at our Higher Burgher-schools, so that each Teacher gives instruction in one single branch or a few allied branches; yet there are several, who have to give instruction in more than one branch; so for instance the instruction in Mathematics is sometimes combined with Mechanics and Physics, and sometimes with Eectilinear drawing; the Dutch Language is sometimes committed to the same Teacher who is charged with one of the Foreign Languages, generally the German, or it is combined with History or Geography ; these two last-named branches are not unfrequently given to the same Teacher who is charged with the instruction in the Political Sciences ; these again are often combined with the Commercial Sciences. At the larger schools there js generally a separate Teacher for each of the Languages ; whereas at the smaller establishments one Teacher is generally charged with the instruction of two Languages. A few Teachers of Gymnastics give also instruction in Book-keeping. If the Teachers' posts be divided into five groups, it may be assumed that, of the 566 Teachers, there are : 182 for Mathematics and Physics; 118 for History and the Political and Commercial Sciences; 147 for Languages and Literature; 72 for Drawing and Penmanship, and 47 for Gymnastics. Of the 49 Directors 15 are Doctors of the Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 14 Doctors and 2 Bachelors of Philology, 3 Engineers or retired Oiiicere, 7 have their qualification by virtue of Art. 90 of the Law (3 Natives and 4 Foreigners), 5 have a Certificate by virtue of the Law of 1863 (4 for Mathe- matics and Physics, one for Languages) and 4 a Certificate obtained before 1863. The following Table gives a view of the Teachers' salaries at the Higher Burgher-schools ; the Government and the Communal Schools are given separately. '. SCHOOLS. TEACHERS' SALAKIES, Collective amount of the Teachers' Sala- ries. Directors' Sala- ries. (*) ■n'ith rent-free dwelling house. up to Fl.1,000. above Fl.1,000, up to 1'1.3,000. above F1.2,000, up to Pl.2,600. above F1.2,500, up to Fl.3,000. above F1.8,000. TOTAL. GOVERNMENT HIGHER DURGHER- SCnOOLS WITH A FIVE TEARs' CURRICULUM. Uois-le-Uuc 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 7 6 9 8 5 6 8 11 ^67r 5 5 4 4 4 7 4 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 5 1 1 1 1 5 i' 1 1 i' 1 n 13 12 12 14 16 13 14 17 13 Fl. 22,000 „ 21,900 „ 20,900 „ 25,500 „ 31,800 „ 24,500 „ 26,030 „ 29,750 „ 25,000 Fl. 2,700 „ 3,000 „ 3,000 „ 3,000 „ 3,500 „ 3,500 „ 3,000 „ 3,000 „ 3,000 Fl. 2,5000 „ 2,500 „ 2,500 „ 2,500 „ 2,500 „ 2,500 „ 2,500 „ 2,500 Fl. 2,000 „ 1,900 „ 2,800 „ 1,800 „ 2,400 „ 2,0000 „ 3,500 „ 4,0000 „ 3,100 „ 2,4000 „ 3,500 ., 2,200 „ 2,200 „ 4,0000 „ 4,000 ,. 3,000 „ 2,400 „ 2,400 „ 2,200 „ 1,600 „ 2,000 „ 1,8000 „ 2,400 „ 2,200 „ 2,800 ,. 2,300 „ 2.400 „ 2,500 „ 2,800 „ 2,300 „ 2,800 „ 1,800 Tilburgh Alkmaar Middelburgh Utrecht Leeuwaarden Zwolle Groningen Roermond Total government higher burgher- schools with a three years' curriculum. Helmond Winterswp. . Zalt-Bommel 15 5 1 4 8 3 3 4 3 29 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 » 2 124 11 7 9 8 8 11 9 9 Fl. 227,380 Fl. 14,600 „ 11,900 „ 12,300 „ 12,200 „ 11,400 „ 16,575 „ 11,875 „ 13,300 Gouda Heerenveen Sappemeer Assen Total At all the Government Sch. . communal higher burgher- SCBOOLS. Breda 26 41 2 7 9 5 3 3 2 3 2 3 B 4 3 5 6 4 3 3 2 4 3 4 3 3 2 3 1 2 2 6 2 38 104 8 6 3 7 5 7 9 13 11 7 7 6 12 5 7 6 5 4 7 7 6 5 6 12 9 6 5 6 9 5 8 37 i 4 5 2 i' 1 1 1 3 1 1 i' 1 1" 2 1 1 12 1 i 3 i 1 1 » i i 2 i 1 1 i' 1' 1 72 196 ' 10 13 13 12 9 10 17 21 16 16 14 12 10 20 14 15 10 9 6 11 10 11 9 10 15 14 8 8 9 16 7 Fl. 104,150 „ 331,530 Fl. 13,570 „ 13,900 „ 13,770 „ 13,400 „ 12,450 „ 13,500 „ 33,050 „ 41,300 „ 24,825 „ 24,800 „ 18,950 „ 14,600 „ 14,050 „ 37,100 „ 23,700 „' 24,050 „ 12,200 „ 12,100 ,. 6,700 „ 13,700 „ 12,600 „ 14,250 „ 11,500 „ 14,650 „ 21,350 „ 22,100 „ 13,100 „ 11,500 „ 12,400 „ 18,300 „ 7,700 Nymegen Zutphen ... Tiel The Hague Lcyden Dordrecht. . . Delft Schiedam id. (Commercial Sch.) id. 5 y. i; Enkhuizen Goes Amersfort Harlinffen Sneek Deventcr Maestrichl Venlo Total 110 151 220 324 28 65 11 23 6 8 375 571 Fl. 541,165 „ 872,695 At all the Higher Burgher- schools together 94 The total number of Teachers' posts is 571, or fewer by 10 than given aboT.e; this is because the salaries of 10 Teachers, who are attached to both the schools at Haarlem, are not stated separately for each school. The Teachers and Directors have all fixed salaries, but no share in the school- fees; 211 are also employed at other establishments, namely 157 at Bur- gher-schools and similar institutions, as has already been observed above (p. 76), and 70 at Gymnasia, Drawing Schools, or other establishments for Middle-Class Instruction in the Communes. Of 29 of these 211 Teachers, the remuneration of the additional post is included in the given salaries; the other 182 derive collectively an additional salary of 74,900 florins annually. If this sum be added to the sum mentioned in the Table, of 873,695 fi., the total income of the 571 Teachers at the Higher Burgher-schools will be 947,595 fl., that is an average of about 1660 fl. per Teacher, or by reckoning only what they derive from the Higher Burgher-schools, 1528 fl. The salaries at the Government Higher Bur- gher-school, are, as a rule, higher than those at the Communal Schools; the average of the former, exclusive of the emoluments, is 1691, for the Communal Schools 1443 fl. With regard to the Directors' salaries, in judging of the remuneration, which several Directors of Communal Schools enjoy, it must not be forgotten that they derive as Director of Evening Burgher-schools also a salary, as already stated at page 77. This latter is frequently rather considerable, the more so, as by virtue of the Law, this situation entitles them to a pension, which is not the case with the voluntarily erected Higher Burgher-schools. In adding the two salaries together, the combined amount of the Directors' salaries is, at Breda 2400 fl., Arnhem 3300 fl., Nymegen 3100 fl., Zutpheu 3000 fl., Tiel 2600 fl., Schiedam 3000 fl., Haarlem 3500 fl., Zaandam 3000 fl., Deventer 3000 fl. and Kampen 3000 fl. Although the Tests for obtaining Certificates of Capacity for Middle-Class In- struction are not arranged exclusively with an eye on the Higher Burgher-schools, yet an appointment to such an establishment is generally the chief object with those who submit to such an examination. Therefore some notes are given here of the results of these Tests, which were held for the first, time in 1864, and thenceforth every year, according to the provision of the Law, by Boards ap- pointed by the Minister of the Interior. Each year two Boards met, one of which was to test such as desired to pass an examination in one or more branches of the Mathematical and Physical Sciences, in Drawing, ModeUing or Gymnastics, while the other examined Candidates desiring a Certificate for Foreign Languages, History, Geography, Political or Commercial Sciences, or Penmanship. As a rule the Inspectors of the Middle-Class Instruction presided at these meetings; as Assistant Examiners were appointed Professors of the Universities, and Directors and Teachers of Higher Burgher-schools. In 1867 there first appeared a female candidate; the number has since increased every 95 year. In 1864 the number of male candidates examined was 68, in 1865 110, in 1866 136, in 1867 115 males and 1 female, in 1868 195 males and 5 females, in 1869 179 males and 9 females, in 1870 161 males and 12 females, in 1871 181 males and 40 females, in 1873 137 males and 44 females, in 1873 178 males and 43 females, in 1874 177 males and 52 females, therefore all together in 11 years 1627 males and 206 females, or 1833 candidates. The result of these Tests, which were very strict, was not very favorable, as of these 1883 candidates no fewer than 977 were unsuccessful, namely 892 of 1627 males, and 85 of 206 females. The following Table gives a view of the results of these Tests for each of the branches speBified in the Law, separately. CERTIFICATES OF CAPACITY FOR INSTRUCTION IN SUCCESS- FUL. UMSUC- CESSFUL. the Mathematical and Technical Sciences A. (Art. 70—72). . „ „ „ B. (Art. 70). . . . Physics B. (Art. 71) Chemistry B. (Art. 72). . Agriculture B. (Art. 73) Elementary Mathematics (Art. 76) Males . „ „ „ Females Higher Mathematics (Art. 76) Mechanics and Technology (Art. 76) Elementary Physics, Chemistry and Cosmography (Art. 76). . Higher Mechanics (Art. 76) Natural History (Art. 76) Males „ „ „ Females Navigation (Art. 75) Political Economy (Art. 74) (Art. 76) Knowledge of the Government Institutions of the Netherlands (Art. 76) Commercial Sciences (Art. 75) Book-keeping (Art. 76) Males „ „ Females Dutch Language and Literature and Historical Sciences (Art. 74) . (Art. 76) Males ....... „ „ „ „ „ Females History (Art. 76) Males „ „ Females Geography (Art. 76) Males „ „ Females French Language and Literature (Art. 77) Males „ „ „ „ „ Females German Language and Lit. (Art. 77) Males „ „ „ „ „ Females English Language and Lit. (Art 77) Males „ „ „ „ „ Females Free-hand- and Rectilinear Drawing (Art. 77) Free-hand Drawing (Art. 77) Males „ „ „ Females Rectilinear Drawing (Art. 77) Modelling (Art. 77) Calligraphy (Art. 77) Males „ „ Females Gymnastics (Art. 77) Males „ „ Females •. Total of Males „ „ Females Total 4 1 1 1 1 91 1 23 10 10 2 16 2 10 3 3 11 126 2 1 57 22 22 11 26 8 34 20 30 24 25 23 14 33 1 38 20 10 106 735 121 856 2 3 1 3 114 13 7 23 12 11 5 1 16 131 4 60 10 41 2 12 2 83 21 51 24 53 23 29 80 16 12 1 68 2 892 85 977 97 The Certificates mentioned in the Table were all delivered for School-instruc- tion, with the exception of three for Mathematics and five for Book-keeping, ■which were only ralid for Private instruction. Another circumstance to be ob- served is that the number of persons receiving Certificates is smaller than the number of Certificates awarded, as a single Candidate often obtained more than one Certificate, and besides some Candidates who were unsuccessful at a first trial, afterwards succeeded. d. The Instruction, In order to give a view of the scope of instruction as given at the Higher Burgher-schools, it is necessary first to mention what previous training the pupils have had before their admission to the school, secondly how the subjects of instruction laid down by the Law, are distributed over the different terms, and thirdly what attainments may be expected in pupils who have completed the whole course of studies. It has already been observed that, as a rule, no pupils under twelve years of age are admitted, and that the average age of the pupils in the lowest class varies between 13 and 14. Taking this age in connection with the necessity for the Dutch of acquiring at an early age a knowledge of more than one foreign language, it is a matter of course that the future pupils of the Higher Burgher- schools must begin tieir study of languages at the Elementary Schools. For this reason, for admission to the Higher Burgher-school, some preliminary know- ledge of the French language is required. On the whole as the requirements for admission to the lowest class of the Higher Burgher-school are in the several Communes much on a par, they are resumed under the following heads; what is inserted in parentheses, is. required at only some schools. The Dutch Language. Fluent reading ; clear enunciation, and some facility in style, a clear notion of the Parts of Speech, of the Declensions and Conjuga- tions, and the parsing of simple sentences. Arithmetic. Some proficiency in reckoning with Integral Numbers and Decimal and Vulgar Fractions, besides a knowledge of the Metrical System. Writing. A good legible hand. Geography. Geography of the Netherlands and a general notion of the Geography of Europe (and the other quarters of the Globe). History. The outlines of Dutch History (some of the principal events of Universal History). French Language. A good pronunciation, the Declensions and Conjuga- tions; translation of a few easy sentences from French into Dutch and vice versa. ' These tests are generally made with due severity. At the beginning of the school-year 1874/75 the number of candidates entered for examination at the 7 49 above mentioned schools was 1342; of these 1048 were admitted, but 394 refused as insuificiently prepared. The number refused was therefore 21*9 per cent; in the four previous years this was 15-9, 15'6, 20-9 and 32-5 per cent respectively. The subjects to be taught at the Higher Burgher-schools are fixed by the Law and are stated above in § 1. Though the Law allows the Communal Schools to depart from the scheme prescribed for the Government Schools, the scope of the instruction agrees pretty well at the several schools. A difference exists indeed here and there, either in the total number of hours per week for each class, or in the number of hours allotted to each branch ; only as the object of all the schools, at least of those witt a five years' curriculum, is to qualify the pupils for undergoing the test on leaving the highest class, the requirements for which are fixed and regulated by Eoyal Decree of the iOth of March 1870, this difference cannot, of course, b^ very great. Nevertheless no standard programme applicable to all schools can be given, but only such a one as is followed in some schools, giving pretty nearly the average number of hours allotted in the schools with a five years' curriculum to the different branches per week. Such a Programme is given below, in which, for the sake of clearness, the subjects are designated by the same letters as in Art. -17 of the Law. BRANCHES OF TUITION. NUMBER OF HOURS PER WEEK IN CI. 1. CI. 2. CI. 3. CI. 4. CI. 5. Toge- a. Mathematics b. Mechanics c. Physics d. Chemistry e. Natural History /. Cosmography g. Government Institutions of Netherlaad.. h. Political Economy i. Geography &. History I. Dutch Language and Literature. ..... m. French Language and Literature u. German Language and Literature n. English Language and Literature p. Commercial Sciences q. Penmanship j Free-hand Drawing ' 'Rectilinear Drawing Practice in the Physical and Chemical Laboratory s. Gymnastics Number of hours per week .... Out of the usual School-hours. 32 32 32 Zi 29 10 15 13 15 14 10 1 14 5 164 By dividing the subjects into a few main-groups, it will appear that of the 160 hours really given to tuition (the practical lessons in the Laboratory are not properly lessons, no more than the Gymnastic exercises), 54 are devoted to the Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 34 to History and to Political and Commercial Sciences, 52 to the mother tongue and three foreign languages, and 30 to Drawing and Penmanship. It may therefore be accepted that one third of the time is given to Mathematics and the Physical Sciences, one third to Languages, and the remaining third to History, Geography, Political and Com- mercial Sciences, and Drawing. The most important deviations are that at some schools more time is devoted to Physics and Chemistry, and that the study of the English Language is com- menced in the lowest class. For promotion to a higher class, which can only take place at the conclusion of each school-year, an examination is required, which is held by the Director and Teachers of the school, mostly in presence of one or more of the mem- bers of the Local School-Board. These tests are rather strict, partly because it is considered detrimental both to the school and to the scholars, if they are removed to a higher class without the necessary acquirements, and thus are unable to follow the lessons with proiit; and partly because it is desirable to spare them a painful disappointment at the no less severe final exami- nation, in case of their failing, either through deficiency of talent or dili- gence, or both. ' At the close of the school-year 1873/74 30 per cent of the scholars were found unqualified for promotion to a higher class; in the three preceding years the numbers were respectively 39, 33 and 31 per cent. The Final Examinations are held, according to the prescriptions of the Law, by Provincial Commissions or Boards, appointed by the King's Commissary in each Province possessing schools for Middle-Class Instruction with a five-years' curriculum. As a rule. Members of the Local School-Board or Directors of Jligher Burgher-schools, sometimes also the Inspectors, are charged vrith the Chairmanship ; the Examiners are commonly Teachers at the Higher Burgher-schools in the Province, sometimes firom other Provinces and from Private Establish- ments of the same kind. The tests are partly in writing and partly oral; the written exercises are made in the schools, and are the same for all the can- didates throughout the Kingdom. The object of these tests is expressed in the following words, which preface the Programme as fixed by Law: „As the Einal Examinations of the Higher Burgher-schools must serve to „determine whether the pupils who submit to them, have accomplished with credit „the five-years' curriculum of a Higher Burgher-school, or have received an educ- „ation equivalent to such a coui-se of instruction, so the main object of the Higher „Burgher-schools must be kept in view in these tests, namely to educate young „people in such accomplishments, as are required of a well-informed man in 100 „our present society. The candidates have therefore to prove, that by thorough „stady they have laid a firm, preparatory basis for any special profession, trade, „or calling, and by a universal cultivation of the mind are fitted to encounter „with intelligence the experiences of every-day Ufe. „The tests therefore will take mental culture more into account than efforts „of the memory. The endeavours will tend more to elicit what the candidates „know, and to ascertain the degree of mental culture acquired by their studies, „than to detect any defects in less important details. A solid and thorough „knowledge of main-facts respecting Mathematics and the Physical Sciences, „Geography, Universal History, Literature, Social and Political Science, may „be considered as sufficient." The chief requirements, as authorized by the rules for the Examination for each separate branch of study, and which consequently determine the scope of instruction at the School, are as follow: a. Mathematics. In Arithmetic and Algebra the candidate must possess skill enough to apply with readiness and intelligence the several theorems to problems that can be readily solved. He must be able to explain the theorems used in his demonstrations and solutions, and where approximation is possible or desired, be able to give to his calculation the requisite degree of accuracy. Eeadiness in the use of Logarithms, and a knowledge of Aiithmetical and Geometrical Progressions, the rudiments of the Theory of the Summation of Series, the Diophantic and Exponential Equations, and Newton^s Einomium are requisite. The attainments in Geometry are required to extend to Stereometry inclusive. The candidate is required to give proofs of his possessing a, clear notion of the requirements for geometrical demonstration, and of the reciprocal relations of the various theorems. Under Goniometry and Trigonometry are reckoned the solution of simple Goniometrical Equations, and the application of Plane Trigonometry to simple problems of Practical Geometry. The knowledge of Descriptive Geometry must extend to the doc- trine of carved surfaces. b. Mechanics. To Mechanics belong the knowledge of the laws of equi- librium of soUd bodies, of fluids and gases, and their application to Machinery ; of the principle of virtual velocities, of the doctrine of the couples, of the centre of gravity and of stability; the laws of the motion of solid bodies and of the pendulum, the motion round a fixed axis, the collision of solid bodies, and the conservation of Energy. The theory of the equilibrium and of the motion of fluids and gases extends only to the laws of the pressure of fluids and gases against the sides of the vessels, in which they are contained, and against immerged bodies, and to those of liquids issuing through small apertures and tubes. 101 In Machinery and Technology may be required from the candidate a competent knowledge of the most important mechanical contrivances for the transmission and modification of motion, of some of the most approved con- trivances for utilizing the motive power of wind, water, and steam, as also of the fabrication of some of the most usual materials, as glass, metals, stone, fibre, wool, paper, grease, soap and coal-gas. c. Physics. This examination embraces Experimental Physics, and the most important applications occurring in daily life and industry. The candidate must be acquainted with the most important Physical Methods, by which the laws of nature have been investigated, and the constant quantities determined; he must also be able to apply the mathematical theory of these laws to simple problems. d. Chemistry. The examination in Chemistry embraces Anorganic Che- mistry, and the elements of Organic Chemistry. Some practical ability in qua- litative analysis of anorganic combinations is a recommendation. e. Natural History. The examination in Mineralogy and Geology concerns the general characteristics of minerals ; some of the most important minerals with regard to Geology and industry; the main periods of the changes in the Earth's surface, especially with respect to petrifactions, and the outlines of the Geology of Netherland. The examination in Botany extends chiefly to Organography and the System of Linnaeus; the examination in Zoology embraces the structure of the animal body, and the characteristics on which the division into Classes and Orders depends. Some knowledge of the Anatofny and Physiology of plants, and of animal Physiology, and further a knowledge acquired by observation of one or more families of plants, or of one or more classes of animals, is a recom- mendation. /. Cosmography. The examination in Cosmography extends to the form and dimensions of the Earth, the manner in which they are determined, the determination of terrestrial and celestial positions, the phenomena caused by the rotation of the Earth on its axis, by the motion of the Earth as well as of the planets roilhd the Sun, and by the motion of the satellites; to the laws of motion and universal attraction; to the knowledge of the comets and the fixed stars, in as much as regards the determination of their distances and motions, as also of the nebulae and the Milky Way. g. Political Constitution of the Netherlands. On this subject it is required to have some knowledge of the Government of the Country, of the Provinces and of the Communes, as laid down by the Constitution, by the Provincial Law, the Communal Law and other Organic Laws, as also of the Form of Government of the Dutch Colonies. h. Political Economy. The examination in Political Economy embraces the rudiments of the doctrine of Production, of the Distribution of Property, 102 of the Circulation of Property, of Barter and Conisumption, of the influence of Government on society and on National Wealth, of Taxation and National Debt, of Free-Trade, and its restraints. i. Geography. Astronomical Geography is already mentioned above under Cosmography ; Physical Geography comprises the knowledge of climates, of sea- currents, of the prevailing winds, of the distribution of plants, animals and human races over the Earth's surface. The examination includes besides a general view of the political divisions of the Continents, the boundaries and the natural condition, the Government, the manufactures and trade of the principal States or Countries, in particidar of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and its Colonies. k. History. In this examination some knowledge is required of Ancient and Mediaeval History, and a more comprehensive knowledge of Modern His- tory. The characteristics of the different periods, and the peculiarities of the Social Condition of the various nations in each period must here be chiefly attended to. I. Dutch Language and Literature. Both in the written and oral tests the candidate is required to prove, that he is proficient in the grammar and style of the Dutch language, and is able to express himself lucidly and correctly in Dutch. The examination in Literature embraces a general view of the History of Dutch Literature, and an acquaintance with some of its best productions, chiefly of the i7th, 18th and 19th centuries. m, n, 0, French, English and German Languages and Litera- ture. By compositions on some given subject, the candidate must prove himself able to write these languages without gross faults of grammar. In the oral tests the candidate may be required to express himself tolerably well in the foreign language and to account for the application of the gram- matical rules. The tests in Literature extend only to the chief periods of Literary History, and some of the best literary productions, especially of the most illustrious epoch, as likewise of the latest period. p. Commercial Sciences. Some knowledge of the most important articles of commerce and some skill in Book-keeping by Double Entry. q. Free-hand and Eectilinear Drawing. The candidate must possess some skill in sketching and shading simple objects and an ornament in plaster from nature, as well as in sketching a head from a copy, as also in the use of the instruments and appliances required for BectUinear Drawing, which must appear from the execution of some geometrical construction. The Final Examinations were held for the first time in 1866 in four Pro- vinces, where the schools opened in 1864 had already pupils in the highest 103 class. Since that time they have been held in all the Provinces with the excep- tion of Drenthe, and the number of pupils who submit to them, ar& constantly on the increase. The examinations were also occasionally undergone by pupils of Private Establishments, according to Art. 55 of -the Law. The following Table shows the results of the Knal Examinations up to the school year 1873/74 inclusive. 104 •psn^j o H 'papaaoong •paairaBxa; R Cl— i Cr— I G* CCQ r— I != Elft r—i K-^ (M R C C 'pan^a Kl— I (O K K-*? 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CM c- R r-H CM r-i CO CM papaaaong eo CM CO K 1 rH 00 a CM r-i CO 00 CM OS • \ 16)01 CO CQ 1 ncj ■ l- 50 I s - C4 1 ^ rH at ■paiiBj lU r u: R 1 CC « -* R R R R CO CM CM ■papaaaang R !D cr 1 "= rH CM R R CO R 2 5 leioi O r-l OS 1— 1 1 f— S on r— 1 R R i-i o rH • L 50 \ 50 < 5vl 1 r -1 •pajiBj CO R CO R 1 C£ s 3 1 - 1 -co •psiTM rH E ■ B r- 1 ? :::::: 1 : S •papaaaang "* R C3 1— 1 ^ :::::: 1 : ^ xn a U ci. s'ici. ^ll*°; Dutch Language and Literature Freoch Language and I iteratnre German Language and Literature English Language and Literature Geography Histoi y Mathematics, including Arithmetic and Book- keeping Natural History (Botany and Zoology) Natural Philosophy (Physics and Chemistry) . Rudiments of the Political Institutions of Netherland, and Political Economy Aesthetics and Art-History Free-hand Diawing Needle-work Gymnastics Number of hours per week 32 32 32 16 16 16 13 10 13 17 8 11 1 i 15 14 6 160 116 At some of the establishments Singing is also taught, and in the junior classes Penmanship; Aesthetics and the History of the Kne Ai'ts have hitherto been included in the scheme only at Amsterdam, Eotterdam and Deventer. Whereas at Arnhem special Instruction in Hygiene and in Mythology is given. All these schools are managed by female Teachers and hitherto there is every reason to be satisfied with this arrangement. The staff of Teachers consists further chiefly of females. The instruction in Languages and Literature is, at all of them, entrusted to women, in Mathematics and the Natural Sciences to men; at Eotterdam, however, a female Teacher is charged with the instruction of Natural History. Geography and History are taught at some schools by male teachers, but at most by females. Drawing and Art-History are taught by men as no females have hitherto presented themselves for these branches. A detailed review of these schools could have no particular interest, firstly because their number is still inconsiderable, and secondly because most of them have but lately come into operation and are not yet in a normal condition. Not till the school-year 1874/76 were all the classes in the undermentioned schools occupied. The number of pupils in each class separately, as also of those who attend only some of the lessons, is shown in the following Table. SCHOOLS. NUMBER OF PUPILS FOB THE ENTIRE INSTRUCTION. Pupils aitend- ing only some lessons. i=' CI. -2"^ a. 3'a CI. i'" CI. 5"^ CI. TOTAL. 11 25 18 24 7 18 8 IB 6 14 50 96 4 54 96 Rotterdam Dordrecht 14 12 16 18 3 63 1 64 39 33 21 18 22 24 8 11 51 125 11 62 125 Haarlem Deventer — — 9 7 6 22 13 35 Grouingen Total 37 19 11 6 5 78 25 103 126 106 100 100 53 486 54 539 At the schools at Eotterdam and Haarlem no pupils are admitted for single lessons; at Arnhem and Dordrecht their number is small; whereas at Am- sterdam, and especially at Deventer and Groningen, it is considerable. Thus of the 64 pupils, 3 attended the lessons of Mathematics, 13 of Physics, 6 of Chemistry, 13 of Botany and Zoology, 3 of Political Institutions and Political Economy, 8 of Geography, 9 of History, 14 of the Dutch Language, 39 of French, 39 of German, 37 of English, 34 of Drawing, and 19 of Aesthetics, 116 or Art-History. Of the 179 girls, who presented themselves in 1874 for admission to one of the above-mentioned schools, 153 were admitted and 27 refused; the number of refused (15 per cent) was, therefore, less than at the Higher Bur- gher-schools for boys. Of the 355 pupils examined in 1874 for promotion to a higher class, 321 were promoted and only 34 were refused; the failures were therefore, less than 10 per cent. The great difference between this cipher and that at the boys' schools is chiefly to be attributed to the lesser severity of the tests ; the Final Examination influences the boys' tests, while this stimulus is wanting in the girls' schools. The following Table contains some particulars concerning these schools, viz. the number of pupils from 1871 to 1874, the number of Teachers of either sex, and their salaries, the salary of the Directress and the amount of the school-fees. SCHOOLS. SCHOOL-ATTEND- ANCE IN STAFF OF TEACHERS. Namber of the 6| a) 0} •3'g S « Total of the Salaries. Salary of the Directress. AMOUNT OF THE SCHOOL-FEES. Arnhem. . . , Rotterdam. Dordrecht. Amsterdam Haarlem . . Deventer. . Groningen. 59 61 55 104 94 69 58 108 44 70 54 96 64 62 125 35 103 10 5 5 5 5 5 6 Fl. 12,050 , 14,800 „ 10,300 „ 15,000 » 9,150 „ 6,800 „ 14,000 Fl. 2,300 „ 3,000 „ 2,000 „ 8,000 „ 2,000 „ 2,000 „ 2,400 Fl. 60 per anaum. » 60 „ » 60- „ » 60 „ „ „ 50 „ „ 40 to 50 per ann. M 50 „ „ It is to be observed, that among the Teachers at Kotterdam and Dord- recht there are 2 whose salary is not included above, as it comprises their services both at the girls' school, and at the Higher Burgher-school. Of the 41 Teachers there are in all 30 who are at the same time in function at the Higher Bui'gher-sehool of the same Commune. With the exception of the Direc- tresses at Arnhem and Groningen, all of them have, besides the above-mentioned salaries, a dwelling rent-free. At first a certain party raised violent opposition against the establish- ment of Middle-Class Schools for girls. It was feared that female emanci- pation might be encouraged, and that the tuition might take an injurious and too matter-of-fact tendency. Where, however, the Communal Grovernments have, in spite of this opposition, founded Middle-Class Schools for girls, and 117 have organized tliem in a sound manner, the population exhibit great sympathy for these establishments, while it appears on further knowledge them, that such schools — as appears from the preceding scheme — serve only to inculcate that general culture and those useful accomplishments, hitherto to be acquired, only in a less complete way, at the schools of more extended Elementary Instruction and at the young ladies' Boarding Schools. A proof of this is the rather important and still increasing number of pupils, which in most towns has exceeded the expectations. Government also has interested itself in the cause of Middle-Class Instruction for girls, by granting a subsidy of 2000 fl. to the School at Haarlem, and promising support elsewhere if a well-organized Middle-Class School for girls cannot be established without its aid. It is, therefore, very probable that the number of these establishments will increase in the next years. Finally another girls' school is to be mentioned, which, though of another description, is reckoned among the Middle-Class Schools; namely, the Indu- strial School for girls founded in 1865 at Amsterdam by the Society for the Public Good. First opened on a small scale and with scanty means, this useful institution has, in consequence of support and encouragement on all sides, grown to such proportions as to vie with the best schools of the kind abroad. The curriculum is of three years' duration ; in the iirst two years, theoretical and practical Industrial Instruction is given, and the third year is devoted exclusively to the teaching of female trades. The Instruction embraces : Eeading, Writing, Dutch History, and Geography, as a repetition of Elementary Instruction ; Arithmetic, the Eudiments of Physics, Chemistry and Book-keeping. Besides this, tuition is given in Drawing and Colouring, in Lithography and Wood-carving, Paste-board works, further in Fancy-work and Plain Needle-work, in Lace-making, in the use of the Sewing-Machine, and lastly in Pharmacy, this latter, that the pupils may pass an examination as Assistant Apothecary. In 1870 for the fii'st time 5 pupils .underwent this examination. Several of them have also obtained a Certificate of Capacity as Teachers of Free-hand Drawing for Elementary Instruction. In December 1874 the number of pupils was 173, of whom 33 were in the 1st class, 53 in the 2nd and 87 in the highest class; 40 of them were from 13 to 14 years of age, 45 from 14 to 16, and the other 87 above 16 years of age. The station of life to which the pupils belonged, may be gathered from the following statements: the parents of 35 were operatives, of 37 shop-keepers or tradesmen, of 6 architects or artists, of 61 officials, teachers or military men; the parents of 30 of the pupils were either dead or had no profession. The staff of Teachers consists of 1 Directress, 3 male Teachers and 3 female Teachers of the theoretical branches and of Drawing, and 4 male Teachers and 5 female Teachers of the various industrial branches. The salaries amount collectively to about 8000 florins per annum; the collective expenditure of the school 118 may be estimated at 13000 florins per annum. The State, the Province and the Commune have granted subsidies to a collective amount of 7000 florins per annum. The school-fees are from 30 to 35 florins. § 8. Charges of Middle-Class Instrnction. As in Section the First an account is given of the Charges of Elementary Instruction since the introduction of the new Law, so some statements are given here of the Charges of Middle-Class Instruction, which however only embrace the period from 1863 (the year when the Law came into operation) to 1873, being the la.st year of which we possess official accounts. Of the time before 1863 there are no statements extant, with the exception only of those regarding the subsidies which Government granted to some of the Gymnasia with two divisions ; concerning the expenditure of the Communes for other establishments, which" might at that time have been reckoned as belonging to Middle-Class Instruction, no statements have ever been published. Erom the description given in the foregoing pages of the various Establishments and the way in which they have been created, it appears clearly at whose expense they are supported. It was shown, namely, that it is especially the State and the Communes that bear these charges. The yearly expenditure for the supervi- sion by the State, the Examinations, the Polytechnic School, the Government Higher Burgher-schools, perhaps subsequently also for the Government Agri- cultural School, as likewise the subsidies for Communal and some Private Establishments, fall to the charge of the State. The Communes bear the expenses of the Local Boards, of their own Higher Burgher-schools, of the Burgher- schools, of some Drawing Schools and similar institutions, as also of the subsidies granted to certain private establishments. The Provinces also furnish a few subsidies to such establishments, and especially to Navigation Schools, Horticul- tural and Agricultural Schools, Industrial Schools, and such like. It win be unnecessary to give for each year from 1868 to 1873 an elaborate statement to show what the State, the Provinces and the Communes have expended for each of these items in each year. The following statement for the last year 1873 wiU answer the purpose. 119 ITEMS. Collective amonnt of the Expenditure for Middle-Class Instmction in 1872, by the State the Provinces, the Communes. Fl. 11,204 Fl. „ Fl. , W M M M , 4,157 „ 19,708 » M - - „ 4,135 » » w w „ 93,790 M » » » „ 405,873 » » M » » » „ 634,176 1 203,200 , 12,280 „ 24,380 » » » M „ 48,497 Fl. 737,910 Fl. 12,280 Fl. 711,210 , 79,518 » M „ 160,097 Fl. 658,392 Fl. 12,280 f 1.551,113 Inspectors Local Boards Final Examinations of the Polytechnic School and the Higher Burgher-schools. Examinations for ohtaining Certificates of Capacity The Polytechnic School The Government Higher Burgher-schools . The Commnnal Higher Burgher-schools and Burgher-schools, after deduction of the Government subsidies Subsidies .- Drawing Schools, Navigation Schools etc.. Total Expenditure Amount of School-fees Nett Amount of Expenditure ..... Fl. 11,204 4,157 „ 19,708 4,135 , 93,790 „ 405,873 634,176 239,860 48,497 Fl. 1,461,400 „ 239,615 In the Table the amount of the school-fees is added below the Total of the Expenditure; of those which devolve upon the State, 35,640 florins are from the Polytechnic School, 43,349 from the Government Higher Burgher-schools; the surplus of the moneys from the Certificates of Capacity, amounted to 529 florins. The sum of 160,097 florins raised by the Communes, was for a great part employed for the instruction af the Higher Burgher-schools, while the col- lective amount of the school-fees at the Burgher- schools, the Drawing Schools and similar establishments amounted at most to 9000 florins. From similar data as those of the preceding Table of the years from 1863 to -1871, the following Table has been compiled, which gives a view of the collective outlay during all these years, made by the State, the Provinces, (only during the last five years, earlier data being wanting) and the Communes, in behalf of Middle-Class Instruction, as also the amount of school-fees. 120 Contributions towards the Kxpenses of YEAR. ^Middle-Class Instrixction by the Slate. the Provinces. the Communes. School-fees. TOTAL. 1863. Fl. 18,723 Fl. ., Fl. 24,535 Fl. Fl. 43,258 1864. „ 101,239 M M „ 168,317 „ 35,593 „ 305,149 1865. „ 307,578 » W „ 599,392 „ 69,550 „ 976,520 1866. „ 440,107 „ „ „ 398,356 „ 111,868 „ 950,331 1867. „ 579,827 »J ») „ 446,089 „ 138,624 „ 1,164,490 1868. „ 597,319 „ 5,000 „ 470,678 „ 152,663 „ 1,225,660 1869. „ 739,011 „ 5,630 „ 452,611 „ 185,122 „ 1,372,374 1870. „ 667,663 „ 11,630 „ 458,269 „ 199,244 „ 1,336,806 1871. „ 658,598 „ 10,455 „ 516,108 „ 212,700 „ 1,397,856 1872. „ 658,392 „ 12,280 „ 551,113 „ 239,615 „ 1,461,400 Prom this it appears that the expenditure weut on increasing till the year 1869, but thenceforth remained nearly stationary. It is not likely to increase very considerably in the ensuing years, as Middle-Class Instruction, as has been said above, may be considered as completely organized. Only in the case of a Government Agricultural School being founded, or of an important increase of the Government subsidies, ■would the annual Government expenditure exceed 700,000 florins. The expenses for school-buildings, educational appliances, etc. will be less for the ensuing years, both for the State and for the Com- munes, as since 1864 many school-buildings had to be erected and provided with school-furniture, and expensive instruments and apparatus. On the whole a sum of 3,358,716 florins has been expended on educational appliances during the years 1864 to 1873, of which 299,070 florins were devoted to the Poly- technic School, 1,290,194 to the Government Higher Burgher-schools, and 1,769,452 to the Communal Higher Burgher-schools; thus an average of about 400,000 florins per annum. The expenditure both for the State and the Communes will probably decrease, in consequence of the higher amount of the school-fees ; from the Table it is evident that this amount is constantly on the increase, and it is to be expected that it will go on increasing considerably. of the 13tii ^iig^ust ISSr (Staatsblad No. 103) »). OH ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION. We William III. by the Grace of God, King of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Grand Duke of Luxemburg, &c. &c. To all who shall see or hear these, greeting I Whereas We have taken into consideration that Art. 194 of the fund- amental Law provides that the establishment of Public Instruction, with due respect to everyone's religious principles, shall be regulated by Law; that throughout the kingdom sufficient public Elementary Instruction shall be given on the part of the Authorities, and that education shall be free, subject always to the superintendence of the authorities, and, as far as concerns Middle- Class and Elementary Instruction, subject also to examination into the capacity and morality of the master; all of this to be established by law;. That, in the meanwhile, and until provision shall be made for the regulation of Middle-Class and University Instruction, it is necessary to give effect to these provisions as far as Elementary Instruction is concerned; Therefore We, having heard the Council of State, and by and with the advice of the States General, have thought good and determined, as We think good and determine by these presents: 1) The oITicial Dutch Gazette. II T I T li E I. GENERAL PEOVISIONS. ART. 1. Elementary Instruction is divided into Ordinary and More Extended In- struction. Ordinary Instruction includes; — a. Eeading. b. Writing. c. Arithmetic. d. The Eudiraents of Morphology. (Knowledge of form in general). e. of the Dutch Language. /. of Geography. g- of History. h. of Natural Philosophy. i. Singing. The More Extended Instruction is considered to include; — k. The Eudiments of the Modern Languages. I. of Mathematics. ■m. of Agriculture. n. Gymnastics. 0. Drawing. p. Needlework. ART. 2. Elementary Instruction may be given either in schools, or in the houses of the parents or guardians of the children. The former is School Education, the latter Private Education. Instruction given to the children collectively of not more than three families is to be considered as Private Education. ART. 3. Elementary schools to be distinguished as Public and Private Schools. Public Schools are those established and maintained by the Communes the HI Provinces, and the Government, severally or in common; all others are Private Schools. Subsidies may be granted to Private Schools on the part either of the Com- mune or of the Province under such conditions as the Communal, or Provincial Authorities may deem necessary. Schools thus assisted shall be open to all chil- dren, without distinction of religious creed. The 1st and 3nd clauses of Art. 33 are applicable to these schools. ART. 4. No school instruction shall be given in buildings declared detrimental to health by the District School-Inspector, or insufficient in point of room for the number of children attending the school. In the event of the decision of this officer not being acquiesced in, the matter shall be decided by the States Depu- ties, after a fresh and independent inquiry. Further appeal, *) from the decision of the School Inspector as well as from that of the States Deputies, must be made within fourteen days from the day when notice of the decision has been received by the parties interested. All persons are quaMed thus to appeal to whose prejudice the decision may operate; that is to say, the parents or guardians of the children attending the school, if the District School-Inspector shall have acquiesced in the decision of the States Deputies. Pending the final decision, instruction may continue to be given in the building objected to. ART. 5. School education shall be given by Head Masters and Assistant-teachers, Head- Mistresses, and female Assistant-teachers, and both male and female Pupil- teachers. Pupil-teachers are those who, not having yet attained the age at which they can be admitted for examination as Assistant-teachers, assist, in giving school instruction. Having attained that age, they may continue to act as Pupil-teachers during - the time that is yet to elapse before they can be admitted for examination. Pupil-teachers failing to pass the examination mentioned in tjie 3nd and 3rd clauses, or having been prevented, by reasons satisfactory to the Provincial Inspector, to present themselves for examination, may continue in function as Pupil-teachers until the next examination. >) This final appeal is to the Crown, See Art. 13 of this Law. IV ART. 6. Nobody is allowed to give Elementary Instruction, who does not possess the proofs of capacity and morality required by this Law. Toreigners require, besides. Our sanction. ART. 7. The provisions of the preceding Article are. not applicable to — a. The Pupil-teachers, as far as instruction is concerned in the school where they are employed; i. Those who give Elementary instruction to the children of one family exclusively; c. Those who, not making a profession of Elementary instruction, but being willing to be employed without any pecuniary remuneration, may have obtained Our permission to give such instruction. d. Bachelors and Doctors in Arts and Sciences, in so far as, by reason of their University degrees, they are qualified to give instruction in one or other of the branches mentioned in Art. 1. ART. 8. Any person giving Elementary Instruction without being qualified, or in violation of the 1st clause of Art. 4, shall, for the first offence, be punished with a fine of at least twenty-five and not exceeding fifty florins; for the second ofi^ence, with a fine of fifty and not exceeding a hundred florins, and imprisonment for eight and not exceeding fourteen days, camulatively or separately ; and for each subsequent oft'ence, with imprisonment for at least one month and not exceeding one yeai\ Any person giving Elementary Instruction beyond the limits of his qualification, shall be liable to half the amount and duration of the above-mentioned punish- ments. Assistant-teachers, temporarily placed at the head of a school, provided the temporary occupation does not last longer than six months, are excepted from these provisions — Art. ^463 of the Penal Code, and Art. 30 of the Law of the 39th of June, 1854 (Staatsblad N". 103), are applicable to these provisions. ART. 9. On every condemnation to a fine it shall be declared by the judge that, on failure of payment of the fine and costs by the offender within two months after having been summoned to pay, the penalty inflicted shall be changed into imprison- ment, for not more than fourteen days if the fine exceed fifty florins, and for not more than seven days if a fine not exceeding fifty florins has been imposed. ART, 10. Except in the cases mentioned hereafter, the qualification to give Elementary Instruction ceases for any person condemned by final sentence, — a. for crime. 6. for theft, swindling, perjury, breach of trust, or immoral conduct.. ART. 11. Any person having lost his qualification for giving Elementary Instruction, cannot recover it. In the cases mentioned in the 7th clause of Art. 22, and in Art. 89, it can be restored by Us, ART. 12, For the education of Teachers there shall be at least two Government Training schools ; and Normal Lessons shall be established in connection with some of the best Elementary Schools by authority of the Government. The education of male and female Teachers in the Elementary Schools shall be promoted by Government as much as possible, ART, 13, From every decision taken by the States Deputies in virtue of this law, an appeal lies to Us, ART. 14, The provisions of this Law concerning male Teachers are likewise applicable to female Teachers, as far as it does not contain any exceptions for the latter, ART, 15. This Law is not applicable ; — a. To those who give instruction exclusively in one of the branches mentioned in the Classes marked i, n, o, and p, of Art, 1, and to the schools destined for those purposes. 6. To Military Instructors and the instruction given by them to military men. ■VI TITIii: u. OF PUBLIC INSTEUGTION. § 1. Of tiio Schools. ART. 16. In every Commune, Elementary Instruction shall bo given iii a certain number of schools, sufficient for tin; number and requirements of the population, and open to all children, without distinction of religious creed. The instruction shall include at least the Brandies classed from a to i In Art. 1. Wherever any want exists of extension, such being praoticabJe, all the Branches classed from h to p in Art, 1, or one or more of them, shall be included in the instruction. Two, or more, adjoining Communes may, in conformity with Art. 131 of the Law of Juno 29, 1851 (Staatsblad N". 85), join in the estalJishmont and maintenance of combined schools, ART. 17. The Council of the Commune shall fix the number ol schools. Its resolution shall be communicated to the States Deputies. If the States Deputies think the number insufficient, they shall order an augmentation. If it shall appear insufficient to Us, an augmentation may be ordered by Us, The extension of instruction, mentioned in the 3nd clause of the last Article, shall be established in the same way. § 2. Of the Teachers. ART. 18, If the number of pupils in one school exceed seventy, the Head-master shall bo assisted by one Pupil-teachor ; in schools exceeding one hundred, Ijy one Assistant-teacher; exceeding one liundred and fifty, by one Assistant and one Pupil, Beyond the latter number, he slmll Ijc assisted Ijy one Pupil-teacher for fifty, and by one Assistant for one hundred pupils respectively. ART. 19. A yearly salary shall be assigned to every J load- master, besides a hoiwc rent- free, with a garden, if possible. VII In case no house rent-free can be provided for him, he shall receive an equitable compensation for house-rent. In case of disagreement between the Communal Council and the Teacher with respect to the amount of such compensation, the question shall be decided by the States Deputies. For every Pnpil-teacher mentioned in the last Article, an additional sum shall be granted to the Head-master. To every Assistant-teacher a yearly salary shall be assigned. The yearly salaries and additions shall be fixed by the Communal Council, subject to the approbation of the States Deputies. The amount o^the yearly salary for a Head-master shall be at least 400 florins; for an Assistant-teacher at least 200 florins. The amount of the additional sum shall be at least 25 florins (for each Fnpil-teacher). ART. 20. In those Communes where, on account of their large and scattered population, a greater number of schools shall be required than otherwise would be necessary, a Head-master, or Assistant-teacher, whose yearly salary shall be at least 200 florins, may be placed at the head of those schools respectively, subject to the approbation of the States Deputies. ART. 21. In order to be qualified for the appointment of Head-master or Assistant- teacher, the candidate is required to possess — a. A Certificate of capacity to give school instruction. b. Testimonials of good moral conduct, delivered by the council of admini- stration of the Commune, or Communes, where the candidate has been living during the last two years. ART. 22. Head-masters shall be appointed by the Communal Council, from a list containing not less than three, nor more than six names, made up by the Burgomaster and Assessors, in concert with the District School-Inspector, after a competitive examination conducted by the latter, or under his direction, in presence of the Burgomaster and Assessors, or of a deputation from their body, and of the Local School-board, or of a deputation from that Board. The members of the Communal Council shall be invited to be present at the examination. Assistant-teachers shall be appointed by the Communal Council, from a Ust VIII containing three names made up by the Burgomaster and Assessors, in concert with the Head-master and the District School-Inspector. Head-masters and Assistant-teachers may be suspended by the Burgomaster and Assessors, after consultation with the District School-Inspector. The Burgomaster and Assessors shall give as soon as possible ^n account of their decision to the Communal Council. Head-masters and Assistant-teachers may be dismissed by the Communal Council on the requisition of the Burgomaster and Assessors, and the District School-Inspector. Kesignations to be granted by the Council of the Commune directly. If suspension or dismissal be necessary, either according t^ the opinion of the Local School-Board, or of the District School-Inspector, and the Communal Council delay, or refuse, to proceed thereto, such suspension, or dismissal, may be effected by the States Deputies. Suspension shall never exceed a term of three months, and the salary may continue to be paid, or be partially or entirely withheld, during suspension. Those who are dismissed on account of scandalous conduct, or of the propagation of doctrines inconsistent with morality, or tending to excite disobedience to the laws of the country, may be declared by the States Deputies to have lost their qualification to give instruction. The appointment and dismissal of Pupil-teachers is made by the Head- master, subject to the approbation of the District School-Inspector. In cases of suspension, of dismissal, or of a vacancy in the place of Head- master, or Assistant-teacher, the Burgomaster and Assessors shall provide for the temporary occupation of the vacant place ; in the case of a Head-master, in concert with the District School-Inspector ; and with the Head-master, in the case of an Assistant-teacher. The place of Head-master shall be filled op within six months at most after becoming vacant. ART. 23. The system of education in the schools, while imparting suitable and useful information, shall be made conducive to the development of the intellectual capacities of the children, and to their training in all Christian and social virtues. The teacher shall abstain from teaching, or permitting to be taught, anything inconsistent with the respect due to the religious opinions of others. Eeligious instruction is left to ,the ecclesiastical communities. The school-rooms shall be at their disposal for that purpose out of school hours^ for the benefit of children attending the school. ART. 24. The Head-master and Assistant-teachers are not allowed to hold any office or employment, otherwise than with the approbation of the States Deputies, after IX consultation with the Burgomaster and Assessors, and, in Communes of 3000 inhabitants and upwards, with the Local School-Board, and in other Com- munes with the District School-Inspector. They are not allowed to carry on any business, to work at any trade, or to exercise any profession: this prohibi- tion is applicable also to the members of the families of the Head-masters and Assistant-teachers, as far as relates to carrying on the prohibited occupation in their dwellings. ART. 25. The Head-master and Assistant-teachers shall be entitled to a pension from Government in the following cases and under the conditions thereto annexed. ART. 26. The right to a Pension is acquired after receiving an honourable discharge on reaching the age of sixty-five yeai-s, and completing the period of forty years' service. A Pension may likewise be granted to those who, after ten years' service, have become incapable of performing the duties of their calling, on account either ol mental or bodily iniirmities, and have received an honourable discharge on such grounds. The incapacity shall be established by the declaration of the District School- Inspector and of the States Deputies. In calculating the amount of the pension, such services only shall be taken into consideration, as may have been performed as Head-master, or as Assistant-teacher, under this Law, or, previously to this law coming into operation, as Teacher of a public school of Elementary instruction. Those who have not received an honourable discharge, forfeit their right to a pension. ART. 27. The Pension shall amount for each year's service to one sixtieth part of the annual salary, which during the last twelve months previous to an honourable discharge, may have served as a basis for the payment of the contributions mentioned in Art. 38 ; it shall not, however, in any case, exceed two-thirds of the annual salary. ART. 28. As a contribution to the Pension Fund, Head-masters and Assistant-teachers shall pay from the day on which this law comes into operation, two per cent. per Annum Of their yearly salary. This contribution shall be collected ou behalf of the State, at the charge of the Commune, and accounted for to the Public Treasury. ART. 29. Those Communes in which Head-masters or Assistant-teachers shall be pen- sioned by virtue of this Law, shall make good to the Government a third part of the amount of such pensions. ART. 30. The Provisions of Arts. 33, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 37, 40 and 41 of the Law of of 9th May, 1846 (Staatsblad W. 24), with the alter- ations enacted by the Law of 3rd May, 1851 (Staatsblad N". 49), are applicable to pensions of Head-masters and Assistant-teachers. § 3. Of the Costs of lustrnction. ART. 31. Each Commune shall provide for the charges of its Elementary Instruction, for so far as these charges are not imposed upon others, or shall not be pro- vided for in any other manner. ART. 32. These charges are : — a. The yearly salary of the Head-masters and Assistant-teachers. b. The additional remuneration on account of Pupil-teachers. c. The charges for the erection and maintenance, or for rent of school-buildings. d. For providing and keeping in order the school furniture and school-books, and for other school requirements for the pupils. e. For light and fire for the school-rooms. f. For the erection, and maintenance, or for rent of dwelling-houses for the teachers. ff. Compensation to the Head-masters in lieu of a house rent-free. h. The contribution of the Commune to the pension of the teachers. i. The expenses of the Local School-Board. ART. 33. For the partial defrayment of these charges, schoolfees may be required from each child attending the school. Children supported by public charity, and such as, though XI not receiving relief, are unable to pay for their schooling, shall not be called upon for this payment. The Communal Council shall provide, as far as possible, for the school attendance of children of parents receiving relief, or in indigent circumstances. ART. 34. The regulation of the amount of the school-money, as TveU as any alteration of such amount, or the entire remission of it, shall be effected in conformity with Arts. 332—236 of the Law of 29th of June, 1851. (Staatsblad W. 85.) The collection shall be regulated by a Local Order, in conformity with the provisions of Arts. 258 — 262 of the same Law. ART. 35. The school-money shall be the same for all children of the same class in any school. ¥or two or more children of the same family, attending school at the same time, the rate of payment may be reduced. ART. 36. If, after inquiry by the States Deputies, and after the report thereon of the States of the Province, We shall judge any Commune to be too heavily taxed by the expenditure requisite for suitable establishments of Elementary Instruction, such portion thereof as is to be charged upon the Commune shall be fixed by Us, and the deficiency shaU be made up by the Province, and by the State, in the proportion of one moiety by each. T I T Li £ III. OF PEIVATE EDUCATION. ART. 37. For conducting education in private schools, or in private houses, the following qualifications are required: a. A Certificate of Capacity. 6, Testimonials of the same description as those mentioned in Art. 21, Letter c. XII c. A Certificate that all these, documents hare been seen and found in due order by the Burgomaster and Assessors of the Commune where the instruction is to be given. ART. 38. The Burgomaster and Assessors shall give their decision respecting the issue of the Certificate, mentioned under Letter c in Article 37, within four weeks, from the date of the claim of such Certificate. An appeal may be made from such decision to the States Deputies, or an appeal be made, if no decision shall have been communicated to the parties interested, within the above- mentioned period. After rejection of appeal by the States Deputies, or in default of notice of their decision within six weeks to the parties interested, an appeal may be made to Us, ART. 39. Teachers who, in conducting education in private schools, or in private houses, shall propagate doctrines inconsistent with morality, or tending to excite diso- bedience to the laws of the country, may, on presentment by the Burgomaster and Assessors, by the Local School-Board, or by the District School-Inspector, be declared by the States Deputies to have lost their qualifications to give instruction. This Provision is also applicable to such teachers as make themselves obnoxious to the charge of scandalous conduct. titlb; IV. OP THE CEETIFICATES OF CAPACITY TO GIVE INSTRUCTION. ART. 40. Certificates of Capacity for giving instruction in schools and private houses are to be obtained by passing examinations. ART, 41, An opportunity for such examinations shall be afforded twice a year in each. Province, by a Committee, composed of the Provincial-Inspector and four District School-Inspectors. XIII This Board shall hold its sittings in the capital of the Province. It shall be competent to attach to itself Assistant-Examiners. The appointment of the District School-Inspectors, and the fixing of the time of meeting of the Boards, shall be settled by Our Minister of the Interior. The examinations shall be held in public, except those of the Female-teachers. ART. 43. The time when the Examinations are to take place, shall be made known to the public by advertisement. Any person desiring to present himself for examination, shall apply in due time to the School-Inspector of the District where he resides, or where, if a stranger, he intends to establish himself, with notice of the Certificate which he requires. He must further produce one or more testimonials of moral conduct, and his Certificate of birth. The time and the place of the Examination will be communicated to him by the District School-Inspector. He shall present himself for examination in the Province where he resides, or, if a stranger, in that where he intends to establish himself. ART. 43. In order to be admitted for examination, the candidate must have attained the requisite age; this is fixed at eighteen years for Private and Assistant-teachers of either sex, at twenty-three years for Head-masters and Head-mistresses. ART, 44. Candidates for examination for the purpose of obtaining a Certificate of Capacity as Assistant -teachers of either sex, are required: — To read and wiite well. To have an adequate knowledge of Analysis, of the rules of Spelling, and of the Elements of the Dutch Language. To be able to express themselves with correctness and ease, as well orally as in writing. To know the rudiments of Morphology (knowledge of form in general). Arithmetic, with vulgar and decimal fractions, applied to money, weights, and measures; in addition to this, male candidates are required to be acquainted with the System of Equations. Geography and History. The rudiments of Natural Philosophy. Theory of Singing. The Principles of Teaching and Education, ART. 45. Candidates for Certificates of Capacity as Head-mistresses, are reqviired to possess attainments of the same description as those required of Assistant- teachers, but more advanced, and as applicable to their profession as Head- mistresses. ART. 46. Candidates for Certificates of Capacity as Head-masters, are required to possess attainments of the same description as those required from Assistant-teachers, but more advanced, comprehensive, and developed. ART. 47. Candidates desiring to obtain, or having already obtained, one of the Certi- ficates mentioned in the last three Articles, may, at their request, be further examined in one, or more, branches marked from A to ^ in Art. 1. ART. 48. The examination for obtaining a Certificate of Capacity as Private Teacher, of either sex, embraces one or more of the branches mentioned in Art. 1. For that purpose, equal attainments, at least, are required as from Assistant- teachers ART. 49. When the examination has been passed to the satisfaction of the Board, they shall deliver the Certificate to the Candidate. The branch, or branches, of more extended Elementary Instruction, in which the Candidate may have passed his examination successfnlly, shall be recorded in the Certificate of Capacity to give School-Instruction, In like manner mention shall be made, in Certificates of Capacity to give private lessons, of the other branches of Elementary Instruction in which the examination has been successfully passed. ART. 50. Certificates of Capacity shall be delivered on payment of: — ten florins for those of Head-master or Head-mistress ; — five florins for those of Assistant-teacher of XV either sex; — five florins for those of Private-teacher, either male or female, in more than one branch; — three florins for those of Private-teacher, either male or female, in one branch only. For the first record (as mentioned in Clauses 2 and 3 of the preceding Art.), in the Certificate of School-Instruction, three florins shall be paid, and in that for Private Tuition in one subject only, two florins. The first record in the Cer- tificate for Private Tuition in more than one branch, and any further records in general, shall be made gratuitously. The above-mentioned sums are to go towards the expenses of the meetings of the Boards, including the remuneration to the Assistant-examiners. Any surplus shall be paid into the Public Treasury. ART. 51. Certificates of Capacity shall be valid for the whole kingdom. Certificates for School-Instruction shall be also valid for Private Tuition. Certificates for Private Tuition also qualify the holders to give instruction in a school, in one, or more, of the branches marked I), c, and from i to p, inclusive, in Art. 1. Certificates of Capacity as Head-master or Head-mistress qualify equally to hold the place of Assistant-teachers. In addition to the cases provided for in Art. 20, the Certificate of Assistant- teacher may, under the conditions to be prescribed by Us, qualify the holder to be at the head of a Public School. OF THE SUPEEINTENDENCE OF EDUCATION. ART. 52. The superintendence of education, subject to the supervision of Our Minister of the Interior, is conferred upon — a. Local School-Boards. 6. District School-Inspectors, c. Provincial Inspectors. ART. 53. There shall bo in every Commune a Local School-Board. In Communes united by virtue of the 3rd Clause of Art. 16, for the pur- XVI pose of the erection and maintenance of combined schools, there shall be a joint School-Board. ART. 54. In Communes of less than 3000 inhabitants, the duties of the Local School- Board are performed by the Burgomaster and Assessors. In other Communes the Boards shall be appointed by the Communal Council. The office of Member of the School-Board may be held with that of Member of the Communal Council. ART. 55. Every Province shall be divided by Us into School-Districts. Every District shall be placed under the charge of a District School-Inspector. In case of decease, sickness, or absence, of the District School-Inspector, provision may be made for the performance of his duties by Our Minister ot the Interior. ART. 56. The District School-Inspectors shall be appointed by Us for the period of six years. On the expiration of their period of service, they may be re-appointed. They may be dismissed at any time by Us. ART. 57. The District School-Inspectors shall receive a certain sum from the Public Treasury, as allowances for travelling expenses and maintenance. ART. 38. In each Province there shall be one Provincial Inspector. They shall be appointed by Us. They may be dismissed at any time by Us. They shall receive from the PubUc Treasury a yearly salary, and allowances for travelling expenses and maintenance. ART. 59. The Provincial Inspectors shall be summoned to meet together once a year, by Our Minister of the Interior, for the purpose of deliberating upon, and promoting, under his authority, the general interests of Elementary Instruction. XVII ART. 60. The Provincial Inspectors shall hold no office, or employment, without Our permission. ART. 61. The Members of the Local School-Board, the District School-Inspectors, and the Provincial Inspectors, before entering upon their duties, shall be sworn in, or promise upon their honour, to discharge them duly and faithfully. The oath shall be administered, or the promise acdepted, for Members of the Local School-Boards, in Communes of 8000 inhabitants and upwards, by the Burgo- master; in other Communes by the Judge of the Canton where they reside; for District School-Inspectors, by Our Commissary in the Province, and in the case of Provincial Inspectors, by Our Minister of the Interior. ART. 62. The Members of the Local School-Boards, the District School-Inspectors, and the Provincial Inspectors are empowered to prosecute for transgressions against this Law, or against the further prescriptions concerning Elementary Instruction. ART. 63. All Schools where Elementary Instruction is given, whether public or private, shall be open at all times to the Members of the Local School-Boards, to the District School-Inspector and to the Provincial Inspector. The Teachers are bound to give them any information that may be required concerning the School and the Instruction. Default in this respect shall be punished with a fine of twenty-five florins, or imprisonment for three days; and for every fresh offence, with both penalties together. Article 463 of the Penal Code, and Article 20 of the Law of 29th Junci 1854 (Staatsblad N". 102), are applicable in these cases. ART, 64. The Local School-Board shall carefully inspect all schools in the Communes where Elementary Instruction is given. They shall visit them at least twice a year, either collectively or by a Deputation from their body. They shall see that the regulations concerning Elementary Instruction are strictly observed. They shall keep a record of the teachers, of the number of pupils, and of the state of the instruction given. They shall send in to the Communal Council, XVIII every year before the 1st of March, a Keport, with their observations on the state of education in the Commune, and they shall send a copy of this Eeport to the District School-Inspector. They shall give notice to him of any important altera- tions that may have taken place in the state of the schools; they shall furnish him and the Provincial Inspector with all the information they may each require ; they shall afford their co-operation to such Teachers as may require it, and consider it their duty to promote the interests and prosperity of the schools to the utmost extent of their power. ART. 65. The District School-Inspectors shall always be fully acquainted with the state of the schools in their District. They shall visit, at least twice a year, all schools where Elementary Instruction is given, and keep an accurate record of such visits. They shall see that the regulations concerning Elementary Instruction be strictly observed. They shall correspond with the Local School-Boards, and with the Communal Councils; they shall lay before them, as well as the Provincial Inspector, such proposals as they may think conducive to the interests of educa- tion. They shall report to the said Provincial Inspector every thing which, in visiting the schools, has appeared to them of any importance, and furnish him such information as he may require. They shall send in to the Provincial In- spector, before the 1st of May in every year, a Keport on the state of educa- tion in their District, with their remarks thereon, and send a copy thereof to the States Deputies. They shall promote the interests of the Teachers, and their periodical Meetings, and be present at them if possible. ART. 66. The District School-Inspectors shall have access to the Meetings of all Local School-Boards in their District, and they shall have consultative voice in such Meetings. ART. 67. The Provincial Inspectors shall, both by visiting the schools, and by oral and written communications with the Local School-Boards and with the Communal Councils, do their utmost for the improvement and prosperity of the schools. They shall advise Our Minister of the Interior on any questions respecting which their opinion may be required. They shall prepare from the annual reports of the District School-Inspectors a Report, with their own observations, on the state of education in their Province, and send this Eeport, before the Ist of July in each year, to Our Minister of the Interior. XIX T I T li i: VI. TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS. ART. 68. Teachers of either sex, both public and private, and Tutors and Governesses, who at the date of this Lav coming into effect, shall be lawfully engaged in such callings, require no reappointment nor recognition to enable them to con- tinue therein. After that date. Certificates of the 1st and 3nd grade obtained previously, shall be considered as giving the same rights as Certificates of qualification as Head-master; Certificates of the 3rd grade, as giving the same rights as Certificates as Assistant-teacher; those of School- mistress, as giving the same rights as Certificates as Head-mistress, but only within the Province, or Commune, where such Certificates have been delivered. Tutors and Govern- esses, who, after that time, desire to settle as such in another Commune, are bound to snbmit to the Examination mentioned in Art. 18. Head-masters of private schools of the 3nd class, in existence at the date of this Law coming into effect, who hold at least the 3nd grade, may, in case of transfer of such schools by the Communal Council, in concert with the District School-Inspector, as public Elementary schools, be appointed Head-masters of these institutions. The Provisions af Art. 33, concerning the recommendation of candidates, and the competitive examination, are not applicable to these cases. ART. 69. The yearly salaries of all public Head-masters and Head-mistresses, in actual service at the time of this Law coming into operation, shall, as long as they continue to hold their places, in no case be fixed at an amount less than the average annual income which they have been receiving, during the five years preceding the above date; or, for those who have been in service for a shorter time, during such shorter period. ART. 70. To carry into effect the Provisions respecting the number of schools in propor- tion to the population and their wants, and the extension of the instruction (Arts. 16 and 17), the assistance in teaching to be afforded to the Head-master (Art. 18), the yearly salaries and other emoluments of the Head-masters and XX Assistant-teachers, and the additional remuneration on account of the Pupil- teachers (Arts. 19 and 20), and the costs of education (Arts. 31 — 35), — a term of three years at most is allowed, reckoning from the date of this Law coming into effect. During such term the yearly salaries and contributions of the Provinces and of the Government shall be paid to the Head-masters and Head-mistresses and to the Communes, according to their receipts for the time being, at the date of this Law coming into effect. ART. 71. Private schools in receipt of subsidies, at the date of this Law coming into effect, either from the Commune, or from the Province, and not fulfilling the condition of the 4th clause of Art. 8, shall not continue to receive such sub- sidies for a period exceeding one year from the first date above-mentioned. ART. 72. Pending a settlement by law of the system of Middle-Class Instruction, the provisions of this Law are equally applicable to all that concerns the more advanced instruction in Modern Languages, and in the Mathematical and Physical Sciences. In order to be admitted for examination for the purpose of obtaining a. Cer- tificate of Capacity in one or more of these subjects, the attainment of 18 years at least is required. A single payment of five florins shall be made for the Certificate. ART. 73. This Law shall come into operation on the 1st of January, 1858. Saving the Provisions of Art. 70, all existing general Provincial and Local Regulations concerning Elementary Instruction will then be abolished; the Pro- vincial School-Boards, Local School-Boards, and Committees dissolved; the District School-Inspectors dismissed; and the system of superintendence of schools, ac- cording to the present Law, be substituted for them. W"e therefore decree etc. etc. (Signed.) WILLIAM. The Minister of the Interior. (Signed.) A. G. A. VAN EAPPAED. The Hague 13 August 1857. of tlie and T^a,y 1863 (Staatsblad No. SO), on MIDDLE-GLASS INSTRUCTION. We William III. by the Grace of God, King of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange Nassau, GJrand Duke of Luxemburg, &c. &c. To all who shall see or hear these, greeting! Whereas We have taken into consideration, that Art. 194 of the Fundamental Law provides that the Middle-Class Instruction shall be regulated by Law. Therefore We, having heard the Council of State, and by and with the advice of the States General, have thought good and determine, as We think good and determine by these presents: TITIiE I. GENEEAL PEOVISIONS. ART. 1. Middle-Class Instruction includes all such branches as are taught in the schools to which this Law applies. XXII ART. 2. The schools of Middle-Class Instruction shall be distinguished as Public and Private Schools. Public Schools are those established and maintained by the Communes, the Provinces and the Government, severally or in common; all others are Private Schools. • Subsidies may be granted to Private Schools on the part either of the Com- mune or of the Province, under such conditions as the Communal or Provmcial . Authorities, or We may deem necessary. Schools thus supported shall, ^ like the Public Schools, be open to all children, without distinction of religous creed. The 2nd Clause of Art. 23 of the Law of the 13th August 1857 (Staats- blad N". 103) is applicable to these schools. Art. 4 of the forementioned Law is applicable to the building of all such schools. The task there committed to the District School Inspector, is in this case that of the Inspector. ART. 3. Middle-Class Instruction given to children of not more than three families conjointly, is to be considered as Private Instruction. ART. 4. Nobody is allowed to give Middle-Class Instruction who shall not possess the certificates of capacity and morality required by this Law. Foreigners require, besides, Our sanction. ART. 5. The Provisions of the preceding Article are not applicable to: — a. Those who give Middle-Class Instruction to children of one family exclusively ; I. Those, who not making a profession of Middle-Class Instruction, but willing to be employed without any pecuniary remuneration, shall have obtained Our permission to give such Instruction. ART. 6. Any person giving Middle- Class Instruction without being duly ^'qualified shall for the first offence be punished with a fine of twenty-five and not exceeding fifty florins; for the second offence with a fine of fifty and not exceeding a hundred florins, and imprisonment for eight and not exceeding XXIII fourteen days, cumulatively or separately; and for each subsequent offence with imprisonment for one month and not exceeding one year. Any person giving Middle-Class Instruction beyond the limits of his quali- iication, shall be liable to half the amount and duration of the above mentioned punishments. Trom these provisions are excepted Teachers of either sex at a Midde-Class School, who during a vacancy, or in the absence of a colleague, take upon themselves the temporary fuliilment of certain lessons, provided such substitution do not exceed the term of six months. — Art. 463 of the Penal Code, and Art. 30 of the Law of 29 of July 1854, (Staatsblad N". 103), are applicable to these provisions. ART. 7. On every condemnation to a fine it shall be declared by the judge that, on failure of payment of the fine and costs by the offender, within two months after having been summoned to pay, the penalty inflicted shall be changed into imprison- ment for not more than fourteen days if the fine exceed fifty florins, and for not more than seven days if a fine not exceeding fifty florins has been imposed. ART. 8. The qualification to give Middle-Class Instruction ceases for any person condemned ; — a. for crime. h. for theft, swindling, perjury, breach of trust, or immoral conduct. In case of scandalous conduct, or when, in teaching, any Teacher propagates doctrines inconsistent with morality, or tending to excite disobedience to the Laws of the Country, such a Teacher may be declared by Us to have forfeited his qualification to give instruction. ART. 9. Any person, having forfeited his qualification for giving Middle-Class Instruc- tion, cannot recover it. In the case, mentioned in the clause of the foregoing article, it may be restored by Us. ART. 10. From any resolution taken by the States Deputies by virtue of this Law an appeal may be made to Us. ART. 11. The Provisions of this Law are not applicable to Military or Naval Schools, nor to the Teachers thereunto appointed. xxrv Neither are they applicable, — as far as they regard the qualification for giving instruction, — to the schools tor deaf-mutes, or for the blind, which are, however, subject to the supervision mentioned in Art. 46. In eases of dispute whether a school belongs wholly, or partly, to Elementary, iliddle-Class, or University Instruction, the question shall be decided by Us. tivi^e: n. OF PLlBLIC MEDDLE-CJLASS mSTEUCTION. ART. 12. Public Middle-Class Instruction shall be given in; — a. Burgher-schools. b. Higher Burgher-schools. c. Agricultural Schools. d. The Polytechnic School. CHAPTEB I. OF THE BURGHER-SCHOOLS, HIGHER BURGHER-SCHOOLS AKD AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS. § 1. Of the Schools. ART. 13. The Burgher-schools, chiefly designed for prospective tradesmen or mechanics and agriculturists, are Day-Schools and Evening-Schools. Day-Schools shall have a curriculum of two years. In the Day-Schools in- struction shall be given in: — a. Mathematics. b. The first Eudiments of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, and the know- ledge of Machinery. c. of Physics and Chemistry. d. of Natural History. e. of Technology, or of Agriculture. /. The Elements of Geography. g. of History. k. of the Dutch Language. XXV ». Tlie Eudiments of Political Economy. £. ^Pree-haud and Bectilioear Drawing. I. Gvmnastics. The Communal Council decides whether Ihe radimente of Technology or of Agriculture shall be given; both Eninches of Tuition may also be admitted. It may moreoTer add to the above Branches of Tuition that of Modelling, and any foreign Language that may be thought proper. The same CJouncil decides too, which of the Branches mentioned in this Article shall be taught in the Eyeniog-SchooL ART. 14. In every Commune with a population of above ten thousand souls, the Com- munal Council shall establish at least one Buigher-sdiool, Say-and Evening- School. It may be in combination with a public Elementary School. In those Communes of above ten thousand souls, where the population is so scattered, that attendance at a Buigher-school would be problematic, or if the want be supplied in any other manner, then such a Commune can be exempted by Us fiom the provision of the first datise of this Article. Should it appeal that a Evening-Burgher-school sufficiently meets the require- meats of any Commune, dispensation may be given by fs from the obligation of establishing a Pay-sehoo], but each tune only for a certain number of years. In this case, the tuition at the Evening-school is distributed over a course of two years, and We decide, tvfter having heard the Communal Coundl, which of the above mentioned branches of tuition shall be taught. ART. 15. The Higher Bure;her-5ehools are distinguished into: — Schools with a five- yeais* curriculum, and Schools with of a three-years" curriculum. ART. 16. The Instruction at the Schools for three-yeais shall include; — a. Mathematics. 6. The lirst Rudiments of Physics Mid Chemistry. c The Elements, of Botany and Zoology. d. of Political Economy. e. of Book-keeping. /. of Gec^it^y. g. of Histoiy. XXVI h. The Dutch. Language. i. The Erench Language. k. The English Language. I. The German Language. m. Penmanship. n. Free-hand and Eectilinear Drawing. 0, Gymnastics. ART. 17. The Instruction at the Schools with a of five-years' curricufum shall include : — a. Mathematics. h. The Elements of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics and Machinery, besides Technology. c. Physics and their chief application. d. Chemistry and its chief applications. e. The Elements of Mineralogy, Geology, Boiany and Zoology. /. of Cosmography. g. A rudimentary knowledge of the Communal, Provincial and Government Institutions. h. Political Economy and Statistics, especially of Netherland and its Colonies, and its Possessions in other parts of the world. i. Geography. h. History. 1. The Dutch Language and Literature. m. The French „ „ „ n. The English „ „ „ 0. The German „ „ „ p. The Elements of Commercial Sciences, including knowledge of raw and wrought materials, and Book-keeping. q. Penmanship. r. Free-hand and Eectilinear Drawing. s. Gymnastics. ART. 18. There shall be at least fifteen Government Higher Burgher-schools, to be established in different Communes in various Districts of the Kingdom. At least five of these shall be schools with a five years' curriculum. ART. 19. There shall be a Government Agricultural School, if the want of such a school be not supplied in some other way. Subsidies may be granted by the State to Private Agricultural Schools. XXVII ART. 20. The Instruction at the Government Agricultural School includes; — a. Political Economy. b. Applied Mathematics, such as Land Surveying, Mensuration, Levelling and Guaging. c. Mechanics, as applied to Agriculture, and Machinery. d. Agricultural Engineering. e. Eectilinear Drawing, as applied to Architecture and Machinery. /. Physics, Chemistry, and Meteorology, as applied to Agriculture. ff. Farming Technology. h. Mineralogy and Geology apjilied to Agriculture. i. Botany and Zoology, general and special. k. Anatomy and Physiology of Plants and Animals. I. Animal Physiology, the external forms, races, diseases and treatment of domestic animals. m. General and Special Farming, Husbandry, Grazing, Kitchen-gardening, Horticulture, and the Culture of trees and fruit-trees (Nursery Gardening.) n. Bearing of Cattle, including Poultry, Bees and the Dairy. 0. Book-keeping applied to Husbandry. p, Farming and Farming Economy, including the Culture of Woods and Forests and the Treatment of Stock. q. Colonial Agriculture and Forestry. ART. 21. In Burgher-schools, Higher Burgher-schools and Agricultural Schools, esta- blished by Provinces, Communes, or private individuals, with or without Government subsidies, the scheme of education as rendered obligatory in the Communal or Government schools by Art. 13, 16, 17, 20, may be modified, abridged or extended. The regulations for Middle-Class Schools for females, to be established by Communes, Provinces, or Individuals, shall be left to the founders, barring conditions attached to subsidies. ART. 32. Whatever concerns the admittance of pupils to the Government Higher Burgher- schools] and Agricultural Schools, or the duties of the Director and Teachers, and the regulation of the Tuition, shall be settled, as far as it is not ruled by this Law, by Our Minister of the Interior. xxvm % 2. Of flie Teaekers. AHT. 23. The Insbnctors at tiie Public Bmglier-scfaools, the Higha Bmghn-scheola and the Gorerament Agricnltiiral Sdiool bear the title of Teadier. At the head of each of tiiose sdiools is placed one of the Teadieis with the title of Director. ART. 24. The number of Teachexs at the Communal Schools, together trith the amoont of their salaries, is fixed by the Conimnnal ConndL Hie resolntioiis of the Communal Comudl, relating therennto, shall be snb- mitted to the approbation of the States Deputies, in the case of schools the establishment of vhidi is rendered obligatory to the Communes by virtue of this Lav, and to the ^iproTal of Our Minister of tike Interim' in the case of schools receiving pecuniary aid from Goremment. like approbation is required 6a schools established by a Province with Government subsidies. ART. 25. In order to be qnalified for ^pointment to a Burgher-school as Teadia', the Candidate is required to possess, besides testrmonials of good moral conduct delivered by the Council of Administration of the Commnne, or Commimes, wbexe the candidate has been living during the last two years: a. for the Brandies mentioned sub a — d Axt. 13, and for Technoh^, a Cer- tificate of Capacify A, mentioned in Art. 70, or for any of those Brandies sepa- rately, one of the Certificates mentioned in Art. 76 ; i. for Agriculture, a Certificate of Capacity A for that Brsndi, granted by virtue of Art 73 ; e. tar the Branches mraitioned sub / — 2 of Art. 13 a Certificate as mraitioned in the first dause of Art. 74!, or, for any of those Branches s^azatdy, one of the Certificates mentioned in Art. 76 ; d. for the findiments of Political Economy, a Cratificate, mentioned in the second clause of Art. 74, or a Certificate for that Branch as mraiticmed in Art. 76 ; e. for Drawing and Gymnastics, a Certifieate for tiiose ^Kanches, as mentioned in Art. 77. !Far tuition in the Branches mentioned under /- — i, of Art. 13, are also qua- lified such as possess a Certificate of Capacity as Head-master fcs' Mementaiy In- struction; for tuition in Madiematics and the -]li)d«n Languages, sucJi as XXIX possess a Certificate for those Branches, delivered by virtue of Art. 47 of the Law of Aiig. 13th 1857 (Staatsbkd N". 103). ART. 36. To be qualified for appointment, as Teacher, to a Higher Burgher-school with a curriculum of three years, the Candidate is required to possess, besides the Testimonials mentioned in the former Article; — a. for the Branches mentioned sub a — c of Art. 16, a Certificate of Capacity A as mentioned in Art. 70, or for any of those Branches separately, one of the Certificates mentioned in Art. 76 ; h. for the Elements of Political Economy, a Certificate as mentioned in the second clause of Art. 74, or the Certificate for that Branch as mentioned in Art. 76; c. for the Elements of Book-keeping, a Certificate as mentioned in the first clause of Art. 75, or a Certificate for that Branch, as stated in Art. 76; d. for the Branches mentioned sub. /— /«, of Art. 16, a Certificate as men- tioned in the first clause of Art. 74, or for any of those Branches separately, one of the Certificates as mentioned in Art. 76 ; e. for the Branches mentioned sub. i, k, I, n and o, of Art. 16, Certificates for those Branches, delivered by virtue of Art. 77. ART. 27. To be qualified for appointment, as Teacher, to a Higher Burgher-school with a curriculuin of five years, the Candidate must possess, besides the Testi- monial mentioned in Art. 25 ; — a. for the Branches mentioned sub a and h of Art. 17, a Certificate of Capacity B, mentioned in Art. 70 or in Art. 71; h. for the Branch mentioned under c, a Certificate B, mentioned in Art. 71; c. for the Branch mentioned sub d, a Certificate B, mentioned in Art. 72; d. for the Branches mentioned sub e and /, a Certificate A, mentioned in Art. 70; e. for the Branches mentioned sub g and h, a Certificate as mentioned in the second clause of Art. 74, or one of the Certificates for those Branches, delivered by virtue of Art. 76 ; /. for the Branches mentioned sub i — I, a Certificate mentioned in the first clause of art. 74, or for any of those Branches separately, a Certificate delivered by virtue of Art. 76; g. for the Branches mentioned sub m — o, r and s, the Certificate for such branches, delivered by virtue of Art. 77; h. for the Branch mentioned sub p, a Certificate as mentioned in the first clause of Art. 75, or the Certificate for that Branch, as mentioned in Art. 76. XXX ART. 28. The Directors and Teachers of the Government Higher Burgher-schools, and. of the Government Agricultural School, are appointed, suspended and dismissed by Us. ART. The Directors and Teachers of the Communal Schools shall be appointed by the Communal Council, from a list prepared by the Burgomaster and Assessors, in concert with the Inspector. They may be suspended by the Burgomaster and Assessors, who shall give, as soon as possible, an account of their decision to the Communal Council. They are dismissed by the Communal Council, after hearing the Burgomaster and Assessors and the Inspector. If suspension, or dismissal, should be necessary according to the opinion of the Burgomaster and Assessors, or of the Inspector, and the Communal Council delay, or refuse, to proceed thereto, such suspension, or dismissal, may be effected by the States Deputies. ART. 30. ' The suspension of a Director, or Teacher, shall never exceed the term of three months, and the salary may continue to be paid, or be partially or entirely withheld during suspension. ART. 31. The right of Pension for Directors and Teachers of the Government Higher Burgher-schools and Agricultural Schools, shall include also the time of service which they have passed at any Public School by virtue of a formal appointment by Us, Our Minister of the Interior, or by a Communal Council. ART. 32. The Directors and Teachers of the obligatory Communal Schools shall be entitled to a pension from Government, according to the rules, and under the conditions fixed, or yet to be fixed, by Law for civil functionaries, and in conformity with the special provisions contained in the present and the three following articles. For the application of these rules, the Directors and Teachers shall be condd- XXXI ered as civil functionaries. The provisions of the first section of the Law of 9th May 1846 (StaatsblacI N". 24) are applicable to them. Besides the time of service passed in the offices mentioned in the first clause of this Article, and that which is valid for other civil functionaries, such time will also be taken into account, as they may have passed as Teacher at any school, by virtue of an appointment by Us, Our Minister of the Interior, or a Com- munal Council. The provisions of this Article are not applicable to Directors, or Teachers, having a right to pension as Instructors at a public Elementary School. ART. 33. The contributions to be paid by Directors and Teachers according to Art. 32 of this Law, shall be collected on behalf of the State by the officers of the Commune, and accounted for to the Public Treasury. ART. 34. Of the pensions granted by virtue of Art. 32 of this Law, to the Directors and Teachers, only such a portion shall be left to the charge of the Pension- fund for civil functionaries, as has been contributed to that fund. The rest comes to the charge of the Chapter on Ways and Means, from which the costs of Public Instruction are defrayed. This division does not fall under the prohibition contained in Art. 29 of the Law of 9th May 1846 (Staatsblad N». 24) as altered by the Law of 3rd May 1851 (Staatsblad N". 49). ART. 35. Those Communes in which Directors, or Teachers, of Communal Burgher- schools are pensioned by virtue of this Law, shall make good to the Govern- ment half of the amount of such pensions, as, by virtue of the foregoing article, shall be brought to the charge of the Government Ways and Means. § 8. Of the Costs. ART. 36. The charges of the Communal Burgher-schools, in so far as they are not imposed upon others, or cannot be provided for by special funds, shall be borne by the Commune. XXXII These charges are; — a. The yearly salaries of the Directors, Teachers and Servitors of those schools. h. The charges for the erection and maintenance, or for the rent of the school- buildings, and the dwelling-houses of Directors or Teachers, if so conditioned. c. Por light and fire required for the school-rooms. d. Eor providing and keeping in order the school-furniture, instruments and further appliances for the instruction. e. The contribution of the Commune to the pensions of the Teachers. /. The expenses of the Local Board of Supervision. ART. 37. To meet these charges school-fees may be required from each pupil. These fees, for the Communal-schools required by Art. 14, shall not be higher than twelve florins a year, and . for the Government Higher Burgher-schools, not more than sixty florins a year. The amount shall be fixed, for the Communal schools, by the Communal Council, for the Provincial schools, by the Provincial States, and for the Go- vernment schools, by Our Minister of the Interior. The fixing, alteration, or entire remission of the school-fees shall be eifected for the Communal Schools, in conformity with Arts. 233 — 236 of the Law of 29th June 1851 (Staatsblad W. 85). The payment shall be regulated by Local Order, in conformity with the pro- visions of Arts. 258 — 262 of the same Law. The collection of the school-fees for the Government Higher Burgher-schools shall be eifected according to the orders of Our Minister of the Interior. The amount of the school-fees shall be deposited in the Public Treasury. ART. 38. Any one, entered as a pupil of the Government Agricultural School, shall pay at the commencement of each school-year a sum of 100 florins. He thereby acquires access to all the lessons of the school. Those, who wish to attend single lessons only, must obtain the Director's per- mission. They shall pay, likewise at the commencement of each school-year, for lessons given: once a week f 5,00; twice „ „ t 10,00; thrice „ „ f 15,00; four times „ „ or more f 20,00. The money mentioned in this Article shall be paid into the Public Treasury. XXX lit CHAPTER 11. OF THE POLYTECHNIC SCHOOI,. § 1. Of the School. ART. 39. The Polytechnic School is destined for the training of: 1". Individuals for Industrial or Technical pursuits, who require a higher degree of theoretical and technical knowledge, than can be obtained at a Higher Burgher-school with a five years' curriculum. 2". Such as desire to qualify themselves for; — a. Civil Engineer, h. Architect. c. Naval Engineer. d. Mechanic Engineer. e. Mining Engineer. ART. 40. The Instruction at the Polytechnic School embraces; — a. Higher Algebra. h. Spherical Trigonometry and Analytical Geometry. c. Descriptive Geometry and its Applications. d. Differential and Integral Calculus. e. Land-surveying, Mensuration and Levelling. f. Theoretical Mechanics. g. Applied Mechanics. li. Mechanism. i. Mechanical Technology and agricultural Machinery. h. Applied Natural Philosophy. I. Chemistry, applied, practical, and analytical. m. Chemical Technology. n. Modern Manufactures. 0. Mineralogy and Geology. p. Applied Geology and Mining. J. Metallurgy. r. Hydrostatics, Hydraulic Engineering, Koad, Railroad and Bridge-building. s. Civil Architecture. XXXIV t. Ship-building. u. Eectilinear and Pree-hand Drawing, applied to the various branches of science. V. Practical use of Tools and the turning Lathe. w. Construction of Models of Machines and Engines. a. Political Economy. y. Commercial Jurisprudence. z. Administrative Jurisprudence, relating to Engineering, Public Works, Mining and Manufactures. ^ ART. 41. Every pupil entered at the Polytechnic School, pays at the commencement of each school-year a sum of 200 florins. He obtains thereby access to all the lessons of the school. Those, who desire to attend single lessons only, shall pay, likewise at the commencement of each school-year, for lessons given, — once a week 10 florins ; twice „ „ 20 „ ; thrice » „ 30 „ ; four times „ „ or more 40 „ . The sums mentioned in this Article shall be paid into the Public Treasury. § 2. Of the Teachers. ART. 43. The Professors and other Teachers of the Polytechnic School shall be appointed, suspended, and dismissed, by Us. To them also is applicable the provision of Art. 31. § 3. Of the Management. ART. 43. The management of the Polytechnic School shall be committed to a Director, to be appointed by Us, and a Managing Council, composed of the Professors of the school. The functions and authority of the Director, and of the Managing-Council, their relation to the rest of the Teachers, and the internal regulation of the school, as far as they are not settled by Law, shall be regulated by special decrees. XXXV TITLE III. OF PEIVATE MIDDLE-CLASS INSTRUCTION. ART. 44. To give I Private Instruction in schools, or families, the following qualifications are required. a. A Certificate of Capacity, as required by tliis Law. i. A Testimonial of good moral conduct, delivered by the Council of admi- nistration of the Commune, or Communes, where the person interested has resided for the last two years. c. A Certificate that both these documents have been found in due order, by the Bui'gom aster and Assessors of the Commune where the instruction is to be given. ART. 45. The Burgomaster and Assessors shall give their decision respecting the issue of the Certificate mentioned under Letter c in the foregoing article, within four weeks from the date of the claim of such a Certificate. An appeal may be made from such decision to the States Deputies, or in like manner, if no decision shall have been communicated to the parties inter- ested within the above mentioned period. After rejection of appeal by the States Deputies, or in default of notice of their decision within six weeks to the parties interested, an appeal may be made to Us. TITIiE IV, OE THE SUPEEINTENDENCE. ART. 46. The superintendence of the Public and Private schools of Middle-Class In- struction, subject to the supervision of Our Minister of the Interior, is con- ferred upon; — a. Local Boards, to be appointed by the Communal Council. b. Inspectors, one of whom shall be specially charged with the superintendence of the Agricultural Schools, Government and Private. XXXVI ART. 47. The number of the Inspectors shall be fixed by Us. They are appointed and dismissed by Us. They shall receive from the Public Treasury an annual salary, besides allowances for travelling expenses and maintenance. The Provisions of Art. 31 are also applicable to them. They shall hold no office or appointment vrithout Our permission. ART. 48. The Inspectors shall be summoned to meet together once a year, by Our Minister of the Interior, for the purpose of deliberating upon, and promoting, under his authority, the general interests of Middle-Class Instruction. ART. 49. The members of the Local Boards, and the Inspectors, before entering upon their duties, shall be sworn in, or promise upon their honour, to discharge them duly and faithfully. The oath shall be administered, or the promise accepted, in the case of members of the Local Boards, by the Judge of the Canton where they are residing; in the case of the Inspectors, by Our Minister of the Interior. ART. 50. The members of the Local Boards and the Inspectors are empowered to have all transgressions against this Law, or against the further prescriptions con- cerning Middle-Class Instruction prosecuted. ART. 51. The schools mentioned in Art. 46 shall be open at all times to the members of the Local Boards and to the Inspectors. The Teachers are bound to give them any information that may be desired concerning the School and the Instruction. Default in this respect shall ,be punished with a fine of twenty-iive florins, or imprisonment for three days; and for every fresh offence with both penalties united. Art. 463 of the Penal Code and Art. 30 of the Law of 39th June 1854 (Staatsblad N". 103), are applicable to these cases. ART. 53. The Local Boards shall carefully control the Middle -Class Schools in the Commune, and visit them at least twice a year. They shall see that the general XXXVII regulations concerning Middle-Class Instruction, and the special regulations for the Burgher-Schools and Higher Burgher-schools be strictly observed. They shall keep a record of the persons engaged in teaching, of the number of pupils, and of the state of education. They shall give notice to the Inspector of any important changes that may have been made in the schools established in the Commune, and give him any information he may require; they shall make all proposals to the Communal Council, or to Our Minister of the In- terior, that they may consider necessary in the interest of education. They shall send in to the Council of the Commune every year before the 1st March, a report, vrith their remarks on the state of Middle- Class Education entrusted to their superintendence during the preceding year, and shall send copies of the same to the States Deputies and to the Inspector, or Inspectors, entrusted with the supervision of those schools. ART. S3. The Inspectors shall, by visiting the schools committed to their inspection, be constantly and fully acquainted with the state of those schools; they shall endeavour, in concert with the Communal Governments and with the Teachers, to promote the improvement and prosperity of Middle-Class Instruction. They shall have access to the Final Examinations of the Burgher-schools Und Higher Burgher-Schools. They shall advise Our Minister of the Interior on any ques- tions respecting which their opinion may be demanded, and shall lay before him such proposals as they may think conducive to the interests of Middle- Class Instruction. They shall send in to Our Minister of the Interior before the 1st May in every year, a report, with their remarks on the state of the education in the schools entrusted to their supervision. ART. 54. The Inspector of Agricultural Instruction shall see to the faithful obser- vance of the provisions of this Law, and of any other regulations for Agri- cultural Instruction laid down by Us, or proceeding from Us hereafter. He shall watch the process of instruction at those schools, as also at the Burgher- Schools where Instruction in Agriculture is given, as far as respects such in- struction. He shall endeavour, in concert with the Communal Government and with the Teachers, to promote the prosperity of Agricultural Instruction ; he shall have access to the Final Examinations of the Agricultural-Schools and Burgher-schools where instruction is given in Agriculture; he shall advise Our Minister of the Interior on all questions respecting which his opinion may XXXVIII be demanded, and lay before him such proposals as he may deem necessary in the interest of the Schools. He— shall send in to Our above-mentioned Minister, before the 1st May in each year, a report, with his remarks on the state of Agricultural Instruction. TITLE V. OF THE FINAL EXAMINATIONS. ART. 55. All who have followed the Instruction at a Public Burgher-School, a Higher Burgher-school with a five years' curriculum, an Agricultural School, or the Polytechnic School, shall have an opportunity of obtaining, after due examination, a Testimonial, or a Diploma. These examinations are also open to such as have not attended those scliools. The Examinations shall be held in public. ART. 56. The Final Examination for the Burgher-Schools is held by a Committee, composed of a, member of the Local Board, to be chosen by them, as Presi- dent, the Director of the school, and the Teachers of those branches which are the subjects of examination. The Examination concerns the branches taught in the schools established in that Commune, with the exception of Gymnastics. Should Agriculture and Tech- nology both be taught at such a school, then the examinandus has the option of those two branches. ART. 57. The Final Examinations for the Higher Burgher-Schools with a five-years' curriculum, and those for Agricultural Schools, shall be passed before Com- mittees, appointed each year by Our Commissary in each Province, where such schools exist. The members of this Board shall receive from the Public Treasury allowances for travelling expenses and maintenance, besides examination fees. The Final Examinations for the Higher Burgher-schools embrace the subjects mentioned under a — p and r in Art. 17. XXXIX Candidates for examination for the purpose of obtaining a Diploma as Agri- culturist, are required to possess the attainments as taught in the Agricul- tural School. ART. 68. The Diploma Examinations of the Polytechnic School shall be held by com- mittees to be appointed by Our Minister of the Interior. The members shall receive from the Public Treasury allowances for travelling expenses and main- tenance, besides examination fees. ART. 59. Candidates for a Diploma as Technologist, Civil Engineer, Architect, Naval, Mechanic Engineer, or Mining Engineer, shall previously undergo an examination A, the same as the Pinal Examination prescribed in Art. 57 for the Higher Burgher-Schools v?ith a five-years' curriculum. This examination may be dispensed with, if the candidate is already in pos- session of the Testimonial obtained after a successful examination before one of the Boards mentioned in that article. ART. 60. Candidates for a Diploma as Technologist, having passed the examination A, mentioned in the foregoing article, shall submit to an examination in: a. Spherical Trigonometry and the elements of Analytical Geometry. b. The elements of Descriptive Geometry. c. „ of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics and of Mechanism. d. „ of Mechanical Technology. e. Applied Natural Philosophy. /. Applied and Analytical Chemist^ry. ff. Chemical Technology. h. Architecture, as far as concerns the knowledge of Building-materials, and the Construction of simple buildings. i, Pree-hand Drawing and Ornament Designing. ART. 61. The Diploma as Civil Engineer is obtained by Candidates, having passed the examination A mentioned in Art. 59, after two more examinations. XL The second examination B embraces; — a. Higher Algebra. b. Spherical Trigonometry and Analytical Geometry. c. Descriptive Geometry. d. Differential and Integral Calculus. e. Applied Natm-al Philosophy. /. Analytical Chemistry with respect to building materials. g. A knowledge of building materials, both for Architectural and Hydro- static works. h. The construction of the details of buildings. i. Designing of simple Architectural and Hydraulic Engineering objects, and Free-hand Drawing. The third Examination C embraces; — a. Theoretical and Applied Mechanics and Mechanism, I. Hydraulic Engineering, comprising: — 1". Koad -making and the Construction of Eailways and Bridges. 3°. The Construction of Sea-dykes. 3". Eivers and Streams as means of drainage, and with reference to Navigation. 4". The Construction of canals, locks, harbours and maritime works. 5". The Hydrography of qui- Country, a knowledge of polders and drain- ing-mills. c. Domestic Architecture, comprising; — 1". The construction of simple buildings. 3". The Elements of Decorative Architecture. d. Designing of sites, ornamentation and Eree-hand Drawing, and drawing of objects belonging to Hydraulic Engineering. e. The designing of projects, plans and estimates of costs. /. The Elements of Geodesy and Practical Landsurveying, Mensuration and Levelling. g, Administrative Jurisprudence with respect to Engineering and Public Works. ART. 62. The Diploma as Architect, or Architectural Engineer, is obtained by candidates who have pass'ed the Examination A, mentioned in Art. 59, after submitting to two additional examinations. The second Examination B, is identical with Examination B mentioned in the foregoing article. , The third Examination C embraces ; — a. The subjects under a and e of the Examination C mentioned in Art. 61. b. Civil Architecture, Decorative Architecture in its widest sense. XLI c. Eoad-making and paving, the construction of Bridges, Locks and Quays. d. Theoretical and practical Land-surveying and Levelling. e. Architectural Drawing in all its branches. /. Administrative Jurisprudence in regard to Public Works. ART. 63. The Diploma of Naval Engineer is obtained by Candidates having passed the Examination A, mentioned iri Art. 59, after two additional examinations. The second Examination B, comprises; — a. The subjects mentioned from a to e of the Examination B, in Art. 61. h. Analytical Chemistry, in reference to materials used in ship-building. c. The knowledge of the materials used in ship-building. d. The elements of Naval Designing and Free-hand Drawing. The Third Examination C, comprises; — a. Branch a of the Examination C as mentioned in Art. 61. h. The Designing of Machinery. c. Naval Architecture and Naval Drawing. d. Hydraulic Engineering and Designing, as far as regards works relating to navigation, ART. 64. The Diploma of Mechanic Engineer is obtained by Candidates having passed Examination A mentioned in Art. 59, after two additional Examinations. The Second Examination B comprises. a. The subjects mentioned from a to e of the Examination B in Art. 61. b. Branch e mentioned in Art. 60. c. Analytical Chemistry with respect to the Materials for Machinery. The Third Examination C comprises; — a. Branch a of the Examination C mentioned in Art. 61, b. Mechanic Technology and the Construction of Machinery. c. Branch h, mentioned in Art. 60. d. Eree-hand Drawing and Machinery Designing. e. Administrative Jurisprudence with reference to Factories and Machinery. ART. 65, The Diploma of Mining Engineer is given to Candidates having passed Exa- mination A mentioned in Art. 59, after two additional Examinations, The second Examination B comprises; — a. The branches from o to e of the Examination B, mentioned in Art, 61. b. Mineralogy. XLII The Third Examination C, comprises; — a. The Branch a of the Examination C, mentioned in Art. 61. h. h mentioned in Art. 60. c. d in Art. 63. d. Geology and applied Geology. e. The working of Mines. /. Testing of ore. g. Metallurgy. h. Drawing of l^achinery. i. Administrative Jurisprudence in respect to Mining. ART. 66. When one of the Examinations mentioned in the foregoing articles has been passed to the satisfaction of the Board, they sliall deliver to the Candidate a Certificate, or Diploma, according to a model prescribed by Our Miijister of the Interior. Testimonials shall be delivered to Candidates after examinations successfully passed at the end of the curriculum of Burglier-Schools, and Higher Burgher- Schools, as likewise for the first Examination A for Technologist, and the first and second Examinations A and B for Civil, Naval, Architectural, Mechanic and Mining Engineer. Diplomas shall be given to Candidates after examination successfully passed-at the termination of the curriculum as Agriculturist, Technolo- gist, Civil Engineer, Architectural Engineer, Naval Engineer, Mechanic Engi- neer, and Mining Engineer. The Testimonials are delivered gratuitously. For the Diplomas the Eecipient shall pay forty Elorins. These moneys are paid into the Public Treasury. ART. 67. The Committees mentioned in Art. 56 shall send in a report to the Communal Council, and a copy thereof to the Inspector, or Inspectors, charged with the supervision of the schools. The Committees mentioned in Art. 57 shall send in a report to Our Com- missary in the Province, and a copy thereof to the Inspector, or Inspectors, charged with the supervision of the Higher Burgher-Schools, or of the Agri- cultural Schools. The Committees mentioned in Art. 58, shall send in a report of their labours to Our Minister of the Interior. XLIII T I T I>i 'K VI. OF TllJC CERTIFICATES OF CAPACITY. ART, 68. CortiHc.at(!3 of (kpacity for giving Instniotiou in schools and private house arc to bo obtained by passing examinations. AHT. 69. Each year Our Minister of tlio Interior shall appoint Committees for the oxaminatioii of such as arc desirous of obtaining a Ceitilicato of Capacity for Middlo-Class Instruction. The, place where this Board shall hold its sittings, shall bo fixiid each limo by Our above-mentioned Minister. Tiio Examiiuitions shall hn hold in public, except those of the' female teachers. The Members of those Committees shall receive IVoni the Public Treasury allowaucos for travelling expenses and maintenance, besides examination foes. ART. 70. There shall be two Certificates of Capacity for School-Instruction in the Mathe- mati(Nil and Mechanical Sciences. The first Cortificalc A, is to be obtained by passing an examination in: rt. Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, the Elements of l>(!S(iii)live Geometry and of Analytical Geometry. b. The Elements of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, of Mechanism and Technology. r. The Elements of Natural Philosophy, of Chemistry and of Cosmography. d. The Elements of Mineralogy, Geology, Botany and Zoology. The second Certificate B, which can only bo obtained by Candidates already in possession of the above-mentioned Certificate A, is to be obtained by passing an examination in: ''. Descriptive and Analytic Geometry, Differential and Integral Calculus. /. Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. ATIT. 71. There are two degrees of Certificates of Capacity for School-Instruction in Natural Pliilosophy. The first (!ertificato A, is the same as the Certificate A mentioned in Art. 70. The second (!crtifioato B, which can be obtained only by Candidates already XLIV in possession of Ihe above-mentioned Certificate A, is to be obtained by passing an examination in : a. Analytical Geometry. h. Differential and Integral Calculus. c. Theoretical Mechanics. d. Natural Philosophy and its chief application. e. Meteorology. /. Chemistry. ART. 72. There are two degrees of Certificates of Capacity for giving School-Instruction in Chemistry, The first Certificate A is the same as Certificate A mentioned in Art. 70. The second Certificate B, which can be obtained only by Candidates already in possession of Certificate A, is to be obtained by passing an examination in : a. Chemistry, applied, practical, and analytical. h. Chemical Technology. c. Natural Philosophy. ART. 73. There are two degrees of Certificates of Capacity for School-Instruction in Agriculture. The first Certificate A is to be obtained by the possessor of Certificate A mentioned in Art. 70, by passing an examination in the elements of Agriculture. The second Certificate B is to be obtained by passing an examination identical with that for obtaining the Diploma as Agriculturist. ART. 74. For giving School-Instruction in the Dutch Language and Literature, and Historical Sciences, a Certificate of Capacity is to be obtained by passing an examination in: — a. The Dutch Language and Literature. h. History. c. Mathematical, Physical and Political Geography. For giving School-Instruction in Political Economy, by passing an examina- tion in; — a. Political Economy and Statistics, especially of the Netherlands and the Colonies and Possessions in other parts of the world. h. The Eudiments of Communal, Provincial and Government Institutions of the Netherlands. XLV ART. 75. For giving School-Instruction in the Commercial Sciences, a Certificate of Capacity is to be obtained by passing an examination in: — a. Commercial Book-keeping. h. The Elements of the sciences bearing on Trade and Commerce, embracing Commercial Law, Commercial Geography, the Statistics of Manufactures and Trades, the knowledge of the Finances and the Financial System of different countries, and the rudiments of the knowledge of raw and wrought materials. For giving School-Instruction in Navigation, a Certificate is to be obtained by passing an examination in: a. Elementary Mathematics, including Spherical Trigonometry. h. The Elements of Astronomy. c. Phenomena in the Atmosphere and on the Ocean. d. A knowledge of the Instruments used in taking observations at sea. ART. 76. The Committees mentioned in Article 69 shall be competent to deliver to Candidates, after a successful examination, separate Certificates of Capacity for each of the subjects mentioned in Arts. 70 and 74, and for Book-keeping. ART. 77. The Committees mentioned in Art. 69, shall deliver to the Candidates, after a successful examination, separate Certificates of Capacity for School-Instruc- tion in: a. The French Language and Literature. h. The English „ „ „ c. The German „ „ „ d. Drawing in all its branches, Free-hand, Eectilinear and Perspective. e. Caligraphy. /. Modelling. g. Gymnastics. To give Instruction in the branches e and /, however, it is not necessary to possess a Certificate of Capacity for those branches. The fore-mentioned Boards are likewise competent to deliver to Candidates,, after a successful examination, Certificates of Capacity for School-Instruction in other Modern Languages. ART. 78. Candidates for obtaining one of the Certificates of Capacity for School In- struction, mentioned in Arts. 70—76, and in the Modern Languages, shall be XLVI moreover required to submit to an examination in the Theory of Education and Instruction, especially with reference to Middle-Class Instruction. Candidates for any other certificate for Middle-Class Instruction, possessing already one such certificate, shall be dispensed from submitting to a fresh examination in the science of Education and Instruction. The Certificate, mentioned in Art. 45 of the Law of 13 August 1857 (Staatsblad N". 103), qualifies the holder for giving the instruction therein specified at Middle-Class Schools for girls. ART. 79. Certificates of Capacity for" giving instruction in private schools, or in private houses, are to be obtained by passing a similar examination as Tor a certificate for School-Instruction, with exception of the examination in the Theory of Education. Certificates of Capacity for School-Instruction shall be also valid for private tuition. ART. 80. When the examination has been passed to the satisfaction of the Board, they shall deliver to the Candidate the Certificate required, the model of which shall be fixed by Our Minister of the Interior. ART. 81. Certificates of Capacity for giving Middle-Class Instruction shall be delivered on payment of twenty florins for any one of the Certificates B, mentioned in Arts. 70, 71, 73 and 73. Eifteen florins for any one of the Certificates mentioned in Art. 70, 71 and 73, or for any one of the Certificates mentioned in Arts. 74 and 75. Ten florins for the Certificate A meutioned in Art. 73, or any one of the Certificates mentioned in Arts. 76 and 77. Certificates of Capacity for Middle-Class Private Instruction are delivered on payment of seven florins, when for one branch only, and ten florins, when for two or more branches. The amount of the sums paid for the Certificates shall, after deduction of the expenses of the Board, exclusive of the allowances and remuneration of the Members, be paid into the Public Treasury. XLVII ART. 82. Any one having obtained by virtue of this Law, or by virtue of former regulations in this Kingdom, a Diploma as Technologist, Civil Engineer, Architect or Hydraulic Architect, Naval Engineer, Mechanic ' Engineer, Mining Engineer, Veterinarian, or Agriculturist, is qualified to give instruction in the Technical Sciences for which he has obtained his Diploma. He must, however, be able to produce the Testimonials of good moral conduct mentioned in Art. 25. T 1 T L, E VII. TRANSITIONAL PEOVISIONS. ART. 83. Teachers of either sex, both public and private, who, at the period of this Law coming into operation, shall be lawfully engaged in such callings, require no re-appointment or recognition to continue therein. They may also be appointed to a similar employment at a Public School established in accordance with this Law. ART. 84. The Certificate of general admission for the 1st grade, obtained by virtue of the Law of the 3rd April 1806, gives the same rights as the Certificate of Capacity A, mentioned in Art. 70, and the Certificate of Capacity mentioned in the first Clause of Art. 74. ART. 85. The Certificate of Capacity granted by virtue of Art. 73 of the Law of the 13th August 1857 (8. B. N**. 103) for more extended instruction in the modern Languages, Mathematics and Natural Philosophy as also the Certificates of the same import, obtained by virtue of the Law of the 3rd April 1806, shall be considered as conferring the same right as the Certificates of Capacity for those branches granted by virtue of Arts. 76 and 77 of this Law. XLVIIl ART. 86. Any one having obtained a University Degree before the introdaction of this Law, shall retain the qualiiication for giving Middle-Class Instruction in those branches, to ■which they are entitled by their Diploma. The degree of Doctor in Mathematics and Natural Sciences gives the same qualification as certificate B mentioned in Arts. 70, 71 and 73. The degree of Bachelor in Mathematics and Natural Sciences gives the same qualifications as Certificate A, mentioned in Art. 70. The degree of M. A. or B. A. ') gives the same qualification as the Certifi- cate mentioned in the first Clause of Art. 74. The degree of L. L. D. gives the same qualifications as the certificate Tor Political Economy mentioned in Art. 74. ART. 87. Such degrees as are mentioned in the foregoing Article, obtained after the introduction of this Law, shall give the holders thereof the same rights, till the Law for regulating Higher or University Instruction shall provide otherwise. ART. The Certificate mentioned in Art. 3 of the Eoyal Decree of the 13 April 1817 N". 22, if obtained before the introduction of this Law, shall give the same rights as the qualification for teaching Drawing, granted by virtue of Art. 77 of this Law. ART. 89. Persons, though not possessing a Diploma as Engineer, yet holding or having holden this office under Government, shall be entitled, under conditions mentioned at the close of Art. 83, to give instruction in the Technical Sciences, a knowledge of which is required for fulfilling the functions of Engineer. The same conditions apply to persons having completed the course at one of the Government schools for the training of Engineers and Military and Naval Oificers, such being qualified to give instruction in those Technical Sciences, ' which have been the subject of their studies. ') The Dutch Degree is for M. A., Phil. Theor. Mag. Lit. Hum. Dr. and for B. A., Cand. the same branches. XLIX ART. 90. During the first six years after this Lav's coming into effect, qualifications may be granted by Us to Dutch subjects or Foreigners, having acquired abroad a qualification to teach one or more of the branches of instruction mentioned in this Law, to give the like instruction in this Kingdom. ART. 91. The Communes, which by virtue of Art. 14 of this Law are bounden to establish and maintain Burgher-schools, shall acquit themselves of this obligation within sii years at most, reckoning from the period when this Law comes into effect, or when the population of the Commune has reached ten thousand souls. ART. 92. The Government Higher Burgher-schools mentioned in Art. 18, shall be opened within five years from the date of this Law coming into effect. ART. 93. The Lessons at the Polytechnic School shall be opened within one year from this Law's coming into effect. The pupils of the Academy for Civil Engineers at Delft, who at the period of that opening have been admitted to the Lessons of the 3rd and 4th school-year of the Academy for Engineering Sciences, or for Mining, shall be exempt from the Examination A, mentioned in Art. 59. The pupils, who at that period have been admitted to the Lessons of the 1st and 2nd school-year, shall, on submitting to that examination, be exempt from th6 test in the branches in which they have been examined for admission to that Academy, or which ai'c not included in the Academical curriculum. ART. 94. Until there shall be a sufficient number of Higher Burgher-schools with five years' curriculum, a part of the instruction, properly belonging to those schools, shall be given at the Polytechnic, as preparatory to its course of instruction. This preparatory tuition shall embrace ; — a. Mathematics. b. Natural Philosophy. c. Chemistry. d. The Elements of Botany and Zoology. e. Book-keeping, and the elements of the Commercial Sciences. /. Free-hand and Eectilinear Drawing. It shall be decided by Us, when this preparatory instruction at the Polytechnic shall cease. ART. 95. This Law shall come into effect either before or on the 1st July 1863. Existing prescriptions concerning Middle-Class Instruction will be abolished on this Law coming into effect. We further decree &c. &c. Amsterdam the 2nd of May 1863. (Signed.) WILLIAM. The Minister of the Interior. (Signed.) THOEBECKE. CONTEISTTS. Page. PREFACE. . . .... V. SECTION THE FIBST. ELEMUNTART INSTRUCTION. § 1. The Chief Provisions of the Law . . . 1. § 2. State of the Elementary Schools from 1848 to 1857 incl. 5. a. Number and Specification of Schools 5. h. The Teachers . . . . . 5. t. Number of Scholars . . ... 7. § 3. State of the Elementary Schools from 1858 to 1873 incl- . . . 10. a. Number and Specification of Schools , . .10. *. Staff of Teachers . . ,14. e. Number of Scholars . . . 15. § 4. Schools for More Advanced Instruction in the Modern Languages, Mathe- matics and Physics . . . . . . 26. § 5. State of the Instruction ... . .... 27. § 6. Training of Teachers. . ... 34. a. Grovernment Training Schools .... 34. b. Normal Instruction 35. V. Training of Teachers at the Elementary Schools, according to Art 12, Clause 2, of the Law. . .... . . 37. d. Communal and Private Establishments for the Training of Teachers . . 38. 1. Training of Female Teachers 42. /. Teachers' Unions. . ..... . 43. § 7. Certificates of Capacity for giving Elementary Instruction ... 44. § 8. Salaries of Teachers ... . . .47. § 9. Pensions of the Teachers ; Widows' and Orphans' Funds . . . 52. § 10. School-buildings, School-furniture, and Master's Dwellings . . . 54. § 11. School-fees . . ■ . ... 55. § 12. Charges of Public Elementary Instruction . . .... 58. SECTION THE SECOND. MIDDLE-CIASS INSTRUCTION. 62 § 1. Meaning of Middle-Class Instruction; chief provisions of the Law- . . 63. § 2. Middle-Class Schools for Artisans . 67. Page. A. State of matters before and in 1863 ... . . 67. B. State of matters from 1863 to 1874 . . .... 68. a. Number and Specification of Schools . 68. b. The Scholars. .... 71. c. The Stafif of Teachers. . . . ... 75. d. The Tuition . .77. e. Schoolrooms and School-appliances .... 78. f. Drawing Schools and Industrial Schools in 1874. . . . . 78. § 3. Higher Burgher-schools .... . . 79. A. State of matters before and in 1863 . . .79. B. State of matters from 1863 to 1874 .... . . . 81. a. Number and Specification of Higher Burgher-schools 81. h. The Scholars. . . . . 84. c. The Staff of Teachers . . . . . . 90. d. The Instruction . ... 97. e. The School-Buildings and Appliances ... . . . 106. § 4. The Polytechnic School . 107. § 5. Agricultural Instruction . . ^ 112. § 6. Navigation Schools . . 118. § 7. Middle-Class Schools for Girls . . 113. § 8. Charges of Middle-Class Instruction . . . 118. APPENDIX I. Law of 13th August 1857 (Staatshlad N». 103) on Elementary Instruction. ..... . I. APPENDIX II. Law of 2ud May 1863 (Staatsblad N». 50) on Middle-Class Instruction . . . . . . . XXI. ERRATA. Page 26 llth line for extended „ 44 11th „ from bottom „ 2780 from Table „ top Page XXIII. „ XXV. „ XXVI. „ XXXIII. „ XLVII. 45 50 54 88 92 art. 5th 18th 10th 21st 8 th 9 1983 no more re-edifiacation 1871 specialities 2nd line for in the clause 15 2nd „ „ with of 17 -Ist „ „ with a of 40 10th „ „ agricultural machinery 85 2nd extended read advanced „ 3780 „ 1982 „ less „ re-edification. „ 1874 „ specialists. read in the .second clause „ with „ with a „ construction of Ma- [chinery ,, advanced iifiJ.'.i.'M