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 HARRISON AND REID 
 
 THEIR LIVES AND RECORD 
 
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POLITICAL. 
 
 OP THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 AND THE 
 
 TERRITORIES 
 
 SHOWING THE PRESIDENTIAL VOTE 
 BY STATES DURINdTHEPAST 20 YEARS 
 (ALSd THE VOTE CAST BY TERRITORIES 
 AT THE LAST 5 OOKCiRESSlOKALELEC- 
 TIOKS) 
 
 De6ighea"byT CAMPBELL-COPELAW). 
 
 — 3)Taw»-V,yW. A:S-m\t>x,-WasWqton,D.C. 
 
Digitizod b y M iGro so ft ® ^. 
 
HAEEISON AND EEID. 
 
 THEIR LIVES AND RECORD. 
 
 '&IVB MB THE FACTS." 
 
 THE 
 
 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN BOOK 
 
 FOE 1892, 
 
 WITH 
 
 A HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN POLITICS UP TO DATE, AND A 
 CYCLOPEDIA OF PRESIDENTIAL BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Over Sixty Illuairaiions and Maps. Special Text hy Speoial Contributors. 
 
 COMPILED AND EDITED BY 
 
 THOMAS CAMPBELL-COPELAND. 
 
 THREE V0LU2IES IX ONE. 
 
 New York : 
 CHARLES L. WEBSTER & COMPANY. 
 
 1892. 
 
 I^ORTH AKLINGTON (: , 
 
Copyright, 1893, 
 CHARLES L. WEBSTER & CO. 
 
 {All rights reserved. ) 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 PRESS OF 
 
 Jenkins & MoCowan, 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
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00:NTEIifTS. 
 
 PART I. PAGE 
 
 Inteodtjction 7-8 
 
 Life and Record of Presidential Candidate 9-19 
 
 Life and Record of Vice-Presidential Candidate 30-34 
 
 Convention Proceedings 35-38 
 
 The Platform 39-31 
 
 PART II. 
 
 History of the Party 1-4 
 
 The Farmers' Alliance .-. . . 5-7 
 
 The Sub-Treasury "Warehouse Scheme .' 8-10 
 
 The Labor Party 11-12 
 
 The Prohibition Movement 13 
 
 Woman Suffrage 14-15 
 
 Republican National and State Committees 16-17 
 
 Republican League of the United States 18-19 
 
 Democratic National and State Committees 30-21 
 
 Prohibition National Committee 33 
 
 People's Party National Committee 33 
 
 The Australian Ballot 34 
 
 Gerrymandering 35 
 
 History of Tariff Legislation 36-39 
 
 United States Customs Duties 30-34 
 
 Tariff Reform Votes 35 
 
 Reciprocity 36-38 
 
 The Silver Question 39-40 
 
 The Single Tax Theory 41^3 
 
 PART III. 
 
 Declaration of Independence 1-4 
 
 Constitution of the United States, with Amendments , 5-17 
 
 Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States 18 
 
 Biographies of the Presidents 19-38 
 
 The Presidential Succession 39-40 
 
 The Electoral College, with Votes. 1789-1881 40^4 
 
 The Electoral Vote of 1893 44 
 
 Popular Vote, United States, 1789-1888 45 
 
 Popular Vote, by States, 1834-1888 46-50 
 
 Departments at the National Capital 51-53 
 
 The Federal Government, 1893 54^62 
 
 Origin of States and Territories 63 
 
 Settlement of States and Tei-ritories 64 
 
 State and Territorial Governors 65 
 
 State and Territorial Offices 66-77 
 
 8 
 
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CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 State and Territorial Legislatures 78 
 
 Population and Financial Condition of the States and Territories. . . . 79-81 
 
 Party Tendency in the New States 82-83 
 
 The Senate and House of Represelttatives 84-91 
 
 Apportionment of .Representatives 93-93 
 
 States Redistricted 94-99 
 
 Rules of the Fifty-first Congress 100-101 
 
 Rules of the Fifty-second Congress 102-119 
 
 Supreme Court Decision concerning House Rules 120-125 
 
 Principal of the Public Debt 126-127 
 
 Receipts and Expenditures, United States, 1791-1891 128-135 
 
 Appropriations Sanctioned by Congress, 1882-1892 136 
 
 Receipts and Expenditures, United States, in detail, 1891-1893 137-141 
 
 An Interesting Document 142-153 
 
 Population, Net Revenue and Expenditures of the United States, 
 
 ■with 'per capitas, 1837-1891 154 
 
 Customs Receipts and Expenditures, by States, 1891 155 
 
 Internal Revenue Receipts and Expenditures, 1891 155 
 
 Imports and Exports, 1891 156-162 
 
 Our Pensioners — with numerous detailed statements 163-177 
 
 The United States Army 177-180 
 
 The United States Navy 181-185 
 
 The President's Veto Power 186 
 
 Civil Service Rules 187-189 
 
 Grand Army of the Republic 190-191 
 
 Coast Defences 192-194 
 
 The Chilean Controversy 195-198 
 
 The Behring Sea Controversy 199-207 
 
 The World's Columbian Exposition 208-213 
 
 Naturalization Laws 214 
 
 Voting Qualifications, by States 215-219 
 
 Registration of Voters 220 
 
 Map and Political Analysis of each State, 1873-1892 232-318 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Text of the Mills Bill 31 9-331 
 
 Text of the McKinley Bill 332-380 
 
 The Blaine Report on Reciprocity 381-385 
 
 The Silver Bill of 1890 386-387 
 
 Speech of Mr. Mills on his Tariff Measure 388-390 
 
 Tariff Message of President Cleveland 391-398 
 
 Speech of Mr. McKinley on his Tariff Measure 399-411 
 
 Speech of Mr. Carlisle on the Tariff 413-414 
 
 The President's Centennial Message, December, 1888 415-418 
 
 Congressional Pluralities by States 419-431 
 
 Presidential and Other Votes of Cities 433 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 The addenda, immediately preceding the index , contains the latest infor- 
 mation, up to the moment of going to press, on the navy and other topics of 
 interest. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
P^ARDJ 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTEATIOI^S. 
 
 Political Map of the United States \. . . Peontispiecb. 
 
 ^ PAGE. 
 
 The Nominee for President, 1893 I. facing 1 
 
 The Nominee for Vice-President, 1893 I. " 11 
 
 The Presidents — Washington to Harrison III. " 19 
 
 James Gr. Blaine II. " 36 
 
 ThomasB.Eeed '": III. " 100 
 
 William McKinley, Jr (Appendix). 332 
 
 The British Surrendering their Arms III. facing 1 
 
 U. S. Flag ship CAifca^o III. "181 
 
 U. S. Steel Cruiser Bestow III. " 183 
 
 U. S. Steel Cruiser jBa?i!aOT<jr« III. " 185 
 
 Harbor and City of San Diego III. " 195 
 
 The Chilean Insurgent Vessel Itata III. " 198 
 
 The House in which Columbus was Born III. " 308 
 
 Administration Building, Columbian Exposition of 1893 III. " 310 
 
 Harbor and City of Geneva III. " 313 
 
 Machinery Hall, Columbian Exposition of 1893 III. " 313 
 
 CARTOONS. 
 
 " The North Bend Farmer and his Visitors " III. facing 39 
 
 " Storming the Castle " HI. " 41 
 
 "The Great Exhibition of 1860 " III. " 48 
 
 " Honest Abe taking them on the Half-Shell ". . . . III. " 64 
 
 " The Radical Party on a Heavy Grade " III. " 35 
 
 "Blood, will Tell." III. " 45 
 
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II^TEODUCTIOl^. 
 
 Believing that in so important a campaign as at present 
 there will be a demand for an honest Campaign Book, we take 
 pleasure in offering this work to the public. Some two years 
 ago we selected Mr. Thomas Oampbell-Copeland, formerly a stat- 
 istician in the Census Office at Washington, and one of the con- 
 tributors to "The American Cyclopedia," to comjsile this work. 
 Having engaged the services of Mr. Copeland, we next endeav- 
 ored to secure some prominent statesman to review the work and 
 write an introduction for it, thus giving it the stamp of absolute 
 authority. As previously announced. Senator Joseph E. Hawley 
 consented to do this for us. In his letter accepting our offer, he 
 writes: "I cannot imagine how you are to get into a work, any- 
 thing less than the size of the Encyclopedia Britannica, all the 
 matter imperatively indicated by the table of contents you send 
 me. I can only say, if you do, it will be the best campaign book 
 ever issued. * * * Please indicate, with what particularity 
 you can, the nature of the desired introduction, and I will write 
 it as you desire." It is with sincere regret that we now announce 
 that, owing to the pressure of important engagements, it has 
 been utterly inipossible for Senator Hawley to fulfill his promise. 
 We are sure, however, that a careful study of the contents of this 
 work will prove that we have succeeded in embodying within a 
 reasonable compass such political statistics and matters of gen- 
 eral political interest, that no question is likely to arise during 
 the coming campaign about which this book will not furnish 
 reliable information. 
 
 On all presidential years there are hundreds of catchpenny 
 books put upon the market, containing little more than a padded 
 In 7 
 
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8 i:ntroduction;. 
 
 life of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidates, and the 
 extravagant way in which these books have been advertised, and 
 their failure to fulfill the promises made for them, have led many 
 people to hesitate about buying a campaign work. We believe, • 
 however, that this book will fulfill all promises and expectations ; 
 it has been made for use, and contains information that gives it 
 permanent value. "We have endeavored to make the mechanical 
 part of the book in keeping with the merits of its contents. 
 
 PUBLISHEBS. 
 
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u 
 
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Hon. benjamin HARRISON. 
 
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THE EEPUBLICA^ CAMPAIGN BOOK. 
 
 THE REPUBLICAN IfOMIlfEE FOR PRESIDENT OP THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Hon. Benjamin Harbison, the Republican nominee for President, 
 chosen on the first ballot at the National Convention, held at Minneapolis, 
 June 7 to June 11, 1893, was born August 30, 1833, at North Bend, Ohio, 
 and is therefore in his 59th year. He is the son of John Scott Harrison by a 
 second marriage, his mother's maiden name being Elizabeth Irwin, daughter 
 of ^ Captain Archibald Irwin of Pennsylvania. His father's first wife was 
 Miss Johnson of Kentucky. There were two daughters and one son by the 
 first marriage. Both daughters are still living. By the second marriage 
 there were ten children, four of whom are now alive. Carter Barrett Harri- 
 son, John Scott Harrison, Anna Harrison — now Mrs. Anna Morris — and Ben- 
 jamin Harrison, who was elected President of the United States in Novem- 
 ber, 1888, and is still serving his country in that exalted ofiice, for which he 
 has just been renominated to the great satisfaction of many members of the 
 Republican party. 
 
 It maybe of interest to review briefly the pedigree of this distinguished 
 man. It is a matter of history that one of President Harrison's ancestors, 
 Major-General Thomas Harrison, was a military commander during the pro- 
 tectorate of Oliver Cromwell, the great English Republican. It fell to his 
 turn to convey Charles I. to Windsor, and thence to Whitehall, where he was 
 called upon to sit as one of the judges and then to sign the king's death war- 
 rant. After the death of Cromwell and the restoration of Charies II., Major- 
 General Harrison was condemned for treason, hanged, drawn and quartered 
 at Charing Cross. He died a martyr to the cause of liberty. 
 
 Some members of the Harrison Samily came over to Virginia from Lanca- 
 shire in 1635, a quarter of a century before the execution of their kinsman. 
 The leader of these colonists was the first Benjamin Harrison to land on 
 American soil. The party decided to make a home in Surry county, not far 
 from the colony of Jamestown, which had been settled nearly thirty years 
 before. A son, Benjamin, the second of that name, married Hanna Churchill, 
 who claimed afiinity with the world-renowned Duke of Marlborough. They 
 took up residence in Surry county, where a son was born, and named after 
 his father. 
 
 He, in due course, married a Miss Burwell, daughter of Louis Burwell of 
 Gloucester County, Va. The home of this family was about midway between 
 Richmond and Jamestown. As a result of the union a son was born, and 
 named Benjamin, he being the fourth Benjamin Harrison along the line of 
 direct descent. The records show that this son manied a daughter of Robert 
 Carter of Carotoman, Va. The father and two daughters were killed by 
 lightning in the hallway of their home during a terrific storm. 
 
 There were several sons, among whom were Charles and Benjamin. The 
 first-named became famous as a commander of artillery in the Revolutionary 
 War, and Benjamin made a brilliant record in public life, one of his best- 
 known acts being that of attaching his signature to the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence. He belonged to the Virginia House of Burgesses; was a member 
 
 9 
 
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10 THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 
 
 of the first Colomal Congress; a reporter of the resolution of independence; 
 president, for four years, 1777-81, of the House of Burgesses; served three 
 terms as Governor of Virginia, and was a member of the convention assembled 
 to ratify the Constitution of the United States. 
 
 WiUiam Henry Harrison, grandfather of the present occupant of the 
 White House, was born at Berkeley, Charles City County, Va., on Febraary 
 9, 1773, and was three and a half years old when his father signed the Dec- 
 laration of Independence. Gazetted as ensign in the First Regiment of 
 United States Artillery in 1791, he took part in the battle of the Miami in 
 1794, and gained fame at the battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Afterward pro- 
 moted to the rank of major-general, he distinguished himself by winning, in 
 1813, the battle of the Thames, in Canada. Tecumseh, the great Indian 
 warrior, was killed during this fight, whilst supporting the British. Misun- 
 derstandings with the Secretary of War led to a voluntary resignation and re- 
 tirement to his home at North Bend, O. Three years later he served in Con- 
 gress, continuing until 1819, when his election to the Ohio State Senate took 
 place. The record of William Henry Harrison includes two terms in the 
 United States Senate. When a candidate for the Presidency, in 1836, he re- 
 ceived 73 electoral votes. In 1840 234 electoral votes were cast in his favor, 
 as against 60 recorded in behalf of Martin Van Buren. 
 
 Benjamin Hakkison, now fulfilling his first term of ofBce as President 
 of the United States, received his education as a boy under his father's roof, 
 first from a governess, next from a Massachusetts college graduate, and then 
 from a graduate of Marshall College, Pennsylvania. He was seven years of 
 age when the campaign of 1840 was at its height, and was an eye-witness of 
 the enthusiastic demonstrations that made the ' ' Tippecanoe " political con- 
 test so remarkable. As a result of his home training and healthy home in- 
 fluences, the youth, in his fourteenth year, was thought to be considerably 
 in advance of most young people at his age. 
 
 From the home schooling he was sent to Farmer's College, Cincinnati, 
 where he gained credit for close application to study and general good con- 
 duct. Murat Halstead was one of his classmates. At the end of two years 
 he returned home. Shortly afterward his mother died. He did not recover 
 from this great blow for a long time, apparently abandoning all interest in 
 his life and surroundings. She had been his great friend, and in losing her 
 he experienced keenly that sense of isolation so peculiar to deep aflliction. 
 
 His next educational course was at Miami University, Oxford, O. Here 
 his record was excellent, gaining for him the esteem and high regard of his 
 associates, among whom were Oliver P. Morton, afterward Governor of In- 
 diana, and W. P. Fishback, with whom he subsequently became associated 
 in the practice of law, a profession he decided to adopt during his sojourn at 
 Miami. At college he came to be recognized as possessing all the qualifi- 
 cations for success as a public speaker, always choosing his words wisely, 
 and maintaining a calm and impressive attitude throughout. Although at- 
 tentive to his studies, he found time to fulfill social duties, frequently visit- 
 ing the home of Rev. John W. Scott, a former friend and professor, and at 
 this time the president of the Oxford Female College. During these visits 
 Benjamin Harrison became acquainted with Miss Carrie L. Scott, his friend's 
 daughter. The acquaintanceship ripened into friendship, and this, in due 
 course, resulted in the engagement of the young lovers, who subsequently 
 married and established a home at Indianapolis, where the student found his 
 first legal work. 
 
 The record of his early life at Indianapolis is one of struggle, hopeful and 
 determined, always ready to accept an honorable task, even if the remunera- 
 tion ofiered was entirely out of keeping with the work to be accomplished. 
 His first partnership was with William Wallace. In 1860 Mr. Wallace re- 
 
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-XHB PEESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 11 
 
 signed, and, in his stead, his college friend, W. P. Fishbacli, became an 
 associate in law. 
 
 Some four or five years before this time Benjamin Harrison's political 
 career may be said to have commenced. At a ratification meeting he was 
 introduced as the grandson of William Henry Harrison. On rising to address 
 the audience, he said: "I want it understood that I am the grandson of no- 
 body. I believe every man should stand on his own merits." This has been 
 his maxim through life, and has had much to do with his success. 
 
 For more that thirty-five years his services as a public speaker for his 
 party have been in demand, and his recent addresses, given day after day 
 during his presidential tour of the States, proves beyond doubt that he stands 
 in the first rank of those who are able to say timely and telling things in a 
 pleasant yet forceful and emphatic manner without previous preparation. 
 
 In 1860 Benjamin Harrison, or, as he was familiarly called, ' ' Ben, " ran 
 for the office of Reporter of the Supreme Court of Indiana. A memorable 
 incident in the campaign was his debate with Thomas A. Hendricks, in 
 which his opponents gave him great credit, and his friends accorded him the 
 honor of victory. 
 
 His canvass for the office of Reporter was successful, but before he had 
 held this position very long, war was declared, and volunteers were called 
 for from every loyal State. It is well known that the man who afterward 
 took such an important part in military afEairs was anxious at the very start 
 to participate in the conJiicts, but his official duties prevented this, and it 
 was not until Governor Oliver P. Morton made what might be termed a per- 
 sonal appeal that he felt fully justified in relinquishing all civil responsibil- 
 ities for the time being to help in arousing enthusiasm among those citizens 
 who did not realize the urgency of President Lincoln's call in July, 1863, for 
 300,000 more troops. He volunteered to raise a regiment, and within a month 
 the Seventieth Indiana Regiment was organized and had joined the forces in 
 Kentucky, with the organizer at its head as colonel. 
 
 The first part of his active service was occupied in skirmishing through 
 Kentucky and Tennessee, the force under his command forming part of the 
 Army of the Cumberland. On May 15, 1864, came the commander's first 
 opportunity to use, with good effect, whatever military knowledge he had 
 acquired since entering upon active service. The episode is thus described 
 by a justly celebrated writer, and is given here as best illustrating the charac- 
 ter and courage of Benjamin Harrison as a military commander. 
 
 "The 7th of May, i864, came. The armies moved out 100,000 strong. 
 The divisions were commanded by Generals Thomas, McPherson, and Scho- 
 field. The boys began 'Marching through Georgia.' General Thomas's 
 division, to which the Twentieth Army Corps belonged, had been massed at 
 Ringgold, but was now before the rocky cliffs of Rocky Face, upon which 
 Johnston had strongly fortified himself to dispute the passage of our armies 
 through Buzzard Roost Gap below. On the 8th of May occurred the assault 
 upon Rocky Face Ridge, and the terrible carnage that followed. 
 
 "Then Johnston suddenly discovered that the wily general of the Union 
 forces had been sending a division through Snake Creek Gap, some distance 
 south, to the rear, and was threatening the railroad and Resaca. General 
 Johnston withdrew from his works on Rocky Face, and quickly intrenched 
 himself at Resaca. 
 
 " Around Resaca, which was a small town on the Oostanula River, were 
 hills, swamps, ravines, and the densest of thickets. All this ground was 
 familiar to the enemy, while it was a strange land to the Union men. On the 
 15th of May the attack was made. 
 
 "Perched on the crest of a hill that commanded the approach to the 
 town, were rebel batteries that poured incessant fire into the Union ranks. 
 
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12 THE PKESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 
 
 It became positively necessary to silence them, but it would require brave 
 men and a desperate struggle to do it. The order came to General W ard, oi 
 the First Brigade, and was repeated to Colonel Harrison. 
 
 ' ' Between the brigade and the batteries was a dense pine thicket and then 
 a quarter of a mile of open field, so that Colonel Harrison knew nothing of 
 the position of the enemy he was to charge. But he commanded his olficers 
 to dismount, and did so himself, as he knew it would be impossible to charge 
 through that thicket on horseback. Then he said to the aide-de-camp who 
 brought the order: 
 
 " 'You are familiar with the ground outside. I am not. Will you go 
 ahead with me alone and show me this battery ? For if I were to charge 
 out now, I would be as apt to charge flank on to it as any other way.' 
 
 "The two had not proceeded far when a puff of smoke from the hill- 
 crest, and the report which followed, indicated the position of the battery, 
 and the ball screaming by emphasized the importance of the order. Colonel 
 Harrison instantly waved his sword to his men, and called in a voice that 
 caught the ear and heart of every man within its reach: 
 
 " ' Come on, hoys ! ' ' 
 
 " Instantly four regiments came pouring after him. They crashed into 
 the thicket and tore along, shouting meanwhile, and crying ' forward ! ' to 
 each other, all in the wildest disorder — for it was impossible to preserve the 
 lines in that tangled underwood. All were full of the spirit of their leader. 
 They soon emerged from the wood, and followed him on double-quick toward 
 the hill, shouting in a way that meant death to the Confederates. It is seldom 
 a command produces such effect so instantaneously as did that call, ' Come 
 on, boys ! ' attended as it was by the flash of the sword and the ready attitude 
 of the man. The Confederates saw it and felt it, and in desperation poured 
 a murderous fire into the advancing columns. Shot and shell flew thick about 
 the brave leader, and his men were falling fast. Still he went on, and had it 
 not been for the spirit that seemed to go from him to his followers, one might 
 have thought he was courting death, or shielding his brave men from it. 
 
 " They rushed on under the savage fire; and only the roar of cannons and 
 muskets, the cries of wounded and dying, the shouts of brave, determined 
 men, and the dense smoke that hovered over and amidst them in clouds and 
 hid the sight from heaven, might indicate that the battle was going on, until 
 the outer Confederate lines were reached; then they leaped over the breast- 
 works, and, hand-to-hand, they grappled with the desperate defenders. The 
 cold steel bayonets shone no longer in sunlight. Muskets were clubbed — 
 only pistol reports were heard above the din. Then all the enemy that were 
 left in the outer works were taken prisoners. 
 
 "But the work was apparently not half done, and that commander never 
 left any work of his in that condition. The battery was still at the crest, and 
 there was an impassable line of brushwood and stakes below it. Night fell, 
 and the men were still busy. They were digging into the hill-side, and up 
 toward the enemy's guns. If the enemy were feeling secure for a time, be- 
 hind the barrier, and at all satisfied at the havoc made in the Union ranks — 
 for fully a third of those brave soldiers lay wounded, dying, and dead on the 
 field — evidently, also, a counter-feeling of uneasiness rested upon them, for 
 the spirit with which the assault had been made, and the contest kept up, and 
 the carrying of their outer lines, meant that the Union colonel and his soldiers 
 did not intend to be thwarted. 
 
 "The tunnels broke through the hill behind the works. The guns were 
 lowered into them. And when the morning came, and General Sherman 
 looked to see the battle for the hill-top to be renewed, lo! the work was done 
 — ^the enemy had withdrawn. " 
 
 From Resaca until the end of the war Harrison and his men were con- 
 
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THE PEESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 13 
 
 spicuous for their undaunted courage and unflinching devotion to duty under 
 the most trying circumstances. He served under Hooker, Thomas, and 
 Ward, his force never failing to make its mark when called upon to act. 
 On July 20, 1864, during the tvell-contested battle at Peach Creek, he again 
 distinguished himself. The opposing generals vfere Hooker and Hood. 
 
 In a case of emergency, where immediate and decisive action was neces- 
 sary, he proved equal to the occasion, leading his men to victory with many 
 encouraging words. Swinging himself into line before his men, he said: 
 
 "Come on, boys! We've never been lioked.yet, and we won't begin now. 
 We haven't much ammunition, but if necessary we can give them the cold 
 steel, and before we get licked we will club them down; so come on." 
 
 "They charged up the hill after 'Little Ben,'" writes a biographer, "get- 
 ting ready as they ran. They were joined by the skirmish line, eager for 
 the fray. Just over the hill, among the trees, and behind a rail fence, they 
 saw the Confederates crouching like tigers. They charged on them, and for 
 half an hour there was hot and terrible fighting. Finally the Confederate 
 force was repulsed. But the gallant brigade lost 250 men in that short thirty 
 minutes. This was the decisive stroke; and the day was soon won. 
 
 "The next day the fiery General Hooker rode the lines, and seeing Harri- 
 son, he called out with an oath that he would have him made a brigadier- 
 general for yesterday's work." 
 
 General Hooker kept his promise, and in a letter to the Secretary of War 
 represented fully Colonel Harrison's military merits, recommending him 
 strongly for preferment. 
 
 ■ Whilst in the field, news of his renomination as an officer of the Supreme 
 Court of Indiana reached him. His political opponents, by their acts, made 
 it necessary for him to enter the campaign, which he did for 30 days, gain- 
 ing a decisive victory in the contest. Then he returned to the seat of war, 
 and displayed more conspicuous gallantry at Nashville in December. Sick- 
 ness in his family, and then his own sickness, kept him away from the field 
 for a time, but he was soon able to rejoin the forces^of Sherman, and contrib- 
 uted to a considerable extent in bringing about a prompt ending of the war. 
 The last incident in his military career was his presence at the head of his 
 men in the grand review at Washington. 
 
 General Harrison, on his return home, resumed the practice of law, his 
 partners being Messrs. R. G. Porter and Fishback. Their practice became 
 extensive and important, and their services were greatly in demand. Several 
 changes were made in the firm as time went on, but General Harrison re- 
 mained throughout, gradually gaining in reputation, until, at last, he came 
 to be acknowledged by members of the bar, irrespective of party, as "a 
 judicious counsellor, an able advocate, a keen cross-examiner, and a man of 
 indefatigable industry," 
 
 In 1875 General Harrison was urged to become a candidate for the Gov- 
 ernorship of Indiana, but declined, stating as one of his reasons that his per- 
 sonal affairs demanded a close application to professional duties. He took a 
 share, however, in the work of the campaign, and was much surprised to 
 learn from a Chicago newspaper, on one occasion when away from home, 
 that Mr. Orth, who had been nominated, had withdrawn from the contest. 
 He was still more surprised, and also greatly annoyed, when he read that his 
 own name had been placed at the head of the ticket. On returning home, 
 his remonstrances were strongly worded and emphatic. He declined to run, 
 but was finally persuaded to allow his name to remain for the sake of the 
 party. The ticket was defeated, but the Democratic majority was reduced 
 more than one-half, and General Harrison received 1,536 above the average 
 vote of the other five state oflicers. 
 
 His next most conspicuous public service was in connection with the rail- 
 
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14 THE PRESIDENTIAL CAKDIDATE. 
 
 way strikes in 1877. On that occasion lie acted in conjunction with the Gov- 
 ernor and a number of well-known citizens, doing much to arrange an ami- 
 cable settlement of the dispute. 
 
 General Harrison took part in the state campaign of 1878, entertained 
 President Hayes and John Sherman on their visit to Indianapolis,^ in 1879, 
 and was appointed chairman of the Indiana delegation to the National Re- 
 publican Convention which met in Chicago on June 7, 1880. At that time 
 the question was raised among his friends as to the expediency of placing his 
 name before the Convention for the Presidency, but he put his foot down 
 tiatly agamst it, and tlw3 Indiana vote was solid for Garfield. Again he took 
 an active part in the campaign which might be termed a double campaign, 
 as the election for governor took place m October. General Harrison did 
 splendid service for the party, and was rewarded by a seat in the United 
 States Senate, where he served with distinction from March, 1881, until 
 March, 1887. His record in the Senate includes important speeches on 
 Chinese immigration, and on the admission of new States. In 1887 changes 
 in the State Legislature brought about the election of a Democrat to serve 
 in tlie Senate from 1887 to 1893. 
 
 On retiring from his post at Washington, General Harrison returned to 
 Indianapolis, and again resumed the practice of the law, conducting a num- 
 ber of importont cases with great success. In 1888 his name was mentioned 
 for the Presidency, and the feeling in his favor grew so strong that when the 
 Convention assembled at Chicago on the 19th of June, 1888, Governor A. G. 
 Porter, in behalf of the Indian delegation, presented the name of General 
 Harrison as a candidate. The nomination was seconded by Mr. Terrill of 
 Texas, and also by Mr. Gallinger of New Hampshire. Ballots were taken 
 for three days, and General Harrison was nominated on the 8th ballot, re- 
 ceiving 544 votes, the previous ballots in his favor being 80, 91, 94, 307, 313, 
 331 and 378. 
 
 On the 4th of March, 1889 President Harrison assumed the reins of office 
 at the National Capital from President Cleveland, having 333 electoral votes, 
 as against 168 in favor of his opponent, who was sei-ving his first term in the 
 Presidency, and had become a candidate for renomination. As to the man- 
 ner in which President Harrison has conducted the affairs of the country, 
 no better statement need be made than that expressed by Senator Spooner in 
 seconding the motion for President Harrison's renomination before the 
 National Convention at Minneapolis on June 10th, 1893. 
 
 ' ' He has been from the day of his inauguration what the people elected 
 him to be — President of the United States. He has given to the country an 
 administration which for ability, efficiency, purity and patriotism challenge 
 admiration without fear of comparison with any which has preceded it since 
 the foundation of the government. He has been free from " variableness or 
 shadow of turning " in his devotion to the principles of the Republican party, 
 and to the redemption of the pledges made by it to the people. He has 
 stood for the protection of American industries, and the interests of Ameri- 
 can wage workers, and placed with alacrity the seal of approval upon the 
 great Tariff bill of the Fifty-first Congress, which has outridden the flood of 
 misrepresentation which swept over it, as did the ark in the deluge of old, 
 and now rests upon a foundation as solid as Mount Ararat. 
 
 " He championed and promoted by every means in harmony with the dig- 
 nity of his great office the adoption of the scheme of reciprocity, which as en- 
 acted has found favor with our people, and not limited to the South American 
 Republics or bartering the interests of one industry for the benefit of another 
 by the free admission of competitive products, but compelling fair treatment 
 by all governments of all our people, and our productions under penalty of 
 commercial retaliation. 
 
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THE PBESIDBNTIAL CANDIDATE. 15 
 
 " Opealy friendly to the use of silver as one of the coin metals of the 
 country under conditions which shall surely maintain it at a parity with 
 gold.and striving to secure by international agreement the existence of those 
 conditions, he stands, nevertheless, as firm as the granite which underlies the 
 continent against a policy which would debase the currency of the people, 
 and must drive the coin of either metal out of circulation. 
 
 "Nor did he forget or disregard the solemn pledge of the Republican 
 party that 'every citizen, rich or poor, native or foreign born, white or 
 black, 'is entitled at every public election to cast one free ballot, and to have 
 that ballot honestly counted, and faithfully returned. 
 
 "With a skill, dignity and courage which has compelled the admiration of 
 political friend and foe alike he has caused it to be understood throughout 
 the world that the American flag represents a government which has the 
 power and the will to protect the American uniform and American interests 
 at all hazards everjrwhere, whether assailed by peppery neighbors to the 
 southward of us, or by the diplomacy or power of Great Britain. 
 
 "Every interest of the people has had his best care and his best thought, 
 and he stands before the country to-day well approved and universally 
 ackowledged to be a man of transcendent ability, of extraordinary capacity 
 for the discharge of executive duty, of exalted patriotism and lofty purpose, 
 who would not for a unanimous renomination by this Convention and a re- 
 election by the people swerve one hair's breadth in any matter of duty, great 
 or small, from what he believes to be just and right. 
 
 " It is said against him that he had made enemies, and it is evidently true. 
 So did Washington, so did Jackson, so did Lincoln, so did Grant, so did Gar- 
 field, so did Arthur. But this Convention will not mistake the lamentations 
 of the disappointed for the voices of 'plain people.' This judgment again 
 overestimates the importance of individuals and underestimates the intelli- 
 gence and patriotism of the masses. They will not be gulled into the belief 
 that the object of government is the bestowal of office. 
 
 " The people care little for the ambition of leaders, and whether John 
 Smith secures an office this month, next month, or not at all. They do not 
 demand of a President that he shall be able to please every one. They want 
 good government, they demand honesty and ability, and industry and purity 
 in public and private life, and all this they have had in Ben Harrison, and 
 they know it. 
 
 "We place him before this Convention as one who can bear, and will 
 bear, whether nominated or not — for he is a Kepublican — his full share in 
 this great contest which to-day is begun. 
 
 " The Republicans of every State, save one, in convention assembled have 
 endorsed with enthusiasm his administration. Upon that administration and 
 its record of efiiciency and achievement the Republican Party is to invite the 
 coming campaign. There is nothing persuasive in the assertion that the 
 people who officially approve an administration will withhold their approval 
 from the man who is responsible for it, and who has largely made it. 
 
 ' ' Put him again at the head of the column. Place in his hand the banner 
 of Republicanism, and he will carry it aggressively all the time at the front, 
 and he will lead us again to victory. There will be irresistible power and 
 inspiration in the knowledge which pervades the people that so long as he is 
 President there is one at the helm who, whatever besides us, at home or 
 abroad, will bring to the solution of every question, to the execution of 
 every policy, and to the performance of every duty a splendid and dis- 
 ciplined intellect, absolute rectitude of purpose and unfaltering desire to 
 conserve every interest of every section, a self -poise which is a sure safe- 
 guard against hasty or mistaken judgment, and a patriotism which never 
 lias wavered, either in war or in peace. " 
 
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16 THE PKESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 
 
 This is the most fitting place for the text of the speech of Mr. Chauncey 
 M. Depew of New York, made in tehalf of General Harrison, at Minne- 
 apolis: 
 
 "Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention: 
 
 "It is the peculiarity of Republican National Conventions that each one 
 of them has a distinct and interesting history. We are here to meet condi- 
 tions and solve problems which make this gathering not only no exception to 
 the rule, but substantially a new departure. That there should be strong con- 
 victions, and their earnest expression as to preferences and policies, is charac- 
 teristic of the right of individual judgment, which is the fundamental principle 
 of Republicanism. 
 
 "There have been occasions when the result was so sure tbat the delegates 
 could freely indulge in the charming privilege of favoritism and friendship. 
 But the situation which now confronts us demands the exercise of dispassion- 
 ate judgment, and our best thought and experience. 
 
 "We cannot venture on uncertain ground, or encounter obstacles placed 
 in the pathway of success by ourselves. The Democratic party is now di- 
 vided, but the hope of the possession of power once more will make it in the 
 final battle more aggressive, determined, and unscrupulous than ever. It 
 starts with fifteen States secvire without an effort, by processes which are a 
 travesty upon popular government, and, if continued long enough, will 
 paralyze Institutions founded upon popular suffrage. It has to win four 
 more States in a fair fight — States which in the vocabulary of politics are 
 denominated doubtful. 
 
 "The Republican party must appeal to the conscience and the judgment 
 of the individual voter in every State of the Union. This is in accordance 
 with the principles upon which it was founded, and the objects for which it 
 contends. It has accepted this issue before, and fought it out with an ex- 
 traordinary continuance of success. 
 
 "The conditions of Republican victory from 1860 to 1880 were created by 
 Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant. They were that the saved republic 
 should be run by its saviors — the emancipation of the slaves; the reconstruc- 
 tion of the States; the reception of those who had fought to destroy the re- 
 public back into the fold, without penalties or punishments, and to an equal 
 share with those who had fought and saved the nation, in the solemn obliga- 
 tion and inestimable privilege of American citizenship. They were the em- 
 bodiment into the Constitution of the principles for which two millions of 
 men had fought and a half million had died. They were the restoration of 
 public credit, the resumption of specie payments and the prosperous condi- 
 tion of solvent business. 
 
 ' ' For twenty-five years they were names with which to conjure and events 
 fresh in the public mind which were eloquent with popular enthusiasm. 
 
 " It needed little else than a recital of the glorious story of its heroes and 
 a statement of the achievements of the Republican party to retain the confi- 
 dence of the people. But from the desire for change, which is characteristic 
 of free governments, there came a reversal; there came a check to the prog- 
 ress of the Republican party and four years of Democratic administration. 
 Those four years largely relegated to the realm of history past issues, and 
 brought us face to face with what Democracy, its professions and its prac- 
 tices mean to-day. 
 
 "The great names which have adorned the roll of Republican statesmen 
 and soldiers are still potent and popular. The great measures of the Repub- 
 lican party are still the best part of the history of the century. The un- 
 equaled and imexampled story of Republicanism in its promises and its 
 achievements stands unique in the record of parties, in governments which 
 are free 
 
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THE PKESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 17 
 
 " We live in practical times, facing practical issues -which affect the busi- 
 ness, the wages, the labor and prosperity of to-day. The campaign will 
 be won or lost, not upon the bad record of James K. Polk, or of Franklin 
 Pierce, or of James Buchanan — not upon the good record of Lincoln, or of 
 Grant, or of Arthur, or of Hayes, or of Garfield. It will be won or lost 
 upon the policy, foreign and domestic, the industrial measures, and the ad- 
 ministrative acts of the administration of Benjamin Harrison. Whoever re- 
 ceives the nomination of this Convention will run upon the judgment of the 
 people as to whether they have been more prosperous and more happy — 
 whether the country has been in a better condition at home and stood more 
 honorably abroad — imder these last four years of Harrison and Republican 
 administration than during the preceding four years of Cleveland and Dem- 
 ocratic government. 
 
 "Not since Thomas Jefferson has any administration been called upon to 
 face and solve so many or such difficult problems as those which have been 
 exigent in our conditions. No administration since the organization of the 
 government has ever met difBculties better, or more to the satisfaction of the 
 American people. Chili has been taught that, no matter how small the 
 antagonist, no community can with safety insult the ilag or murder 
 American sailors. Germany and England have learned in Samoa that the 
 United States has become one of the powers of the world, and no matter 
 how mighty the adversary, at every sacritice, American honor will be main- 
 tained. 
 
 " The Behring Sea question, which was the insurmountable obstacle in the 
 diplomacy of Cleveland and of Bayard, has been settled upon a basis which 
 sustains the American position until arbitration shall have determined the 
 right. The dollar of the country has been placed and kept on the stdcidard 
 of commercial nations, and a convention has been agreed upon with foreign 
 governments, which, by making bimetallism the policy of all nations, may 
 successfully solve all our financial problems. 
 
 ' ' The tariff, tinkered with and trifled with to the serious disturbance of trade 
 and disaster to business since the days of Washington, has been courageously 
 embodied into a code — a code which has preserved the principle of the protection 
 to American industries. To it has been added a beneficent policy supple- 
 mented by beneficial treaties and wise diplomacy, which has opened to our 
 farmers and manufacturers the markets of other countries. 
 
 " The navy has been builded upon lines which will protect American citi- 
 zens and American interests and the American flag all over the world. The 
 public debt has been reduced, the maturing bonds have been paid off, the 
 public credit has been maintained, the burdens of taxation have been light- 
 ened, two hundred millions of currency have been added to the people's 
 money without disturbance of the exchanges. Unexampled prosperity has 
 crowned wise laws and their wise administration. 
 
 " The main question which divides us is, to whom does the credit of all 
 this belong? Orators may stand upon this platform, more able and more 
 eloquent than I, who will paint in more brilliant colors, but they cannot put 
 in more earnest thought the affection and admiration of Republicans for our 
 distinguished ex-Secretary of State. 
 
 " I yield to no Republican, no matter from what State he hails, in admira- 
 tion and respect for John Sherman, for Gov. McKinley, for Thomas B. Reed, 
 for Iowa's great son, for the favorites of Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, 
 but when I am told that the credit for the brilliant diplomacy of this admin- 
 istration belongs exclusively to the late Secretary of State; for the adminis- 
 tration of its finances to the Secretary of the Treasury; for the construction 
 of its ships to the Secretary of the Navy; for the introduction of American 
 pork in Europe to the Secretaiy of Agriculture; for the settlement (so far as 
 
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18 THE PBESIDBNTIAL CANDIDATE. 
 
 it is settled) of the currency question to Senator John Sherman; for the 
 formulation of the tariff laws to Governor McKinley ; f or removal of the restric- 
 tions placed by foreign nations upon the introduction of American pork to 
 our Ministers at Paris and Berlin— I am tempted to seriously inquire, who, 
 during the last four years, has been President of the United States, anyhow? 
 
 "Cajsar, when he wrote those commentaries which were the history of 
 the conquests of Europe under his leadership, modestly took the position of 
 jEneas when he said, ' They are the narrative of events, the whole of which 
 I saw, and the part of which I was.' 
 
 "General Thomas, as the rock of Chickamauga, occupies a place in our 
 history with Leonidas among the Greeks, except that he succeeded where 
 Leonidas failed. The fight of Joe Hooker above the clouds was the poetry 
 of battle. The resistless rush of Sheridan and his steed down the valley of 
 the Shenandoah is the epic of our civil war. The march of Sherman from 
 Atlanta to the sea is the supreme triumph of gallantry and strategy. It de- 
 tracts nothing from the splendor of the fame, or the merits of the deeds, of 
 his lieutenants to say that, having selected them with marvelous sagacity and 
 discretion, Grant still remained the supreme commander of the national army. 
 
 "All the proposed acts of any administration, before they are formulated, 
 are passed upon in Cabinet council, and the measures and suggestions of the 
 ablest secretaries would have failed with a lesser President; but for the great 
 good of the country, and the benefit of the Republican party, they have suc- 
 ceeded because of the suggestive mind, the indomitable courage, the intelli- 
 gent appreciation of situations, and the grand magnanimity of Benjamin 
 Harrison. 
 
 "It is an undisputed fact that during the few months when both the 
 SecretSiy of State and the Secretary of the Treasury were ill, the President 
 personally assumed the duties of the State Department and of the Treasury 
 Department, and both with equal success. The Secretary of State, in accept- 
 ing his portfolio under President Garfield, wrote: ' Your administration must 
 be made brilliantly successful and strong in the confidence and pride of the 
 people, not at all diverting its energies for reelection, and yet compelling 
 that result by the logic of events, and by the imperious necessities of the 
 situation. ' 
 
 " Garfield fell before the bullet of the assassin, and Mr. Blaine retired to 
 private life. General Harrison invited him to take up that unfinished diplo- 
 matic career where its threads had been so tragically broken. He entered the 
 Cabinet — he resumed his work — and has won a higher place in our history. 
 The prophecy he made for Garfield has been superbly fulfilled by President 
 Harrison. In the language of Mr. Blaine, the President has ' compelled a 
 1 reelection by the logic of events and the imperious necessities of the situation.' 
 
 " The man who is nominated here to-day to win must carry a certain well- 
 known number of the doubtful States. Patrick Henry, in the convention 
 ■which started rolling the ball of the independence of the colonies from Great 
 Britain, said: ' I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is 
 the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by 
 the past.' 
 
 "New York was carried in 1880 by General Garfield, and in every im- 
 portant election .since that time we have done our best. We have put fonvard 
 our ablest, our most popular, our most brilliant leaders, for Governor and 
 State officers, to suffer constant defeat. The only light which illumines with 
 the sun of hope the dark record of those twelve years is the fact that in 1888 
 the State of New York was triumphantly carried by President Harrison. He 
 carried it then as a gallant soldier, a wise senator, a statesman who inspired 
 confidence by his public utterances in daily speech from the commencement 
 of the canvass to its close. He still has all these claims, and, in addition, an 
 
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THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 19 
 
 administration beyond criticism, and rich with the elements of popularity 
 ■with which to cany New York again. 
 
 "Ancestry helps in the Old World, and handicaps in the New. There is but 
 one distinguished example of a son first overcoming the limitations imposed 
 by the preeminent fame of his father, and then rising above it; and that was 
 when the younger Pitt became greater than Chatham. 
 
 " With an ancestor a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and an- 
 other who saved the northwest from savagery and gave it to civilization and 
 empire, and was also a President of the United States, a poor and unknown 
 lawyer of Indiana has risen by his unaided efforts to such distinction as law- 
 yer, orator, soldier, statesman and President that he reflects more credit on 
 his ancestors than they have devolved upon him, and presents in American 
 history the parallel of the younger Pitt. 
 
 "By the record of a wise and popular administration, by the strength 
 gained in frequent contact with the people, in wonderfully versatile and 
 felicitous speech, by the claims of a pure life in public and in thesimplicity 
 of a typical American home, I nominate Benjamin Harrison." 
 
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THE EBPUBLICAN NOMINEE FOE VICE-PEESIDENT 
 OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Hon. Wkitblaw Rbid, who was nominated for the Vice-Presidency by 
 unanimous vote of the delegates at Minneapolis on June 10, 1893, is the ed- 
 itor and proprietor of the "New York Tribune." An excellent sketch of his 
 career, accurate and impartial, was published in the columns of the " Trib- 
 une " on the morning following the nomination. The sources of information 
 being of course the most reliable, practically indorsed by the nominee, the 
 liberty is taken of reproducing the sketch as it appeared in the columns of his 
 own paper: 
 
 Whitelaw Reid, the Republican nominee for the oiBce of Vice-President, 
 was born in Xenia, Ohio, in October, 1837. His father, Robert Charlton Reid, 
 had married Marian Whitelaw Ronalds, a descendant in direct line from the 
 Clan Ronald of the Highlands of Scotland. His paternal grandfather, also 
 of Scotch blood, emigrated to this country toward the close of the last cen- 
 tury, and, as one of its earliest pioneers, settled in Kentucky; but in 1800 he 
 crossed the river and bargained for land upon the present site of Cincinnati. 
 But he was a stern old Covenanter, and found his conscience uneasy, owing 
 to a condition of the sale which required him to run a ferry every day of the 
 week across the Ohio River. Sooner than violate the Sabbath, he gave up 
 his bargain, and removing to Greene County, he became one of the earliest 
 settlers ia the township of Xenia. An uncle, Hugh McMillan, D. D., a Scotch 
 Covenanter and conscientious man, took the task upon himself for fitting 
 Whitelaw for college. Dr. McMillan was a trustee of Miami University and 
 principal of the old and long-noted Xenia Academy, which was then reck- 
 oned by the oflScers of Miami the best preparatory school in the State. As a 
 teacher of classics and general instructor Dr. McMillan had a fine reputation. 
 Under his instruction his nephew was so well drilled in Latin that at the age 
 of fifteen years he entered Miami as a sophomore, with a Latinist rank equal 
 to that of scholars in the upper classes. This was in 1853, and in 1856 he was 
 gi'aduated with the scientific honors, the classical honors having by his own 
 request been yielded to a classmate. Just after graduation he was made prin- 
 cipal of the graded schools in South Charleston, Ohio, his immediate pupils 
 being generally older than himself. Here he taught French, Latin and the 
 higher mathematics. During this period he repaid his father the expense of 
 his senior year in college, and, returning home at the age of twenty, he 
 bought the " Xenia News" and for two years led the life of a country edi- 
 tor. 
 
 AN ORIGINAL RBPTJBLIOAN. 
 
 Directly after leaving college Mr. Reid Had identified himself with the 
 then new Republican party, and took the stump for John C. Fremont. He 
 was a constant reader of the "New York Tribune," and his own paper, 
 the "News," edited with vigor and such success as to double its circulation 
 during his control of its columns, was conducted by him, as much as possible, 
 after the model of that great humanitarian journalist he was destined to suc- 
 ceed. In 1860, notwithstanding his personal admiration of Mr. Chase, he ad- 
 vocated the nomination of Mr. Lincoln, the " News" being the first West- 
 
 30 
 
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Hon. WHITELAW EEID. 
 
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THE VICE-PEESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 21 
 
 ern newspaper outside of Illinois to do so; and its influence caused the elec- 
 tion of a Lincoln delegate to the Republican Convention from the Xenia dis- 
 trict, thus strengthening the break in the Ohio column which Grovernor Chase 
 at the time so bitterly resented, After Mr. Lincoln's famous speech at the 
 Cooper Institute in New York and his return to the West, Mr. Reid went to 
 Columbus to meet him, formed one of his escort to Xenia, and introduced 
 him at the railroad station to the citizens. Subsequently he entered ardently 
 into the business of the campaign, making speeches and acting as secretary 
 of the Greene County Republican Committee. His exertions were too much 
 for his health, and he was compelled to withdraw from the political arena 
 and take a vacation. He travelled through the Northwest, visiting the ex- 
 treme headwaters of the Mississippi and St. Louis rivers, and returned across 
 the site of the present town of Duluth. The following winter he spent in 
 Columbus as a legislative correspondent on an engagement with the ' ' Cin- 
 cinnati Times." His letters from the Northwest in the "Cincinnati Gazette " 
 during the summer of i860 were favorably received, and, after a few weeks 
 of his engagement with the ' ' Times " had elapsed he obtained an offer at a 
 higher figure from the "Cleveland Herald," to be followed by a yet better 
 offer from the "Cincinnati Gazette." Mr. Reid undertook all three engage- 
 ments, and by them was put in receipt of a good income for a journalist in 
 those days, some $38 a week; but the task of writing daily three letters, dis- 
 tinct in tone, upon the same dreary legislative themes was a species of drudg- 
 ery which severely tried even his versatility and courage. Such disciplioe, 
 however, rendered his later journalistic labors comparatively light and at- 
 tractive. 
 
 SBRTICBS AB A WAB CORBBSPONDBNT. 
 
 At the close of that session df the Ohio Legislature the " Gazette " offered 
 him the post of city editor, and this position, so full of varied training, he ac- 
 cepted until, at the beginning of the Civil War, McClellan, then a captaia in 
 the Regular Army and stationed at Cincinnati, was sent to West Virginia. 
 With this movement, Mr. Reid, by order of the "Gazette" Company, took 
 the position of its war correspondent. Gen. Morris had command of the ad- 
 vance, and Mr, Reid, as representative of the then foremost journal in Ohio, 
 was assigned to duty as volimteer aide-de-camp, with the rank of captain. 
 Then over the signature of " Agate " began a series of letters which attracted 
 general attention and largely increased the demand for the "Gazette." Af- 
 ter the West Virginia campaign terminated in the victory over Garnet's army 
 and the death of General Garnet himself at Carrick's Ford, on Cheat River, 
 Mr. Reid returned to the "Gazette" office, and for a time wrote editorial 
 leaders. He was sent back to West Virginia, and given a position on the 
 staff of General Rosecrans. He served through the second campaign that 
 terminated with the battles of Carnifex Ferry and Gauley Bridge. These 
 battles he wrote an account of and then returning to the "Gazette" office 
 resumed his editorial duties and helped organize the staff of correspondents 
 the publishers of that journal had found it necessary to employ. Fairly es- 
 tablished as a journalist of much promise, only brief mention can be made of 
 the brilliant service which marked his subsequent career in the West. In 
 1861-'63 he went to Fort Donelson, recorded the Tennessee campaign, arrived 
 at Pittsburg Landing weeks in advance of the battle fought there, and, leav- 
 ing a sick-bed, was the only correspondent who witnessed the fight from its 
 beginning to its close. It was his account of this battle, one of the most im- 
 portant of the war, that stamped him as a newspaper correspondent of the 
 first class. Those ten columns of the " Gazette "were widely copied and 
 published in extras by St. Louis and Chicago papers, and their writer was 
 complimented by an advance in his already liberal salary, 
 
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23 THE VICB-PKESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 
 
 At tlie siege of Corinth Mr. Raid was appointed chairman of a committee 
 of the correspondents to interview General Halleck upon the occasion of the 
 latter's difficulty with "the gentlemen of the press," which ended in their 
 dignified withdrawal from the military lines. 
 
 EXPEEIENCBS AS A WASHINGTON COREESPONDBNT AND AS A PLANTER. 
 
 Mr. Reid went to "Washington in the spring of 1863, where he was offered 
 the management of a leading St. Louis newspaper. On hearing of this offer 
 the proprietors of the "Gazette" oifered to sell him a handsome interest in 
 their establishment at a fair price. This he accepted, and his share of the 
 profits for the first year amounted to two-thirds of the cost and laid the 
 foundation of his fortune. As the correspondent of the " Gazette " at the 
 National Capital he soon distinguished himself, and attracted by his literary 
 and executive ability the notice of Horace Greeley, who from that time be- 
 came his highly appreciative and unswerving friend. A visit to the South 
 in 1865, as the companion of Chief Justice Chase on the trip made by the 
 latter at the request of President Johnson, resulted in the production of Mr. 
 Reid's first contribution to literature in the form of a book, entitled "After 
 the War: A Southern Tour." This book is a fair reflex of its author's inde- 
 pendent and healthful mind and practical experience of men and things, and 
 an excellent record of the affairs of the South during the years immediately 
 f oUovring the war. During this tour the business of cotton-planting appeared 
 so remunerative that, in partnership with General Francis J. Herron, Mr. 
 Reid engaged in it in the spring of 1866; but when the crop looked most 
 promising the army worm detroyed three-fourths of it. Even what remained, 
 however, prevented the loss of their investment, and induced Mr. Reid to 
 try his fortune subsequently in the same business in Alabama; but after two 
 years, though not a loser, his gain was principally in business experience. 
 During these years, however, he was otherwise engaged than in growing 
 cotton. His ' ' Ohio in the War, " two large volumes of more than a thousand 
 pages each, was produced duiing the years when cotton-planting was his 
 ostensible business. This work is a monument of industry and a model for 
 every other State work of the kind. After the publication of this work Mr. 
 Reid in 1868 resumed the duties of a leader-writer on the " Gazette." 
 
 On the impeachment of President Johnson he went to Washington and 
 reported carefully that transaction. That summer Mr. Greeley renewed an 
 invitation, two or three times made before, to Mr. Reid, to connect himself 
 with the political staff of the "Tribune." Mr. Reid finally accepted, and 
 took the post of leading editorial writer, with a salary next in amount to that 
 of Mr. Greeley and responsible directly to him. He wrote many of the lead- 
 ers throughout the campaign that ended in the first election of Grant. 
 Shortly afterward a difficulty between the managing editor and the publishers 
 resulted in the withdrawal of the former, and Mr. Reid was installed in the 
 managing editor's chair. In this advancement he retained the affection and 
 unbounded confidence of his venerated chief, who since the withdrawal of 
 Mr. Dana to make his venture in Chicago and then to get the " Sun," had not 
 failed to observe the uncertainties and dangers attending this most arduous 
 of journalistic positions. By a bold expenditure in 1870 Mr. Reid surpassed 
 all rivals at home and abroad in reports of the Franco-Prussian war, and 
 from that time, with full power to do so, gradually reorganized and strength- 
 ened the staff of the Tribune. 
 
 ASSUMING THE EDITOKSHIP OF THE ' ' TRIBUNE. " 
 
 Alter the nomination of Mr. Greeley for President in 1872, Mr. Reid was 
 made editor-in-chief of the " Tribune " — an office accepted by him with gen- 
 uine reluctance, but with courage and determination. Untrammeled by tra- 
 
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THE VICE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. !?3 
 
 dition, he made the "Tribune" the exponent of a broad and catholic Ameri- 
 canism. In this he failed not to rally to his support scholarly and sagacious 
 veterans of the " Tribune " establishment. After the disastrous close of the 
 campaign of 1872, that which astonished friend and foe alike was the enor- 
 mous amount of resources Mr. Reid's conduct had gained for him in the 
 shape of capital freely and confidently placed at his disposal. He was thus 
 enabled to obtain entire control of the " Tribune." 
 
 Mr. Reid's public services as a journalist led his friends repeatedly to urge 
 him to enter other departments of public life. President Hayes and Presi- 
 dent Garfield offered him the position of American Minister to Germany, but 
 on both occasions he dechned it. In 1878 the New York Legislature elected 
 him for life a Regent of the State University. Finally, in March, 1889, he 
 was prevailed upon to accept from President Harrison the appointment of 
 Minister to France, and thereupon resigned the editorship of the "Tribune." 
 After securing the repeal of the French decree prohibitiug the importation of 
 American meats, and negotiating reciprocity and extradition treaties, he re- 
 signed olfice and came home in April, 1892. On his return he was honored 
 with dinners by the Chamber of Commerce, the Ohio Society, and the Lotos 
 Club. In 1881 Mr. Reid married the daughter of D. O. Mills, and they have 
 two children. 
 
 Speech op General Horace Porter of Kbw York in Seconding 
 
 THE Nomination of Hon. Whitelaw Reid for the Vice- 
 
 Presidenct, June 10, 1892. 
 
 "Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the Convention, I rise on behalf of 
 the New York delegation to commend to you the distinguished gentleman 
 whose name has just been pronounced as a candidate for the Vice-Presidency 
 by the chairman of that delegation. This gentleman by his private work 
 and public services has well commended himself, not only to the people of 
 the Empire State, but the people of all the States throughout the Union. 
 
 " His name and character and services will give an assurance that he will 
 carry out the policy of the party ; that he will stand strong in the affections of 
 his fellow citizens; that he will command the unqualified respect of all the 
 civilized globe. 
 
 " He is prominently to-day New York's favorite. In our side of politics 
 we have not been as prolific in favorite sons as the Democracy. New York 
 has given birth to two favorite sons. There we have twins, but, unlike other 
 twins, even the parents who begot them cannot trace any marked resemblance 
 between them. 
 
 THE StrCCESSOR OF GREELEY. 
 
 "Mr. Reid began his career- and continued his service in the broad and 
 instructive field of American journalism. He became the legitimate and 
 worthy successor to that great creator of modern journalism, Horace Greeley. 
 So broad were Mr. Reid's views, so thoroughly was he informed in every- 
 thing pertaining to the country's success, that the people demanded, and in 
 recognition of their wish the appointing powers selected him as Minister to 
 France in a very important crisis iu the diplomatic relations of the two coun- 
 tries. We were glad to see him sei-ve as Minister from the oldest Republic of 
 the New World to the newest Republic of the Old World. 
 
 " Scarcely had he been installed in office when there fell upon him for 
 solution the most complicated, the most intricate questions that had ever 
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24 THE VIOE-PKESIDBNTIAL CANDIDATE. 
 
 arisen in diplomacy between the two countries. That he solved them si'.c- 
 cessfully and met them boldly, is a mark of inexpressible pride to every one 
 who honors the American flag. 
 
 DIPLOMATIC ACHIBVBMBNTS. 
 
 " In the exhibits at the French Exposition he brought order out of chaos. 
 He negotiated a most important extradition treaty. He succeeded in secur- 
 ing France as the first nation to accept onr nation's invitation to the Interna- 
 tional Columbian Fair. He secured France as the first nation to give her 
 consent to the terms of our international copyright. He pegotiated there an 
 important reciprocity treaty, and last, he achieved his greatest triumph in 
 that warfare of intellectual giants in securing the repeal of the prohibitory 
 duties put upon American pork. 
 
 "He showed himself the master of modern diplomacy throughout these 
 complicated transactions, and he retained the absolute confidence of his own 
 government, and secured the respect of the French government, to which he 
 was accredited. His duty done, he resigned the oflice which he never 
 sought, and made manifest his feeling that the post of honor is the private 
 station. 
 
 "When he returned to our shores all the honors in the land were heaped 
 upon him. He was made an honorary member of the Chamber of Commerce 
 and of many important societies. Everywhere banquets were given in his 
 honor. His name is one which stands without reproach. There is no blot 
 on his escutcheon. He has not had to learn that reproach is a concomitant to 
 greatness. 
 
 " Heis an eminently practical man. He has always tried to perform, not 
 what he knows, but what he can do. He has been a loyal party man. He 
 has always placed loyalty to his party next only to loyalty to his nation. 
 
 "He believes, as you, Mr. Chairman, and as every delegate, I think, on 
 this floor, in the necessity of party, believes, that ^^^ 6t"i of party is the ori- 
 gin of faction, the abandonment of party is the beginning of anarchy. 
 
 ALL BIGHT WITH LABOK. 
 
 "It is said Mr. Reid has had difliculties with the typographical union. 
 That has all been amicably and satisfactorily settled. We have that state- 
 ment from the president of that organization, who was here present to-day, 
 and has placed it in writing. Give us Mr. Reid, and his name and his ser- 
 vices will do more than those of any other in assisting in the campaign there. 
 Give us him and we will give you a victory next November. 
 
 " Bring forth the banners, inscribe them with Harrison and Reid, and 
 with those two marshals in the van we shall enter upon the campaign with no 
 doubts to shake our purpose, with no ill-advised measures to lessen the ardor 
 of the campaign. We shall have no deserters from our ranks. We shall 
 have recruits nocking to our vanguard from every quarter. 
 
 " With all our battalions in the field, with all our columns on the march, 
 with our banners inscribed with the proud record of past successes, we shall 
 move on to final triumph and fall not until our banners sound the glad notes 
 of victory." 
 
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PROCEEDINGS OP THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CON- 
 VENTION, HELD AT MINNEAPOLIS, MINN., 
 JUNE 7 TO JUNE 10, 1892. 
 
 The tenth Republican National Convention assembled at Minneapolis on 
 June 7th, 1892, and with great enthusiasm was called to order by ChaiiToan 
 Clarkson of the National Committee at 12.35 p. m. Prayer was offered by 
 Rev. William Brush, Chancellor of the University of Dakota. The official 
 call of the Convention was then read, and Hon. J. Sloat Fassett of New 
 York was placed in nomination for temporary chairman. The election of 
 Mr. Fassett was rmanimous. The presiding officer pro teni. upon installation 
 made an able speech, in which the histoiyof the Party was briefly reviewed. 
 On mentioning the name of ex -speaker Thomas B. Reed, in connection with 
 that gentleman's work in the Fifty-first Congress, a great demonstration was 
 made. On response to many calls from the delegates and visitors, Mr. 
 Reed made a short but stirring speech on the policy of the party. 
 
 Temporary officers were then appointed, after which a roll-call of the 
 States was made. When this task had been completed, and the various 
 committees requested to assemble in the several committee rooms im- 
 mediately after the proper business of the meeting was concluded, the Con- 
 vention adjourned until 11 o'clock a. m. on the 8th inst. 
 
 The second day's session of the Convention opened at 11.47 a. m., on 
 June 8th. Prayer was offered by Bishop Whipple, of Minnesota. Mr. 
 Walker, a delegate from Nebraska, presented the Chairman with a gavel, 
 which was accepted by Mr. Fassett amid much applause. Following this 
 pleasing incident came a request from the presiding officer for the report of 
 the Committee on Credentials. General Cogswell, in behalf of that commit- 
 tee, announced that the report was not quite ready, but might reasonably be 
 expected on the day f ollovring. 
 
 Next in order came the report of the Committee on Permanent Organiza- 
 tion. This was presented by Mr. B. C. Lockwood of Idaho, and recom- 
 mended the election of Hon. William McKinley of Ohio as permanent chair- 
 man of the Convention, with Charles W. Johnson of Minnesota as perma- 
 nent secretary. The report was unanimously adopted. Mr. Fassett then 
 appointed Hon. Samuel Fessenden, Senator Spooner, and General Mahone 
 as a committee to escort the permanent chairman to his post. Govei-nor 
 McKJnley received a great ovation, and on assuming his duties made a 
 vigorous and well-received speech, dealing principally with the issues of pro- 
 tection and reciprocity. At the conclusion of his address, the Venerable 
 Fred. Douglass was called for, and warmly applauded. 
 
 The report of the Committee on Rules and Order of Business was asked 
 for and presented. General Bingham of Pennsylvania, on handing in this 
 report, announced that the rules had been framed in keeping with the rules 
 of the Fifty-flrst Congress. Then came a request for the report on the Com- 
 mittee of Resolutions. Chairman Foraker of Ohio, who met with an en- 
 thusiastic reception, announced that the report was not yet ready. An ex- 
 tension of time was granted to the committee. 
 
 The roll of States was called for the names of the new National Commit- 
 teemen. Thirty-six States and Territories responded. 
 
 Chairman McKinley, when the roll had been called, stated, under a mis- 
 apprehensign, that next in order came the nomination of gandid9,tes f Qr th§ 
 
 85 
 
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36 CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 Presidency. It was explained by Senator CuUom that nominations could 
 not be made until tbe reports of the Committees on Credentials and Resolu- 
 tions had been presented and adopted. The Convention then adjourned un- 
 til 11 A.M. on the following day. 
 
 The third day's session of the National Convention began at 11.37 a. m., 
 June 9th, 1892. Prayer was offered by Rev. William Brush, Chancellor of 
 the University of South Dakota. The report of the Committee onCreden- 
 tials was then called for, and announcement was made that the committee 
 was still in session, but hoped to report fully at 8 o'clock p. m. A Resolu- 
 tion, introduced by Senator OuUom, recommending a Congressional appro- 
 priation in aid of the "World's Pair, and a resolution introduced by Mr. 
 Roberts of Illinois, providing for admission of all members of the Grand 
 Army to the Convention Hall, and these resolutions having been referred to 
 the proper committee, the Convention took a recess, by vote of 407 against 
 350, until 8 p. M. 
 
 The proceedings at the evening session began at 8.53 p.m. On the 
 motion of Mr. Chauncey M. Depew of Kew York, congratulations were of- 
 fered to Col. "Dick" Thompson of Indiana, on having attained his eighty- 
 third birthday. Mr. Depew stated that Col. Thompson had voted for every 
 president during the past sixty years, had been a delegate at every National 
 Convention of the Republican Party since its organization, and had served 
 with distinction in Congress, and in the Federal Cabinet. A resolution was 
 then read from the Mayors of Titusville and Oil City, Pennsylvania, ad- 
 dressed to the Pennsylvania delegation,, asking that the country be informed 
 through the Convention, of the suffering and need for relief in Titusville and 
 Oil City. 
 
 A call was then made for the report of the Committee on Credentials. 
 Two reports were presented, one from the majority and from the minority of 
 the committee. After an animated discussion, a vote was taken, with the 
 result that the majority report was adopted by 476 to 365, a vote being pre- 
 viously taken as to a demand of the New York and Pennsylvania delegations, 
 a dispute concerning Alabama, when the vote stood 463}^ for the majority 
 report, as against 423Jg for the minority. The convention then adjourned 
 until 11 A. M., on Friday, the 10th inst. 
 
 At 11.30 A. M., on June 10th, the fourth day's proceedings were opened. 
 Rev. Dr. Wayland Hoyt of Indiana offering prayer. Chairman McKinley 
 then announced that the regular order was the consideration of the report of 
 the Committee on Credentials in regard to the Ninth District of Alabama, 
 and the motion to substitute the minority for the majority report. This mo- 
 tion was defeated by a mm voce vote, the majority report as a whole being 
 adopted. The next transaction was the reading of a communication from the 
 Woman's Republican Association, followed by a speech from Mrs. J Ellen 
 Foster concerning the work of the As,sociation and the general work of the 
 party. 
 
 At last the point was reached for presentation of candidates for President 
 and Vice-President. The roll of States was called. Senator Wolcott 
 answermg for Colorado, placed the name of James G. Blaine before the con- 
 vention. When the name of Indiana was reached, Col. Dick Thompson 
 placed m nommatiou Benjamin Harrison. At the mention of the names of 
 Blame and Harrison by those who placed them in nomination, and again by 
 those who seconded the nominations, there was a tremendous outburst of 
 cheering and applause. Mr. W. H. Eustis of Minnesota seconded the nomi- 
 nation of James G. Blame. At the end of Mr. Eustis's speech a tumultuous 
 outburst of applause occurred, lasting without intermission for twenty-four 
 minutes. Mr. Chauncey M. Depew seconded the renomination of Gen Har- 
 nson, and made the great speech of the convention. The cheeiing at the con- 
 
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COKVENTIOK PKOCEEDINGS. 
 
 27 
 
 elusion of Mr. Depew's eloquent appeal lasted twenty minutes. Mr. Warner 
 Miller of New York also seconded the nomination of James G. Blaine. Mr. 
 H. B. Cheatam of North Carolina, a colored delegate, also seconded the 
 nomination of Gen. Hwrison. Mr. G. B. Boyd of Tennessee spoke briefly in 
 behalf of Blaine, and Senator Spooner of Wisconsin addressed the Convention 
 at length in advocacy of Gen. Harrison's renomlnation. Mr. Stephen W. 
 Downey of Wyoming advocated the nomination of Blaine, but owing to the 
 growing impatience of the audience Mr. Downey had much difficulty in se- 
 curing attention. 
 
 The balloting then commenced, with the following result. 
 
 Harrison. Blaine. McKinley. Eeed. Lincoln. 
 
 Alabama 15 7 
 
 Arkansas 15 1 
 
 California 8 9 10 
 
 Colorado 8 
 
 Connecticut 4 8 
 
 Delaware 4 1 1 
 
 Florida 8 
 
 Georgia 26 
 
 Idaho 6 
 
 Dlinois 34 14 
 
 Indiana 34 
 
 Iowa 20 5 1 
 
 Kansas 11 9 
 
 Kentucky 33 2 1 
 
 Louisiana 8 8 
 
 Maine 12 
 
 Maryland 14 2 
 
 Massachusetts 18 1 H 
 
 MicWgan 7 2 19 
 
 Minnesota 8 9 10 
 
 Mississippi; ISVi 454 
 
 Missouri 28 4 2 
 
 Montana 5 10 
 
 Nebraska 15 1 
 
 Nevada 6 
 
 New Hampshire 4 2 11 
 
 New Jersey 18 2 
 
 New York 27 35 10 
 
 North Carolina 17?^ 3% 1 
 
 North Dakota 2 4 
 
 Ohio 1 45 
 
 Oregon 10 7 
 
 Pennsylvania 19 3 42 
 
 Rhode Island 5 1110 
 
 South Carolina 13 3 3 
 
 SouthDakota 8 
 
 Tennessee 17 4 3 
 
 Texas 22 6 2 
 
 Vermont 8 
 
 Virginia 9 13 2 
 
 "Washington 1 6 1 
 
 WestVirginia 12 
 
 Wisconsin 19 3 3 
 
 Wyoming * ^ 2 2 n 
 
 Arizona 1 1 
 
 District of Columbia " * " 2 X 
 
 New Mexico 6 
 
 Oklahoma '^ " 2 2 n 
 
 Utah ^ i ^ ^ n 
 
 Alaska 2 
 
 Indian Territory 1 ______ 
 
 Total 5351-6 1821-6 183 4 1 
 
 Kentucky 1 absent. 
 
 When it became apparent to the chairman that General Harrison had re- 
 ceived a majority of all the votes cast, he called upon the delegates to declare 
 
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28 COU'TENTION PKOCEEDISrAS. 
 
 if the nomination be made unanimous. The response was a general "aye," 
 and the nomination was therefore declared unanimous. A resolution was of- 
 fered by Ex-Senator Ingalls of Kansas to print a full report of the National 
 Conventions of 1856, 1860, 1864 and 1893, to be sold at the cost of printing, 
 after which the Convention adjourned until 8 p. m. 
 
 The Convention was again called to order at 8.53 p. m., and the announce- 
 ment was made from the chair that the next order of business was the pre- 
 sentation of names for nomination to the Vice-Presidency. The roll of States 
 was called, and when New York was reached, State Senator O'Connor nomi- 
 nated Hon. Whitelaw Reid. This nomination was seconded by Gen. Horace 
 Porter, and also by Governor Bulkeley. Mr. J. C. Settle of Tennessee placed 
 in nomination Hon. Thomas B. Reed of Maine. This was seconded by Mr. 
 Loutham of Virginia. Mr. Reed's name was subsequently withdrawn on the 
 announcement of a delegate from Maine that he was certain Mr. Reed would 
 decline the honor. Hon. Whitelaw Reid was then nominated by acclamation. 
 
 This practically ended the business of the Convention. Governor McKinley 
 was made chairman of a committee to notify the candidates. A resolution 
 of thanks to the chairman for the manner in which he had conducted the 
 proceedings, and one of thanks to the citizens of Minneapolis and Minnesota 
 having been placed before the meeting and unanimously adopted, the conven- 
 tion adjourned sine die at 9.57 p. m., June 10, 1893. 
 
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THE REPUBLICAN PLATFORM, 1892, ADOPTED AT 
 MINNEAPOLIS, JUNE 10, 1892. 
 
 THE PLATFORM. 
 
 The representatives of the Republicans of the United States, assembled in 
 general convention on the shores of the Mississippi river, the everlasting bond 
 of an indestructible republic, whose most glorious chapter of history is the 
 record of the Republican party, congratulate their countrymen on the majes- 
 tic march of the nation under the banners inscribed with the principles of 
 our platform of 1888, vindicated by victory at the poUs and prosperity in our 
 fields, workshops and mines, and make the following declaration of princi- 
 ples- 
 
 THE TAEIFF. 
 
 We reaffirm the American doctrine of protection. We call attention to 
 its growth abroad. We maintain that the prosperous condition of our coun- 
 try is largely due to the wise revenue legislation of the Republican Congress. 
 We believe that all articles which cannot be produced in the United States, 
 except luxuries, should be admitted free of duty, and that on all imports 
 coming into competition with the products of American labor there should 
 be duties levied equal to the difference between wages abroad and at home. 
 We assert that the prices of manufactured articles of general consumption 
 have been reduced under the operations of the Tariff act of 1890. We de- 
 nounce the efforts of the Democratic majority of the House to destroy our 
 tariff laws by piecemeal, as manifested by their attacks on wool, lead and 
 lead ore, and we ask the people for their judgment thereon. 
 
 We poiat to the success of the Republican policy of reciprocity, under 
 which export trade has vastly increased, and new and enlarged markets have 
 been opened for the products of our farms and workshops. We remind the 
 people of the bitter opposition of the Democratic party to this practical busi- 
 ness measure, and claim that, executed by a Republican administration, our 
 present laws will eventually give us control of the trade of the world. 
 
 The American people, from tradition and interest, favor bimetallism, and 
 the Republican party demands the use of both gold and silver as standard 
 money, with such restrictions and imder such provisions, to be determined 
 by legislation, as wlU secure the maintenance of the parity of values of the 
 two metals, so that the purchasing and debt-paying power of the dollar, 
 whether of silver, gold or paper, shall be at all times equal. 
 
 The interests of the producers of the country — its farmers and its work- 
 ingmen — demand that every dollar, paper or coin, issued by the government 
 shall be as good as any other dollar. We commend the wise and patriotic 
 steps already taken by our government to secure such an international con- 
 ference to adopt such measures as will insure a parity of value between gold 
 and silver for use as money throughout the world. 
 
 39 
 
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30 THE REPUBLICAN PLATFORM. 
 
 ELECTIONS. 
 
 "We demand that every citizen of the United States shall be allowed to 
 cast one free and unrestricted hallot in all public elections, and that such 
 ballot shall be counted and returned as cast: that such laws shall be enacted 
 and enforced as will secure to every citizen, be he rich or poor, native or 
 foreign born, white or black, this sovereign right, guaranteed by the Consti- 
 tution; the free and honest popular ballot, the just and equal representation 
 of all the people, as well as the just and equal protection under the laws as 
 the foundation of our Republican institutions, and the party will never relax 
 its efforts until the integrity of the ballot and the purity of elections shall be 
 fully guaranteed and protected in every State. 
 
 SOTTTHERN OTJTKAGES. 
 
 We denounce the continued inhuman outrages perpetrated on American 
 citizens for political reasons in certain States of the Union. 
 
 POKEIGN KBLATIONS. 
 
 We favor the extension of our foreign commerce, the restoration of our 
 mercantile marine by home-built ships and the construction of a navy for 
 the protection of our national interests and the honor of our flag; the main- 
 tenance of the most friendly relations with foreign powers, entangling alli- 
 ances with none and the protection of the rights of our fishermen. We 
 reafilrm our approval of the Monroe doctrine, and believe in the achievement 
 of the manifest destiny of the Republic in its broadest sense. We favor the 
 enactment of more stringent laws and regulations for the restriction of crim- 
 inals, pauper and contract immigration. 
 
 MISCELLANEOlrS. 
 
 We favor efficient legislation by Congress to protect the life and limbs of 
 employes of the railroad companies engaged in carrying interstate commerce, 
 and recommend legislation by the respective States that will protect employes 
 engaged in interstate commerce, and in mining and manufacturing. 
 
 The Republican party has always been the champion of the oppressed 
 and recognizes the dignity of manhood irrespective of faith, color or national- 
 ity. It sympathizes with the cause of home rule in Ireland, and protests against 
 the persecution of the .lews in Russia. The ultimate reliance of free popular 
 government is the intelligence of the people, and the maintenance of freedom 
 among men. 
 
 We declare anew our devotion to liberty of thought and conscience of 
 speech and press, and approve all agencies and instrumentalities which con- 
 tribute to the education of the children of the land, but while insisting upon 
 the fullest measure of reUgious liberty, we are opposed to any union of church 
 and state. 
 
 We reaffirmour opposition, declared in the Republican platform of 1888 
 to all combinations of capital organized to control arbitrarily the condition 
 of trade among our citizens. We heartily indorse the action taken on this 
 issue, and ask for such further legislation as may be required to remedv anv 
 effectivr '^ '^^ ' ^"^ '° ''*^°'^*^^ '^«''' enforcement more complete and 
 
 We approve the policy of extending to towns and rural communities the 
 advantages of the free delivery service, now enjoyed by the large cities of 
 the country, and reaffirm the declaration oontaied in the Republican pC- 
 
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THE REPUBLICAN PLATFOEM. 31 
 
 form of 1888, pledging the reduction of letter postage to one cent at the 
 earliest possible moment. 
 
 CIVIL SERVICB. 
 
 We commend the spirit and evidence of reform in the civil service, and 
 the wise and consistent enforcement by the Republican party of the laws re- 
 lating to the same. 
 
 NICABAGUA CANAL. 
 
 The construction of the Nicaragua Canal is of the highest importance to 
 the American people, both as a measure of national defense, and to build up 
 and maintain American commerce, and it should be controlled by the Gov- 
 ernment of the United States. 
 
 TEERITOBIBS. 
 
 We favor the admission of the remaining Territories at the earliest pos- 
 sible moment, having due regard to the interests of the people of the Terri- 
 tories and of the United States. All the Federal officeholders appointed in 
 the Territories should be selected from the residents thereof, and the right 
 of self-government should be accorded as far as possible 
 
 ARID LANDS. 
 
 We favor the cession, subject to the homestead laws, of the arid public 
 lands to the States and Territories in which they lie, under such Congres- 
 sional restrictions as to disposition, reclamation, and occupancy by settlers 
 as will secure the maximum benefits to the people. 
 
 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 The World's Columbian Exposition is a great national undertating, and 
 Congress should promptly enact such reasonable legislation in aid thereof as 
 will insure a discharge of the expense and obligations incident thereto, and 
 the attainment of results commensurate with the dignity and progress of the 
 nation. 
 
 INTEAIPEEANCE. 
 
 We sympathize with all wise and legitimate efEorts to lessen and prevent 
 the evils of intemperance and promote morality. 
 
 PENSIONS. 
 
 Ever mindful of the service and sacrifices of the men who saved the life 
 of the nation, we pledge anew to the veteran soldiers of the republic a 
 watchful care and recognition of their just claims upon a grateful people. 
 
 haerison's administration. 
 
 We commend the able, patriotic and thoroughly American administration 
 of President Harrison. Under it the country has enjoyed remarkable pros- 
 perity, and the dignity and honor of the nation at home and abroad have 
 been faithfully m'aintained, and we offer the record of pledges kept as a 
 guarantee of faithful performance in the future. 
 
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PART II. 
 
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HISTOKY OF THE REPUBLICAN PABTY. 
 
 The honor of being the birthplace of the Republican party is contested by- 
 several States. It now appears beyond doubt, however, that the earliest 
 movement looking to the establishment of the party was a large gathering of 
 anti-slavery advocates, dravpn from the progressive wing of both the Whig 
 and the Democratic parties of that day, " under the oaks " at Jackson, Mich- 
 igan, in a picnic fashion, on the 6th of July, 1854. Kindred spirits in Wis- 
 consin were the next to organize at a meeting held on the 13th day of the 
 same month. At Geneva, 111., Strong, Me., 'Worcester, Mass., Pittsburg, Pa., 
 and elsewhere in the Northern States, enthusiastic meetings were held at va- 
 rious dates during the following two years; and, pursuant to a wide demand, 
 a national convention was called to meet in Philadelphia on the 17th of June, 
 1856. William H. Seward and Salmon P. Chase having withdrawn their 
 names, the leading candidates for the Presidential nomination were Judge 
 John McLean of Pennsylvania and Gen. John C. Fremont, TJ. S. A. The 
 latter was nominated on the first ballot by a vote of 358 to 199. William L. 
 Dayton of New Jersey was chosen, also on the first ballot, to be the party's 
 candidate for Vice-President. There were three tickets in the field that year, 
 and the result of the popular vote was: 
 
 Buchanan & Breckinridge, Democratic 1,838,169 
 
 Fremont & Dayton, Republican 1,341,264 
 
 Fillmore & Donelspn, American 874,534 
 
 The Republicans cariied 11 States, with 114 Electoral votes, at this, the 
 first election in which they took part as an independent organization. 
 
 The country was electrified at the showing of strength made in the face of 
 such odds, and some of the best men in the Northern States, who had held 
 aloof from the new party through misapprehension of its prospects, now came 
 forward and enrolled themselves. It was evident that the anti-slavery agita- 
 tion was at last upon a practical basis. 
 
 What the North viewed with surprise the South regarded with well-de- 
 fined alarm. The Southern leaders grew bolder and bolder every day in then- 
 assertion of the constitutioQal rights of the States to regulate their domestic 
 interests, including the slave question; and at length these assertions took the 
 form of outright threats that, if the North gave the Abolition crusade its sup- 
 port, the slave States would secede from the Union and setup a Confederacy 
 of their own, where their peculiar institution would be safe from molesta- 
 tion. . » 
 
 The campaign of 1860 was, therefore, fought almost wholly on that issue. 
 Four Presidential tickets were in the field. Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois 
 was the candidate of that part of the Democratic party which believed_ in 
 sticking to the Union in any event, and in keeping the peace by comproniises 
 on both sides. John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, who had been identified 
 with the Buchanan Administration as Vice-President, was nominated by the 
 Slavery-at-all-hazards Democrats. 
 
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2 HISTORY OF THE KEPUBLICAN PARTT. 
 
 Another group of politicians in both the great sections of the country 
 formed what they called a Constitutional Union party, and chose a boumern 
 man, John Bell of Tennessee, for the first, and a Northern man Jidwara Ev- 
 erett of Massachusetts, for the second place on their ticket. The KepuDU- 
 cans, who had representatives from all of the free and from five of the slave 
 States at their convention, took only three ballots. The leadmg candidates 
 were William H. Seward of New York, already somewhat famous as a states- 
 man, and a "Western man— one Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, whose reputa- 
 tion Lad been largely gaiaed in local contests with the Democratic, favorite, 
 Douglas. 
 
 Seward led on the first ballot, Lincoln on the second. Before the third 
 had been finished it was evident that Lincoln was going to have the requisite 
 number to nominate, and a stampede to his side began. The wild scenes 
 which followed were described at length in the newspapers, and further in- 
 creased the alarm^t the South, causing the leaders there to take definite steps 
 toward executing some of the threats they had made in case the enthusiasm 
 of the new party in convention should prove an earnest of its work at the 
 polls. 
 
 The announcement of Lincoln's election was the signal for the secession 
 of South Carolina, the formation of the Southern Confederacy, and the re- 
 tirement of a host of Southern men from Congress to follow the fortunes of 
 their respective States. His first efforts, after his inauguration, were directed 
 to the restoration of peace, which he still hoped might be possible. But the 
 South was determined to go its way, and the new President had not been in 
 otHce a month and a half before hostilities were actually begun by the siege 
 of Tort Sumter. If the Southern leaders had deliberately set out to insure 
 for Lincoln's administration the undivided support of the North, they could 
 scarcely have chosen a safer course than this. Old Democrats flocked into 
 what came to be known as the Administration party, which was really only 
 the Republican party with its name sufficiently modified to save the self-re- 
 spect of some of its former foes who were ready to lend their aid in prosecut- 
 ing the war to a victorious end. 
 
 DuriQg the next three years, however, men's opinions had several oppor- 
 tunities for revisal, and not a few of the original Republicans who had tired 
 of Lincoln's patient, forbearing policy were ready to join with the Democrats 
 who had become doubtful of the success of the Union arms, to bring about a 
 change of administration. The dissatisfied Republicans put up Fremont as 
 a candidate to kill Lincoln off, and the Democrats nominated Gen. George B. 
 McClellan on a platform declaring the war a failure. 
 
 The regular Republican convention met in June, 1864, when the national 
 debt had swelled to nearly two billions of dollars, and gold sold at 353. The 
 prospect was exceedingly dark; but the homely maxim of the President, 
 " 'Tain't safe to swap horses while crossing a stream," had evidently taken 
 pretty firm hold of the minds of the delegates, and Lincoln was renominated. 
 Hannibal Hamlin, who had been his Vice-President, was retired in favor of 
 Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, on the theory tliat it would be wise to recog- 
 nize the loyal element in the seceded States by honoring one of their repre- 
 sentative men. Lincoln's ticket swept the North, Fremont having withdrawn 
 some time before the election day, and the Democratic peace platform being 
 unacceptable to the majority of the old Democrats themselves, when they 
 came to think soberly of its significance. 
 
 The war ended the following spring, as if the South had realized that the 
 reelection of Lincohi typified the resolve of the Northern patriots to stand by 
 their cause to the last gasp, and to sink party differences till the great end of 
 a restored Union had been accomplished. In the first blush of peace, Lin- 
 coln was assassinated by J. Wilkes Booth on Good Friday night, 1865 and 
 Johnson succeeded to the Presidential chair. Almost his earliest act as Pres- 
 
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HISTORY OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 3 
 
 ident was to quarrel with the Kepublican majority in Congress over the pol- 
 icy to be pursued in bringing the seceders back to allegiance and citizenship. 
 The controversy resulted in his trial on articles of impeachment, charging him 
 with high crimes and misdemeanors, his accusers taking the ground that he 
 had transcended his constitutional authority in many of his proceedings. He 
 was acquitted, but it was so narrow an escape that his influence was gone for- 
 ever, and at the end of his term there was no effort to renominate him. 
 
 Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, who had been chiefly instrumental in putting down 
 the rebellion, received the unanimous vote of the Republican convention of 
 18G8. His Democratic competitor was Horatio Seymour of New York. 
 Grant had a comparatively easy victory. His administration for the first four 
 years brought him into a serious conflict with Charles Sumner, Carl Schurz 
 and other eminent nien in his party, and Horace Greeley headed a revolt of 
 the Liberal Republicans, who held a separate convention from the main 
 party and nominated Greeley for President in 187a. He was endorsed by 
 the Democrats, and became Grant's chief opponent. The hybrid ticket was 
 popular, however, and Grant routed his foes after a sharp, but rather one- 
 sided campaign. 
 
 The eight years of Grant's service as President were notable for the com- 
 pletion of the Central and Union Pacific Railroads with government aid; the 
 war upon Kukluxism in the South ; a general amnesty law for the benefit of 
 the men lately in rebellion; the adoption of the 15th amendment to the Con- 
 stitution, conferring suffrage on the negro; the award of $15,500,000 to the 
 United States by the Geneva Tribunal for damages inflicted by the privateer 
 Alabama under English auspices; and the establishment of an Electoral Com- 
 mission to try the disputed question whether Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio 
 or Samuel J. Tilden of New York had been elected President of the United 
 States to succeed Grant. The Commission decided in favor of Hayes, the 
 Republican contestant, and he was inaugurated on the 5th of March, 1877. 
 
 One of the first incidents of the Hayes administration was the recall from 
 Louisiana, South Carolina and Florida of the Federal troops kept there by 
 Grant to suppress domestic disturbances. In this term also, the law requiring 
 the purchase and coinage of |2, 000, 000 to $4,000,000 worth of silver bullion 
 every month by the government, and the act providing for the payment of 
 arrears of pensions to veterans of the civil war, were passed; and the resump- 
 tion of specie payments, in accordance with the Sherman act of 1875, was 
 successfully accomplished. 
 
 In 1880 the Republicans nominated James A. Garfield of Ohio for Presi- 
 dent, and he defeated Gen. Wiufield S. Hancock, chiefly upon the issue of a 
 high versus a low tariff. A few months after his inauguration, he aroused 
 the hostility of Roscoe Conkling and Thomas C. Piatt, Senators from New 
 York, over a question of executive patronage, and the Senators resigned. 
 The bad blood excited by this controversy spread throughout the country, 
 the majority of the party siding with the President; but Charles J. Guiteau, 
 a disappointed office-seeker, avenged himself upon the President for fancied 
 wrongs by shooting him. Garfield lingered from the 2d of July, when the 
 assault was made, till the 19th of September, and then died, and Chester A. 
 Arthur of New York, the Vice-President, succeeded him. The chief events 
 of the Arthur administration were the enactment of the Morrill tariff law, the 
 law to restrict Chinese immigration for ten years, and the law for the reform 
 of the civil service. The public debt was largely increased also. 
 
 Arthur was a candidate for the Presidential nomination in 1884, but was 
 beaten after a sharp struggle by James G. Blaine of Maine. At the polls 
 Blaine was defeated by Grover Cleveland of New York, the Democratic can- 
 didate. Cleveland's pronounced views on the subject of tariff reduction gave 
 the Republicans again, as in 1880, a popular issue; the banner of Protection 
 to Home Industries was raised, and in the campaign of 1888, when Cleveland 
 
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4 HISTORY OF THE KBPUBLICAN PAKTY. 
 
 ran for a second term, he was badly routed by the Republican standard- 
 bearer, Benjamin Harrison of Indiana. 
 
 Harrison's administration has been conspicuous for the passage of the Mc- 
 Kinley tarifie act, an act for the relief of the Supreme Court by constitulmg 
 Circuit Courts of Appeal, an act requiring the purchase by the government 
 of 4,500,000 ounces of silver bullion monthly and an act to pay subsidies to 
 American vessels carrying the mails to parts of the world where our com- 
 merce is inactive; for the upbuilding of the American navy, and the estab- 
 lishment of relations of commercial reciprocity with several countries where 
 our agricultural products ought to have a market. 
 
 These measures owed their success to the fact that, with the restoration 
 of the Republicans to power in the executive branch of the government, a 
 like change was wrought in the legislative branch. Thomas B. Reed of 
 Maine was chosen Speaker of the new House, and soon aroused the animosity 
 of the Democratic minority by suppressing their attempts to delay the work 
 of the session by filibustering. The common practice in Congress had been 
 to decide whether there was a quoi-um present at any given time by taking a 
 vote on some pending bill or resolution by ' ' yeas and nays, " and then count- 
 ing the responses to see whether the total would amount to a quorum under 
 the constitutional rule. This often enabled a minority, by refusing to vote 
 even when bodily present in the chamber, to prevent the appearance of a 
 quorum on the official record of the vote, and thus deprive the chamber of 
 its right to proceed with public business. Speaker Reed abandoned this 
 precedent, directing the Clerk to count the members actually preseot, 
 whether voting or not, and, if the number proved sufficient, proceeding with 
 business in spite of all protests. The Republicans in the House approved his 
 course, and adopted a permanent rule making this method of determining the 
 presence of a quorum compulsory. 
 
 In the general elections of 1890 the Democrats swept the country, and 
 the Fifty-second Congress assembled the next year with a clear majority of 
 136 in the House of Representatives, besides a group of members elected by 
 the Farmers' Alliance, a political secret society holding a strong position in 
 the agricultural communities of the South and West. Members of the Alli- 
 ance generally acted with the Democrats. The Speakership went to Charles 
 F. Crisp of Georgia; and the Republicans, by casting their complimentary vote 
 for Ex-Speaker Reed, made him the leader of the opposition in the present 
 Congress. 
 
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THE FARMERS' ALLIANCE. 
 
 TitE Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union is one of many unions of 
 farmers which have come into being within the last twenty years. The 
 National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry for a time made itself felt in poli- 
 tics. This now has twenty-six thousand subordinate granges in the States 
 and Territories. The Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association claims half a 
 million members. The society known as Patrons of Industry is strong in 
 the Northwest. The National Colored Farmers' Alliance and Cooperative 
 Union has its strength in the Southern States. The National Farmers' Alli- 
 ance has branches in some fifteen States. 
 
 These organizations, existing as they do side by side, have many mem- 
 bers in common. The Grange especially has become almost wholly a social 
 and beneficiary organization and the majority of its members also belong to 
 the Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, which is the strongest, and, polit- 
 ically, the most powerful of the societies. How powerful it is may be im- 
 agined from the fact that it counts over a million and a half members. 
 
 In the year 1876 the farmers of Lampasas County, Texas, combined in an 
 alliance against land and cattle thieves. The association gathered strength 
 and found agitation for a "no fence" law and other issues which appealed 
 to all the farmers of the State, strength which was shown in the rapid growth 
 of the alliance. In 1886 the Farmers' State Alliance was formed. In its 
 platform it shadowed forth the strong stand it was to take in politics by de- 
 claring that one of its objects was "education of the agricultural classes in 
 the science of economical government in a strictly non-partisan spirit." 
 
 But other States had followed the lead of the Texas farmers. The Wheel 
 had been organized in a schoolhouse in western Arkansas in 1882, and the 
 farmers of Louisiana had united in the Farmers' Union. Delegates from the 
 Texas Alliance and the Louisiana Union met in 1887 at Waco, Texas, and 
 formed the National Farmers' Alliance and Cooperative Union of America. 
 In the following year a convention was held at Meridian, Miss., of delegates 
 from this and from the National Agricultural Wheel. The two bodies united 
 under the name of the Farmers' and Laborers' Union of America. In De- 
 cember, 1889, the name was changed to the National Farmers' Alliance and 
 Industrial Union, and this name has not been changed. It was at this con- 
 vention, held in St. Louis, that the first of those ' ' demands " were formulated 
 which have since then become such a feature of the organization. 
 
 The Farmers' Alliance has three departments of government, the legisla- 
 tive, the executive, and the judicial. The first is known as the Supreme 
 Council of the order, and is supreme in authority. The second is composed 
 of the duly elected officers, and the third consists of three judges whose duty 
 it is to decide all grievances and appeals affecting the Council, and to try ap- 
 peals from State bodies. The qualifications for membership are that the ap- 
 plicant shall be white and over sixteen years of age, shall be a believer in a 
 Supreme Being, shall have resided in the State six months, and shall follow 
 one of the following occupations: a farmer, a farm laborer, a mechanic, a 
 coimtry preacher, a country school-teacher, a country doctor or the editor of 
 an agricultural newspaper. The right to change the color requirement is 
 given to States or Territories, but none but whites can be elected as delegates 
 to the Supreme Council as the National Convention is called. 
 
 The ' ' demands " as they are called, formulated by the Supreme Council, 
 have been the subject of much comment. The meeting at Ocala, Florida, in 
 
 iB 5 
 
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G THE farmers' alliance. 
 
 December, 1890, put forth the following, -which attracted the attention of the 
 whole country: "It demanded the abolition of National banks, the establish- 
 ment of sub-treasuries to loan money on farm products and land at 3 per 
 cent, or less, the increase of the circulating medium to $50 per capita, laws 
 against dealing in futures in agricultural products, free and unlimited coin- 
 age of silver, laws against alien ownership of land, resumption by Congress 
 of all land granted to railroads in excess of that actually used by those roads, 
 reduction of the tariff, an income tax, national control of railroads and tele- 
 graph or government ownership of them, and election of United States sena- 
 tors by direct vote of the people. The platform of demands is given in full 
 at the end of this review of the general subject, together with the sub-treas- 
 ury warehouse scheme and other details. 
 
 ' ' Demands " such as these were sufficiently radical in their nature to call 
 forth the sharpest criticism. Among those who opposed them were a num- 
 . ber of members of the Alliance itself, led bj^ President Hall of the Missouri 
 State Alliance, who couched his opposition in no uncertain terms. 
 
 Of these "demands," that referring to the sub-treasuries and providing 
 for the loans, aroused the greatest interest. As set forth in the bill introduced 
 into the Senate by Senator Vance of North Carolina, and into the House of 
 Representatives by Mr. Pickler of South Dakota, it was sufficiently startling. 
 It authorized the appropriation of $50,000,000 to carry out the scheme. 
 Warehouses were to be built in counties whose sales of products had amounted 
 to $500,000 in any one year, and sub-treasurers in charge of them were to be 
 elected by the people. Any owner of cotton, wheat, corn, oats or tobacco 
 was to be at liberty to deposit his crop in these warehouses and receive there- 
 for treasury notes to the extent of 80 per cent, of their market value. Treas- 
 uiy notes issued for these crops were to be legal tender, and to be receivable 
 for customs duties, and all debts, public and private Warehouse receipts, 
 transferable by indorsement, were to be issued stating the value of the crop 
 deposited, the insurance and hauling charges. The interest on the money 
 advanced by the government was to be 1 per cent. The crops deposited 
 were to be redeemed by the surrender of the warehouse receipt and the pay- 
 ment of the advance together with the interest and charges. All money 
 paid to redeem the crops was to be destroyed. The warehouse receipts could 
 be deUvered and the crops redeemed at any sub-treasury. 
 
 The objections raised to this scheme by those who opposed it, are, first, 
 that it would force the government to become the greatest dealer in farm 
 products the world ever saw since Pharoah on the advice of Joseph cornered 
 the corn of Egypt; second, dealing in farm products is not a legitimate func- 
 tion of government; third, if the government advanced money on farm prod- 
 ucts, there is no logical reason why it should not advance money on all kinds 
 of manufactures; fourth, if the price fell below the 80 per cent, advanced, 
 the government would lose money; fifth, no clause was introduced to per- 
 mit the government to foreclose if the depositor did not keep his margin 
 good; sixth, the government would be forced to deal in agricultural products 
 without the power to refuse; seventh, the scheme is the purest or impurest 
 form of class 16gislation; eighth, the bill is unconstitutional in that it forces 
 the people to advance money for the special benefit of a section of the popu- 
 lation; ninth, the notes printed and secured on these farm products being 
 legal tender, in case of the destruction of the security, would have to be paid 
 in whole or in part by the people; tenth, the government is not and cannot 
 be a pawnbroker. 
 
 The Farmers' Alliance has made itself felt in politics. In the Congress 
 of 1892-93 it has the following representatives: 
 
 Senators, William Alfred Peffer, Kansas, and James H. Kyle, South Da- 
 kota. Representatives, Charles L. Moses, L. F. Livingston, R. W. Everett 
 Georgia; B. H. Clover, John G. Otis, John M. Davis, William Baker, Jerry 
 
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THE FAKMERS ALLIANCE. 7 
 
 Simpson, Kansas; Kittel Halvorsen, Minnesota; John C. Kyle, Joseph H. 
 Beeman, Mississippi; W. A. McKeaglian, O. M. Kem, Nebraska, and George 
 W. Shell, South Carolina. 
 
 THE PLATFORM OF DEMANDS. 
 
 A platform was adopted at St. Louis, but this was superseded by the 
 Ocala platform of the following year, which ran thus: 
 
 First. We demaud the abolition of National banks; we demand that the 
 government shall establish sub-treasuries or depositories in the several States, 
 which shall loan money direct to the people at a low rate of interest, not to 
 exceed 3 per cent, per annum, on non-perishable farm products and also up- 
 on real estate, with proper limitations upon the quantity of land and amount 
 of money. We demand that the amount of the circulating medium be speed- 
 ily increased to not less than |50 per capita. 
 
 Second. We demand that Congress shall pass such laws as shall eifectually 
 prevent the dealing in futures on all agricultural and mechanical productions, 
 preserving a stringent system of procedure in tiials such as shall secure the 
 prompt conviction, and imposition of such penalties as shall secure the most 
 perfect compliance with the law. 
 
 Third. We condemn the Silver bill recently passed by Congress, and de- 
 mand. In lieu thereof, the free and unlimited coinage of silver. 
 
 Fourth. We demand the passage of the laws prohibiting alien ownership 
 of land, and that Congress take prompt action to devise some plan to obtain 
 all lands now owned by aliens and foreign syndicates, and that all lauds now 
 held by railroads and other corporations in excess of such as is actually used 
 and needed by them, be reclaimed by the government and held for actual 
 settlers only. 
 
 Fifth. Believing in the doctrine of "equal rights to all and special privi- 
 leges to none," we demand that our national legislation shall be so framed in 
 the future as not to build up one industry at the expense of another; and we 
 further demand a removal of the existing heavy tariff tax from the neces- 
 sities of life that the poor of our land must have ; we further demand a just 
 and equitable system of graduated tax on incomes; we believe that the money 
 of the country should be kept as much as possible in the hands of the 
 people, and hence we demand that all national and State revenues shall be 
 limited to the necessary expenses of the government economically and hon- 
 estly administered. 
 
 Sixtli. We demand the most rigid, honest and just State and National 
 governmental control and supervision of the means of public communication 
 and transportation, and if this control and supervision does not remove the 
 abuse now existing, we demand the government ownership of such means of 
 communication and transportation. 
 
 Sewnth. We demand that the Congress of the United States submit an 
 amendment to the Constitution providing for the election of United States 
 Senators by direct vote of the people of each State. 
 
 The following additional plank in the platform was proposed, at the Oca- 
 la meeting, by Mr. Davie, of Kentucky, and was thff subject of a spirited 
 debate: 
 
 Whereas, There is now a bill known as the Sub-Treasury bill in the hands 
 of the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives, which 
 should have been reported and acted upon at the last session, and which, if 
 enacted into law, would bring the financial relief so much needed by all classes 
 and industries; 
 
 Therefore, Be it resolved that this National Convention of the Farmers' 
 Alliance and Industrial Union, do most respectfully and earnestly ask that 
 said bill be enacted into law as soon as possible, or some other measure that 
 will carry out these principles and meet the necessities of the toiling masses. - 
 
 * For most recent developments concerning the Farmers' Alliance, up to the mo- 
 ment of going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. 
 
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THE SXJB-TREASUE.Y WAREHOUSE SCHEME. 
 
 The following is the full text of the "Sub-Treasury bill." It was intro- 
 duced in the Senate by Mr. Vance, of North Carolina, and in the House of 
 Representatives by Mr. Pickler, of South Dakota: — 
 
 Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
 the United States of America in Congress assembled," That there may be es- 
 tablished in each of the counties of each of the States of this United States a 
 branch of the Treasury Department of the United States, to be known and 
 designated as a sub-treasury, as hereinafter provided, when one hundred or 
 more citizens of any county in any State shall petition the Secretary of the 
 Treasury requesting the location of a sub-treasury in such county, and shall, 
 
 1. Present written evidence, duly authenticated by oath or alfirmation of 
 county clerk and sheriff, showing that the average gross amount per annum 
 of cotton, wheat, oats, corn and tobacco produced and sold in that county 
 for the last preceding two years exceeds the sum of |500,000, at current 
 prices in said county at that time; and, 
 
 3. Present a good and sufficient bond for title to a suitable and adequate 
 amount of land to be donated to the government of the United States for the 
 location of the sub-treasury buildings; and, 
 
 3. A certiticate of election showing that the site for the location of such 
 sub-treasury has been chosen by a popular vote of the citizens of that county, 
 and also naming the manager of the sub-treasury elected at said election for 
 the purpose of taking charge of said sub-treasury under such regulations as 
 may be prescribed. It shall in that case be the duty of the Secretary of the 
 Treasury to proceed without delay to establish a sub-treasury department in 
 such coimty as hereinafter provided. 
 
 DEPOSITS OF CROPS. 
 
 Sec. 2. That any owner of cotton, wheat, corn, oats or tobacco may de- 
 posit the same in the sub-treasury nearest the point of its production, and 
 receive therefor Trea.sury notes, hereinafter provided for, equal at the date 
 of deposit to 80 per centum of the net value of such products at the market 
 price, said price to be determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, under 
 rules and regulations prescribed, based upon the price current in the leading 
 cotton, tobacco or grain markets of the United States; but no deposit consist- 
 ing in whole or in part of cotton, tobacco or grain imported into this country 
 shall be received under the provisions of this act. 
 
 ISSUE OF TKEABUKY HOTES. 
 
 Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause to be prepared 
 Treasury notes in such amounts as may be required for the purpose of the 
 above section and in such form and denominations as he may prescribe, pro- 
 vided that no note shall be of a denomination of less than $1, or more than 
 $1,000. 
 
 Sec. 4. That the Treasury notes issued under this act shall be receivable 
 for customs, and shall be a full legal tender for all debts, both public and 
 private, and such notes when held by any national banking association shall 
 be counted as part of its lawful reserve. 
 
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THB SUB-TREASUBY WABEHOUSE SCHEME. 
 
 ■WAKEHOTJSB RECEIPTS. 
 
 Sec. 5. It shall be the dxity of the manager of the sub-treasmy when cot- 
 ton, grain or tobacco Is received by him on deposit, as above provided, to 
 give a warehouse receipt showing the amount and grade or quality of such 
 cotton, tobacco or grain, and its value at date of deposit; the amount of 
 Treasury notes the sub-treasury has advanced on the product; that the inter- 
 est on the money so advanced is at the rate of 1 per centum per anuum; ex- 
 pressly stating the amount of insurance, weighing, classing, warehousing and 
 other charges that will run against such deposit of cotton, grain or tobacco. 
 All such warehouse receipts shall be negotiable by endorsement. 
 
 REDEMPTION OP DEPOSITS. 
 
 Sec. 6. That the cotton, grain or tobacco deposited in the sub-treasury 
 under the provisions of this act may be redeemed by the holder of the ware- 
 house receipt herein provided for, either at the sub-treasury in which the 
 product is deposited, or at any other sub-treasury, by the surrender of such 
 warehouse receipt and the payment in lawful money of the United States of 
 the same amount originally advanced by the sub-treasury against the product, 
 and such further amount as may be necessary to discharge all interest that 
 may have accrued against the advance of money made on the deposit of prod- 
 uce, and all insurance, warehouse and other charges that attach to the prod- 
 uct for warehousing and handling. All lawful money received at the sub- 
 treasury as a return of the actual amount of money advanced by the govern- 
 ment against farm products as above specified, shall be returned, with a full 
 report of tlie transaction, to the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall make 
 record of the transaction, and cancel and destroy the money so returned. A 
 sub-treasury that receives a warehouse receipt as above provided, together 
 with the return of the proper amount of lawful money and all charges as 
 herein provided, when the product for which it is given is stored in some 
 other sub-treasury, shall give an order on such other sub-treasury for the de- 
 livery of the cotton, grain or tobacco, as the case may be, and the Secretary 
 of the Treasury shall provide for the adjustment between sub-treasuries of 
 all charges. 
 
 DUTIES OP OPPICIALS. 
 
 Sec. 7. The Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe such rules and reg- 
 ulations as are necessary for governing the details of the management of the 
 sub-treasuries, fixing the salary, bond and responsibility of each of the man- 
 agers of sub-treasuries (provided that the salary of any manager of a sub- 
 treasury shall not exceed the sum of f 1,500 per annum), holding the man- 
 agers of sub-treasuries personally responsible on their bonds for weights and 
 classifications of all produce, providing for the rejection of unmerchantable 
 grades of cotton, grain or tobacco, or for such as may be in bad condition; 
 and shall provide rules for the sale at public auction of all cotton, corn, oats, 
 wheat or tobacco that has been placed on deposit for a longer period than 
 twelve months, after due notice published. The proceeds of the sale of such 
 product shall be applied, first, to the reimbursement to the sub-treasury of 
 the amount originally advanced, together with all charges, and, second, the 
 balance shall bfe'held on deposit for the benefit of the holder of the ware- 
 house receipt, who shall be entitled to receive the same on the surrender of 
 his warehouse receipt. The Secretary of the Treasury shall also provide 
 rules for the duplication of any papers in case of loss or destruction. 
 
 BUILDING TO BE ERECTED. 
 
 Sec. 8. It shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury, when Sec- 
 tion 1 of this act shall have been complied wi^h, to cause to be erected, ac- 
 
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10 THE SUB-TEBASUKY WAREHOUSE SCHEME. 
 
 cording to the laws and customs governing the constniction of government 
 buildings, a suitable sub-treasury building, with such warehouse or elevator 
 facihties as the character and amount of the products of that section may in- 
 dicate as necessary. Such buildings shall be supplied with all modern con- 
 veniences for handling and safely storing and preserving the products likely 
 to be deposited. 
 
 Sec. 9. That any gain arising from the charges for insurance, weighing, 
 storing, classing, holding, shipping. Interest or other charges, after paying 
 all expenses of conducting the sub-treasury, shall be accounted for and paid 
 into the Treasury of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 10. The term of otfice of a manager of a sub-treasury shall be two 
 years, and the regular election to fill such office shall be at the same time as 
 the election for members of the House of Representatives of the Congress of 
 the United States. In case of a vacancy in the office of manager of the sub- 
 treasury by death, resignation or otherwise, the Secretary of the Treasury 
 shall have power to appoint a manager for the unexpired term. 
 
 • FIFTY MILLION DOLI,ARS APPROPRIATED. 
 
 Sec. 11. The sum of $50,000,000, or so much thereof as may be found 
 necessary to carry out the provisions of this act, Is hereby approijriated out 
 of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated for that purpose. 
 
 Sec. 13. That so much of any or all other acts as are in conflict with the 
 provisions of this act is hereby repealed. 
 
 The annual salaries of the officers of the national organization are fixed 
 by the statutory laws as follows: President, $3,000, office and traveling ex- 
 penses, and $900 for stenographer; secretary, $2,000 and office expenses; 
 treasurer, $.500; lecturer, $3,000 and actual traveling expenses; members of 
 the Executive Committee, $500 each and traveling expenses when in actual 
 .service, except that the chairman shall have $3,000. A per capita tax of 5 
 per cent, on members must be paid Into the national treasury annually to de- 
 fray expenses. 
 
 The National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union has its headquarters 
 at Washington, D. C, and is strongest in numbers of any organization of 
 the kind in the Southern States. It is also represented in some of the cen- 
 tral Western States. The officers of the National Farmei's' Alliance are as 
 follows : 
 
 President Col. L. L. Polk, North Carolina. 
 
 Vice-President B. H. Clover, Kansas. 
 
 Secretary-Treasurer J. H. Turner, Georgia. 
 
 Lecturer J. F. Willetts, Kansas. 
 
 Executive Board: Chairman, C. W. Macune; A. Wardall, J. F. Tillman. 
 Judiciary Department: Chairman, R. C. Patty; Isaac McCracken, A. E. 
 Cole. Legislative Committee: C. W. Macune and A. Wardall. 
 
 The President, Secretary and Chairman of E.vecutive Board have their 
 headquarters at 339 North Capitol Street, Washington, D. C. 
 
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THE LABOR PARTY. 
 
 The first strike in tlie United States occurred in New York city in 1803, 
 when a number of sailors struck for higher wages. In 1837 the Working- 
 men's Party appeared in New York, Bcjston, Philadelphia, and other cities. 
 At the State election in New York, in 1839, the Workingmen's Party elected 
 one candidate to the legislature, Ebenezer Ford, of New York. In 1831 the 
 New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics, and "Workingmen was 
 formed, and in 1834 a mechanics' convention met at Utica, N. Y., and pro- 
 tested against convict labor. 
 
 The first National Labor Congress met at Baltimore, Aug. 30, 1866. The 
 Knights of Labor were organized in Philadelphia, in 1869. From 1870 to the 
 present time, the labor movement has grown to a large extent in the increase 
 in its trades union membership. It has, by its strikes, lockouts, and settle- 
 ments by arbitration, had considerable influence in the direction of labor legis- 
 lation in political campaigns. 
 
 President Van Buren established the system of the ten-hour movement 
 in the government navy -yards in 1840, and President Johnson signed the first 
 eight-hour law for the benefit of government laborers, in 1866. Congress 
 created a National Bureau of Labor in 1884, which became an independent 
 part of the government in 1888. 
 
 The Trades Union organizations of the United States held a convention 
 at Columbus, Ohio, in December, 1886, when a national organization was 
 formed and a constitution adopted. The title taken by the organization was 
 that of The American Federation of Labor, which, together with the Order 
 of Knights of Labor of America, are the two principal national labor organ- 
 izations of the United States. A new National Industrial Organization was 
 formed at a convention held at St. Louis, in February, 1893. 
 
 Commissioner Wright, of the United States Department of Labor, reports 
 the eight-hour law as prevailing in the following States: — California, Con- 
 necticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, 
 Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Wyoming. In California, in the case of drivers, 
 conductors, and grip-men of street cars, a day's work consists of twelve hours. 
 In Elinois, the eight-hour law does not apply to farm work, nor does it prevent 
 contracts for longer hours during the day, week, or month. In New Mexico," 
 eight hours is a legal day's work upon mining claims. In New York, the law 
 does not include farm labor or domestic work, and overwork for extra pay is 
 permitted. In Pennsylvania the law does not apply to farm work, nor to ser- 
 vice by the month, year, etc. In Wisconsin the law does not apply to con- 
 tracts for labor by the week, month, or year. 
 
 Boycotting by labor organizations is practically prohibited by law in Ala- 
 bama, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, 
 Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, 
 Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Blacklisting 
 is practically prohibited by law in Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
 Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, North- 
 Dakota, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, and Wisconsin. 
 Both blacklisting and boycotting are prohibited by law in Dakota, Iowa, Kan- 
 sas, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New York, Tennessee, 
 Utah,„and Wisconsin. 
 
 In regard to employees joining organizations, it may be said, that in New 
 York, upon any one applying for a situation, it is a misdemeanor for any em- 
 ployer to exact an agreement, either written or verbal, from such party, that 
 he will not join one or the other of such organizations. 
 
 According to the last reports, the National Trades Unions have the follow- 
 ing membership. (The membership of the Knights of Labor is about 200, 000. ) 
 
 11 
 
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12 
 
 THE LABOE PARTY. 
 
 AMERICAN FEDBKATION. 
 
 TITLE OF ORGANIZATIONS. MEMBER- 
 SHIP. 
 
 Axe and Edge Tool-makers' Na- 
 tional Union 1,200 
 
 Journeymen Bakers' National 
 
 Union 17,500 
 
 National Union of Barbers 1,200 
 
 Blacksmiths' National Union ] ,400 
 
 International Brotherhood of Iron 
 
 Shipbuilders 10,000 
 
 Federation of Book-keepers 2,000 
 
 Box Sawyers' and Nailers' Union. . 1,500 
 Brewery Workmen's National 
 
 Union 9,500 
 
 Druggists' Ware Glass - blowers' 
 
 League, East 3,500 
 
 Druggists' Ware Glass - blowers' 
 
 League, West 4,600 
 
 Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen 16,000 
 Inter. Bricklayers' and Stonema- 
 sons' Union 35,000 
 
 Brotherhood of Carpenters and 
 
 Joiners of America 65,000 
 
 Amalgamated Society of Carpen- 
 ters and Joiners 2,800 
 
 Cigar-makers' International Union 27,000 
 Carriage and Wagon-mak'rs' Union 2,000 
 Clerks'. National Protective Asso- 
 ciation 1,500 
 
 National Union of Coopers of the 
 
 United States 8,500 
 
 United Mine Workers of America. 20,000 
 
 Order of Railroad Conductors 10,000 
 
 Amalgamated Society of Engineers 3,500 
 Brotherhood of Locomotive Engin- 
 eers 30,000 
 
 Brotherhood of Stationary Engin- 
 eers 6,000 
 
 Electrical Workers' Union 8,000 
 
 Brotherhood of Locomotive Fire- 
 men 83,317 
 
 Furniture-workers' Union of Amer. 8,000 
 United Garment- workers of Amer. 4,000 
 Glass - employes' Association of 
 
 America 750 
 
 FUnt Glass-workers'Union of North 
 
 America 7,000 
 
 Green Glass Pressers' Union 3,000 
 
 Glass Packers' and Sorters' Protec- 
 tive Union 1,500 
 
 Table Knife Grinders' National 
 
 Union 1,000 
 
 Granite-cutters' National Union . . . 80,000 
 Hat-finishers' International Asso- 
 ciation of North America 5,.50O 
 
 Hat - makers' International Asso- 
 ciation of North America 3,.500 
 
 Silk Hatters' Association 1,000 
 
 Wool Hatters' Association 2,000 
 
 TITLE OF ORGANIZATIONS. MEMBER- 
 
 SHIP. 
 
 Hair-spinners' National Union of 
 
 America 1,000 
 
 Saddle and Harness-makers' N. F. 
 
 of America 8,000 
 
 Horseshoers' Association 5,000 
 
 Horse-collar-makers' Union — 3,000 
 
 Iron - moulders' Union of North 
 
 America 41,000 
 
 gbeet-iron and Cornice - workers' 
 
 Inter. Union 3,000 
 
 Amalgamated Association of Iron 
 
 and Steel-workers 60,000 
 
 Building Laborers' and Hod-car- 
 riers' National Union 12,000 
 
 National Association of Machinists 10,000 
 Machinists' International Union . . 2,700 
 
 Musicians' National League 11,000 
 
 National Pattern-makers' League. 11,000 
 Brotherhood of Painters and Dee- 
 orators of America 16,000 
 
 Piano-makers' Union 6,000 
 
 Operative Plasterers' Inter. Union . 14,000 
 Journeymen Plumbers' and Gasfit- 
 
 ters' Union 7,000 
 
 International Typographical Union 28,000 
 German- American Typographia. . . 3,400 
 Quarrymen's National Union of 
 
 America 2,500 
 
 Atlantic Coast International Union 3,600 
 
 Lasters' Protective Union 12,000 
 
 Boot and Shoemakers' Interna- 
 tional Union 10,000 
 
 Nat. Federation of Silk-workers ... 1 ,500 
 
 Mulespinners' Union 9,000 
 
 Stereotypers' Union, New York and 
 
 Vicinity • 700 
 
 Stone-cutters 1,400 
 
 Switchmen's Mutual Aid Associa- 
 tion 7,000 
 
 Tack-mal^ers' Union 400 
 
 Journeymen Tailors' Union of 
 
 America 17,000 
 
 United Brotherhood of Tanners 
 
 and Curriers of America 900 
 
 Brotherhood of Telegraphers 800 
 
 Textile-workers' Progressive Union 
 
 of America 9,000 
 
 Mosaic and Encaustic Tile-makers' 
 
 National Union , 3,000 
 
 Waiters' and Bartenders' National 
 
 Union 7.50 
 
 Elastic Web- weavers 300 
 
 Wood-carvers' National Union 800 
 
 Machine - workers' International 
 Union 2,200 
 
 Total 675,117 
 
 LABOR VOTE CAST AT RECENT ELECTIONS. 
 
 State. 
 
 Arkansas '. .. 
 
 Connecticut — 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Maine 
 
 Massachusetts . , 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Missouri 
 
 New York 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Year. 
 
 .1890. 
 .1890. 
 
 .1891. 
 .1890. 
 .1890. 
 .1891. 
 .1889. 
 .1890. 
 
 Office. 
 
 Governor 
 
 Governor 
 
 Governor 
 
 Governor 
 
 Governor 
 
 Governor 
 
 Justice Supreme Court 
 
 Governor 
 
 Governor 
 
 Governor 
 
 Labor 
 Vote. 
 
 *85,181 
 
 209 
 
 B,579 
 
 ],r'" 
 
 1,< 
 
 13,198 
 
 85,114 
 
 tl4,651 
 
 1,048 
 
 5,447 
 
 Total 
 vote. 
 
 106,267 
 135,898 
 360,673 
 113,824 
 321,673 
 397,779 
 464,336 
 1,162,853 
 775,721 
 309,149 
 
 ♦Including Republican vote for Labor ticket. 
 tSocialist vote. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
THE PROHIBITION MOVEMENT. 
 
 Fob over half a century the prohibition movement has been agitated in 
 this country, and for over forty years it has been a political issue in some of 
 the States. Its agitation is as old as that of the slavery question. In Massa- 
 chusetts from 1835 to 1838, the local option law had become prohibition in 
 nearly all the counties; that is, the law prohibited the sale of less than 
 fifteen gallons of liquors at one time, but this act was repealed the next year. 
 In 1853 a prohibitory law was passed and remained in force with many 
 amendments until 1875, except that a license law took its place for a year in 
 1868. In 1875 a license law was passed and has since remained in force, not- 
 withstanding the annual efforts to renew prohibition. The Maine law — an 
 "act to prohibit drinking houses and tippling shops," was passed in 1851 
 and has since been the law of the State, except for the two years, 1856-57, 
 when a stringent license law took its place. Vermont passed the Maine law 
 in 1853, and has since enforced it. New Hampshire passed it in 1855, and 
 although retaining it since, has not entirely enforced it. Rhode Island 
 passed it in 1853, and substituted license and local option in 1868-65, passed 
 the Maine law again in 1874 and returned to license the next year. Connect- 
 icut passed the Maine law in 1854, never enforced it, and repealed it in 
 1873. New York passed the Maine law in 1855 and repealed it in 1857. 
 The Ohio constitution forbids the passage of any license law by the Legisla- 
 ture — that is, the sale of liquor must be free or prohibited. The "Scott 
 Law " for taking sales of liquor was passed and pronounced constitutional in 
 1883-83. In Michigan the Maine law was passed in 1855 and repealed in 
 1875; in 1876 the no-license clause of the constitution was repealed. Iowa 
 passed the Maine law in 1855. In 1883 a prohibitory amendment to the 
 State constitution, having been passed by two Legislatures, was ratified by 
 the people by a large majority. Kansas adopted a prohibitory amendment 
 in 1880, and in 1881 the Legislature passed an act to enforce it. In 1883 Gov- 
 ernor St. John, the leader of the Prohibitionists, was renominated by the 
 Republicans. About 16,000 of his party voted against him, and he was the 
 only Republican candidate defeated. In North Carolina in 1881, a prohibitory 
 law proposed for popular ratification by the Legislature, was defeated by a 
 vote of 166,335 to 48,370. In Nebraska at the election in 1891 for a Judge 
 of the Supreme Court, Post, the Republican candidate, polled 76,447 votes, 
 Edgerton, the Independent candidate, 73,311 votes, and Bittenbender, the 
 Prohibition candidate, 7,332 votes. At the election for Governor in 1890, 
 Paine, the Prohibition candidate, polled 3,676 votes. Nebraska is still a 
 high license State, although strenuous efforts have been made to have a pro- 
 hibition act passed by its Legislature. In the election contest, 1891, for Chief 
 Justice, Colorado, Croxton, the Prohibition candidate, received 6,384 votes, 
 the Democratic vote being over 30,000 and the Republican vote more than 
 40,900. Augur, the Prohibition candidate for Governor of Connecticut, 
 1890, polled 3,413 votes, the total vote cast being 135,298. Link, Prohibition 
 candidate for Treasurer, Illinois, 1890, received 32,306 votes, the total vote 
 cast being 676,133. In Indiana, Blount, the Prohibition candidate for Sec- 
 retary of State, 1800, received 13,106 votes, out of a total vote of 477,643. 
 During the contest for governor, 1891, Iowa, Gibson, Prohibition candidate, 
 received 919 votes out of a total of 430,152. Harris, nominee of the party in 
 Kentucky, for governor, 1891, polled 3,893, the total for the State being 
 289,176. In Maine, Clark, running for the governorship, was credited with 
 3,981 votes, the total cast being 113,834. The states recording a Prohibition 
 vote of more than 10,000 at the last State election, in addition to Illinois 
 and Indiana, are New York (30,353); Ohio (30,190); Pennsylvania (18,439); 
 Tennessee (11,083) and Wisconsin (11,246). 
 
 13 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
WOMAIT SUFFEAG-B. 
 
 The question of Woman Suffrage, like that of Prohibition, has been 
 agitated for many years by that school of women of -which Susan B. 
 Anthony is the leading champion. This lady has often presided at Woman 
 Suffrage conventions held in various portions of the United States, and she 
 has, with woman's wit and womarCs logic, impressed more than one Con- 
 gressman of the righteousness of the cause for which she has so long and 
 ably labored. She has, like other distinguished exponents of special issues 
 that have arisen since the foundation of the Republic, met with both suc- 
 cesses and reverses, and now, venerable in age, she is still pressing onward 
 to the goal of her ambition "universal woman suffrage," with unimpaired 
 vigor, and ever sanguine of her ul.timate triumph. 
 
 Agitation against slavery in the United States gave prominence to the 
 question of "Natural rights." Tlie first Woman's Rights Convention was held 
 at Seneca Falls, N. Y., July 19, 1848. It based the claims of woman on the 
 Declaration of Independence and demanded equal rights. The first National 
 Woman's Rights Convention was held at Worcester, Mass., Oct. 33, 1850. 
 
 Its advocates argued that it is a natural right and that "the consent of 
 the governed" is not "the governed property holders nor the governed 
 voting men, nor the governed married men, but all the governed men and 
 women;" that taxation without representation is tyranny ; that the voting of 
 males is no longer conditional upon military service; that no class is as safe a 
 guardian of the interests of another class as that other class itself, and that 
 woman needs a vote to adequately protect and advance her interests. 
 
 In 1866 the American Equal Rights Association presented the first peti- 
 tion ever laid before Congress for Woman Suffrage. In 1868 the New Eng- 
 land Woman Suffrage Association was formed and the first systematic effort 
 begun for memorializing Legislatures and Congress, obtaining hearings 
 before these bodies, holding conventions, publishing and distributing tracts 
 and documents, and securing lecturers. In Massachusetts, in 1870, Lucy 
 Stone and Mary A. Livermore were admitted as regular accredited delegates 
 to the Republican convention. The Massachusetts Republican State Con- 
 vention of 1871 endorsed Woman Suffrage, and the National Republican 
 Convention of 1872 and 1876 resolved that the subject "should be treated 
 with respectful consideration." 
 
 Since 1870, women have voted in this country. In the Senate of the 
 United States, February 7, 1889, a select committee reported in favor of 
 amending the Federal Constitution so as to forbid States to make sex a cause 
 of disfranchisement. Congress adjourned, March 4, without reaching the 
 subject. 
 
 Twenty-nine States and Territories have given women some form of 
 suffrage. In Arkansas, women vote (by signing or refusing to sign petitions) 
 on granting liquor licenses. In Delaware, a law for school suffrage for 
 women was enacted in 1889; and in some places municipal suffrage is exer- 
 cised. In Kan.sas, women have suffrage with men in all municipal elections. 
 In Missouri, women vote (by signing or refusing to sign petitions) on liquor 
 licenses. In Montana, the new State Constitution guarantees women the 
 power to vote on local taxation. In New York, women vote at school 
 elections, at water-works elections, and on questions of paving, grading, 
 
 14 
 
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WOMAN SUFFRAGE. 15 
 
 drainage, street lighting and other local improvements; 47 women voted at 
 the State election in 1887, and were not punished. In Pennsylvania, a law 
 was passed in 1889, under which women vote on local improvements (paving, 
 etc.) by signing or refusing to sign petitions therefor. In Utah, women 
 voted in the Territory until excluded by the Edmunds law. They have 
 organized in large numbers to demand the repeal of this law. In Washing- 
 ton, women voted in the Territory for five years and until excluded from 
 the suffrage by a decision of the Territorial Supreme Court. In adopting a 
 State Constitution, the question of allowing women to vote was submitted 
 separately to the vote of the men. It was not carried. In some places 
 women were excluded from voting for members of the constitutional con- 
 vention, or on the adoption of the Constitution and the suffrage clause. 
 Many women claim that they were illegally excluded and will appeal to the 
 Supreme Court of the United States. In Wyoming, women have voted on 
 the same terms with men since 1870. The convention in 1889 to form a 
 State Constitution unanimously inserted a provisibn securing them suffrage. 
 The Constitution was ratified by the voters at a special election by about a 
 three-fourths majority. Congress refused to require the disfranchisement of 
 the women, and admitted the State, July 10, 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
REPUBLICAN NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES." 
 
 CALL FOR THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION. 
 
 On November 24, 1891, the Republican National Committee called the 
 next National Convention, to meet at Minneapolis on June 7, 1893. The call 
 announces that each State will be entitled to four delegates-at-large, and for 
 each Representative in Congress-at-large, two delegates; and each Congres- 
 sional District, each Territory and the D. C, two delegates. The delegates- 
 at-large are to be chosen by State conventions, called on not less than twenty 
 days' public notice, and not less than thirty days before the National Conven- 
 tion; the Congressional District delegates at conventions called by the Con- 
 gressional Committee of each district in the same manner as the nomination 
 for a Representative in Congress is made in the district; provided that in any 
 Congressional District where there is no Republican Congressional Commit- 
 tee, owing to the redistricting of the State under the next Congressional ap- 
 portionment, the Republican State Committee shall appoint from the resi- 
 dents of the district a committee to call a district convention to elect district 
 delegates. '* The Territorial delegates are to be chosen as the nomination of a 
 delegate in Congress is made, and the delegates of the D. C. at a convention 
 constituted of members elected in primary district assemblies held under the 
 call and direction of the Republican Central Committee of the D. C, which 
 committee is to be chosen, one from each Assembly District, on the first Tues- 
 day of January, 1892, at 7 p. m., at a place of meeting in each Assembly 
 District, to be designated by a joint call with not less than ten days' notice, 
 signed by the member of the National Committee for the D. C, and the 
 chairman of the Republican Central Committee of the district. Alternate 
 delegates are to be elected in the same manner and at the same time as the 
 delegates. " 
 
 REPUBLICAN NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES. 
 
 REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE. 
 
 Chairman . . 
 Secretary.. 
 Alabama... 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arkansas.. . 
 California . . 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Dakota 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Dist. of Col.. 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana . . . 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Mass 
 
 Michigan 
 
 J. S. Clarkson 
 J. S. Fassett 
 V. Young- 
 blood 
 
 Geo. Christ .. 
 P. Clayton... 
 M. H. Be 
 
 Young 
 
 W. A. Hamill 
 S. Fessenden. 
 A. C. Mellette 
 D. J. Lay ton 
 P. H. Carson, 
 J. K.Russell, 
 
 F. F. Putney, 
 
 G. L. Shoup , 
 W. J. Camp 
 
 bell 
 
 J. C. New.... 
 J. S. Clarkson 
 C. Leland, jr. 
 W.O. Bradley 
 P. B. S.PiDch- 
 
 back 
 
 J. M. Haynes 
 J. A. Gary. .. 
 H. S. Hyde . . 
 J. P. Sanborn 
 
 Des Moines, la 
 Elmira, N. Y, 
 
 Birmingham 
 Eureka Spr'gs 
 Nogales 
 
 S. Francisco 
 
 Georgetown 
 
 Stamford 
 
 Watertown 
 
 Georgetown 
 
 Washington 
 
 Olustee 
 
 Hardaway 
 
 Salmon City 
 
 Chicago 
 London, Eng. 
 Washington 
 Troy 
 Lancaster 
 
 New Orleans 
 Augusta 
 Baltimore 
 Springfield 
 Pt. Huron 
 
 Minnesota. . 
 Mississippi. . 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana . . . 
 Nebraska. . . 
 
 Nevada 
 
 N. Hampshire. 
 New Jersey . . . 
 New Mexico. . . 
 
 New York 
 
 N. Carolina 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania . 
 Rhode Island.. 
 So. Carolina... 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington... 
 
 W. Virginia . . . 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 R. G. Evans.. 
 
 James Hill . . 
 
 C. I.Filley... 
 
 C.S.Warren. 
 
 W. M. Robin- 
 son 
 
 E.Williams.. 
 
 P. C. Cheney. 
 
 G. A. Hobart. 
 
 W.L.Ryerson 
 
 J. S. Fassett 
 
 W. P. Cana- 
 day 
 
 A. L. Conger. 
 
 J. Bourne 
 
 L. E. Watres. 
 
 T. W. Chace. 
 
 E. M.Brayton 
 
 W.W.Murray 
 
 N. W. Cuney. 
 
 J. R. McBride 
 
 G. W. Hooker 
 
 J. D. Brady.. 
 
 T. H. Cava 
 nagh 
 
 N. B. Scott . . 
 
 H. C. Payne. 
 
 J. M. Carey.. 
 
 Minneapolis 
 Jackson 
 St. Louis 
 Butte City 
 
 Madison 
 Virginia City 
 Concord 
 Paterson 
 Las Cruces 
 Elmira 
 
 Wilming'ton 
 
 Akron 
 
 Portland 
 
 Harrisburg 
 
 Providence 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Huntington 
 
 Galveston 
 
 Salt Lake C'y 
 
 Brattleboro 
 
 Petersburg 
 
 Olympia 
 Wheeling 
 Milwaukee 
 Cheyenne 
 
 * For changes in names, if any, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda 
 preceding Index. This note applies to all committee and similar lists which are liahlA 
 to constant alteration, ' '^i^na.uio 
 
 16 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft© 
 
REPUBLICAN NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES. 
 
 17 
 
 REPUBLICAN STATE COMMITTEES. 
 
 Chairmen and Secretaries of tlie Committees appointed by the last Republican 
 State (and Territorial) Conventions: 
 
 Alabama. — Rep. State Com., Robert A. 
 Moseley, Jr., Montgomery, Chairman ; 
 Harvey A. Wilson, Birmingham, Secre- 
 tary. 
 . Arkansas.— Rep. State Com., Henry M. 
 Cooper, Little Rock, Chairman; M. W. 
 Gibbs, Little Rock, Secretary. 
 
 California.— Rep. State Central Com., 
 Irwin C. Stump, San Francisco, Chair- 
 man; Chas. F. Bassett, San Francisco, 
 Secretary. 
 
 Colorado.— Rep. State Com., E. M. Ash- 
 ley, Denver, Chairman; N. H. Meldrum, 
 Denver, Secretary. 
 
 Connecticut. — Rep. State Central Com., 
 Erastus S. Day, Colchester, Chairman; 
 R. Jay "Walsh, Greenwich, Secretary. 
 
 Delaware. — Rep. State Central Com., 
 John Pilling, Newark, Chairman ; J. 
 Frank Bacon, Greorgetown, Secretary. 
 
 Florida. — Rep. State Com., Dennis 
 
 J'^agan, Jacksonville, Chairman; Joseph 
 . Lee, Jacksonville, Secretary. 
 Georgia. — State Central Com., Alft'ed 
 . Buck, Atlanta, Chairman. 
 Idaho.— Rep. State Central Com., Jo- 
 !ph Pinkham, Boise City, Chairman; 
 aam'l J. Pritchard, Boise City, Secretary. 
 ^JiLiNois.— Rep. State Central Com., 
 A. ffltr-Jones, Warren, Chairman; Daniel 
 Shepard, Chicago, Secretary. 
 
 Indiana) — Eep. State Central Com., 
 John K./Groudy, Eushville, Chairman; 
 Frank M. Milliken, Indianapolis, Secre- 
 tary. , 
 
 IowaL— Eep. State Central Com., Edgar 
 E. Mackj Storm Lake, Chairman; E. D.- 
 Chassell^'DesJiloines, Secretary. 
 
 Kansas. — Rep\ State Central Com., 
 Henry Booth, LarVed, Chairman ; Bion S. 
 Hutcnins, Hutchinson, Secretary. 
 
 Kentucky. — RepJstate Central Com., 
 John W. Yerkes, panville. Chairman; W. 
 E. Riley, Louisville, Secretary. 
 
 Louisiana. — Rep. State Central Com., 
 P. F. Herwig, \New-Orleans, Chairman; 
 William Vigers, New-Orleans, Corres- 
 ponding Secretary. 
 
 Maine.— Rep. State Com., Joseph H. 
 Manley, Augusta, Chairman; Frank E. 
 Southard, Augusta, Secretary. 
 
 Maryland. — Rep. State Central Com., 
 H. M. Clabaugh, Westminster, Chairman; 
 H. Clay Naill, Baltimore, Secretary. 
 
 Massachusetts. — Rep. State Com., Jo- 
 seph O. Burdette, Hingham, Chairman; 
 J. Otis Wardwell, Haverhill, Secretary. 
 
 Michigan.- Rep. State Central Com., 
 James McMillan, Detroit, Chairman ; 
 Wm. R. Bates, Detroit, Secretary. 
 
 Minnesota. — Rep. State Central Com., 
 Joel P. Heatwole, Northiield; James 
 Bixby, St. Paul, Secretary. 
 
 Mississippi. — Rep. State Executive 
 Com., J. M. Matthews, Winona, Chair- 
 man; William H. Gibbs, Jackson, Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 Missouri.- Eep. State Com., Chauncey 
 I. Filley, St. Louis, Chairman ; James T. 
 Beach, St. Joseph, Secretary. 
 
 Montana.— Rep. State Com., A. J. Selig- 
 man, Helena, Chairman; James B. Walk- 
 er, Helena, Secretary. 
 
 Nebraska.— Rep. State Central Com., 
 Dr. S. D. Mercer, Fremont, Chairman; 
 Walt M. Seeley, Bennett, Secretary. 
 
 Nevada.— Rep. State Central Com., E. 
 D. Boyle, Virginia, Chairman; F. C. Lord, 
 Virginia, Secretary. 
 
 New Hampshire.— Rep. State Com., F. 
 C. Churchill, Lebanon, Chairman; S. S. 
 Jewett, Laconia, Secretary. 
 
 New Jersey. — ^Rep. State Com., John 
 Kean, Jr., Elizabeth, Chaii'man; John Y. 
 Foster, Jersey City, Secretary. 
 
 New Mexico. — Territorial Rep. Com., 
 William W. Grlthn, Santa F6, Chairman; 
 J. D. Woodyard, Socorro, Secretary. 
 
 New York. — Rep. State Com., William 
 Brookfield, New- York, Chairman; John 
 S. Kenyon, Syracuse, Secretary. 
 
 North Carolina. — Rep. State Execu- 
 tive Com., John Baxter Eaves, States- 
 'ville. Chairman; F. T. Walser, Asheville, 
 Secretary. 
 
 North Dakota. — Rep. State Coin.,B. F. 
 Spaulding, Fargo, Chairman; W. B. Pat- 
 tm, Fargo, Secretary. 
 
 Ohio. — Rep. State Central Com., Will- 
 iam M. Hahn, Mansfield, Chairman; W. 
 S. MatthewSj^ Columbus, Secretary. 
 
 Oregon. — Rep. State Central Com., L. 
 T. Barin, Oregon City, Chairman; J. T. 
 Gregg, Salem, Secretary. 
 
 Pennsylvania. — Rep. State Com., Louis 
 A. Watres, Scranton, Chairman; Frank 
 WilUng Leach, Washington, D. C, Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 Rhode Island. — Rep. State Central 
 Com., A. K. Goodwin, Pawtucket, Chair- 
 man; Isaac L. Goff, Providence, Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 South Carolina.— Rep. State Execu- 
 tive Com., Ellery M. Brayton, Columbia, 
 Chairman; John A. Barre, Columbia, 
 Secretary. 
 
 South Dakota. — Rep. State Central 
 Com,, A. E. Clough, Madison, Chairman; 
 W. O. Allen, Groton, Secretary. 
 
 Tennessee.— Rep. State Com., J. W. 
 Baker, Nashville, Chairman; J. C. Napier, 
 Nashville, Secretary. 
 
 Texas.- Bep. State Executive Com,, J. 
 C. De Gress, Austin, Chairman; J. E. 
 Wiley, Dallas, Secretary. 
 
 Vf.rmont.— Eep. State Com., Frederick 
 W. Baldwin, Barton, Chairman; , Sec- 
 retary. 
 
 Virginia. — Rep. State Com., William 
 Mahone, Petersburg, Chairman; Asa 
 Rogers, Petersburg, Secretary. 
 
 Washington.— Rep. State Central Com,, 
 John F.Gowey, Olympia, Chairman; O. 
 A. Bowen, Olympia, Secretary. 
 
 West Virginia.— Eep. State Executive 
 Com., Augustus Pollack, Wheeling, Chair- 
 man; G. W. Atkinson, Wheeling, Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 Wisconsin.— Rep. State Central Com,, 
 Henry C. Payne, Milwaukee, Chairman; 
 John M, Ewing, Milwaukee, Secretary. 
 
 Wyoming,- Rep, Central Com,, Joseph 
 M. Carey, Cheyenne, Chairman; C.N. 
 Potter, Cheyenne, Secretary. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
REPUBLICAN LEAGUE OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Organized at Chickering Hall, New York, December 17, 1887. Head- 
 quarters 203 Fifth avenue. New York. 
 
 President, James S. Clarkson, Iowa ; secretary, Andrew B. Humphrey, 
 New York ; treasurer, Phineas C. Lounsbuiy, Connecticut ; chairman sub- 
 executive committee, James A. Blauchard, New York ; national organizer, 
 Timothy E. Byrnes, Minnesota. Sub-executive committee — Joseph H. Man- 
 Icy, Maine ; J. Henry Gould, Massachusetts ; James A. Blanchard, New 
 York ; Edward P. Allen, Michigan ; William E, Chamberlain, California ; 
 Stephen B. Elkins, West Virginia ; E. C. Little, Kansas ; R. W. Austin, 
 Alabama ; Horace M. Deal, Ohio ; W. W. Tracy, Illinois ; T. E. Byrnes, 
 Minnesota ; W. A. Hamill, Colorado ; J. S. Clarkson, president, and A. B. 
 Humphrey, secretary, ex officio. 
 
 States. 
 
 Executive members. 
 
 Vice-Presidents. 
 
 Presidents 
 State Leagues. 
 
 
 
 A. W. McCullough 
 
 
 Arkansas . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ♦Colorado 
 
 W. A Hamill 
 
 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Ed. W. W. Linsley .... 
 
 J. W. Lowe 
 
 E. Mitchell, Jr 
 
 Harrison Reed 
 
 J. R. Lewis 
 
 E. L. Linsley 
 
 G. W. Marshall 
 
 
 Philip Walter 
 
 H. S. Chubb 
 
 Georgia 
 
 R. D. Locke 
 
 6. H. Roberts 
 
 
 
 Calvin Cobb 
 
 
 Illinois 
 
 
 
 W. W. Tracy 
 
 W. L. Taylor 
 
 F. D. Jackson. 
 
 
 G. W. Patchell 
 
 P. D. Jackson 
 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Johnson Brigham 
 
 R W Blue 
 
 
 E. C. Little 
 
 W.J.Bailey 
 
 
 W.D.Riley 
 
 E. C. L. Herwig 
 
 J. H. Manley 
 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 C. A. Bourgeoise 
 
 H. Herman Blunt 
 
 Maryland 
 
 G. L. Wellington 
 
 J. Henry Gould 
 
 E. P. Allen 
 
 W. B. Baker... 
 
 Stephen Mason 
 
 
 
 John Patton, Jr 
 
 J. E. Doak 
 
 
 
 T. E. Byrnes 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. E. Pierce 
 
 J. H. Bothwell 
 
 M. G. Reynolds 
 
 Montana 
 
 
 
 
 J. L. Webster 
 
 J. H, McCall 
 
 
 Nevada 
 
 
 
 
 New Hampshire. . . 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina. . . . 
 
 M. J.Pratt 
 
 C. H. Bartlett 
 
 J. H. Gaskill 
 
 H.W.Green 
 
 J. H. Gaskil! 
 
 J. A. Blanchard 
 
 R. R. Hefford 
 
 E. A. McAipin 
 
 
 A. B. (>uptiil 
 
 H. M. Deal 
 
 W.B. Allen 
 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 W. I. Squire 
 
 M. C. George 
 
 *Oregon 
 
 M. C. George 
 
 
 
 J. F. Hendricks 
 
 
 
 D. Russell Brown 
 
 H. E. Tiepke 
 
 Simeon Corley 
 
 T.G.Orr 
 
 H. C. Evans 
 
 J. P. Newcorae 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 J H McLane . 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 *Texas 
 
 Chas. M. Harrison 
 
 L. K. Torbett 
 
 D. M. Angle 
 
 H. S. Peck 
 
 A. W. Harris 
 
 B. C. VanHouten 
 
 S.B. Elkins 
 
 G. A. Matthews 
 
 E. C. Camp 
 
 S. L. Hain 
 
 G. A. Davis 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington 
 
 A. P. Funkhouser 
 
 S. T. Armstrong 
 
 H. DeB. Clay 
 
 T. H. Cavanaugh 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 George B. Shaw 
 
 Nathan Goff 
 
 John T.Kelly 
 
 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Utah 
 
 A. J. Fountain 
 
 Hoyt Sherman, Jr 
 
 Louis Clephane 
 
 George Christ 
 
 B. M. Read 
 
 A. L. Morrison 
 
 Arthur Brown 
 
 District Columbia. 
 
 
 *Arizona 
 
 
 
 *0klahon3a 
 
 Ledru Guthrie 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *Pro tern. 
 
 18 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
SECRETARIES OF REPUBLICAN STATE LEAGUES. 
 
 State. 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 Alabama... 
 Arkansas. . 
 California . 
 Colorado . . 
 
 Conn 
 
 Delaware . 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia — 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky. . 
 Louisiana. . 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland.. 
 
 Mass 
 
 Michigan .. 
 
 Minnesota.. 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri... 
 
 Montana. . 
 
 Nebraska . 
 
 Nevada... 
 
 E. P. Jennings. . 
 
 Jennings. 
 
 Samuel J.Bryant 
 Theo. Townsend, 
 Philip Walter . . . 
 
 J. N. Patterson, 
 Otto Gresham. . 
 C.M. Junkon... 
 J. "W. Butterfield. 
 W. W. HufEman 
 B. F. Moseley. . . 
 
 Post-office. 
 
 West Haven. 
 
 Milford. 
 
 Jacksonville, 
 
 Springfield. 
 
 Indianapolis 
 
 Fairfield. 
 
 Topeka. 
 
 Lexington. 
 
 New Orleans. 
 
 Sam'l Whiteside, 
 
 C. F. Rice 
 
 C. E. Baxter .... 
 F. C.Stevens.... 
 
 Baltimore. 
 Somerville. 
 Charlotte. 
 St. Paul. 
 
 L. M. Hall. 
 
 Brad. Slaughter. 
 
 St. Louis. 
 
 Omaha. 
 
 State. 
 
 N. H 
 
 N. Jersey. 
 New York 
 N. Carolina 
 N. Dakota. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Penn 
 
 R. I 
 
 S. Carolina, 
 S. Dakota. . 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Texas 
 
 Vermont. . , 
 Virginia..., 
 
 Wash 
 
 W. Virginia 
 Wisconsin. 
 Wyoming. 
 Arizona. . . 
 N. Mexico, 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Utah 
 
 D. C 
 
 E. N. Pearson.... 
 E. W. Sanderson. 
 Job E. Hodges.. 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 Concord. 
 Newark. 
 N. Y. City. 
 
 John J. Chester 
 Mert E. Dimmick 
 William Linn . . . 
 H. A. L. Potter.. 
 V. P. Clayton.... 
 Chas.F.Hackett, 
 
 C. J. McPherson, 
 Chas. S. Forbes., 
 
 E. G. Kreider. 
 Robt. Alexander 
 W. J. McElroy 
 
 R. E. Twitchell. 
 
 Post-office. 
 
 Columbus. 
 
 Portland. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Providence. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Pierre. 
 
 Houston . 
 St. Albans. 
 
 Olympia. 
 
 Parkersburg. 
 
 Milwaukee. 
 
 Santa F6. 
 
 Harmel Pratt . . 
 
 S't Lake City 
 
 19 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft© 
 
DEMOCRATIC ]S"ATI0NAL' AND STATE COMMITTEES. ^ 
 
 The Democratic National Committee met at Washington during Jan- 
 uary, 1892, to appoint a time and place for holding the next National 
 Convention. 
 
 DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE. 
 
 Chairman . . . 
 Secretary . . . 
 Alabama 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California . . . 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Connecticut 
 Delaware . . . 
 Dist. of Col. 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky . . , 
 Louisiana . . . 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland . . . 
 
 Mass 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota .. 
 Mississippi . . 
 
 C. S. Brice... 
 
 S.P. Sheerin. 
 
 H. D. Clay- 
 ton, jr 
 
 J. C.Herndon 
 
 S.P.Hughes. 
 
 M.F. Tarpey. 
 
 O. S. Thomas 
 
 C. French , . . 
 
 J. H. Rodney 
 
 W. Dickson.. 
 
 S. Pasco 
 
 J. H. Estill .. 
 
 J. W. Jones. . 
 
 E. M.Phelps. 
 
 S.P. Sheerm. 
 
 J. J. Richard- 
 son 
 
 C. W. Blair.. 
 
 H. Watterson 
 
 J. Jeffries. . . 
 
 A. Sewall . . . 
 
 A. P. Gorman 
 
 C. D. Lewis. . 
 
 O.M.Barnes. 
 
 M. Doran 
 
 C. A. John- 
 ston 
 
 New York C'y 
 IndianapohE^ 
 
 Eufaula 
 
 Prescott 
 
 Little Rock 
 
 Alameda 
 
 Denver 
 
 Seymour 
 
 Wilmington 
 
 Washington 
 
 Monticello 
 
 Savannah 
 
 Boise City 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Indianapolis 
 
 Davenport 
 
 Leavenworth 
 
 Louisville 
 
 Boyce 
 
 Bath 
 
 Laurel 
 
 S. Fram'gh'm 
 
 Lansing 
 
 St. Paul 
 
 Columbus 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Nevada 
 
 N. Hampshire, 
 
 New Jersey . . . 
 New Mexico . . 
 New York 
 
 No. Carolina. , 
 
 No. Dakota 
 
 Ohio , 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania . 
 Rhode Island, 
 So. Carolina.. , 
 
 So. Dakota 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington. . . 
 W. Virgniia.. . 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 J. G. Prather 
 A.H. Mitchell 
 Jas. E. Boyd 
 R. P. Keating 
 A. W. Sullo- 
 
 way 
 
 Miles Ross. . . 
 Neill B. Field, 
 W. F. Shee- 
 
 han 
 
 M.W.Ransom 
 W, R. Purcull 
 C. S. Brice.. 
 A. Noltner.. 
 
 Vacant 
 
 S. R. Honey. 
 J. C. Haskell. 
 W. R. Steele. 
 R. F.Looney. 
 O. T. Holt... 
 Wm. F.Ferry 
 HiramAtkins 
 J. 8. Barbour 
 J. A. Kuhn .~. 
 J. M.Camden 
 J. L. Mitchell 
 W. L. Kuy- 
 
 kendall 
 
 St. Louis 
 Deer Lodge 
 Omaha 
 Virginia City 
 
 Franklin 
 
 N. Brunswick 
 
 Albuquerque 
 
 Buffalo 
 Weldon 
 Wall pet on 
 New York C'y 
 Portland 
 
 Newport 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Deadwood 
 
 Memphis 
 
 Houston 
 
 Park City 
 
 Montpelier 
 
 Alexandria 
 
 Pt. Townsend 
 
 Parkersburg 
 
 Milwaukee 
 
 Cheyenne 
 
 DEMOCRATIC STATE COMMITTEES. 
 
 Chairmen and Secretaries of the Committees appointed by the last Democratic 
 State (and Territorial) Conventions: 
 
 Alabama. — State Executive Committee 
 of the Democratic and Conservative par- 
 ty, Henry C. Tompkins, Montgomery, 
 Chairman; Reuben C. Shorter, Mont- 
 gomery, Secretary. 
 
 Arizona.— Democratic Territorial Cen- 
 tral Committee, L. M. Jacobs, Tucson, 
 Chairman; J. E. Walker, Phoenix, Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 Arkansas.— Democratic State Central 
 Committee, J. E. Williams, Little Rock, 
 Chairman; W. J. Terry, Little Rock, 
 Secretary. 
 
 California. — Democratic State Cen- 
 tral Committee, Russell J. Wilson, San 
 Francisco, Chairman; A. T. Spotts, San 
 Francisco, Secretary. 
 
 Colorado. — Democratic State Central 
 Committee, Frank P. Arbuckle, Denver, 
 Chairman; Rod S. King, Leadville, Sec- 
 retary, 
 
 Connecticut.— Democratic State Com- 
 mittee, Clinton B. Davis, Higganum, 
 Chairman; J. H. Swartwout, New Haven, 
 Secretary. 
 
 Delaware. — Democratic State Com- 
 mittee, W. H. Stevens, Seaford, Chair- 
 man; R. H. Taylor, Wilmington, Sec- 
 retary. 
 
 District of Columbia. — Democratic 
 Central Committee, John Boyle, Wash- 
 ington, Chairman; James F. Brown, 
 Washington, Secretary. 
 
 Florida.— Democratic State Executive 
 Committee, James P. Taliaferro, Jack- 
 sonville, Chairman; L. B. Wombwell, 
 Tallahassee, Secretary. 
 
 Georgia. — Democratic State Commit- 
 tee, W. Y. Atkinson, Newman, Chairman. 
 
 Idaho. — Democratic State Central 
 Committee, George Ainslee, Boise City, 
 Chairman; Jas. H. Wickersham, Boise 
 City, Secretary. 
 
 Illinois. — Democratic State Central 
 Committee, Delos P. Phelps, Monmouth, 
 Chairman; George M. Haynes, Chicago, 
 Secretary. 
 
 Indiana. — Democratic State Central 
 Committee, Chas. L. Jewett, New Alba- 
 ny, Chairman; Joseph L. Reilly, Indian- 
 apolis, Secretary. 
 
 Iowa. — Democratic State Central Com- 
 mittee, Chas. D. FuUen, Fairfield, Chair- 
 man; Thos. H. Lee, Red Oak, Secretary. 
 
 Kansas. — Democratic State Central 
 Committee— W. C. Jones, lola. Chair- 
 man; Charles Howard, Hays City, Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 Kentucky.— Democratic State Central 
 Committee, John B. Castleman, Louis- 
 ville, Chairman; W. B. Haldeman, Louis- 
 ville, Secretary. 
 
 Louisiana.— Democratic State Central 
 Committee, John S. Lanier ,Baton Rouge, 
 Chairman; Geo. W. Flynn, New Orleans, 
 Secretary. 
 
 * For change in names, if any, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda, 
 receding Index. This note applies to all committee and similar lists, which are liable 
 
 to constant alteration. 
 
 20 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft© 
 
DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES. 
 
 21 
 
 DEMOCRATIC STATE COMMITTEES.— (Continued.) 
 
 Maine.— Democratic State Committee, 
 Jolin B. Dunovan.Cliairman; F. E. Beane, 
 Hallowell, Secretary. 
 
 Maryland. —Democratic State Central 
 Committee, Barnes Compton, Laurel, 
 Chairman; Murray Vandiver, Havre de 
 Grace, Secretary. 
 
 Massachusetts. — Democratic State 
 Committee, John W. Corcoran, Clinton, 
 Chairman; W. J. Dale, Jr., North Ando- 
 ver, Secretary. 
 
 Michigan.— Democratic State Central 
 Committee, Daniel J. Campan, Detroit, 
 Chairman; Alfred J. Murphy, Detroit, 
 Secretary. 
 
 Minnesota.— Democratic State Central 
 Committee, W. M. Campbell, St. Paul, 
 Chairman; P. J. Smalley, St. Paul, Sec- 
 retary. 
 
 Mississippi. — Democratic State Execu- 
 tive Committee, R. H. Thompson, Brook- 
 haven, Chairman; Robert E. Wilson, 
 Jackson, Secretary. 
 
 Missouri. — State Democratic Commit- 
 tee, C. C. Maffit, St. Louis, Chairman; 
 Robert Frank Walker, St. Louis, Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 Montana.— Democratic Central Com- 
 mittee, Timothy B. Collins, Great Falls, 
 Chairman; Leon A. La Croix, Helena, 
 Secretary. 
 
 Nebraska.— Democratic State Central 
 Committee, Chas. Ogden, Omaha, Chair- 
 man; Carroll S. Montgomery, Omaha, 
 Secretary. 
 
 Nevada. — Democratic State Central 
 Committee, John H. Dennis, Virginia 
 City, Chairman; P. J. Dunne, Secretary. 
 
 ^^EW Hampshire. — Democratic State 
 Committee, John P. Bartlett, Manches- 
 ter, Chairman; James R. Jackson, Lit- 
 tleton, Secretary. 
 
 New Jersey. — Democratic State Com- 
 mittee, Allan L. McDermott, Trenton, 
 Chairman; Willard C. Fisk, Jersey City, 
 Secretary. 
 
 New Mexico. — Democratic Territorial 
 Central Committee, W. B. Childers, Al- 
 buquerque, Chairman; Felix Martinez, 
 Las Vegas, Secretary. 
 
 New York. — Democratic State Com- 
 mittee, Edward Murphy, Jr., Troy, Chair- 
 man; Samuel A. Beardsley, Utica, Secre- 
 tary; William B. Eirk, Treasurer. 
 
 Executive Committee, Daniel G. Grif- 
 fin, Watertown, Chairman; Charles R. 
 De Freest, Troy, Clerk. 
 
 North Carolina. — Democratic State 
 Executive Committee, Ed. Chambers 
 Smith, Raleigh, Chairman; R. C. Beck- 
 with, Raleigh, Secretary. 
 
 North Dakota. — Democratic State 
 Committee, Daniel W. Marratta, Fargo, 
 Chairman; R. W. Cutts, Grand Forks, 
 Secretary. 
 
 Ohio. — Democratic State Central Com- 
 mittee, James E. Neal, Hamilton, Chair- 
 man; L. C. Cole, Bowling Green, Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 Oklahoma.— Democratic Central Com- 
 mittee, E. J. Simpson, Guthrie, Chair-, 
 man; . J. L. Vanderwerter, Oklahoma 
 City, Secretary. 
 
 3b 
 
 Oregon. — Democratic State Central 
 Committee, B. Goldsmith, Portland, 
 Chairman; George A. Brodie, Portland, 
 Secretary. 
 
 Pennsylvania.— Democratic State Cen- 
 tral Committee, James Kerr, Clearfield, 
 Chairman; Benjamin M. Nead, Harris- 
 burg, Secretary. 
 
 Rhode Island.— Democratic State Cen- 
 tral Committee, Franklin P. Owen, Provi- 
 dence, Chairman; Elisha W. Bucklin, 
 Pawtucket, Secretary. 
 
 South Carolina. — State Executive 
 Committee of the Democratic Party, J. 
 L. M. Ii'by, Laurens, Chairman; G. JDun- 
 can Bellinger, Barnwell, Secretary. 
 
 South Dakota.— Democratic State Cen- 
 tral Committee, Otto Peemiller, Yank- 
 ton, Chairman; E. M. O'Brien, Yankton, 
 Secretary. 
 
 Tennessee. — Democratic Executive 
 Committee, T. M. McDonnell, Chattanoo- 
 ga, Chairman; B. B. Wade, Murfrees- 
 boro. Secretary. 
 
 Texas.— Democratic State Executive 
 Committee, N.Webb Finley, Tyler, Chair- 
 man; Ed. llauffman, Austin, Secretary. 
 
 Utah. — Democratic Territorial Central 
 Committee, Samuel A. Merritt, Salt Lake 
 City, Chairman: A. G. Norrell, Salt Lake 
 City, Secretary. 
 
 Vermont. — Democratic State Commit- 
 tee, Hiram Atkins, Montpelier, Chair- 
 man ; John H. Senter, Warren, Secretai-y. 
 
 Virginia. — Democratic State Commit- 
 tee, J. Taylor BUyson, Richmond, Chair- 
 man; James R. Fisher, Richmond, Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 Washington. — State Democratic Com- 
 mittee, Daniel H. Gilman, Seattle, Chair- 
 man; George Hazzard, Tacoma, Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 West Virginia. — Democratic State Ex- 
 ecutive Committee, Thomas S. Riley, 
 Wheeling, Chairman; B. H. Oxley, 
 Charleston, Secretary. 
 
 Wisconsin. — Democratic State Central 
 Committee, E. C. Wall, Milwaukee, Chair- 
 man; W. A. Anderson, La Crosse, Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 Wyoming. — Democratic Central Com- 
 mittee, Colin Hunter, Cheyenne, Chair- 
 man; W. L. Kuykendall, Cheyenne, Sec- 
 retary. 
 
 national association of democratic 
 
 CLUES. 
 
 President, Chauncey F. Black, Pennsyl- 
 vania. Treasurer, Roswell P. Flower, 
 New York. Secretary, Lawrence Gard- 
 ner, Washington, D. C. Executive Com- 
 mittee, William L. Wilson, West Vir- 
 ginia, Chairman; Robert Grier Monroe, 
 New-York; Alexander T. Ankeny, Minne- 
 sota; Chauncey F. Black, Pennsylvania; 
 Harvey N. Colhson, Massachusetts; Ros- 
 well P. Flower, New York; Lawrence 
 Gardner, District of Columbia; George 
 H. Lambert, New Jersey; Chas. Ogden, 
 Nebraska; Harry Wells Rusk, Maryland; 
 Bradley G. Schley, Wisconsin; Edward 
 B. Whitney, New York. Headquarters, 
 Metropolitan Hotel, Washington, D. C. 
 
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 23 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
THE AUSTRALIAN BALLOT. * 
 
 The advantages which are claimed for the Australian Ballot System, as 
 set forth by the Rhode Island Ballot Reform Association, are: 1. A secret 
 ballot, cast as proposed in this plan, interposes the most effectual prevent- 
 ive of the bribery of the voter ever devised. 3. A secret ballot secures the 
 v\3ter against coercion or undue solicitation of others, and enables the most 
 dependent elector to vote as his conscience dictates, in perfect freedom. 
 "3. Excuse for assessment of candidates is taken away. A poor man is placed 
 on an equality with a rich man as a candidate. Money will be less of a fac- 
 tor in politics. 4. The voter will be " alone with his country, his conscience 
 and his God," and elections will be more than ever the intelligent and con- 
 scientious registering of the popular will. 5. The method of ballot reform 
 has been much discussed in the United States for several years, and has 
 received general favor, being recognized, after careful scrutiny, as a practi- 
 cal and salutary measure. 
 
 A marked feature of the ballot practice in New South Wales is that the 
 names of all the candidates being on one list, the names of persons for whom 
 the voter does not wish to vote must be crossed oS, a blue pencil being pro- 
 vided for the purpose by tfie authorities, while there are clearly printed on 
 the ticket, in red ink, directions as to how many candidates must be voted 
 for. If more than the limit are voted for, the ballot is informal. 
 
 The Australian Ballot System was practically introduced in the United 
 States in 1888 by its adoption by law in the State of Massachusetts and the 
 city of Louisville, Ky. The principle of the system was embodied in the 
 Saxton bill which passed the New York Legislature in the sessions of 1888-89, 
 and was vetoed both times by Governor Hill. The grounds of the Governor's 
 vetoes were the unconstitutionality of the bill in that it would embarrass, 
 hinder and impede voters in exercising the suffrage, and would, for one class 
 of voters — the blind and illitei'ate — destroy the secrecy of the ballot by com- 
 pelling an avowal of their votes as a condition of exercising the right. At 
 the instance of Governor Hill a reformed ballot bill, or modification of the 
 Saxton bill, was introduced in the Legislature in the session of 1889, but was 
 not passed; but another bill, a cordpromise of the Hill and Saxton plans, met 
 with success in 1890. Laws adopting the new system of voting, and follow- 
 ing the example of Massachusetts, were passed in 1889 by the Legislatures of 
 Indiana, Montana, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, Tennessee, Minnesota, Missouri, 
 Michigan and Connecticut, in the order given. Most of the laws passed 
 adhered closely to the Massachusetts form. The Connecticut form varied 
 from it more than the others. In 1890 laws which are more or less modifica- 
 tions of the Australian system were adopted by the Legislatures of Wash- 
 ington, New York, Maryland, New Jersey, and Vermont. In 1891 the 
 Legislatures of the States of Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Idaho, 
 Illinois, Maine, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, 
 Oregon, South Dakota and West Yirginia, and the Territory of Arizona, 
 adopted laws based on the Australian system. 
 
 This leaves Iowa, Kansas, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
 Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana, and the Territories of 
 Utah and New Mexico. In Kansas a reformed ballot bill has passed one 
 branch of the Legislature. 
 
 " There are two methods of grouping the names on the tickets, and both 
 have been tried. The first of these is the English, or original Australian style 
 of alphabetical arrangement of the names of the candidates under the title of 
 the office. This is used by the following States: California, Kentucky, Mas- 
 sachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Oregon, Rhode 
 Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Washington and Wyoming. 
 
 "The second is known as the Belgian system, and consists of grouping all 
 nominations and offices by parties. It is used in Missouri, Ohio, Wisconsin, 
 Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Maryland and Oklahoma Territory." 
 
 * For any further developments, up to the moment of gomg to press, see Addenda 
 precedmg Index. = i- . , 
 
 24 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
GBRRYMANDERING. 
 
 _ This is a political term, which came into use in 1811. The dominant party 
 m Massachusetts, having a majority in the Legislature, determined to district 
 the State anew. The work was sanctioned and became a law by the signa"- 
 ture of Elbridge Gerry, the Governor of the State at that time. The result 
 was that the party in power carried everything and tilled every office in the • 
 State, although it is alleged that the returns showed that two-thirds of the 
 votes were those of persons holding opposite views. 
 
 During the process of re-districting, Elbridge Gerry contrived a sclieme 
 which gave the district embracing Essex county, in its relation to districts and 
 towns, a shape like that of a lizard. Gilbert Stuart, a well-known artist, enter- 
 ing the room of Russell, the veteran editor of the ' ' Boston Sentinel, " who had 
 a map of the new districts hanging on the wall over his desk, observed: 
 " "Why, this district looks like a salamander," and put in the claws and eyes 
 of the creature vrith his pencil. " Say, rather, a Gerrymander," the editor 
 replied, facetiously, and the term became of general use in similar cases. 
 
 The aim of gerrymandering is so to lay out the one-numbered districts as 
 to secure, in the greatest possible number of them, a majority for the party 
 which conducts the operation. This is done sometimes by throwing the 
 greatest possible number of hostile voters into a district which is certain to be 
 hostile, sometimes by adding to a district where parties are equally divided 
 a place in which the majority of friendly voters is sufficient to turn the scale. 
 The so-called Shoe-string district of Mississippi, 500 miles long by forty 
 broad, is an e.xample of this system. 
 
 In Missouri a district has been contrived longer, if measured along its 
 windings, than the State itself, in which as large a number as possible of the 
 negro voters have been thrown. Hon. Harvey Watterson, after canvassing 
 a certain district of Tennessee, stretching acvoss mountains and rivers the 
 whole length of that State, for the Confederate Congress, when asked what 
 success he had met with, replied, he had "made but few votes, but learned 
 a great deal of geograj)hy. " By this process counties adjacent only by a 
 stretch of imagination are included in these straggling districts, often divided 
 by watei', so that, as Hon. Roswell G. Horr said of the division of South Car- 
 olina, "a connection can be effected only by tunneling under." 
 
 The following States have been re-districted under the Apportionment 
 law of 1890: 
 
 • 
 
 Districts, 
 1880. 
 
 Districts, 
 1890. 
 
 Increase \n 
 DistrictH. 
 
 
 8 
 5 
 6 
 1 
 10 
 80 
 7 
 
 la 
 11 
 
 5 
 14 
 3 
 7 
 1 
 28 
 11 
 9 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 "s 
 
 13 
 12 
 7 
 15 
 6 
 8 
 2 
 30 
 13 
 ■10 
 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Georgia 
 
 
 
 
 Kansas 
 
 
 Michigan. .. . 
 
 
 
 
 Missouri . 
 
 
 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Texas 
 
 3 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 1 
 
 In several States the districts have been changed, 1891, the number remaining 
 the same. 
 
 35 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
HISTORY OF TABirP LEGISLATION. 
 
 At the end of the eighteenth century the power to regulate trade and 
 commerce with foreign nations was granted to Congress. 
 
 Tlietirst Tariff Act was signed by President Washington, July 4, 1789. It 
 was a measure suggested by Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, 
 and introduced in Congress by Mr. Madison, of Virginia, April 8, 1789, 
 which imposed specific duties on forty-seven articles, and ad valorem rates of 
 T-2, 10, 133.^^ and 15 per cent, on four commodities. The unenumeraled bills 
 were compelled to pay 5 per cent. 
 
 The second Tariff Act passed the House by a large majority, and the Sen- 
 ate without division. It was approved by President Washington, August 10, 
 1790. In this Act the scale of duties was higher. The third Tariff Act, of 
 May 2, 1792, which became effective iu the following July, raised the duty 
 on uucnumerated merchandise to 7}^ per cent., and that on numerous articles 
 paying 7J3 to 10 per cent. 
 
 The fourth Tariff bill, was passed June 7, 1794, and went into effect on 
 July 1 . It imposed numerous rates in addition to those already payable, some 
 of them specific, and others B^jC and 5 jjer cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Other Tariff measures were enacted on March 3 and July 8, 1797, and on 
 May 13, 1800. These acts imposed additional rates, and there was a further 
 increase of 2% per cent, on March 26, 1804, on all imports then paying ad va- 
 lorem rates. 
 
 What Is now known as a protective tariff was looked upon in an entirely 
 different point of view by Alexander Hamilton. He considered a tariff an 
 instrument of compensation and retaliation, and a like stand was taken by 
 Jefferson in 1793, when he advocated countervailing foreign restrictions in 
 case they could not be removed by negotiation. The greater number of re- 
 strictions upon commerce, however, which existed during Hamilton's time, 
 have been removed. 
 
 A more liberal system of commerce prevailed during the wars in Europe, 
 which was largely beneficial to the merchants of the United States. Prom 
 time to time moderate increase in the rates of duties were granted, but no real 
 demand for protection until the return of peace in 1801, when the old restrict- 
 ive system was reSnacted by Europe. The commerce of the country was so 
 involved by the resumption of hostilities as to create a demand for retaliation. 
 In 1805 the importation of British manufactures was. prohibited. Later on, 
 the Berlin and Milan decrees of Napoleon, followed by the English Orders in 
 Council, closed the ports of Europe to neutral vessels, and caused much suf- 
 fering among American ship-owners. Mr. Jefferson's administration retali- 
 ated for the outrages on our commerce by the embargo law passed in Decem- 
 ber, 1807. The result of this was, that the American people, prevented from 
 obtaining their usual supplies from Europe, began to manufacture on their 
 own account, rendered sure of a market by the war, and also by a doubling in 
 all tariff duties, which was done in 1813 as a war measure. 
 
 The " Tarill of 1812 " passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 76 
 to 48, and the Senate by a vote of 20 to 9. Amendments to it were adopted 
 on Pebniai-y 25, and again on July 29, 1813. On February 15, 1816, the ad- 
 ditional duties imposed by the Act of 1812, were repealed, and additional du- 
 ties of 42 per cent, to take effect on July 1, were substituted, but the law did 
 not go into operation. From 1813 to 1816 the average rates on all imports 
 was 33.73 per cent. 
 
 The first of the protective tariffs, known as the Lowndes-Calhoun bill, was 
 
 26 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
HISTORY OF TARIFF LEGISLATION. 2V 
 
 approved April 37, 1816, and took effect the following July. It was not alto- 
 gether set aside until the administration of Mr. Polk in 1843, The ad ■valo- 
 rem duties under it ranged from 7)^ to 33 per cent. Tlie unenumerated 
 goods paid 15 per cent., the manufactures of iron and other metals generally 
 15 per cent., the majority of woolen goods 35 per cent., with clauses estab- 
 lishing ' ' minlmums, " that is, in reckoning duties, 35 cents per square yard was 
 to he deemed the minimum cost of cotton cloth; unbleached and uncolored 
 yarn, 60 cents, and bleached or colored yarn, 75 cents per pound. These rates 
 became prohibitory on the cheaper goods. The law was amended April 30, 
 1818, and on March 3, 1819. It had the support of New England and the 
 Middle States, but the South was opposed to it. From 1817 to 1830, the av- 
 erage rates on imports was 36.53 per cent., from 1831 to 1834, 35.03 per cent., 
 and from 1831 to 1834 on dutiable goods only 36.88 per cent. The necessity 
 for providing for the interests on the heavy debt incurred by the second war 
 with England was due to the general increase of duties. 
 
 The general tariff measure of Mr. Clay received the President's signature 
 May 33, 1834, and went into effect July 1, ensuing. It passed both the House 
 and Senate by a close vote. It could not be regarded as a political measure 
 nor yet as a party question. Adams, Clay and Jackson all voted for it. 
 Both the Southern and New England States were dissatisfied with the result, 
 but as iron, wool, hemp and sugar received protection, a combination of the 
 Western and Middle States received sufficient support to pass the bill. The 
 average rate of duties under the law of May 33, 1834, was 37 per cent. 
 
 The financial crisis of 1835 caused by a great expansion in the paper cir- 
 culation, and precipitated by extensive failures in London, gave the protec- 
 tionists an opportunity to attribute the distress to the operation of the tariff of 
 1834. New England had heretofore opposed protection as hostile to her com- 
 mercial interests. Manufactures were springing up in those States, and had 
 made such progress as to create an entire change in public sentiment. In 
 1836 a petition came from Boston praying for higher duties on woolen goods 
 in order to protect this industry in New England. In 1837 a bill to increase 
 the duties on woolens passed the House but failed to become a law. A con- 
 vention.of wool growers and manufacturers was held at Harrisburg in July, 
 1837, at which the wool, woolen, hemp, flax, iron, glass and wood industries 
 were represented and asked to be recognized in any scheme of protection. 
 The tariff was made a leading issue in the presidential election of 1838. 
 
 The planters of the South sought to resist a policy which they claimed as 
 benefiting the North at their expense, and the North and East became more 
 earnest in demanding a continuance of a system which, they alleged, had 
 prompted them to put their capital into investments which must inevitably be 
 ruined, unless the protective policy was maintained. As an outcome of the 
 contention, a tariff bill drawn by Silas Wright, of New York, was passed by 
 a vote of 105 to 74, the protective features of which he said were that ' ' it Avas 
 intended to turn the manufacturing capital of the country to the working up 
 of domestic raw material, and not foreign raw material." 
 
 The tariff act of 1838 was known as the "Tariff of Abominations." It 
 was the immediate cause of the nullification movement. South Carolina pro- 
 tested against it as a " violation of State rights and one grossly unequal and op- 
 pressive." North Carolina also protested against the law, and Alabama and 
 Georgia denied the power of Congress to lay duties for protection. The 
 tariff of 1838 had special reference to iron and wool and manufacture of wool. 
 The duty on wool was 4 cents per pound and 40 per cent, for one year; then 
 4 cents and 45 per cent, for one year, then 4 cents and 50 per cent. The av- 
 erage duty on all goods from 1839 to 1833 was 47.81 per cent, and on all du- 
 tiable goods 51.55 per cent. 
 
 The tariff measure passed July 14, 1833, maintained all of the protective 
 features of the tariff of 1838, while reducing or abolishing many of the reve- 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
28 HISTOEY OF TARIFF LEGISLATION. 
 
 nue taxes. The tax on iron was reduced, that on cotton was unchanged, and 
 that on woolens was increased, while some of the raw wools were made free of 
 duty. It was known as "The Modifying Tariff." It was passed by the 
 Whigs, and approved March 3, 1883. Vote in the House, 183 to 66; in the 
 Senate, 32 to 16. 
 
 The Compromise Tariff of 1838 was introduced by Mr. Clay. It was in- 
 tended as a substitute for all bills pending, and looked toward a gradual re- 
 duction in duties; of all duties which were over 30 per cent, by the act of 
 1832, one-tenth of the excess over 20 per cent, was to be struck oft after 1835, 
 and one-tenth each alternate year thereafter until 1841. 
 
 A Provisional Tariff bill by which the operations of the existing tariff 
 were to be continued until August, 1843, passed the House but was amended 
 in the Senate by a proviso postponing the distribution of the proceeds of the 
 public lands until the same date. The bill was vetoed by the President on 
 the grounds that the bill united two incongruous subjects; that the bill pro- 
 posed to give away a fruitful source of revenue, and that it was in violation 
 of what was intended to be inviolable as a compromise in relation to the tariff 
 system. A general tariff act was passed without the obnoxious clause. 
 
 The Tariff of 1843 was a Whig party measure, and one of protection. It 
 became operative on August 30, 1842, and changed all existing rates. It was 
 amended in March, 1843, and became extinct December 1, 1846. New Eng- 
 land and the Middle States strongly supported it. The South opposed it, and 
 the West was a tie. The average rate of all imports under it was 36.92 per 
 cent., and on dutiable articles 33.47 percent. 
 
 The Polk-Walker Tariff of 1846, was approved by President Polk on July 
 30 of that year. Robert J. Walker of Mississippi, who was President Polk's 
 Secretary of the Treasury, advanced the principles that ' ' No more money 
 should be collected than is needed for economical administration "; " the duty 
 on no articles should exceed the lowest rate which will yield the largest reve- 
 nue "; " below such rate discrimination may be made, or for imperative rea- 
 sons an article may be made free "; "luxuries should be taxed on the mini- 
 mum rate for revenue "; duties should be all ad valorem and never specific "; 
 ' ' duties should be so imposed as to operate as equally as possible throughout 
 the Union vrithout respect to class or section." The bill passed the House 
 by 114 to 95. In the Senate it was a tie, Vice-President Dallas giving the 
 casting vote in the affirmative, but on its final passage the Senate stood 38 to 
 37. The West and the South supported and the East opposed the bill. The 
 average duty on all imports was, from 1847 to 1857, 33.30 per cent., and on 
 dutiable articles 26.32 per cent. 
 
 The Tariff of 1857 was approved on March 3 of that year. It made a 
 still further reduction in duties and remained in force until April 1, 1861. It 
 passed the House by a vote of 133 to 73, and the Senate 88 to 13. New Eng- 
 land and the South united in securing its passage. The average duty on all 
 goods from 1858 to 1861, was 15.66 per cent., and on dutiable articles 30.73 
 per cent. 
 
 The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was dissimilar to all previous bills, in that it 
 made a distinction between goods imported from different parts of the world, 
 and provided for a general system of compound and differential duties, spe- 
 cific and ad valm'em. It passed the House May 11, 1860, by a vote of 105 to 
 64, and the Senate on February 30, 1861, by a vote of 35 to 14. It was an 
 out and out protective tarilf . It was several times changed during the war, 
 from 1861 to 1865. Every year produced some revisions, and in 1879 there 
 was a general modification of rates. Tea and coffee, taxed since 1861, were 
 put upon the free list; the duties on cotton and woolen goods, wool, iron, 
 paper, glass and leather were lowered about 30 per cent. The free list was 
 enlarged, but the reduction was rescinded by the Act of March, 1875. The 
 duty on quinine was abolished July 1, 1879. The average duty on all im- 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
HISTORY OF TAEIFF LEGISLATION. 39 
 
 ports from 1862 to 1883 was 34.16 per cent., and on all dutiable articles 43 74 
 per cent. 
 
 The Commission Tariff was passed by the Senate March 3, 1883, and the 
 House March 3, 1883. The vote in the Senate was 33 to 81, and in the House 
 153 to 116. This tariff act remained in force until October 6, 1890, when it 
 was superseded, except as to tobacco and tin plate, by the McKinley Tariff 
 bill. 
 
 The McKinley Tariff bill passed the House by a vote of 153 to 81, and 
 the Senate by a vote of 33 to 37. Under it Senator Aldrich computed the 
 average at 45. 13 per cent., and Senator Carlisle computed the average at 60 
 per cent. — the highest in the history of the government. 
 
 The tariff averages are as follows: Prom 1791 to 1813, 19.58 per cent. ; 
 from 1813 to 1817, 33.73 percent.; from 1817 to 1835, 36.52 per cent.; from 
 1835 to 1829, 47.17 per cent.; from 1839 to 1833, 47.81 per cent.; from 1833 
 to 1834, 28.99 per cent.; from 1834 to 1843, 19.25 per cent.; from 1843 to 
 1847, 36.93 per cent. ; from 1847 to 1858, 33.30 per cent. ; from 1858 to 1863, 
 15.06 per cent.; from 1862 to 1884, 34.16 per cent.; from 1884 to 1890, 45.50 
 per cent. ; from 1890, about 60 per cent.* 
 
 * For Cleveland's Tariff Message, text of the Mills and McKinley Bills, and further 
 developments of Tariff legislation, up to the moment of going to press, see Appendices 
 and Aade7ida, preceding index. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. 
 
 LEADING ARTICLES IMPORTED, GIVING RATE OF TAXATION AT ENTRY BY 
 THE NEW TARIFF COMPARED WITH TARIFF OF 1883. 
 
 The articles covered by the Tariff Act of 1890 number many thousands. The fol- 
 lowing table embraces about 300 selected articles, being mainly those in most general 
 use in the United States. * Indicates '' When not otherwise provided for. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Alcohol 
 
 Aluminium, unmanufactured 
 
 Aniline colors or dyes 
 
 Animals for breeding 
 
 Bagging for cotton 
 
 Bags, grain 
 
 Barley 
 
 Beads, ornamental 
 
 Beef, mutton, and pork 
 
 Beer, ale, not in bottles 
 
 Beer, porter, and ale, in bottles 
 
 Bindings, cotton 
 
 Bindings, flax 
 
 Bindings, wool 
 
 Blankets, value not over 30c per lb 
 
 Blankets, value 30c to 40c 
 
 Blankets, value 40c to 60c 
 
 Blankets, value 60c to 80c 
 
 Blankets, value over 80c per lb 
 
 Bonnets, silk 
 
 Bonnets, straw 
 
 Books, charts, maps 
 
 Books, over 30 yrs. old or for pub. lib. 
 
 Bronze, manufactures of 
 
 Brushes 
 
 Building stone, rough 
 
 Building stone, dressed 
 
 Butter, and substitutes for 
 
 Buttons, pearl 
 
 Buttons, sleeve and collar, gilt 
 
 Buttons, wool, hair, etc 
 
 Canvas for sails 
 
 Caps, cotton 
 
 Caps, fur and leather 
 
 Carpets, treble ingrain 
 
 Carpets, two-ply 
 
 Carpets, tapestry Brussels 
 
 Carpets, Wilton and Axminster 
 
 Carpets, Brussels 
 
 Carpets, velvet 
 
 Cheese, all kinds 
 
 Cigars and cigarettes 
 
 Clocks* 
 
 Clothing, ready-made, cotton* 
 
 Clothing, ready-made, linen 
 
 Clothing, ready-made, silk 
 
 Clothing, ready-made, woolen 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Coffee 
 
 Confectionery, all sugar 
 
 Copper, manufactures of 
 
 Cotton trimmings 
 
 Cotton galloons and gimps 
 
 Cotton gloves 
 
 10 per ct. ad valorem. 
 
 Free 
 
 15 per cent 
 
 Free 
 
 l>^c per lb 
 
 40 per cent 
 
 10c per bushel 
 
 50 per cent 
 
 Ic per lb 
 
 20c per gallon 
 
 35c '' 
 
 35 per cent 
 
 35 " 
 
 30c lb. and 50 per ct . . . 
 10c ' " "- ■' 
 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 40 
 
 12c ' 
 18c ' 
 24c ' 
 35c ' 
 
 per cent . 
 .SO " 
 25 " 
 
 Free 
 
 45 per cent . 
 
 Old Tariff (1883) Rate. 
 
 per ton 
 
 20 per cent 
 
 4c per lb 
 
 25 per cent 
 
 25 " 
 
 30c lb. and 50 per ct. 
 "" per cent 
 
 30 
 
 12e sq. yd. and 30 per ct 
 8c " " 30 '^ 
 
 20c " " 30 " 
 
 45c " " 30 " 
 
 30c " " 30 
 
 25c " " 30 " 
 
 4c per lb 
 
 $2.50 lb. and 25 per ct., 
 
 30 per cent , 
 
 35 " 
 
 40 " 
 
 50 " 
 
 40c lb. and 35 per cent, 
 
 Free 
 
 75c per ton 
 
 Free 
 
 5c per lb , 
 
 45 per cent 
 
 40 " 
 
 35 " 
 
 35 " 
 
 30 
 
 New Tariff (McXCinlev) 
 1890. 
 
 10 
 15c 
 35 p„ 
 Free 
 
 per ct. ad valorem 
 ; per lb. 
 per cent. 
 
 .6c J 
 
 and 1.8c lb. 
 
 per lb. 
 
 2 per bushel. 
 
 per cent. 
 ,., pei' lb. 
 30c per gallon. 
 40c 
 
 40 per cent. 
 50 
 
 60c a lb. and 60 per ct. 
 IQHc " " 30 
 22c " " 35 
 33c " " 35 
 38^0 " " 40 
 38>^c '' " 40 
 60 per cent. 
 30 
 
 25 " 
 Free. 
 
 45 per cent. 
 40 
 
 lie per cubic foot, 
 40 per cent. 
 6c per lb. 
 
 2>^c line and 35 per ct. 
 50 per cent. 
 60c a lb. and 60 per ct 
 50 per cent. 
 50 "■ 
 35 
 
 19c sq.yd. and 40 per c 
 14c " " 40 
 
 14c 
 28c 
 60c 
 44c 
 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 
 40c " 
 
 6c per lb. 
 
 $4.50 lb. and 25 per ct. 
 
 45 per cent. 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 49Kc lb. and 60 per ct. 
 
 Free. 
 
 75c per ton. 
 
 Free 
 
 per lb. 
 per cent. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft© 
 
UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. 
 
 31 
 
 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES.— Continued. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Old Tariff (1883) Rate, 
 
 Cotton handkerchiefs 35 per cent 
 
 Cotton hosiery valued at more than 60c 
 
 and not more than $2 per doz. pairs ... 40 
 Cotton hosiery, $8 to $4 per doz. pairs. . . 40 
 Cotton hosiery, more than $4 per doz — 40 
 Cotton shirts and drawers, value $S to $5 40 
 
 Cotton plushes, velvets, etc 
 
 Cotton Swiss muslin 35 
 
 Cotton webbing 
 
 Cotton curtains 35 
 
 Cutlery — 
 
 Pocket-knives, value under 50c per doz 
 
 50c to $2 per doz 
 
 S1.50 to $3 per doz 
 
 Over $3 per doz 
 
 Bazors, less than $4 per doz 
 
 Razors, more than $4 per doz 
 
 Table-knives not more than $1 per doz 
 
 Table-knives, |1 to $2 per doz 
 
 Table-knives, §2 to $3 per doz 
 
 Table-knives, $8 to $8 per doz 
 
 Table-kmves, more than $8 per doz — 
 
 Diamonds, uncut (free), cut and set 
 
 Diamonds, cut but not set 
 
 Drugs, crude 
 
 Drugs, not crude 
 
 Earthenware, common 
 
 Earthenware, china, porcelain, etc 
 
 Earthenware, decorated 
 
 New Tariff (McKinley) 
 1890. 
 
 Engravings 
 
 Extracts, dyes, and logwoods 
 
 Extracts, meat 
 
 Fans, palm leaf, with handles 
 
 Felt, hats 
 
 Felt, shoes 
 
 Fertilizers, guanos, manures 
 
 Fire-arms, double-barreled, breech-load 
 
 ing, value not over SO 
 
 Fire-arms, value $6 to $12 
 
 Fire-arms, value over $12 
 
 Fire-arms, single-barreled 
 
 Fire-arms, pistols, value over $1.50 
 
 Fish, American fisheries 
 
 Fish, smoked, dried, salted, pickled 
 
 Flannels, under aOc per lb 
 
 Flannels, value 80o to 40c 
 
 Flannels, value 40c to 50c 
 
 Flax, manufactures of 
 
 Flowers, artificial 
 
 Fruits, preserved in juice 
 
 Fruits, apples 
 
 Fruits, oranges and lemons* 
 
 Fur manufactures 
 
 Furniture, wood 
 
 Glassware, plain and cut 
 
 Glass, lamp chimneys 
 
 Glass, polished plate, not over 16 x 24. . . . 
 
 Glass, silvered, not over 16 x 24 
 
 Glass, Bohemian 
 
 Glass discs for optical instruments 
 
 Gloves, kid, men's, plain 
 
 Gloves, embroidered 
 
 Gloves, lined 
 
 Gloves, pique, lined •,•■•• -.j ; • • 
 
 Gloves, pique, lined and etobroidered. . . 
 
 Gloves, ladies' and children's plain 
 
 Gloves, ladies' lined — • 
 
 Gloves, lined and embroidered 
 
 60 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 50 " 
 
 50 " 
 
 85 " 
 
 3S " 
 
 35 " 
 
 85 " 
 
 85 " 
 
 25 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 Free 
 
 10 per cent 
 
 25 " 
 
 56 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 Free 
 
 25 per cent 
 
 10 " 
 
 20 " 
 
 Free 
 
 per cent 
 
 40c lb. and 35 per ct . 
 Free 
 
 50 per cent. 
 
 50c doz. and 30 per ct. 
 
 76c " 40 " 
 
 $1 " 40 " 
 
 $1.25 " 40 
 
 10c sq. yd. & 20 
 
 CO per cent. 
 
 40 
 
 60 
 
 12c doz. and 50 per ct. 
 
 35 per cent . 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 85 " 
 
 Free 
 
 Kc per lb 
 
 10c lb. and 35 per cent. 
 12c " " 35 
 18o " " 35 
 
 35 per cent 
 
 .50 " 
 
 30 " 
 
 Free 
 
 25c per box 
 
 80 per cent 
 
 "" and 35 per cent 
 
 40 per cent 
 
 40 " 
 
 5c per sq. foot — 
 6c " " .... 
 
 45 per cent 
 
 45 " 
 
 50 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 50 " 
 
 50 " 
 
 .50 " 
 
 50 " 
 
 .50 " 
 
 50 " 
 
 50c 
 
 60 
 
 $1 " 
 
 50 
 
 $2 " 
 
 50 
 
 $1 " 
 
 30 
 
 $1.75 " 
 
 30 
 
 10c " 
 
 30 
 
 36e 
 
 30 
 
 lOo 
 
 30 
 
 $1 
 
 30 
 
 $2 
 
 30 
 
 50 per cent. 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 Free. 
 
 
 10 per cent. 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 5c per doz. 
 
 
 25 per cent. 
 
 
 %c per lb. 
 
 
 36c 
 
 
 30 per cent. 
 55 " 
 49Kc lb. an 
 
 
 1 60 per ct . 
 
 Free. 
 
 
 $1.50 ea. and 35 per ct. 
 
 $4 
 
 35 
 
 $6 
 
 35 
 
 $1 
 
 35 
 
 $1 
 
 35 " 
 
 Free. 
 
 
 %c per lb. 
 
 
 leKclb. and 30per ct. 
 
 22c 
 
 35 
 
 33c 
 
 35 
 
 60 per cent 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 25c per bushel. 
 
 13c box and 30 per ct. 
 
 35 per cent 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 5c per sq. foot. 
 
 6c " 
 
 
 60 per cent 
 
 
 $1 dz.notlessthanSOp.c 
 
 $1.50 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 $2.60 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 $2.50 " 
 
 " 50 " 
 
 $3 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 $1.75 " 
 
 50 " 
 
 $2 75 " 
 
 50 " 
 
 $3.25 " 
 
 50 "■ 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
32 
 
 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. 
 
 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES.— Continued. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Old Tariff (1883) Rate. 
 
 New Tariff (McKinley) 
 1890. 
 
 Gloves, suMes and scmasclaen, emb'd . . 
 
 Gloves, su6des, lined 
 
 Gloves, suddes, lined and embroidered . . 
 
 Glucose 
 
 Glue, value not over 7c per lb 
 
 Gold, manufactures of, not jewelry 
 
 Hair of hogs curled for mattresses 
 
 Hair manufactures* 
 
 Hair braids and ornaments 
 
 Hair, human, unmanufactured 
 
 Hams 
 
 Handlcerchiefs, linen 
 
 Handkerchiefs, silk 
 
 Hay 
 
 Hemp cordage, untarred 
 
 Hemp cordage, tarred 
 
 Hides, raw, dried, salted, pickled 
 
 Hogs 
 
 Honey 
 
 Hoops, iron or steel, for baling purposes 
 
 Hops 
 
 Horn, manufactures of 
 
 Horses, mules, value under $150 
 
 Horses, mules, value over $150 
 
 India-rubber, manufactures 
 
 India-rubber, vulcanized 
 
 India-rubber, wearing apparel 
 
 Instruments, philosophical, metal 
 
 Iron, manufactures of* 
 
 Iron screws, % inch or less in length 
 
 Iron tinned plates 
 
 Ivory, manufactures* 
 
 Jewelry 
 
 Jute, burlaps 
 
 Jute, cotton bagging 
 
 Jute, other bagging 
 
 Knit Goods — 
 Wearing apparel, value not over 30o lb. 
 
 Wearing apparel, value 30c to 40c 
 
 Wearing apparel, value 40c to 60o 
 
 Wearing apparel, value 60c to 80c 
 
 Wearing apparel, value over 80c lb 
 
 Silk 
 
 Knives, carving ] , 
 
 Laces, cotton ','.'.'.'. 
 
 Laces, linen 
 
 Lard ',','.'.'.'.'.'.. 
 
 Lead, pigs, bars ','.'.'.'.','.. 
 
 Lead, type metal ','.'.'.','.'. 
 
 Leather manufactures* 
 
 Lime '[' 
 
 Linen manufactures* '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'...'. 
 
 Linen, wearing apparel 
 
 Linen thread 
 
 Linseed oil '.'.'.'...'.'.'.'.'..' 
 
 Macaroni 
 
 Malt .'!!!.'!!!!!!;.';"" 
 
 Matches, friction, boxed 
 
 Mats, cocoa and rattan 
 
 Matting, jute '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.. 
 
 Mathematical instruments, glass '.'.'. 
 
 Meerschaum pipes [' 
 
 Mica, ground 
 
 Milk, fresh '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 
 
 Milk, condensed '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.. 
 
 .35 
 
 35 " 
 
 45 
 
 12c per lb. . . 
 
 Ic " ... 
 
 30 percent. 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 1)^0 per lb.. 
 
 40 per cent. 
 
 Muffs, fur 
 
 Musical instruments, metal . 
 Music boxes 
 
 50 per cent.. . 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 20 
 
 20 " 
 
 45 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 30 " 
 
 30 
 
 2o per lb 
 
 .35 per cent 
 
 50 
 
 $2 per ton. 
 
 3c per lb 
 
 3'Aa " 
 
 Free 
 
 20 per cent 
 
 20c per gallon . 
 
 35 per cent 
 
 8c per lb 
 
 30 per cent. ... 
 20 " 
 20 " 
 30 " 
 
 lOo lb. and 35 per ct. 
 12c " " 35 " . 
 18c " "36 " . 
 24e " " 35 " . 
 35c " "40 
 50 per cent 
 
 40 
 
 2c per lb 
 
 2c " . . . . 
 20 per cent . 
 
 10 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 25c per gallon. 
 
 Free 
 
 20c per bushel. 
 
 .35 per cent 
 
 20 
 20 
 45 
 
 70 " 
 
 10 " 
 10 
 
 20 " 
 
 4c and 8c per gallon. 
 
 30 per cent ,, 
 
 25 " 
 
 35 " ; 
 
 50c dz. not less than 50 p.c. 
 
 $1 " " 50 " 
 
 $1.50 " " 50 " 
 
 ''4o per lb. 
 
 l^c " 
 
 45 per cent. 
 
 15 " 
 
 33c a lb. and 40 per ct. 
 
 60c " " 60 " 
 
 20 per cent. 
 
 5c per lb. 
 
 55 per cent. 
 
 60 
 
 $4 per ton. 
 
 2^c per lb. 
 
 3c 
 
 Free. 
 
 50 per head. 
 20c per gallon. 
 1.3c per lb. 
 15c per lb. 
 30 per cent. 
 $30 per head. 
 "' per cent. 
 
 35 
 
 50c a lb. and 50 per ct. 
 
 45 per cent. 
 
 45 
 
 14o per lb. 
 
 2.2c " 
 
 40 per cent. 
 
 50 " 
 
 IJicper lb. 
 
 1.6c and 1.8c per lb. 
 
 2c. per lb. 
 
 33c a lb. and 40 per c(r. 
 38Kc" " 40 
 44c " " 50 
 44c " " 50 
 44c " " 50 
 60 per cent. 
 $1 to $5 doz. & 30 per ct 
 60 per cent. 
 60 " 
 2c per lb. 
 
 2c 
 
 per cent, 
 per 100 lbs. 
 per cent. 
 
 35 
 6o 
 50 
 55 
 45 
 32c 
 
 2c, 
 
 45c 
 
 lOo 
 
 8c 
 
 6c 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 35 
 
 5c 
 
 3c 
 
 . per gallon, 
 per lb. 
 per bushel. 
 _ per gross, 
 per sq. ft. 
 per sq. yd. 
 per cent. 
 
 per gallon, 
 per lb. 
 
 •ee (after Apr. 1,'91). 
 per cent. 
 
 Free 
 35 
 46 
 45 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. 
 
 33 
 
 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES.— Continued. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Nails, cut 
 
 Nails, horseshoe 
 
 Needles, sewing 
 
 Newspapers, periodicals 
 
 Oatmeal • 
 
 Oil-cloths for floors, value over 2oc sq. yd. 
 
 Oil, olive 
 
 Oil, whale and seal 
 
 Onions 
 
 Opium, liquid preparations 
 
 Organs 
 
 Pamtings, by American artists 
 
 Paintings, by foreign artists 
 
 Paper maniLfactures 
 
 Paper stock, crude 
 
 Pepper, cayenne, unground 
 
 Perfumery, alcoholic 
 
 Personal effects (see note) 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 Photograph Albums 
 
 Photograph Slides 
 
 Pianofortes 
 
 Pickles 
 
 Pins, metallic 
 
 Pipes of clay, common 
 
 Plants* 
 
 Poultry, dressed 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Pulp, wood, paper-makers^ use, ground . . 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Quilts, cotton 
 
 IJ^cperlb 
 
 4c " 
 
 25o " 
 
 Free 
 
 >^c per lb 
 
 40 per cent 
 
 25 " 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 40 " 
 
 25 " 
 
 Free 
 
 -SO per cent ; . . , 
 15 
 
 Free 
 
 Free 
 
 $3 per gallon. 
 
 Quinine, sulphate and salts. . 
 Railroad ties, cedar . 
 
 Old Tariff (1883) Rate. 
 
 New Tariff (McKinley) 
 1890. 
 
 lOc per lb . . . 
 per cent. 
 45 
 25 
 35 
 30 
 
 Robes, buffalo, made up 
 
 Roofing tiles, plain 
 
 Rope, bale, of hemp 
 
 Rope, bale, of cotton 
 
 Rugs, oriental 
 
 Salmon, dried or smoked 
 
 Salmon, pickled and salted 
 
 Salt, in bulk 
 
 Salt, in bags 
 
 Sauces* 
 
 Sausages, Bologna 
 
 Sausages, all others 
 
 Sealskin sacques 
 
 Seeds, garden 
 
 Sheetings, linen 
 
 Shirts, in whole or part linen 
 
 Shoe-laces, cotton 
 
 Shoe-laces, leather 
 
 Shoes, leather 
 
 Shoes, India-rubber 
 
 Silk, raw 
 
 Silk, spun in skeins 
 
 Silk, laces, embroideries, handkerchiefs, 
 
 and all wearing apparel 
 
 Skins, uncured, raw 
 
 Skins, tanned and dressed 
 
 Slates, porcelain, plain 
 
 Smokers' articles, except clay pipes 
 
 Snuff 
 
 Soap, Castile 
 
 Spelter in blocks 
 
 Spirits, except bay rum 
 
 Statuary, marble 
 
 Steel ingots — 
 
 Slabs, etc., value 7c to 10c per lb,. 
 
 Slabs, etc., value 10c to 13o per lb. 
 
 Free 
 
 10c per lb 
 
 15c per bushel. 
 10 per cent — 
 
 10c per lb 
 
 35 per cent — 
 
 Free 
 
 Free 
 
 20 per cent 
 
 20 
 85 
 .35 
 40 
 
 Ic per lb 
 
 25 per cent 
 
 8c per 100 lbs.. 
 12c " " .. 
 
 35 per cent 
 
 Free 
 
 85 per cent 
 
 Ic per lb. 
 
 4c " 
 
 Free. 
 
 Free. 
 
 Ic per lb. 
 
 15c sq. yd. & 30 per ct. 
 
 35c per gallon. 
 
 8c ^' 
 
 40c per bushel. 
 
 40 per cent. 
 
 45 
 
 Free. 
 
 15 per cent. 
 
 85 
 
 Free. 
 
 8Mc per lb. 
 
 J3.50 gal. and 50 per ct. 
 
 25 
 
 Free 
 
 30 per cent , 
 
 50 " 
 
 Free 
 
 20 per cent 
 
 55 " 
 
 70 " 
 
 50o per lb 
 
 80 per cent 
 
 IXcperlb 
 
 $2 per proof gallon. . 
 80 per cent 
 
 2?ic per lb 
 3>ic " . 
 
 20c per lb. 
 
 35 per cent. 
 
 60 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 30 
 
 15c per gross, 
 
 "" per cent. 
 
 5c'per lb. 
 
 35c per bushel. 
 
 $3,50 per ton, dry wt. 
 
 10c per lb. 
 
 45 per cent. 
 
 Free. 
 
 20 per cent. 
 
 35 " 
 
 35 
 
 50 
 
 40 " 
 
 60c sq. yd. & 40 per ct. 
 
 Ic per lb. 
 
 30 per cent. 
 
 8c per 100 lbs. 
 
 12c 
 
 45 per cent. 
 
 Free. 
 
 25 per cent. 
 
 .35 
 
 30 
 
 50 
 
 55 " 
 
 40 
 
 35 
 
 35 " 
 
 .30 
 
 Free. 
 
 35 per cent. 
 
 60 
 
 Free. 
 
 20 per cent. 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 50c per lb. 
 
 l''^" * „ 
 
 $3.50 per proof gallon, 
 
 15 per cent. 
 
 3.8c per lb. 
 3Kc " 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
34 
 
 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. 
 
 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES.— Continued. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Old Tariff (1883) Rate. 
 
 New Tariff (McKinley) 
 1890. 
 
 Slabs, etc., value 13c to 16c per lb 
 
 Slabs, etc., value above 16c per lb 
 
 3Mc per lb 
 
 4.2c per lb. 
 7c " 
 
 3i^c " 
 
 45 per cent 
 
 60 per cent. 
 
 
 30 " ■ 
 
 30 
 
 Sugars, not above 16 Dutch standard 
 
 Sugars, above 16 Dutch standard 
 
 1 3-5 min. per lb 
 
 3-3^cper lb 
 
 3-lOc " 
 
 Free 
 
 Free (after Apr. 1, '91). 
 Xc per lb. 
 
 
 4-lOc " 
 
 Tea 
 
 Free. 
 
 
 Free 
 
 45 per cent 
 
 20 per cent. 
 
 
 SO 
 
 
 45 " 
 
 60 
 
 Thread— 
 
 15c per lb . . .... 
 
 180 per lb. 
 23c 
 
 40c to 50c per lb ^ 
 
 20c " 
 
 ^5c '' 
 
 50c to 60c per lb 
 
 28c " 
 
 Flax or linen, value not over 13c per lb. 
 
 
 6c 
 
 35 " 
 
 45 per cent. 
 
 Tin, ore or metal (after July 1, 1891) 
 
 Tin plates (after July 1, 1891) 
 
 Tobacco, cigar wrappers, not stemmed. . . 
 
 Free 
 
 4c per lb. 
 2.3c " 
 
 
 
 $8 
 
 SI " 
 
 $8.75 " 
 
 
 40c " 
 
 50c " 
 
 
 
 .35c " 
 
 
 .30 " 
 
 40 per cent. 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 30o lb. and 50 per cent. 
 
 60c a lb. and 60 per ot. 
 
 50 per cent. 
 
 55 
 
 
 Umbrellas, silk or alpaca. . . 
 
 50 " 
 
 
 10 " 
 
 25 " 
 
 Vegetables, prepared or preserved 
 
 Velvets, silk 
 
 30 " 
 
 45 " 
 
 50 " 
 
 $3.50 lb. & 15 per ct. but 
 not less than 50 per ct. 
 35 per cent. 
 25 " 
 
 
 26 " 
 
 
 25 " 
 
 
 25 " 
 
 30 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;30 per cent 
 
 20c per bushel 
 
 .35 per cent. 
 25c per bushel. 
 40 per cent. 
 30 " 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 Willow for basket-makers . . . 
 
 25 
 
 
 .30 " 
 
 40 " 
 
 
 30 " 
 
 40 " 
 
 Wines- 
 Champagne, in % pint bottles or less. . . 
 
 $1.76 per doz 
 
 
 Champagne, % pint and not over 1 pmt 
 Champagne, 1 pmt and not over 1 quart 
 Champagne, over one quart 
 
 $3.50 " 
 
 $4 " 
 
 $7 
 
 
 $7 doz. and $2.35 gal. . 
 
 $8 and $2.50 per gal. 
 
 Still in casks 
 
 Woods, cabinet, sawed 
 
 Free 
 
 15 per cent. 
 
 lie and 12c per lb. 
 
 Wool, first and second class 
 
 10c and 13c per lb 
 
 Wool, third-class* 
 
 Wool or worsted yarns- 
 Value not over 30c per lb 
 
 10c lb. and 3S per cent. 
 12c " " 35 
 18c " " 35 
 40c " " 35 
 
 10c " " 35 
 13c " " 35 
 18c " " ,35 
 34c " " 35 " 
 36c " " 40 
 
 27J^c lb. and 35 per ct. 
 IHc " " 35 " 
 38>^ " " 40 " 
 49^ " " 60 " 
 
 .3.3c " " 40 " 
 •38J^c " " 40 " 
 44c " " 40 
 44c " " 60 
 44c " " 50 " 
 
 Value over 30c and not over 40c per lb . . 
 Value over 40c per lb 
 
 Woolen and worsted clothing 
 
 Woolen manufactures* — 
 Value not over 30c per lb 
 
 Value 30c and not over 40c per lb 
 
 Value 40c and not over 6nc per lb 
 
 Value 60c and not over 80c per lb 
 
 Value over 80c per lb 
 
 Note.— Personal or household effects ot persons arriving in the United States, in 
 use over one year, or of American citizens dying abroad, free. Duty must be paid on 
 all watches but one. Articles and tools of trade, when in actual use, free. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
TAEIPP EEFOEM VOTES, 1865-1890. 
 
 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES— BY STATES. 
 
 STATE. ^ 
 
 ffarchS, 
 1865. 
 
 July 28, 
 1866. 
 
 July 14, 
 1870. 
 
 June 2, 
 1872. 
 
 Feb. 8, 
 1875. 
 
 March3, 
 1875. 
 
 March3, 
 1888. 
 
 May 21, 
 1890. 
 
 How Cast— 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 2 
 3 
 7 
 2 
 2 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 3 
 2 
 4 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 5 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 85 
 
 4J 
 
 < 
 1 
 1 
 
 12 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 4 
 5 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 3 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 16 
 
 1 
 19 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 95 
 
 m 
 
 a 
 
 Ml 
 
 <! 
 
 B 
 3 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 1 
 3 
 3 
 
 6 
 49 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 2 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 16 
 
 2 
 19 
 
 S 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 5 
 
 11 
 5 
 5 
 2 
 5 
 8 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 5 
 8 
 1 
 4 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 152 
 
 c 
 ^ 
 
 10 
 2 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 35 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 3 
 6 
 8 
 5 
 2 
 6 
 1 
 
 5 
 11 
 13 
 2 
 4 
 1 
 6 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 5 
 2 
 2 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 149 
 
 ■1^ 
 CO 
 
 •1 
 .1 
 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 a 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 2 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 61 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 IB 
 
 B 
 18 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 1 
 4 
 2 
 
 18 
 10 
 
 7 
 7 
 5 
 1 
 5 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 4 
 1 
 3 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 1.36 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 1 
 5 
 
 3 
 4 
 2 
 B 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 6 
 8 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 99 
 
 o 
 fe 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 1 
 8 
 1 
 2 
 
 13 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 I 
 
 10 
 4 
 2 
 8 
 6 
 1 
 5 
 2 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 4 
 8 
 3 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 123 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 6 
 2 
 5 
 
 3 
 7 
 2 
 4 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 10 
 5 
 
 12 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 5 
 3 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 114 
 
 fa 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 21 
 
 7 
 20 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 7 
 8 
 18 
 8 
 6 
 3 
 7 
 4 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 152 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 B 
 
 1 
 6 
 4 
 2 
 6 
 3 
 7 
 1 
 
 11 
 5 
 6 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 8 
 7 
 4 
 ,4 
 5 
 5 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 116 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 18 
 
 4 
 21 
 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 8 
 
 4 
 l&T 
 
 
 North Atlantic Division, 
 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 - 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 New York 
 
 18 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 6 
 
 South Atlantic Division. 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 Virginia 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 7 
 2 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 6 
 6 
 10 
 
 Florida 
 
 1 
 
 North Central Division. 
 Ohio 
 
 5 
 
 
 9 
 
 Illinois 
 
 5 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 Minn^ota 
 
 1 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — - 
 
 
 — 
 
 South Central Division. 
 
 9 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 ■(■ 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 5 
 
 Western Division. 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 ~- 
 
 California 
 
 
 Total 
 
 142 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
BECIPROCITY. 
 
 The protective tariff in tliis country has, since the time it first made its 
 appearance as a part of our national policy, acted as a check to the free im- 
 portation of raw material or of manufactured goods from other countries. 
 The Republican party, having from the first identified itself with a high pro- 
 tective tariff, has urged as its reason for this the necessity of building up 
 manufactures and enabling Americans to make the articles they use in the 
 place of being dependent on the manufacturers in England and Europe. 
 
 It is scarcely necessary to say that a protective tariff on any article stim- 
 ulates frlie production of that article in the country levying the duty. As 
 good an illustration of the result of the tariff as may be asked is to be found 
 in the history of the attempt to make watches in Massachusetts. Three 
 times, prior to the war, did a watch company start at Waltham only to fail. 
 It was found impossible to compete with the watch manufacturers of Eng- 
 land and the Continent. But with the duty levied soon after the civil war 
 broke out, a fourth attempt was made. The result was, not only that a 
 Waltham watch took the gold medal at the Paris Exposition in the seventies 
 as against all competitors, but the American watches can to-day be sold in 
 London and in Switzerland. The manufacture of them has reached a point 
 where a duty is no longer necessary, and it has also reached a point where 
 foreign markets are invaded. 
 
 The lesson of this is obvious. A protective tariff makes the manufacture 
 of a particular article possible, but it also stimulates that manufacture until 
 the men engaged in it so develop it as to make it possible to compete with 
 their rivals in other countries. There also comes a time in the history of 
 every manufacturing country when the home market is outgrown, when — 
 unless new markets may be found — there is a surplus of manufactures. 
 
 It is an economic law that there may be no exports from a country unless 
 there are imports also. The money of the world is used, so far as commerce 
 is concerned, only to pay balances. This may be shown in a very simple 
 way. The total amount of gold and silver in the United States in Novem- 
 ber, 1890, was $1,004,300,553. The total value of imports for the fiscal year 
 ending June 1, 1890, was $823,286,735. Had this country paid in cash for 
 those imports there would have been only $180,913,818 left, or enough to 
 pay for imports for about a month and a half longer; at the end of which 
 time wQ would have had no more money. But as the value of the exports 
 during that year was $881,076,017, we had only the balance of $57,789,282 
 to pay. 
 
 This law, which makes it impossible for a country to export unless it im- 
 ports as well, makes the protective tariff operate against the manufacturer 
 so soon as the time comes when he is obliged to seek a foreign market or 
 limit his production. 
 
 The election of General Harrison to the presidency stamped the Repub- 
 lican policy of protection with the people's seal of approval. Thus encour- 
 aged, Congress was enabled to pass the McKinley bill, in which the protective 
 tariff was carried to a higher point than before. But by this time, under the 
 stimulus of the tariff, the manufacturers of the country had reached the 
 position where for many of them a foreign market was necessary if ihey 
 would still develop. Mr. James G. Blaine saw that the natural markets o't 
 
 36 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 

 Hon. JAMES G. BLAINE. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
RECIPROCITY. 37 
 
 the United States were to be found in the Spanish American countries of 
 Central and South America. He had long been leading up to a closer uniou, 
 commercial and friendly, between the Republics of the two Americas, and 
 he had driven his scheme of a Pan-American Congress to a successful 
 ending. 
 
 He caused to be introduced in Congress what was called the Reciprocity 
 amendment to the McKinley bill. Under this section the President, when 
 he becomes convinced that any coiftitry which produces sugar, molasses, 
 coffee, tea or hides, is imposing duties on agricultural products or manu- 
 factured articles produced in the United States, has the power to suspend 
 the operation of the McKinley bill so far as sugar, molasses, coffee, tea or 
 hides imported from such country are concerned. In other words, this gives 
 the President the power to lessen the duty paid on these specified articles 
 when he sees fit to do so. This in turn means that if Brazil will reduce her 
 duties levied on agricultural products and manufactures of the United 
 States, the President will reduce our duties on coffee, sugar and hides from 
 Brazil. 
 
 The working of this amendment is almost apparent when one reads it. 
 It is bringing the old principle of mutual concessions into international trade 
 in order to mcrease the commerce of the United States, and in turn, that of 
 the country to which the concession is made. In effect, reciprocity is free 
 trade with this limitation: It trades off the reduction of duties at this end 
 of the line for similar reductions at the other, and it is a form of free trade 
 especially designed to foster the trade with a particular country. It provides 
 a mariset for those manufactures which have outgrown the home demand, 
 and it increases the market for the farmers. It is easy to see, from what has 
 been written, that reciprocity is the natural outcome of a protective tariff. 
 The tariff has fostered and stimulated American manufactures until the 
 home market is no longer sufficient, and therefore a new market had to be 
 found. 
 
 The introduction into Congress of the Reciprocity resolution produced 
 some excitement. Senator Mitchell was the first to advocate it, but he was 
 speedily followed by all the Republican Senators. The New York Produce 
 Exchange held a meeting and passed resolutions in favor of the scheme,- 
 which action was repeated by nearly all the commercial bodies in the coun- 
 try. A vigorous fight was made against it in the House by Major McKinley 
 and Speaker Reed, but when it became apparent that public sentiment was 
 strongly in favor of it, the amendment passed. Since then a number of 
 treaties have been begun, and some have been concluded, looking towards 
 putting the plan into active operation. During the debate on the measure; 
 an effort was made to enlarge the scheme sufficiently to bring Canada in, 
 but this was defeated owing to the opposition of Representatives and Senators 
 from the States along the Northern border. 
 
 TEXT OF THE EECIPEOCITT SECTION OF THE MCKINLEY BILL. 
 
 Section 3. That with a view to secure reciprocal trade with countries 
 producing the following articles, and for this purpose, on and after the first 
 day of July, 1893, whenever, and so often as the President shall be satisfied 
 that the government of any country producing and exporting sugars, molas- 
 ses, coffee, tea and hides, raw and uncured, or any of such articles, imposes 
 duties or other exactions upon the agricultural or other products of the United 
 States, which in view of the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, 
 tea, and hides into the United States he may deem to be reciprocally unequal 
 and unreasonable, he shall have the power and it shall be his duty to suspend, 
 by proclamation to that effect, the provisions of this act relating to the free 
 introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the production of 
 
 3b 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
38 KECIPROCITT. 
 
 such country, for such time as he shall deem just, and in such case and dur- 
 ing such suspension, duties shall he levied, collected, and paid upon sugar, 
 molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the product of or exported from such desig- 
 nated country, as follows, namely: 
 
 All sugars not ahove number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall pay 
 duty on their polarisoopic tests as follows, namely: 
 
 All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color, all tank 
 bottoms, syrups of cane juice or of beet juice, melada, concentrated melada, 
 concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above 75 
 degrees, seven-tenths of one cent per pound; and for every additional degree 
 or fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test, two-hundredths of one 
 cent per pound additional. 
 
 All sugars above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall be classi- 
 fied by the Dutch standard of color, and pay duty as follows, namely: All 
 sugar above number thirteen and not above number sixteen Dutch standard 
 of color, one and three-eighth cents per pound. 
 
 AH sugar above number sixteen and not above number twenty Dutch 
 standard of color, one and five-eighth cents per pound. 
 
 All sugars above number twenty Dutch standard of color, two cents per 
 pound. 
 
 Molasses testing above fifty-six degrees, four cents per gallon. 
 
 Sugar drainings and sugar sweepmgs shall be subject to duty either as 
 molasses or sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test. 
 
 On coffee, three cents per pound. 
 
 On tea, ten cents per pound. 
 
 Hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted, or pickled. Angora goat- 
 skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufactured, asses' skins, raw or unmanu- 
 factured, and skins, except sheepskins with the wool on, one and one-half 
 cents per poimd.* 
 
 * For most recent developments as to Reciprocity treaties, up to the moment of 
 going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
THE SILVER QUESTION". 
 
 The silver question in this country to-day is tlie result of a demand on 
 the part of many people for more money in circulation, stimulated doubtless 
 by the desire of the owners of silver mines to find a market for their product. 
 As the law stands now, gold may be taken in unlimited quantities to the United 
 States mints and there coined into money. The director of the mint has no 
 power, acting as the agent of the Secretary of the Treasury, to refuse to re- 
 ceive the metal or to pay for it, either in gold coin or in United States notes, 
 which are, of course, gold coin in another form. 
 
 When England demonetized silver, France was left as the great bi-metallic 
 country of the world. At that time (1792 to 1834) the United States was 
 coining silver and gold at the ratio of 15 to 1. France was coining at the 
 rate of 15}^ to 1, and as a result the United States was stripped of its gold 
 coin. In 1834 the United States raised the ratio from 15 to 1 to 16 to 1, and 
 there being 3 per cent, profit in the transaction, the silver left this country 
 and gold came in. Then the United States, in order to keep its subsidiary 
 coinage, depreciated it and thus stopped the drain. 
 
 When the war broke out, all questions of metallic coinage were speedily 
 swallowed up in the flood of "greenbacks" and " shinplasters." When, 
 however, we renewed specie payment, things went on as before. In 1873 
 France stopped the free coinage of silver in order to escape from the flood of 
 German silver which was draining the country of its gold. Coincident with 
 this came the enormous development of silver-mining in this country, follow- 
 ing the discovery of the "Bonanza" deposit in the Comstock in Nevada. 
 All the silver of the world rushed in here and the United States was forced 
 to demonetize the metal. 
 
 The demand for more money in circulation, which naturally followed the 
 great development of the country during the seventies and eighties, brought 
 vrith it the greenback movement. This was a demand made by a large sec- 
 tion of the people for the issue by the government of an unlimited and irre- 
 deemable currency. The greenback advocates were defeated and so thor- 
 oughly beaten that as a party in politics they practically ceased to exist. 
 The nation realized that greenbacks were the notes of hand issued by the 
 government and obtaining their value from the government's credit. It was 
 as absurd to say that a government note should never be redeemed as it was 
 to say that the note of an individual could be circulated in business if there 
 was no redemption provided for it. 
 
 But while the common sense of the nation rejected the irredeemable 
 greenback project, this did not in the least afl;ect the demand for more money 
 in circulation. It was apparent to all men that when the time came to move 
 the wheat crop, all other enterprises felt the need of money greatly. It took 
 about all the money in the country for the wheat. Consequently there came 
 a time every year when business generally languished, owing to the fact that 
 the money, which is the life-blood of business, was withdrawn from it. Nor 
 was this all. The scarcity of money brought with it a high price for its use, 
 and the interest demanded on mortgages was such that the net profit derived 
 from the cultivation of the ground would not, except under exceptional cir- 
 cumstances, pay this interest. 
 
 Men who were confronted with this situation, and especially the farmers, 
 who feel the bite the most keenly, looked at the vast mass of silver in the 
 
 39 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
40 THE SILVEE QUESTION. 
 
 country witli longing eyes. They declared that silver was as good a basis as 
 gold on wMcli to rest a currency, and they demanded that the United States 
 once more go back to the bi-metalUc standard. They urged that, were there 
 unlimited coinage of silver; were silver put on the same basis as gold in this 
 I'egard, the dearth of money would cease at once and interest would fall. As 
 a result of this feeling the Bland bill was introduced into Congress providing 
 for the unlimited coinage of the white metal. 
 
 It was fiercely opposed. Many able men, led by John Sherman, Ex-Sec- 
 retary of the Treasury, argued that, were the United States to adopt the bi- 
 metallic standard when no other of the great nations would do the same 
 thing, it would at once create a market for the silver of the world, and that 
 it would be drained of its gold. This would result, they declared, in an ad- 
 vance in the price of gold, and as all balances in commerce with nations hav- 
 ing a gold standard would have to be paid in this metal, any legislation mak- 
 ing gold subject to fluctuations in price would result disastrously to the mer- 
 chants and manufacturers. The gist of their argument was that the mone- 
 tization of silver would make gold a commodity subject to changes in price 
 and to all the evils of speculation. ^ 
 
 The opposition was strong enough to get the Allison amendment tacked 
 on to the Bland bill. By this the Secretary of the Treasury must buy not less 
 than two millions nor more than four millions each month. This measure 
 has resulted in making silver a commodity. 
 
 During the last two years the party in favor of free silver and a bi-metallic 
 standard has grown enormously in this country. The gist of the whole 
 question lies in the ratio given to silver and gold in any law making both 
 legal tender and giving both free coinage. The ratio in the markets of the 
 world to-day is, generally speaking, one of gold to fifteen and a half of sil- 
 ver. But silver, being demonetized, fluctuates in price. Were the United 
 States to adopt this ratio, then it would flnd itself alternately a purchaser and 
 a seller of silver, as silver went down or up abroad. Whether these would 
 be equal in the long run it is difficult to say. 
 
 It is probable that the advantages and disadvantages of free coinage for 
 silver have been exaggerated somewhat by the advocates and opponents of 
 the measure. There remain two facts after all the froth has been blown away. 
 First, the farming and other interests of the country seriously need cheaper 
 money; second, that any ratio established by Congress will force this coun- 
 try to buy or sell silver in accordance with the price elsewhere.* 
 
 * For most recent developments as to silver legislation, etc., up to the moment of 
 going to press, see Addenda^ preceding Index. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
THE SINGLE TAX THEORY. 
 
 There is a Single Tax National League of the United States of which 
 Hemy George, of New York, is the foremost champion. The theory of the 
 Lea,gue is that all men are equally entitled to the use and enjoyment of what 
 God has created and of what is gained by the general growth and improve- 
 ment of the community of which they are a part. That no one should be 
 permitted to hold natural opportunities without a fair return to all for any 
 special privileges thus accorded to him, and that that value which the growth 
 and improvement of the community attaches to land should be taken for the 
 use of the community; that each is entitled to all that his labor produces- 
 therefore, no tax should be levied on the products of labor. 
 
 The League is in favor of raising all public revenues for national, State, 
 county and municipal purposes by a single tax upon land values, irrespec- 
 tive of improvements, and all the obligations of all forms of direct and indi- 
 rect taxation. With respect to monopolies other than that monopoly of land, 
 the League hold that when free competition becomes impossible, as In tele- 
 graphs, railroads, water and gas supplies, etc., such business becomes a 
 proper social function which should be controlled and managed by and for 
 the whole people concerned, through their proper government, local, state 
 or national. 
 
 the single tax platform. 
 
 Platform Adopted at the Confekence of the Single Tax Na- 
 tional League of the United States, at Cooper Union, New 
 York, September 3, 1890. 
 
 At the meeting of the Single Tax National League of the United States 
 held at Cooper Union, New York, September 3, 1890, Henry George, as Chair- 
 man of the Committee on Platform and Address, reported the following, 
 which was adopted: 
 
 "We assert as our fundamental principle the self-evident truth enunciated 
 in the Declaration of American Independence, that all men are created equal 
 and are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights. 
 
 We hold that all men are equally entitled to the use and enjoyment of 
 what God has created and of what is gained by the general growth and im- 
 provement of the community of which they are a part. Therefore, no one 
 should be permitted to hold natural opportunities without a fair return to all 
 for any special privilege thus accorded to him, and that that value which the 
 growth and improvement of the community attaches to land should be taken 
 for the use of the community; that each is entitled to all that his labor pro- 
 duces; therefore, no tax should be levied on the products of labor. 
 
 To carry out these principles, we are in favor of raising all public reve- 
 nues for national, State, county and municipal purposes by a single tax upon 
 land values, irrespective of improvements, and all the obligations of all 
 forms of direct and indirect taxation. 
 
 Since in all our States we now levy some tax on the value of land, the 
 single tax can be instituted by the simple and easy way of abolishing, one 
 after another, all other taxes now levied, and commensurately increasing the 
 
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<l 
 
 42 THE SINGLE TAX THEORY. 
 
 tax on land values until we draw upon that one source for all expenses of 
 government, the revenue being divided between local governments. State 
 government, and the general government, as the revenue from direct tax is 
 now divided between the local and State governments, or by a direct assess- 
 ment being made by'the general government upon the States and paid by 
 them from revenues collected in this manner. 
 
 The single tax would: 
 
 1st. Take the weight of taxation off the agnjcultural districts when land 
 has little or no value irrespective of improvements, and put it on towns and 
 cities where bare land rises to a value of millions of dollars per acre. 
 
 2d. Dispense with a multiplicity of taxes and a horde of tax-gatherers, 
 simplify government and greatly reduce its cost. 
 
 3d. Do away with tlie fraud, corruption and gross inequality inseparable 
 from our present methods of taxation, which allow the rich to escape while 
 they grind the poor. 
 
 4th. Give us with all the world as perfect freedom of trade as now exists 
 between the States of our Union, thus enabling our people to share through 
 . free exchanges in all the advantages which nature has given to other coun- 
 tries, or which the peculiar skill of other peoples has enabled them to attain. 
 It would destroy the trusts, monopolies and corruptions, which are the out- 
 growths of the tariff. 
 
 5th. It would, on the other hand, by taking for public use that value 
 which attaches to land by reason of the growth and improvement of the com- 
 munity, make the holding of land unprofitable to the mere owner, and profit- 
 able only to the user. It would thus make it impossible for speculators and 
 monopolists to hold natural opportunities unused or only half used, and would 
 throw open to labor the illimitable field of employment which the earth offers 
 to man. It would thus solve the labor problem, do away with involuntary 
 poverty, raise wages in all occupations to the full earnings of labor, make 
 overproduction impossible until all human wants are satisfied, render labor- 
 saving inventions a blessing to all, and cause such an enormous production 
 and such an equitable distribution of wealth as would give to all comfort, 
 leisure and participation in the advantages of an advancing civilization. 
 
 With respect to monopolies other than monopoly of land, we hold that 
 when free competition becomes impossible, as in telegraphs, railroads, water 
 and gas supplies, etc., such business becomes a proper social function which 
 should be controlled and managed by and for the whole people concerned 
 through their p*per government, local. State or national, as may be. 
 
 The following are the ofQcers of the Single Tax League of the United 
 States: Chairman, Louis F. Post; Treasurer, August Lewis; Secretary, 
 George St. John Leavens, 42 University Place, New York.* 
 
 *For most recent developments of the Single Tax theory, up to the moment of 
 feoing to press, see Addenda^ preceding Index. 
 
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PART III. 
 
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INTRODUCTION 
 DECLARATION" OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 The Declaration of Independence was first considered at a Congress of the 
 thirteen united British colonies, held in Philadelphia on the 5th of Septem- 
 ber, 1774. An Act of Parliament had been passed which closed the port of 
 Boston on account of destruction of tea, and which removed the custom- 
 house to Salem. This act gave offence to the people of Massachusetts, who 
 considered that their chartered and constitutional rights had been violated. 
 
 When the first Congress adjourned, it did so after a resolution had been 
 adopted providing for the assembling of a second Congress, which also met 
 at Philadelphia, May 10, 1775. 
 
 Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was elected President for the second time, 
 but on account of being called home on urgent business, John Hancock, of 
 Massachusetts, was selected tb take his place. Congress declared that in de- 
 fense of their freedom and rights, they would take up arms, and troops were 
 raised with George Washington in command. 
 
 As early as January, 1776, Massachusetts instructed her delegates in Con- 
 gress to vote for independence, and was followed later on by all the States, 
 with the exception of New York and Pennsylvania. An adjustment of the 
 trouble was then thought likely by these States, but they eventually fell into 
 line and added the illustrious names of their delegates, as two of the original 
 thirteen States of the Union contributing to complete the memorable docu- 
 ment that made the Union free and independent of British dominion and rule. 
 
 On June 11, 1776, a resolution to the eflect that ' ' the united colonies 
 ought to be free and independent," was offered by Richard Henry Lee, of 
 Virginia, and adopted. A committee, consisting of Thomas Jefferson, Ben- 
 jamin Franklin, John Adams, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and others, was 
 then appointed to draft the Declaration of Independence. History tells how 
 well and wisely they labored during the production of that instrument. 
 
 On the 38th of June, 1776, the committee made their report to Congress. 
 New York and Pennsylvania had not, up to that time, instructed their dele- 
 gates, and action upon the report was deferred in consequence. 
 
 On the 4th of July, 1776, a day ever memorable in the history of the 
 United States, the report of these two colonies was received and adopted, and 
 the Independence of America was proclaimed throughout, the world with 
 salvos of artillery and the ringing of the old State Bell. The Declaration of 
 Independence received the unanimous vote of all the delegates in Congress, 
 and was voted upon and adopted by all the colonies. 
 
 DECLABATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 In Congeess, Jttlt 4, 1776. 
 By the Representati'ms of the United States in Congress assembled. 
 
 When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people 
 to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and 
 to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station to 
 which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect 
 to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes 
 which impel them to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; 
 
 1 
 
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2 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 that they are endowed hy their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that 
 among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure 
 these rights governments are instituted among men, deriving their just pow- 
 ers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of govern- 
 ment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter 
 or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on 
 such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem 
 most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dic- 
 tate that governments long established should not be changed for light and 
 transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind 
 are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves 
 by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long 
 train of abuses and usm-pations, pursuing Invariably the same object, evinces 
 a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their 
 duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their fu- 
 ture security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies, and 
 such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems 
 of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history 
 of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the estab- 
 lishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be 
 submitted to a candid world: 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for 
 the public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of Immediate and pressing 
 importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be ob- 
 tained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts 
 of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in 
 the Legislature; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, 
 and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose 
 of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing, with 
 manly fiiTnness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to 
 be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have re- 
 turned to the people at large for their exercise, the State remaining, in the 
 meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convul- 
 sions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that pur- 
 pose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass 
 others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new 
 appropriations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to 
 laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made Judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their 
 oiBces, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of offi- 
 cers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the 
 consent of our Legislatures. 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, 
 the civil power. 
 
 He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our 
 Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their 
 acts of pretended legislation: 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 
 
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DECLAEATION OF INDEPEN'DElirCB. 3 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders 
 which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences: 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English Laws in a neighboring province, 
 establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries^ 
 so as to render it at once an example and fit instrament for introducing the 
 same absolute rule into these Colonies: 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
 altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments: 
 
 _ For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
 with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, 
 and waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and des- 
 troyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries 
 to complete tlie works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with 
 circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbar- 
 ous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to 
 bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends 
 and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to 
 bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose 
 known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and 
 conditions. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in the 
 most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by re- 
 peated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act 
 which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention' to our British brethren. We 
 have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their Legis- 
 lature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded 
 them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We 
 have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have con- 
 jured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpa- 
 tions, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. 
 They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We 
 must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and 
 hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war; in peace, friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in 
 General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world 
 for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority 
 of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that 
 these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
 States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and 
 that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, 
 and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent States, 
 they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, estab- 
 lish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which Independent States 
 may of right do. Anfl, for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reli- 
 ance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each 
 other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 Signed by order and in behalf of Congress. 
 
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SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Name. 
 
 John Adams 
 
 Samuel Adams 
 
 Josiah Bartlett 
 
 Carter Braxton 
 
 Charles Carroll 
 
 6iSamuel Chase 
 
 7i Abraham Clark 
 
 8jGeorge Clymer 
 
 ' William Ellery 
 
 William Floyd 
 
 Benjamin Franklin 
 
 Elbridge Gerry 
 
 Button Gwinnett 
 
 Lyman Hall 
 
 John Hancock 
 
 Benjamni Harri.son 
 
 John Hart 
 
 Joseph Ht'wos 
 
 Thomas He^'ward, Jr. . 
 
 William Hooper 
 
 Stephen Hopkins 
 
 Francis Hopkinson 
 
 Samuel Huntiiij^ton 
 
 Thomas Jefferson.'. . . . 
 
 Francis Lightfoot Lee. 
 
 Richard Henry Lee 
 
 Francis Lewis 
 
 Philip Livingston 
 
 Thomas Lynch, Jr 
 
 Thomas McKean. 
 
 31' Arthur Middleton. 
 
 Lewis Morris. 
 
 Robert Morris 
 
 John Morton 
 
 Thomas Nelson, Jr. . 
 
 William Paca 
 
 Robert Treat Paine . 
 
 JohnPenn 
 
 George Read 
 
 Caesar Rodney 
 
 George Ross 
 
 Benjamin Rush 
 
 Edward Rutledge... 
 
 Roger Sherman 
 
 James Smith 
 
 Richard Stockton. . 
 
 Thomas Stone 
 
 George Taylor 
 
 49 j Matthew Thornton . . 
 
 50 George Walton 
 
 51 1 William Whipple . . , . . 
 
 52|William Williams 
 
 53 James Wilson 
 
 54 [John Witherspoon.. 
 
 55f01iver Wolcott 
 
 56 George Wythe 
 
 From Colony. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay, 
 Massachusetts Bay, 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Virginia , 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Maryland , 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Rhode Island, etc. . , 
 
 New York , 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Georgia '. .. , 
 
 Massachusetts Bay, 
 
 Virginia 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Rhode Island, etc. . , 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 New York 
 
 New York 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 New York 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 South Carolina , 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Georgia 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 New jersey 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Merchant 
 
 Physician 
 
 Planter 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Merchant 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Farmer 
 
 Printer 
 
 Merchant 
 
 Merchant 
 
 Physician 
 
 Merchant 
 
 Farmer 
 
 Farmer 
 
 Merchant 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Farmer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Farmer 
 
 Statesman 
 
 Merchant 
 
 Merchant 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Planter 
 
 Farmer 
 
 Merchant 
 
 Surveyor 
 
 Statesman 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 General 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Physician 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Shoemaker 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Foundry man.. 
 
 Physician 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Sailor 
 
 Statesman 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Educator 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Born. 
 
 1735 
 1732 
 1739 
 1736 
 1737 
 1741 
 1736 
 1739 
 1737 
 1734 
 1706 
 1744 
 1733 
 1735 
 1737 
 1740 
 1708 
 1730 
 1746 
 1743 
 1707 
 1737 
 1731 
 1743 
 1734 
 1733 
 1713 
 1716 
 1749 
 1734 
 1743 
 1736 
 1733 
 1734 
 1738 
 1740 
 1731 
 1741 
 1733 
 1730 
 1730 
 1746 
 1749 
 1731 
 1719 
 1730 
 1743 
 1716 
 1714 
 1740 
 1730 
 1731 
 1743 
 1733 
 1736 
 1736 
 
 Died. 
 
 18^0 
 1803 
 1795 
 1797 
 1833 
 1811 
 1794 
 1813 
 1830 
 1831 
 1790 
 1814 
 1777 
 1790 
 1793 
 1791 
 1780 
 1779 
 1809 
 1790 
 1785 
 1791 
 1796 
 1836 
 1797 
 1794 
 1803 
 1778 
 1779 
 1817 
 17'87 
 1798 
 1806 
 1777 
 1789 
 1799 
 1814 
 1788 
 1798 
 1783 
 1779 
 1813 
 1800 
 1793 
 1806 
 1781 
 1787 
 1781 
 1803 
 1804 
 1785 
 1811 
 1798 
 1794 
 1797 
 1806 
 
 A Convention was held at Charlotte, Mecklenburgh County, N. C, May 20th, 1775, 
 which announced a Declaration of Independence severing the people, represented by 
 the Convention, from their allegiance to the Crown of Great Britain. It was not until 
 the early part of the year 1776 that the idea of independence was seriously entertained 
 throughout the Colonies. In Congress, Friday, June 7th, 1776, Richard Henry Lee 
 moved that " these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and indepen- 
 dent States, * * * and that a plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted 
 to the respective Colonies for their consideration and approval." This was adopted 
 June 11th. The Committee to prepare the Declaration of Independence were: Thos. 
 Jefferson, John Adams, Benj. Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert B. Livingston. 
 They reported June 38th, and the Declaration was adopted unanimously July 4th, 1776. 
 
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INTRODUCTION 
 COWSTITITTIOlSr OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 On the 14th of May, 1787, the Federal Convention assembled in Philadel- 
 phia, and took up for revision and amendment the first Constitution of the 
 United States, which had been previously adopted. The convention, presided 
 over by George Washington, was in session from May 14th to September 17th, 
 inclusive. Congress had been urged by appeals from the several States to 
 adopt a resolution calling for such a convention, the first Constitution not 
 being considered broad enough in its provisions to serve the purposes of the 
 government and the people. 
 
 At this convention, composed as it was of the ablest men in the country, 
 each of the thirteen original States were represented, with the exception of 
 Rhode Island, Congress approved the Constitution, and it was adopted and 
 ratified by eleven of the States before the close of 1788. Later on North 
 Carolina and Rhode Island signified their approval. As a State paper the 
 Constitution of the United States has always been looked upon by other na- 
 tions as one of the wisest, soundest and niost practical efforts ever made to 
 form a basis of government both for the nation and for the people. 
 
 CON STITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
 
 Wb, the People of the United States, in ordbk to form a moke per- 
 fect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, pro- 
 vide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and 
 secure the blessings op liberty to ourselves and our posterity, 
 
 do ORDAIN AND ESTABLISH THIS CONSTITUTION FOR THE UNITED STATES 
 
 OF America. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Section I. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Con- 
 gress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of 
 Representatives. 
 
 Sec. II. — 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members 
 chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors 
 in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the mo.st 
 numerous branch of the State Legislature. 
 
 3. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained the age 
 of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and 
 who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall 
 be chosen. 
 
 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- 
 eral States which may be included within this Union, according to their re- 
 spective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number 
 of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and ex- 
 cluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual 
 enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the 
 Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, 
 in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives 
 
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6 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at 
 least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State 
 of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; 
 Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, 
 six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; 
 Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three. 
 
 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 
 executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 
 
 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other 
 officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 
 
 Sec. hi. — 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
 senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; and 
 each senator shall have one vote. 
 
 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
 election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The 
 seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the 
 second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of 
 the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be 
 chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or other- 
 vpise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof 
 may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, 
 which shall then fill such vacancies. 
 
 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the age of 
 thirty- years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall 
 not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the 
 Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 
 
 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro 
 tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the 
 office of President of the United States. 
 
 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When 
 sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the 
 President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and 
 no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the 
 members present. 
 
 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to 
 removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of 
 honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall 
 nevertheless be Uable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and pimish- 
 ment, according to law. 
 
 Sbc. IV. — 1. The times, places, and maimer of holding elections for sen- 
 ators and representatives shall be prescribed in the State by the Legislature 
 thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regu- 
 lations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 
 
 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such 
 meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall, by law, 
 appoint a different day. 
 
 Sec. V. — 1. Each House shall be judge of the elections, returns, and 
 qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a 
 quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, 
 and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such 
 manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide. 
 
 2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its 
 members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, 
 expel a member. 
 
 3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
 time pubhsh the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require 
 
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CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OE AMERICA. 7 
 
 secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any ques- 
 tion shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 
 
 4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the con- 
 sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place 
 than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 
 
 Sec. VI. — 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensa- 
 tion for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury 
 of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and 
 breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the 
 session of their respective Houses, and in going to or returning from the same ; 
 and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in 
 any other place. 
 
 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was 
 elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United 
 States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have 
 been increased during such time; and no person holding any oiflce under the 
 United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in 
 office. 
 
 Sec. VH. — 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House 
 of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, 
 as on other bills. 
 
 3. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and 
 the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of 
 the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return 
 it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who 
 shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider 
 it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass 
 the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by 
 which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two-thirds of that 
 House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses 
 shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting 
 for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House, re- 
 spectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days 
 (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall 
 be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their 
 adjournment prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Sen- 
 ate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of 
 adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and 
 before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being dis- 
 approved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of 
 Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case 
 of a bill. 
 
 Sec. VIII. — The Congress shall have power — 
 
 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts 
 and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United 
 States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the 
 United States; 
 
 3. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 
 
 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
 States, and with the Indian tribes; 
 
 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on 
 the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 
 
 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and 
 fix the standard of weights and measures; 
 
 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
 current coin of the United States; 
 
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CONSTITUTION' OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads; 
 
 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for 
 limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective 
 writings and discoveries; 
 
 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 
 
 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
 seas, and offences against the law of nations; 
 
 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 
 concerning captures on land and water; 
 
 12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that 
 use shall be for a longer term than two years; 
 
 13. To provide and maintain a navy; 
 
 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
 naval forces; 
 
 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
 Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 
 
 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and 
 for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of t)ie 
 United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the 
 officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline 
 prescribed by Congress; 
 
 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such 
 district (not exceeding ten miles' square) as may, by cession of particular States, 
 and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the 
 United Statgs, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the 
 consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the 
 erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and otlier needful build- 
 ings; and 
 
 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
 into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this 
 Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or 
 officer thereof. 
 
 Sec. IX. — 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of 
 the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited 
 by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; 
 but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten 
 dollars for each person. 
 
 3. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, 
 unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re- 
 quire it. 
 
 3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law .shall be passed. 
 
 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion 
 to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 
 
 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 
 
 6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or rev- 
 enue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound 
 to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 
 
 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of 
 appropriations made by law: and a regular statement and account of the re- 
 ceipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to 
 time. 
 
 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no 
 person holding any office of profit or ti-ust under them shall, without the 
 consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of 
 any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 
 
 Sec. X. — 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder- 
 ation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; 
 
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CONSTITUTIOK OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 9 
 
 make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass 
 any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of 
 contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 
 
 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts 
 or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for 
 executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, 
 laid by anj State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury 
 of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and 
 control of the Congress. 
 
 3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of ton- 
 nage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agree- 
 ment or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in 
 war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit 
 of delay. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Sec. I. — 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the 
 United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four 
 yeara, and, together vrith the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be 
 elected as follows: 
 
 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof 
 may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and 
 representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no 
 senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under 
 the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 
 
 3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by bal- 
 lot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of 
 the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the 
 persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they 
 shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of 
 the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Presi- 
 dent of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep- 
 resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. 
 The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, 
 if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; 
 and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an 
 equal number of votes, then the House of Representativfes .shall imme- 
 diately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have 
 a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in 
 like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the 
 votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having 
 one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem- 
 bers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall 
 be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the Pres- 
 ident, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors 
 shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more 
 who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the 
 Vice-President. 
 
 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors,* and 
 the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same 
 throughout the United States, f 
 
 5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
 States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the 
 oflace of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall 
 
 X 
 
 * The time for choosing the electors is the first Tuesday after the first Monday in 
 r. 
 
 ime 
 4b 
 
 t The time for the meeting of the electors is the first Wednesday in Decemher, 
 
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10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 
 
 not have attained the age of thirty -five years, and been fourteen years a res- 
 ident within the United States. 
 
 6.' In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
 resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, 
 the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may by law 
 provide for the case of removal, death, i-esignation, or inability, both of the 
 President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as Pres- 
 ident, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, 
 or a President shall be elected. 
 
 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- 
 pensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period 
 for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive within that 
 period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 
 
 8. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- 
 lowing oath or affirmation; 
 
 " 1 do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office 
 of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, pre- 
 serve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." 
 
 Seo. II. — 1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army 
 and Navy of the United States, and of the militiu of the several States, when 
 called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opin- 
 ion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, 
 upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and hesliall 
 have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United 
 States, except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 3. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- 
 ate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; and 
 he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
 shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the 
 Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appoint- 
 ments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established 
 by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior 
 officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or 
 in the heads of departments. 
 
 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may hap- 
 pen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall 
 expire at the end of their next session. 
 
 Sec. III. — He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of 
 the state of tlie Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures 
 as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occa- 
 sions, convene both Houses, or eitlier of them, and in case of disagreement 
 between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them 
 to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors, and 
 other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe- 
 cuted; and .shall commission all the officers of the United States. 
 
 Sec. IV. — The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the 
 United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and convic- 
 tion of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 AltTICLE III. 
 
 Sec. I. — The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one 
 Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time 
 to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior 
 courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated 
 times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be dimin- 
 ished during their continuance in office. 
 
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COJSrSTITUTIOK OF THE UKITED STATES OF AMERICA. 11 
 
 Sec. II. — 1. The iudicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and 
 equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and 
 treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases 
 affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of 
 admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to Controversies to which the United 
 States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States; between 
 a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States; 
 between citizens of the same State, claiming lands under grants of different 
 States; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, cit- 
 izens, or subjects. 
 
 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and con- 
 suls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have 
 original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme 
 Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such 
 exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 
 
 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by 
 jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall 
 have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial 
 shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. 
 
 Sec. III. — 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in 
 levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid 
 and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testi- 
 mony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in o]ien court. 
 
 3. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; 
 but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture ex- 
 cept during the Hfe of the person attainted. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Sec. I. — Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public 
 acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Con- 
 gress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, 
 and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 
 
 Sec. II. — 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges 
 and immunities of citizens in the several States. 
 
 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, 
 who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand 
 of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, 
 to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws there- 
 of, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation 
 therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up 
 on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 
 
 Sec. III.— 1. New States maybe admitted by the Congress into this 
 Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction 
 of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more 
 States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States 
 concerned, as well as of the Congress. 
 
 2 The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needtul 
 rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to 
 the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as 
 to nreiudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State 
 
 Sec IV —The United States shall guarantee to every State m this Union 
 a rcDublican form of government, and shall protect each of them against 
 invasion and, on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when 
 the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 
 
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12 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 The Congress, wlienever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it neces- 
 sary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of 
 the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for 
 proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents 
 and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures 
 of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths 
 thereof, as the one or the other mode or ratification may be proposed by the 
 Congress; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the 
 year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the 
 first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no 
 State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Sen- 
 ate. 
 
 Akticlb VI. 
 
 1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adop- 
 tion of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this 
 Constitution, as under the Confederation. 
 
 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be 
 made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, 
 under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the 
 land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby; anything in the 
 constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members 
 of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial ofilcers, both 
 of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or 
 affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test .shall ever be 
 required as a qualification to any oflice or public trust under the United 
 States. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be suflicient for 
 the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the 
 same. 
 
 Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the Stales present, the 
 seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven 
 hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of 
 America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our 
 names. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
 
 President, and Deputy from Virginia. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 Nathaniel Gorham, Rupds KfNG. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Wm. Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr. , John Dickinson, 
 
 Richard Basbett, Jacob Broom. 
 
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CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 13 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 William Livingston, David Beearley, 
 
 William Patterson, Jonathan Dayton. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 William Blount, Rich'd Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, 
 
 George Glymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jarbd Ingersoll, 
 
 James Wilson, Gouvernbur Morris. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 James McHenry, Dan. of St. Tho. Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 John Blair, Jambs Madison, Jr. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 John Rutledge, Charles C. Pinckney, 
 
 Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 William Few, Abraham Baldwin. 
 
 Attest, William Jackson, Secretary. 
 
 The following named delegates from other States were present, but did 
 not sign the Constitution : 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 Elbeidge Gerry, Caleb Strong. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Wm. C. Houston, George Wythe, James McClurg. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Oliver Ellsworth. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 John Lansing, Jr., Robert Yates. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 John Francis Mercer, Luthbr Martin- 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 Alexander Martin, Wm. R. Davie. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 Edmund Randolph, George Mason. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 Wm. Pierce, Wm. Houston. 
 
 Of the 63 delegates originally appointed ten did not attend, two of which 
 vacancies were filled. Of those attending, 39 signed and 16 did not. 
 
 The Constitution was adopted by the Convention on the 17th of Septem- 
 ber, 1787, appointed in pursuance of the Resolution of the Congress of the 
 Confederation of the 31st of February, 1787, and ratified by the Conventions 
 of the several States, as follows : 
 
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14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Delaware, December 7th, 1787, unanimously. 
 
 Pennsylvania, December IStli, 1787, by a vote of 46 to 33. 
 
 New Jersey, December 18th, 1787, unanimously. 
 
 Georgia, January 2d, 1788, unanimously. 
 
 Connecticut, January 9th, 1788, bv a vote of 138 to 40. 
 
 Massachusetts, February 6th, 1788, by a vote of 187 to 168. 
 
 Maiyland, April 28th, 1788, by a vote of 63 to 12. 
 
 South Carohna, May 33d, 1788, by a vote of 149 to 73. 
 
 New Hampshire, June 21st, 1788, by a vote of 57 to 47. 
 
 Virginia, June 25th, 1788, by a vote of 89 to 79. 
 
 New York, July 36th, 1788, by a vote of 30 to 35. 
 
 North Carolina, November 31st, 1789, by a vote 193 to 75. 
 
 Rhode Island, May 39th, 1790, by a majority of 3. 
 
 Vermont, January 10th, 1791, by a vote of 105 to 4. 
 
 Declared ratified by resolution of the old Congress, September 13th, 1788. 
 
 The adoption of the Constitution was opposed by many who believed that 
 the extensive powers granted by it to Congress and the executive would be 
 dangerous to the liberties of the people. It was, however, finally adopted 
 chiefly through the exertions and writings of James Madison, John Jay, and 
 Alexander Hamilton. Virginia ratified the Constitution with the declaration 
 that she was at liberty to withdraw from the Union whenever its powers were 
 used for oppression; and New York, after Hamilton had declared that no 
 State should ever be coerced by an armed force. There were two great parties: 
 The Federalists, in favor of a strong, centralized government, and the Anti- 
 Federalists, supporters of States' rights. Washington and Adams, Federalist 
 leaders, were elected, and the government was organized with Thomas Jef- 
 ferson, Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasuiy; 
 Henry Knox, Secretary of War; and John Jay, Chief Justice of the Supreme 
 Court. 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Article I.* 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or 
 prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or 
 of the iir&ss; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition 
 the government for a redress of grievances. 
 
 * Twelve amendments were proposed by Congress, September 35th, 1789; the last 
 ten were" adopted, which are the first ten as shown above, and were proclaimed to be 
 in force December 15th, 1791. 
 
 The rejected Articles were as follows : 
 
 I. After the first enumeration required by the First Article of the Constitution 
 there shall be one Representative for every 30,000 persons, until the number shall 
 amount to one hundred; after which, the proportion shall be so regulated by Con- 
 gress, that there shall not be less than one hundred Representatives for every 40,000 
 persons,until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred ; after which 
 the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two 
 hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every 50,000 persons. 
 
 II. No law varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Repre- 
 sentatives shall take effect until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. 
 
 The twelve proposed amendments were acted upon by the States as follows : 
 
 All ratified by Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
 Vermont and Virginia — 7. 
 
 All, excepting Art. I., ratified by Delaware — 1. 
 
 All, excepting Art. n., ratified by Pennsylvania — 1. 
 
 All, excepting Arts. I. and II., ratified by New Hampshire, New York and Rhode 
 Island— 3. 
 
 All rejected by Connecticut, Georijia and Massachusetts — 3. 
 
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AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 15 
 
 Article II. 
 A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the 
 right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the 
 consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed 
 by law. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and 
 effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated : and 
 no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirma- 
 tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or 
 things to be seized. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous 
 crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases 
 arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in 
 time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same 
 offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in 
 any criminal case to be witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, lib- 
 erty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be 
 taken for public use without just compensation. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy 
 and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the 
 crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously 
 ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusa- 
 tion; to be confronted with the vrituesses against him; to have compulsory 
 process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of 
 counsel for his defence. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 In suits of common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
 twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried 
 by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, 
 than according to the rules of the common law. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
 cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 Article IX. 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be con- 
 strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 
 
 Article X. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor 
 prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to 
 the people. 
 
 Article XI.* 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not be constraed to extend 
 to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the 
 United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any 
 foreig n state. \ 
 
 * Article XI. was proposed by. Congress March 12th, 1794, and declared in force Jan- 
 uary 8th, 1798. 
 
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16 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Article XII.* 
 
 The electors shall meet in their respective States, f and vote by ballot for 
 President and Vice-President, one of whom at least, shall not be an inhabi- 
 tant of the same State -with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the 
 person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as 
 Vice-President ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as 
 President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number 
 of votes for each, vi^hich lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, 
 to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the President of 
 tlie Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate 
 and House of Representatives, open all the certiiicates, and the votes shall 
 then be counted ; | the person having the greatest number of votes for Presi- 
 dent shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number 
 of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the 
 persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those 
 voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediate- 
 ly, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall 
 *be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a 
 quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- 
 thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a 
 choice. And if the House ot Representatives shall not choose a President, 
 whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day 
 of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as 
 in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. 
 The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the 
 Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
 appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest 
 numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for 
 the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and 
 a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no per- 
 son constitutionally ineligible to the olBce of President shall be eligible to 
 that of Vice-President of the United States. 
 
 Article XIII. § 
 
 Sec. 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment 
 for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist 
 within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 
 
 Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate 
 legislation. 
 
 Article XIV. || 
 
 Sec. ]. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject 
 to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State 
 
 * Article Xn. was proposed in the first session of tlie Eighth Congress, and declared 
 in force September 25th, 1804. 
 
 + The time for the meeting of the electors is the first Wednesday in December. 
 
 t The time for comiting the votes is the second Wednesday in February. 
 
 § Article XIII. was proposed by Congress February 1st, 1865, and declared in force 
 December 18th, 1865. 
 
 Katifled by Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, (Jeorgia, Illinois, Indiana, 
 Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan. Minnesota, 
 Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Caro- 
 lina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, 
 Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin — .34. Ratified conditionally by Ala- 
 bama and Mississippi. Rejected by Delaware and Kentucky — 2. 
 
 II Article XIV. was proposed by Congress June 13th, 1866, and declared m force July 
 28th, 1868. 
 
 Ratified by Alabama, Arkansas, t Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, 
 
 Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missis- 
 
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AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 17 
 
 wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall 
 abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor 
 shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due 
 process of law, nor deny to any person within its Jurisdiction the equal pro- 
 tection of the laws. 
 
 Sec. 3. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States ac- 
 cording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons 
 in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But wlien the right to vote at 
 any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the 
 United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers 
 of a State, or the members of the Legishiture thereof, is denied to any of the 
 male inhabitants of such State being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of 
 the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebel- 
 lion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the 
 proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear f o the whole 
 number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. 
 
 Sec. 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or 
 elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, 
 under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken 
 an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as 
 a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of 
 any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have en- 
 gaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort 
 to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each 
 House, remove such disability. 
 
 Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized 
 by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for 
 services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. 
 But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or 
 obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United 
 States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such 
 debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 
 
 Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enfore, by appropriate legisla- 
 tion, the provisions of this Article. 
 
 Aetiglb XV.* 
 
 Sec. 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be 
 denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, 
 color, or previous condition of servitude. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appro- 
 priate legislation. 
 
 sippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North 
 Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, 
 Texas, Vermont, Virginia, "West Virginia, and Wisconsin— 33. 
 
 Of the above, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, 
 South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia, first rejected the amendment but finally ratified 
 it. New Jersey and Ohio rescinded their ratification. 
 
 i No final action was taken by California— 1. 
 Rejected by Delaware, Kentucky, and Maryland— 3. 
 
 * Article XV. was proposed by Congress February 26th, 1869, and declared in force 
 March 30th, 1870. „, . , „ . .,„. . ^ ^■ 
 
 Ratified by Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, 
 Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, 
 Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Penn- 
 sylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and 
 
 '^Of"the above, Georgia and Ohio at first rejected but finally ratified. New York 
 rescinded her ratification. , ^ „t t „. .,„.? n..^ 
 
 Rejected by California, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey and Ore- 
 gon — 6. 
 
 No final action was taken by Tennessee— 1. 
 
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From KiDy'8 Hand Book iif the U. S By permission Mattliews-Northrup Co. 
 
 1. Washington; 8. J.Adams; -3. Jefferson; 4. Madison; 5. Monroe; 6. J. Q. 
 Adams; 7. Jaclcson; 8. Van Buren; 9. W. H. Harrison; 10. Tyler; 11. Folic; 13. 
 Taylor; W. Fillmore; 14. Fierce; 1.5. Buchanan; 16. Lincoln; 17. Johnson; 18 
 Grant; 19. Hayes; iO. G^^fUz^d^^Wlid/'o^bff^'"^'' **• ^ Harrison. 
 
BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGT03!f. 
 
 Tjte first President of the United States was introduced to politics in the 
 exciting times prior to the Revolution, when all men in the colonies were in- 
 terested in the questions forced on them by the attitude of Great Britain to\v- 
 ard her American dependencies. Although a member of the Virginia House 
 of Burgesses when he was quite young, Washington took little part in the 
 proceedings. It is not in record that he made any speeches, but he is credited 
 with havmg done a great deal of quiet committee work in behalf of the 
 farming interests. He indorsed the agitation against the Stamp Act, and was 
 thoroughly in sympathy with the opposition'to the tea tax and the Boston 
 port bill, the two measures which led to Bunker Hill. He was a delegate to 
 the First Continental Congress, and to the Second, which elected hini^ ('om- 
 mander-in-Chief of the Continental army. 
 
 His work in the war is known to all students of American history. Dur- 
 ing the long struggle, he took little part in the politics of the time, except so 
 far as he showed the utmost respect for all commands of Ckmgress. When 
 the Revolution ended with the surrender of Cornwallis and the evacuation of 
 New York, Washington came out in favor of more power for Congress, and 
 against the new confederation of the States. During his term as President 
 of the United States, he opposed, with all the power and influence he pos- 
 sessed, the desire of many people to take part in the war between England 
 and France. His action at this time laid down, as a principle in American 
 politics, strict neutrality in all quarrels between nations of the Old World. 
 Washington saw, with perfect clearness, what has been proved beyond doubt 
 by the experience of the United States, that the people of this country were 
 not and could not be interested in the dynastic or other wars of Europe. 
 At the time that he was elected President the connection between America 
 and England had been too recently severed, for the men here to understand 
 the full effects of the Revolution. They had been accustomed to seeing the 
 quarrel between France and England fought out on this continent, and they 
 were unable to understand that work of this sort was at an end forever. 
 
 It was natural for Americans to imagine they could cripple England, the 
 country they were most afraid of, by helping France, and the pressure 
 brought to bear on Washington in this direction was very great. He was 
 one of the few who understood that England was the natural ally of the 
 United States, and he also understood that this country had everything to 
 gain, and nothing to lose by remaining neutral. He, therefore, stood firm, 
 and his services during the Revolution were paralleled by those he rendered at 
 this period. 
 
 The presidency of Washington was not a time during which pohtics were 
 very active. The country had just emerged from a most exhausting war, 
 and the one thing needed was peace. It was the duty of all pubUc men then 
 to bind up the wounds, and to devote themselves to working out the prob- 
 lem of self-government, which had come upon them demanding a solution. 
 All was new, untried, almost in a chaotic state. It was the business of Wash- 
 ington to produce the precedents under which the new government was to 
 run— to shape what was practically shapeless. As it was, a few years after, 
 
 19 
 
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20 BIOGEAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 
 
 to be the glorious task of John Marshall, as the great chief justice, to pro- 
 duce the law which would govern us, so it was the task of the first President 
 to evolve the government. No one in the United States was more fitted for 
 this great and most necessary work. Washington combined the most abso- 
 lute reverence for Congress, and the will of the people as therein expressed, 
 with the full ability to see when that Congress was making a mistake. That 
 the Congress should make mistakes at first was a foregone conclusion. Wash- 
 ington was peculiar in this: he could recognize the error, exert his influence 
 to correct it, assume for the moment almost the initiative of an absolute 
 monarch, and force his ideas on the representatives of the States; and ;^et, 
 when the emergency "was over, he could return to the position of th^first 
 servant of the people. He was never tempted to make his temporary sover- 
 eignty perpetual, and his sure judgment enabled him to understand just 
 when and where it was necessary to assume the power. 
 
 Although the Federalists and Republicans began to show themselves dur- 
 ing the two terms of Washington, they did not become defined. He sym- 
 pathized with the former in some things, but for the most part he kept out 
 of politics. It is not necessary here to go into the many little political ques- 
 tions which arose at this time, because most of them, with the Issues that 
 produced them, have been forgotten, and could not be understood now with- 
 out a long and somewhat tedious explanation. 
 
 Washington's great ability, his marvelous character, and his extraordi- 
 nary insight into the conditions that surrounded him, were best shown in the 
 manner in which he kept his government out of politics. He gave the coun- 
 try what it most needed — rest; and he fought off all issues that would have 
 disturbed it. He put no check on the little questions which came up from 
 time to time, feeling that they were of just enough interest to assure the peo- 
 ple, and not of enough importance to seriously disturb them. He believed 
 in keeping quiet, in giving the government time to work out its own methods, 
 in allowing the people to recover from the struggle, and by theii' industry to 
 make themselves prosperous. He succeeded in all this, and he was then, as 
 he had been before, emphatically the right man in the right place. The debt 
 which the American people owe to Washington is the result of his wisdom as 
 President, as much as his courage and genius as a soldier. 
 
 JOHN ADAMS. 
 
 As others of the men of the Revolution, John Adams, of Massachusetts, 
 the second President of the United States, began his political career as a 
 ' ' patriot American. " He was in full sympathy with everything done by the 
 men of his State against the British power, and was the more dangerous op- 
 ponent of British dominion, because of his singular clearness of mental vision. 
 A man who was never extreme, he condemned the English rule on the most 
 purely logical grounds. A man, also, of great ability, he was bound to 
 come to the ,front in Revolutionary times. He became the legal adviser of 
 the Patriot party in his State, and took an active part in those operations 
 which resulted in Massachusetts taking the initiative in the war. 
 
 He was a delegate to the Continental Congress, and proposed Washington 
 as commander-in-chief. He was sent to France with Franklin and Routledge 
 as commissioners during the war, and he went from there to the Hague, 
 where he secured a recognition of the United States from the Dutch. He 
 negotiated the treaty of peace with England in 1783, and, coming soon after- 
 ward to this country, was nominated for the presidency. Under the system 
 then in force, the candidate who received the most votes became President, 
 and he who tallied the next lowest vote took the position of Vice-President. 
 
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THE FORMATION OF THE FIKST POLITICAL PARTIES. 21 
 
 Under this rule John Adams became Washington's Vice-President and as 
 presiding officer in Congress did much to lay down the rules governina- that 
 body to-day. a b " 
 
 _ When Washington refused a third term, Adams was elected to succeed 
 him. He was a strong Federalist, and believed in increasing the power of 
 Congress to the utmost. Adams was a believer in the aristocracy of birth 
 and he gave great offence by using the e.\pres.siou "the well-born" in one 
 of his essays. He thought that all men should be free and equal before the 
 law, but he denied absolutely that all men are born equal. 
 
 Durmg Adams's term of office, the people became greatly excited over 
 the prospect of war with France. Against this war the President bent the 
 whole power of his office, then much greater than now, because less thor- 
 oughly defined. He succeeded in keeping the country out of the war, al- 
 though he brought a perfect storm of abuse on his head by the attitude he 
 assumed. By giving out to the public the letters written by Prince Talley- 
 rand, in which that astute diplomat had apparently tried to blackmail the 
 American commissioners, Adams brought such a tempest of ridicule and 
 scorn to the door of the French minister that he was forced to disavow the 
 demands, and France had to withdraw the claims so obnoxious to America. 
 This put an end to the war cry. 
 
 It was during this time that .Jefferson became the avowed leader of the 
 Republicans, and as such took the position of the great antagonist of the 
 President. Adams was a Federalist, because he believed that in no other way 
 could the country be governed. But during his term of office the party sank 
 into insignificance, and ceased to be, in its original shape, a factor in politics. 
 Generally speaking, Adams followed the lead of Washington in his efforts 
 to prevent war. In other respects be kept out of politics as much as possible. 
 
 THE FORMATION OF THE FIBST POLITICAL PARTIES. 
 
 The term ' ' Federalist " is unmeaning to our ears now, and ' ' Republican " 
 has greatly changed since it was first used. When the Revolutionary War 
 closed, the thirteen colonies became the thirteen .States, still symbolized by the 
 stripes in the flag. They were at that time bound together in a confederation, 
 as were the Swiss Cantons a century ago. Tlie general government had no 
 power at all over individuals. It could deal only with the States in their 
 sovereign capacity. Congress had no power to compel anything. Its every 
 action had to be ratified by the State Legislatures. The bundle of sticks 
 was tied together, it is true, but the fastening was of the loosest and flimsiest 
 description. 
 
 It was at once seen by the men who came face to face with this condition 
 of things that two courses were open to them. The power of the general 
 government could be increased and a nation could be formed, or it could be 
 left where it was and the confederation of independent sovereign States could 
 continue. Those in favor of making the nation were called Federalists, those 
 who prepared the confederation were termed Republicans. It seems a won- 
 derful thing to us to-day that there could have been any dispute as to the safe 
 course, yet the disputes were very bitter. The extreme of Federalists were 
 in favor of a strong government such as was then the government of Great 
 Britain, and some of them proposed that Washington should be elected or 
 made king. They were willing to introduce all features of the English gov- 
 ernment which had strength in them, including hereditary nobility. On the 
 other hand the extreme Republicans desired no government whatever. Al- 
 though they believed in individual ownership of property, they were very 
 close to being Anarchists. They founded their beliefs on the "Rights of 
 
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22 THE FOKMATION OF THE FIRST POLITICAL J'ABTIES. 
 
 Man " and the doctrinaire utterances of the French writers — such as Rousseau 
 (in his Contrat Gimle), who preceded the French Revolution. Fortunately, 
 France was allowed to work these theories out and America was saved from 
 them. 
 
 Washington and Adams took the Federalist side, probably as much from 
 their practical experience of the impossibility of carrying on a government 
 without power of any kind as from their theoretical disapproval of Republi- 
 can ideas. But neither Washington nor Adams were extreme in their ideas, 
 and both scouted the suggestion of a monarchy with an indignation not un- 
 mixed with contempt. They were in favor of giving Congress sufficient 
 power to govern in fact, for they realized the position in which Congress 
 then was — that of a body which could only suggest legislation to the States 
 — to be little less than ridiculous. 
 
 At this time the question of States' rights was not even raised. It seemed 
 to be conceded that the States had the power to draw out of the confederation 
 into which they had gone, should they see fit. In fact, the States were then 
 everything and the general government nothing. This should, perhaps, be 
 modified a little. The general government afforded in Congress an oppor- 
 tunity for consultation between the representatives of the States on matters of 
 interest to all. It then became the duty of the respective Legislatures to in- 
 dorse the conclusions arrived at, should they see fit. 
 
 The practical working of this system showed within the first year or tv\o 
 its absurdity, and it ranged the strongest men on the Federal side. But in 
 this country it has often been proved that we arrive at a desired point some- 
 what in the same manner as does a ship when the wind is ahead. We run to 
 starboard for a while and then tack to port. In other words, we reach the 
 position which is satisfactory to all, by trying first one thing and then another, 
 always moving steadily on, even when we seem to be sailing the farthest 
 away. In our history it has been proved time and again that neither party 
 has all the right, but that each owns and clings to something that is good. 
 
 This was prominently brought out in the struggle between the Federalists 
 and the^ Republicans. The Federalists succeeded under Washington and 
 Adams in giving some strength to Congress and in attaching some importance 
 to the national counsels. Adams, with his strong bias toward a powerful 
 central government, carried the Federalists a little too far, and as a result he 
 was succeeded by Jefferson, the leader of the Republicans. But the good 
 had been done— Congress had acquired a power and dignity it was never to 
 lose. It was time for the other side to have a chance— time for it to correct 
 the tendency towards extreme Federalism which was beginning to show itself. 
 
 A central government having been established, the Federalists took a new 
 name and became the Whigs. The AVhigs were those who were in favor of 
 a liberal construction of the powers of Congress. Events, in modifying the 
 Federali.sts, also modified their opponents, and the Republicans became the 
 party in favor of a strict construction of Congressional powers. The former 
 held that Congress had all power not specifically given to the States, the latter 
 believed the powers of Congress were confined to those expressly granted 
 to it. To the former the nation had become the fountain and spring of power; 
 to the latter the power resided wholly in the States, except so far as they had 
 parted with it. This difference of opinion was destined to produce in time 
 the question of States' rights. It was inherent in the American people that 
 they should in time build up a nation, but in the transformation necessary for 
 the confederation of independent States to the nation in which the States are 
 enlarged municipalities, it was certain that two parties .should arise. The one 
 would be anxious to build the nation as rapidly as possible; the other would 
 try in conservative fashion to hold the people back and delay the change. 
 Surveying the history of the United States, main differences between the 
 parties have had their rise in this one fact, which has dominated all others. 
 
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BIOGRAPHIES. OE THE PEESIDElirTS OF THE U. S. 23 
 
 When John Adams gave up the reins of government to Jeflerson he left 
 a man hehmd who was to do more to establish the power of Congress than 
 any other majQ ever did. This was John Marshall, the great Chief Justice of 
 the bupreme Court of the United States. The chief justice defined the powers 
 ot Congress and of the Constitution in a way that made the latter the supreme 
 law of the land, and he made it plain that no act of a State could stand 
 when m conflict with it. It was a foregone conclusion then that State sov- 
 ereignity should gradually disappear and that the nation should he builded 
 
 Ihenamesof parties changed. The Federalists became the Whies and 
 these melted into the Republicans. The original Repubhcans changed 
 their name to Democrats. Although there were small parties arising from 
 time to time, these were they which continued. 
 
 THOMAS JEPFBRSON. 
 
 Thomas Jbpfbkson— he who wrote the first draft of the Declaration of 
 Independence, for which his name was placed among those proscribed by 
 the government of George the Third— became President of the United States 
 as the leader of the Republican party. Prior to the Revolution Jefferson had 
 been a member of the House of Burgesses in Virginia, and in 1779 he was 
 elected governor of his State. In 1783 he went to France as the American 
 Minister, and in the following year, as Chairman of the Committee on Cur- 
 rency in Congress, he gave this country the decimal coinage. In 1784 he went 
 to France again, and while there studied the condition of the French people 
 under that form of government we all now believe to have been the worst the 
 world ever saw. What Jefferson examined day after day produced a jjro- 
 found impression on him, and when he came back to this countiy in 1789 he 
 came as the most firm believer in the rights of the people. 
 
 _ Jefferson trusted the people absolutely. He believed that while they 
 might make mistakes, the country was safer in their hands than it could ever 
 be in those of any minority who were not elected and who could not be de- 
 posed at any time. He imbibed the utmost hatred of institutions, such as 
 those of France under the last three representatives of monarchies, and he de- 
 tested a privileged class. He believed the existence of one to be exceedingly 
 dangerous, and he was opposed to any form of centralization of power. 
 
 As Washington's Secretary of State, Jefferson made his exceedingly acute 
 mind felt in all the foreign relations of this government. When John Adams 
 had served his term as President, Jefferson succeed him. His first effort was 
 to republicanize the government. The alien and sedition laws passed by the 
 Federalists were believed by Jefferson to be in direct opposition to the Con- 
 stitution, and to be also a step toward the creation of a privileged govern- 
 ment. He at once pardoned all those who had been convicted under these 
 acts, and denounced in the strongest way any attempt to coerce opinions. 
 He believed in the fullest personal freedom, and in politics he ranged him- 
 self on this side always. He held that differences of opinion in politics were 
 not cause for dismissal from ofiice, and no President has made fewer changes 
 among the office-holders. 
 
 He divested the position as President of all the pomp which Washington 
 and Adams had permitted to grow up around it. He abolished the weekly 
 levees and other receptions, as savoring too much of royalty, and he traveled 
 always as a private citizen. In fact, he believed himself to be nothing more 
 than a private citizen temporarily serving the people. The power of the 
 President to pardon those convicted of offenses against the people he restricted 
 in practice by never pardoning any one unless the judge who sentenced him 
 joined in the petition. When urged to prosecute newspapers that attacked 
 
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34 BIOGRAPHIES OP THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 
 
 him, Jefferson refused on tlie ground that freedom of opinion was sacred, 
 and that no guardian of the people's rights was equal to a free press. 
 
 His terms in office are marked as those in which the freedom of the indi- 
 vidual in his opinions, his speech, and his action was made a part of the un- 
 written law of the land. It would, perhaps, be better to say that this freedom 
 became, as the result of Jefferson's woi-k, one of the traditionary principles 
 of the nation. To him must be given the credit of creating American citi- 
 zenship as we know it, and of putting into practical and enduring shape the 
 dreams of countless visionaries. No people on earth are as free, even from 
 the domination of caste, as are the Americans, and this great privilege they 
 owe to Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 But Jefferson showed he thoroughly understood that freedom of the indi- 
 vidual involves the resistance to oppression from any quarter by the com- 
 munity. The Barbary pirates had tyrannized over European nations, as rep- 
 resented by the crews of their ships, for centuries, and they had endured tlie 
 shame. Jefferson sent Decatur to put a stop to the outrages, so far as Amer- 
 icans were concerned, and the pirates of North Africa were driven out of the 
 business. The President had a keen eye to the future, and when Napoleon 
 offered to sell Louisiana — under which name were included the valleys of 
 the Mississippi and the Missouri, and the country as far west as the Rooky 
 Mountains — he promptly availed himself of the opportunity, more than 
 doubling the territory of the United States, and giving us that which we were 
 soon to need. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson added to the structure which was slowly being built 
 within the limits of this country, the corner stone of citizenship with all that 
 the word means now. On it, as he defined it, rests nearly everything we 
 have. Had he done nothing else his name would live so long as the flag shall 
 be known on earth. 
 
 JAMES MADISOH". 
 
 Jambs Madison, fourth President of the United States, began his polit- 
 ical career as a member of the Constitutional Convention of Virginia, where 
 he ranged himself on the side of individual rights as expressed in that instru- 
 ment. In 1780 he went to Congress, and he was struck at once by the absurd 
 position in which the Confederation theory had placed the government. As 
 Congress owned nothing, and had no power to tax individuals, it could only 
 raise money by making requisitions on the States. These the States might 
 honor or let alone, as they saw fit, and it more than once happened that Leg- 
 islatures adopted the latter course. Apart from the absurdity of the general 
 government making requisitions which might not be honored, it was apparent 
 that the government could not go on without money. Madison therefore 
 identified himself with the Federalists in advocating the impost law, which 
 was the first tax levied by Congress. 
 
 It was at this time that he devised the celebrated three-fifths rule, count- 
 ing five slaves as equal to three individuals. As the impost was levied on 
 the population, the representatives of the slaveholding States desired to have 
 slaves counted as chattels only. Madison's rule was, however, adopted. He 
 opposed any support of the Church by the State, opposed the issue of paper 
 money by the States, and was in favor of giving the control of foreign com- 
 merce to the general government in order to increase its revenues by customs. 
 
 Madison's fame as a statesman will, however, rest on his definition of the 
 true relation between the general government and the States, which was called 
 the "Virginia plan " in the convention which drew up the Constitution. Prior 
 to the passage of this great instrument, the States alone were represented in 
 Congress; the general government had no direct relations with the people. 
 
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BI06BAPHIES OF THE PBESIDENTS OE THE U. S. 25 
 
 Madison devised the plan of having Representatives elected by the peop'ie 
 themselves in the Congressional districts, while the States continued to be 
 represented in the Senate. The value of this became apparent at once. It 
 gave the people a voice in proportion to the population, and, giving them 
 direct control over national legislation, reconciled them to government taxes 
 and courts. In electing the Representatives the three-fifths rule was applied 
 to the slaveholding States. 
 
 When Madison was elected President to succeed Jefferson, he was chosen 
 as belonging to the Republican party. While he believed in giving the nation 
 more power, and was so far a Federalist, he also believed that the rights of 
 the citizen were the foundation of prosperity. During his first term he took 
 the position that if England or France would repeal the embargo against 
 American commerce, he would revive the non-intercourse act against the 
 other country. France took advantage of the offer, and the President declared 
 non-intercourse with England. This resulted in hostilities which brought 
 on the War of 1813. Although the war was popular, Madison, who was 
 essentially a man fitted for peaceful times, did not increase his reputation 
 while it lasted. As is always the case during a war, the parties became 
 merged for the time it went on, so that it is, perhaps, not too much to say 
 that during Madison's second term there were no politics. 
 
 JAMES MONROE. 
 
 James Monbob, after an experience in the army, began his civil life as 
 a member of the Assembly of Virginia in 1782. He served as a member of 
 the fourth, fifth and sixth sessions of the Continental Congress, and opposed 
 the ratification of the Constitution. He was, however, the third Senator 
 elected by Virguiia, and in 1794 went to France as an envoy. He was a 
 strong anti-Federalist, and one of the bitterest opponents of Washington. 
 For all that, the President sent him to France again. When he appeared 
 before the French Convention he made a speech that was severely criticised 
 by Randolph. From 1799 to 1803 he was governor of Virginia. Jefferson 
 sent him to Prance, where he negotiated the purchase of Louisiana, and 
 Madison made him Secretary of State. 
 
 When Monroe was elected President in 1816 he was the candidate of the 
 Republicans. His whole political life had been marked by the most bitter 
 anti-Federalist feelings. The subjects which engaged his attention princi- 
 pally were the defenses of the Atlantic seaboard, the internal improvements 
 of this country, the Seminole war and the acquisition of Florida, the Mis- 
 souri Compromise, and resistance to foreign interference as expressed in the 
 Monroe doctrine. 
 
 He believed in making the defenses of the Atlantic coast as complete as 
 possible, and he urged Congress to move in the matter again and again. He 
 was very much interested in the acquisition of Florida from Spain, and at 
 last succeeded in concluding the treaty. The Seminole war did not call for 
 much attention from the President. He took little part in the fierce contro- 
 versy and the many contests which rose over the celebrated "Missouri Com- 
 promise." He felt that the President should keep out of such purely political 
 issues. He was, however, very much interested in the question of internal 
 improvements, but he laid down, in his message vetoing the Cumberland 
 road bill, the principle that the government should only help those internal 
 improvements which were of manifest advantage to the nation. This belief 
 of President Monroe was brought to the front at the time the Union and Cen-. 
 tral Pacific railroads were subsidized. 
 
 The fame of James Monroe will rest for all time on the celebrated ' ' Monroe 
 5b 
 
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26 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PEESIDBNTS OF THE JJ. S. 
 
 doctrine.'' The words of this famous utterance constitute two paragraphs in 
 the message sent hy him to Congress on December 2, 1833. In the iirst of 
 these he informs Congress that the governments of Russia and Great Britain 
 have been informed that the American continents henceforth are not to be 
 considered subjects for future colonization by any European power. In the 
 second paragraph he says that the United States would consider any attempt 
 on the part of European powers to extend their system to any portion of this 
 hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. He goes further, and says 
 that if the governments established in North and South America, who have 
 declared their independence of European control, should be interfered with 
 by any European power, this interference would be regarded as a manifesta- 
 tion of unfriendly disposition toward the United States. These utterances of 
 President Monroe were especially addressed to Spain and Portugal, but they 
 were meant to be understood by all the governments of Europe. The prin- 
 ciple they laid down had been vaguely felt by all the governments since that 
 of Washington, but had never been clearly expressed before. 
 
 The utterances of the President were not only very popular at the time, 
 but they have increased in popularity since. During the Civil War Napoleon 
 III. challenged the Monroe doctrine when he sent Maximilian to Mexico. 
 His action was sharply commented on by Mr. Seward, then Secretar'y of 
 State, and he was plainly told that, so soon as the Civil War ended, steps would 
 be taken to enforce the Monroe doctrine. 
 
 The public men of this country have again and again given their adherence 
 to this doctrine. It will probably always hold its place as one of the cardinal 
 principles of this government. 
 
 James Monroe was the exponent of the idea of "America for the Amer- 
 icans; " that the territory of the United States should be enlarged, and that no 
 foreign interference would be permitted. He always took this position in 
 his speeches, and he bent his whole public policy to agree with it, 
 
 JOHN QUIWCY ADAMS. 
 
 Of Jolm Quincy Adams, the son of John Adams, it might almost be said 
 that he was educated in statecraft from the time of his boyhood. He was a 
 man of the most severely Puritan character, to whom the idea of duty was 
 above everything else. What he thought was right, that he would do with- 
 out thought of the consequences to himself. He was Minister to Holland, to 
 France, and to Berlin, the latter by his father's appointment on the advice of 
 Washington. As Senator from Massachusetts he was in favor of the War of 
 1813, brought on by the intolerable treatment of American ships by England. 
 He was sent to Russia by Madison, and from there to England, where he 
 negotiated the treaty of peace. As Monroe's Secretary of State he negotiated 
 the treaty with Spain which gave Florida to this country. He took his first 
 stand in opposition to slavery when the Missouri Compromise was being 
 brought about. 
 
 When elected to the Presidency to succeed Monroe, Adams came out in 
 favor of national banks, internal improvements, and a high protective tariff. 
 By this time the Federalists had become Whigs, and the Republicans had 
 adopted the name of Democrats. As the policy which included these fea- 
 tures was that of the Whigs, Adams was regarded as a Whig President, and 
 he was most bitterly denounced by the Democrats. During his tenure of 
 office he lent his influence to all these measures. 
 
 When Adams left the Presidential chair he was elected to Congress from 
 Massachusetts as the result of the Anti-Masonic excitement, and he remained 
 a representative until his death. It was during this period of his life that 
 
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BIOCiBAPHIES OP THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 27 
 
 he made some very strong friends, and many of the most bitter enemies any 
 man ever had, and acquired his fame. He ranged himself on the Anti-Slavery 
 side, and became the first prominent man among the Abolitionists. He fought 
 the slaveholders, session after session, and brought on his head a storm of 
 abuse which exceeded in virulence and ferocity anything ever seen in this 
 country. Adams, hovrever, did not quail; the man was never afraid of any- 
 thing in his life. He fought the gag law, which forbade Congress receiving 
 any Anti-Slavery petitions, session after session, until he succeeded in having 
 it repealed. 
 
 As a President, Adams was not remarkable, but as a member of Congress, 
 taking the side of freedom for the slaves, he was one of the greatest men in 
 that body. 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON. 
 
 In some respects, Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United 
 States, was the most extraordinary man that ever ruled this country. Com- 
 ing, as he did, from the very lowest stratum of the people, so far as educa- 
 tion and intelligence were concerned, he was one of those strong characters 
 fitted to rule in troublous times. He was an ideal soldier, patient and wary, 
 yet able to seize an opportunity in the most brilliant way; almost insensible 
 to fatigue, with the ability to control the most turbulent of men, and possess- 
 ed of a will that drove him ahead to the end he had marked out for himself, 
 in spite of every difficulty and every danger. 
 
 The boy was a prisoner of war at the age of thirteen. As he grew up, 
 and Tennessee became a territory, he went to Congress. When the territory 
 arrived at the dignity of Statehood, he was elected to the Senate, a place 
 he resigned to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of his State. 
 After some years spent as a merchant, he entered the army during the War 
 of 1813, and was sent to New Orleans. From there he was ordered to the 
 command of the troops in the war with Tecumseh, and, in 1814, returned to 
 New Orleans in command of the Department of the South. He won the 
 battle of New -Orleans on January 8, 1815, and after that his name alone 
 was sufficient to excite the people to enthusiasm. He commanded in the 
 Seminole War, and was made governor of Florida in 1821, when the territory 
 was purchased from Spain. 
 
 In 1838 he was elected President as a democrat. He was the first to in- 
 troduce what has been termed the "spoils system" into national politics. 
 In order to understand Jackson and his policy it is necessary to remember he 
 looked on affairs and questions of state as a soldier looks on them. Those 
 who were not on the side of the right — which, vrith Jackson, was his side al- 
 ways — were enemies, and must be dislodged from their positions of vantage 
 as soon as possible. He was an autocrat by nature, yet he was, ci*i'iously 
 enough, personally the most popular President the IJuited States ever had. 
 In fact, Jackson thought as the then great body of the people thought — he 
 was as ignorant, so to speak, as were they. 
 
 He organized what was called his "Kitchen Cabinet," a body of men 
 with whom he consulted over all his measures, and who might be compared 
 to his personal staff. His Cabinet officers he used as he would the colonels 
 of regiments in his division. He gave them orders. To the surprise of the 
 Democrats, Jackson came out against the doctrine of nullification. This was 
 the form in which States' rights showed themselves, and was, in effect, the 
 right of a State to nullify a tariff imposed by Congress. South Carolina 
 nullified the tariff with a threat to secede, but Jackson declared "no State 
 has a right to secede " and threatened war. The result was a compromise on 
 the tariff. 
 
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28 BIOGEAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 
 
 The feature of Jackson's administration wliicli stands out more promi- 
 nently than any other was his fight with the United States Bank. Thi^ 
 great institution was founded on the lines of the Bank of England, and was 
 the depository of the United States fund. Jackson hated Henry Clay, who 
 was, as were all the "Whigs, in favor of the bank, and he also had all the dis- 
 trust of banks felt by uneducated mountaineers. He succeeded in securing 
 a resolution of censure from Congress for the part the bank had played in 
 politics. It must be remembered that the attacks of Jackson had forced the 
 bank to help Clay, its only defender, and that it was no part of the bank's 
 policy to take sides. Having done this, Jackson demanded that his Secretary 
 of the Treasury withdraw the funds of the government from the custody of 
 the bank. The then Secretary refused, was dismissed, and his successor ap- 
 pointed, only to meet the same fate and for the same reason. Then Jackson 
 foimd Roger E. Tracey, who proved more pliable, and withdrew the money. 
 Jackson's scheme was to deposit the money in certain specified banks, called 
 "pet banks." He did so, but soon after withdrew it in order to return the 
 surplus to the States. 
 
 Jackson knew little or nothing about finance, and he treated the banks in 
 the same way he might have treated his personal creditors when in business. He 
 could never understand that the shifting of large sums of money about would 
 upset the whole financial system of the country, nor could he ever be made 
 to realize that the disastrous panic of 1837 was in great part his own work. 
 No President has cost the country as much, and no President did the country 
 as much harm. 
 
 In the foreign relations of the United States, Jackson forced France to 
 pay the $5,000,000 she owed the United States, by his threat of seizing Eu- 
 ropean French vessels to make up the amount. During his Presidency, rail- 
 roads and steamship lines were introduced, and there was an enormous ex- 
 pansion of the business of the country. 
 
 In hardly any sense of the word was Jackson a statesman. He was an 
 honest man, true as steel, and his views were always on the side of right so 
 far as he could see it. The evil he did was the result of a want of knowledge, 
 but the good he did in the nullification business, and as a soldier, will out- 
 weigh that evil. He was a popular hero, followed by the people as no other 
 man has been, and he is, to this day, the central figure in many traditions 
 which are still active forces in our politics. 
 
 MARTIN" VAK" BUREK". 
 
 The first approach to what we, nowadays, call a "machine politician" 
 ever elected to the presidential chair was Martin Van Buren, eighth president 
 of the United States. He was a Republican when young, but, following the 
 change of name of his party, was elected as a Democrat. He had played an 
 important part in the politics of New York before he went to "Washington as 
 Senator from the State. He was in favor of a strict construction of the Con- 
 stitution, and while he voted for a protective tariff was really in favor of a 
 tariif for revenue only. As governor of New York, he opposed free banking, 
 and became a strong supporter of Jackson. Jackson appointed him Secre- 
 tary of State, in which position he was able to settle the trouble with England 
 over^ the "West Indian commerce. Nominated as Minister to England, the 
 "Whig Senate refused to confirm him, on which his popularity increased to 
 the point that he was elected Vice-President with Jackson for the second term. 
 He sympathized thoroughly with Jackson in the war on the United States 
 Bank. 
 
 In 1836 Van Buren was elected Presid'ent, and in 1837 the crash came. 
 
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BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PEESIDENTS OF THE V. S. 29 
 
 The business of the United States was paralyzed, and commercial credit did 
 not exist. Van Buren saw that the power of affecting the business of the 
 country must be taken away from the administration, and he advocated suc- 
 cessfully the present Treasury system, in which the governmeirt takes care of 
 its own money. This was the principal achievement of his term of office. 
 
 He was opposed to slavery, but in other respects was a faithful member 
 of his party. He thoroughly believed in the "spoils system," so far as the 
 offices were concerned, and helped to make that a part of the government 
 policy. During the last part of his administration the panic of 1840 struck 
 the country, which, without being anything like as bad as that of 1837, was 
 yet severe enough to give the President a good deal of anxiety. 
 
 WILLAM HEWBY HARBISON". 
 
 The financial distress which had marked the administration of Van 
 Buren had disgusted the people vrith the Democrats, and a Whig candidate 
 was demanded. He was found in William Henry Harrison, the man who 
 had won the battle of Tippecanoe, and that of the Thames in Canada. The 
 record of the candidate was that of a successful soldier. He was known in 
 politics principally as Governor of the Territory of Indiana. His campaign 
 was one of the most popular ever seen in this country. It was called the 
 "Log-Cabin and Hard Cider" campaign, owing to the fact that people be- 
 lieved General Harrison lived in a log-cabin and drank cider. These habits 
 were considered to be American, as opposed to living in a frame house and 
 drinking wine, which were English; The cry of the campaign was "Tippe- 
 canoe and Tyler too, " and this cry won. 
 
 General Harrison only lived for one month after his inauguration. Dur- 
 ing his period of office the opportunity for Presidential action of a kind open 
 to criticism from either party did not arise. 
 
 JOHN TYLER. 
 
 The first demand made on John Tyler (elected as the Whig Vice-Presi- 
 dent, and, through the death of General Harrison, the Whig President) by 
 the members of his party, as led by Henry Clay, was a new charter for the 
 United States Bank. But Tyler had seen that Van Buren was right; that the 
 power to interfere with the business of the country was too great to entrust 
 to any administration. He, therefore, steadily refused the demand. The 
 Whigs then devised a scheme by which a Bank of the District of Columbia 
 should be chartered by the government to have branches in all the States. 
 This bill passed Congress, but was vetoed by the President on the ground 
 that it was unconstitutional. Tyler held that the government could not go 
 into the banking business. From this time out the Whigs would have noth- 
 ing to do with him, and the Democrats rallied to his support. 
 
 With the aid of the President, the Democrats were able to pass the bill 
 reducing the protective tariff. On the question of internal improvements the 
 President signed the bill to improve the Mississippi River, holding this to be 
 a national measure, but vetoed bills relating to other parts of the country. 
 
 During Tyler's term of office, the Ashburton treaty with England was 
 negotiated. The question of the ownership of Oregon was raised, as was 
 that of the admission of Texas as a State. The President was in favor of both. 
 
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30 BIOGEAPHIBS OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 
 
 JAMES KNOX POLK. 
 
 James Knox Polk was the most brilliant stump-speaker ever elected 
 President. He was a Jeffersonian Democrat, and was in favor of collecting 
 only such revenue as was needed to carry on the government. He held that 
 a surplus was a robbery of the people. He was opposed to the United States 
 Bank. As Speaker of the House of Representatives, he supported Jackson 
 and Van Buren. Polk was elected Governor of Tennessee in 1839. He ex- 
 pressed himself in favor of the admission of Texas. When elected President 
 in 1844, he declared he would not accept a second term, and kept his word. 
 
 One of his first acts as President was to order General Taylor to march 
 into Mexico, after the aggressive acts of the Mexicans. General Taylor 
 fouglit and won the battle of Palo Alto, and Texas was admitted into the 
 Union. 
 
 The Oregon question, which had risen in Tyler's time, turned on the 
 boundary between the United States and Canada. The Americans became 
 greatly exercised over it, and "Fifty-four forty (54 degrees, 40 minutes of north 
 latitude) or fight " became the popular cry. President Polk was able to set- 
 tle this question in a way that satisfied all parties to the dispute. One result 
 of his diplomacy is that we own the Columbia River, with its inexhaustible 
 wealth in fish. 
 
 He was in favor of a tariff for revenue only, and he exerted all his influ- 
 ence to bring it about. He vetoed the river and harbor bill (brought in to 
 make internal improvements), on the ground that the nation had no right to 
 spend money for improvements which were purely local in character. Dur- 
 ing his administration, members of the Slavery party in Congress were very 
 active, and President Polk was strongly on their side. He believed slavery 
 to be right, and he looked on the attacks of the Abolitionists as being not 
 only a violation of contract as between the States, but as being radically 
 wrong. 
 
 His administration was a most brilliant one, partly because the country 
 had recovered from the abyss of business stagnation into which It had been 
 plunged during Jackson's administration, and partly because there was a 
 series of diplomatic negotiations, which culminated with good results during 
 the four years he was in oiiice. 
 
 JAMES BUCHANAN. 
 
 James Buchanan began life as a Federalist, but while in Congress he 
 drifted over to the Democrats. He was Jackson's Minister to Russia, a Sen- 
 ator from Pennsylvania, Secretary of State for Polk, Minister to England 
 under Pierce, and President of the United States in 1856. 
 
 Buchanan's experience with the question of slavery began when the riglil 
 of petitions was attacked by the Pro-Slavery men. In the beginning of the 
 slave agitation, the members of the Anti-Slavery party made themselves known 
 by petitions to the government to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. 
 The Southern men held that all such petitions should be laid on the table. 
 While Buchanan did not think the petitions should be granted, he was 
 strongly opposed to any interference with the right to send them to Congress. 
 
 In 1856 the one que.stion before the country was the extension of slavery 
 to the territories. The Democrat.s, who favored it, nominated Buchanan, 
 and the Republicans nominated General Fremont. Buchanan was elected 
 with ail the Southern and five Northern States voting for him. 
 
 His foreign policy would have been much more brilliant than it was could 
 
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BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 31 
 
 Congress have been induced to attend to anything outside the slavery fight. 
 As it was, Buchanan put an end to the English search of American vessels on 
 the ground they might be slavers, by sending an American fleet to the West 
 Indies. He settled the Paraguay claims satisfactorily, and was able to settle 
 the dispute about English occupation of Central America. 
 
 Congress having recognized the Pro-Slavery party in Kansas, President 
 Buchanan was forced to acknowledge its action. But he absolutely denied 
 the right of any State to secede. "When Lincoln was elected and South Caro- 
 lina set the example of secession, the President refused to receive her com- 
 missioners. He urged in Congress that steps should be taken to enable the 
 President to move, but Congress was dumb. He prepared reinforcements for 
 Major Anderson at Fort Sumter, but Major Anderson declared he did not 
 need them. 
 
 No man has ever been more abused than Buchanan, and by both parties. 
 The truth is that he was a man fitted for times of peace and not ^in the least 
 able to cope with a condition of things which would have required genius to 
 solve. Buchanan tried to hold both parties back, to keep men at peace who 
 knew no peace. He failed as any man would have failed in his position. 
 
 He was a wise, careful and honest man, placed in a position where no man 
 could have done anything, and forced to sit quiet while the two parties came 
 nearer and nearer to the actual conflict. The outcry against him was as un- 
 just as it was inevitable. 
 
 FRANKLIN PIERCE. 
 
 The fall of 1852 found the Democratic party united and triumphant, and 
 the Whigs disunited and cast down. The latter nominated General Winfield 
 Scott, in the hope that with another Mexican war veteran they might repeat 
 their success with General Taylor. General Scott carried the State of Mas- 
 sachusetts only, and the Whig party was dead for all time. It had served its 
 purpose and had contributed to the building of the nation; it went down be- 
 cause it was not based on convictions strong enough to carry it through the 
 fierce battle slavery had brought on. It was essentially the party of compro- 
 mise, and the time for compromise had passed. 
 
 The Democrats nominated Pranklin Pierce of New Hampshire. He had 
 been Speaker of his State's Legislature, a United States Senator, had led a 
 brigade at Conteras in the Mexican War, had been President of New Hamp- 
 shire's Constitutional Convention, was one of the greatest orators of the day, 
 with a voice that was melody itself, and had been in favor of the two com- 
 promise measures, the fugitive slave law and the admission of California as 
 a free State. 
 
 He carried every State in the Union except one. He entered on his terra 
 with a strength no President had had since Washington's day. The impor- 
 tant acts of his government — important enough at any other time — were set- 
 tling the dispute vsrith Mexico over the boundary by arbitration, concluding 
 a reciprocity treaty with England, putting a stop to the recruiting of soldiers 
 for the Crimea in this country, and sendmg the English Minister, Mr. Cramp- 
 ton, home for his share in the work; vetoing the bills for pubhc works and 
 the appropriation of public lands for the support of the insane. These acts 
 of the President were as nothing to his policy in regard to slavery, for slavery 
 was swallowing up everything else. 
 
 President Pierce believed slavery to be guaranteed by the Constitution. 
 The opening of Kansas to the slave-owners was endorsed by him, and his gov- 
 ernment recognized the State Constitution passed by the temporary colonists 
 from Missouri. The people of Kansas held a Constitutional Convention at 
 
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33 THE rORMATION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 
 
 whicli they passed an Anti-Slavery Constitution, coniinned by an overwhelm- 
 ing vote of the people. Under this Constitution State officers were elected 
 only to be treated as rebels by the general government. The Pro-Slavery 
 men had won a great victory when they passed the fugitive slave law and 
 secured Fillmore's signature, but it was a victory more costly than defeat. 
 It aroused the Anti-Slavery party to madness; they refused all compromise, 
 and the actual civil war in Kansas increased the trouble. The question of 
 slavery had become the one thing that men cared about, and Pierce as a Pro- 
 Slavery President only cast oil on the flames. 
 
 When his term was over, and when the "irresponsible conflict "was on 
 us, Pierce supported the Union in the strongest way. He urg3d men to go to 
 the front, and proved himself loyal to the Union before all things. 
 
 THE FORMATION OP THE KEPUBLICAN" PARTY. 
 
 Looking back now, as we all can easily enough, it is possible to see how 
 much right there was on both sides of the great question which was tearing 
 the Union asunder. 
 
 The position of the Abolitionists or Republicans was simple and logical in 
 the extreme. They held that slavery was radically, absolutely, intrinsically 
 wrong. They believed that the color of a man's skin had absolutely nothing 
 to do with his right to own himself, to be at liberty to support himself by 
 such means as he saw fit to adopt, to cleave to his wife and to own his own 
 children. It would probably be exceedingly diflflcult to find a thousand men 
 in the United States to-day who would not subscribe to this doctrine, and it 
 is certain it is believed nowhere more profoundly than in the Southern States. 
 Holding and believing as the Abolitionists did, they went to the logical end 
 and said the slaves must be set free. 
 
 The Pro-Slavery men had about one-third, roughly speaking, of all their 
 property in slaves. The proposition to set the slaves free was a proposition 
 to deprive the inhabitants of the slaveholding States of one-third of all their 
 property, put into a different form of words. The refusal to allow slaves in 
 the territories meant the drawing of a line around the slave States as around a 
 section afliicted with a fearful disease. It made it impossible for a man to 
 emigrate from them unless at a sacrifice of his slaves or a forced sale. The 
 forced sale, breaking as it did the ties between the slaves and the families to 
 which they had been bom, was intensely repugnant to the Southern mind, 
 then. 
 
 The feeling in the South was precisely that which would be felt in any 
 State or city or town to-day, were the people threatened with confiscation of 
 one-third of their property. Apart from the frightful financial disaster 
 which such confiscation would bring, it is no new thing in the Anglo-Saxon 
 race to fight when their property is attacked. The ship-money was but 
 a small tax, yet the ship-money helped to bring Charles the First to the scaf- 
 fold. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that the men of the days of Buchanan's Presi- 
 dency were for the most part innocent so far as slavery was concerned. The 
 slaves represented to them investment as the result of effort, inheritance, 
 property seizure for a just debt. They were not responsible for the system, 
 for it was inherited. 'They had been born into a community whereof slavery 
 was part and parcel. This property they were asked to give up because it 
 represented a wrong to men and women, and so asked by men and women 
 who owned not one dollar's worth of it. To ask a race to give up one-third 
 of their property, to ruin themselves, to upset every industry by which they 
 live, to beggar their wives and children, was to ask much. 
 
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BIOGEAPHIES OF THE PRESIDEKTS OF THE U. S. 33 
 
 No movement to buy the slaves, make them the property of the nation, 
 and set them free, seems to have been seriously considered. This is the more 
 wonderful because this is what England had done. The Abolitionists would 
 be satisfied with nothing less than confiscation, the Pro-Slavery men would 
 hear of nothing else than "Property in one State shall be property in all 
 States," and this the fugitive slave law gave them. Is it any wonder, then, 
 that war was the only way out? Both sides had a part of the right': both 
 were determined their right should win. Morally, too, the Abolitionists 
 were right, for slavery is wrong. Morally, too, the Pro-Slavery men were 
 right, for it is wrong to punish a man for that for which he is not respon-sible. 
 
 Now the heat and passion has passed away, buried in the graves of those 
 who fought so gallantly during the four long years. Now we can see things 
 as they were in reality, and we can accord to those of a generation fast pass- 
 mg away equal honesty in their belief, equal heroism in their support of 
 them. The question is settled forever in this country, and all that can be 
 said is that it had to be fought out. Yet when one thinks of what it cost to 
 North and South alike, one can but sigh over " the pity of it! " 
 
 ZACHARY TAYLOR. 
 
 General Zachart Taylor's career before he became the twelfth Presi- 
 dent of the United States was that of an officer in the army. In 1808 he was 
 commissioned as a lieutenant in the Eighth Infantry, and from that time until 
 he took part in the Mexican War he spent his days fighting Indians. His 
 first independent command was at Fort Harrison, in 1813, when he success- 
 fully defended the place during the Black Hawk War. He won the battle of 
 Okechobee in Florida against the Seminoles. In 1845 Texas was annexed, 
 and as Mexico threatened to invade the new territory of the United States, 
 General Taylor was sent down to defend the border. He won the battle of 
 the Rio Grande, at which time he said to the council of war that recom- 
 mended retreat, "I shall go to Fort Brown or stay in my shoes." Under 
 orders from the President he invaded Mexico, and won the battle of Monterey 
 on September 34, 1846. Although he was succeeded in his command by 
 General Scott, he fought and won the battle of Buena Vista on February 37, 
 1847. 
 
 The Whigs took advantage of his great personal popularity in the coujitry 
 and nominated him for the Presidency. He was elected in November, 1848, 
 and he died in the White House in 1850. During his term of office President 
 Taylor showed himself exceedingly conservative. He restrained the out- 
 creaks of the slavery question, and prevented its influence with the action of 
 the government. During his term the gold rush to California began, and 
 the President was forced to meet the strange political conditions this gave 
 rise to. He sent Commodore Perry to Japan, and the Perry treaty was con- 
 cluded. Had President Taylor lived he would have done much; as it was, he 
 left behind him the memory of a good man. 
 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLW. 
 
 When Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office "to support the Consti- 
 tution of the United States," that oath which he kept so loyally and well, he 
 was able to look back over as hard a life of struggle and toil as that passed 
 over by any American. Born among the poorest of the poor, self-educated 
 and self-taught, he had begun his public career as a member of the Illinois 
 
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34 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 
 
 Legislature. In 1846 he went to Congress, where he was particularly notice- 
 able for his urgent desire to see the slaves in the District of Columbia eman- 
 cipated. In 1854 the repeal of the Missouri Compromise brought Lincoln out 
 in debate, and his speeches marked him as one of the most fiery of the Anti- 
 Slavery orators. When the Republican party was formed he became, natur- 
 ally, its head in Illinois, and during 1858 took part in his great debates with 
 Senator Douglass, in which his speeches outlined the policy of the Anti-Slavery 
 men for all time. 
 
 In 1860, Douglass and Breckinridge being his two opponents, lie was 
 nominated and elected sixteenth President of the United States. Already 
 States had seceded, and Lincoln was, from the first, face to face with a 
 disrupted Union. He treated secession as a nullity, and in his Intense de- 
 sire to find some way out of the difficulty before him, proposed that Con- 
 gress should pay for the slaves. This Congress agreed to do, but the 
 suggestion had come too late. 
 
 The war issues absorbed everything, and although there were politics in 
 the countiy still, they were as nothing. Lincoln's course from first to last 
 was the same. With him the Union was before everything else, and he 
 would listen to any plan which even looked toward its restoration. Even the 
 emancipation of tlie slaves was only forced upon him — near as was the meas- 
 ure to liis soul — by the exigencies of the war. The history of the war is alike 
 too well known and too long to be even summarized here. 
 
 The President returned Slidell and Mason to England and bent his efforts 
 toward keeping the peace between this country and Prance as well as Great 
 Britain. He maintained friendly relations with President Juarez in Mexico, 
 and he welcomed the visit of the Russian fleet gladly and warmly. But, in 
 fact, he had but one thought, the war; and the politics and the foreign rela- 
 tions of other presidents played but a small part in the gigantic task before 
 him. Still, what there was of them he managed with great wisdom. 
 
 No President has had such a responsibility as that which Lincoln was 
 called upon to bear. Even Washington had no such war to manage, no such 
 anxious hours, for Washington's enemies were foreigners. Calmly, quietly, 
 with infinite patience and almost infinite wisdom, the President carried on 
 the government of the country and brought the war to an end. We are only 
 beginning to learn now how great and good this man was: we will never 
 fully realize how much we owe to him. 
 
 ANDREW JOHNSOlf. 
 
 Andrew Johnson was elected to Congress in 1843 and to the Senate in 
 1857. In both he was a bitter opponent to slavery. In 1862 Lincoln made 
 him mihtary Governor of Tennessee, where he was successful in his adminis- 
 tration of the affairs of the State. 
 
 When Lincoln died Johnson became President. His hatred of secession 
 found utterance in such expressions as ' ' treason is a crime, " and for a time it 
 was feared he would become the exponent of what was called the " Party of 
 Vengeance " in the North. Owing, however, to the influence of Secretary 
 Seward, Johnson moderated his sentiments. He went so far in the other di- 
 rection that he found himself in conflict with Congress. He attempted to 
 nullify various acts of Congress, and was impeached by the House before the 
 Senate. He was acquitted by a vote of thirty-five for conviction to nineteen 
 for acquittal. The difference of one vote would have turned the tide. For- 
 tunately the country was spared the scandal. 
 
 The remainder of his time in the White House Johnson spent in fighting 
 Congress. During his term there were no politics to amount to anythino', the 
 
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BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDEJSTTS OF THE U. S. 35 
 
 country being fully occupied in recovering from the chaos of the war After 
 Jus term had ended Johnson was elected to the Senate from Tennessee. 
 
 ULYSSES S. GRANT. 
 
 U. S. Grant— "Uncle Sam" Grant, as Lincoln called him when he heard 
 of the capture of Donelson— after serving through the Mexican "War under 
 General Taylor and spending a few years in civil hfe, entered the service of 
 the State of Illinois at the beginning of the Avar as mustering officer. He was 
 made colonel of the twenty-first Illinois Volunteers, and soon after received 
 his commission as brigadier-general. He captured Port Donelson, the first 
 capture of any importance made by the Union troops, and he followed this 
 up by taking Vicksburg. Assuming the command of the Army of the Poto- 
 mac, he received the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox, which act 
 virtually ended the war. 
 
 ^ General Grant appeared prominently in politics during the administration 
 oi Johnson. As general of the army, a rank revived for him by Congress, 
 his position and influence were alike important in national affairs. President 
 Johnson had committed himself to the policy of punishing the Confederate 
 leaders, and the work was begun by a persecution of General Robert E. Lee. 
 General Lee appealed to General Grant, and the latter, who firmly believed 
 the war was over, and that the best way to secure its fruits was to simply as- 
 sume that the Confederates had been punished enough, at once responded to 
 the appeal. He declared that the terms on which he had paroled General 
 Lee and all other Southern olficers must be respected, and that no one should 
 be punished. Although there were enough hot-heads in Washington to have 
 carried the policy of the President into effect. General Grant's influence was 
 so great that against his objections nothing could be done. In order to pre- 
 vent the President using the army officers in the South to further embitter 
 the people, Congress passed an act declaring that no orders should be given 
 to the army except through its general. This, in effect, placed Grant above 
 the President in the administration of the army, a position Johnson vainly 
 tried to get out of by sending Grant to Mexico as the U. S. Minister, a posi- 
 tion the latter refused. 
 
 In 1868 he was unanimously nominated as the candidate of the Republican 
 party for the presidency, and was elected by a sweeping majority. In his 
 letter of acceptance he used the famous phrase, ' ' Let us have peace, " and it 
 is the proud record of the man who carried the war to its most bloody end. 
 that he bent the whole power of his office to binding up the wounds and 
 bringing the nation back once more to Constitutional government. General 
 Grant believed in the nation, and in the inherent power of the national gov- 
 ernment, as he believed in the people and their capacity for self-rule. i 
 
 One of the distinguishing features of his government was his desire to re- 
 store the finances of the country to a sure basis. He advocated specie pay- 
 ment of the bonds and resumption as soon as possible. He was warmly in 
 favor of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, as he believed this 
 would secure to tiie negro race the full benefits of the war. A request for 
 annexation to the United States having been forwarded by the government 
 of Santo Domingo, in the West Indies, President Grant did his best to secure 
 the passage of the treaty, but, largely owing to the opposition of Charles 
 Sumner, failed in the Senate. The necessity which is apparent now for some 
 naval station to the south of us makes plain the wisdom of General Grant in 
 his views of this matter. 
 
 When it appeared that the negroes in the South were not reaping the 
 benefit of the Fifteenth Amendment, and were being oppressed by men in de- 
 
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36 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PEESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 
 
 fiance of the law. Grant took prompt measures, and by a show of govern- 
 ment troops in North Carolina put a stop to the whole business without diffi- 
 culty. The consistent and firm friendship shown by the President for the 
 men of the Southern States gave him an influence with them that materially 
 assisted all the reconstruction measures. 
 
 A feature of Grant's administration, which will always redound to his 
 credit, was his success with the treaty of Washington. The claims for dam- 
 ages to American commerce by Confederate vessels which had been built and 
 armed in England, had created very sore feelings between the Americans 
 and English. War talk was heard often, and affairs at one time looked dan- 
 gerous. Grant's inflexible desire for peace curbed those of the angrier sort, 
 and he finally had these and other American claims referred to arbitration. 
 As a result of the Geneva congress, which grew out of the treaty of Wash- 
 ington, England paid the "Alabama" claims. The San Juan boundary 
 question was decided in our favor. 
 
 During Grant's second term the so-called "Whiskey Ring " was exposed, 
 and the men who had been robbing the government were tried and pun- 
 ished. The President vetoed the Currency Inflation Bill, and his reasons 
 were so good that the measure died. 
 
 The peculiar glory of Grant's administration is to be found in his firm 
 and unvarying friendship for the Southern States. While he made it plain 
 that he would cause the law to be obeyed, he would allow nothing to be done 
 to further embitter those who were then slowly recovering from the effects 
 of the war. No President ever gave utterance to a nobler sentiment than " Let 
 us have peace, "and to this, in spirit as in word. Grant acted up. His wisdom 
 in this regard brought the country together much sooner than it othei'wise 
 would have come, and the policy he stamped on the government survived 
 him. Unlearned in statecraft, he saw this part of his duty plainly, and, see- 
 ing it, he was not found lacking. The reunited nation of to-day should hold 
 Grant in higher honor for this than is due to him from the North for his vic- 
 tories in the war. 
 
 RUTHEEPOED BIRCHAED HAYES. 
 
 RuTHEKFORD B. Hayes wou his rank as Major-General by brevet for his 
 gallantry in the war. He went to Congress in 1865, and became Governor 
 of Ohio four years later. He made for himself, from his entrance into pub- 
 lic life, a record as an advocate of honest money, civil-service reform, and 
 the pacification of the South. When he became President in 1876 he announced 
 these three as the main features of his policy. He was able to withdraw the 
 troops which had been kept in the South, an act which did much to soothe 
 the feelings of the people of that section. He attempted to inaugurate civil- 
 service reform, but was unable to bring it about. He vetoed the Silver Cur- 
 rency Bill on the ground that silver could not honestly be used as a legal ten- 
 der in excess of its market value. 
 
 It is a marked feature of the administration of President Hayes that 
 resumption of specie payment went into effect on January 1, 1879. To this 
 end the President had worked hard, and he had the delight of seeing it an 
 accomplished fact. The dollar of the United States government once more 
 became a dollar in fact. 
 
 President Hayes made himself felt in the scheme of a canal to join the 
 Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He took the ground that no such canal could 
 ever be built imless it was to be controlled by the United States, and this 
 view has been accepted as sound American policy since that time. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PKESIDBNTS OF THE U. S. 37 
 
 JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 
 
 James A. Gaupield bad a war record of no small glory when he was 
 elected to Congress. There he came to the front as a champion of specie 
 payment. He was made chairman of the committee of finance and banking, 
 and his speeches laid down the soimdest principles of national finance. He 
 was a member of the electoral commission which awarded the Pi-esidency to 
 Mr. Hayes, and he fought in all ways the attempts of his political opponents 
 to control the elections unfairly. He was elected to the Presidency as a com- 
 promise candidate in 1880. The one feature of his life in the "White House 
 was the celebrated patronage fight. 
 
 Garfield held out for the power and dignity of his office, although he con- 
 ceded the national patronage to the Republican leaders. It was while the 
 quarrel between these leaders for the spoils was going on that he was shot 
 by Guiteau, and, after lingering for a few weeks, died. His administration 
 was not old enough at his death to have had any political questions of mo- 
 ment submitted to it. 
 
 CHESTER ALLAN ARTHUR. 
 
 As Quartermaster-General of the State of New York during the war, 
 Arthur showed his power of administration. When he became President on 
 the death of Garfield, he set himself at work to quiet the feuds in the Repub- 
 lican party, and in this he succeeded well. His administration was a tran- 
 quil one, there being no great questions to settle and no great political issues 
 to be fought out. He appointed that Central and South American commis- 
 sion which finally resulted in the Pan-American Congress. He made a treaty 
 with Nicaragua looking foi-ward to an inter-oceanic canal, and began the 
 work of erecting defenses for the coast, which has gone on steadily ever 
 since. The new navy was begun during his term of office, and the first of 
 those ships which now give us some power on the sea were ^designed and 
 built. 
 
 The great problem of polygamy in Utah was grappled with, and this tenet 
 of the Mormon belief was done away with. The fight was long, but the 
 government won. The foreign relations of the country during his adminis- 
 tration call for but little comment in any way. 
 
 GROVER CLEVELAND. 
 
 There had been a long lease of power for the Republican party— from 
 1860 to 1884— when Grover Cleveland was elected President on the Demo- 
 cratic and Independent-Republican nomination. His career in politics had 
 been almost phenomenally short. Mayor of Buffalo in 1881, and Governor 
 of New York in 1882, he was chosen to carry the standard of the Democracy. 
 During his term of office in Albanj; he became known as the "Veto Gov- 
 ernor " and he earned a similar title in Washington. 
 
 Mr. Cleveland had from the first ranged himself on the side of economy 
 in public expenditures. As mayor he saved Buffalo |1, 000,000 in a year, 
 and as Governor he refused to sign bills which involved heavy expenditures 
 for the State. When he became President he made it apparent that his belief 
 
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38 BIOGEAPHIES OF THE PEESIBENTS OE THE V. S. 
 
 in his own judgment had not diminished. In two years he had vetoed 115 
 out of 987 hills passed by Congress. 
 
 Mr. Cleveland had the bitterest fight of his term on the question of civil- 
 service reform. His party demanded that all Republicans be turned out of 
 office and their places filled with Democrats. This demand the President 
 refused to comply with. 
 
 During his term he took steps to recover the public lands which had been 
 unlawfully seized. He promised protection to the Chinese from the mobs 
 that had attacked them, and he took extremely strong ground against Canada 
 as the^-esult of outrages on American fishermen. The Senate attempted to 
 compel him to give the reasons for such removals as he made from among 
 the office-holders, and this the President resisted strongly and won the fight. 
 
 His administration was marked by tranquillity in our relations with other 
 countries and prosperity in our own. 
 
 BENJAMIN" HARRISON. 
 
 Benjamin Habkison, a grandson of President Harrison, wis elected to 
 many local offices in his own State before he was sent to the Senate. lu 
 1888 he was elected President on the nomination of the Republicans. 
 
 The features of his term have been the passage of the McKinley bill to 
 increase the tarifl, and the Pan-American Congress. At the latter, repre- 
 sentatives of all countries in North and South America, except Canada, met 
 in "Washington and debated subjects of common interest. From this it is 
 hoped the best results may, in time, come. 
 
 The events of President Harrison's term of office are too recent to make 
 it necessary to allude to them at length in this place. 
 
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THE PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSIOIT. 
 
 An Act rblatitb to the Election of a President and Vice-Pres- 
 ident, AND DEOLAEINa THE OPPICBE WHO SHALL ACT AS PRESIDENT 
 
 in cases of vacancies, approved march 1, 1792, provides as 
 follows: 
 
 That the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday 
 in December, at such place in each State, as shall be directed by the Legisla- 
 ture thereof; and the Electors in each State shall make and sign three certifi- 
 cates of all the votes by them given, and shall seal up the same, certifying, 
 on each, that a list of the votes of such State, for President and Vice-Presi- 
 dent, is contained therein; and shall, by writing, under their hands, or under 
 the hands of a majority of them, appomt a person to take charge of, and de- 
 liver to the President of the Senate, at the seat of government, before the 
 first Wednesday in January then next ensuing, one of the said certificates; 
 and the said Electors shall forthwith forward, by the post-office, to the Presi- 
 dent of the Senate, at the seat of government, one other of the said certifi- 
 cates; and shall, forthwith, cause the other of the said certificates to be deliv- 
 ered to the judge of that district in which the said Electors shall assemble. 
 
 That the executive authority of each State shall cause three lists of the 
 names of the Electors of such State to be made, and certified, and to be de- 
 livered to the Electors on or before the said first Wednesday in December; 
 and the Electors shall annex one of the said lists to each of the lists of their 
 votes. 
 
 That if a list of votes from any State shall not have been received at the 
 seat of government, on the said first Wednesday in January, then the Secre- 
 taiy of State shall send a special messenger to the district .judge in whose 
 custody such list shall have been lodged, who shall forthwith transmit the 
 same to the seat of government. 
 
 That Congress shall be in session on the second Wednesday in February, 
 and the said certificates, or so many of them as shall have been received, 
 shall then be opened, the votes counted, and the persons who shall fill the 
 offices of President and Vice-President ascertained and declared, agreeably 
 to the Constitution. 
 
 That in case there shall be no President of the Senate at the seat of gov- 
 ernment on the arrival of the persons intrusted with the lists of the votes of 
 the Electors, then such persons shall deliver the lists of votes in their custody 
 into the office of the Secretary of State, to be safely kept and dehvered over, 
 as soon as may be, to the President of the Senate. 
 
 That in case of a removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the 
 President and Vice-President, the President of the Senate pro tempore, and in 
 case there shall be no President of the Senate, then the Speaker of the House 
 of Representatives, for the time being, shall act as President of the United 
 States, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 
 
 That whenever the offices of President and Vice-President shall both be- 
 come vacant, the Secretary of State shall forthwith cause a notification to be 
 made to the executive of every State, and shall also cause the same to be pub- 
 lished in at least one of the newspapers printed in each State, specifying 
 that Electors shall be appointed or chosen, in the several States, within thir- 
 ty-four days preceding the first Wednesday in December then next ensuing; 
 Provided, There shall be the space of two months between the date of said 
 notification, and the said first Wednesday in December; but if there shall not 
 be a spfvce of two months between the date of such notification and the first 
 
 39 
 
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40 THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE. 
 
 Wednesday in December, and if the term for wliicli tlie President and Vice- 
 President last in office were elected shall not expire on the third day of March 
 next ensuing, then the Secretary of State shall specify in his notification, that 
 the Electors shall be appointed within thirty -four days preceding the fourth 
 Wednesday in December in the next year ensuing, further action to be fol- 
 lowed as prescribed by law for elections ordinarily. 
 
 The Presidential Succession Bill, passed at the first session of the 
 49th Congress, reads as follows : Chap. IV. — In case of removal, death, res- 
 ignation, or inability of both the President and Vice-President, a member of 
 the Cabinet shall, in the following order, act as President until the disability 
 is removed or a President elected : The Secretary of State, Secretary of the 
 Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney-General, Postmaster-General, Secretary 
 of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior; Provided, That whenever the powers 
 and duties of the office of President of the United States shall devolve upon 
 any of the persons named herein, if Congress be not then in session, or if it 
 would not meet in accordance with law within twenty days thereafter, it 
 shall be the duty of the person upon whom said powers and duties shall de- 
 volve, to issue a proclamation convening Congress in extraordinary session, 
 giving twenty days' notice of the time of meeting. — [Approved January 19, 
 1886.] 
 
 THE ELECTOBAL COLLEGE. 
 
 The Presidents and Vice-Presidents are chosen by Electors, the people of 
 each State voting for as many Electors as it has members of both Houses of 
 Congress. After the votes are cast and counted in the several districts in 
 each State, the Electors meet at a place designated in the State law, and vote 
 for the candidate whom they have been elected to choose. "By this plan 
 the electoral vote of each State is solid for one candidate, and the popular 
 vote for the minority candidate is lost." It may happen, and has so occurred, 
 that the candidate receiving the largest number of popular votes has not 
 been elected. If the number of votes cast by Electors for each candidate is 
 equal, the House of Bepresentatives is called upon to choose a President. 
 This has happened twice. The Representatives vote, in such a case, by 
 States, each delegation representing one vote for or against. 
 
 The plan of procedure when Electors meet is not generally known, and 
 may be of interest: As noted above, they meet on a given daj (Act of 1845) 
 after the election, at a place designated by the State law. No particular or- 
 ganization for business is called for. As a rule, however, a chairman is 
 selected when the Electors assemble. Then, by ballot, they vote for Presi- 
 dent and Vice-President, the ballots for each office being separate. This 
 done, three lists are made of the persons voted for, including designation of 
 the office to be filled and number of votes cast for each. 
 
 Pollovring comes the preparation and signing of three identical certifi- 
 cates (one for each of the lists), stating that ' ' a list of the votes for President 
 and Vice-President is contained herein." To each list of votes is added a list 
 of the names of the Electors, made and certified by the Governor of the State. 
 
 The next step is to seal (separately) the certificates, certifying upon each 
 that it contains a list of all the electoral votes of the State. These several 
 documents having been made ready, the Electors appoint by writing a person 
 to deliver one certificate to the President of the Senate at Washington. 
 Another document (duplicate) is forwarded through the post-office, also to 
 the President of the Senate at Washington. The third (or triplicate) is de- 
 livered to the Federal Judge of the district in which the Electors assemble. 
 
 "The Electoral College is then dead in law, whether it adjourns tempora- 
 rily or permanently, or never adjourns." 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
ELECTOEAL VOTE PRIOR TO 1872. 
 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 04 
 
 18 
 
 so 
 
 53 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 TH 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 81 
 
 CO 
 
 s 
 
 31 
 
 38 
 
 86 
 
 T-< 
 
 No. of States., 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 7 
 3 
 
 9 
 3 
 
 9 
 8 
 
 9 
 4 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 9 
 4 
 4 
 
 8 
 5 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Connecticut... 
 Delaware 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 3 
 
 9 
 3 
 
 9 
 3 
 
 9 
 8 
 
 9 
 8 
 
 9 
 4 
 
 9 
 4 
 
 9 
 4 
 
 8 
 S 
 
 8 
 3 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 3 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 6 
 3 
 3 
 
 10 
 9 
 
 12 
 4 
 
 6 
 3 
 8 
 10 
 11 
 13 
 4 
 
 6 
 3 
 3 
 
 10 
 11 
 18 
 4 
 
 6 
 3 
 8 
 10 
 11 
 13 
 4 
 
 6 
 8 
 3 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 8 
 3 
 
 11 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 
 12 
 8 
 4 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 3 
 3 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Illinois 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 9 
 3 
 5 
 
 9 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 5 
 9 
 
 11 
 6 
 9 
 
 11 
 5 
 9 
 
 10 
 9 
 12 
 
 9 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 12 
 8 
 9 
 11 
 16 
 
 14 
 5 
 9 
 11 
 15 
 
 14 
 5 
 9 
 11 
 16 
 
 16 
 5 
 10 
 10 
 14 
 
 15 
 5 
 10 
 10 
 14 
 8 
 
 15 
 5 
 10 
 10 
 14 
 8 
 
 12 
 6 
 9 
 8 
 
 12 
 6 
 
 12 
 6 
 9 
 8 
 
 12 
 5 
 
 12 
 6 
 8 
 8 
 
 13 
 6 
 
 12 
 6 
 8 
 8 
 
 13 
 6 
 
 12 
 6 
 8 
 8 
 
 18 
 6 
 4 
 7 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 10 
 16 
 
 10 
 16 
 
 10 
 16 
 
 11 
 19 
 
 11 
 19 
 
 11 
 22 
 
 11 
 22 
 
 7 
 12 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 6 
 7 
 
 88 
 9 
 
 21 
 8 
 
 26 
 4 
 6 
 
 10 
 6 
 5 
 
 10 
 5 
 8 
 
 814 
 
 3 
 
 N. Hampshire. 
 New Jersey . . . 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 8 
 7 
 
 6 
 7 
 12 
 12 
 
 6 
 7 
 12 
 12 
 
 6 
 7 
 12 
 
 la 
 
 7 
 8 
 19 
 14 
 3 
 
 7 
 8 
 19 
 14 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 29 
 16 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 29 
 15 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 29 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 36 
 15 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 86 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 8 
 42 
 15 
 21 
 
 7 
 8 
 42 
 16 
 21 
 
 7 
 8 
 42 
 15 
 21 
 
 6 
 7 
 36 
 11 
 23 
 
 6 
 7 
 86 
 11 
 23 
 
 6 
 7 
 35 
 10 
 28 
 
 6 
 7 
 36 
 10 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 36 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 7 
 
 83 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 Pennsylvania . 
 Rhode Island.. 
 South Carolina 
 
 10 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 4 
 8 
 
 16 
 4 
 8 
 3 
 
 16 
 4 
 8 
 
 a 
 
 20 
 4 
 
 10 
 5 
 
 20 
 4 
 
 10 
 5 
 
 26 
 4 
 
 11 
 8 
 
 25 
 4 
 
 11 
 8 
 
 26 
 4 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 4 
 11 
 11 
 
 28 
 4 
 11 
 11 
 
 30 
 4 
 11 
 16 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 11 
 16 
 
 80 
 4 
 11 
 15 
 
 26 
 4 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 4 
 9 
 
 13 
 4 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 27 
 4 
 8 
 
 12 
 4 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 27 
 4 
 8 
 
 13 
 4 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 36 
 4 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 21 
 
 4 
 21 
 
 4 
 21 
 
 6 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 26 
 
 8 
 25 
 
 e 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 24 
 
 7 
 24 
 
 7 
 23 
 
 7 
 23 
 
 7 
 28 
 
 6 
 17 
 
 5 
 10 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 290 
 
 6 
 296 
 
 6 
 296 
 
 5 
 303 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 818 
 
 321 
 
 23E 
 
 261 
 
 261 
 
 888 
 
 294 
 
 294 
 
 275 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 91 
 
 136 
 
 188 
 
 13f 
 
 176 
 
 176 
 
 31V 
 
 41 
 
 6b 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
ELECTORAL VOTE, 1872-1888. 
 
 
 1888. 1 
 
 1884. 
 
 1880. 
 
 t 1876. 
 
 1872. 
 
 States. 
 
 it 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 II 
 
 5 
 
 d 
 
 ll 
 fQ 
 
 eg- 
 
 -1 
 
 a 
 "0 
 
 1^ 
 E-i 
 
 
 Si 
 
 * 
 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 ""s 
 
 3 
 
 '"'32' 
 15 
 13 
 9 
 
 "e' 
 "n 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 ■■■'5' 
 8 
 4 
 
 ■■■.36' 
 
 "is 
 
 3 
 30 
 4 
 
 ■■'■4' 
 
 "ii' 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 " "e' 
 s 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 "is' 
 "'is' 
 
 8 
 ""8 
 
 ""9 
 16 
 
 ■"'9' 
 36 
 11 
 
 ""9 
 12 
 13 
 
 "'ia' 
 
 6 
 
 ""s 
 
 3 
 
 "■33' 
 
 "is' 
 9 
 
 ■"'o' 
 "'ii' 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 "■'5' 
 3 
 4 
 
 "23' 
 3 
 
 80 
 
 4 
 
 "■'4' 
 ...... 
 
 ...... 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 "ai' 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 '"i.3' 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 ■ "3' 
 
 ""5' 
 
 "'35' 
 
 "'82' 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 '"■'5' 
 
 "'io' 
 
 10 
 6 
 5 
 
 ""3' 
 4 
 11 
 
 "'is' 
 
 8 
 
 "'s' 
 "■'s' 
 
 15 
 ■"'3' 
 "'■9' 
 
 "io' 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 "'ii' 
 5 
 
 " "e' 
 3 
 
 ■■■'4' 
 "2i' 
 
 ' "ii' 
 5 
 
 " "s' 
 
 7 
 
 "'i.3' 
 11 
 5 
 
 "'■3' 
 3 
 5 
 
 "'22' 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 "io' 
 
 10 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 3 
 4 
 12 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 "ii' 
 ■""is" 
 
 "'ia' 
 
 6 
 3 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Illinois 
 
 21 
 15 
 11 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 ""a 
 ""s 
 
 15 
 
 ""9" 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 ■""ia" 
 
 8 
 ...... 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 "is' 
 11 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 ""■"3" 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 33 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 "" "5" 
 11 
 5 
 10 
 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 9 
 16 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 ...... 
 
 
 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 9 
 12 
 13 
 
 "ii' 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Virginia 
 
 18 
 6 
 
 
 West Virf^inia 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 168 
 
 233 
 
 819 
 
 183 
 
 214 
 
 155 
 
 185 
 
 184 
 
 386 
 
 43 
 
 * In 1873 Horace Greeley, Democratic and Liberal-Republican candidate for Presi- 
 dent, having died before the electoral vote was cast, the Greeley electors voted as 
 above for Thomas A. Hendricks in five states. Kentucky, Georgia, and Missouri cast 
 18 electoral votes for B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri, for President; Georgia, 2 votes for 
 C. J. Jenkins, of Georgia, and Missouri 1 vote for David Davis of Illinois, and 17 votes 
 irregularly cast were not counted by Congress, t Count of the Electoral Commission. 
 
 43 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft© 
 
THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE, 1892. 
 
 The Electoral College in 1893, based upon the apportionment bill, will contain 444 
 votes, requiring 223 to elect a President. For ordinary purposes, there are but two 
 doubtful States, New York and Indiana. New Jersey and Connecticut are frequently 
 included in the doubtful list, but they are more reliably Democratic than New Hamp- 
 shire and Khode Island are Republican. There are really but two doubtful States 
 leaving the electoral vote in 1892 as follows: ' 
 
 
 Rep. 
 
 Dem. 
 
 Doubt- 
 ful. 
 
 
 Rep. 
 
 Dem. 
 
 Doubt- 
 ful. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 
 11 
 8 
 
 
 Nebraska. 
 
 8 
 3 
 4 
 
 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 
 
 
 
 California 
 
 9 
 4 
 
 New Hampshire. . 
 
 
 
 Colorado 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 4 
 13 
 
 
 New York.. 
 
 
 36 
 
 Delaware 
 
 
 North Carolina... 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 Ohio.. 
 
 3' 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 32 
 
 4 
 
 i' 
 
 11 
 
 
 Florida 
 
 
 
 Georgia 
 
 
 
 
 Idaho 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 Illinois 
 
 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 South Carolina. . . 
 South Dakota 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 Iowa. . . . 
 
 13 
 10 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 Kansas 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 12 
 15 
 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 
 Texas. . 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Virginia 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 15 
 14 
 9 
 
 Washington 
 
 West Virsrinia 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 
 
 Wisconsin.. 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Montana 
 
 
 215 
 
 178 
 
 51 
 
 " From this it will be seen that if the other States vote as ^iven, the Democrats 
 must carry both New York and Indiana, to elect a President, while either State would 
 suffice for the Republicans. Or, the Republicans could lose both New York and 
 Indiana, and still win by carrying New Jersey." 
 
 This table is based upon a Congressional apportionment of 356, which would repre- 
 sent the States as follows: 
 
 Alabama 9 
 
 Arkansas 6 
 
 California 7 
 
 Colorado 2 
 
 Connecticut 4 
 
 Delaware 1 
 
 Florida 2 
 
 Georgia 11 
 
 Idaho 1 
 
 Illinois 22 
 
 Indiana 13 
 
 Iowa Jl 
 
 Kansas 8 
 
 Kentucky 11 
 
 Louisiana 6 
 
 Maine 4 
 
 Maryland 6 
 
 Massachusetts 13 . 
 
 Michigan 12 
 
 Minnesota 7 
 
 Mississippi 7 
 
 Missouri 15 
 
 Montana 1 
 
 Nebraska 6 
 
 Nevada 1 
 
 New Hampshire 2 
 
 New Jersey 8 
 
 New York 34 
 
 North Dakota 9 
 
 North Carolina 1 
 
 The following States gain Representatives: 
 
 Alabama 1 
 
 Arkansas . - 1 
 
 California 1 
 
 Colorado 1 
 
 Greorgia 1 
 
 Illinois 2 
 
 Kansas 1 
 
 Massachusetts 1 
 
 •Michigan 1 
 
 Minnesota 2 
 
 Missouri 1 
 
 Nebraska 3 
 
 Ohio 21 
 
 Oregon 2 
 
 Pennsylvania 30 
 
 Rhode Island 2 
 
 South Carolina 7 
 
 South Dakota 2 
 
 Tennessee 10 
 
 Texas 13 
 
 Vermont 2 
 
 Virginia 10 
 
 Washington 2 
 
 West Virginia 4 
 
 Wisconsin 10 
 
 Wyoming 1 
 
 New Jersey 1 
 
 Oregon 1 
 
 Pennsylvania 2 
 
 Texas 2 
 
 Washington 1 
 
 Wisconsin 1 
 
 43 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft© 
 
THE NEW APPORTIONMENT ELECTORAL VOTE. 
 
 States. 
 
 Electoral 
 votes in 
 the next 
 Presiden- 
 tial Elec- 
 tion. 
 
 States. 
 
 Electoral 
 votes in 
 the next 
 Presiden- 
 tial Elec- 
 tion. 
 
 States. 
 
 Electoral 
 votes in 
 the next 
 Presiden- 
 tial Elec- 
 tion, 
 
 
 11 
 8 
 9 
 4 
 6 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 15 
 13 
 10 
 13 
 8 
 6 
 
 
 8 
 15 
 14 
 9 
 9 
 17 
 3 
 8 
 3 
 4 
 10 
 36 
 11 
 3 
 23 
 4 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 33 
 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 4 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 Florida 
 
 Montana 
 
 Yermont. . . . 
 
 4 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 12 
 
 Nevada. . 
 
 Washington 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 4 
 
 
 New Hampshire. . . 
 New Jersey 
 
 6 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Total 
 
 3 
 
 
 North Carolina. . . . 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 
 441 
 
 
 
 
 Maine 
 
 Oregon 
 
 
 Electoral votes necessary to a choice, 223. 
 
 44 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
POPULAR VOTE-PEESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES, 
 
 Names of Candidates. 
 
 George Washington 
 
 John Adams 
 
 George Washington 
 
 John Adams 
 
 John Adams 
 
 Tliomas Jefferson 
 
 Thomas Jefferson 
 
 Aaron Burr 
 
 Thomas Jefferson. , . 
 
 C. C. Pinckney 
 
 James Madison 
 
 C. C. Pinckney 
 
 James Madison 
 
 De Witt Clinton 
 
 James Monroe 
 
 Rufus King 
 
 James Monroe 
 
 John Q. Adams 
 
 J. Q. Adams 
 
 Andrew Jaclcson 
 
 Andrew Jaclcson 
 
 J. Q. Adams 
 
 Andrew Jackson 
 
 Henry Clay 
 
 Martin Van Buren 
 
 W. H. Harrison 
 
 W. H. Harrison 
 
 Martin Van Buren 
 
 James K. Polk 
 
 Henry Clay 
 
 Zachary Taylor 
 
 Lewis Cass 
 
 Franklin Pierce 
 
 Winfleld Scott 
 
 James Buchanan 
 
 John C. Frgmont 
 
 Abraham Lincoln 
 
 John C. Breckenridge. 
 Abraham Lincoln 
 
 George B. McClellan.. 
 Ulysses S. Grant 
 
 Horatio Seymour 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant 
 
 Horace Greeley 
 
 R. B. Hayes 
 
 Samuel J, Tilden 
 
 James A, Garfield 
 
 W. S.Hancock 
 
 Grover Cleveland 
 
 James G. Blaine 
 
 Benjamin Harrison 
 
 Groyer Cleveland 
 
 State. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Massachusetts.. . 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Massachusetts . . 
 Massachusetts... 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 New York 
 
 Virginia 
 
 South Carolina. . 
 
 Virginia 
 
 South Carolina . . 
 
 Virginia 
 
 New York 
 
 Virginia 
 
 New York 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Massachusetts.. . 
 Massachusetts... 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Massachusetts.. . 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Kentucky. . 
 New York.. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Ohio 
 
 New York.. 
 Tennessee . 
 Kentucky.. 
 Louisiana.. 
 
 Michigan 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 New Jersey... 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 California 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Illinois 
 
 New Jersey... 
 
 Illinois 
 
 New York 
 
 Illinois 
 
 New York 
 
 Ohio 
 
 New York 
 
 Ohio 
 
 New York 
 
 New York 
 
 Maine 
 
 Indiana 
 
 New York 
 
 Party. 
 
 Federalist . . 
 Federalist . . 
 Federalist.. 
 Federalist . . 
 Federalist. . 
 Dem. Rep. . . 
 Dem. Rep.. . 
 Dem. Rep.. . 
 Dem. Rep. . . 
 Federalist.. 
 Dem. Rep. . . 
 Federalist.. 
 Dem. Rep... 
 Federalist . . 
 Dem. Rep. . . 
 Federalist . . 
 Dem. Rep.. . 
 Opposition.. 
 Coalition . . . 
 Dem. Rep. . . 
 Democrat... 
 Nat. Rep . . . 
 Democrat... 
 Nat. Rep . . . 
 Democrat... 
 
 Whig 
 
 Whig 
 
 Democrat... 
 Democrat.. . 
 
 Whig 
 
 Whig 
 
 Democrat 
 
 Democrat.... 
 
 Whig 
 
 Democrat.... 
 Republican.. 
 Republican.. 
 
 Democrat 
 
 Republican.. 
 
 Democrat 
 
 Republican.. 
 
 Democrat 
 
 Republican . . 
 Dem. «fe Lib. 
 Republican.. 
 
 Democrat 
 
 Republican.. 
 
 Democrat 
 
 Democrat 
 
 Republican . . 
 Republican . . 
 Democrat 
 
 Date 
 
 of 
 
 Election. 
 
 Jan. 7. 1789 
 
 Nov. 13, 1792 
 
 Nov. 8, 1796 
 
 Nov. 11, 1800 
 
 Nov. 13, 1804 
 
 Nov. 
 
 ,1808 
 
 Nov. 10, 1812 
 
 Nov. 12, 1818 
 
 Nov. 14, 1820 
 
 Popular 
 vote 
 cast. 
 
 Nov. 9,1834 
 
 Nov. 11, 1828 
 
 Nov. 13, 1832 
 
 Nov. 8, 1886 
 
 Nov. 30, 1840 
 
 Nov. 12, 1844 
 
 Nov. 7,1848 
 
 Nov. 2,1852 
 
 Nov. 4,18S6 
 
 Nov. 6,1860 
 
 Nov. 8,: 
 
 Nov. 3,: 
 
 Nov. 5,1872 
 
 Nov. 7,1876 
 
 Nov. 2, 
 
 Nov. 4,1884 
 
 Nov, 6,1888 
 
 105,821 
 155,872 
 647,281 
 509,097 
 687,502 
 530,189 
 761,649 
 
 1,375,017 
 1,128,702 
 1,337,243 
 1,299,068 
 1,360,101 
 1,380,544 
 1,601,474 
 2,386,678 
 1,838,169 
 1,841,264 
 1,866,353 
 846,763 
 2,316,067 
 1,808,725 
 3,015,071 
 2,709,613 
 3,-597,070 
 2,834,079 
 4,033,975 
 4,284,873 
 4,454,416 
 4,444,9.52 
 4,874,986 
 4,851,981 
 6,440,708 
 6,536,243 
 
 
 29.92 
 44.27 
 65.97 
 44.03 
 54.96 
 42.39 
 50.83 
 
 52.89 
 46.82 
 49.55 
 48.14 
 47.36 
 42.50 
 60.98 
 44.10 
 45.34 
 83.09 
 89.91 
 18.08 
 56.06 
 44.94 
 52.67 
 47.33 
 55.63 
 43.83 
 47.95 
 50.94 
 48.31 
 48.20 
 48.48 
 48.32 
 47.83 
 48.63 
 
 45 
 
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THE DEPARTMENTS AT THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. 
 
 The Executive is divided into numerous departments, several of tliese 
 departments having within them a number of bureaus, each with separate 
 and distinct functions and under the control of a subordinate officer who, 
 in his turn, answers to the officer in charge of tlie department. 
 The departments are set forth as follows: 
 
 Departmsnt of State. 
 Treasury Department. 
 
 Supervising Architect's Office. 
 
 Bureau of Engraving and Printing. 
 
 Secret Service Division. 
 
 Office of Steamboat Inspection. 
 
 Bureau of Statistics. 
 
 Life-Saving Service. 
 
 First Comptroller's Office. 
 
 Second Comptroller's Office. 
 
 Commissioner of Customs. 
 
 Register of the Treasury. 
 
 First Auditor. 
 
 Second Auditor. 
 
 Third Auditor. 
 
 Fourth Auditor. 
 
 Fifth Auditor. 
 
 Sixth Auditor. 
 
 Treasurer of the United States. 
 
 Comptroller of the Currency. 
 
 Commissioner of Internal Revenue. 
 
 Director of the Mint. 
 
 Bureau of Navigation. 
 
 Lighthouse Board. 
 
 United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. 
 
 Marine Hospital Service. 
 War Dbpabtmbkt. 
 
 Headquarters of the Army. 
 
 Adjutant-General's Department. 
 
 Inspector-General's Department. 
 
 Judge- Advocate General's Department. 
 
 Quartermaster's Department. 
 
 Subsistence Department. 
 
 Medical Department. 
 
 Pay Department. 
 
 Corps of Engineers. ,,„,., t,t * 
 
 Public Buildings and Grounds and Washmgton Monument 
 
 Ordnance Department. 
 
 Signal Office. 
 
 Publication Office War Records. 
 
 Navy Departmbni'. 
 Bureau of Ordnance. 
 Bureau of Equipment. 
 Bureau of Navigation. 
 United States Hydrographic Office. 
 
 51 
 
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52 THE DEPAKTMENTS AT THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. 
 
 Bureau of Yards and Docks. 
 
 Bureau of Provisions and Clothing. 
 
 Bureau of Steam Engineering. 
 
 Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. 
 
 Bureau of Construction and Repair. 
 
 Office of the Judge-Advocate General. 
 
 Nautical Almanac. 
 
 Naval War Records, Office and Library. 
 
 Board of Inspection and Survey. 
 
 Office of Naval Intelligence. 
 
 Navy-Yard and Station. 
 
 U. S. Naval Hospital. 
 
 Navy Pay Office. 
 
 Steel Inspection Board. 
 
 Museum of Hygiene. 
 
 Naval Dispensary. 
 
 Naval Examining Board. 
 
 Naval Retiring Board. 
 
 Naval Medical Examining Board. 
 
 Naval Observatory. 
 Post-Opficb Department. 
 
 Office of the Postmaster-General. 
 
 Office of the First Assistant Postmaster- General. 
 
 Dead-Letter Office. 
 
 Office of the Second Assistant Postmaster-General. 
 
 Office of the Third Assistant Postmaster-General. 
 
 Office of the Fourth Assistant Postmaster-General. 
 Department op the Interior. 
 
 General Land Office. 
 
 Patent Office. 
 
 Bureau of Pensions. 
 
 U. S. Pension Agency. 
 
 Office of Indian Affairs. 
 
 Office of Education. 
 
 Office of Commissioner of Railroads. 
 
 Office of Geological Survey. 
 
 Census Office. 
 Department op Justice. 
 
 Office of the Solicitor of the Treasury. 
 
 Assistant Attorneys — Department of Justice. 
 Department op Agkicdlture. 
 
 Office of the Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
 Weather Bureau. 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry. 
 
 Division of Statistics. 
 
 Division of Chemistry. 
 
 Office of Experiment Stations. 
 
 Division of Entomology. 
 
 Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy. 
 
 Division of Forestry. 
 
 Division of Botany. 
 
 Division of Pomology. 
 
 Division of Vegetable Pathology. 
 
 Division of Microscopy. 
 
 Fiber Investigation. 
 
 Division of Accounts. 
 
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THE DEPARTMENTS AT THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. 53 
 
 Division of Records and Editing. 
 Division of Illustration and Engraving. 
 Seed Division. 
 
 Depaetment op Labor. 
 
 National Boaed of Health. 
 
 United States Civil Sebvicb Commission. 
 
 Building fob the Libbaet of Congress. 
 
 United States Fish Commission. 
 
 Government Printing Office. 
 
 Printing Department. 
 
 Blading Department. 
 
 Congressional Record. 
 
 United States Board on Geographic Names. 
 The Soldiers' Home. 
 Bureau of the American Republics. 
 Inter-Continental Railway Commission. 
 
 In addition to the above departments and bureaus, there are the follow- 
 ing Federal establishments at the National Capital or controlled therefrom: 
 Supreme Court op the United States. 
 Circuit Courts op the United States. 
 Court op Claims. 
 Interstate Commerce Commission. 
 The District Government. 
 
 Commissioners. 
 
 The District Officers. 
 
 The Police Court. 
 
 Metropolitan Police. 
 
 The Kre Department. 
 
 Telegraph and Telephone Service. 
 
 The Health Department. 
 Supreme Court of the District or Columbia. 
 
 U. S. Attorney's Office. 
 
 U. S. Marshal's Office. 
 
 Register of Wills Office. 
 
 Recorder's Office. 
 The Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 The National Museum. 
 
 The Bureau of Ethnology. 
 
 National Zoological Park. 
 The Washington National Monument Society. 
 The Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. 
 Washington City Post-Office. 
 
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THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892.* 
 A Liist of Principal Officers with Salaries. 
 
 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 President, Benjamin Harrison (Ind.) $50,000 
 
 Priv. Sec., Elijah W. Halford (Ind.) 5,000 
 
 Vice-President, Levi P. Morton (N. Y.) 8,000 
 
 U. 8. Dist. Marshal, D. M. Ransdell (Ind.) 6,000 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 
 
 Secretary, James G. Blaine (Me. ) 8,000 
 
 Asst. Secretary, W. F. Wharton (Mass.) 4,500 
 
 Second Asst. Secretarg, Alvey A. Adee 3,500 
 
 Third Asst. Secretary, John B. Moore 3,500 
 
 Chief Clerk, Sevellon A. Brown (N. Y.) 2,750 
 
 Chief of Diplomatic Bureau, Thomas W. Cridler (W. Va.) 3,100 
 
 Chief of Consular Bureau,, F. O. St. Clair 2,100 
 
 Chief of Bureau of Archives and Indexes, John H. Haswell 2,100 
 
 Chief of Bureau of Accounts, Francis J. Ejeckhoefer 2,100 
 
 Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Michael Scanlon (N. Y.) 2,100 
 
 Chief of Bureau of Rolls and lAtrary, Frederic A Bancroft 2,100 
 
 Passport Clerk, Henry P. Randolph (Va.) 1,800 
 
 BUEBATJ OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS. 
 
 Dzrector— William Eleroy Curtis (111.) 5,000 
 
 TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Secretary, Charles Foster (O.) 8,000 
 
 Priv. Sec, Robert J. Wynne 2,400 
 
 Asst. Sec, A. B. Nettleton (Minn.) 4,500 
 
 Asst. Sec, O. L. Spalding (Mich.) 4,500 
 
 Asst. Sec, Lorenzo Crounse (Neb.) 4^500 
 
 Chief Clerk, Fred A. Stocks (Kas. ) 3*000 
 
 Chief of Appt. Div., Daniel Macauley (Ind.) 2^750 
 
 Chief of Warrants Div., W. F. Maclennan 3,750 
 
 Chief Pub. Moneys Div., Eugene B. Daskam 2,500 
 
 Chief of Cus. Div., John M. Comstook (N. Y.) 2,700 
 
 Chief of Rev. Marine Div., 2,500 
 
 Chief of Stationery, Printing and Blanks Div., A. L. Sturtevant 3^500 
 
 Chief of Loans and Currency Div., Andrew T. Huntington (Mass) 3,500 
 
 Chief of Misc. Div., J. A. Tomson (Ind.) '. 3,500 
 
 Supervising Spec'l Agt., A. K. Tingle (Ind.) |8 day 
 
 Government Actuary, Wm. Fewsmith (N. J. ) 3,250 
 
 * For changes in the various departments, up to the moment of going to press see 
 Addenda, preceding Index. ' 
 
 54 
 
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THE FEDERAL GOTBRNMEKT, 1892. 55 
 
 8UPEBVISING AKCHITBCT's OFFICE. 
 
 Supervising Architect, W. J. Edbrooke (111.) $4,500 
 
 BUKBAtr OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING. 
 
 Chief, W. M. Meredith (111.) 4 50o 
 
 Assi. Chief, Thomas J. Sullivan ...'.' 3350 
 
 Swpt. Engrming Div., Geo. W. Casilear Z.WO 
 
 OFFICE STEAMBOAT IN8PBCT0B. 
 
 Supervising Inspector, James A. Dumont 3,500 
 
 BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 
 
 Chief, S. G. Brock (Mo.) 3 OQo 
 
 LIFE-SAVING SERVICE. 
 
 Gen'l Supt., S. I. Kimball (Me.) 4 000 
 
 Asst., Horace L. Piper (Me.) 3500 
 
 COMPTROLLERS. 
 
 First Comptroller, Asa C. Matthews (111. ) 5,000 
 
 Deputy, John R. Garrison 3^700 
 
 Second Compt., B. F. Gilkeson (Pa.) 5*000 
 
 Deputy, E. N. Hartshorn (O.) 3*700 
 
 COMMISSIONER OP CUSTOMS. 
 
 Commissioner, S. V. HoUiday (Pa.) 4,000 
 
 Deputy, H. A. Lockwood 3,'350 
 
 REGISTER OP THE TREASURY. 
 
 Register, "Wm. S. Rosecrans 4,000 
 
 Asst., L. W. Reid (Va.) 3,350 
 
 AUDITORS. 
 
 First Auditor, Geo. P. Fisher (Del.) 3,600 
 
 Deputy, A. F. McMillan (Mich) 2,350 
 
 Second Auditor, J. N. Patterson (N. H.) 3,600 
 
 Deputy, J. B. Franklin (Kas.) 3,350 
 
 Third Auditor, W. H. Hart (Ind.) 8,600 
 
 Deputy, Augustus Shaw (Ind.) , 3,350 
 
 Fourth Auditor, J. R. Lynch (Miss.) 3,600 
 
 Deputy, Andrew J. Whittaker (111. ) 3,350 
 
 Fifth Auditor, L. W. Hahercomb (D. 0.) 3,600 
 
 Deputy, J. Lee Tucker (N. Y.) 3,350 
 
 Sixth Auditor, Thos. B. Coulter (O.) 3,600 
 
 Deputy, J. I. Rankin (Pa.) 3,350 
 
 TREASURER OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Treasurer, Enos H. ISTebeker (Ind.) 6,000 
 
 Asst. Treasurer, James W. Whelpley 3,600 
 
 Supt. Nat. Bank Red. Div., Thos. E. Rogers 3,500 
 
 COMPTROLLER OP THE CURRENCY. 
 
 Comptroller, E. S. Lacy (Mich.) 5,000 
 
 Deputy, Robert M. Nixon (Ind. ) ■ 3,800 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE. 
 
 Commissioner, J. W. Mason (Va. ) 6,000 
 
 Deputy, G. W. Wilson (O.) 3,300 
 
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56 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. 
 
 DIRECTOR OF THE MINT. 
 
 Director, E. O. Leech (D. C.) $4,500 
 
 BUREAU OP NAVIGATION. 
 
 Commissioner, Wm. W. Bates (N. Y. ) 3,600 
 
 UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. 
 
 Superintendent, T. C. Mendenhall (Ind.j 6,000 
 
 MARINE HOSPITAL SERVICE. 
 
 Supervising Surg.-Oen., Walter Wyman 4,000 
 
 WAR DEPAETMEWT. 
 
 Secretary, Stephen B. Elkins (W. Va.) 8,000 
 
 Priv. Sec, S. D. Miller (Ind.) 3,000 
 
 Asst. Sec, L. A. Grant (Minn. ) 4,500 
 
 Chief Clerk, John Tweedale (Pa.) 2,750 
 
 HEADQUARTERS OP THE ARMY. 
 
 Major-Oeneral, J. M. Schofield. 
 
 Asst. Adjt.-Oen'l, Bvt. Brig. -Gen. T. M. Vincent. 
 
 Aides-de-Camp, Capt. C. B. Schofleld, 1st Lieut. T. H. Bliss and 2d Lieut. 
 
 A. D. Andrews. 
 Chief Clerk, J. B. Morton. 
 
 adjutant-general's DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Adjt.-Oen'l, Brig. -Gen. J. C. Kelton(Pa.). 
 
 Assistants, Bvt. Brig. -Gen. R. Williams, Bvt. Brig. -Gen. S. Breck, Maj. Thee. 
 
 Schwan, Maj. A. MacArthur, Jr., Bvt. Lieut.-Col. J. C. Gilmore, Capt. 
 
 D. M. Taylor. 
 Chief Clerk, R. P. Thian $2,000 
 
 inspector-general's DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Inspector- Oen'l, Brig.-Gen. J. C. Breckinridge. 
 Ass'ts, Lt.-Col. H. W. Lawton and Maj. J. P. Sanger. 
 Chief Clerk, W. H. Orcutt. 
 
 quartermaster's DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Quarterm.- Oen'l, Brig.-Gen. R. N. Batchelder. 
 
 Ass'ts, Bvt. Brig.-Gen. M. I. Ludington, Maj. Jas. Gilliss, Capt. W. S. Pat- 
 ten, Capt. C. P. Miller. 
 Depot Quartermaster, Lt.-Col. G. H. Weeks. 
 Chief Clerk, J. Z. Dare. 
 
 SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Commissary-Oen'l, Brig.-Gen. B. DuBarry. 
 
 Assistants, Bvt. Lt.-Col. J. H. Gilman, Capt. John F. Weston, Capt. O. M. 
 
 Smith. . 
 
 Chief Clerk, Wm. A. DeCaindry. 
 Depot Commissary, Capt. F. E. Nye. 
 
 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Surgeon-Oen'l, Brig.-Gen. Charles Sutherland. 
 
 Ass'U, Lt.-Col. C. R. Greenleaf, Bvt. Lt.-Col. J. S. Billings, Mai Chas 
 
 Smart, Capt. J. C. Menill. ' 
 
 Chief Clerk, John J. Beardsley. 
 Attending Surgeon, Col. A. Heger. 
 
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I THE FEDERAL GOVERKMENT, 1892. 57 
 
 PAY DEPARTMENT 
 
 Paymmter-Oen'l, Brig. -Gen. William Smith 
 Ass'ts, Lt.-Col. W. R. Gibson, Maj. D. R. Lamed 
 Chief Clerk, G. D. Hanson. 
 
 CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 
 
 Chief of Engineers, Brig. -Gen. T. L. Casey. 
 
 AsmtanU,M^j. H ]\L Adams, Capt. J. 6. D. Knight, Capt. Thos. Turtle. 
 
 Chief Clerk, Wm. J. Warren. 
 
 Sec. to Lighthouse Board, Maj. J. F. Gregory. 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS. 
 
 O^er in Charge, Col. O. H. Ernst. 
 
 ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Chief of Ordnance, Brig. -Gen. D. W. Flagler. 
 
 Assistants, Capt. Chas. S. Smith, Capt. Rogers Birnie, Capt. V McNallv 
 
 Capt. Wm. Crozier, Capt. Charles Shaler. 
 Chief Clerk, John J. Cook. 
 
 JUDGE ADVOCATE-GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Judge Advoeate-Qen., Col. G. N. Leiber (acting). 
 Assistant, Lieut. -Col. Wm. Winthrop, deputy. 
 Chief Clerk, J. N. Morrison. 
 
 SIGNAL OFFICE. 
 
 Chief Signal Ofjicer, Brig. -Gen. A. W. Greely. 
 
 Assistants, Capts. Robert Craig, James Allen and Charles E. Kilbourne 
 
 Chief Clerk, Otto A. Nesmith. 
 
 PUBLICATION OFFICE— WAR RECORDS. 
 
 Board of Publication, Maj. Geo. B. Davis, L. J. Perry, J. W. Kirkley. 
 Assistants, Capt. Wyllys Lyman, Capt. J. J. Knox, Capt. J. A. Buchanan, 
 
 Capt. C. D. Cowles, Lieut. Frank Taylor, Lieut. J. H. Duval. 
 Agent Collectioti Confed. Bee, M. J. Wright. 
 
 NAVY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Secretary, B. P. Tracy (N. Y.) $8,000 
 
 Private Secretary, Henry W. Raymond 2,350 
 
 Asst. Secretary, J. H. Soley (Mass.) 4,500 
 
 Naval Aide, Lieut. B. H. Buckingham 
 
 Chief Clerk, John W. Hogg (Md.) 3,500 
 
 BUABAU YARDS AND DOCKS. 
 
 Chief, Commodore N. H. Farquhar. 
 
 BUREAU OF NAVIGATION. 
 
 Chief, Commodore Francis M. Ramsay. 
 Commanders, A. S. Barker and C. M. Thomas. 
 Lieutenant Commander, E. B. F. Heald. 
 Lieutenant, T. D. GriflBn. 
 
 NAUTICAL ALMANAC. 
 
 Superintendent, Prof. Simon Newcomb. 
 
 Assistants, Prof. H. D, Todd, E. J. Loomis, G. W. Hill, Dr. J. Morrison, 
 7b 
 
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58 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. 
 
 OFFICB NAVAL INTBLLI6BNCE. 
 
 Cliief Intelligence Officer, Comdr. C. H. Davis. 
 
 LieuU., G. W. Mentz, W. H. H. Southerland, Chas. E. Pox, Aug. P. 
 
 Fechteler, Charles C. Rogers, J. T. Newton, Benj. Tappan. 
 Ensigns, Edward Simpson, J. M. EUicott. 
 
 LIBEARY AND WAR RECORDS. 
 
 Lieut. -Commander P. M. Wise, Acting Superintendent. 
 Lieutenants, Prof. E. K. Ra,wson, P. E. Beatty. 
 
 OFFICERS ON DUTT IN THE HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. 
 
 Acting Hydrograplier, Lieut. -Commander Richardson Clover. 
 
 Lieut's, R. G. Davenport, C. M. McCarteney, P. H. Sherman, L. S. Adams, 
 
 H. M. Witzel. 
 Ensigns, L. S. Van Duser, Benj. Wright. 
 
 NAVAL OBSERVATORY. 
 
 Superintendent, Capt. P. V. McNair. 
 
 Ideut.-Oommander, Walton Goodwin. 
 
 Lieutenant, H. Taylor. 
 
 Ensigns, Hugh Rodman, Thos. Snowden, W. B. Hoggatt, H. H. Whittlesey, 
 
 J. A. Hoogewerff. 
 Professors of Mathematics, Asaph Hall, William Harkness, J. R. Eastman, 
 
 Edgar Frisby, S. J. Brown. 
 
 BUREAtr OP ORDNANCE. 
 
 Chief, Commodore W. M. Polger. 
 Lieut.-Gommander, Albert R. Conden. 
 
 LieutenanU, C. A. Stone. S. H. May, Prof. P. R. Alger, Prank P. Fletcher, 
 C. Y. Boush. 
 
 BUREAU OP EQUIPMENT AND RECRUITING. 
 
 Chief, Capt. Geo. B. Dewey. 
 Ensigns, John Gibson, Gilbert Wilkes. 
 
 BUREAU OP MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Chief Surgeon-General J. Mills Browne. 
 Asst. Medical Inspector, W. K. Van Reypen. 
 Special-Duty, Surg. W. A. McClurg. 
 
 BUREAU OP PROVISIONS AND CLOTHING. 
 
 Chief Paymaster-General Edwin Stewart. 
 Paymaster, C. P. Thompson. 
 Asst. Paymaster, A. K. Michler. 
 
 BUREAU OP STEAM ENGINEERING. 
 
 Engineer-in-Chief G. W. Melville. 
 Chief Eng's, Montgomery Fletchei-, N. P. Towne. 
 Passed Asst. Engineers, J. H. Perry, H. Webster, Y. H. Bailey 
 Asst. Engineers, Emil Thiess, W. H. Chambers, W. M. McFarland H G 
 Leopold, C. A. Carr, P. M. Bennett, W. W. White. 
 
 BUREAU OP CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR. 
 
 Chief Constructor, T. D. Wilson. 
 Naval Constructor, Philip Hichborn. 
 
 OFFICE OF JUDGE ADVOCATE-GENERAL. 
 
 Judge Advocate-Gen' I, Col. William B. Remey, United States Marine Corps 
 Lieutenants, S. C. Lemly, P. L. Denny, Marine Corps. 
 
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THE FEDERAL GOVEESTMENT, 1892. 59 
 
 NAVAL EXAMINING BOARD. 
 
 Commodore W. R. McCann, Capt. R. R. Wallace, Commander S W Terry 
 Medical Directors, J. J. Taylor, W. T. Hord, David Kindleberger. 
 
 KETIUING BOAED. 
 
 Commodore W. P. McCann, Pres. ; Capt. R. R. Wallace, Commander S W 
 Terry, Medical Directors J. F. Taylor, D. Kindleberger. 
 
 STATE, WAR AND NAVY DEPARTMENT BUILDING. 
 
 Sfupt., Thomas Williamson, Chief Engineer. 
 Asmiant, G. W. Baird, 1st Assistant Engineer. 
 
 BOARD OF INSPECTION AND SUEVBT. 
 
 President, Rear- Admiral T. J. Kimberley. 
 
 Members, Capt. T. O. Selfridge; Comdr. W. R. Bridgeman; Chief Engineer 
 
 W. Or. Buchler; Kaval Constructor John P. Hanscom; Lieutenant L. 
 
 C. Logan. 
 
 NAVAL DISPENSARY. 
 
 Surgeon, P. M. Rixey. 
 
 Passed Asst. Surg., Frank Anderson. 
 
 MUSEUM OP HYGIENE. 
 
 Medical Director, P. S. Wales. 
 Passed Asst. Surg., S. H. Griffith. 
 
 NAVY PAY OFFICE. 
 
 Pay Director, Edward May. 
 
 HEADQUARTERS OF UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS. 
 
 Ool. Commandant, Charles Heywood. 
 AdjCand Inspector, Maj. Aug. 8. Nicholson. 
 Quartermaster, Maj. H. B. Lowry. 
 Paymaster, Maj. Green Clay Goodloe. 
 
 MARINE BARRACKS, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 Lieut.-Col., G. P. Houston. 
 Captain, D. Pratt Mannix. 
 First Lieut., S. W. Quackenbush. 
 
 POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Postmaster-Oen'l, John Wanamaker (Pa.) $8,000 
 
 Chief Clerk, W. B. Cooley (Pa.) 3,500 
 
 Stenographer, John B. Mim'ck (Mich.) 1,800 
 
 Asst.Atty.-Oen'l, James N. Tyner (Ind.) 4,000 
 
 Law CUrk, Ralph W. Haynes (111.) 3,500 
 
 Appointment Clerk, James A. Vose (Me.) 1,800 
 
 Supt. and Disbursing Clerk, Theodore Davenport (Conn.) 3,100 
 
 Topographer, Charles Roeser, Jr. (Wis.) 3,500 
 
 OFFICE FIRST ASSISTANT POSTMASTER-GENERAL. 
 
 First Asst. P. M.-G., S. A. Whitfield (O.) 4,000 
 
 Chief Clerk, E. C. Fowler (Md.) 3,000 
 
 Supt. Division Post-office Supplies, E. H. Shook (Mich.) 3,000 
 
 Supt. Division Free Delivery, William J. Pollock (Kas.) 3,000 
 
 Asst. Supt. Div. of Free Delivery, Wm. Helm (Wis. ) 3, 000 
 
 Chief Division of Salaries and Allowances, Albert H. Scott (Iowa) .... 3,300 
 
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60 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1893. 
 
 Supt. Money Order System, Charles F. MacDonald (Mass.) $3,500 
 
 Chief Clerk Money Order System, James T. Metcalf (Iowa) 3,000 
 
 Supt. Dead Letter Office, David P. Leibhardt (Ind. ) 2,500 
 
 Chief Clerk Bead LetUr Office, Waldo G. Perry (Vt.) 1,800 
 
 Chief Division of Correspondence, James R. Ash (Pa.) 1,800 
 
 OFFICE SECOND ASSISTANT POSTMASTEK-GENEKAL. 
 
 Second Asst. P. M.-G., J. Lowrie Bell (Pa. ) 4,000 
 
 Chief Clerk, George P. Stone (N. Y.) 3,000 
 
 Supt. Railway Adjustments, John M. Young (Mich.) : 3,000 
 
 Chief Div. of Inspection, John A. Chapman (111. ) 3,000 
 
 Chief Div. Mail Equipment, R. D. S. Tyler (Mich.) 1,800 
 
 Oen'l Supt. Railway Mail Service, James E. White (111.) 3,500 
 
 Asst. Oen'l Supt. Railway Mail Service, Wm. P. Campbell (111.) 3,000 
 
 Chief Clerk Railway Mail Service, Alexander Grant (Mich.) 3,000 
 
 Supt. Foreign Mails, N. M. Brooks (Va.) 8,000 
 
 Chief Clerk Foreign Mails, George M. Drake (Tenn.) 3,000 
 
 OFFICE THIRD ASSISTANT POSTMABTBR-QBNEHAL. 
 
 Third Asst. P. M.-G., Abraham D. Hazen (Pa.) 4,000 
 
 Chi^ Clerk, Madison Davis (D. C.) 3,000 
 
 Chief Div. Postage Stamps, E. B. George (Mass.) 3,350 
 
 Chief Div. Finance, A. W. Bingham (Mich.) 3,000 
 
 OFFICE FOURTH ASSISTANT POSTMASTER-GENBEAL. 
 
 Fourth Asst. Postmaster-General, E. G. Rathbone (O.) 4,000 
 
 Chief Div. of Appointments, P. H. Bristow (Iowa) 3,000 
 
 Chief Div. of Bonds and Commissions, Luther Caldwell (N. Y.) 2,000 
 
 Chief Div. of P. 0. Inspectors and Mail Depredations, M. D. Wheeler 
 
 (N. Y. ) 3,000 
 
 Chief Clerk, James Maynard (Tenn.) 3,000 
 
 INTEEIOR DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Secretary, John W. Noble (Mo. ) 8,000 
 
 First Asst. do., George Chandler (Kas.) 4*500 
 
 Asst. do., Cyrus Bussey (E". Y.) 4,000 
 
 Chief Clerk, Edward M. Dawson (Md.) 2,500 
 
 Appt. Clerk, A. C. Tonner (O.) 2J000 
 
 GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 
 
 Commissioner, Thomas H. Carter (Mont.) 5 000 
 
 Asst. do., Wm. M. Stone (Iowa) BJOOO 
 
 Chief Clerk, Manning M. Rose (O.) 2^500 
 
 OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. 
 
 Commissioner, T. J. Morgan (R. I.) 4 000 
 
 Asst. do., R. V. Belt (Md.) '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.['.'.'.'. s'oOO 
 
 Supt. Indian Schools, D. Dorchester (Mass. ) 4^000 
 
 PENSION OFFICE. 
 
 Commissioner, Green B. Raum (111.) 5 qqo 
 
 First Deputy do., Andrew Davidson (N. Y.) 3' 600 
 
 Second Deputy do., Chas. P. Lincoln (Mich.) 3 600 
 
 Chief Clerk, A. W. Fisher (N. C.) '.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 2' 350 
 
 Medical Referee, Thomas D. Ingram (Pa.) 3' 000 
 
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THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. (jl 
 
 OFFICE OF COMMISSIONER OP RAILBOADS. 
 
 Commissioner, Horace A. Taylor {Wis. ) $4,500 
 
 PATENT OFFICE. 
 
 Commissioner, Wm. E. Simonds (Coun.) 5,000 
 
 Asst. do., Nathaniel L. Frothingham (Mass.) 3^000 
 
 Chief Clerk, Joseph L. Bennett (Conn.) , . . 2^350 
 
 OFFICE OF EDUCATION. 
 
 Commissioner. W. T. Harris (Mass. ) 3,000 
 
 Chief Clerk; J. W. Holcombe ] i,'800 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SUKTEY. 
 
 Director, John W. Powell (111. ) 6,000 
 
 Chief Clerk, Henry C. Eizer (Kas.) 3^400 
 
 CENSUS OFFICE. 
 
 Superintendent, R. P. Porter (N. Y. ) 6 000 
 
 Chief Clerk, A. F. Childs (O.) 3^500 
 
 DEPAETMENT OP JUSTICE. 
 
 Atty.-Gen'l, W. H. H. Miller (Ind.) 8,000 
 
 Solicitor Gen'l, Wm. H. Taft (O.) 7,000 
 
 Asst. Atty.-Oen'l, Wm. A. Maury (D. C.) 5,000 
 
 Asst. do., J. B. Cotton (Me.) 5,000 
 
 Asst. do., A. X. Parker (N. Y.) 5,000 
 
 Asst. do., (Dept. of Int.), Geo. H. Shields (Mo.) 5,000 
 
 Asst. do. (P. 0. Dept.), J. N. Tyuer (Ind.) 4,000 
 
 Solicitor of Int. Rev. (Treas. Dept.), Alphonso Hart (O.) 4,500 
 
 Examiner of Claims (State Dept.), Frank C. Partridge (Vt.) 3,500 
 
 Law Clerk and Examiner of Titles, A. J. Bentley (O.) 3,750 
 
 Chief Clerk and Supt. of Building, Cecil Clay (W. Va.) 3,500 
 
 Oen'l Agent, E. C. Foster (Iowa) $10 per diem 
 
 Appi. and Disbursing Clerk, Frank A. Branagan (O.) 3,000 
 
 Clerk of Pardons, Chas. F. Scott (W. Va.) 3,400 
 
 Soliciior of Treas. {Treas. Dept.) W. P. Hepburn (Iowa) 4,500 
 
 Asst. Solicitor {Treas. Dept.), F. A. Reeve (Tenn.) 3,000 
 
 Chief Clerk Solicitor's Office {Treas. Dept.), Charles E. Vrooman (Iowa) 3,000 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Secretary, J. M. Rusk (Wis.) 8,000 
 
 Asst. Secretary, E. Wilhts (Mich.) 4,500 
 
 Chief Clerk, S. S. Rookwood (Wis.) 3.500 
 
 Statistician, J. R. Dodge (O.) 3,500 
 
 Chief of Dill, of Accounts, B. F. Fuller (111.) 3,000 
 
 Horticulturist, etc., W. Saunders (D. C.) 3,500 
 
 Entomologist, C. V. Riley (Mo.) 3,500 
 
 Botanist, Geo. Vasey (111.) 3,500 
 
 Chemist, H. W. Wiley (Ind.) 2,500 
 
 Microseopist, Thomas Taylor (Mass.) 3,500 
 
 Chief Experimental Stations, O. W. Atwater (Conn.) 3,500 
 
 Ornithologist, C. H. Merriam (N. Y.) 3,500 
 
 Chief Forestry Div., B. E. Pernow (N. Y.) 3,000 
 
 Pomologist, H. E. Van Demen (N. C.) 2,500 
 
 Bureau Animal Industry, D. E. Salmon (N. C.) 3,000 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
62 THE FEDEBAL GOVERNMENT, 1893. 
 
 INDEPENDENT DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OPFICB. 
 
 Public. PrinUr, Frank W. Palmer (111. ) $4,500 
 
 rjhief Clerk, W. H. Collins (N. Y.) 3,400 
 
 Fm-eman, of Printing, H. T. Brian (Md.) 3,100 
 
 Foreman of Binding, Jas. W. White (D. C.) 3,100 
 
 UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION. 
 
 Commissioners, Theodore Roosevelt (N. Y. ), Charles Lyman (Conn.), 
 
 Hughs. Thompson (S. C.) 3,500 
 
 Chief Examiner, W. H.' Webster (Conn.) 3,000 
 
 BUREAU OP LABOR. 
 
 Commissioner, Carroll D. Wright (Mass.) 3,000 
 
 Chief CUrk, Oren W. Weaver (Mass.) 3,500 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
ORIGIN OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 State or Territory. 
 
 Popular name. 
 
 Set- 
 tled 
 
 From wbat Territory formed. 
 
 
 
 1713 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arizona Territory. . 
 
 
 1590 
 1685 
 1769 
 1540 
 1633 
 1627 
 1660 
 1565 
 1733 
 1843 
 1720 
 1833 
 1730 
 1835 
 1850 
 1776 
 1899 
 16.30 
 1634 
 1630 
 1670 
 1819 
 1716 
 1755 
 18S3 
 1850 
 1850 
 1633 
 1627 
 1583 
 1623 
 1585 
 1859 
 1768 
 1889 
 1811 
 1648 
 1633 
 1.562 
 1859 
 1765 
 1690 
 1847 
 1763 
 1607 
 1845 
 1607 
 1745 
 1867 
 
 New Mexico. 
 
 
 
 
 California 
 
 Golden , 
 
 New Albion, Upper California. 
 
 
 Centennial 
 
 Nutmeg 
 
 Blue Hen 
 
 (a)Connecticut 
 
 (a)I)e]aware . 
 
 North Virginia and New England. 
 New Netherlands 
 
 
 Maryland and Virginia. 
 
 Florida Territory. 
 
 North Virginia and New England. 
 
 Idaho Territory. 
 
 Northwest and Illinois Territory. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 
 Peninsular. . . . 
 Cracker 
 
 (a)Georgia 
 
 
 
 Indian Territory 
 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Hoosier 
 
 Hawkeye 
 
 Sunflower 
 
 Bluegrass 
 
 Pelican 
 
 Pine Tree 
 
 Old Line 
 
 Bay 
 
 Northwest and Indiana Territory. 
 Dist. La., La. Ter., Mo., Mich., Wis. Ter. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Dist. Louisiana, and Kansas Territory. 
 
 Kentucky . 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 
 
 Maine 
 
 New England, Laconia, Massachusetts. 
 
 
 
 (a)Massachusetts. . 
 
 North Virginia and New England." 
 
 
 Wolverine 
 
 
 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Bayou 
 
 Dist. of Louisiana, Ga. and Miss. Terr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Black-water. .. 
 Silver 
 
 Dist. of Louisiana, Nebraska Territory. 
 
 (a)New Hampshire. . 
 (a)New Jersey 
 
 Granite 
 
 North Virginia, Laconia, New England. 
 New Netherlands. 
 
 
 
 
 (a)New York 
 
 (a)North Carolina. . . 
 
 Empire 
 
 Old North 
 
 North Virginia, New Netherlands. 
 Albemarle Colony. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Buckeye 
 
 Northwest Territory. 
 
 Oklahoma Territory 
 Oreg'on 
 
 Indian Territory, 
 
 Beaver 
 
 Keystone 
 
 Dist. of Louisiana, Oregon Territory. 
 
 (a)Pennsylvania 
 
 No. Va., N. E., Aquiday, Prov., R. I. Plan. 
 
 (a)South Carolina. . . 
 
 Palmetto 
 
 Cartaret Colony. 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Volunteer 
 
 Lone Star 
 
 Kentucky Territory. 
 New Philippines. 
 Upper California. 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah Territory 
 
 
 Green M't'n. . . . 
 Old Dominion.. 
 
 New Netherlands, New Hampshire Grants. 
 
 faWirerinia 
 
 South Virginia. 
 
 
 Washington Territory. 
 
 
 
 
 Badger 
 
 Dist. Louisiana, Illinois Ter., Michigan Ter. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (a) The thirteen original States. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
SETTLEMENT OP STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 State or Territory. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Alaska Territory. . . . 
 Arizona Territory. . . 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 {a)Connecticut 
 
 (a)Delaware 
 
 Dist. Columbia 
 
 Florida 
 
 (a)Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indian Territory 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 (a)Maryiand 
 
 (a)Massacliusetts. . . . 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Nevada 
 
 (a)New Hampshire.. 
 
 (a)New Jersey 
 
 New Mexico Terr 
 
 (a)New York 
 
 (a)North Carolina. . . 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oklahoma Territory 
 
 Oregon 
 
 (a)Pennsylvania 
 
 (a)Rhode Island 
 
 (a)South Carolina. , . 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah Territory 
 
 Vermont 
 
 (a)Virginia 
 
 Washington 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 „ , ^, , Date of admiss'n (b)Population Population 
 
 By whom settled. Organization, when adm'd. 1890. 
 
 French . 
 
 Spanish 
 
 French 
 
 Spanish 
 
 French 
 
 Em. from Mass. . , . 
 Swedes and Finns . 
 
 English 
 
 Spanish 
 
 English 
 
 Emigrants 
 
 French.., 
 
 Spanish 
 
 French 
 
 Em. from N. E . . . . 
 Em. from West. St. 
 
 Em. from Va 
 
 French 
 
 English 
 
 English 
 
 English Puritans . . 
 
 French 
 
 Em. from N. E 
 
 French 
 
 French 
 
 Em. from South... 
 
 Emigrants 
 
 Em. from Cal 
 
 English 
 
 Dutch and Danes, . 
 
 Spanish 
 
 Dutch 
 
 English 
 
 Em. from Mid. St.. 
 
 Em. from N E 
 
 Emigrants 
 
 Em. from N. Y 
 
 Swedes 
 
 English 
 
 French 
 
 Em. from Mid. St.. 
 
 Em. from N. C 
 
 Spanish 
 
 Spanish 
 
 Em. from Mass.... 
 
 English 
 
 Em. from Cal 
 
 English 
 
 French 
 
 Em. from Mid. St.. 
 
 ..Dec. 14,1819... 
 .. July Sr, 1868... 
 ..Feb. 34, 1863., 
 ..June IB, 1836., 
 ..Sept. 9,1860.., 
 ..Aug. 1,1876... 
 ..Jan. 9, 1788... 
 ..Dec. 7, 1787... 
 
 ..July, 1791 
 
 ..March 3, 1845, 
 ..Jan. 2, 1788... 
 ..July 3, 1890.., 
 ..Dec. 3,1818.., 
 ..June 30, 1834. 
 ..Dec. 11,1816.. 
 ..Dec. 28, 1846. , 
 ..Jan. 29, 1861.., 
 ..Junel, 1792,., 
 ..April 80, 1812 , 
 ..Mar. IB, 1820., 
 ..April 28, 1788., 
 ..Feb. 6, 1788... 
 ..Jan. 26, 1837... 
 ..May 11, 1858... 
 ..Dec. 10,1817... 
 ..Aug. 10, 1821.. 
 ..Nov. 8, 1889... 
 ..March 1,1867. 
 ..Oct. 31, 1864... 
 ..June 21, 1788.. 
 ..Dec. 18, 1787... 
 ..Sept. 9, 1850... 
 ..July 26, 1788.., 
 ..Nov. 31, 1789.. 
 ..Nov, 2, 1889... 
 ..Jan. 19, 1803.., 
 ..April 22, 1889., 
 ..Feb. 14,1859., 
 ..Dec. 13,1787.. 
 ..May 29, 1790... 
 ..May 23, 1788... 
 ..Nov. 2, 1889... 
 ..June 1, 1796... 
 ..Dec. 29, 1845.. 
 ..Sept. 9, 1850... 
 .Mar. 4, 1791... 
 ..June 25, 1788.. 
 ..Nov. 11,1889.. 
 ..June 19, 1863.. 
 ..May 29, 1848... 
 ..July 10, 1889... 
 
 137,901 
 
 52,240 
 
 92,597 
 
 150,000 
 
 337,496 
 
 58,680 
 82,548 
 84,229 
 34,620 
 
 63,80B 
 
 81,920 
 
 107,306 
 
 73,077 
 
 76,656 
 
 398,269 
 
 319,738 
 
 378,787 
 
 213,267 
 
 173,038 
 
 75,512 
 
 66,586 
 
 131,7 
 
 60,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 141,885 
 
 184,139 
 
 340,130 
 393,761 
 182.435 
 41,915 
 
 62,465 
 434,373 
 
 68,825 
 249,033 
 337,848 
 
 77,302 
 212,593 
 
 747,610 
 
 442,014 
 305,391 
 60,689 
 
 (a) The thirteen original States, (b) According to nearest census. 
 
 1,613,017 
 
 38,000 
 
 69,620 
 
 1,138,179 
 
 1,208,130 
 
 413,198 
 
 746,258 
 
 168,493 
 
 330,892 
 
 391,433 
 
 1,837,353 
 
 84,385 
 
 8,836,351 
 
 345,000 
 
 3,112,404 
 
 1,911,896 
 
 1,427,096 
 
 1,868,685 
 
 1,118,687 
 
 661,086 
 
 1,043,380 
 
 2,238,943 
 
 2,093,889 
 
 1,301,826 
 
 1,289,600 
 
 3,679,184 
 
 132,169 
 
 1,058,910 
 
 45,761 
 
 876,580 
 
 1,444,958 
 
 163,593 
 
 5,997,863 
 
 1,617,947 
 
 182,719 
 
 3,673,316 
 
 61,834 
 
 313,767 
 
 5,368,014 
 
 346,606 
 
 1,151,149 
 
 338,808 
 
 1,767,618 
 
 3,335,523 
 
 207,905 
 
 332,423 
 
 1,656,980 
 
 349,390 
 
 762,794 
 
 1,680,880 
 
 60,705 
 
 64 
 
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PARTY TENDENCY IN THE NEW STATES. 
 
 The facts concerning the party tendency in each of the new States are 
 briefly thus: 
 
 Idaho. There is a Republican majority of ten in the Senate and 36 in 
 the House, the majority on joint ballot being 36 in favor of the Republican 
 party. At the election for Governor, 1890, Shoup, the Republican candidate, 
 had a majority of 3, 314 over Wilson, the Democratic nominee. The whole 
 vote cast was 18,310, of which 10,363 were cast for Shoup. This was the 
 first gubernatorial contest since the admission of Idaho to the Union. The 
 State government and judiciary are entirely Republican. Since 1880 the 
 C^ongressional majorities have been as follows: 1880, Democratic majority, 
 1,514; 1883, no record available; 1884, Democratic majority, 786; 1886, 
 Republican majority, 430; 1888, Republican majority, 3,303; 1890 (short 
 tei-m), Republican majority, 2,113 (long term) 3,104. 
 
 Montana. There is a Democratic majority of 4 in the Senate and a 
 Republican majority of 5 in the House, the Republicans having a majority of 
 1 on joint ballot. At the election for Governor, 1889, Toole, the Democratic 
 candidate had a majority of 556 over Power, the Republican nominee. The 
 whole vote cast wa.s 38,553, of which 19,564 were cast for Toole. This was 
 the first gubernatorial contest since the admission of Montana to the Union. 
 The State government and judiciary, except the Governor, consists entirely 
 of Republicans. Since 1880 the Congressional majorities have been as 
 follows: 1880, 1,438, Democratic; 1883, 1,484, Democratic; 1884, 199, 
 Democratic; 1886, 3,718, Democratic; 1888, 5,136, Republican; 1890, 383, 
 Democratic. 
 
 North Dakota. There is a Republican majority of 11 in the Senate and 
 18 in the House, the majority on joint ballot being 29. The minority in the 
 Senate consists of 5 Democrats and 5 Farmers' Alliance, in the House, of 16 
 Democrats and 6 Farmers' Alliance. The 11 Farmers' Alliance votes are 
 included with the Democrats in calculating the Republican majorities. At 
 the election for Governor, 1890, Burke, the Republican candidate had a 
 plurality of 6,449 over Roach, tlie Democratic, and Muir the Independent 
 nominees. In 1889, Miller, the Republican candidate, was elected by a plu- 
 rality of 13,633 over Roach. The State government is entirely Republican. 
 Since 1884, the Congressional majorities have been as follows: 1884, 35,554, 
 Republican; 1886, 8,037, Republican; 1888, 9,489, Republican; 1890, 6,535, 
 Republican. 
 
 Bonih Dakota. There is a Republican majority of 1 in the Senate and 4 
 in the House, the majority on joint ballot being 5. The minority in the 
 Senate consists of 14 Democrats and 8 Independents; in the House, of 46 
 Democrats and 11 Independents. The 19 Independent votes are included 
 with the Democrats in calculating the Republican majorities. At the 
 election for Governor, 1890, Mellette, the Republican candidate, had a 
 plurality of 9,896 over Taylor the Democratic, .and Louks the Farmers' 
 Alliance nominees. Louks received 24,591 votes out of a total of 77,607. 
 In 1889, Mellette, the Republican candidate, was elected by a plurality of 
 30,134, McClure being the Democratic nominee. The State government and 
 judiciary are entirely Republican. The vote for South Dakota for Repre- 
 sentatives, 1886 and 1888, was that of the counties of Dakota Territory, which 
 now compose the State of South Dakota. This vote is as follows: 1886, 
 Democratic, 23,339, Republican, 43,365; 1888, Democratic, 35,044, Repub 
 lican, 44,906; 1891, Democratic, 7,199, Republican, 17,614, Farmers' Alli- 
 ance, 14,587. The Republican majorities or pluralities have been respect- 
 ively 31,036, 19,863 and 3,037. 
 
 83 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
PARTY TENDENCY IN THE NEW STATES. 83 
 
 Washington. There is a Republican majority of 30 in llic Senate and 
 ^4 in the House, the Republicans having a majority of 70 ou joint ballot. 
 At the election for Governor, 1889, Ferry, the Republiciui candidate had a 
 majority of 8,979 over Semple, the Democratic nominee. The vi'hole vote 
 ■cast vras 58,443, of which 33,711 were cast for Ferry. The State govern- 
 ment and judiciary are entirely Republican. Since 1880, the Ciongressional 
 majorities have been as follows; 1880, 1,797, Republican; 1882, 3,008, 
 Republican; 1884, 148 Democratic; IKSO, 3,193, Democratic; 1888, 7,371, 
 Republican; 1890, 6,322, Republican. 
 
 Wyoming. There is a Republican majority of 9 in the Senate and 18 in 
 the House, the majority on joint ballot bcnng 37. At the election for Gov- 
 ernor, 1890, "Warren the Republican candidate, had a majority of 1,736 over 
 Baxter, the Democratic nominee. The whole vote cast was 16,032, of which 
 Warren received 8,879. The State government is entirely Republican. 
 Since 1880 the Congressional majorities have been as follows: 1880, 147, 
 Democratic; 1883, 1,111, Democratic; 1884, 1,639, Republican; 1886, 7,146, 
 RepubUcan; 1888, 3,894, Republican; 1890, 3,859, RepubUcan. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
SENATE. 
 
 Levi P. Morton, V. -President, Presiding 
 
 C. F, Mandkbson, Neb., Pres't pro tern. 
 
 Bepublicans, 47; Democrats, 39; Alliance,!; INDEPENDENT,!. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 JohnT. Morgan Selma !S95 
 
 James L. Pugh Eufaula !897 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 James H. Berry Hentonville. . . .1.^0.5 
 
 James K. Jonfs Wasllington. . .!89T 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Charles N. Felton San Francisco. 1893 
 
 Leland Stanford San Francisco. !897 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 E. O. WoUott Denver !895 
 
 Hennj M. Teller Central City. . .1897 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Joseph E. Hawley Hartford 1893 
 
 Orville H. Piatt Meriden 1897 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Anthony Higgins Wilmm^^on. . .1895 
 
 George Gray Newcastle 1893 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 Samuel Pasco Monticello 1893 
 
 Willcinsoii Call Jacksonville.. 1897 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 Alfred H.Colquitt ...Atlanta.. 
 
 Jotin B. Gordon Atlanta. . 
 
 .1895 
 .1897 
 
 Fred T. Dubois Blackf oot . 
 
 IDAHO. 
 George L. Shoup Salmon City.. .1895 
 
 ..1897 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Shelby M. Culluin Springfleld . . . .1895 
 
 Jolm M. Palmer Springfield ....1897 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 Daniel S. Turpie Indianapolis. ..1893 
 
 Daniel W. Voorhees. . . Terre Haute . . .1897 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 James F. Wilson Fairfield 1895 
 
 William B, j4iZ/son.... Dubuque 1897 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 Bishop W. Ferlcins.. .Oswego 1895 
 
 William A. Peffek Topeka 1897 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 John G. Carlisle Covington 1895 
 
 Jos. C. S. Blackburn. .Versailles 1897 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 Randall L. Gibson New Orleans . . 1895 
 
 Edward D. White New Orleans. .1897 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 William F.Frye Lewiston 1895 
 
 Eugene Hale Ellsworth 1893 
 
 . .1893 
 ..1897 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Arthur P. Gorman Laurel . . . 
 
 Charles H.Gibson Easton .. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 George F. Hoar Worcester 1895 
 
 Henry L. Dawes Pittsfleld 1893 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 James McMillan Detroit 1895 
 
 F. B. Stockbridge Kalamazoo 1893 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Wm. D. Washburn Minneapolis.. .1896 
 
 Cushman K. Davis St. Paul 1893 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 E. C. Walthall Grenada 1895 
 
 James Z. George Carrollton 1893 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 Francis M. Cockrell.. . Warrensburg. .1893 
 
 George Q. Vest. 
 
 .Kansas City. ..1897 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 William F. Sa?ide)"S. .Helena 1893 
 
 Thomas C. Faiver Helena 1895 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 Chas. F. Manderson . . Omaha 1895 
 
 A . S. Paddock Beatrice 1893 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 W. M. Stewart Carson City... 1893 
 
 John P. Jones Gold Hill 1897 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Wm. IS. Chandler Concord 1895 
 
 Jacob H. Gallinger.. . . Concord 1897 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 John R. McPherson. . . Jersey City .... 1895 
 Rufus Blodgett Long Branch . . 1893 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Frank Hiscock Syracuse 1893 
 
 David B. Hill Elmira . . . 
 
 .1897 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Matt' W. Ransom Wcldon 1895 
 
 Zebulon B. Vance. . . . Charlotte 1897 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA. 
 
 Lyman B. Casey Jamestown 1893 
 
 L. C. Hansbrough Devil's Lake,. 1897 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 John Sherman Mansfield 1893 
 
 Calvin S. Brice Lima 1897 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 _ . Dolph Portland . 
 
 John H. Mitchell Portland . 
 
 .1897 
 
 * For changes in the Senate, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda, 
 preceding Index. 
 
 84 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
HOUSE OF EEPKESENXATITES. 
 
 85 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Matthew S. Quay Beaver 1893 
 
 James D, Cameron Harrisburg 1897 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Nathan F. DUon Westerly 1895 
 
 Nelson W. Aldrich Providence 1893 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 M. C. Butler Edgefield 1895 
 
 John L. M. Irby Laurens 1897 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 F. T. Pettigrew Sioux Falls .... 1895 
 
 J. H. KYLE Aberdeen 1897 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 Isham G. Harris Mempliis . , 
 
 William B. Bate Nashville. . 
 
 .1895 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 Richard Coke Waco 1895 
 
 Roger Q. Mills Corsicana 1897 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Redfield Proctor Proctor 1893 
 
 Justin S. Morrill Strafford 1897 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 John S. Barbour Alexandria 1895 
 
 John W. Daniel Lynchburg. . . . 1893 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 John B. Allen Walla Walla. .1893 
 
 Watson C. Squire Seattle 1897 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 John E. Kenna Charleston 1895 
 
 C. J. Faulkner Martinsburg . . 1893 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Philetus Sawyer Oshkosh 1893 
 
 Wilham F. Vilas Madison 1897 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 Joseph M. Carey Cheyenne 1895 
 
 Francis E. 'Warren. . .Cheyenne 1893 
 
 HOUSE OF REPEESENTATIVES. t 
 CEABIiES I". CKISP, Georgia, Speaker. 
 
 Republicans, S6\ Democrats, 236; Fabmers' Alliauce, 8; whole number, 332. 
 
 Those marked * served in the List House. Those marked t served in a previous 
 House. Those marked % were unseated by the List House. 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 1. Stephen R. Mallory..PeDsacola. 
 
 2. Robert Bullock* Ocala. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 1. Rufus E.Lester* Savannah. 
 
 2. Henry G. Turner* Quitman. 
 
 3. Charles F. Crisp* Americus. 
 
 4. Charles L.Moses Turm. 
 
 5. L. F. Livingston Atlanta. 
 
 6. James H. Blount*... Macon. 
 
 7. R. William Everett.. Fish. 
 
 8. Thos. G. Lawson Eatonton. 
 
 9. Thomas E. Winn Laurenceville. 
 
 10. Thomas B. Watson.. Thomson. 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 Willia Sweet* Moscow. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 1. Abner Taylor* Chicago. 
 
 8. L. E. McGann Chicago. 
 
 3. A. E. Durborow, Jr.. Chicago. 
 
 4. Wm. C. Newberry.. .Chicago. 
 
 5. Albert J. Hopkins* .. AMTora.. 
 
 6. Robert B. ERtt* Mount Morris. 
 
 7. T. J. Henderson*. ...Vvmcston. 
 
 8. Lewis Steward Piano. 
 
 9. Henry W. Snow Sheldon. 
 
 10. Philip 8. Post* Galesburg. 
 
 11. Ben j. T. Cable Rock Island. 
 
 12. Soott Wike* Pittsfleld. 
 
 1,3. Wm. M. Springer*... Springfield. 
 
 14. Owen Scott Bloomington. 
 
 15. Samuel T. Busey Urbana. 
 
 16. Geo. W. Fithian*.... Newton. 
 
 17. Edward Lane* Hillsborough. 
 
 18. Wm. S. Forman*.... Nashville. 
 
 19. Jas. R. Williams* . . . .Carmi. 
 
 20. Qeo. W. Smith* Murphysboro'gh 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 1. Richard H. Clarke* . .Mobile. 
 
 2. Hilary A. Herbert*.. Montgomery. 
 
 3. William C. Gates*. . .Abbeville. 
 
 4. Louis W. Turpin$ Newbern. 
 
 5. James B. Cobb* Tuskegee. 
 
 6. J. H. Bankhead* . . . .Fayette C. H. 
 
 7. Wm. H. Forney* Jacksonville. 
 
 8. Joseph Wheeler* Wheeler. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 William H. CateJ Jonesborough. 
 
 C. R. Breckinridgett.Pine BlulT. 
 Thomas C. McRae* . , Prescott. 
 William L. Terry. . . .Pulaski. 
 Samuel W. Peel* Bentonville. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 1. Thomas J. Geary Santa Rosa. 
 
 2. A. Caminetti Jackson. 
 
 3. Joseph McKenna* .. .^umua. 
 
 4. John T. Cutting San Francisco. 
 
 5. Eugene F. Loud San Francisco. 
 
 6- Wm. W. Bowers San Diego. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 Hosea Townsend* . . .Silver Cliff. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 1. Lewis Sperry Hartford. 
 
 3. W. F. Wilcox* Chester. 
 
 3. Charles A. Russell*.. Killingly. 
 
 4. Rob't E. DeForest. . .Bridgeport. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 John W.Casey Milford. 
 
 t For changes in the House of Representatives, up to the moment of going to press, 
 see Addenda, preceding Index. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
86 
 
 HOUSE OF EEPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 1. Wm. F. Parrett*....Evansville. 
 
 2. John L. Bretz Jasper. 
 
 3. Jason B. Brown* Seymour. 
 
 4. Wm. S. Holman* Aurora. 
 
 5. Geo. W. Cooper Columbus. 
 
 6. Henry t/. Jo7msom. .Richmond. 
 
 7. Wm. D. Bynum* Indianapolis. 
 
 8. E. V. Brookshire*.. .CrawfordsviUe. 
 
 9. Daniel Waugh Tipton. 
 
 10. David H. Patten Remington. 
 
 11. A.N.Martin* Bluffton. 
 
 12. C. A. O. MoClellan* . .Auburn. 
 
 13. Benj. F. Shively* . . . .South Bend. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 1. John J. Seerley Burlington. 
 
 2. Walter I. Hayes*. . . .Clinton. 
 
 3. D. B. Henderson* . . . Dubuque. 
 
 4. Walter H. Butler. . . .West Union. 
 
 5. John T. Hamilton. . Cedar Rapids. 
 
 6. Fred. E. Wliite Webster. 
 
 7. John A. T. Hull Des Moines. 
 
 8. James P. Mick* Bedford. 
 
 9. ThomasBowman Conned Bluffs. 
 
 10. Jolm. P. Dolliver* ...Fort Dodge. 
 
 11. George D. Perfcjns.. Sioux City. 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 1. Case Broderick Holton. 
 
 2. Edw' d H. Funston* .lola.. 
 
 3. Benj. H. Clover Cambridge. 
 
 4. John G. Otis Topelca. 
 
 .5. John M. Davis Junction City. 
 
 6. William Baker Lincoln. 
 
 7. Jerry Simpson Medicine Lodge. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 1. William J. Stone*.. .Kuttawa. 
 
 2. William T. Ellis* Owensborough. 
 
 3. Isaac H. Goodnight*. Franklin. 
 
 4. A. B. Montgomery* . . Ehzabethtown . 
 
 5. Asher G. Caruth* Louisville. 
 
 6. W. W. Dickerson*...Williamstown. 
 
 7. W.C.P.Breckinridge*Lexington. 
 
 8. Jas.B. McCreary*... Richmond. 
 
 9. Thos. H. Paynter*.. .Greenup. 
 
 10. John W. Kendall.... West Liberty. 
 
 11. John H. Wilson* Barboursville. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 1. Adolph Meyer New Orleans. 
 
 2. Matthew D. Lagan. .New Orleans. 
 
 3. Andrew Price* Thibodeaux. 
 
 4. N. C. Blanchard* . . . .Shreveport. 
 
 5. Chas. J. Boatner*.. .Monroe. 
 
 6. Sam'lM.Bobertson*.Baton Rouge. 
 
 MAINE. 
 1. Thomas B. Reed* . . .Portland. 
 3. Nelson Dingley^ Jr.*.Lewiston. 
 
 3. SethL. Milliken* .... Belfast. 
 
 4. Chas. A. BouteUe* ..^2in%or. 
 
 MARYLAND, 
 
 1 . Henry Page Princess Anne. 
 
 2. Herman Stump* Bel Air. 
 
 3. H.Welles Busk*.... Baltimore. 
 
 4. Isidor Raynert Baltimore. 
 
 5. Barnes ComptontJ. .Laurel. 
 
 6. Wm. M. McKaig Cumberland. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 Chas. S. Randall*.. .New Bedford. 
 
 Elijah A. Morse* Canton. 
 
 John F. Andrew* .... Boston. 
 Joseph H. O'Neil*... Boston. 
 
 Sherman Hoar Waltham . 
 
 Henry Cabot Lod3e*Nahant. 
 
 Wm. Cogswell* Salem. 
 
 Moses T. Stevens North Andovei'. 
 
 Geo. Fred. Williams. Dedham. 
 Joseph H. Walker* . .Worcester. 
 Frederic S. Coolidge. Ashburnham, 
 John C. Crosby Pittsfleld. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 J. Logan Chipman*. Detroit. 
 
 James S. Gorman Chelsea. 
 
 James O'Z'owneK*. . .Jackson. 
 Julius C. iJwrrowJS*. Kalamazoo. 
 Chas. E. BelJcnap* . .Qr&nd Rapids. 
 
 Byron G. Stout Pontiac. 
 
 Justin R. Whiting*.. St. Clair. 
 Henry M. Youmans. Saginaw. 
 Harrison H. Wheeler. Ludington. 
 Thos. A. E.Weadock.Bay City. 
 S. M. Stephenson* . . .Menominee. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Wm. H. Harries Caledonia. 
 
 John Lind* New Ulm. 
 
 Orrin M. Hall Red Wing. 
 
 James N. Castle Stillwater. 
 
 Kittel Hal vorsen. .South Fork. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 John M. Allen* Tupelo. 
 
 John C. Kyle Sardis. 
 
 Thos. C. Catchings* . Vicksburg. 
 
 Clarke Lewis* Macon. 
 
 Joseph H. Beeman. .Eley. 
 Thos. R. Stockdale*. Summit. 
 Charles E. Hooker* . Jackson. 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 Wm. H. Hatch* Hannibal. 
 
 Chas. H. Mansur*...Chillicothe. 
 Alex. M. Dockery*.. Gallatin. 
 Rob't P. C. Wilson*. .Platte City. 
 John C. Tarsney* — Kansas City. 
 
 John T. Heard* Sedalia. 
 
 Richard H. Norton*. Troy. 
 
 John J. O'Neillt St. Louis. 
 
 Seth W. Cobb St. Louis. 
 
 Samuel Byrns Potosi. 
 
 Richard P. Bland* . . .Lebanon. 
 
 D. A. De Armond Butler. 
 
 Richard W. Fyant . . .Marshfleld. 
 Marshall Arnold Benton. 
 
 MONTANA. 
 Wm. W. Dixon Butte City. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 Wm. J. Bryan Lincoln. 
 
 Wm. a. McKeighan. .Red Cloud. 
 O. M. Kem Broken Bow. 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 Horace F. Bar fine* . Carson City. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 L. F. McKinneyt Manchester. 
 
 Warren F. Darnell. . .Franklin. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
HOUSE OF KEPEESENTATIVES. 
 
 87 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 I. Chris. A. Bergen* . . Camden. 
 3. James Buchanan* . -Trentnn. 
 
 3. J. A. Geissenhainer*. Freehold. 
 
 4. Samuel Fowler* Newton. 
 
 5. Cornelius A. Cadmus. Paterson. 
 
 6. Thos. Dunn English. Newark. 
 
 7. Edw. F. McDonald. . .Harrison. 
 
 NEW YORK;. 
 
 1. James W. Covert*... Long Island City 
 
 2. Alfred C. Chapin Brooklyn. 
 
 3. Wm. J. Coombs Brookljm. 
 
 4. John M.Clancy* Brooklyn. 
 
 5. Thos. F. Magner* . . . .Brooklyn. 
 
 6. John R. Fellows New York city. 
 
 7. Edw. J. Dunphy* New York city. 
 
 8. Tim. J. Campbellt . . New York city. 
 
 9. Amos J. Cummings*.New York city. 
 
 10. W. B. Cockrant New Yorlc city. 
 
 11. J. DeWitt Warner. . .New York city. 
 13. Joseph J. Little New York city. 
 
 13. Ashbel P. Fitch* . . . .NevT York city. 
 
 14. W.G. Stahlne'cker*..Yonkers. 
 
 15. Henry Bacont Goshen. 
 
 16. JoJhn H. Ketcham* . ."Dover Plains. 
 
 17. Isaac N. Cox Ellenville. 
 
 18. J. A. QuacfcenbMs/t*. Stillwater. 
 
 19. Qharles Tracey* Albany. 
 
 20. John Sanford* Amsterdam. 
 
 21. John M. Wever Plattsburgh. 
 
 22. N. M. Curtis Ogdensburg. 
 
 23. Henry W. Bentley . . . Boone ville. 
 
 24. George Van Horn Cooperstown. 
 
 25. James J. .BeZden*.. .Syracuse. 
 
 26. George W. Ray\ Norwich. 
 
 27. Sereno E. Payne*.. .Auburn. - 
 
 28. H. H. Rockwell Elmira. 
 
 29. John Raines* Canandaigua. 
 
 30. Henry S. Greenleaft. Rochester. 
 
 31. J. W. Wadsworthi . .Genesee. 
 
 32. Dan'l N. Lockwoodt .Buffalo. 
 
 33. Thos. L. Bunting — Hamburgh. 
 
 34. IFarreu B. ifoo«er..Fredonia. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 1. Wm. A. B. Branch. . .Washington. 
 
 2. H. P. Cheatham* Henderson. 
 
 3. Benj. F. Grady Wallace. 
 
 4. Benj. H. Bunn* Eoeky Mount. 
 
 5. A. H. A. WilUams Oxford. 
 
 6. S. B. Alexander Charlotte. 
 
 7. Johns. Henderson*. Salisbury. 
 
 8. Wm. H. H. Cowles*.Wilkesborough. 
 
 9. Wm. T. Crawford Waynesville. 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA. 
 
 Martin JV: JoAnsoii. Petersburg. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 1. Bellamy Storer Cincinnati. 
 
 2. John A. CoZdMie!!*... Cincinnati. 
 
 3. George W. Houk.. ..Dayton. 
 
 4. Martm K. Gantz Troy. 
 
 5. Fred'k C. Layton Wapakoneta. 
 
 6. Dennis D. Donovan. Deshler. 
 
 7. Wm. E. Haynes* Fremont. 
 
 8. Darius D. Hare tipper Sandusky 
 
 9. Jos. H. Outhwaite*. Columbus. 
 10. Bobert E. Doan Wilmington. 
 
 II. John M. Pattison ...Milford, 
 12. Wm. B. Enochs Ironton. 
 
 OWLO.— (Continued.) 
 
 13. Irvine Dungan Jackson. 
 
 14. James W. Owens* . . . Newark. 
 
 15. Michael D. Barter.. Mansfield. 
 
 IB. John G. Warwick Massillon. 
 
 1". Andrew J. Pearson.. Woodsfleld. 
 
 18. Joseph D. ya//Zor*... Cambridge. 
 
 19. Ezra B. Taylor* Warren. 
 
 20. X^ lucent A. Taylor . .^eiiiord. 
 
 21. Thos. L. Johnson Cleveland. 
 
 OREGON. 
 Binger Herma^in* . .Roseburg. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 1. H. H. Bingham* Philadelphia. 
 
 3. Charles O'Neill* Philadelphia. 
 
 3. William McAleer Philadelphia. 
 
 4. John .£7. i?ei/6«J-n*.. Philadelphia. 
 
 5. Alfred C. Hardier*. .Philadelphia. 
 
 6. John B. Robinson.. .Media. 
 
 7. Edwin R. Halloweil.. Willow Grove. 
 
 8. Wmiam Mutchler* . . Easton. 
 
 9. David B. Brunner* . . .Reading. 
 
 10. Marriott i?rosiiAS* .. Lancaster. 
 
 11. Lemuel Amerman...Scranton. 
 13. George I^. S7iO)i/c. . .Plymouth. 
 
 13. James B. Reilly* Pottsville, 
 
 14. John W. Rife* Middleton. 
 
 15. Myron B .W"rig/it*. .Susquehanna. 
 
 16. Albert C. Hopkins. . .Lock Haven. 
 
 17. Simon P. Wolverton.Sunbury. 
 
 18. Louis E. Atkinson* .MilRinion. 
 
 19. F. E.Beltzhoovert.. Carlisle. 
 
 30. Edward Scull* Somerset. 
 
 31. George E. Huff Greensburg. 
 
 23. John Dalzell* Pittsburg. 
 
 23. William ^. Stone.. .Allegheny City. 
 
 24. Andrew J. Stewart . .Ohiopyle. 
 
 35. Eugene P. Gillespie . . Greenville. 
 
 36. Matthew Griswold.. "Erie. 
 27. Charles W. Stone*.. 'Wa.rren. 
 38. George F. Kribbs Clarion . 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 1. Oscar Lapham* Providence. 
 
 2. Charles H. Page Scituate. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 1. William H. Braw ley. Charleston. 
 
 3. George D. Tillman*. Clark's Hill. 
 
 3. George Johnstone. . .Newberry. 
 
 4. George W. Shell Laurens. 
 
 5. John J. Hemphill*.. Chester. 
 
 6. L. T. Stackhouse Little Rock. 
 
 7. WilUam Elliotttt-- -Beaufort. 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 1. John L. Jolley Vermillion. 
 
 3. John A. Pickler* Faulkton. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 1. Alfred A. Taylor* .. .Johnsoj) City. 
 3. John C. Houk Knoxville. 
 
 3. H. C. Snodgrass Sparta. 
 
 4. Benton McMillin*.... Carthage. 
 
 5. Jas. D. Richardson*. Murfreesboro'. 
 
 6. J. E. Washington*... Cedar Hill. 
 
 7. Nicholas N. Cox Franklin. 
 
 8. Benj. A. Enloe* laokson. 
 
 9. Rice A. Pierce* Union City. 
 
 10, JOBJah Patterson.... Memphis. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
riFTT-SECOND CONGEBSS, 1891-1893. 
 
 TEXAS, 
 
 Charles Stewart* 
 
 John B. Long 
 
 C. Buckley Kilgore* . 
 David B. Culberson* 
 
 Joseph W. Bailey 
 
 Joseph Abbott* 
 
 William H. Grain*... 
 Littleton W.Moore*. 
 Joseph D. Sayers* . . . 
 S. W. T. Lanham*... 
 
 Houston. 
 
 Palestine. 
 
 Will's Point. 
 
 .Jefferson. 
 
 Gainesville. 
 
 HiUsboro. 
 
 Cuero. 
 
 La Grange. 
 
 Bastrop. 
 
 Weatherford. 
 
 10. 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 H. Henry Powers.. .Morrisville. 
 William W. Grout* . Barton. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 William A. Jones Warsaw. 
 
 John W. Lawson — Isle of Wight. 
 
 George D. Wisett Richmond. 
 
 James F. Epes Blackstone. 
 
 Posey G. Lester* . . . .Floyd C. H. 
 Paul C. Edmunds*. . .Halifax C. H. 
 Chas. T. 0'Ferrall*..Harrisonburgli. 
 
 E. E. Meredith Prince Williams. 
 
 John A. Buchanan*. Abingdon. 
 H. St. G. Tucker*. . . .Staunton. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 John L. Wilso7i* Spokane Falls. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 1. John O. PendletonJ . Wheeling. 
 
 2. Wm. L. Wilson* Charlestown. 
 
 3. John D. Alderson*.. Nicholas C. H. 
 
 4. James A. Capehart . . Mount Pleasant. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 1. Clinton A. Babbit.... Beloit. 
 8. Charles Earwig* May ville. 
 
 3. Allen R. Bushnell Madison. 
 
 4. John L. Mitchell Milwaukee. 
 
 5. George H. Brickner*. Sheboygan Falls 
 
 6. Lucas M. Miller Oshkosh. 
 
 7. Frank P. Coburn. ...West Salem. 
 
 8. Nils P. Haugen*.. . .River Falls. 
 
 9. Thomas Lynch Antigo. 
 
 WYOMING. 
 Clarence D. Ciarfc*..Evanston. 
 TERRITORIES. 
 Arizona— M. A. Smith* . Tombstone. 
 New Mexico — A. Joseph*. Ojo Caliente. 
 Oklahoma — D. A. Harvey. O&ls.'homas City, 
 Utah— John T. Caine*..Salt Lake City. 
 
 FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1891-1893.* 
 SENATORS (Alphabetically Arranged). 
 
 Aldrich, N. W Rhode Island 
 
 Allen, J. B Washington 
 
 Allison, William B Iowa 
 
 Barbour, J. S Virginia 
 
 Bate, W. B Tennessee 
 
 Berry, James H Arkansas 
 
 Blackburn, J.C.S Kentucky 
 
 Blodgett, Rufus New Jersey 
 
 Brice, Calvin S Ohio 
 
 Butler, M. C South Carolina 
 
 Call, Wilkinson Florida 
 
 Cameron, J. D Pennsylvania 
 
 Carey, J. M Wyoming 
 
 Carlisle, J. G Kentucky 
 
 Casey, L. R North Dakota 
 
 Chandler, W. E New Hampshire 
 
 Cockrell, P. M Missouri 
 
 Coke, Richard Texas 
 
 Colquitt, Alfred H Georgia 
 
 Cullom, Shelby M Illinois 
 
 Daniel, John W Virginia 
 
 Davis, C. K Minnesota 
 
 Dawes, Henry L Massachusetts 
 
 Dixon, N. F Rhode Island 
 
 Dolph, Josepli — Oregon 
 
 Dubois, F. T Idaho 
 
 Faulkner, C.J West Virginia 
 
 Felton, C. N California 
 
 Frye, William P Maine 
 
 Gallinger, J. H New Hampshire 
 
 George, James Z Mississippi 
 
 Gibson, C. H Maryland 
 
 Gibson, Randall L Louisiana 
 
 Gordon, John B Georgia 
 
 Gorman, Arthur P Maryland 
 
 Gray, George Delaware 
 
 Hale, Eugene Maine 
 
 Hansbrough, L. C North Dakota 
 
 Harris, Isham G Tennessee 
 
 Hawley, Jos. E Connecticut 
 
 Higgins, Anthony Delaware 
 
 Hill, David B New York 
 
 Hiscock, Frank New York 
 
 Hoar, George P Massachusetts 
 
 Irby, J. L. M South Carolina 
 
 Jones, James K Arkansas 
 
 Jones, Jolin P Nevada 
 
 Kenna, John E West Virginia 
 
 Kyle, J. H South Dakota 
 
 Manderson, Chas. F Nebraska 
 
 McMillan, James Michigan 
 
 McPherson, John R New Jersey 
 
 Mills, Roger Q Texas 
 
 Mitchell, John H Oregon 
 
 Morgan, John T Alabama 
 
 Morrill, Justin S Vermont 
 
 Paddock, A. S Nebraska 
 
 Palmer, John M Illinois 
 
 Pasco, Samuel Florida 
 
 Peffer, W. A Kansas 
 
 Perkins, B. W Kansas 
 
 Pettigrew, F. T South Dakota 
 
 Piatt, Orville H Connecticut 
 
 Power, T. C Montana 
 
 Proctor, Redfleld Vermont 
 
 Pugh, James L Alabama 
 
 Quay, M. S Pennsylvania 
 
 Ransom, Matt W North Carolina 
 
 Saudersj W. F Montana 
 
 Sawyer, Philetus Wisconsin 
 
 Sherman, John Ohio 
 
 Shoup, Geo. L Idaho 
 
 Squire, W. C Washington ' 
 
 Stanford, Leland Calif orn ia 
 
 Stewart, W. M .Nevada 
 
 Stockbridge, F. B Michigan 
 
 * For changes, up to the moment of going tg press, see Addenda., preceding Index, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
^aiw 
 
 .J 
 
 FIFTT-SECOND CONGK^S^ 1891-1893 
 
 89 
 
 SENATORS (Alphabetically Arranged).— Conijimed. 
 
 Teller, Henry M Colorado 
 
 Turple, D . S Indiana 
 
 Vance, Z. B North Carolina 
 
 Vest, George G Missouri 
 
 Vilas, W. F. Wisconsin 
 
 Voorhees, D. W Indiana 
 
 EEPRESENTATIVES 
 
 Abbott, Joseph Texas 
 
 Alderson, J. D West Virginia 
 
 Alexander, S. B North Carolina 
 
 Allen, J. M Mississippi 
 
 Amerman, L Pennsylvania 
 
 Andrew, J. F Massachusetts 
 
 Arnold, Marshall Missouri 
 
 Atkinson, L, E Pennsylvania 
 
 Babbitt, Clinton Wisconsin 
 
 Bacon, Henry New York 
 
 Bailey, J. W Texas 
 
 Baker, William Kansas 
 
 Bankhead, John H Alabama 
 
 Bartine, H. F Nevada 
 
 Barwig, Charles Wisconsin 
 
 Beeman, J. H Mississippi 
 
 Belden, James J New York 
 
 Belknap, C. E Michigan 
 
 Beltzhoover, F. E Pennsylvania 
 
 Bentley, H. W New York 
 
 Bergen, C. A New Jersey 
 
 Bingham, H. H Pennsylvania 
 
 Blanchard, N. C Louisiana 
 
 Bland, R. P .- Missouri 
 
 Blount, J. H Georgia 
 
 Boatner, C. J Louisiana 
 
 Boutelle, C. A Maine 
 
 Bowers, W. W Colorado 
 
 Bowman, Thomas Iowa 
 
 Branch, W. A. B North Carolina 
 
 Brawley, W. H South Carolina 
 
 Breckinridge, C. R Arkansas 
 
 Breckinridge, W. C. P Kentucky 
 
 Bretz, J. L Indiana 
 
 Brickner, G. H Wisconsin 
 
 Broderick, C Kansas 
 
 Brookshire, E. V Indiana 
 
 Brosius, M Pennsylvania 
 
 Brown, J. B Indiana 
 
 Brunner, D. B^ Pennsylvania 
 
 Bryan, W. J Nebraska 
 
 Buchanan, J. A Virginia 
 
 Buchanan, J New Jersey 
 
 Bullock, R Florida 
 
 Bunn, B. H North Carolina 
 
 Bunting, T. L New York 
 
 Burrows, J. C Michigan 
 
 Bussey, S. T Illinois 
 
 Bushnell, A. R Wisconsin 
 
 Butler, W. H Iowa 
 
 Bynum, W. D Indiana 
 
 Byms, S Missouri 
 
 Cable, B. T Illinois 
 
 Cadmus, C. A New Jersey 
 
 Caldwell, J. A Ohio 
 
 Caminetti, A California 
 
 Campbell, T. J New York 
 
 Capehart, J West Virginia 
 
 Caruth, Asher G Kentucky 
 
 Castle, J. N Minnesota 
 
 Catchings, T. C Mississippi 
 
 Cate, W. C Arkansas 
 
 Causey, J. W Delaware 
 
 9b 
 
 Walthall, E. C Mississippi 
 
 Warren, F. E Wyoming 
 
 Washburn, W. D Minnesota 
 
 White, E. D Louisiana 
 
 Wilson, James F Iowa 
 
 Wolcott, E. O Colorado 
 
 (Alphabetically Arranged). 
 
 Chapin, A. C New York 
 
 Cheatham, H. P North Carolina 
 
 Chipman, J. Logan Michigan 
 
 Clancy, J. M New York 
 
 Clark, CD Wyoming 
 
 Clarke, R. H Alabama 
 
 Clover, B. H Kansas 
 
 Cobb, J. E Alabama 
 
 Cobb, S. W Missouri 
 
 Coburn, F, P Wisconsin 
 
 Cockran, W. B New York 
 
 Cogswell, Wm Massachuset ts 
 
 Compton, B Maryland 
 
 CooUdge, F. S Massachusetts 
 
 Coombs, W. J New York 
 
 Cooper, G. W Indiana 
 
 Covert, J. W New York 
 
 Cowles, W. H. H North CaroUna 
 
 Cox, I. N New York 
 
 Cox, N. N Tennessee 
 
 Grain, W. H Texas 
 
 Crawford, W. T North Carolina 
 
 Crisp, C. F Georgia 
 
 Crosby, J. C Massachusetts 
 
 Culberson, D. B Texas 
 
 Cummings, A. J New York 
 
 Curtis, N. M New York 
 
 Cutting, J. T California 
 
 Dalzell, John Pennsylvania 
 
 Daniels, W. F New Hampshire 
 
 Davis, John Kansas 
 
 DeArmond, D. A Missouri 
 
 DeForest, R. E Connecticut 
 
 Dickerson, W. W Kentucky 
 
 Dingley, N., Jr Maine 
 
 Dixon, W. W Montana 
 
 Doan, R. B Ohio 
 
 Dockery, A. M Missouri 
 
 DoUiver, J. P Iowa 
 
 Donovan, D. D Ohio 
 
 Dugan, I Ohio 
 
 Dunphy, E. J New York 
 
 Durborow, A. C, Jr UlinoiK 
 
 Edmunds, P. C Virginia 
 
 ElUott, W South Carolina 
 
 Ellis, W. T Kentucky 
 
 English, T. D New Jersey 
 
 Enloe, Benj. J Tennessee 
 
 Enochs, W. H Ohio 
 
 Epes, J. F Virginia 
 
 Everrett, R. W Georgia 
 
 Fellows, J. R New York 
 
 Fitch, Ashbel P New York 
 
 Fithian, G. W Illinois 
 
 Flick, J. P Iowa 
 
 Forman, W. S Illinois 
 
 Forney, W. H Alabama 
 
 Fowler, S New Jersey 
 
 Funston, B. H Kansas 
 
 Fyan, R. W Missouri 
 
 Gantz, M. K Ohio 
 
 Geary, T. J California 
 
 Geissenhainer, J. A New Jersey 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
90 
 
 FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1891-1893. 
 
 EEPEESENTATIVES (Alphabetically A:ria.ngei).— Continued. 
 
 Gillespie, E. P Pennsylvania 
 
 Goodnight, I. H Kentucky- 
 Gorman, J. S Michigan 
 
 Grady, B. F North Carolina 
 
 Greenleaf, H. S New York 
 
 Qriswold, M. E Pennsylvania 
 
 Grout, W. W Vermont 
 
 Hall, O. M Minnesota 
 
 Hallowell, E. N Pennsylvania 
 
 Halvorson, K Minnesota 
 
 Hamilton, J. T Iowa 
 
 Hare, D. D Ohio 
 
 Harmer, A. C Pennsylvania 
 
 Harries, W. H Minnesota 
 
 Harter, M. D Ohio 
 
 Hatch, W. H Missouri 
 
 Haugen, N. P Wisconsin 
 
 Hayes, Walterl Iowa 
 
 Haynes, W. E Ohio 
 
 Heard, J. T Missouri 
 
 Henderson, D. B Iowa 
 
 Henderson, J. S North Carolina 
 
 Henderson, T. J Illinois 
 
 Herbert, H. A Alabama 
 
 Hemphill, J. J South Carolina 
 
 Hermann, Binger Oregon 
 
 Hitt, B. E Illinois 
 
 Hoar, S Massachusetts 
 
 Holman, W. S Indiana 
 
 Hooker, Charles E Mississippi 
 
 Hooker, W. B New York 
 
 Hopkins, A. C Pennsylvania 
 
 Hopkins, A. J Illinois 
 
 Houk, G. W Ohio 
 
 Houk, John C Tennessee 
 
 Huff, G. F Pennsylvania 
 
 Hull, J. A. T Iowa 
 
 Johnson, H. U Indiana 
 
 Johnson, T. L Ohio 
 
 Johnson, M. N North Dakota 
 
 Johnstone, G South Carolina 
 
 Jolley, J. L South Dakota 
 
 Jones, W. A Virginia 
 
 Kem, O. M Nebraska 
 
 Kendall, J. W Kentucky 
 
 Ketcham, J. H New York 
 
 Kilgore, C. B Texas 
 
 Krebbs, G. P Pennsylvania 
 
 Kyle, J. C Mississippi 
 
 Lagan, M. D Louisiana 
 
 Lane, Edward Illinois 
 
 Lanham, S. W. T Texas 
 
 Lapham, O Rhode Island 
 
 Lawson, J. W Virginia 
 
 Lawson, T. G Georgia 
 
 Layton, F. C Ohio 
 
 Lester, P. G Virginia 
 
 Lester, E. E Georgia 
 
 Lewis, Clark Mississippi 
 
 Lind, John Minnesota 
 
 Little, J. J New York 
 
 Livingston, L. F Georgia 
 
 Lockwood, D.N New York 
 
 Lodge, H. C Massachusetts 
 
 Long, J. B Texas 
 
 Loud, E. F California 
 
 Lynch, T Wisconsin 
 
 Magner, T. F New York 
 
 Mallory, S. E Florida 
 
 Mansur, Charles H Missouri 
 
 Martin, A. N Indiana 
 
 Meredith, E. E Virginia 
 
 Meyer, A Louisiana 
 
 Miller, L. M Wisconsin 
 
 Milliken, S. L Maine 
 
 Mitchell, J. L Wisconsin 
 
 Moore, L. W Texas 
 
 Montgomery, A. B Kentucky 
 
 Morse, E. A Massachusetts 
 
 Moses, C. L Georgia 
 
 Mutchler, W Pennsylvania 
 
 McAlles, W Pennsylvania 
 
 McClellan, C. A. O Indiana 
 
 McCreary, J. B Kentucky 
 
 McDonald, E. F New Jersey 
 
 McGann, L. E Illinois 
 
 McKaig, Wm. M Maryland 
 
 McKeighan, W. A Nebraska 
 
 McKenna, J California 
 
 McKinney, L. F New Hampshire 
 
 McMillan, B Tennessee 
 
 McEea, Thomas C Arkansas 
 
 Newberry, W. C Illinois 
 
 Norton, R. H Missouri 
 
 Oates, W. C Alabama 
 
 O'Donnell, J Michigan 
 
 O'Farrell, C. T Virginia 
 
 O'Neil, J. H Massachusetts 
 
 O'Neill, C Pennsylvania 
 
 O'Neill, J. J Missouri 
 
 Otis, J. G Kansas 
 
 Outhwaite, J. H Ohio 
 
 OwenSj J. W Ohio 
 
 Page, C. H Rhode Island 
 
 Page, H Maryland , 
 
 Parrett, W. F Indiana 
 
 Patterson, J Tennessee 
 
 Pattison, J. M Ohio 
 
 Patton, D. H New York 
 
 Payne, S. E New York 
 
 Paynter, T. H Kentucky 
 
 Pearson, A. J Ohio 
 
 Peel, S. W Arkansas 
 
 Pendleton, J. O West Virginia 
 
 Perkins, G. D Iowa 
 
 Pickler, J. A South Dakota 
 
 Pierce, E. A Tennessee 
 
 Post, Philip S Illinois 
 
 Powers, H. H Vermont 
 
 Price, Andrew Louisiana 
 
 Quackenbush, J. A New York 
 
 Raines, J New York 
 
 Randall, C. S Massachusetts 
 
 Ray, G. W New York 
 
 Rayner, I Maryland 
 
 Reed, T. B Maine 
 
 Eeilly, J. B Pennsylvania 
 
 Reybum, J. E Pennsylvania 
 
 Richardson, J. D Tennessee 
 
 Rife, J. W Pennsylvania 
 
 Robertson, S. M Louisiana 
 
 Robinson, J. B Pennsylvania 
 
 Rockwell, H. H New York 
 
 Rusk, H. W Maryland 
 
 Russell, C. A Connecticut 
 
 Sanford, J New York 
 
 Sayers, J. D Texas 
 
 Scott, O Dlinois 
 
 Scull, Edward Pennsylvania 
 
 Seerley, J. J Iowa 
 
 Shell, C. W South Carolina 
 
 Shively, Benj. F Indiana 
 
 Shouk, G. W Pennsylvania 
 
 Simpson, J Kansas 
 
 Smith, G. W Illinois 
 
 Snodgrass, H. C Tennessee 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1891-1893. 
 
 91 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES (Alphabetically Arranged).— Com«im«ec2. 
 
 Snow, H. W Illinois 
 
 Sperry, L Connecticut 
 
 Springer, W. M Illinois 
 
 Stackhouse, E. T South Carolina 
 
 Stahlnecker, W. G New York 
 
 Stephenson, S. M Michigan 
 
 Stevens, M. T Massachusetts 
 
 Stewart, A Pennsylvania 
 
 Stewart, C Texas 
 
 Stewart, L Illinois 
 
 Stockdale, T. E Mississippi 
 
 Stone, Chas. W Pennsylvania 
 
 Stone, W. A Pennsylvania 
 
 Stone, W. J Kentucky 
 
 Storer, B Ohio 
 
 Stout, B. G Michigan 
 
 Stump, H Maryland 
 
 Sweet, Willis Idaho 
 
 Tarnsey, J. C Missouri 
 
 Taylor, A Illinois 
 
 Taylor, A. A Tennessee 
 
 Taylor, E. B Ohio 
 
 Taylor, Joseph D Ohio 
 
 Taylor, V. A Ohio 
 
 Terry, W. L Arkansas 
 
 Tillman, G. D South Carolina 
 
 Townsend, H Colorado 
 
 Tracey, C New York 
 
 Tucker, H. S. G Virginia 
 
 Turner, H. G Georgia 
 
 Turpin, L. W Alahama 
 
 Van Horn, G New York 
 
 Wadswortli, J. W New York 
 
 Walker, J. H Massachusetts 
 
 Warner, J. D New York 
 
 Warwick, J. G Ohio 
 
 Washington, Jos. E Tennessee 
 
 Watson, T. E Georgia 
 
 Waugh, D Indiana 
 
 Weadcock, T. A. E Michigan 
 
 Wever, J. M New York 
 
 Wheeler, H. H Michigan 
 
 Wheeler, J Alabama 
 
 White, F. E Iowa 
 
 Whiting, Justin R Michigan 
 
 Wike, Scott Illinois 
 
 Wilcox, W. F .Connecticut 
 
 Williams, A. H. A North Carolina 
 
 Williams, G. F Massachusetts 
 
 Williams, J. R Illinois 
 
 Wilson, J. H Kentucky 
 
 Wilson, J. L Washington 
 
 Wilson, E. P. C Missouri 
 
 Wilson, W. I West Virginia 
 
 Winn, T. E Georgia 
 
 Wise, G. D Virginia 
 
 Wolverton, S. P Pennsylvania 
 
 Wright, M. B Pennsylvania 
 
 Youmans, H. M Michigan 
 
 TERRITORIAL DELEGATES. 
 
 Caine, J. T Utah 
 
 Harvey, D. A Oklahoma 
 
 Joseph, A New Mexico 
 
 Smith, M. A Arizona 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 States. R. D.FA 
 
 Alahama 8 
 
 Arkansas ° 
 
 California 4 2 
 
 Colorado 1 ■• 
 
 Connecticut 1 3 
 
 Delaware 1 
 
 Florida 2 
 
 Georgia 10 
 
 Idaho 1 ■ ; 
 
 Illinois 6 If 
 
 Indiana 8 IJ 
 
 Iowa ° 6 
 
 Kansas 2 . . 
 
 Kentucky 1 10 
 
 Louisiana - " 
 
 Maine * • ■ 
 
 Maryland ■ ° 
 
 Massachusetts 5 
 
 Michigan * 
 
 Minnesota 1 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana 
 
 7 
 7 
 3 
 7 
 14 
 1 
 
 States. R. 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 New Jersey 2 
 
 Nevada 1 
 
 New York 11 
 
 North Carolina 1 
 
 North Dakota 1 
 
 Ohio 7 
 
 Oregon 1 
 
 Pennsylvania lo 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 South Dakota 2 
 
 Tennessee 2 
 
 Texas ■ 
 
 Vermont 2 
 
 Virginia ■ 
 
 Washington 1 
 
 West Virginia ■ 
 
 Wisconsin 1 
 
 Wyoming 1 
 
 D.FA 
 
 1 3 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 '» 
 11 
 
 io 
 "4 
 
 Totals 88 236 8 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPORTIONMENT OP REPRESENTATIVES, 1789-1893. 
 
 The act of 1891 provides that, after March 3, 1893, the House of Repre- 
 sentatives shall be composed of 356 members, to be apportioned as follows ; 
 
 Alabama 9, 
 Arkansas 6, 
 California 7, 
 Colorado 3, 
 Connecticut 4, 
 Delaware 1, 
 Florida 3, 
 Georgia 11, 
 Idaho 1, 
 Illinois 33, 
 Indiana 13, 
 
 Iowa 11, 
 Kansas 8, 
 Kentucky 11, 
 Louisiana 6, 
 Maine 4, 
 Maryland 6, 
 Massachusetts 13, 
 Michigan 13, 
 Minnesota 7, 
 Mississippi 7, 
 Missouri 15, 
 
 Montana 1, 
 Nebraska 6, 
 Nevada 1, 
 New Hampshire 3, 
 New Jersey 8, 
 New York 34, 
 North Carolina 9, 
 North Dakota 1, 
 Ohio 31, 
 Oregon 3, 
 Pennsylvania 80, 
 
 Rhode Island 3, 
 South Carolina 7, 
 South Dakota 2, 
 Tennessee 10, 
 Texas 13, 
 Vermont 3, 
 Virginia 10, 
 "Washington 3, 
 West Virginia 4, 
 Wisconsin 10, 
 Wyoming 1. 
 
 Whenever a new State is admitted. Representatives assigned to it shall be 
 In addition to the number 356. In each State entitled under this apportion- 
 ment the number in the Lllld and each subsequent Congress shall be elected 
 by districts composed of contiguous territory, and containing as nearly as 
 practicable an equal number of inhabitants. These districts shall be equal 
 to the number of Representatives to which the State may be entitled in Con- 
 gress, no one district electing more than one Representative. In case of an 
 increase in the number of Representatives from any State under this appor- 
 tionment, such additional Representatives shall be elected by the State at 
 large, and the other Representatives by the districts now prescribed by law 
 until the Legislature shall redistrict such State, and if there be no increase 
 In the number of Representatives from a State, the Representatives shall be 
 elected from the districts now prescribed by law until such State be redis- 
 tricted, as herein prescribed by the State Legislature. 
 
 Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Kansas, Massachu- 
 setts, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, Oregon and Wisconsin gained one 
 Representative each : Illinois, Minnesota, Pennsylvania and Texas two each, 
 and Nebraska three. 
 
 The basis of representation for the last apportionment is found by divid- 
 ing the total population of all the States by 356. Then by the quotient, 
 which, from results of the Eleventh Census, is 173,901, the population of 
 each State is divided. If the population be exactly divisible by that numlber, 
 the answer will show how many members of Congress the State Is entitled 
 to ; though no State can have less than one. As there is often a fraction left 
 over after doing this sum in division, the total of all the answers will be 
 something less than 356, as it happens 339. These seventeen Representa- 
 tives are then allotted to the States having the largest fractions, one to each. 
 
 The following exhibit shows the apportionment for the House of Repre- 
 sentatives since the formation of the government : 
 
 93 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
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 93 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
THE NEW APPORTIONMENT— STATES REDISTRICTED.* 
 
 CONGKESSIONAE APPORTIONMENTS. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 Alabama as redistrioted Feb. 13, 1891: 
 
 1st District — Counties of Mobile, Washington, Clark, Monroe, Clioctaw 
 and Marengo. 
 
 2d District — Counties of Baldwin, Wilcox, Escambia, Covington, Con- 
 ecuh, Butler, Crenshaw, Pike and Montgomery. 
 
 3d District — Counties of Geneva, Coffee, Dale, Henry, Barbour, Bullock, 
 Russell and Lee. 
 
 4th District — Counties of Dallas, Chilton, Shelby, Talladega, Calhoun 
 and Cleburne. 
 
 5th District — Counties of Lowndes, Augusta, Elmore, Macon, Tallapoosa, 
 Coosa, Chambers, Clay and Randolph. 
 
 6th District — Couiities of Sumter, Greene, Pickens, Tuscaloosa, Lamar, 
 Fayette, Walker and Marion. 
 
 7th District — Counties of St. Clair, Etowah, Cherokee, Marshall and De- 
 Kalb. 
 
 8th District — Counties of Colbert, Lawrence, Morgan, Jackson, Madison, 
 Limestone and Lauderdale. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 Arkan-sas as redistrioted by the Legislature of 1890-91 : 
 
 1st District — Counties of Chicot, Desha, Phillips, Lee, St. Francis, Crit- 
 tenden, Woodruff-Cross, Jackson, Poinsett, Mississippi, Craighead, Law- 
 rence, Greene, Sharp, Randolph and Clay. 
 
 2d District — Counties of Bradley, Drew, Cleveland, Lincoln, Dallas, 
 Jefferson, Grant, Hot Springs, Garland, Saline, Montgomery, Polk, Scott 
 and Sebastian. 
 
 3d District — Counties of Ashley, Union, Calhoun, Ouichita, Columbia, 
 Clark, Nevada, Lafayette, Hempstead, Pike, Howard, Sevier, Little River 
 and Miller. 
 
 4th District — Counties of Pulaski, Perry, Yell, Logan, Pope, Johnson and 
 Franklin. 
 
 5th District — Counties of Faulkner, Conway, Van Buren, Searcy, New- 
 ton, Boone, Carroll, Madison, Washington and Burton. 
 
 6th District — Counties of Arkansas, Monroe, Prairie, Lonoke, White, 
 Cleburne, Independence, Stone, Izard, Marion, Baxter and Fulton. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 Colorado as redistrioted in 1891 : 
 
 1st District — Counties of Lorimer, Weld, Morgan, Logan, Washington, 
 Sedgwick, Phillips, Yuma, Arapahoe, Jefferson, Lake and Park. 
 2d District — The remainder of the State. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Georgia as redistrioted in 1891 •. 
 
 1st District — Counties of Mcintosh, Liberty, Bryan, Chatham, Tattnall, 
 Bullock, Effingham, Screven, Emanuel and Burke. 
 
 2d District — Counties of Thomas, Decatur, Berrien, Colquitt, Worth, 
 Mitchell, Miller, Baker, Early, Calhoun, Dougherty, Clay, Terrell, Ran- 
 dolph and Quitman. 
 
 * For revisions and additions to tliis list, up to tlie moment of going to press, see 
 Addenda, preceding Index. 
 
 94 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES EEDISTRICTED. 95 
 
 3d District — Counties of "Wilcox, Pulaski, Twiggs, Houston, Dooley, Lee, 
 Sumter, Macon, Crawford, Taylor, Schley, Webster and Stewart. 
 
 4tli District — Counties of Marion, Chattahoochee, Muscogee, Talbot, 
 Harris, Meriwether, Troup, Coweta, Heard and Carroll. 
 
 5th District — Counties of Johnson, Laurens, Dodge, Montgomery, Tel- 
 fair, Irwin, Appling, Coffee, Pierce, Wayne, Glynn, Camden, Charlton, 
 Ware, Clinch and Echols. 
 
 6th District — Counties of Baldwin, Jones, Bibb, Monroe, Butts, Henry, 
 Spalding, Pike and Upson. 
 
 7th District — Counties of Cobb, Paulding, Haralson, Polk, Floyd, Bar- 
 ton, Gordon, Chattooga, Murray, Whitfield, Catoosa, Dade and Walker. 
 
 8th District — Counties of Jasper, Putnam, Greene, Morgan, Oconee, 
 Clarke, Oglethorpe, Wilkes, Madison, Elbert, Hart and Ifranklin. 
 
 9th District — Counties of Gwinnett, Milton, Jackson, Banks, Hall, Por- 
 sythe, Cherokee, Pickens, Dawson, Habersham, White, Lumpkin-Gilmer, 
 Fannin, Union Towns and Rabun. 
 
 10th District — Counties of Wilkinson, Washington, Jefferson, Bullock, 
 Hancock, Warren, Richmond, Columbia, Lincoln, McDufiie and Taliaferro. 
 
 11th District — Counties of Walton, Newton, Rockdale, DeKalb, Fulton, 
 Douglass, Campbell, Henry, Clayton, Fayette and Spaulding. 
 
 Indiana as redistricted in 1891: 
 
 1st District — Counties of Posey, Vanderburg, Gibson, Pike, Warwick, 
 Spencer and Perry. 
 
 3d District — Counties of Crawford, Dubois, Orange, Lawrence, Martin, 
 Daviess, Green and Knox. 
 
 3d District— Counties of Harrison, Floyd, Clark, Scott, Jefferson, Jen- 
 nings, Jackson and Washington. 
 
 4th District — Counties of Switzerland, Ohio, Dearborn, Ripley, Decatur, 
 Franklin, Rush and Shelby. 
 
 5th District — Counties of Bartholomew, Brown, Johnson, Monroe, Mor- 
 gan, Hendricks, Owen and Putnam. 
 
 6th District— Counties of Fayette, Union, Wayne, Randolph, Henry and 
 Delaware. 
 
 7th District — Counties of Marion, Hancock and Madison. 
 
 8th District— Counties of Sullivan, Vigo, Clay, Vermillion, Park and 
 Fountain. 
 
 9th District— Counties of Hamilton, Boone, Tipton, Howard, Clinton, 
 Tippecanoe, Warren and Benton. 
 
 10th District— Counties of Lake, Newton, Porter, Jasper, Pulaski, Ful- 
 ton, White, Cass and Carroll. 
 
 11th District— Counties of Miami, Wabash, Huntington, Wells, Adams, 
 Jay, Blackford and Grant. 
 
 12th District— Counties of Lagrange, Steuben, Noble, DeKalb, Whitley 
 and Allen. 
 
 13th District— Counties of Elkhart, Kosciusko, Marshall, St. Joseph, La 
 Porte and Starke. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 The following gives the Congressional districts of Michigan as the State 
 was apportioned under the census of 1890 by the last Legislature.. The 
 arrangement of the different counties under the bill, with the population of 
 
 P3.0I1 \H' 
 
 1. The 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 13th, and 15th 
 wards of the city of Detroit; population, 173,841. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
96 THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES KBDISTRICTED. 
 
 2. Jackson, Lenawee, WasMenaw, Monroe, and the townships of Plym- 
 outh, Canton, Van Buren, Romulus, Sumpter, Huron, Brownstown, Mon- 
 guagon, Taylor and Ecorse, and the city of Wyandotte in "Wayne county; 
 population, 193,779. 
 
 3. Hillsdale, Branch, Calhoun, Kalamazoo and Eaton; population,173,309. 
 
 4. St. Joseph, Cass, Berrien, Van Buren, Allegan and Barry; population, 
 180,874. 
 
 5. Ottawa, Kent and Ionia; population, 178,081. 
 
 6. Ingham, Livingston, Genesee and Oakland, the townships of Livonia, 
 Nankin, Dearborn, Bedford, Springwell and Greenfield in the countjr of 
 "Wayne, and the 12th, 14th and 16th wards in the city of Detroit; population, 
 190,443. 
 
 7. Huron, Sanilac, Lapeer, St. Clair and McComb, and the townships of 
 Grosse Pointe and Hamtramck ia "Wayne county; population, 181,441. 
 
 8. Tuscola, Saginaw, Shiawassee and Clinton; population, 172,343. 
 
 9. Muskegon, Newaygo, Oceana, Mason, Lake, "Wexford, Manistee, Ben- 
 zie, Leelanaw and Manitou; population, 149,558, 
 
 10. Bay, Midland, Gladwin, Arenac, Ogemaw, Iosco, Alcona, Oscoda, 
 Crawford, Montmorency, Alpena, Presque Isle, Cheboygan, Emmet and 
 Otsego; population, 154,811. 
 
 11. Montcalm, Gratiot, Isabella, Mecosta, Osceola, Clare, Roscommon, 
 Missaukee, Kalkaska, Grand Traverse, Antrim and Charlevoix; population 
 167,639. 
 
 12. Delta, Schoolcraft, Chippewa, Mackinac, Ontonagon, Marquette, 
 Menominee, Dickinson, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, Isle Royal, Alger, 
 Luce, Iron and Gogebic (comprising the upper peninsula); population, 
 180,658. 
 
 It is intended to give six safely Democratic districts — the 1st, 3d, 5th, 
 7th, 8th and 10th. The 6th and 9th are set down as doubtful, but as giving 
 the Democrats more than a fighting chance. The 3d, 4th, 11th and 13th are 
 safely Republican. By some the 5th is also classified as doubtful, but under 
 ordinary circumstances it would undoubtedly be hard for the Republicans to 
 carry it. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Minnesota as redistricted in 1891: 
 
 1st District — Counties of "Wabasha, "Winona, Houston, Olmsted, Fillmore, 
 Dodge, Mower, Steele, Freeborn and "Waseca. 
 
 3d District — Counties of Blue Earth, Nicolet, Faribault, Brown, "Waton- 
 wan, Martin, Jackson, Cottonwood, Redwood, Chippewa, Lac qui Parle, 
 Yellow Medicine, Lincoln, Lyon, Pipe Stone, Murray, Rock and Nobles. 
 
 3d District — Counties of Goodhue, Dakota, Rice, Scott, Carver, Meeker, 
 Sibley, Le Sueur and Renville. 
 
 4th District — Counties of "Washington, Chicago, Isanti and Kanabee. 
 
 5th District — The county of Hennepin. 
 
 6th District — Counties of Anoka, "Wright, Sherburne, Steams, Benton, 
 Mille Lacs, Morrison, Todd, Crow "Wing, Atkins, Pine, Carlton, Cass, 
 "Wadena, Hubbard, Beltrami, Itasca, St. Louis, Lake and Cook. 
 
 7th District — Counties of Kandiyohi, Swift, Big Stone, Stevens, Pope, 
 Traverse, Grant, Douglass, "Wilkin, Otter Tail, Clay, Becker, Norman, 
 Polk, Marshall and Kittson. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 Nebraska as redistricted in 1891 : 
 
 1st District — Counties of Richardson, Pawnee, Johnson, Nemaha, Otoe, 
 Lancaster and Cass. 
 
 3d District — Counties of Sarpy, Douglass and "Washington. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
THE NEW APPORTIOSTMENT — STATES REDISTEICTED. 97 
 
 3d District— Counties of Merrick, Nance, Boone, Antelope, Knox Pierce 
 Madison, Platte, Colfax, Stanton, "Wayne, Cedar, Dixon, Dakota Thurston' 
 Coming, Burt and Dodge. ' ' 
 
 4tli District— Counties of Gage, Jefferson, Thayer, Saline, Fillmore 
 Seward, York, Hamilton, Po-k, Butler and Saunders. 
 
 5th District— Counties of Clay, Nuckolls, Hall, Adams, Webster 
 Kearney, Pranklm, Harian, Phelps, Furnas, Gosper, Red Willow, Frontier 
 Hitchcock, Hayes, Dundy, Chase and Perkins. 
 
 6th District— The remainder of the State. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 New Jersey as redistricted in 1891: 
 
 1st District— Counties of Cape May, Cumberland, Salem, Gloucester and 
 Camden. 
 
 2d District — Counties of Atlantic, Burlington, Ocean and Mercer. 
 
 3d District— Coimties of Monmouth, Middlesex and Somerset. 
 
 4th District — Counties of Hunterdon, Warren, Morris, Essex and Sussex. 
 
 5th District — Counties of Bergen and Passaic. 
 
 6th District — City of Newark. 
 
 7th District — Cities of Hoboken and Jersey City. 
 
 8th District — County of Union. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 North Carolina as redistricted in 1891 : 
 
 1st District — Carteret, Pamlico, Pitt, Beaufort, Hyde, Dare, Tyrrell, 
 Washington, Martin, Chowan, Hertford, Perquimans, Gates, Pasquotank 
 and Currituck. 
 
 3d District — Counties of Lenoir, Wayne, Greene, Wilson, Edgecombe, 
 Warren, Halifax, Northampton and Bertie. 
 
 8d District — Counties of Craven, Jones, Onslow, Duplin, Bladen, Samp- 
 son, Cumberland, Harnett, and Moore. 
 
 4th District — Counties of Vance, Franklin, Nash, Johnson, Wake, 
 Chatham and Randolph. 
 
 5th District — Counties of Granville, Durham, Person, Orange, Alamance, 
 Caswell, Guilford, Rockingham and Stokes. 
 
 6th District— Counties of Pender, New Hanover, Brunswick, Columbus, 
 Robson, Richmond, Anson, Union and Mecklenburg. 
 
 7th District— Counties of Montgomery, Stanly, Cabarrus, Rowan, David- 
 son, Davie, Yadkin, Iredell, Catawba and Lincoln. 
 
 8th District — Counties of Gaston, Cleveland, Burke, Alexander, Cald- 
 well, Mitchell, Watauga, Wilkes, Ashe, Alleghany, Surry and Forsythe. 
 
 9th District— Counties of Polk, Rutherford, McDowell, Yancey, Bun- 
 combe, Henderson, Madison, Haywood, Transylvania, Jackson, Swain, 
 Macon, Graham, Cherokee and Clay. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Ohio as redistricted by act of March 11, 1890: 
 
 District 1 That so much of the county of Hamilton as is now contained 
 within the limits of the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 
 31st 26th and 37th wards of the city of Cmcinnati, as they are now consti- 
 tuted and the townships of Anderson, Columbia, Spencer, Symmes, Syca- 
 more 'and Southeast, St. Bernard and Clifton precincts of Mill Creek town- 
 ship. 
 
 ZWK^iSCr 
 
98 THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTED. 
 
 3. The balance of tlie county of Hamilton as is now contained within the 
 limits of the 10th, 11th, 13th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 33d, 33d, 34th, 
 35th, 38th, 39th and 30th wards of the city of Cincinnati as they are now con- 
 stituted, and the townships of Springfield, Colerain, Green, Delhi, Miami, 
 Whitewater, Harrison, Crosby and College Hill, Winton Place, Western, 
 Avondale, Bond Hill, Elmwood and Northeast precincts of Mill Creek town- 
 ship. 
 
 3. The counties of Butler, Montgomery and Warren. 
 
 4. The counties of Champaign, Darke, Mercer, Miami, Preble and 
 Shelby. 
 
 5. The counties of Allen, Auglaize, Hardin, Logan, Putnam and Van 
 Wert. 
 
 6. The counties of Defiance, Fulton, Henry, Paulding, Williams and 
 Wood. 
 
 7. The counties of Brie, Lucas, Ottawa and Sandusky. 
 
 8. The counties of Hancock, Marion, Seneca, Union and Wyandot. 
 
 9. The counties of Franklin, Madison and Pickaway. 
 
 10. The counties of Clark, Clinton, Fayette, Greene and Ross. 
 
 11. The counties of Adams, Brown, Clermont, Highland and Pike. 
 13. The counties of Athens, Gallia, Lawrence, Meigs and Scioto. 
 
 13. The counties of Fairfield, Hocking, Jackson, Morgan, Perry and 
 Vinton. 
 
 14. The counties of Coshocton, Licking, Muskingum and Tuscarawas. 
 
 15. The counties of Ashland, Crawford, Delaware, Knox, Morrow and 
 Richland. 
 
 16. The counties of Holmes, Medina, Wayne and Stark. 
 
 17. The counties of Belmont, Noble, Monroe and Washington. 
 
 18. The counties of Carroll, Columbiana, Guernsey, Harrison, and Jef- 
 ferson. 
 
 19. The counties of Ashtabula, Geauga, Mahoning, Portage and Trum- 
 bull. 
 
 30. The counties of Huron, Lake, Lorain, Summit, and the townships of 
 Bedford, Chagrin Falls, East Cleveland, Euclid, Mayfleld, Newburg, 
 Orange, Warrensville, Solon, Brecksville, Brooklyn, Dover, Middleburg, 
 Olmstead, Parma, Independence, Rockport, Royalton and Strongsville, in 
 Cuyahoga county, and the 18th, 19th, 30th, 31st and 37th wards of the city 
 of Cleveland as they are now constituted. 
 
 31. The 1st, 3d. 8d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 13tb, 13th, 
 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 33d, 33d, 34th, 35th, 36tli, 38th, 39th, 30th, 31st, 33d, 
 33d, 34th, 35th, 36th, 37th, 38th, 39th and 40th wards of the city of Cleve- 
 land as they are now constituted. 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 Oregon as redistricted in 1891 : 
 
 1st District — Counties of Tillamook, Washington, Clarkamas, Yamhill, 
 Polk, Marion, Benton, Linn, Lane, Douglass, Coos, Curry, Josephine, 
 Jackson, Klamath and Lake. 
 
 3d District — Counties of Clatsop, Columbia, Multnomah, Wasco, Sher- 
 man, Gillman, Morrow, Umatilla, Union, Wallowa, Baker, Grant, Crook, 
 Harney and Malheur. 
 
 TBNKBSSBE. 
 
 Teimessee as redistricted in 1891 : 
 
 1st District — Counties of Johnson, Carter, Sullivan, Washington, Unicoi, 
 Cocke, Greene, Hamblen, Hawkins, Granger, Hancock and Claiborne. 
 
 3d District — Counties of Scott, Campbell, Union, Anderson, Morgan, 
 Roane, Knox, Jefferson, Sevier, Slount and Louden. 
 
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THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTEIGTED. 99 
 
 3d District— Counties of Monroe, McMinn, Meigs, Polk, Bradley, James, 
 Hamilton, Marion, Franklin, Sequatchie, Grundy, Bledsoe, Van Buren, 
 Warren and Wliite. 
 
 4tli District — Counties of Fentress, Pickett, Overton, Putnam, Jackson, 
 Clay, Macon, Trousdale, Wilson, Smith and Sumner. 
 
 5th District — Counties of Lincoln, Moore, Coffee, Bedford, Marshall, 
 Cannon, Rutherford and DeKalb. 
 
 6th District — Counties of Davidson, Cheatham, Robertson, Montgomeiy, 
 Humphreys, Houston and Stewart. 
 
 7th District — Counties of Dickson, Hickman, Williamson, Lewis, Maury, 
 Giles, Lawrence and Wayne. 
 
 8th District — Counties of Henry, Carroll, Benton, Perry, Decatur, Hen- 
 derson, Madison, Chester, McNairy and Hardin. 
 
 9th District — Comities of Lake, Obion, Weakley, Gibson, Dyer, Lauder- 
 dale, Crockett and Haywood. 
 
 10th District — Comities of Tipton, Shelby, Fayette and Hardeman. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Wisconsin as redistrlcted in 1890: 
 
 1st District— Counties of Kenosha, Racine, Walworth, Rock, Green and 
 Lafayette. 
 
 3d District— Counties of Jefferson, Dodge, Dane and Columbia, 
 
 3d District— Counties of Grant, Iowa, Crawford, Richland, Sauk, Ver- 
 non, Juneau and Adams. 
 
 4th District— County of Milwaukee. 
 
 5th District— Counties of Waukesha, Washington, Ozaukee and She- 
 boygan. 
 
 6th District— Counties of Marquette, Green Lake, Fond du Lac, Mani- 
 towoc, Calumet, Winnebago, and Waushara. 
 
 7th District— Counties of LaCrosse, Monroe, Jackson, Trempealeau, 
 Buffalo, Pepin and Eau Claire. 
 
 8th District— Counties of Wood, Portage, Waupaca, Outgamie, Brown, 
 Kewaunee and Door. 
 
 9th District— Counties of Clark, Taylor, Pierce, Ashland, Oneida, Lin- 
 coln, Marathon, Shawano, Langlade, Forest, Florence, Marinette and 
 
 Oconto. TT,. , , T. 
 
 10th District— Counties of Bayfield, Douglass, Sawyer, Washburn, Bur- 
 nett, Chippewa, Barron, Polk, St. Croix, Dunn and Pierce. 
 
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RULES ADOPTED BY THE EIPTY-PIKST CONGRESS. 
 
 The principal changes made by the fifty-first in the rales of the former 
 House were these: 
 
 1. In new Rule VIII., it was required that every member shall be pres- 
 ent within the hall of the House during its sittings, unless excused or neces- 
 sarily prevented, and shall vote on each question put, unless he has a direct 
 personal or pecuniary interest in the event of such question. The old nile 
 required him to be present and to vote "unless on motion made before 
 division or the commencement of the roll-call and decided without debate, 
 he shall be excused," or unless he has a direct personal or pecuniary interest 
 in the event of such question. The provision within quotation marks gave 
 opportunity for frivolous and dilatory motions. 
 
 2. As to questions of privilege, the new rules gave them "precedence 
 of all other questions, except motions to adjourn." The old rules gave them 
 precedence of "all other questions except motions to fix the day to which 
 the House shall adjourn, and for a recess." 
 
 3. The new rules required that "all proposed action touching the rules, 
 joint rules and order of business shall be referred to the Committee on 
 Rules." The old rule did not contain the clause "and order of business," 
 and left the struggle over precedence of business to go on under the general 
 rules in the House. 
 
 4. The new rules struck from the rule touching committees the old 
 provision that ' ' any commission authorized by law to report by bill to the 
 House shall have leave to report such bill at any time and may call the 
 same up for consideration, as provided in the fifth clause of Rule XXIV." 
 Their report, it was intended under the new rules, should come in as reports 
 from the committees of the House. 
 
 5. The new rules established three calendars, and provided that "all 
 reports of committees, except as provided in clause 51 of Rule XI., together 
 with the views of the minority, shall be delivered to the clerk for printing 
 and reference to the proper calendar under the direction of the Speaker, in 
 accordance with the foregoing clause, and the titles or subjects thereof shall 
 be entered on the Journal and printed in the Record." The old rules per- 
 mitted the reporting of bills and their reference in open session, with the 
 reference of them in certain prescribed cases to be determined by vote of the 
 House. 
 
 6. The new rules added this clause to Rule XV. : "On the demand of 
 any member, or at the suggestion of the Speaker, the names of members 
 sufficient to make a quorum in the hall of the House who do not vote, shall 
 be noted by the clerk and recorded in the Journal, and reported to the 
 Speaker with the names of the members voting, and be counted and 
 announced in determining the presence of a quorum to do business." 
 
 7. The new rules (XVI., clause 4) reduced the number of motions in 
 order when a question is under debate, by striking out the motions "to fix 
 the day to which the House shall adjourn, and to take a recess." Motions 
 to adjourn, to lay on the table, for the previous question, to postpone fo a 
 day certain, to refer or amend, or to postpone indefinitely were left. 
 
 8. _ The new rules strack out the clause that "a motion to fix the day 
 to which the House shall adjourn, a motion to adjourn and to take a recess 
 shall always be in order." 
 
 9. The new rules inserted as clause 10 of Rule XVI. the words: "No 
 dilatory motion shall be entertained by the Speaker." 
 
 10. The new rale struck out the old clause which required that the pre- 
 
 100 
 
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Hon. THOS. B. REED. 
 
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RULES ADOPTED BY THE FIFTY-FIRST CONGRESS. 101 
 
 vlous question should extend only to the engrossment and third reading of 
 a bill, and then be renewed so as to reach the question of passage; and in- 
 serted a clause that it may be made to "include the bill to its passage or 
 rejection." 
 
 11. The new rules struck out as motions having preference of a motion 
 to reconsider a vote, the motion "to fix the day to which the House shall 
 adjourn or to take a recess." 
 
 12. The new rule extended to bills, the old rule relating to memorials 
 and petitions, and provided for the introduction of all by handing them to 
 the Speaker or clerk for appropriate reference to committees. 
 
 13. The new rule changed.the old rule so as to fix "one hundred mem- 
 bers " as a quorum in the Committee of the Whole. The old rule had no 
 provision on the subject, but a quorum in Committee of the Whole was 
 treated the same as a quorum in the House. 
 
 14. The new rules required that all propositions involving a tax or 
 charge upon the people "originating either in the House or Senate," shall be 
 first considered in a Committee of the Whole. The words within quotation 
 marks were not in the old rule. 
 
 15. The new rule changed the "order of business" so as to conform to 
 the other changes made; but these variations are of minor consequence and 
 are not stated. 
 
 16. There were several other unimportant changes to make the plan 
 harmonious. 
 
 THE ACTION OF THE HOUSE. 
 
 The new rules came up for debate and action in February, 1890. 
 
 On the 13th, pending the clause to insert the words: "No dilatory 
 motion shall be entertained by the Speaker," a motion to add the words: 
 "But a demand for the yeas and nays shall not be considered dilatory," was 
 rejected — ^yeas, 119 (Republicans 2, Democrats 117); nays, 149 (Republicans 
 147, Democrats 2). A motion to add the words: "And the Speaker shall 
 not in any case refuse to entertain an appeal from his decision," was rejected 
 — yeas, 114 (all Democrats); nays, 140 (all Republicans). A motion on the 
 14th to strike out the clause was rejected — yeas, 140 (all Democrats); nays, 
 155 (aU Republicans). 
 
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RULES, HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS. 
 
 Rule I. 
 
 DUTIES OP THE SPEAKER. 
 
 1. The Speaker shall take the chair on eVery legislative day precisely at 
 the hour to which the House shall have adjourned at the last sitting, imme- 
 diately call the members to order, and on the appearance of a quorum, 
 cause the journal of the proceedings of the last day's sitting to be read, hav- 
 ing previously examined and approved the same. 
 
 3. He shall preserve order and decorum, and in case of disturbance or 
 disorderly conduct in the galleries, or in the lobby, may cause the same to 
 be cleared. 
 
 3. He shall have general control, except as provided by rule or law, of 
 the hall of the House, and the disposal of the unappropriated rooms in that 
 part of the Capitol assigned to the use of the House until further order. 
 
 4. He shall sign all acts, addresses, joint resolutions, writs, warrants, 
 and subpiBnas of, or issued by order of, the House, and decide all questions 
 of order subject to an appeal by any member, on which appeal no member 
 shall speak more than once, unless by permission of the House. 
 
 5. He shall rise to put a question, but may state it sitting; and shall put 
 questions in this form, to wit: "As many as are in favor (as the question 
 may be) say Ay; " and after the affirmative voice is expressed, "As many as 
 are opposed say No; " if he doubts, or a division is called for, the House 
 shall divide; those in the affirmative of the question shall first rise from their 
 seats, and then those in the negative; if he still doubts, or a count is required 
 by at least one-fifth of a quorum, he shall name one from each side of the 
 question, to tell the members in the affirmative and negative; which being 
 reported, he shall rise and state the decision. 
 
 6. He shall not be required to vote in ordinary legislative proceedings, 
 except where his vote would be decisive, or where the House is engaged in 
 voting by ballot; and in all cases of a tie vote the question shall be lost. 
 
 7. He shall have the right to name any member to perform the duties 
 of the Chair, but such substitution shall not extend beyond an adjournment: 
 Provided, however, That in case of his illness, he may make such appoint- 
 
 I ment for a period not exceeding ten days, with the approval of the House at 
 I the time the same is made; and in his absence and omission to make such 
 
 appointment, the House shall proceed to elect a Speaker ^o tempore, to act 
 
 during his absence. 
 
 Rule II. 
 
 ELECTION OP OPPICERS. 
 
 There shall be elected by a viva voce vote at the commencement of each 
 Congress, to continue in oflBce until their successors are chosen and qualified, 
 a Clerk, Sergeant at Arms, Doorkeeper, Postmaster, and Chaplain, each of 
 whom shall take an oath to support the Constitution of the United States, 
 and for the true and faithful discharge of the duties of his office, to the best 
 of his knowledge and ability, and to keep the secrets of the House, and each 
 shall appoint all of the employes of his department provided for by law. 
 
 103 
 
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RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 103 
 
 Rule III. 
 
 DUTIES OF THE CLERK. 
 
 1. The Clerk shall, at the commencement of the first session of each 
 Congress, call the members to order, proceed to call the roll of members by 
 States in alphabetical order, and, pending the election of a Speaker or 
 Speaker pro tempore, preserve order and decorum, and decide all questions 
 of order, subject to appeal by any member. 
 
 3. He shall make, and cause to be printed and delivered to each member, 
 or mailed to his address, at the commencement of every regular session of 
 Congress, a list of the reports which it is the duty of any otlicer or depart- 
 ment to make to Congress, referring to the act or resolution and page of the 
 volume of the laws or journal in which it may be contained, and placing 
 under the name of each officer the list of reports required of him to be made; 
 also make a weekly statement of the resolutions and bills upon the Speaker's 
 table, accompanied with a brief reference to the orders and proceedings of 
 the House upon each, and the dates of such orders and proceedings, which 
 statement shall be printed. 
 
 3. He shall note all questions of order, with the decisions thereon, the 
 record of which shall be printed as an appendix to the Journal of each 
 session; and complete, as soon after the close of the session as possible, the 
 printing and distribution to members and delegates of the journal of the 
 House, together with an accurate and complete index; retain in the library 
 at his office, for the use of the members and officers of the House, and not to 
 be withdrawn therefrom, two copies of all the books and printed documents 
 deposited there; send, at the end of each session, a printed copy of the 
 Journal thereof to the Executive and to each branch of the Legislature of 
 every State and Territory; preserve for and deliver or mail to each member 
 and delegate an extra copy, in good binding, of all documents printed by 
 order of either House of the Congress to which he belonged; attest and affix 
 the seal of the House to all writs, warrants, and subpoenas issued by order of 
 the House, certify to the passage of all bills and joint resolutions, make or 
 approve all contracts, bargains, or agreements relative to furnishing any 
 matter or thing, or for the performance of any labor for the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, in pursuance of law or order of the House, keep full and accurate 
 accounts of the disbursements out of the contingent fimd of the House, keep 
 the stationery accounts of members and delegates, and pay them as provided 
 by law. He shall pay to the officers and employes of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, on the last day of each month, the amount of their salaries that 
 shall be due them; and when the last day of the month falls on Sunday he 
 shall pay them on the day next preceding. 
 
 Rule TV. 
 
 DUTIES OF THE SBBGBANT-AT-AKMS. 
 
 1. It shall be the duty of the Sergeant-at-Arms to attend the House 
 during its sittings, to maintain order under the direction of the Speaker, 
 and, pending the election of a Speaker or Speaker pro Umpore, under the 
 direction of the Clerk; execute the commands of the House, and all proc- 
 esses issued by authority thereof, directed to him by the Speaker, keep the 
 accounts for the pay and mileage of Members and Delegates, and pay them 
 as provided by law. , . , , n , t, x. 
 
 2. The symbol of his office shall be the mace, which shall be borne by 
 him while enforcing order on the floor. 
 
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104 BULES, HOUSE OE EEPBBSENTATIVES. 
 
 Rule V. 
 
 DUTIES OP OTHER OPPICEBS. 
 
 1. The Doorkeeper shall enforce strictly the rules relating to the privileges 
 of the hall and be responsible to the House for the official conduct of his 
 employes. 
 
 2. At the commencement and close of each session of Congress he shall 
 take an inventoiy of all the furniture, books, and other public property in 
 the several committee and other rooms under his charge, and report the 
 same to the House, which report shall be referred to the Committee on 
 Accounts to ascertain and determine the amount for which he shall be held 
 liable for missing articles. 
 
 3. He shall allow no person to enter the room over the hall of the House 
 during its sittings; and fifteen minutes before the hour for the meeting of 
 the House each day he shall see that the floor is cleared of all persons except 
 those privileged to remain, and kept so until ten minutes after adjournment. 
 
 Rule VI. 
 
 The Postmaster shall superintend the post-offlce kept in the Capitol for 
 the accommodation of Representatives, delegates, and officers of the House, 
 and be held responsible for the prompt and safe delivery of their mail. 
 
 Rule VH. 
 
 The Chaplain shall attend at the commencement of each day's sitting of 
 the House and open the same with prayer. 
 
 Rule VIIL 
 op the members. 
 
 1. Every member shall be present within the hall of the House during 
 its sittings, unless excused or necessarily prevented; and shall vote on each 
 question put, unless, on motion made before division or the commencement 
 of the roll-call and decided without debate, he shall be excused, or unless he 
 has a direct personal or pecuniary interest in the event of such question. 
 
 2. Pairs shall be announced by the Clerk, after the completion of the 
 second roll-call, from a written list furnished him, and signed by the mem- 
 ber making the statement to the Clerk, which list shall be published in the 
 Record as a part of the proceedings, immediately following the names of 
 those not voting: Provided, That pairs shall be announced but once during 
 the same legislative day. 
 
 Rule IX. 
 
 QUESTIONS OP PRIVILEGE. 
 
 Questions of privilege shall be, first, those affecting the rights of the 
 House collectively, its safety, dignity, and the integrity of its proceedings: 
 second, the rights, reputation, and conduct of members individually in their 
 representative capacity only; and shall have precedence of all other ques- 
 tions, except motions to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, to ad- 
 journ, and for a recess. 
 
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RULES, HOUSE 0¥ KEPRESEN'TATIVES. 105 
 
 Rule X. 
 
 OF C'CMMITTEBS. 
 
 1. Unless otherwise specially ordered by the House, the Speaker shall ap- 
 point, at the commencement of each Congress, the following standing com- 
 mittees, viz.: 
 
 On Elections, to consist of fifteen members. 
 
 On Ways and Means, to consist of fifteen members. 
 
 On Appropriations, to consist of fifteen members. 
 
 On the Judiciary, to consist of fifteen members. 
 
 On Banking and Currency, to consist of fifteen members. 
 
 On Coinage, Weights, and Measures, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Interstate and Foreign Commerce, to consist of seventeen members. 
 
 On Rivers and Harbors, to consist of fifteen members. 
 
 On the Merchant Marine and Fisheries, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Agriculture, to consist of fifteen members. 
 
 On Foreign Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Military Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Naval Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On the Post-OlHce and Post-Roads, to consist of fifteen members. 
 
 On the Public Lands, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Indian Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Territories, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Railways and Canals, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Manufactures, to consist of eleven members. 
 
 On Mines and Mining, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Public Buildings and Grounds, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Pacific Railroads, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Levees and Improvement of the Mississippi River, to consist of thir- 
 teen members. 
 
 On Education, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Labor, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On the Militia, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Patents, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Invalid Pensions, to consist of fifteen members. 
 
 On Pensions, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Claims, to consist of fifteen members. 
 
 On War Claims, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Private Land Claims, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On the District of Columbia, to consist of fifteen members. 
 
 On Revision of the Laws, to consist of thirteen members. 
 
 On Expenditures in the State Department, to consist of seven members. 
 
 On Expenditures in the Treasury Department, to consist of seven 
 members. 
 
 On Expenditures in the War Department, to consist of seven members. 
 
 On Expenditures in the Navy Department, to consist of seven members. 
 
 On Expenditures in the Post-Office Department, to consist of seven 
 members. 
 
 On Expenditures in the Interior Department, to consist of seven members. 
 
 On Expenditures in the Department of Justice, to consist of seven 
 members. 
 
 On Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture, to consist of seven 
 members. 
 
 On Expenditures on Public Buildings, to consist of seven members. 
 
 On Rules, to consist of five members. 
 
 On Accounts, to consist of nine members. 
 10b 
 
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106 KULES, HOUSE OE KEPEESEKTATIVBS. 
 
 On Mileage, to consist of five members. 
 
 Also the following joint standing committees, viz. : 
 
 On the Library, to consist of three meSabers. 
 
 On Printing, to consist of three members. 
 
 On Enrolled Bills, to consist of seven members. 
 
 2. He shall also appoint all select committees which shall be ordered by 
 the House from time to time; 
 
 3. The first-named member "of each committee shall be the chairman; 
 and in his absence, or being excused by the House, the next-named member, 
 and so on, as often as the case shall happen, unless the committee by a ma- 
 jority of its number elect a chairman; and in case of the death of a chair- 
 man, it shall be duty of the Speaker to appoint another. 
 
 4. The chairman shall appoint the clerk of his committee, subject to its 
 approval; who shall be paid at the public expense, the House having first 
 provided therefor. 
 
 Rule XI. 
 
 POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES. 
 
 All proposed legislation shall be referred to the committees named in the 
 preceding rule as follows, viz. : Subjects relating — 
 
 I. to the election of members: to the Committee on Elections; 
 
 3. to the revenue and the bonded debt of the United States: to the Com- 
 mittee on Ways and Means; 
 
 3. to appropriation of the revenue for the support of the government as 
 herein provided, viz.: for legislative, executive, and judicial expenses; for 
 sundry civil expenses; for fortifications and coast defenses; for the District 
 of Columbia; for pensions; and for all deficiencies: to the Committee on Ap- 
 propriations; 
 
 4. to judicial proceedings, civil and criminal law: to the Committee on 
 the Judiciary; 
 
 5. to banking and currency : to the Committee on Banking and Currency ; 
 
 6. to coinage, weights, and measures: to the Committee on Coinage, 
 Weights, and Measures; 
 
 7. to commerce, life-saving service, and lighthouses, other than appro- 
 priations for life-saving service and lighthouses: to the Committee on Inter- 
 state and Foreign Commerce; 
 
 8. to the improvement of rivers and harbors: to the Committee on Rivers 
 and Harbors; 
 
 9. to the merchant marine and fisheries: to the Committee on the Mer- 
 chant Marine and Fisheries; 
 
 10. \o agriculture and forestry: to the Committee on Agriculture, who 
 shall receive the estimates and report the appropriations for the Agricultural 
 Department; 
 
 II. to the relations of the United States with foreign nations, including 
 appropriations therefor: to the Committee on Foreign Affairs; 
 
 13. to the military establishment and the public defense, including the 
 appropriations for its support and for that of the MiHtaiy Academy: to the 
 Committee on Militaiy Affairs; 
 
 13. to the naval establishment, including the appropriations for its sup- 
 port: to the Committee on Naval Affairs; 
 
 14. to the post-olBce and post-roads, including appropriations for their 
 support: to the Committee on the Post-Ofllce and Post-Roads; 
 
 15. to the lands of the United States: to the Committee on the Public 
 Lands; 
 
 16. to the relations of the United States with the Indians and the Indian 
 tribes, including appropriations therefor: to the Committee on Indian AfEairs; 
 
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RULES, HOUSE OF EEPEESENTATIVES. 107 
 
 17. to Territorial legislation, the revision thereof, and aftecting Terri- 
 tories or the admission of States: to the Committee on the Territories; 
 
 18. to railways and canals, other than Pacific railroads; to thie Committee 
 on Railways and Canals; 
 
 19. to the manufacturing mdustries: to the Committee on Manufactures; 
 
 30. to the mining interests: to the Committee on Mines and Mining; 
 
 31. to the public buildings and occupied or improved grounds of the 
 United States, other than appropriations therefor: to the Committee on Pub- 
 lic Buildings and Grounds; 
 
 33. to the railroads and telegraphic lines between the Mississippi River 
 and the Pacific coast: to the Committee on Pacific Railroads; 
 
 33. to the levees of the Mississippi River: to the Committee on Levees 
 and Improvements of the Mississippi River; 
 
 34. to education: to the Committee on Education; 
 
 35. to and affecting labor: to the Committee on Labor; 
 
 26. to the militia of the several States: to the Committee on the Militia; 
 
 37. to patents, copyrights, and trade-marks: to the Committee on 
 Patents; 
 
 38. to the pensions of the Civil War: to the Committee on Invalid 
 Pensions; 
 
 39. to the pensions of all the wars of the United States, other than the 
 civil war: to the Committee on Pensions; 
 
 30. to private and domestic claims and demands, other than war claims, 
 against the United States: to the Committee on Claims; 
 
 31. to claims arising from any war in which the United States has been 
 engaged: to the Committee on War Claims; 
 
 33. to private claims to lands: to the Committee on Private Land Claims; 
 
 33. to the District of Columbia, other than appropriations therefor: to 
 the Committee for the District of Columbia; 
 
 84. to the revision and codification of the statutes of the United Stated: 
 to the Committee on the Revision of the Laws; 
 
 35. The examination of the accounts and expenditures of the several 
 Departments of the government and the manner of keeping the same; the 
 economy, justness, and correctness of such expenditures; their conformity 
 with appropriation laws; the proper application of public moneys; the 
 security of the government against unjust and extravagant demands; re- 
 trenchment; the enforcement of the payment of moneys due to the United 
 States; the economy and accountability of public officers; the abolishment 
 of useless offices; the reduction or increase of the pay of officers, shall all be 
 subjects within the jurisdiction of the eight standing committees on the pub- 
 lic expenditures, in the several Departments, as follows: 
 
 36. In the Department of State: to the Committee on Expenditures in 
 the State Department; 
 
 37. In the Treasury Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in 
 the Treasury Department; 
 
 38. In the War Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in the 
 War Department; 
 
 39. In the Navy Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in the 
 Navy Department; 
 
 40. In the Post-Office Department: to the Committee on Expenditures 
 in the Post-Offlce Department; 
 
 41. In the Interior Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in 
 the Interior Department; 
 
 43. In the Department of Justice: to the Committee on Expenditures in 
 the Department of Justice; 
 
 43. In the Department of Agriculture: to the Committee on Expendi- 
 tures in the Department of Agriculture; 
 
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108 RULES, HOUSE OF KEPEESEKXATIVES. 
 
 44. On public buildings: to the Committee on Expenditures on Public 
 Buildings; 
 
 45. All proposed action touching the rules and joint rules and order of 
 business shall be referred to the Committee on Rules; 
 
 46. Touching the expenditure of the contingent fund of the House, the 
 auditing and settling of all accounts which may be charged therein by order 
 of the House: to the Committee on Accounts; 
 
 47. The ascertainment of the travel of members of the House shall be 
 made by the Committee on Mileage and reported to the Sergeant-at-Arms; 
 
 48. Touching the Library of Congress, statuaiy, and pictures: to the 
 Joint Committee on the Library; 
 
 49. All proposed legislation or orders touching printing shall be referred 
 to the Joint Committee on Printing on the part of the House; 
 
 50. The enrollment of engrossed bills; to the Joint Committee on En- 
 rolled Bills; 
 
 51. The following-named committees shall have leave to report at any 
 time on the matters herein stated, viz. . The Committee on Rules, on rules, 
 joint rules, and order of business; the Committee on Elections, on the right 
 of a member to his seat; the Committee on Ways and Means, on bills raismg 
 revenue; the committees having jurisdiction of appropriations, the general ap- 
 propriation bills; the Committee on Rivers and Harbors, bills for the im- 
 provement of rivers and harbors; the Committee on the Public Lands, bills 
 for the forfeiture of land grants to railroads and other corporations, bills pre- 
 venting speculation in the public lands, and bills for the preservation of the 
 public lands for the benefit of actual and bona fide settlers; the Committee on 
 Enrolled Bills, enrolled bills; the Committee on Printing, on all matter re 
 f erred to them of printing for the use of the House or two houses: the Com- 
 mittee on Accounts, on all matters of expenditure of the contingent fund of 
 the House. 
 
 • It shall always be in order to call up for consideration a report from the 
 Committee on Rules, and pending the consideration the Speaker may enter- 
 tain one motion that the House adjourn; but after the result is announced, he 
 shall not entertain any other dilatory motion until the said report shall have 
 been fully disposed of. Any commission authorized by law to report by bill 
 to the House shall have leave to report such bill at any time, and may call 
 the same up for consideration as provided in the fifth clause of Rule XXIV. 
 
 52. No committee shall sit during the sitting of the House without special 
 leave. ■> 
 
 53. It shall be the duty of the several committees having jurisdiction of 
 the general appropriation bills to report said appropriation bills (except the gen- 
 eral deficiency bill) within eighty days after the committees are announced 
 in a long session, and within forty days after the commencement of a short 
 session; and if any committee fail to so report, the reasons of such failure 
 shall be privileged for consideration when called for by any member of the 
 House. 
 
 Rule XII. 
 
 DELEGATES. 
 
 The speaker shall appoint from among the delegates one additional mem- 
 ber on each of the following committees, viz. : Coinage, Weights and Meas- 
 ures; Agriculture; Military Affairs; Post-OfBce and Post-Roads; Public 
 Lands; Indian Affairs; Private Land Claims; and Mines and Mining; and 
 two on the Committee on the Territories; and they shall possess in their re- 
 spective committees the same powers and privileges as in the House, and may 
 make any motion except to reconsider. 
 
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BULES, HOUSE OF EEPBESENTATIVES. 109 
 
 Rule XIIL 
 calendars. 
 
 1. There shall be three calendars of business reported from committees, 
 viz.: 
 
 First. A Calendar of the Committee of the Whole House on the state of 
 the Union; to which shall be referred bills raising revenue, general appropri- 
 ation bills, and bills of a public character, directly or indirectly appropriating 
 money or property; 
 
 Second. A House Calendar, to which shall be referred all bills of a public 
 character not raising revenue nor directly or indirectly appropriating money 
 or property; and 
 
 Third. A Calendar of the Committee of the Whole House, to which shall 
 be referred all bills of a private character. 
 
 3. The question of reference of any proposition, other than that reported 
 from a committee, shall be decided without debate, in the following order, 
 viz: a standing committee, a select committee; but the reference of a propo- 
 sition reported by a committee, when demanded, shall be decided according 
 to its character, without debate, in the following order, viz. : House Calendar, 
 Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union, Committee of the 
 Whole House, a standing committee, a select committee. All reports of 
 committees on private bills, together with the views of the minority, shall be 
 delivered to the clerk for printing and reference to the proper calendar under 
 the direction of the Speaker in accordance with the foregoing clause, and the 
 titles or subjects thereof shall be entered on the journal and printed in the 
 Record. 
 
 Rule XIV. 
 
 OF DECOEtTM AND DEBATE. 
 
 1. When any member desires to speak or deliver any matter to the House, 
 he shall rise and respectfully address himself to "Mr. Speaker," and, on be- 
 ing recognized, may address the House from any place on the floor or from 
 the Clerk's desk, and shall confine himself to the question under debate, 
 avoiding personality. 
 
 3. WTien two or more members rise at once, the Speaker shall name the 
 member who is first to speak; and no member shall occupy more than one 
 hour in debate on any question in the House or in the committee, except as 
 further provided in this rule. 
 
 3. The member reporting the measure under consideration from a com- 
 mittee may open and close, where general debate has been had thereon; and 
 if it shall extend beyond one day, he shall be entitled to one hour to close, 
 notwithstanding he may have used an hour in opening. 
 
 4. If any member, in speaking or otherwise, transgress the rules of the 
 House, the Speaker shall, or any member may, call him to order; in which 
 case he shall immediately sit down, unless permitted, on motion of another 
 member, to explain, and the House shall, if appealed to, decide on the case, 
 without debate; if the decision is in favor of the member called to order, he 
 shall be at liberty to proceed, but not otherwise; and, if the case require it, 
 he shall be liable to censure or such punishment as the House may deem 
 proper. 
 
 5. If a member is called to order for words spoken in debate, the member 
 calling him to order shall indicate the words excepted to, and they shall be 
 taken down in writing at the Clerk's desk and read aloud to the House; but 
 he shall not be held to answer, nor be subject to the censure of the House 
 therefor, if further debate or other business has intervened. 
 
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110 KULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 6. No member shall speak more than once to the same question without 
 leave of the House, unless he be the mover, proposer, or introducer of the 
 matter pending, in which case he shall be permitted to speak in reply, but 
 not until every member choosing to speak shall have spoken. 
 
 7. While the Speaker is putting a ques>tion or addressing the House no 
 member shall walk out of or across the hall, nor, when a member is speaking, 
 pass between him and the Chair; and during the session of the House no 
 member shall wear his hat, or remain by the Clerk's desk during the call of 
 the roll or the counting of ballots, or smoke upon the floor of the House; and 
 the Sergeant-at-Arms and Doorkeeper are charged with the strict enforcement 
 .of this clause. 
 
 Rule XV. 
 
 OSr CALLS OF THE EOLL AND HOTJSE. 
 
 1. Upon every roll-call the names of the members shall be called alpha- 
 betically by surname, except when two or more have the same surname, in 
 which case the name of the State shall be added; and if there be two such 
 members from the same State, the whole name shall be called; and after the 
 roll has been once called, the Clerk shall call in their alphabetical order the 
 names of those not voting; and thereafter the Speaker shall not entertain a 
 request to record a vote or announce a pair. 
 
 3. In the absence of a quorum, fifteen members, including the Speaker, if 
 there is one, shall be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, 
 and in all calls of the House the names of the members shall be called by the 
 Clerk, and the absentees noted; the doors shall then be closed, and those for 
 whom no suflicient excuse is made may, by order of a majority of those pres- 
 ent, be sent for and arrested, wherever they may be found, by oificers to be 
 appointed by the Sergeant-at-Arms for that purpose, and their attendance 
 secured; and the House shall determine upon what condition they shall be 
 discharged. 
 
 Members who voluntarily appear shall, unless the House otherwise direct, 
 be immediately admitted to the Hall of the House, and they shall report their 
 names to the Clerk to be entered upon the journal as present. 
 
 Rule XVI. 
 
 ON MOTIONS, THEIR PKECEDENCE, ETC. 
 
 1. Every motion made to the House and entertained by the Speaker shall 
 be reduced to writing on the demand of any member, and shall be entered on 
 the journal -with the name of the member making it, unless it is withdrawn 
 the same day. 
 
 2. When a motion has been made, the Speaker shall state it, or (if it be in 
 writing) cause it to be read aloud by the Clerk before being debated, and it 
 shall then be in possession of the House, but may be withdrawn at any time 
 before a decision or amendment. 
 
 3. When any motion or proposition is made, the question, Will the 
 House now considier it ? shall not be put unless demanded by a member. 
 
 4. When a question is under debate no motion shall be received but to fix 
 the day to which the House shall adjourn, to adjourn, to take a recess, to lay 
 on the table, for the previous question (which motions shall be decided with- 
 out debate), to postpone to a day certain, to refer or amend, or to postpone 
 indefinitely, which several motions shall have precedence in the foregoing 
 order; and no motion to postpone to a day certain, to refer, or to postpone 
 indefinitely, being decided, shall be again allowed on the same day at the 
 same stage of the question. 
 
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EDLES, HOUSE OF KEPRBSBNTATIVBS. Ill 
 
 5. Amotion to fix the day to which the House shall adiourn, a motion to 
 adjourn, and to take a recess shall always be in order, and the hour at which 
 the House adjourns shall be entered on the journal. 
 
 6. On the demand of any member, before the question is put, a question 
 shall be divided if it include propositions so distinct in substance that one be- 
 ing taken away a substantive proposition shall remain. 
 
 7. A motion to strike out and insert is indivisible, but a motion to strike 
 out being lost shall neither preclude amendment nor motion to strike out and 
 insert; and no motion or proposition on a subject different from that under 
 consideration shall be admitted under color of amendment. 
 
 8. Pending a motion to suspend the rules the Speaker maj"- entertain one 
 motion that the House adjourn; but after the result thereon is announced he 
 shall not entertain any other dilatory motion till the vote is taken on suspen- 
 sion. 
 
 9. At any time after the expiration of the morning hour it shall be in 
 order to move that the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole 
 House on the state of the Union for the purpose of considering bills raising 
 revenue, or general appropriation bills. 
 
 Rule XVII. 
 
 PEEVIOTJS QTJBSTION. 
 
 1. There shall be a motion for the previous question, which, being ordered 
 by a majority of members present, if a quorum, shall have the effect to cut 
 off all debate and bring the House to a direct vote upon the immediate ques- 
 tion or questions on which it has been asked and ordered. The previous 
 question may be asked and ordered upon a single motion, a series of motions 
 allowable under the rules, or an amendment or amendments, or may be made 
 to embrace all authorized motions or amendments and include the bill to its 
 engrossment and third reading, and then, on renewal and second of said mo- 
 tion, to its passage or rejection. It shall be in order, pending the motion for 
 or after the previous question shall have been ordered on its passage, for the 
 Speaker to entertain and submit a motion to commit, with or without instruc- 
 tions, to a standing or select committee; and a motion to lay upon the table 
 shall be in order on the second and third reading of a bill. 
 
 3. A call of the House shall not be in order after the previous question is 
 ordered, unless it shall appear upon an actual count by the Speaker that a 
 quorum is not present. 
 
 3. All incidental questions of order arising after a motion is made for the 
 previous question and pending such motion, shall be decided, whether on 
 appeal or otherwise, without debate. 
 
 Rule XVIII. 
 
 BECONSIDERATION. 
 
 1. When a motion has been made and carried or lost, it shall be in order 
 for any member of the majority, on the same or succeeding day, to move for 
 the reconsideration thereof, and such motion shall take precedence of all 
 other questions except the consideration of a conference report, a motion to 
 iix the day to which the House shall adjourn, to adjourn, or to take a recess, 
 and shall not be withdrawn after the said succeeding day without the consent 
 of the House, and thereafter any member may call it up for consideration : 
 Promded, That such motion, if made during the last six days of a session, 
 shall be disposed of when made. 
 
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112 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 3. No bill, petition, memorial, or resolution referred to a committee, or 
 reported therefrom for printing and recommitment, shall be brought back 
 into the House on a motion to reconsider; and all bills, petitions, memorials, 
 or resolutions reported from a committee shall be accompanied by reports in 
 writing, which shall be printed. 
 
 Rtjlb XIX. 
 
 OF AMENDMENTS. 
 
 When a motion or proposition is under consideration, a motion to amend 
 and a motion to amend that amendment shall be in order, and it shall also be 
 in order to offer a further amendment by way of substitute, to which one 
 amendment may be offered, but which shall not be voted on until the original 
 matter is perfected, but either may be withdrawn before amendment or decis- 
 ion is had thereon. 
 
 Rule XX. 
 
 OF AMENDMENTS OF THE SENATE. 
 
 Any amendment of the Senate to any House bill shall be subject to the 
 point of order that it shall first be considered in the Committee of the Whole 
 House on the state of the Union if, originating in the House, it would be 
 subject to that point. 
 
 Rule XXI. 
 
 ON BILLS. 
 
 1. Bills and joint resolutions on their passage shall be read the first time 
 by title and the second time in full, when, if the previous question is ordered, 
 the Speaker shall state the question to be: Shall the bill be engrossed and 
 read a third time? and if decided in the affirmative, it shall be read the third 
 time by title, unless the reading in full is demanded by a member, and the 
 question shall then be put upon its passage. 
 
 2. No appropriation shall be reported in any general appropriation bill, or 
 be in order as an amendment thereto, for any expenditure not previously au- 
 thorized by law, unless in continuation of appropriations for such public 
 works and objects as are already in progress. Nor shall any provision in any 
 such bill or amendment thereto changing existing law be in order, except 
 such as, being germane to the subject-matter of the bill, shall retrench expen- 
 ditures by the reduction of the number and salary of the officers of the United 
 States, by the reduction of the compensation of any person paid out of the 
 Treasury of the United States, or by the reduction of amounts of money cov- 
 ered by the bill: Provided, That it shall be in order further to amend such 
 bill upon the report of the committee having jurisdiction of the subject- 
 matter of such amendment, which amendment, being germane to the sub- 
 ject-matter of the bill, shall retrench expenditures. 
 
 3. All bills for improvements of rivers and harbors, and all bills of a pri- 
 vate nature, shall be delivered to the Clerk, as in the case of memorials and 
 petitions, for reference to appropriate committees. 
 
 4. No bill for the payment or adjudication of any private claim against 
 the government shall be referred, except by unanimous consent, to any other 
 than the following-named committees, viz. : To the Committee on Invalid 
 Pensions, to the Committee on Pensions, to the Committee on Claims, to the 
 Committee on War Claims, to the Committee on Private Land Claims, and 
 to the Committee on Accounts. 
 
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RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 113 
 
 Rule XXII. 
 
 OF PETITIONS, MBMOKIALS, BILLS, AND EES0LUTI0N8. 
 
 1. Members having petitions or memorials or bills of a private nature to 
 present may deliver them to the Clerk, indorsing their names and the refer- 
 ence or disposition to be made thereof; and said petitions and memorials and 
 bills of a private nature, except such as, in the judgment of the Speaker, are 
 of an obscene or insulting character, shall be entered on the journal with the 
 names of the members presenting them, and the Clerk shall furnish a tran- 
 script of such entry to the official reporters of debates for publication in the 
 Record. 
 
 3. Any petition or memorial or private bill excluded under this rule shall 
 be returned to the member from whom it was received; and petitions and 
 private bills which have been inappropriately referred may, by direction of 
 the committee having possession of the same, be properly referred in the 
 manner originally presented ; and an erroneous reference of a petition or pri- 
 vate bill under this clause shall not confer jurisdiction upon the committee to 
 consider or report the same. 
 
 3. All other bills, memorials, and resolutions, may in like manner be de- 
 livered, indorsed with the names of members introducing them, to the 
 Speaker, to be by him referred, and the titles and references thereof shall be 
 entered on the journal and printed in the Record of the next day, and cor- 
 rection in case of error of reference may be made by the House in accordance 
 with Rule XI within three days immediately after the reading of the joiir- 
 nal, by unanimous consent, or on motion of a committee claiming jurisdic- 
 tion, or on the report of the committee to which the bill has been erroneously 
 referred. 
 
 4. All resolutions of inquiry addressed to the heads of Executive Depart- 
 ments shall be reported to the House within one week after presentation. 
 
 Rule XXIII. 
 
 OF COMMITTEES OP THE WHOLE HOUSE. 
 
 1. In all cases,in forming a Committee of the Whole House, the Speaker 
 shall leave his chair after appointing a Chairman to preside, who shall, in 
 case of disturbance or disorderly conduct in the galleries or lobby, have power 
 to cause the same to be cleared. „,.,„. -^ ^ 
 
 2 Whenever a Committee of the Whole House finds itself without a quo- 
 rum the Chairman shall cause the roll to be called, and thereupon the com- 
 mittee shall rise, and the Chairman shall report the names of the absentees to 
 the House, which shall be entered on the journal; but if on such call a quo- 
 rum shall appear, the committee shall thereupon resume its sitting without 
 further order of the House. 
 
 3 All motions or propositions involving a tax or charge upon the people ; 
 all proceedings touching appropriations of money, or bills making appro- 
 priations of money or property, or requiring such appropriation to be made, 
 or authorizing payments out of appropriations already made, or releasing any 
 liability to the United States for money or property, shall be first considered 
 in a Committee of the Whole, and a point of order under this rule shall be 
 good at any time before the consideration of a bill has commenced. 
 
 4 In Committees of the Whole House, business on their calendars shall 
 be taken up in regular order, except bills for raising revenue, general appro- 
 priation bills, and bills for the improvement of rivers and harbors, which 
 shall have precedence, and when objection is made to passing over any bill 
 or proposition, the committee shall thereupon rise and report such objection 
 
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]14 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 to the House, whicli shall decide, without debate, whether such bill or prop- 
 osition shall be considered or laid aside for the present; whereupon the com- 
 mittee shall resume its sitting without further order of the House. 
 
 5. When general debate is closed by order of the House, any member 
 shall be allowed five minutes to explain any amendment he may offer, after 
 which the member who shall first obtain the floor shall be allowed to speali 
 five minutes in opposition to it, and there shall be no further debate thereon; 
 but the same privilege of debate shall be allowed in favor of and against any 
 amendment that may be offered to an amendment; and neither an amend- 
 ment nor an amendment to an amendment shall be withdrawn by the mover 
 thereof unless by the unanimous consent of the committee. 
 
 6. The House may, by the vote of the majority of the members present, 
 at any time after the five minutes' debate has begun upon proposed amend- 
 ments to any section or paragraph to a bill, close all debate upon such^ section 
 or paragraph, or, at its election, upon the pending amendments only (which 
 motion shall be decided without debate); but this shall not preclude further 
 amendment, to be decided without debate. 
 
 7. A motion to strike out the enacting words of a bill shall have prece- 
 dence of a motion to amend; and, if carried, shall be considered equivalent 
 to its rejection. Whenever a bill is reported from a Committee of the Whole 
 with an adverse recommendation, and such recommendation is disagreed to 
 by the House, the bill shall stand recommitted to the said committee without 
 further action by the House. But before the question of concurrence is sub- 
 mitted, it is in order to entertain a motion to refer the bill to any committee, 
 with or without instructions, and when the same is again reported to the 
 House it shall be referred to the Committee of the Whole without debate. 
 
 8. The rules of proceeding in the House shall be observed in Committees 
 of the Whole House so far as they may be applicable. 
 
 EULB XXIV. 
 ORDER OF BUSINESS. 
 
 1. After the journal is read and approved each day, the Speaker shall 
 lay before the House, for reference, messages from the President, reports and 
 communications from the heads of Departments, and other cornmunications 
 addressed to the House, and also such bills, resolutions, and other messages 
 from the Senate as may have been received on previous days, but no such 
 message, report, communication, bill, or resolution shall be printed except 
 by order of the Speaker of the House; and House bills with Senate amend- 
 ments which do not require consideration in Committee of the Whole may be 
 at once disposed of as the House may determine. 
 
 3. On all days other than the first and third Mondays in each month as 
 soon as the business on the Speaker's table has been disposed of, there shall 
 be a morning hour for reports from committees, which shall be appropriately 
 referred and printed, and a copy thereof mailed by the Public Printer to each 
 member and delegate, if requested in writing by the member or delegate; 
 and the Speaker shall call upon each standing committee in regular order 
 and then upon the select committees; and if the whole of the hour Is not con- 
 sumed by this call, then it shall be in order to proceed to the consideration of 
 other business as hereinafter provided; but if he shall not complete the call 
 within the hour, he shall resume it in the succeeding morning hour where he 
 left off. 
 
 3. The morning hour for the call of committees shall not be dispensed 
 with except by a vote of two-thirds of those present and voting thereon. 
 
 4. After the morning hour shall have been devoted to reports from com- 
 mittees (or the call completed), the Speaker shall again call the committees 
 
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KULBS, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 115 
 
 JQ regular order for one hour, upon which call each committee, on being 
 named, shall have the right to call up for consideration any hill reported by 
 it on a previous day, on either the House or Union Calendar. And whenever 
 any committee shall have occupied the said hour for one day, it shall not be 
 in order for such committee to designate any other proposition for considera- 
 tion until all the other committees shall have been called in their turn; and 
 ■when any proposition shall have occupied two hours on this call it shall there- 
 after remain on the Calendar as unfinished business and be taken up in its 
 order: Pi-omded, That when the hour herein prescribed shall expire while the 
 Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union is considering a bill, 
 the said committee shall rise vdthout motion therefor. 
 
 5. After the hour under the preceding clause shall have been occupied, 
 it shall be in order to proceed to the consideration of the unfinished business 
 in which the House may have been engaged at an adjournment, and at the 
 same time each day thereafter, other than the first and third Mondays, until 
 disposed of; and it shall be in order to proceed to the consideration of all 
 other unfinished business whenever the class of business to which it belongs 
 shall be in order. 
 
 6. Unflnlshed business, if any, having been disposed of, motions shall be 
 in oi-der as follows: 
 
 First. That the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole 
 House on the state of the Union to consider, first, bills raising revenue and 
 general appropriation bills, and then other business on its Calendar. 
 
 Second. To proceed to the consideration of business on the House 
 Calendar. 
 
 Third. On Friday of each week, after the morning hour, it shall be in 
 order to entertain a motion that the House resolve itself into the Committee 
 of the Whole House to consider business on the Private Calendar; and if this 
 fail, then pubUc business shall be in order as on other days. 
 
 EULE XXV. 
 PRIOBITT OF BUSINESS. 
 
 AU questions relating to the priority of business shall be decided by a 
 maiority without debate. 
 
 Rule XXVI. 
 
 PBITATE AND DISTKICT OF COLUMBIA BUSINESS. 
 
 1. Friday in every week shall be set apart for the consideration of private 
 business, unless otherwise determined by the House. 
 
 3. The second and fourth Mondays in each month shall, when claimed 
 by the Committee on the District of Columbia, be set apart for the considera- 
 tion of such business as may be presented by said committee. 
 
 3. Every Friday, unless othei-wise ordered by the House, there shall be 
 a session of the House, to begin at 8 o'clock p. m., and to terminate at half- 
 past 10 o'clock p. M., to consider and dispose of bills to remove political dis- 
 abilities of individuals and private bills reported by the Committee on Pen- 
 sions and the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 
 
 Rule XXVII. 
 
 UNFINISHED BUSINESS OP THE SESSION. 
 
 After six days from the commencement of a second or a subsequent ses- 
 sion of any Congress, all bills, resolutions, and reports which originated inthe 
 House and remained undetermined at the close of the last preceding session. 
 
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116 RULES, HOUSE OF RBPKESENTATIVBS. 
 
 shall be in order for action, and all business before committees of the House 
 at the end of one session shall be resumed at the commencement of the next 
 session of the same Congress iu the same manner as if no adjournment had 
 taken place. 
 
 Rule XXVIII. 
 
 CHANGE OB SUSPENSION OF KULES. 
 
 1. No Standing rule or order of the House shall be rescinded or changed 
 without one day's notice of the motion therefor, and no rule shall be sus- 
 pended except by a vote of two-thirds of the members present, nor shall the 
 Speaker entertain a motion to suspend the rules except on the first and third 
 Mondays of each month, preference being given on the iirst Monday to indi- 
 viduals and on the third Monday to committees, and during the last six days 
 of a session. 
 
 2. All motions to suspend the rules shall, before being submitted to the 
 House, be seconded by a majority by tellers, if demanded. 
 
 3. When a motion to suspend the rules has been seconded, it shall be in 
 order, before the final vote is taken thereon, to debate the proposition to be 
 voted upon for thirty minutes, one-half of such time to be given to debate in 
 favor of, and one-half to debate in opposition to, such proposition, and the 
 same right of debate shall be allowed whenever the previous question has 
 been ordered on any proposition on which there has been no debate. 
 
 Rule XXIX. 
 
 CONFBKBNCE EEPOKTS. 
 
 The presentation of reports of committees of conference shall always be 
 in order, except when the journal is being read, while the roll is being called, 
 or the House is dividing on any proposition. And there shall accompany 
 every such report a detailed statement sufficiently explicit to inform the 
 House what efEect such amendments or propositions will have upon the 
 measures to which they relate. 
 
 Rule XXX. 
 
 SECRET SESSION. 
 
 Whenever confidential communications are received from the President of 
 the United States, or whenever the Speaker or any member shall inform the 
 House that he has communications which he believes ought to be kept secret 
 . for the present, the House shall be cleared of all persons except the members 
 I and officers thereof, and so continue during the reading of such communica- 
 tions, the debates and proceedings thereon, unless otherwise ordered by the 
 House. 
 
 Rule XXXI. 
 
 BEADING OF PAPERS. 
 
 When the reading of a paper other than one upon which the House is 
 called to give a final vote is demanded, and the same is objected to by any 
 member, it shall be determined without debate by a vote of the House. 
 
 Rule XXXII. 
 
 DRAWING OF SEATS. 
 
 1. At the commencement of each Congress, immediately after the mem- 
 bers and delegates are sworn in, the Clerk shall place in a box, prepared for 
 
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RULES, HOUSE OF REPEESBNTATITES. 117 
 
 that purpose, a number of small balls of marble or other material equal to 
 the number of members and delegates, which balls shall be consecutively 
 numbered and thoroughly intermingled, and at such hour as shall be fixed 
 by the House for that purpose, by the hands of a page, draw said halls one 
 by one from the box and announce the number as it is drawn, upon which 
 announcement the member or delegate whose name on a numbered alphabet- 
 ical list shall correspond with the number on the ball shall advance and 
 choose his seat for the term for which he is elected. 
 
 2. Before said drawing shall commence each seat shall be vacated and 
 so remain until selected under this rule, and any seat having been selected 
 shall be deemed forfeited if left unoccupied before the call of the roll is fin- 
 ished, and whenever the seats of members and delegates shall have been 
 drawn, no proposition for a second drawing shall be in order during that 
 Congress. 
 
 KULB XXXIII. 
 HALL OF THE HOUSE. 
 
 The hall of the House shall be used only for the legislative business of the 
 House, and for the caucus meetings of its members, except upon occasions 
 where the House by resolution agree to take part in any ceremonies to be ob- 
 served therein; and the Speaker shall not entertain a motion for the suspen- 
 sion of this rule. 
 
 Rule XXXIV. 
 
 OF ADMISSION TO THE FLOOR. 
 
 The persons hereinafter named, and none other, shall he admitted to the 
 hall of the House or rooms leading thereto, viz: The President and Vice- 
 President of the United States and their private secretaries, judges of the 
 Supreme Court, members of Congress and members-elect, contestants in 
 election cases during the pendency of their cases in the House, the Secretary 
 and Sergeant-at-Arms of the Senate, heads of Departments, foreign ministers, 
 governors of States, the Architect of the Capitol, the Librarian of Congress 
 and his assistant in charge of the Law Library, such persons as have, by 
 name, received the thanks of Congress, ex-members of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives who are not interested in any claim or bill pending before Con- 
 gress, and clerks of committees, when business from their committee is under 
 consideration ; and it shall not be in order for the Speaker to entertain a 
 request for the suspension of this rule or to present from the Chair the request 
 of any member for unanimous consent. 
 
 Rule XXXV. 
 
 OF ADMISSION TO THE GALLERIES. 
 
 The Speaker shall set aside a portion of the west gallery for the use of the 
 President of the United States, the members of his Cabinet, justices of the 
 Supreme Court, foreign ministers and suites, and the members of their 
 respective families, and shall also set aside another portion of the same gal- 
 lery for the accommodation of persons to be admitted on the card of mem- 
 bers. The southerly half of the east galleiy shall be assigned exclusively 
 for the use of the families of members of Congress, in which the Speaker 
 shall control one bench, and on request of a member the Speaker shall issue 
 a card of admission to his family, which shall include their visitors, and no 
 other person shall be admitted to this section. 
 
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118 RULES, HOUSE OF KEPEBSBNTATIVBS. 
 
 Rule XXXVI. 
 
 OFFICIAL AND OTHER REPORTERS. 
 
 1. The appointment and removal, for cause, of the official reporters of 
 the House, Including stenographers of committees, and the manner of the 
 execution of their duties, shall be vested in the Speaker. 
 
 2. Stenographers and reporters, other than the official reporters of the 
 House, wishing to take down' the debates and proceedings, may be admitted 
 by the Speaker to the reporters' gallery over the Speaker's chair, under such 
 regulations as he may, from time to time, prescribe; and he may assign seats 
 on the floor to a representative of both the Associated and the United Press 
 Associations, and may admit to the privileges of the floor an assistant to each 
 of such representatives. 
 
 Rule XXXVII. 
 
 PAY OP WITNESSES. 
 
 The rule for pajdng witnesses subpoenaed to appear before the House, or 
 any of its committees, shall be as follows : For each day a witness shall 
 attend, the sum of two dollars; for each mile he shall travel in coming to or 
 going from the place of examination, the sum of five cents each way; but 
 nothmg shall be paid for traveling when the witness has been summoned at 
 the place of trial. 
 
 Rule XXXVIII. 
 
 1. The clerks of the several committees of the House shall, within three 
 days after the final adjournment of a Congress, deliver to the clerk of the 
 House all bills, joint resolutions, petitions, and other papers referred to the 
 committee, together with all evidence taken by such committee under the 
 order of the House during the said Congress, and not reported to the House; 
 and in the event of the failure or neglect of any clerk of a committee to com- 
 ply with this rule, the Clerk of the House shall, within three days thereafter, 
 take into his keeping all such papers and testimony. 
 
 Rule XXXIX. 
 
 WITHDRAWAL OF PAPERS. 
 
 No memorial or other paper presented to the House shall be withdrawn 
 from its files without its leave, and if withdrawn therefrom, certified copies 
 thereof shall be left in the office of the Clerk; but when an act may pass for 
 the settlement of a claim, the Clerk is authorized to transmit to the officer 
 charged with the settlement thereof the papers on file in his office relating to 
 such claim, or may loan temporarily to any officer or Bureau of the Execu- 
 tive Departments any papers on file in his office relating to any matter pend- 
 ing before such officer or Bureau, taking proper receipt therefor. 
 
 Rule XL. 
 
 In all other cases of ballot than for committees, a majority of the votes ' 
 given shall be necessary to an election, and where there shall not be such a 
 majority on the first ballot, the ballots shall be repeated until a majority be 
 obtained; and in all ballotmg blanks shall be rejected and not taken into the 
 count in enumeration of votes or reported by the tellers. 
 
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RULES, HOUSE OF EEPEBSENTATIVBS. 119 
 
 Rule XLI. 
 
 messages. 
 _ Messages received from the Senate and the President of the United States, 
 giving notice of bills passed or approved, shall be entered in the journal and 
 published in the record of that day's proceedings. 
 
 Rule XLII. 
 
 executive communications. 
 
 Estimates of appropriations, and all other communications from the Ex- 
 ecutive Departments, intended for the consideratiou of any committees of the 
 House, shall be addressed to the Speaker and by him submitted to the House 
 for reference. 
 
 Rule XLIII. 
 
 qualifications of officers and employes. 
 
 No person shall be an officer of the House, or continue in its employment, 
 who shall be an agent for the prosecution of any claim against the govern- 
 ment, or be interested in such claim otherwise than as an original claimant; 
 and it shall be the duty of the Committee on Accounts to inquire into and 
 leport to the House any violation of this rule. 
 
 Rule XLIV. 
 
 Jefferson's manual. 
 
 The rules of parliamentary practice comprised in Jefferson's Manual shall 
 govern the House in all cases to which they are applicable and in which they 
 are not inconsistent with the standing rules and orders of the House and joint 
 rules of the Senate and House of Representatives. 
 
 Rule XLV. 
 
 rules op the house. 
 
 These rules shall be the rules of the House of Representatives of the pres- 
 ent and succeeding Congresses unless otherwise ordered. 
 
 Rule XL VI. 
 
 AS TO PRINTING BILLS. 
 
 There shall be printed 500 copies of each bill of a public nature, of which 
 35 shall be deposited in the office of the Clerk of the House, 100 copies shall 
 be delivered to the Senate document room, and the remainder shall be depos- 
 ited in the document room of the House for the use of members; and there 
 shall be printed 100 copies of each' private bill and bills relating to rivers and 
 harbors, of which 25 copies shall be delivered 'to the Senate document room, 
 and the remainder shall be deposited in the document room of the House for 
 the use of members. Motions to print additional numbers of any bill, report, 
 resolution, or other public document, shall be referred to the Committee on 
 Printing; and the report of the committee thereon shall be accompanied by 
 an estimate of the probable cost thereof. Unless ordered by the House no 
 bill, resolution, or other proposition reported by a committee shall be reprinted 
 unless the same be placed upon the Calendar. 
 
 Rule XL VII. 
 
 PROPOSITIONS INTRODUCED "BY REQUEST." 
 
 When a bill, resolution, or memorial is introduced "by request" these 
 words shall be entered upon the journal. 
 
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SUPREME COURT DECISION. 
 ArrECTING THE RULES OF THE FIFTY-FIKST CONGRESS. 
 
 (Handed down February 29, 1892.) 
 
 Supreme Court of the United States. No. 1061. October term, 1891. 
 
 The United States, appellant, m. Ballin, Joseph & Co. Appeal from the 
 circuit court of the United States for the southern district of New York. 
 
 In July, 1890, the appellees imported into New York certain goods, which 
 they claimed to be dutiable as manufactures of worsted at the rate described 
 in Schedule K of the act of March 3, 1883 (22 Statutes, 509). The collector 
 assessed them at the rate prescribed in that schedule as manufactures of -wool 
 (22 Statutes, 508). This he did by reason of an act claimed to have been 
 passed by Congress in 1890, as follows: 
 
 " Chapter 200. — An act providing for the classification of worsted cloths as 
 
 woolens. 
 
 "Be it enacted, etc.. That the Secretary of the Treasury be, and he hereby 
 is, authorized and directed to classify as woolen cloths all imports of worsted 
 cloth, whether known under the name of worsted cloth or under the names 
 of worsteds, or diagonals, or otherwise. 
 
 "Approved May 9, 1890." (26 Statutes, 105.) 
 
 The board of general appraisers found these facts: 
 
 "1. That the goods in question are worsted, and not woolen goods. 
 
 " 2. That the Secretary of the Treasury never examined or classified the 
 goods in question. 
 
 "3. That the journal of the House of Representatives shows the facts 
 attending the passage of the act of May 9, 1890, thus: 
 
 " The Speaker laid before the House the bill of the House (H. R. 9548) 
 providing for the classification of worsted cloths as woolens, coming over 
 from last night as unfinished business, with the previous question and the 
 yeas and nays ordered. 
 
 "The House having proceeded to the consideration and the question being 
 put 
 
 " Shall the bill pass ? 
 
 "There appeared 
 
 " Yeas— 138. 
 
 "Nays— 0. 
 
 " Not voting— 189. 
 
 ' ' The said roll-call having been recapitulated, the Speaker announced, from 
 a list noted and furnished by the Clerk, at the suggestion of the Speaker, the 
 following-named members as present in the hall when their names were 
 called, and not voting, viz. : " 
 
 [Here follows an alphabetical list of the names of 74 members.] 
 
 " The Speaker thereupon stated that the said members present and refus- 
 ing to vote (74 in number), together with those recorded as voting (138 in 
 number), showed a total of 213 members present, constituting a quorum 
 present to do business; and that, the yeas bemg 138 and the nays none, the 
 said bill was passed." 
 
 On appeal, the circuit court of the United States for the southern district 
 of New York sustained the claim of the importers and reversed the decision 
 of the collector, from which judgment the United States appealed to this 
 court. 
 
 120 
 
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SUPREME COURT DECISION. 121 
 
 [February 29, 1893.] 
 
 Mr. Justice Brewer delivered the opinion of the court. 
 
 Two questions only are presented: First, was the act of May 9, 1890 
 legally passed ? and second, what is its meaning ? The first is the important 
 question. The enrolled bill is f oimd in the proper office, that of the Secretary 
 of State, authenticated and approved in the customary and legal form. There 
 is nothing on the face of it to suggest any invalidity. Is there anything in 
 the facts disclosed by the journal of the House, as found by the general ap- 
 praisers, which vitiates it ? We are not unmindful of the general observa- 
 tions found in Gardiner ®«. The Collector (6 Wall,, 499,511), "that whenever 
 a question arises in a court of law of the existence of a statute, or of the time 
 when a statute took effect, or of the precise terms of a statute, the judges 
 who are called upon to decide it have a right to resort to any source of infor- 
 mation which in its nature is capable of conveying to the judicial miad a 
 clear and satisfactory answer to such question, always seeking first for that 
 which in its nature is most appropriate, unless the positive law has enacted a 
 different rule." 
 
 And we have at the present term, in the cases of Field et al. vs. The United 
 States, had occasion to consider the subject of an appeal to the journal in a 
 disputed matter of this nature. It is unnecessary to add anything here to 
 that general discussion. The Constitution (Article I., section 5) provides that 
 "each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings;" and that "the yeas 
 and nays of the members of either House, on any question, shall, at the de- 
 sire of one-fifth of those present be entered on the journal." Assuming that 
 by reason of this latter clause, reference may be had to the journal to see 
 whether the yeas and na;ys were ordered, and if so, what was the vote dis- 
 closed thereby; and assuming, though without deciding, that the facts which 
 the Constitution requires to be placed on the journal may be appealed to on 
 the question whether a law has been legally enacted, yet, if reference may be 
 had to such journal, it must be assumed to speak the truth. It can not be 
 that we can refer to the journal for the purpose of impeaching a statute 
 properly authenticated and approved, and then supplement and strengthen 
 this impeachment by parol evidence that the jacts stated on the journal are 
 not true, or that other facts existed whicli, if stated on the journal, would 
 give force to the imijeachment. 
 
 If it be suggested that the Speaker might have made a mistake as to some 
 one or more of these 74 members, or that the Clerk may have falsified the 
 journal in entering therein a record of their presence, it is equally possible 
 that in reference to a roll-call and the yeas and nays there should be a like 
 mistake or falsification. The possibility of such inaccuracy or falsehood only 
 suggests the unreliability of the evidence and the danger of appealing to it to 
 overthrow that furnished by the bill enrolled and authenticated by the sig- 
 natures of the presiding officers of the two Houses and the President of the 
 United States. The facts, then, as appearing from this journal, are that at 
 the time of the roll-call there were present 213 members of the House, more 
 than a quorum; and that 138 voted in favor of the bill, which was a majority 
 of those present. The Constitution, in the same section, provides that "each 
 House may determine the rules of its proceedings." It appears that in pur- 
 suance of this authority the House had, prior to this day, passed this as one 
 of its rules: 
 
 "3. On the demand of any member, or at the suggestion of the Speaker, 
 the names of members sufficient to make a quorum in the Hall of the House 
 who do not vote shall be noted by the Clerk and recorded in the journal, and 
 reported to the Speaker with the names of the members ■ voting, and be 
 counted and announced in determining the presence of a quorum to do busi- 
 ness." (House Journal, 230, February 14, 1890.) 
 
 llB 
 
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123 SUPREME COURT DECISIOK. 
 
 The action taken was in direct compliance with this rule. The question, 
 therefore, is as to the validity of this rule, and not what methods the Speaker 
 may of his own motion resort to for determining the presence of a quorum, 
 nor what matters the Speaker or Clerk may of their own volition place upon 
 the journal. Neither do the advantages or disadvantages, the wisdom or 
 folly, of such a rule present any matters for judicial consideration. Wjth 
 the courts the question is only one of power. The Constitution empowers 
 each House to, determine rules of proceeding. It may not by its rules ignore 
 constitutional restraints or violate fundamental rights, and there should be a 
 reasonable relation between the mode or method of proceeding established 
 by the rule and the result which is sought to be attained. But within these 
 limitations all matters of method are open to the determination of the House, 
 and it is no impeachment of the rule to say that some other way would be 
 better, more accurate, or even more just. It is no objection to the validity 
 of a rule that a different one has been prescribed and in force for a length of 
 time. The power to make rules is not one which once exercised is exhausted. 
 It is a continuous power, always subject to be exercised by the House, and, 
 within the limitations suggested, absolute and beyond the challenge of any 
 other body or tribunal. 
 
 The Constitution provides that "a majority of each [House] shall consti- 
 tute a quorum to do business. " In other words, when a majoi'ity are present 
 the House is in a position to do business. Its capacity to transact business 
 is then established, created by the mere presence of a majority, and does 
 not depend upon tlie disposition or assent or action of any single member 
 or fraction of the majority present. All that the Constitution requires is the 
 presence of a majority, and when the majority are present the power of the 
 House arises. 
 
 But how shall the presence of a majority be determined 1 The Constitu- 
 tion has prescribed no method of making this determination, and it is there- 
 fore within the competency of the House to prescribe any method which 
 shall be reasonably certain to ascertain the fact. It may prescribe answer 
 to roll-call as the only method of determination; or require the passage of mem- 
 bers between tellers, and their count as the sole test; or the count of the 
 Speaker or the Clerk, and an announcement from the desk of the names of 
 those who are present. 
 
 Any one of these methods, it must be conceded, is reasonably certain of 
 ascertaining the fact, and as there is no constitutional method prescribed, 
 and no constitutional inhibition of any of these, and no violation of funda- 
 mental rights in either, it follows that the House may adopt either or all, 
 or it may provide for a combination of any two of the methods. That was 
 done by the role in question; and all that that rule attempts to do is to pre- 
 scribe a method for ascertaining the presence of a majority, and thus estab- 
 lishing the fact that the House is in a condition to transact business. 
 
 As appears from the journal, at the time the bill passed the House there 
 was present a majority, a quorum, and the House was authorized to transact 
 any and all business. It was in a condition to act on the bill if it desired; 
 and the other branch of the question is whether, a quorum being present, 
 the bill received a sufficient number of votes; and here the general rule of 
 all parliamentary bodies is that when a quorum is present the act of a ma- 
 jority of the quorum is the act of the body. This has been the rule for all 
 time, except so far as in any given case the terms of the organic act under 
 which the body is assembled have prescribed specific limitations, as, for 
 instance, in those States where the Constitution provides that a majority of 
 all the members elected to either House shall be necessary for the passage of 
 any bill. No such limitation is found in the Federal Constitution, and there- 
 fore the general law of such bodies obtains. 
 
 It is true that most of the decisions touching this question have been in 
 
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SUPREME COUET DECISION'. 133 
 
 respect to the actions of trustees and directors of a private corporation, or 
 of the minor legislative bodies which represent and act for cities and other 
 municipal corporations, but the principle is the same. Those are legislative 
 bodies representing larger constituencies. Power is not vested in any one 
 individual, but in the aggregate of the members which compose the body, 
 and its action is not the action of any separate member or number of mem- 
 bers, but the action of the body as a whole, and the question which has over 
 and over again been raised is, what is necessary to constitute the official 
 action of this legislative and representative body ? In Rex m. Monday (3 
 Cowp., 530, 538) Lord Mansfield said: "I will take it for granted that a ma- 
 jority of the mayor and aldermen for the time being was sufficient to consti- 
 tute the corporate assembly; and the fact found by the special verdict is that 
 the majority of those in being did meet. When the assembly are duly met I 
 take it to be clear law that the corporate act may be done by the majority of 
 those who have once regularly constituted the meeting. 
 
 In 5th Dane's Abridgment, page 150, the rule is thus stated: "When a 
 corporation is composed of a definite number, and an integral part of it is re- 
 quired to vote in an election, a majority of such integral definite part must 
 attend, aliter there is no elective assembly, but a majority of those present 
 when legally met will bind the rest." In 1 Dillon's Municipal Corporations 
 (fourth edition), section 383, the rule is thus stated: " And, as a general rule, 
 it may be stated that not only where the corporate power resides in a select 
 body, as a city council, but where it has been delegated to a committee or 
 to agents, then, in the absence of special provisions otherwise, a minority of 
 the select body, or of the committee or agents, are powerless to bind the ma- 
 jority or do any valid act. If all the members of the select body or commit- 
 tee, or if all the agents are assembled, or if all have been duly notified, and 
 the minority refuse or neglect to meet with the others, a majority of those 
 present may act, provided those present constitute a majority of the whole 
 number. In other words, in such case a major part of the whole is necessary 
 to constitute a quomm, and a majority of the quorum may act. If the major 
 part vsdthdraw, so as to leave no quorum, the power of the minority to act is 
 in general considered to cease." 
 
 This declaration has been quoted approvingly by this court in the case of 
 Brown vs. The District of Columbia (137 E. S. 579, 586). In 3 Kent's Com- 
 mentaries, 293, the author draws a distinction between what is necessarily a 
 meeting of a representative and a constituent body in these words: "There 
 is a distinction taken between a corporate act to be done by a select and def- 
 inite body, as by a board of directors, and one to be performed by the con- 
 stituent members. In the latter case a majority of those who appear may 
 act; but in the former, a majority of the definite body must be present, and 
 then a majority of the quoram may decide." In Horr & Bemis's recent work 
 on Municipal Police Ordmahces, 43, the authors observe: "Those who are 
 present and help to make up the quorum are expected to vote on every ques- 
 tion, and their presence alone is enough to make the vote decisive and bind- 
 ing whether they actually vote or not. The objects of legislation can not 
 be defeated by the refusal of any one to vote when present. If eighteen are 
 present and nine vote, all m the affirmative, the measure is carried, the re- 
 fusal of the other nine to vote being construed as a vote in the affirmative, so 
 far as any construction is necessary." See also Ex parte Willcocks (7 Cowen, 
 403)- Commonwealth vs. Green (4 Wharton, 531); State vs. Green (37 O. S., 
 337V Launtz vs. The People (113 111., 137); Gas Company m. Rushville (131 
 Ind., 306); Goslmg vs. Veley (7 A. & E., 406); S. C. (4 H. of L. Cases, 679). 
 
 in State vs. DeUesseline (1 McCord, 53) it is said: 
 
 "For according to the principle of all the cases referred to, a quorum 
 possesses' all the powers of the whole body; a majority of which quorum 
 must of course govern. * * * The constitutions of this State and the Umted 
 
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124 SUPREME COTJKT DECISION. 
 
 States declare that a majority shall be a quoram to do business: but a ma- 
 jority of that quorum are sufficient to decide the most important question." 
 
 In Wells vs. Rahway Company (19 N. J. Eq., 402) we find this language: 
 
 "A majority of the directors of a corporation, in the absence of any regu- 
 lation in the charter, is a quorum, and the majority of such quorum when 
 convened can do any act within the power of the directors. " 
 
 And in Attorney-General to. Shepard (62 N. H., 383, 384) the question was 
 whether an amendment to a city charter had been properly adopted by the 
 board of aldermen. All the members of the board were present but one. 
 The ordinance was duly read and put to a vote, and declared by the chair to 
 be passed. The yeas and nays were then called; three voted in the affirma- 
 tive, three refused to vote, and the chair declared the ordinance passed. 
 
 The court held, Chief Justice Doe delivering the opinion, that the amend- 
 ment to the charter was legally adopted by the board of aldermen. He said: 
 
 ' ' The exercise of lawmaking power is not stopped by the mere silence and 
 inaction of some of the lawmakers who are present. An arbitrary, technical, 
 and exclusive method of ascertaining whether a quorum is present, operat- 
 ing to prevent the performance of official duty and obstruct the business of 
 government, is no part of our common law. The statute requiring the pres- 
 ence of four aldermen does not mean that in the presence of four a majority 
 of the votes cast may not be enough. The journal properly shows how many 
 members were there when the vote was taken by yeas and nays; there was 
 no difficulty in ascertaining and recording the fact; and the requirement of a 
 quorum at that time was not intended to furnish a means of suspending 
 the legislative power and duty of a quorum. No illegality appears in the 
 adoption of the amendment." 
 
 Summing up this matter, this law is found in the Secretary of the Treas- 
 ury's office, properly authenticated. If we appeal to the journal of the House, 
 we find tliat a majority of its members were present when the bill passed, a 
 majority creating by "the Constitution a quorum, vnth authority to act upon 
 any measure; that the presence of that quorum was determined in accord- 
 ance with a reasonable and valid rule theretofore adopted by the House; and 
 of that quorum a majority voted in favor of the bill. It therefore legally 
 passed the House, and the law as found in the office of the Secretary of State 
 is beyond challenge. 
 
 Witli reference to the other question: The opinion of the circuit court 
 seemed to be that the act cast upon the Secretary of the Treasury a special 
 duty of classification in all cases of the import of worsted cloths, and that 
 unless he so acted in any particular case the duty remained as it was prior to 
 the passage of the act. We quote its language: 
 
 " This act proceeds on an entirely novel theory. It provides expressly for 
 a classification in direct nonconformity to the facts. It authorizes an officer 
 of the government who may find an import to be In fact an article which 
 under the tariff laws pays one rate of duly, to call it something else which it 
 is not, in order to enable the revenue officers to levy upon it a rate of duty 
 which that other article, which it is not, pays. * * * I do not mean by 
 that to suggest for one moment that imder the phraseology of this act it is 
 the duty of the Secretary of the Treasuiy to himself examine the packages 
 of goods, to handle or see their contents; but having been informed and ad- 
 vised as to the facts in the same way in which he is informed and advised 
 upon any facts upon which he is required to pass, by the examination and 
 report of such trustworthy subordinates as he may select, the final classifica- 
 tion of the particular articles is one to be made by him." 
 
 We do not so construe the act. We understand it rather as a declaration 
 by Congress as to the construction to be placed upon that portion of the act 
 of 1888 which refers to imported woolen cloths. It was an act suggested by 
 the contest then pending in the courts, and which was finally decided ad- 
 
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SUPEEME COURT DECISIOK. 125 
 
 versely to the government, in the case of Seeberger vs. Cahn (137 U. S., 95), 
 in which it was held by this court that " cloths popularly known as ' diagon- 
 als,' and known in trade as ' worsteds,' and composed mainly of worsted, but 
 with a small proportion of shoddy and of cotton, are subject to duty as a 
 manufacture of worsted, and not as a manufacture of wool, under tlae act of 
 March 3, 1883, c. 121." The form of expression used in the act may be novel, 
 but the intent of Congress is quite clear. Recognizing the fact that the Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury is the head of the financial department of the govern- 
 ment, that to him, as its chief administrative official, is given the supervision 
 of the tariff and all the collections thereunder, it directs him to classify all 
 worsted cloths as woolen cloths, and it gives to him no discretion. He may 
 •not classify some worsteds as woolens and others as not. 
 
 There is given no choice or selection, but it is the imperative direction of 
 Congress to him, as the chief administrative officer in the collection of duties, 
 to place all worsted cloths, by whatever name properly known or known to 
 the trade, within the category of woolen cloths, and, of course, if placed 
 within that category, or, usmg the familiar language of the tariff, " classified 
 as woolen cloths," subject to the duty imposed on such cloths. If action were 
 necessary by the Secretary of the Treasury to put this act into force, which 
 we think is not, such action was taken by the circular letter of May 5, 1890, 
 from the Treasury Department to all customs officers, publishing the act for 
 the information and guidance of the public. 
 
 Our conclusion, therefore, is that the act was legally passed; that by its 
 own terms, and irrespective of any action by the Secretary of the Treasury, 
 the duties on worsted cloths were to be such as placed by the act of 1883 on 
 woolen cloths. 
 
 The judgment of the circuit court will be reversed and the case remanded 
 for further proceedings, in accordance with tliis opinion. 
 
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STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING PRINCIPAL OF THE PUBLIC DEBT OP THE 
 
 UNITED STATES ON THE 1st OF JANUARY OF EACH YEAR FROM 1791 
 
 TO 1843, INCLUSIVE, AND ON THE 1st OF JULY OF EACH 
 
 YEAR FROM 1843 TO 1891, INCLUSIVE. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1,1791, 
 1792 
 1793 
 1794 
 1795 
 1796 
 1797, 
 1798 
 1799 
 1800 
 1801 
 1802 
 1803 
 1804 
 1805 
 1806 
 1807 
 1808 
 1809 
 1810, 
 1811 
 1812, 
 1818 
 1814 
 1815, 
 1816 
 1817 
 1818 
 1819 
 1820 
 1821 
 1822 
 1823, 
 1824 
 1885 
 1826 
 1827 
 1828 
 1829, 
 1830, 
 1831 
 1832 
 18;33 
 1834 
 1835 
 18.36 
 1837 
 1838 
 1839, 
 1840 
 1841 
 
 Amount. 
 
 $75,463,476.52 
 
 77,227,924.66 
 
 80,358,634.04 
 
 78,427,404.77 
 
 80,747,587.39 
 
 88,762,172.07 
 
 82,064,479.83 
 
 79,328,529.12 
 
 78,408,669.77 
 
 82,976,294.35 
 
 83,038,050.80 
 
 80,712,632.25 
 
 77,054,686.40 
 
 86,427,120.88 
 
 82,312,150.50 
 
 75,728,270.66 
 
 69,218.398.64 
 
 65,196;.317.97 
 
 57,023,192.09 
 
 53,173,217.52 
 
 48,005,587.76 
 
 45,209,737.90 
 
 55,902,827.57 
 
 81,487,846.24 
 
 99,833,660.15 
 
 127,334,933.74 
 
 123,491,965.16 
 
 103,466,633.83 
 
 95,529,648.28 
 
 91,015,566.15 
 
 89,987,437.66 
 
 93,546,676.98 
 
 90,875,877.38 
 
 90,369,777.77 
 
 83,788,432.71 
 
 81,054,059.99 
 
 73,987,367.20 
 
 67,475,043.87 
 
 58,421,413.67 
 
 48,565,406.50 
 
 39,133,191.68 
 
 24,322,235.18 
 
 7,001,698.83 
 
 4,760,082.08 
 
 37,738.05 
 
 37,513.05 
 
 336,957.83 
 
 3,308,124.07 
 
 10,434,221.14 
 
 3,573,343.83 
 
 5,350,875.54 
 
 Year. 
 
 Jan. 1, 1842 
 1843 
 
 July 1, 1843 
 1844 
 1845 
 1846 
 1847 
 1848 
 1849 
 1850 
 1851 
 1852 
 1853 
 1854 
 1855 
 1856 
 1857 
 1858 
 18.59 
 I860 
 1861 
 1862 
 1863 
 1864 
 1865 
 1866 
 1867 
 1868, 
 1869, 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872, 
 1873 
 1874 
 1875 
 1876 
 1877 
 1878 
 1879 
 1880 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 
 Amount. 
 
 $13,594,480.73 
 
 20,201,336.87 
 
 32,743,933.00 
 
 23.461,652.50 
 
 15,935,303.01 
 
 15,550,202.97 
 
 38,836,584.77 
 
 47,044,863.23 
 
 63,061,858.69 
 
 63,452,773.55 
 
 68,304,796.02 
 
 66,199,341.71 
 
 59,803,117.70 
 
 48,242,323.42 
 
 35,586,9.56.56 
 
 31,938,537.90 
 
 28,699,831.85 
 
 44,911,881.03 
 
 58,496,837.88 
 
 64,843,887.88 
 
 90,580,873.73 
 
 524,176,412.13 
 
 ,119,772,138.63 
 
 ,815,784,370.57 
 
 ,680,647,869.74 
 
 ,773,236,173.69 
 
 ,678,136,108.87 
 
 ,611,687,851.19 
 
 ,588,4.53,213.94 
 
 ,480,678,427.81 
 
 ,363,311,333.82 
 
 ,253,851,328.78 
 
 ,2.34,482,993.20 
 
 ,251,690,468.43 
 
 ,233,884,531.95 
 
 ,180,395,067.15 
 
 ,205,301,392.10 
 
 ,256,805,892.53 
 
 ,349,567,483.04 
 
 ,120,415,370.63 
 
 ,069,013,569.58 
 
 ,918,813,994.08 
 
 ,884,171,738.07 
 
 ,830,538,033.57 
 
 ,876,424,375.14 
 
 ,766,445,805.78 
 
 ,688,229,591.63 
 
 ,705,993,320.58 
 
 ,640,673,340.28 
 
 ,585,821,048.73 
 
 ,560,472,784.61 
 
 * In the amount here stated as the outstanding principal of the public debt are 
 included the certificates of deposit outstanding on the 30th of June, issued under act 
 of June 8, 1872, for which a like amount in United States notes was on special deposit 
 in the Treasury for their redemption, and added to the cash balance in the Treasury. 
 These certificates, as a matter of accounts, are treated as a part of the public debt, 
 but being offset by notes held on deposit for their redemption, should properly be de- 
 ducted from the principal of the public debt in making comparison with former years. 
 
 t Exclusive of gold, silver, currency certificates, and Treasury notes of 1890, held 
 in the Treasury's cash, and including $64,623,512 bouds issued to the several Pacific 
 railroads. 
 
 130 
 
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RECEIPTS AND 
 
 STATEMENT OF EEGEIPTS OF THE UNITED STATES FBOM MARCH 4, 1789, 
 
 30) FROM 
 
 
 Balance in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 the Treasury 
 at commence- 
 
 Customs. 
 
 Internal 
 revenue. 
 
 Direct 
 tax. 
 
 Public 
 lands. 
 
 Miscel- 
 laneous. 
 
 iS 
 
 ment of year. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1791 
 
 
 $4,899,473.09 
 3,443,070.85 
 4,255,306.56 
 4,801,065.28 
 5,588,561.26 
 6,567,987.94 
 
 
 
 
 $10,478.10 
 
 1792 
 
 " " $973,905.75 
 
 783,444.51 
 
 758,661.69 
 
 1,151,914.17 
 
 516,442.61 
 
 ■ ■ ■ ' $20'8,942'.8i 
 337,705.70 
 274,089.62 
 837,756.36 
 475,289.00 
 
 
 
 9,913.65 
 
 1793 
 
 
 
 21,410.88 
 
 1794 
 
 
 
 53,877.97 
 
 1795 
 
 
 
 38,317.97 
 
 1796 
 
 
 ■ ■ ■ ■ $4,886.13 
 
 1,169,415.98 
 
 1797 
 
 888,995.42 
 
 7,549,649.65 
 
 575,491 45 
 
 
 83,640.60 
 
 899,139.89 
 
 1798 
 
 1,021,899.04 
 
 7,106,061.98 
 
 644,357.95 
 
 
 11,963.11 
 
 68,198.81 
 
 1799 
 
 617 451 43 
 
 6,610,449.31 
 9,080,932.73 
 
 779,136.44 
 809,396.55 
 
 
 
 86,187.56 
 
 1800 
 
 2,161,807.77 
 
 $734,338'.97 
 
 4«".75 
 
 158,712.10 
 
 1801 
 
 2,623,811.99 
 
 10,750,778.93 
 
 1,048,033.48 
 
 534,343.38 
 
 167,726.06 
 
 345,649.15 
 
 1802 
 
 3,295,391.00 
 
 12,488,285.74 
 
 621,808.89 
 
 806,565.44 
 
 188,628.02 
 
 1,500,505.86 
 
 1803 
 
 5,020,697.64 
 
 10,479,417.61 
 
 215,179.69 
 
 71,879.20 
 
 165,676.69 
 
 131,946.44 
 
 1804 
 
 4,825,811.60 
 
 11,098,565.33 
 
 50,941.29 
 
 50,198.44 
 
 487,626.79 
 
 139,076.63 
 
 1805 
 
 4,037,005.26 
 
 12,936,487.04 
 
 21,747.15 
 
 21,882.91 
 
 640,193.80 
 
 40,388.30 
 
 1806 
 
 3,999,388.99 
 
 14,667,698.17 
 
 20,101.45 
 
 55,763.86 
 
 766,346.78 
 
 51,121.86 
 
 1807 
 
 4,588,128.80 
 
 15,846,521.61 
 
 13,051.40 
 
 84,732.56 
 
 466,168.37 
 
 38,660.48 
 
 1808 
 
 9,643,850.07 
 
 16,368,550.68 
 
 8,190.23 
 
 19,169.21 
 
 647,939.06 
 
 31,833.86 
 
 1809 
 
 9,941,809.96 
 
 7,256,506.62 
 
 4,034.29 
 
 7,517.31 
 
 442,252.38 
 
 63,163.57 
 
 1810 
 
 3,848,056.78 
 
 8,583,809.31 
 
 7,480.63 
 
 12,448.68 
 
 696,548.82 
 
 84,476.84 
 
 1811 
 
 2,670,276.57 
 
 13,313i222.73 
 
 2,895.95 
 
 7,666.66 
 
 1,040,237.53 
 
 59,211.22 
 
 1812 
 
 3,502,305.80 
 
 8,968,777.53 
 
 4,908.06 
 
 859.22 
 
 710,427.78 
 
 136,166.17 
 
 1813 
 
 3,862,217.41 
 
 18,224,623.25 
 
 4,766.04 
 
 3,805.52 
 
 836,655,14 
 
 271,571.00 
 
 1814 
 
 5,196,542.00 
 
 6,998,778.08 
 
 1,662,984.82 
 
 2,219,497.36 
 
 1,135,971.09 
 
 164,398.ai 
 285,282.ffl 
 
 1815 
 
 1,727,484.63 
 
 7,282,943.22 
 
 4,678,059.07 
 
 2,162,673.41 
 
 1,387,959.88 
 
 1816 
 
 18,106,592.88 
 
 36,;306,874.88 
 
 5,124,708.31 
 
 4,253,635.09 
 
 1,717,985.03 
 
 273,782.35 
 
 1817 
 
 22,033,519.19 
 
 26,283,.348.19 
 
 2,678,100.77 
 
 1,824,187.04 
 
 1,991,326.06 
 
 109,761.08 
 
 1818 
 
 14,989,465.48 
 
 17,176,886.00 
 
 955,270.20 
 
 264,333.36 
 
 2,606,564.77 
 
 57,617.71 
 
 1819 
 
 1,478,526.74 
 
 20,283,608.76 
 
 229,698.63 
 
 83,650.78 
 
 3,274,433.78 
 
 57,098.42 
 
 1820 
 
 2,079,992.38 
 
 15,005,612.16 
 
 106,200.53 
 
 31,586.82 
 
 1,636,871.61 
 
 61,338.44 
 
 1821 
 
 1,198,461.21 
 
 18,004,447.16 
 
 69,027.63 
 
 89,349.06 
 
 1,213,966.46 
 
 152,589.43 
 
 1822 
 
 1,681,592.24 
 
 17,889,761.94 
 
 67,625.71 
 
 80,961.66 
 
 1,803,581.54 
 
 452,957.19 
 
 1823 
 
 4,237,427.55 
 
 19,088,433.44 
 
 34,242.17 
 
 10,337.71 
 
 916,533.10 
 
 141,189.84 
 
 1824 
 
 9,463,922.81 
 
 17,878,325.71 
 
 34,668.37 
 
 6,301.96 
 
 984,418.15 
 
 127,603.60 
 
 1825 
 
 1,946,597.18 
 
 20,098.713.46 
 
 25,771.35 
 
 3,330.85 
 
 1,816,090.58 
 
 130,451.81 
 
 1826 
 
 5,201,650.48 
 
 23,341,381.77 
 
 21,589.93 
 
 6,638.76 
 
 1,393,785.09 
 
 94,588.66 
 
 1827 
 
 6,338,686.18 
 
 19,712,283.29 
 
 19,885.68 
 
 3,636.90 
 
 1,495,845.36 
 
 1,315,722.83 
 
 1828 
 
 6,668,286.10 
 
 28,805,.523.64 
 
 17,451.54 
 
 2,318.81 
 
 1,018,308.75 
 
 65,136.49 
 
 1829 
 
 5,972,432.81 
 
 22,681,965.91 
 
 14,502.74 
 
 11,335.05 
 
 1,617,175.13 
 
 112,648.55 
 
 1830 
 
 5,755,704.79 
 
 21,922,391.89 
 
 13,160.62 
 
 16,980.59 
 
 3,339,366.14 
 
 73,227.77 
 
 1831 
 
 6,014,539.75 
 
 24,224,441.77 
 
 6,933.51 
 
 10,506.01 
 
 3,310,815.48 
 
 684,124.05 
 
 1832 
 
 4,602,914.45 
 
 28,465,2.37.24 
 
 11,630.65 
 
 6,791.13 
 
 3,623,881.08 
 
 270,410.61 
 
 1838 
 
 2,011,777.55 
 
 29,032,508.91 
 
 2,759.00 
 
 394.12 
 
 8,967,683.55 
 
 470,096.67 
 
 1834 
 
 11,702,905.31 
 
 16,214,957.16 
 
 4,196.09 
 
 19.80 
 
 4,867,600.69 
 
 480,812.38 
 
 1835 
 
 8,892,858.42 
 
 19,391,310.59 
 
 10,459.48 
 
 4,263.83 
 
 14,767,600.75 
 
 759,972.13 
 
 1836 
 
 26,749,803.96 
 
 . 23,409,940.63 
 
 370.00 
 
 728.79 
 
 24,877,179.86 
 
 2,246,902.33 
 
 1837 
 
 46,708,436.00 
 
 11,169,290.89 
 
 5,493.84 
 
 1,687.70 
 
 6,776,336.58 
 
 7,001,444.69 
 
 1888 
 
 87,327,252.69 
 
 16,158,800.36 
 
 2,467.27 
 
 
 8,780,945.66 
 
 6,410,348.46 
 
 1839 
 
 36,891,196.94 
 
 23,1.37,924.81 
 
 3,658.32 
 
 755.22 
 
 7,361,576.40 
 
 979,939.86 
 
 1840 
 
 33,157,503.68 
 
 13,499,.502.17 
 
 1,682,25 
 
 
 8,411,818.63 
 1,365,627.43 
 1,335,797.53 
 
 2,567,113.38 
 
 1,004,054.75 
 
 451,995.97 
 
 1841 
 
 29,963,163.46 
 
 14,487,216.74 
 
 3,261.86 
 
 
 1842 
 
 28,685,111.08 
 
 18,187,908.76 
 
 495.00 
 
 
 1848 
 
 * 30,521,979.44 
 
 7,046,848.91 
 
 103.25 
 
 
 898,158.18 
 
 385,895.92 
 
 1844 
 
 39,186,284.74 
 
 26,183,570.94 
 
 1,777.34 
 
 
 2,059,939.80 
 2,077,022.80 
 
 1,075,419.70 
 861,463.68 
 
 1845 
 
 36,742,829.62 
 
 27,528,112.70 
 
 3,617.12 
 
 
 1846 
 
 86,194,274.81 
 
 26,712,667.87 
 
 3,897.36 
 
 
 3,694,452.48 
 
 289,960.13 
 
 1847 
 
 38,261,959.65 
 
 23,747,864.66 
 
 375.00 
 
 
 2,498,335.80 
 
 220,808.30 
 
 1848 
 
 38,079,276.43 
 
 81,757,070.96 
 
 375.00 
 
 
 3,338,643.56 
 1,688,959.55 
 
 612,610.69 
 685,379.13 
 
 1849 
 
 29,416,612.45 
 
 28,346,7:38.82 
 
 
 
 1850 
 
 32,827,082.69 
 
 39,668,686.42 
 
 
 
 1,859,894.25 
 
 3,064,308.21 
 
 1851 
 
 35,871,753.31 
 
 49,017,667.92 
 
 
 
 8,332,805.80 
 2,043,389.68 
 
 1,185,166.11 
 464,249.40 
 
 1852 
 
 40,158,353.25 
 
 47,389,326.62 
 
 
 
 1853 
 
 43,338,860.02 
 
 58,931,865.53 
 
 
 
 1,667,084.99 
 
 988,061.17 
 
 188 
 
 * For the half year from 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
EXPBKDITURES, 1791-1891. 
 
 TO JUNE 30, 1891, BY CALENDAR YEARS TO 1843, AND BY FISCAL YEARS (ENDED JUNE 
 THAT TIME. 
 
 Dividends. 
 
 Net ordinary 
 receipts. 
 
 Interest. 
 
 Premiums. 
 
 Receipts 
 
 from loans and U. .. 
 
 Treasury p™=^ receipts, 
 notes. 
 
 Unavail- 
 able. 
 
 1791 
 
 1792 
 
 1793 
 
 1794 
 
 1795 
 
 1796 
 
 1797 
 
 1' 
 
 1799 
 
 1800 
 
 1801 
 
 1802 
 
 1803 
 
 1804 
 
 1805 
 
 1806 
 
 1807 
 
 1808 
 
 1809 
 
 1810 
 
 1811 
 
 1812 
 
 1813 
 
 1814 
 
 1815 
 
 1816 
 
 1817 
 
 1818 
 
 1819 
 
 1820 
 
 1821 
 
 1822 
 
 1823 
 
 1824 
 
 1885 
 
 1826 
 
 1827 
 
 1828 
 
 1829 
 
 1830 
 
 1831 
 
 1833 
 
 1833 
 
 1834 
 
 1835 
 
 1836 
 
 1&37 
 
 1838 
 
 1839 
 
 1840 
 
 1841 
 
 1842 
 
 1843 
 
 1844 
 
 1845 
 
 1846 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 1849 
 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 
 1862 
 
 1853 
 
 $8,028.00 
 
 38,500.00 
 
 303,473.00 
 
 160,000.00 
 
 160,000.00 
 
 80,960.00 
 
 79,920.00 
 
 71,040.00 
 
 71,040.00 
 
 88,800.00 
 
 39,960.00 
 
 303,426.30 
 525,000.00 
 675,000.00 
 1,000,000.00 
 105,000.00 
 297,500.00 
 350,000.00 
 350,000.00 
 367,500.00 
 402,500.00 
 430,000.00 
 455,000.00 
 490,000.00 
 490,000.00 
 490,000.00 
 490,000.00 
 474,985.00 
 234,849.50 
 506,480.82 
 292,674.67 
 
 : 
 
 84,409,951.19 
 3,669,960.31 
 4,658,293.14 
 5,431,904.87 
 6,114,534.59 
 8,377,529.65 
 8,688,780.99 
 7,900,495.80 
 7,546,813.31 
 10,848,749.10 
 13,936,330.95 
 14,995,793.95 
 11,064,097.63 
 11,826,307.38 
 13,560,693.20 
 15,559,931.07 
 16,398,019.26 
 17,060,661.93 
 7,773,473.12 
 9,384,214.28 
 14,422,634.09 
 9,801,132.76 
 14,340,409.95 
 11,181,625.16 
 15,696,916.82 
 47,676,985.66 
 33,099,049.74 
 21,585,171.04 
 34,603,374.37 
 17,840,669.55 
 14,573,379.72 
 20,333,427.94 
 20,540,666.26 
 19,381,212.79 
 21,840,858.03 
 25,360,434.21 
 23,966,368.96 
 24,763,629.23 
 24,827,627.38 
 24,844,116.61 
 28,526,820.83 
 31,867,450.66 
 33,948,426.25 
 21,791,936.55 
 36,480,087.10 
 50,826,796.08 
 24,954,153.04 
 36,303,561.74 
 31,482,749.61 
 19,480,115.33 
 16,860,160.27 
 19,976,197.26 
 8,231,001.26 
 29,330,707.78 
 29,970,106.80 
 39,699,967.74 
 26,467,403.16 
 35,698,699.21 
 30,721,077.50 
 43,692,888.88 
 52,666,039.33 
 49,846,815.60 
 61,587,031.68 
 
 $4,800.00 
 43,800.00 
 
 78,676.00 
 
 10,125.00 
 
 300.00 
 
 86.79 
 
 11,541.74 
 
 68,666.16 
 
 267,819.14 
 
 413.63 
 
 $32,107.64 
 686.09 
 
 ■ 
 
 40,000.00 
 
 71,700.83 
 666.60 
 
 28,365.91 
 
 37,080.00 
 
 487,065.48 
 
 10,660.00 
 
 4,364.93 
 
 22.601 
 
 $361,391.34 
 5,102,498.46 
 1,797,272.01 
 4,007,960.78 
 3,396,424.00 
 
 830,000.00 
 70,000.00 
 
 200,000.00 
 5,000,000.00 
 1,666,239.34 
 
 2,750,000.00 
 
 12,837,£ 
 36,184,1 
 
 466,1 
 
 ?,900.00 
 t,185.00 
 r,826.00 
 36,230,671.40 
 " "),0&1.91 
 3,723.45 
 i,353.00 
 3,291.00 
 ),824.13 
 ),324.00 
 
 2,S 
 3,000,6 
 6,000,E 
 
 6,000,000.00 
 5,000,000.00 
 
 2,992,989.15 
 12,716,820.86 
 
 3,857,276.21 
 
 5,689,547.61 
 13,659,317.38 
 14,808,736.64 
 12,479,708.36 
 
 1,877,181.35 
 
 28,873,399.45 
 
 31,356,700.00 
 
 28,588,760.00 
 
 4,045,960.00 
 
 203,400.00 
 
 46,300.00 
 
 16,350.00| 
 
 $4,771,342.53 
 8,772,468.76 
 6,460,196.15 
 9,439,856.66 
 9,515,758.59 
 8,740,329.66 
 8,758,780.99 
 8,179,170.80 
 12,546,818.31 
 12,413,978.34 
 12,946,465.95 
 14,996,793,95 
 11,064,097.63 
 11,836,807.38 
 13,560,698.20 
 15,559,931.07 
 16,398,019.36 
 17,060,661.93 
 7,778,473.13 
 13,134,314.28 
 14,423,634.09 
 28,639,032,76 
 40,684,844.96 
 34,559,536.95 
 50,961,237.00 
 67,171,421.82 
 33,833,598.83 
 21,598,936.66 
 84,605,666.37 
 20,881,493.68 
 19,578,703.72 
 20,232,427.94 
 30,540,666.26 
 24,381,312.79 
 26,840,868.03 
 25,360,434.21 
 33,966,363.96 
 34,763,629.23 
 24,827,627.38 
 24,844,116.51 
 28,626,820.82 
 31,867,450.66 
 38,948,426.26 
 21,791,935.55 
 35,430,08?.10 
 50,886,796.08 
 27,947,1«.19 
 39,019,8^.60 
 85,340,025.83 
 25,069,662.84 
 30,619,477.66 
 34,784,982.89 
 20,782,410.46 
 31,198,655.78 
 89,970,105.80 
 89,699,967.74 
 56,368,168.62 
 56,993,479.21 
 59,796,892, 
 47,649,388.88 
 52,762,704.35 
 49,893,115.60 
 61,603,404.18 
 
 $1,889.50 
 
 63,388.35 
 
 1,458,782.93 
 37,469.26 
 
 ' 'ii^ss'.oo 
 
 28,261.90 
 
 ' 3d,'obb'.66 
 
 103,301,37 
 
 January 1 to June 30, 1843. 
 
 139 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATEMENT OP THE EECEIPTS OF THE UNITED 
 
 i 
 
 Balance in 
 the Treasury 
 at commence- 
 ment of year. 
 
 Customs. 
 
 Internal 
 revenue. 
 
 Direct 
 tax. 
 
 Public 
 lands. 
 
 Miscel- 
 laneous. 
 
 1854 
 1855 
 
 $50,361,901.09 
 48,591,073.41 
 47,677,673.18 
 49,108,339.80 
 46,803,855.00 
 35,113,3:34.22 
 33,193,248.60 
 83,979,530.78 
 30,963,857.83 
 46,965,804.87 
 36,523,046.13 
 
 134,433,738.44 
 83,938,667.89 
 
 160,817,099.78 
 
 198,076,437.09 
 168,936,082.87 
 183,781,986.76 
 177,604,116.51 
 138,019,122.15 
 134,666,001.85 
 159,293,673.41 
 178,833,.389.64 
 172,804,061.32 
 149,909,377.21 
 214,887,645.88 
 286,591,453.88 
 386,832,588.65 
 231,940,064.44 
 380,607,668..37 
 275,450,903..53 
 374,189,081.98 
 424,941,403.07 
 521,794,026.26 
 526,848,766.46 
 512,851,4.34.36 
 669,449,099.94 
 673,899,118.18 
 691,527,408.76 
 
 $64,224,190.27 
 53,026,794.21 
 64,022,863.60 
 63,876,906.06 
 41,789,620.98 
 49,565,824.38 
 53,187,511.87 
 39,582,125.64 
 49,056,.397.62 
 69,069,642.40 
 
 102,816,152.99 
 84,928,260.80 
 
 179,046,651.58 
 
 176,417,810.88 
 
 164,464,599.66 
 180,048,426.63 
 194,538,:J74.44 
 206,270,408.05 
 216,370,286.77 
 188,089,523.70 
 163,103,833.69 
 157,167,722.35 
 148,071,984.61 
 130,956,498.07 
 130,170,680.20 
 137,260,047.70 
 186,522,064.60 
 198,159,676.03 
 230,410,7:80.26 
 214,706,496.93 
 195,067,489.76 
 181,471,939.34 
 192,905,023.44 
 217,286,893.18 
 219,091,173.63 
 333,8:33,741.69 
 239,668,684.67 
 219,522,206.38 
 
 
 
 $8,470,798.39 
 
 11,497,049.07 
 
 8,917,644.93 
 
 8,839,486.64 
 
 3,513,715.87 
 
 1,756,687.30 
 
 1,778,557.71 
 
 870,658.54 
 
 152,303.77 
 
 167,617.17 
 
 688,333.39 
 
 996,553.31 
 
 665,031.03 
 
 1,163,575.76 
 
 1,348,715.41 
 4,020,344.34 
 3,350,481.76 
 2,388,646.68 
 2,575,714.19 
 2,8^,313.38 
 1,853,428.93 
 1,413,640.17 
 1,129,466.95 
 
 976,253.68 
 1,079,743.37 
 
 934,781.66 
 1,016,506.60 
 2,201,863.17 
 4,753,140.37 
 7,956,864.42 
 9,810,705.01 
 5,705,986.44 
 5,630,999.34 
 9,254,286.42 
 11,202,017.23 
 8,038,651.79 
 6,.358,272.51 
 4,029,535.41 
 
 $1,105,352.74 
 837,731.40 
 
 1856 
 1857 
 
 
 
 1,116,190.81 
 1,259,920.88 
 
 18.58 
 
 
 
 1,362,029.13 
 
 1859 
 
 
 
 1,454,696.24 
 
 1860 
 
 
 
 1,088,530.25 
 
 1861 
 
 
 
 1,023,615.31 
 
 18R>^ 
 
 
 $1,795,381.73 
 1,485,103.61 
 475,648.96 
 1,300,573.03 
 1,974,764.13 
 4,300,233.70 
 
 1,788,146.85 
 765,685.61 
 229,102.88 
 580,356.;W 
 
 915,327.97 
 
 1863 
 1864 
 1865 
 1866 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1873 
 
 $37,640,787.95 
 109,741,134.10 
 309,464,215.25 
 .309,226,813.42 
 266,027,537.43 
 
 191,087,589.41 
 158,356,460.86 
 184,899,766.49 
 143,098,153.63 
 130,642,177.72 
 113,729,314.14 
 102,409,784.90 
 110,007,493.58 
 116,700,733.03 
 118,630,407.83 
 110,681,624.74 
 113,561,610.58 
 124,009,873.92 
 135,264,385.51 
 146,497,596.46 
 144,720,368.98 
 131,586,072.51 
 112,498,725.64 
 116,805,936.48 
 118,823,391.23 
 134,296,871.98 
 130,881,513.92 
 143,606,705.81 
 145,686,349.44 
 
 3,741,794.88 
 30,291,701.86 
 25,441 ,.566.00 
 29,036,314.23 
 16,037,533.15 
 
 17,745,403.59 
 13,997,338.65 
 12,943,118.30 
 22,093,541.21 
 15,106,051.23 
 
 1873 
 1874 
 
 815,264.61 
 
 17,161,270.05 
 32,575,043.32 
 
 1875 
 
 
 15,431 ,915.:31 
 
 1876 
 1877 
 
 93,798.80 
 
 24,070,603.31 
 30,437,487.42 
 
 1878 
 
 
 15,614,728.09 
 
 1879 
 
 
 30,585,697.49 
 
 1880 
 1881 
 1883 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 
 30 85 
 
 1,516.89 
 
 160,141.69 
 
 108,1.56.60 
 
 70,730.75 
 
 '108,289.94 
 
 32,892.06 
 
 1,666.82 
 
 31,978,535.01 
 35,154,860.98 
 31,703,643.63 
 30,796,695.03 
 21,984,881.89 
 24,014,065.06 
 20,989,627.86 
 36,005,814.84 
 34,674,446.10 
 24,297,161.44 
 
 1890 
 
 
 24,447,419.74 
 
 1891 
 
 
 23,374,457.33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,751,086,360.89 
 
 4,111,760,797.61 
 
 28,181,990.38 
 
 380,505,641.52 
 
 690,871,302.70 
 
 
 
 ♦Amount heretofore credited to the Treasurer as 
 
 130 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES FROM MARCH 4, 1789, TO JUNE 30, 1891, ETC-Continued. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Dividends. 
 
 Net ordinary 
 receipts. 
 
 Interest. 
 
 Premiums. 
 
 Receipts 
 
 from loans and 
 
 Treasury 
 
 notes. 
 
 Gross receipts. 
 
 Unavail- 
 able. 
 
 1854 
 
 
 $73,800,341.40 
 
 66,350,674.68 
 
 74,056,699.24 
 
 68,965,312.57 
 
 46,655,365.96 
 
 58,777,107.98 
 
 56,054,599.83 
 
 41,476,899.49 
 
 51,919,861.09 
 
 112,094,945.51 
 
 343,412,971.30 
 
 332,031,158.19 
 
 619,949,564.38 
 
 462,846,679.92 
 
 376,434,453.82 
 357,188,856.09 
 395,959,833.87 
 374,431,104.94 
 364,694,229.91 
 322,177,673.78 
 299,941,090.84 
 284,020,771.41 
 290,066,584.70 
 281,000,642.00 
 257,446,776.40 
 872,322,136.83 
 333,536,500.98 
 360,782,292.57 
 403,525,850.88 
 398,887,581.95 
 348,519,869.92 
 323,690,706.38 
 336,439,727.06 
 371,403,277.66 
 379,266,074.76 
 387,050,068.84 
 403,080,988.63 
 393,613,447.31 
 
 
 
 $3,001.67 
 
 800.00 
 
 800.00 
 
 3,900.00 
 
 23,717,300.00 
 
 38,287,500.00 
 
 30,776,800.00 
 
 41,861,709.74 
 
 539,698,460.50 
 
 776,658,361 ..57 
 
 1,128,873,945.36 
 
 1,473,324,740.85 
 
 718,851,553.06 
 
 640,436,910.89 
 
 685,111,433.80 
 238,678,081.06 
 285,474,496.00 
 268,768,583.47 
 305,047,054.00 
 214,931,017.00 
 439,873,535.46 
 387,971,566.00 
 397,455,808.00 
 348,871,749.00 
 404,581,301.00 
 793,807,643.00 
 311,814,103.00 
 113,750,5.34.00 
 120,945,724.00 
 555,942,664.00 
 206,877,886.00 
 245,196,303.00 
 116,314,850.00 
 164,440,900.00 
 285,016,650.00 
 245,111,750.00 
 845,393,660.00 
 373,308,857.76 
 
 $73,808,343.07 
 
 65,351,374.68 
 
 74,056,899.34 
 
 68,969,212.57 
 
 70,372,666.96 
 
 81,773,965.64 
 
 76,841,407.83 
 
 83,371,640.13 
 
 681,680,121.59 
 
 889,379,652.52 
 
 1,393,461,017.57 
 
 1,805,939,345.98 
 
 1,270,884,173.11 
 
 1,131,060,930.56 
 
 1,030,749,516.52 
 609,621,838.37 
 696,729,973.63 
 652,092,468.36 
 679,163,921.56 
 548,669,221.67 
 744,251,891.52 
 676,971,607.10 
 691,551,673.88 
 630,378,167.58 
 662,345,079.70 
 
 1,066,634,827.46 
 545,340,713.98 
 474,682,826.57 
 534,470,974.28 
 954,230,145.96 
 555,397,755.92 
 568,887,009.38 
 458,764,577.06 
 626,844,177.66 
 664,283,734.76 
 632,161,408.84 
 648,374,638.63 
 765,821,305.06 
 
 
 1855 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.56 
 
 
 
 
 
 18,57 
 
 
 
 
 
 18,58 
 
 
 
 
 
 18,5S 
 
 
 
 $709,357.72 
 
 10,008.00 
 
 33,630.90 
 
 68,400.00 
 
 603,345.44 
 
 21,174,101.01 
 
 11,683,446.89 
 
 38,083,055.68 
 
 37,787,330.35 
 
 39,003,639.60 
 
 13,755,491.12 
 
 15,895,043.76 
 
 8,898,839.95 
 
 9,412,637.65 
 
 11,660,680.89 
 
 6,087,665.82 
 
 3,979,879.69 
 
 4,089,380.68 
 
 405,776.58 
 
 317,103.30 
 
 1,605,047.68 
 
 110.00 
 
 $15,408.84 
 
 1860 
 
 
 
 1861 
 
 
 
 
 18(i3 
 
 
 
 11,110.81 
 6,000.01 
 9,210.40 
 6,095.11 
 172,094.89 
 781,837.93 
 
 1863 
 
 
 1864 
 
 
 
 1865 
 
 
 
 1866 
 
 
 1867 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1868 
 
 2,675,918.19 
 
 1869 
 
 
 
 *2,070.73 
 
 1870 
 
 
 
 1871 
 
 
 
 *3,896.18 
 
 *18,838.35 
 
 *3,047.80 
 
 12,691.40 
 
 1873 
 
 
 1873 
 
 
 
 1874 
 
 
 
 1875 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 
 1878 
 
 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 
 
 
 1881 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 1883 
 
 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 
 
 
 *1,500.00 
 47,097.65 
 
 1885 
 
 
 
 1886 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 
 
 
 7,997.64 
 
 188R 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $9,730,136.39 
 
 11,873,076,248.83 
 
 $485,234.45 204,359,830.83 
 
 13,869,392,976.59 85,336,213,670.70 
 
 8,714,730.71 
 
 unavailable, and since recovered and charged to his account. 
 
 131 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES OP THE UNITED STATES FEOM MAECH 4, 
 
 JUNE 30, FKOM 
 
 Tear. 
 
 War. 
 
 Navy. 
 
 Indians. 
 
 Pensions. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 1791 
 
 S632,804.03 
 1,100,702.08 
 
 
 $37,000.00 
 13,648.85 
 
 $175,813.88 
 109,243.16 
 
 $l,083,9n.61 
 
 1792 
 
 
 4,672,664.38 
 
 1793 
 
 1,130,249.08 
 
 
 27,382.83 
 
 80,087.81 
 
 511,451.01 
 
 1794 
 
 2,639,097.59 
 
 $61,408.97 
 
 13,043.46 
 
 81,899.24 
 
 760,350.74 
 
 1795 
 
 2,480.910.13 
 
 410,662.03 
 
 23,475.68 
 
 68,673.22 
 
 1,378,920.66 
 
 1796 
 
 1,260,263.84 
 
 374,784.04 
 
 113,568.98 
 
 100,843.71 
 
 801,847.58 
 
 1797 
 
 1,039,402.46 
 
 883,631.89 
 
 62,396.58 
 
 92,256.97 
 
 1,259,432.68 
 
 1798 
 
 2,009,522.30 
 
 1,381,847.76 
 
 16,470.09 
 
 104,846.83 
 
 1,139,524.94 
 
 1799 
 
 2,466,946.98 
 
 3,858,081.84 
 
 80,302.19 
 
 95,444.03 
 
 1,039,391.68 
 
 1800 
 
 2,580,878.77 
 
 3,448,716.03 
 
 31.82 
 
 64,180.73 
 
 1,337,613.23 
 
 1801 
 
 1,673,914.08 
 
 2,111,434.00 
 
 9,000.00 
 
 73,633.37 
 
 1,114,768.45 
 
 1808 
 
 1,179,148.25 
 
 915,561.87 
 
 94,000.00 
 
 85,440.39 
 
 1,463,929.40 
 
 1803 
 
 823,055.85 
 
 1,315,380.53 
 
 60,000.00 
 
 68,902.10 
 
 1,848,635.76 
 
 1804 
 
 875,423.93 
 
 1,189,832.75 
 
 116,600.00 
 
 80,092.80 
 
 3,191,009.43 
 
 1805 
 
 713,781.28 
 
 1,697,500.00 
 
 196,500.00 
 
 81,854.69 
 
 8,768,698.75 
 
 1806 
 
 1,224,365.38 
 
 1,649,641.44 
 
 234,200.00 
 
 81,875.53 
 
 2,890,137.01 
 
 180r 
 
 1,288,085.91 
 
 1,723,064.47 
 
 206,436.0C 
 
 70,500.00 
 
 1,697,897.51 
 
 1808 
 
 2,900,834.40 
 
 1,884,067.80 
 
 313,575.0C 
 
 83,576.04 
 
 1,433,285.61 
 
 1809 
 
 3,845,772.17 
 
 3,427,758.8C 
 
 337,603.84 
 
 87,833.54 
 
 1,215,803.79 
 
 1810 
 
 2,294,323.94 
 
 1,654,244.2C 
 
 177,625.0C 
 
 83,744.16 
 
 1,101,144.98 
 
 1811 
 
 2,032,828.19 
 
 1,965,666.89 
 
 151,875.0C 
 
 75,043.88 
 
 1,367,291.40 
 
 1812 
 
 11,817,798.34 
 
 3,959,365.15 
 
 277,845.0C 
 
 91,402.10 
 
 1,683,088.21 
 
 1813 
 
 19,658,013.03 
 
 6,446,600.1C 
 
 167,358.26 
 
 86,989.91 
 
 1,789,436,61 
 
 1814 
 
 20,350,806.86 
 
 7,311,290.6C 
 
 167,394.86 
 
 90,164.36 
 
 2,208,039.70 
 
 1815 
 
 14,794,894.83 
 
 8,660,000.25 
 
 530,750.0C 
 
 69,656.06 
 
 2,898,870.47 
 
 1816 
 
 16,012,096.80 
 
 3,908,278.3C 
 
 374,513.16 
 
 188,804.15 
 
 2,989,741.17 
 
 1817 
 
 8,004,836.58 
 
 3,314,598.45 
 
 319,463.71 
 
 397,374.43 
 
 3,618,936.76 
 
 1818 
 
 5,663,715.10 
 
 3,953,695.0C 
 
 505,704,27 
 
 890,719.90 
 
 3,836,839.51 
 
 1819 
 
 6,506,300.37 
 
 3,847,640.43 
 
 463,181 .8E 
 
 3,416,939.85 
 
 3,067,211.41 
 
 1820 
 
 8,630,393.81 
 
 4,387,990.0C 
 
 315,760.01 
 
 3,208,376.31 
 
 2,592,021.94 
 
 1821 
 
 4,461,391.78 
 
 3,319,843.06 
 
 477,005.44 
 
 243,817.25 
 
 3,223,121.54 
 
 1822 
 
 3,111,981.48 
 
 2,324,468.9f 
 
 575,007.41 
 
 1,948,199.40 
 
 1,967,996.24 
 
 1823 
 
 3,096,934.4a 
 
 2,508,765.8c 
 
 380,781.88 
 
 1,780,688.62 
 
 1,028,093.99 
 
 1824 
 
 3,340,939.85 
 
 2,904,681.66 
 
 429,987.9C 
 
 1,499,326.69 
 
 7,155,308.81 
 
 1825 
 
 3,659,914.18 
 
 3,049,083.86 
 
 724,106.44 
 
 1,308,810.67 
 
 3,748,544.89 
 
 1826 
 
 3,948,194.37 
 
 4,318,902.45 
 
 743,447.8£ 
 
 1,656,593.83 
 
 2,600,177.79 
 
 1827 
 
 3,948,977.88 
 
 4,863,877.45 
 
 750,624.8S 
 
 976,138.86 
 
 3,713,476,68 
 
 1828 
 
 4,145,544.56 
 
 3,918,786.44 
 
 705,084.24 
 
 850,573.57 
 
 3,676,053,64 
 
 1839 
 
 4,724,291.07 
 
 3,308,745.47 
 
 576,344.74 
 
 949,594.47 
 
 3,083,334,65 
 
 1830 
 
 4,767,128.88 
 
 3,339,438.6c 
 
 633,363.47 
 
 1,363,897.31 
 
 3,337,416,04 
 
 1831 
 
 4,841,885.55 
 
 3,856,183.07 
 
 930,738.04 
 
 1,170,665.14 
 
 3,064,646,10 
 
 1832 
 
 5,446,034.88 
 
 3,956,370.29 
 
 1,352,419.75 
 
 1,184,422.40 
 
 4,677,141.45 
 
 1833 
 
 6,704,019.10 
 
 3,901,356.75 
 
 1,808,980.93 
 
 4,689,152.40 
 
 5,716,245.93 
 
 1834 
 
 5,696,189.38 
 
 3,966,260.42 
 
 1,003,953.80 
 
 8,364,385.30 
 
 4,404,738.95 
 
 1835 
 
 5,759,156.89 
 
 3,864,939.06 
 
 1,706,444.48 
 
 1,954,711.32 
 
 4,389,698.53 
 
 1836.. . 
 
 11,747,345.26 
 
 5,807,718.23 
 
 5,037,023.88 
 
 2,888,797.96 
 
 5,393,879.78 
 
 imr 
 
 13,682,730.80 
 
 6,646,914.53 
 
 4,348,036.19 
 
 2,672,162.46 
 
 9,883,370.37 
 
 1838 
 
 12,897,284.16 
 
 6,181,580.53 
 
 5,604,191.34 
 
 2,156,067.39 
 
 7,160,664.76 
 
 1839 
 
 8,916,995.80 
 
 6,182,294.35 
 
 3,538,917.28 
 
 3,142,750.51 
 
 5,736,990.89 
 
 1840 
 
 7,095,267.23 
 
 6,113,896.89 
 
 2,331,794.86 
 
 2,603,563.17 
 
 6,996,398.96 
 
 1841 
 
 8,801,610.84 
 
 6,001,076.97 
 
 8,514,837.18 
 
 3,388,434,51 
 
 6,490,881.45 
 
 1842 
 
 6,610,488.03 
 
 8,397,343.99 
 
 1,199,099.68 
 
 1,378,931.83 
 
 6,775,634.61 
 
 1843* 
 
 3,908,671.96 
 
 3,737,711.53 
 
 678,371.00 
 
 839,041.12 
 
 3,803,713.00 
 
 1844 
 
 5,218,183.66 
 
 6,498,199.11 
 
 1,356,538.39 
 
 2,082,008.99 
 
 6,645,183.86 
 
 1845 
 
 5,746,291.38 
 
 6,297,177.89 
 
 1,539,851.35 
 
 2,400,788.11 
 
 5,911,760.98 
 
 1846 
 
 10,413,370.58 
 
 6,466,013.92 
 
 1,027,693.64 
 
 1,811,097.56 
 
 6,711,283.89 
 
 1847 
 
 35,840,030.83 
 
 7,900,635.76 
 
 1,4.30,411.30 
 
 1,744,883.63 
 
 6,886,608.35 
 
 1848 
 
 27,688,334.31 
 
 9,408,476.08 
 
 1,252,296.81 
 
 1,227,496.48 
 
 5,660,851.86 
 
 1849 
 
 14,658,473.26 
 
 9,786,705.93 
 
 1,374,161.56 
 
 1,328,867.64 
 
 13,886,334.84 
 
 1850 
 
 9,687,024.58 
 
 7,904,784.66 
 
 1,663,591.47 
 
 1,866,886.02 
 
 16,043,733.36 
 
 1851 
 
 13,161,965.11 
 
 8,880,581.38 
 
 2,829,801.77 
 
 2,293,377.22 
 
 17,888,993.18 
 
 1852 
 
 8,531,506.19 
 
 8,918,843.10 
 
 3,043,676.04 
 
 2,401,858.78 
 
 17,604,171.46 
 
 1853 
 
 9,910,498.49 
 
 11,067,789.53 
 
 3,880,494.13 
 
 1,756,306.30 
 
 17,463,068.01 
 
 * For tlie half year from 
 
 133 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
1789, TO JUNE 30, 1891, BY CALENDAR YEAI^S TO 1843 AND BY FISCAL YEAES (ENDED 
 THAT TIME. 
 
 Net ordinary 
 expenditiires. 
 
 Premiums. 
 
 Interest, 
 
 Public debt. 
 
 Cross 
 Expenditures. 
 
 Balance in 
 
 Treasury at 
 
 tlie end of 
 
 tlie year. 
 
 1791 
 179S 
 1793 
 1794 
 1795 
 1798 
 1797 
 1798 
 1799 
 1800 
 1801 
 1802 
 1803 
 1804 
 1805 
 1806 
 1807 
 1808 
 1809 
 1810 
 1811 
 1812 
 1813 
 1814 
 1815 
 1816 
 1817 
 1818 
 1819 
 IBM 
 1821 
 
 1824 
 1825 
 
 1827 
 
 1831 
 1882 
 1833 
 1834 
 1835 
 1836 
 1837 
 1838 
 1839 
 1840 
 1841 
 1842 
 1843 
 1844 
 1845 
 1846 
 1847 
 1848 
 1849 
 1850 
 1851 
 1852 
 1858 
 
 $1,919,589.52 
 5,896,268.47 
 1,749,070.73 
 3,545,299.00 
 4,362,541.72 
 2,551,303.15 
 2,836,110.62 
 4,651,710.42 
 6,480,166.72 
 7,411,369.97 
 4,981,669.90 
 3,737,079.91 
 4,002,824.24 
 4,463,868,91 
 6,367,234.62 
 6,080,209.36 
 4,984,672.89 
 6,604,338.86 
 7,414,672.14 
 5,311,082.28 
 6,692,604.86 
 17,829,498.70 
 28,082,.396.92 
 30,127,686.38 
 26,953,571.00 
 38,373,432.68 
 15,454,609.92 
 13,808,673.78 
 16,300,273.44 
 13,134,530.57 
 10,723,479.07 
 9,827,643.51 
 9,784,154.59 
 15,330,144.71 
 11,490,450.90 
 13,062,316.27 
 12,653,095.65 
 13,296,041.45 
 12,641,210.40 
 13,229,5.33," 
 13,864,067.90 
 16,516,388.77 
 33,7.13,755.11 
 18,425,417.26 
 17,614,950.28 
 80,868,164.04 
 37,*43,214.24 
 83,849,718," 
 26,496,948.73 
 24,139,930.11 
 26,196,840.29 
 34,361,.336.69 
 11,366,508.60 
 20,6.50,108.01 
 21,895,369.61 
 26,418,459.59 
 53,801,569.37 
 45,22?',454.77 
 89,933,542.61 
 87,165,990.09 
 44,064,717.66 
 40,889,954.56 
 44,078,150.35 
 
 $18,231.43 
 
 82,865.81 
 
 69,713.19 
 170,063.42 
 420,498.74 
 
 $1,177,863 
 2,873,611.28 
 2,097,859.17 
 2,752,528.04 
 3,947,069.06 
 3,339,847.68 
 8,173,516.73 
 2,965,875.90 
 2,815,651.41 
 3,402,601.04 
 4,411,830.06 
 4,239,172.16 
 3,949,462.36 
 4,185,048.74 
 8,657,114.33 
 3,368,96? ~" 
 3,369,578.48 
 3,567,074.33 
 3,866,074.90 
 3,163,671.09 
 2,585,435.57 
 2,451,272.57 
 3,699,466.23 
 4,593,289.04 
 5,990,090.24 
 7,832,938.34 
 4,536,282.56 
 6,309,954.03 
 6,311,780.56 
 5,151,004.32 
 5,136,078.79 
 5,172,788.79 
 4,923,475.40 
 4,943,567.93 
 4,866,757.40 
 3,976,643.95 
 3,486,071.51 
 3,098,800.60 
 2,542,848.28 
 1,912,574.93 
 1,373,748.74 
 772,561.50 
 308,796.87 
 202,162.98 
 57,863.08 
 
 January 1, to June 30, 1843. 
 
 14,996.48 
 
 399,833.89 
 
 174,698.08 
 
 384,977.65 
 
 773,549.85 
 
 623,583.91 
 
 1,883,452.18 
 
 1,040,468.18 
 
 842,723.37 
 
 1,119,214.72 
 
 2,390,766.88 
 
 3,665,585.78 
 
 3,782,393.03 
 
 8,696,760.75 
 
 4,000,297.80 
 
 3,665,882.74 
 
 133 
 
 $699,984.23 
 
 698,050.35 
 2,633,048.07 
 2,743,771.13 
 3,841,639.37 
 3,577,126.01 
 2,617,350.13 
 
 976,083.09 
 1,706,578.84 
 1,188,563.11 
 2,879,876.98 
 5,294,285.24 
 3,306,697.07 
 3,977,306.07 
 4,563,960.63 
 
 572,018.64 
 2,938,141.62 
 7,701,288.96 
 3,586,479.26 
 4,835,341.13 
 5,414,564.48 
 1,998,849.88 
 7,608,668.33 
 3,307,804.90 
 6,638,832.11 
 17,048,139.59 
 20,886,763.67 
 16,086,247.69 
 2,493,196.73 
 3,477,489.96 
 3,841,019.83 
 2,676,160.83 
 
 607,541.01 
 
 11,634,835.83 
 
 7,738,587.38 
 
 7,066,539.34 
 
 6,517.696.88 
 
 9,064;687.47 
 
 9,860,304.77 
 
 9,443,173.39 
 
 14,800,639.48 
 
 17,067,747.79 
 
 ,1,889,746.51 
 
 5,974,412.31 
 
 338.30 
 
 81,832.91 
 
 5,590,723.79 
 
 10,718,153.63 
 
 8,913,015.68 
 
 6,315,718.19 
 
 7,801,990.09 
 
 338,012.64 
 
 11,158,460.71 
 
 7,636,349.49 
 
 371,100.04 
 
 5,600,067.65 
 
 13,036,983.54 
 
 12,804,478.54 
 
 3,656,335.14 
 
 654,913.71 
 
 2,162,293.06 
 
 6,412,574.01 
 
 $3,797,436.78 
 8,962,920.00 
 6,479,977.97 
 9,041,593.17 
 10,151,240.16 
 8,367,776.84 
 8,625,877.37 
 8,583,618.41 
 11,002,396.97 
 11,952,584.12 
 12,873,876.94 
 18,870,487.81 
 11,268,983.67 
 13,615,113.78 
 13,598,309.47 
 15,021,196.86 
 11,392,893.99 
 16,768,703.04 
 13,867,236.30 
 18,309,994.49 
 13,692,604,86 
 28,279,181.15 
 39,190,580.36 
 38,088,330.32 
 39,582,493,36 
 48,244,495.61 
 40,877,646.04 
 85,104,875.40 
 34,004,199.73 
 21,763,084.85 
 19,090,572.69 
 17,676,698.68 
 15,814,171.00 
 31,808,638.47 
 23,686,804.72 
 24,103,398.46 
 22,656,764,04 
 25,469,479.52 
 36,044,368,40 
 24,586,381,55 
 30,038,446,12 
 84,366,698.06 
 34,857,898.49 
 34,601,983.44 
 17,673,141.56 
 30,868,164.04 
 37,265,037.15 
 89,466,438.35 
 37,614,936.15 
 28,226,633,81 
 31,797,530, 
 32,936,876.63 
 12,118,106.15 
 83,648,010.86 
 80,490,408.71 
 27,682,882.90 
 60,520,851.74 
 60,666,148.19 
 56,886,428.74 
 44,604,718,26 
 48,476,104.81 
 46,713,608.83 
 54,577,061.74 
 
 $978,905.76 
 783,444.51 
 753,661,69 
 1,151,924.17 
 616,442.61 
 888,906.42 
 1,081,899,04 
 617,451,43 
 2,161,867.77 
 2,623,311.99 
 3,295,891.00 
 5,020,697.64 
 4,886,811.60 
 4,037,006,36 
 3,999,388.99 
 4,538,123.80 
 9,643,860.07 
 9,941,809,96 
 3,848,066,78 
 2,678,376.67 
 8,502,305.80 
 3,862,317.41 
 5,196,642.00 
 1,737,848.63 
 13,106,593.88 
 28,033,619.19 
 14,989,466.48 
 1,478,526.74 
 2,079,992.38 
 1,198,461.81 
 1,681,693,34 
 4,237,437.65 
 9,463,922,81 
 1,946,697.13 
 5,201,650.43 
 6,358,686.18 
 6,668,286.10 
 6,978,485.81 
 5,755,704.79 
 6,014,639.75 
 4,608,914,46 
 2,011,777.55 
 11,702.905.31 
 8,892,868.42 
 26,749,803.96 
 46,708,436.00 
 87,327,252.69 
 86,891,196,94 
 33,167,603.68 
 29,963,163,46 
 28,685,111,08 
 30,531,979,44 
 89,186,384,74 
 .36,743,839,63 
 36,194,374.81 
 38,361,959.65 
 33,079,376.43 
 39,416,618.46 
 33,827,082,69 
 36,871,753,31 
 40,168,363,25 
 43,838,860,02 
 50,261,901.09 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATEMENT OF THE EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED 
 
 Year. 
 
 War. 
 
 Navy. 
 
 Indians. 
 
 Pensions. 
 
 Miscellaneous, 
 
 1854 
 
 $11,732,282.87 
 
 $10,790,096.33 
 
 Sl,550,389.55 
 
 $1,282,665.00 
 
 $36,672,144.68 
 
 I860 
 
 14,648,074.07 
 
 13,337,095.11 
 
 2,773,990.78 
 
 1,477,612.38 
 
 24,090,426.43 
 
 1856 
 
 16,963,160.51 
 
 14,074,834.64 
 
 2,644,268.97 
 
 1,296,229.65 
 
 31,^94,038.87 
 
 1857 
 
 19,159,150.87 
 
 12,651,694.61 
 
 4,354,418.87 
 
 1,310,380.58 
 
 38,565,498.77 
 
 1858 
 
 25,679,121.63 
 
 14,068,264,64 
 
 4,978,266.18 
 
 1,219,768.30 
 
 36,400,016.42 
 
 1859 
 
 23,154,720.53 
 
 14,690,927.90 
 
 3,490,534.58 
 
 1,222,322.71 
 
 23,797,544.40 
 
 1860 
 
 16,472,202.72 
 
 11,614,649.83 
 
 3,991,131.54 
 
 1,100,803.83 
 
 27,977,978.-30 
 
 1861 
 
 23,001,530.67 
 
 12,387,156.52 
 
 2,866,481.17 
 
 1,034,699.73 
 
 23,327,287.69 
 
 1863 
 
 389,173,562.29 
 
 42,640,363.09 
 
 3,327,948.37 
 
 852,170.47 
 
 21,385,862.69 
 
 1863 
 
 608,314,411.82 
 
 63,261,236.31 
 
 3,163,033.70 
 
 1,078,513.36 
 
 23,198,382.37 
 
 1864 
 
 690,391,048.66 
 
 85,704,963.74 
 
 2,639,975.97 
 
 4,986,473.90 
 
 27,672,316.87 
 
 1865 
 
 1,030,690,400.06 
 
 122,617,434.07 
 
 5,059,360.71 
 
 16,347,621.34 
 
 42,989,383.10 
 
 1866 
 
 383,154,676.06 
 
 43,286,662.00 
 
 3,296,729.33 
 
 16,606,549.88 
 
 40,613,114.17 
 
 
 3,568,638,312.28 
 
 717,551,816.89 
 
 103,369,211.42 
 
 119,607,656.01 
 
 643,604,564.33 
 
 
 *3,631,780.07 
 
 *77,992.17 
 
 *53,286.61 
 
 *9,737.87 
 
 *718,769.53 
 
 
 3,572,860,092.35 
 
 717,629,808.66 
 
 103,422,498.03 
 
 119,617,398.88 
 
 644,323,323.86 
 
 1867 
 
 95,224,415.63 
 
 31,084,011.04 
 
 4,642,531.77 
 
 20,936,661.71 
 
 51,110,238.73 
 
 1868 
 
 133,346,648.62 
 
 25,776,503.73 
 
 4,100,682.32 
 
 33,782,386.78 
 
 53,009,867.67 
 
 1869 
 
 78,501,990.61 
 
 20,000,757.97 
 
 7,042,923.06 
 
 38,476,631.78 
 
 66,474,061.53 
 
 1870 
 
 57,655,675.40 
 
 21,780,239.87 
 
 3,407,938.16 
 
 38,340,302.17 
 
 53,237,461.66 
 
 1871 
 
 35,799,991.82 
 
 19,431,027.31 
 
 7,426,997.44 
 
 34,443,894.88 
 
 60,481,916.83 
 
 1872 
 
 35,372,157.20 
 
 21,349,809.99 
 
 7,061,738.82 
 
 28,633,403.76 
 
 60,984,767.43 
 
 1873 
 
 46,323,188.81 
 
 23,526,366.79 
 
 7,961 ,704.8f 
 
 39,3.59,436.86 
 
 73,328,110.06 
 
 1874 
 
 43,813,927.22 
 
 30,932,587.43 
 
 6,692,462.09 
 
 39,038,414,66 
 
 86,141,593.61 
 
 1875 
 
 41,130,646.98 
 
 ' 21,497,626.27 
 
 8,384,656.82 
 
 29,466,216.23 
 
 71,070,703.98 
 
 1876 
 
 88,070,888.64 
 
 18,963,309.83 
 
 6,966,558.17 
 
 28,357,395.69 
 
 73,599,661.04 
 
 1877 
 
 87,083,735.90 
 
 14,9.59,935.86 
 
 6,277,007.22 
 
 37,963,752.27 
 
 58,936,532..53 
 
 1878 
 
 33,154,147.85 
 
 17,366,301.87 
 
 4,629,280.28 
 
 27,137,019.08 
 
 68,177,703.57 
 
 1879 
 
 40,425,660.73 
 
 15,125,126.84 
 
 6,206,109.08 
 
 36,121,488.89 
 
 65,741,555.49 
 
 1880 
 
 38,116,916.32 
 
 13,686,984.74 
 
 6,945,457.09 
 
 56,777,174.44 
 
 54,713,529.76 
 
 1881 
 
 40,466,460.55 
 
 16,686,671.66 
 
 6,614,161.09 
 
 50,069,379.63 
 
 64,416,324.71 
 
 1882 
 
 43,670,494.19 
 
 15,032,046.36 
 
 9,736,747.40 
 
 61,345,198.95 
 
 57,319,760.98 
 
 1883 
 
 48,911,382.93 
 
 15,283,437.17 
 
 7,362,590.34 
 
 66,013,.578.64 
 
 68,678,033.31 
 
 1884 
 
 39,429,603.36 
 
 17,292,601. « 
 
 6,475,999.29 
 
 56,439,338.06 
 
 70,930,433.70 
 
 1885 
 
 42,670,578.47 
 
 16,021,079.67 
 
 6,652,494.63 
 
 56,102,267.49 
 
 87,494,368.88 
 
 1886 
 
 34,324,152.74 
 
 13,907,887.74 
 
 6,099,158.17 
 
 63,404,864.03 
 
 74,166,929.85 
 
 1887 
 
 38,561,025.85 
 
 15,141,126.80 
 
 6,194,523.69 
 
 75,039,101.79 
 
 85,864,835.59 
 
 1888 
 
 38,522,436.11 
 
 16,926,437.65 
 
 6,249,307.87 
 
 80,388,608,77 
 
 73,953,360.80 
 
 1889 
 
 44,436,270.85 
 
 21,378,809.31 
 
 6,892,207.76 
 
 87,634,779.11 
 
 80,664,064.36 
 
 1890 
 
 44,583,838.08 
 
 23,006,206.34 
 
 6,708,046.67 
 
 106,936,865.07 
 
 81,408,356.49 
 
 1891 
 
 48,720,065.01 
 
 36,113,896.46 
 
 8,637,469.01 
 
 134,416,961.40 
 
 110,048,167.49 
 
 Total.. 
 
 4,777,863,340.63 
 
 1,207,598,476.87 
 
 264,471,340.16 
 
 1,373,889,938,50 
 
 2,368,549,395.48 
 
 *Outstanding 
 
 Note. — This statement is made from warrants paid by tlie Treasurer up to 
 
 warrants issiied 
 
 134 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES FROM MARCH 4, 1789, TO JUNE 30, 1891, ETC.-Continued. 
 
 
 Net ordinary- 
 expenditures. 
 
 Premiums. 
 
 Interest. 
 
 Public debt. 
 
 Gross 
 Expenditures. 
 
 Balance in 
 
 Treasury at 
 
 tbe end of 
 
 the year. 
 
 1854 
 1855 
 1856 
 1867 
 1868 
 1859 
 
 $51,967,528.42 
 56,816,197.73 
 66,773,537.64 
 66,041,143.70 
 73,330,487.17 
 66,865,960.07 
 60,056,754.71 
 62,616,065.78 
 456,879,896.81 
 694,004,575.56 
 811,288,676.14 
 1,217,704,199.38 
 385,954,731.43 
 
 $2,877,818.69 
 872,047.39 
 385,378.90 
 363,672.39 
 574,443.08 
 
 $3,070,926.69 
 2,314,464.99 
 1,963,822.37 
 1,593,265.23 
 1,652,055.67 
 1,637,649.70 
 3,144,120.94 
 4,034,157.30 
 13,190,344.84 
 24,789,700.62 
 53,685,418.69 
 77,395,090.30 
 133,067,624.91 
 
 $17,556,896.95 
 
 6,662,066.86 
 
 3,614,618.66 
 
 3,276,606.05 
 
 7,505,860.83 
 
 14,685,043.15 
 
 18,854,250.00 
 
 18,737,100.00 
 
 96,097,322.09 
 
 181,081,685.07 
 
 430,572,014.03 
 
 609,616,141.68 
 
 620,263,349.10 
 
 $75,473,170.76 
 
 66,164,775.96 
 
 78,786,341.57 
 
 71,374,587.37 
 
 83,062,186.74 
 
 83,678,643.93 
 
 77,056,186.66 
 
 86,387,313.08 
 
 665,667,563.74 
 
 899,815,911.35 
 
 895,541,114.86 
 
 1,906,433,331.37 
 
 1,139,844,081.96 
 
 $48,591,073.41 
 47,777,672.18 
 49,108,229.80 
 46,803,856.00 
 36,113,334.22 
 88,193,248.60 
 32,979,630.78 
 30,963,867.83 
 46,965.304.87 
 36,523,046.18 
 
 134,433,738.44 
 33,9.33,657.89 
 
 166,301,654.76 
 
 1860 
 
 
 1861 
 
 
 186R 
 
 
 1863 
 
 
 1H64 
 
 
 1866 
 1866 
 
 1,717,900.11 
 58,476.51 
 
 
 6,153,771,550.43 
 *4,481,566.24 
 
 7,611,003.56 
 
 502,689,519.27 
 *2,888.48 
 
 3,374,677,108.18 
 *100.31 
 
 8,037,749,176.38 
 *4,484,555.08 
 
 
 
 *4,484,555.08 
 
 1867 
 1868 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 1874 
 1875 
 
 5,167,253,116.67 
 303,947,7;38.87 
 229,915,088.11 
 190,496,354.95 
 164,431,507.15 
 157,583,887.58 
 153,301,856.19 
 180,488,636.90 
 194,118,985.00 
 171,529,848.27 
 164,857,813.86 
 144,209,968.28 
 134,468,463.15 
 161,619,984.58 
 169,090,063.35 
 177,142,897.63 
 186,904,332.78 
 206,348,006.39 
 189,647,865.85 
 308,840,678.64 
 191,903,993 53 
 220,190,602.72 
 214,938,951.20 
 240,995,1.31.81 
 261,637,202.56 
 317,825,649.37 
 
 7,611,003.56 
 10,818,349.38 
 7,001,151.04 
 1,674,680.05 
 15,996,555.60 
 9,016,794.84 
 6,958,866.76 
 5,105,919.99 
 1,395,073.65 
 
 608,693,407.75 
 143,781,591.91 
 140,424,045.71 
 130,694,342.80 
 189,835,498.00 
 135,576,565.93 
 117,367,839.73 
 104,760,688.44 
 107,119,815.31 
 108,093,544.57 
 100,343,371.83 
 97,134,511.67 
 102,500,874.65 
 105,327.949.00 
 95,757,576.11 
 82,608,741.18 
 71,077,206.79 
 59,160,131.26 
 64,578,378.48 
 51,886,366.47 
 50,580,145.97 
 47,741,577.35 
 44,715,007.47 
 41,001,484.29 
 36,099,284.05 
 37,547,135.37 
 
 2,374,677,203.43 
 735,536,980.11 
 692,549,685.88 
 261,912,718.31 
 398,254,282.13 
 899,503,670.65 
 405,007,307.54 
 283,699,352.68 
 423,065,060.23 
 407,377,492.48 
 449,346,272.80 
 328,965,424.06 
 853,676,944.90 
 699,445,809.16 
 432,590,280.41 
 166,162,385.05 
 271,646,299.55 
 590,083,829.96 
 360.620,690.50 
 211,760,353.43 
 205,216,709.36 
 271,901,321.15 
 249,760,258.05 
 818,922,412.85 
 312,206,367.50 
 365,362,470.87 
 
 8,042,333,731.41 
 1,098,079,656.27 
 1,069,889,970.74 
 684,777,996.11 
 702,907,842.88 
 691,680,858.90 
 682,525,870.31 
 524,044,697.91 
 734,698,988.99 
 683,000,885.83 
 714,446,367.39 
 565,299,898.91 
 590,641,371.70 
 966,393,693.69 
 700,238,338.19 
 425,865,338.64 
 529,637,739.12 
 856,491,967.60 
 504,646,934.83 
 471,987,288.64 
 447,699,847.86 
 639,838,501.13 
 617,686,059.18 
 618,211,.390.60 
 630,247,078.16 
 781,126,376.23 
 
 160,817,099.73 
 198,076,537.09 
 158,936,083.87 
 188,781,986.76 
 177,604,116.51 
 138,019,138.15 
 184,666,001.85 
 169,393,678.41 
 178,833,339.54 
 172,804,061 33 
 
 1876 
 
 
 149,909,377.21 
 
 1877 
 
 
 214,887,646.88 
 286,591,453 88 
 
 1878 
 
 
 1879 
 
 
 386,833,688.66 
 
 1880 
 1881 
 1883 
 
 2,795,830.42 
 1,061,248.78 
 
 331,940,064.44 
 280,607,668.37 
 276,460,903.53 
 
 1883 
 
 
 374,189,081.98 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 
 
 434,941,408.07 
 621,794,026.26 
 626,848,765.46 
 
 1887 
 
 
 512,851,484.36 
 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 
 8,270,842.46 
 17,298,362.65 
 20,804,234.06 
 10,401,830.61 
 
 669,449,099.94 
 673,399,118.18 
 691,627,403.76 
 726,233,332.60 
 
 
 9,992,372,291.13 
 
 125,698,013.66 
 
 8,682,075,770.18 
 
 11,807,130,633.43 
 
 24,607,276,607.39 
 
 
 
 
 warrants. 
 
 June 30, 1866. The outstanding warrants are then added, and the statement is by 
 from that date. 
 
 135 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPROPRIATIONS SANCTIONED BY CONGRESS, 1882-1892. 
 
 
 1883. 
 
 1883. 
 
 1884. 
 
 1885. 
 
 1886. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Deficiencies.. 
 
 $5,110,862 
 
 17,797,398 
 
 22,011,223 
 
 26,687,800 
 
 14,566,038 
 
 4,587,867 
 
 11,451,300 
 
 575,000 
 
 332,435 
 
 2,152,258 
 
 68,383,307 
 
 1,191,435 
 
 335,500 
 
 3,379,571 
 
 1,138,006 
 
 $9,853,869 
 
 20,322,908 
 
 25,425,479 
 
 27,032,099 
 
 14,903,559 
 
 5,219,604 
 
 18,988,875 
 
 375,000 
 
 335,567 
 
 1,902,178 
 
 116,000,000 
 
 1,256,665 
 
 427,280 
 
 3,496,060 
 
 5,888,994 
 
 $2,832,680 
 
 20,763,843 
 
 23,713,404 
 
 24,681,260 
 
 16,954,247 
 
 5,388,656 
 
 None 
 
 670,000 
 
 318,657 
 
 Indefinite. 
 
 86,575,000 
 
 1,296,255 
 
 405,640 
 
 3,505,496 
 
 1,806,439 
 
 $4,385,836 
 
 21,556,902 
 
 22,.346,750 
 
 24,454,450 
 
 8,931,856 
 
 5,903,161 
 
 14,948,300 
 
 700,000 
 
 314,563 
 
 Indefinite. 
 
 20,810,000 
 
 1,225,140 
 
 480,190 
 
 3,594,256 
 
 7,800,004 
 
 $3,333,717 
 
 31,495,661 
 
 25,961,904 
 
 24,014,053 
 
 21,380,767 
 
 5,773,339 
 
 None. 
 
 725,000 
 
 309,903 
 
 Indefinite. 
 
 60,000,000 
 
 1,343,935 
 
 580,790 
 
 3,633,683 
 
 3,368,383 
 
 $13,572,883 
 
 Legislative, Executive 
 and Judicial 
 
 20,809,781 
 
 
 23,656,658 
 
 Support of the Army. 
 
 33,753,057 
 16,489,557 
 
 Indian Service 
 
 Rivers and Harbors. . . 
 Forts & Fortifications 
 Military Academy — 
 Post-Offlce Dept 
 
 5,561,263 
 
 14,464,900 
 
 59,877 
 
 297,805 
 
 Indefinite. 
 
 76,075,200 
 
 Consular & Diplomatic 
 A gricultural Dept* — 
 District of Columbiat 
 
 1,364,065 
 
 654,715 
 
 3,721,061 
 
 10,194,571 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 $179,579,000 
 
 $251,428,117 
 
 $187,911,566 
 
 $137,451,398 
 
 $170,608,114 
 
 $209,659,383 
 
 
 1888. 
 
 1889. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1893. 
 
 
 
 $137,000 
 
 30,773,721 
 
 22,369,841 
 
 23,724,719 
 
 25,786,848 
 
 5,334,396 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 419,9.37 
 
 Indefinite. 
 
 83,152,500 
 
 1,439,942 
 
 1,028,730 
 
 4,284,592 
 
 4,694,635 
 
 $21,190,996 
 
 20,924,492 
 
 26.316,530 
 
 24,474,711 
 
 19,938,281 
 
 5,401,331 
 
 33,397,616 
 
 3,972,000 
 
 315,044 
 
 Indefinite. 
 
 81,758,700 
 
 1,438,405 
 
 1,715,826 
 
 5,056,679 
 
 10,129,502 
 
 $14,339,180 
 
 20,865,220 
 
 25,527,642 
 
 24,316,616 
 
 31,675,375 
 
 8,077,453 
 
 None. 
 
 1,333,594 
 
 903,767 
 
 Indefinite. 
 
 81,758,700 
 
 1,980,025 
 
 1,669,770 
 
 5,683,410 
 
 10,186,689 
 
 $34,137,737 
 
 21,073,137 
 
 29,760,054 
 
 24,206,471 
 
 23,136,035 
 
 7,266,758 
 
 25,136,296 
 
 4,232,936 
 
 435,296 
 
 Indefinite. 
 
 98,457,461 
 
 1,710,725 
 
 1.796,602 
 
 5,762,236 
 
 10,620,840 
 
 $38,516,327 
 
 32,037,674 
 
 35,469,163 
 
 24,613,539 
 
 31,541,645 
 
 16,278,492 
 
 2,961,200 
 
 3,774,803 
 
 402,070 
 
 Indefinite. 
 
 136,214,785 
 
 1,656,925 
 
 3,028,153 
 
 5,597,125 
 
 2,721,283 
 
 
 Legislative, Executive 
 
 
 
 
 Support of the Army. 
 
 
 Indian Service 
 
 Rivers and Harbors. . . 
 Forts & Fortifications. 
 
 Military Academy 
 
 Post-Offlce Dept 
 
 
 Consular & Diplomatic 
 Agricultural Dept* — 
 District of Columbiat 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 $193,085,861 
 
 $345,020,173 
 
 $218,115,440 
 
 $287,723,488 
 
 $323,783,079 
 
 
 * Previous to 1881 appropriations for the Agricultural Department were included in the 
 Legislative, Executive and Judicial appropriations. tPrevious to 1881 appropriations for the 
 District of Columbia were included in the Sundry Civil expenses appropriations. 
 
 186 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
EECEIPTS AND BXPEITDITUEES, 1891-1893. 
 (FKOM THE TREASURY REPORTS,) 
 
 EECEIPTS AND BXPENDITtTBES. 
 
 Fiscal year 1891. 
 
 The revenues of the government from all sources for the fiscal year ended 
 June 30, 1891, were: 
 
 S^S^f*""? $219,532,205.33 
 
 From internal revenue 145 686 349 44 
 
 From profits on coinage, bullion deposits, and assays ........". 7'70l'99l'82 
 
 From sales of public lands . 4^963541 
 
 From fees— consular, letters-patent, and land s'oigVsi 84 
 
 From sinking-fund for Pacific railways 8'8S8'359 37 
 
 From tax on national banks ,, , l'336'042 60 
 
 From customs fees, fines, penalties, and forfeitures " '966'l31 82 
 
 From repayment of interest by Pacific railways 823'904'04 
 
 From sales of Indian lands 602'64S 88 
 
 From Soldiers' Home, permanent fund ' 308648 34 
 
 From tax on seal-skins ' 269'673 88 
 
 From immigrant fund 292271 00 
 
 From sales of government property 259^379!05 
 
 From deposits for surveying public lands 131,'422.80 
 
 From Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad Company 600,000.00 
 
 From sales of ordnance material 122,668.01 
 
 From sales of condemned naval vessels 78,037.36 
 
 From depredations on public lands 55'905"83 
 
 From the District of Columbia 2,863,897 .74 
 
 From miscellaneous sources 1,825 806.35 
 
 From postal service 66,93l'785!73 
 
 Total receipts $458,544,23aS3 
 
 The expenditures for the same period were: 
 
 For the civil establishment, including foreign intercourse, public build- 
 ings, collecting the revenues, deficiency in postal revenues, rebate of 
 tax on tobacco, refund of direct taxes, French spoliation claims. Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, and other miscellaneous expenses $110,048,167.49 
 
 For the military establishment, including rivers and harbors, forts, ar- 
 senals, and sea-coast defenses 48,720,065.01 
 
 For the naval establishment, including construction of new vessels, ma- 
 chinery, armament, equipment, and improvement at navy -yards — 36,113,896.46 
 
 For Indian service 8,527,469.01 
 
 For pensions 124,416,961.40 
 
 For interest on the public debt .37,647,136.37 
 
 For postal service 66,931,785.7 2 
 
 Total expenditures $421,304,470.46 
 
 Leaving a surplus of .~~$37,239,762;57 
 
 137 
 13b 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
138 
 
 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893. 
 
 To this sum was added $54,207,975.75, deposited in the Treasury under 
 the act of July 14, 1890, for the redemption of national bank notes; $9,363,- 
 715 deposited during the year on the same account; $3,810 received for 
 four per cent, bonds issued for interest accrued on refunding certificates con- 
 verted during the year, and $34,132,372.16 talsen from the cash balance in the 
 Treasury, makinga total of $134,947,635.48, which was applied to the pay- 
 ment of the public debt, as follows: 
 
 Redemption of 
 
 Bonds, fractional currency, and notes for the sinking-fund, includ- 
 ing $3,860,086.38 premium paid on bonds $47,866,197.65 
 
 Loan of 1847 300.00 
 
 Loan of July and August, 1861 21,100.00 
 
 Loan of 1863 100.00 
 
 Loan of 1863, continued 300.00 
 
 Five-twenties of 1862 ISO.OO 
 
 Five-twenties of June, 1864 10,650.00 
 
 Consols of 1865 15,850.00 
 
 Consols of 1867 35,450.00 
 
 Consols of 1868 20,060.00 
 
 Ten-forties of 1864 11,500.00 
 
 Funded loan of 1881 5,000.00 
 
 Funded loan of 1881, continued 7,800.00 
 
 Loan of 1882 60,200.00 
 
 Bounty land scrip 100.00 
 
 Old demand, compound interest, and other notes 5,055.00 
 
 National bank notes 23,553,298.50 
 
 Purchase of — 
 
 Funded loan of 1891 30,286,150.00 
 
 Funded loan of 1907 26,50r ,260.00 
 
 Premium on funded loan of 1891 135.99 
 
 Premium on funded loan of 1907 6,540,998.34 
 
 Total 8134,947,636.48 
 
 As compared with the fiscal year 1890, the receipts for 1891 have fallen off 
 
 $5,418,847.53, as follows: 
 
 Source. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Decrease. Net decrease 
 
 Postal service 
 
 Internal revenue 
 
 Nashville & Chattanooga R. R. Co 
 
 Sinking-fund for Pacific railways 
 
 Sales of Indian lands 
 
 Repayment of interest by Pacific railways. 
 
 Consular fees 
 
 Sales of ordnance material 
 
 Sales of condemned naval vessels 
 
 Sales of government property ■. 
 
 Immigrant fund 
 
 Revenues of the District of Coluiabia 
 
 Depredations on public lands 
 
 Deposits for surveying public lands 
 
 Tax on seal-skins 
 
 Miscellaneous items 
 
 Customs 
 
 Profits on coinage, assays, etc 
 
 Sales of public lands 
 
 Registers' and Receivers' fees 
 
 Custom-house fees 
 
 Customs emolument fees 
 
 Tax on national banks 
 
 Fees on letters-patent 
 
 Customs fines, penalties, etc 
 
 Total 
 
 $5,049,687.80 
 
 8,079,543.63 
 
 500,000.00 
 
 488,794.85 
 
 230,257.23 
 
 118,212.52 
 
 112,185 47 
 
 82,301.71 
 
 77,096.89 
 
 67,255.06 
 
 50,807.00 
 
 44,766.81 
 
 20,053.46 
 
 19,108.01 
 
 7,178.88 
 
 $10,146,379.34 
 2,515,252.43 
 2,328,737.10 
 196,730.03 
 179,885.43 
 129,118.85 
 65,283.98 
 42,366.92 
 24,198.42 
 
 $10,209,103.98 $15,627,951.60 
 
 $5,418,847.52 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893. 
 
 139 
 
 There was an increase of $57, 636,198.14 in the ordinary expenditures, as 
 follows: 
 
 Source. 
 
 CrVIL ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 Legislative — 
 
 Salaries and expenses 
 
 Department of State — 
 
 Salaries and expenses 
 
 Foreign intercourse 
 
 Treasury Department- 
 Salaries and contingent expenses 
 
 Independent Treasury 
 
 Mints and assay oifices 
 
 Territorial governments 
 
 Salaries and expenses, internal revenue 
 
 Rebate of tax on tobacco 
 
 Refund of direct taxes 
 
 Repay me't to importers excess of deposits 
 Debentures or drawbacks, customs 
 
 Miscellaneous items, customs 
 
 Lighthouse establishment 
 
 Coast and Geodetic Survey 
 
 Bureau of Engraving and Printing. 
 
 Court-houses, custom-houses, etc 
 
 Sinking fund. Pacific railroads . . 
 
 Expenses of Treasury notes of 1890 
 
 World's Columbian Exposition 
 
 French spoliation claims 
 
 Miscellaneous items 
 
 Navy Department — 
 
 Salaries and expenses 
 
 Interior Department- 
 Salaries and expenses 
 
 Public lands service 
 
 Expenses of Eleventh Census 
 
 Colleges for agriculture and mechanic arts 
 Post-OfiBce Department — 
 
 Salaries and expenses 
 
 Department of Agriculture — 
 
 Salaries and expenses 
 
 Department of Labor — 
 
 Salaries and expenses 
 
 Department of Justice — 
 
 Salaries and expenses 
 
 Fees of supervisors of elections 
 
 Special deputy marshals at elections 
 
 Judgments, U. S. Courts 
 
 Salaries and expenses, U. S. Courts. 
 Executive Proper — 
 
 Salaries and expenses 
 
 District of Columbia — 
 
 Salaries and expenses 
 
 War Department — 
 
 Salaries and Expenses 
 
 Post- Office Department — 
 
 Postal Service ^ 
 
 Total Civil Establishment 
 
 MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 Pay of the Army 
 
 Pay and bounty claims 
 
 Subsistence of the Army 
 
 Transportation of the Army 
 
 Regular supplies, incidentals, etc 
 
 Ordnance service. . .* 
 
 Forts and fortifications 
 
 Rivers and harbors 
 
 Signal Service 
 
 Artificial limbs and appliances 
 
 Official records of the rebellion 
 
 Homes for disabled volunteer soldiers 
 
 Damages by improvement of rivers 
 
 Refunding to States war expenses 
 
 Supplies taken by the Army (Bowman act). 
 
 Miscellaneous items 
 
 Medical department 
 
 Military posts — 
 
 Relief of sufferers from flood 
 
 Total Military Establishment . 
 
 Increase. 
 
 $436,874.00 
 
 16,542.00 
 380,439.00 
 
 92,566.00 
 
 35,052.00 
 
 45,711.00 
 
 139,948.00 
 
 332,645.00 
 
 770,082.00 
 
 11,521,497.00 
 
 3,039,763.00 
 
 1,983,830.00 
 
 44,611.00 
 
 102,546.00 
 
 30,052.00 
 
 87,688.00 
 
 433,872.00 
 
 476,438.00 
 
 218,363.00 
 
 169,378.00 
 
 1,085,240.00 
 
 305,780.00 
 
 21,796.00 
 
 357,559.00 
 
 462,401.00 
 
 4,938,333.00 
 
 1,081,000.00 
 
 25,445.00 
 
 184,361.00 
 
 5,767.00 
 
 39,230.00 
 
 371,868.00 
 
 .34,785.00 
 
 60,091.00 
 
 1,398,298.00 
 
 $30,739,306.00 
 
 $378,725.00 
 531,651.00 
 208,484.00 
 618,169.00 
 178,940.00 
 195,684.00 
 208,680.00 
 513,189.00 
 177,327.00 
 327,117.00 
 98,794.00 
 548,569.00 
 158,294.00 
 210,2.36.00 
 75,483.00 
 98,475.93 
 
 Decrease. 
 
 Net increase 
 
 $11,648.00 
 
 41,909.00 
 
 6,465.00 
 
 2,024,873.00 
 
 $2,084,395.00 
 
 $28,644,911.00 
 
 $33,660.00 
 207,880.00 
 135,000.00 
 
 $4,513,766.93 $375,540.00 $4,137,826, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
140 
 
 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893. 
 
 Increase in Ordinary Expenditures.— Continued. 
 
 Source. 
 
 NAVAL ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 Naval Academy 
 
 Increase of the Navy 
 
 Bureau of Yards and Docks 
 
 Bureau of Equipment 
 
 Bureau of Construction and Repairs . 
 
 Bureau of Ordnance 
 
 Bureau of Steam Engineering; 
 
 Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 
 
 General account of advances 
 
 Mileage (Graham decision) 
 
 Contingencies of the Navy 
 
 Miscellaneous, reliefs, etc 
 
 Marine'Corps 
 
 Navy-yards and stations 
 
 Bureau of Navigation 
 
 Bureau of Provisions and Clothing. . 
 
 Fay of the Navy 
 
 Total Naval Establishment . . 
 
 Indian service 
 
 Pensions 
 
 Interest on the public debt . 
 
 Total net increase . . 
 
 Increase. 
 
 3,777. 
 
 76, 
 
 648. 
 
 379! 
 
 91, 
 
 8. 
 
 27. 
 
 loo; 
 47: 
 
 165! 
 
 ,478.00 
 ,894.00 
 ,297.00 
 ,992.00 
 .043.00 
 ,960.00 
 ,792.00 
 ,327.00 
 ,619.00 
 1,060.00 
 ,774.00 
 ,270.22 
 
 $5,856,006.22 
 
 Decrease. Net increase 
 
 $28,679.00 
 381,202.00 
 34,102.00 
 339,577.00 
 464,756.00 
 
 $1,248,316.00 
 
 $4,107,690.22 
 
 1,819,422.84 
 
 17,479,096.38 
 
 1,447,851.32 
 
 $57,636,198.14 
 
 Fiscal year 1893. 
 
 • 
 
 For the present fiscal year the revenues are estimated as follows: 
 
 From customs $185,000,000.00 
 
 From internal revenue 152,000,000.00 
 
 From miscellaneous sources 25,000,000.00 
 
 From postal service _ 7 1,000,000. 00 
 
 Total estimated revenues ^$433,000,000.00 
 
 The expenditures for the same period are estimated as follows: 
 
 For the civil establishment $100,000,000.00 
 
 For the military establishment 46,000,000.00 
 
 For the naval establishment 32,000,000.00 
 
 For the Indian service 13,000,000.00 
 
 For pensions 125,000,000.00 
 
 For interest on the public debt 28,000,000.00 
 
 For postal service 71,000,000.00 
 
 Total estimated expenditures $409,000,000.00 
 
 Leaving an estimated surplus for the year of $34,000,000.00 
 
 The following is a statement of the probable condition of the Treasury at 
 the close of the present fiscal year, Jime 30, 1892: 
 
 Cash In the Treasury July 1, 1891, includmg gold reserve $153,893,809.83 
 
 Surplus for year, as above 24,000,000.00 
 
 Deposits during the year for redemption of national bank notes 3,000,000.00 
 
 Total amount available $180,893,808.83 
 
 Less — 
 
 Redemption of national bank notes during the year. . $16,000,000.00 
 Redemption of bonds, interest notes, and fractional 
 
 currency to November 1, 1891 20,911,163.00 
 
 Redemption of same items during remainder of year. 4,254,500.00 
 
 $41,165,668.00 
 
 Cash balance available June 30, 1892 $139,728,145.83 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893. 141 
 
 Fiscal year 1893. 
 
 It is estimated that the revenues of the government for the fiscal year 1893 
 will be: 
 
 From customs $195,000,000.00 
 
 From internal revenue 158,000,000.00 
 
 From miscellaneous sources 22,000,000.00 
 
 From postal service 80,336,350.44 
 
 Total estimated revenues $455,336,360.44 
 
 The estimates of appropriations required for the same period, as submitted 
 by the several Executive Departments and offices, are as follows: 
 
 Legislative establishment $3,492,089.95 
 
 Executive establisliment — 
 
 Executive proper $143,850.00 
 
 State Department 166,510.00 
 
 Treasury Department 9,108,386.10 
 
 War Department 8,247,178.00 
 
 Navy Department 416,920.00 
 
 Interior Department 5,202,924.00 
 
 Post-Offlce Department 923,360.00 
 
 Department of Agriculture 3,360,995.50 
 
 Department of Justice 184,750.00 
 
 Department of Labor 175,470.00 
 
 43] 93Q 343.60 
 
 Judicial establishment ' '692i600!o0 
 
 Foreign intercourse 2,138,466.14 
 
 Military establishment 26,299,170.77 
 
 Naval establishment 26,365,654.75 
 
 Indian affairs 8,603,907.76 
 
 Pensions 147,064,550.00 
 
 Public Works — 
 
 Legislative $1,041,885.00 
 
 Treasury Department 3,125,479.95 
 
 War Department 13,208,393.00 
 
 Navy Department 828,985.05 
 
 Interior Department 290,665.00 
 
 Department of Justice 5,800.00 
 
 $18,501,208.00 
 
 Miscellaneous — 
 
 Legislative $3,076,141.86 
 
 State Department 3,000.00 
 
 Treasury Department 9,779,084.90 
 
 War Department 5,501,861.60 
 
 Interior Department 3,928,821.00 
 
 Department of Justice 4,765,787.60 
 
 District of Columbia 5.602,125.17 
 
 $32,656,822.13 
 
 Postal service 80,323,400.51 
 
 Permanent annual appropriations- 
 Interest on the public debt $36,000,000.00 
 
 Refunding — customs, internal revenue, etc 17,431,200.00 
 
 Collecting revenue from customs 5,500,000.00 
 
 Miscellaneous 24,300,680.00 
 
 $73,231,880.00 
 
 Total estimated appropriations, exclusive of sinking-fund . . . $441,300,093 .61 
 Or an estimated surplus of $14,036,266.83 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT 
 
 SHOWING THE ITEMS OF RECEIPT AND EXPENDITURE IN THE FEDERAL 
 OFFICES, ETC., FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1891. 
 
 {From the report of the First Auditor.) 
 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
 Accounts adjusted. 
 
 Duties on merchandise and tonnage $198,599,088.42 
 
 Fines, penalties, and forfeitures 133,169.05 
 
 Marine hospital money collected 5,970.69 
 
 Immigration fees 275,021.95 
 
 Money received on account of deceased passengers 860.00 
 
 Money received from sale of old material, public documents, etc 158,617.48 
 
 Miscellaneous receipts 750,432.98 
 
 Treasurer of the United States for moneys received 666,965,384.93 
 
 Mint and assay offices 113,154,195.88 
 
 Accounts of the collector of taxes for the District of Columbia for taxes 
 
 collected by him. and deposited 4,950,971.95 
 
 Fees for copyrights 34,788.86 
 
 Quarantine stations 109.00 
 
 Total $985,017,611.19 
 
 DISBURSEMENTS. 
 
 Legislative. 
 
 united states senate. 
 
 Compensation of President of the Senate $8,000.00 
 
 Salaries and mileage of Senators 464,130.24 
 
 Salaries, officers and employees 436,967.38 
 
 Contingent expenses: 
 
 Stationery and newspapers 17,799.97 
 
 Horses and wagons 8,685.26 
 
 Fuel for heating apparatus 13,162.15 
 
 Furniture and repairs 14,524.50 
 
 Folding documents 13,884.94 
 
 Materials for folding 9,993.90 
 
 Packing-boxes 1,494.99 
 
 Expenses of Special and Select Committees 19,128.74 
 
 Miscellaneous items r 62,924.90 
 
 Salaries of Capitol police 36,599.96 
 
 Reporting proceedings and debates 35,000.00 
 
 Compiling Congressional Directory 1,300.00 
 
 Postage 380.00 
 
 One month's extra pay to officers and employees 41,103.15 
 
 Furniture, cleaning 535.86 
 
 Cleaning and sewing carpets 243.27 
 
 Payment to Hons. W. F. Sanders and Thomas C. Power 2,453.00 
 
 Payment to heirs of Hon., James B. Beck 5,000.00 
 
 Payment to W. B. Clarke, Senate 280.00 
 
 Payment to Martin Maginnis and William A. Clark 10,000.00 
 
 Payment to Ex-Senator George E. Spencer 6,543.38 
 
 Payment to Ex-Senator F. A. Sawyer 6,543.38 
 
 Payment to widow of Hon. E. K. Wilson 5,000.00 
 
 Payment to Charles H. Evans 500.00 
 
 Reimbursement to official reporter 5,000.00 
 
 143 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft© 
 
AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 143 
 
 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Salaries and mileage of members and delegates $1,964,915.74 
 
 Salaries, oCacers and employees 903,365.37 
 
 Contingent expenses: 
 
 Stationery and newspapers 61,279.43 
 
 Fuel for heating apparatus 11,407.06 
 
 Furniture and repairs 13,878.00 
 
 Material for foldmg 16,657.68 
 
 Miscellaneous items 90,632.92 
 
 Packing boxes 3,587.00 
 
 Postage 225.00 
 
 Payment to widow of Hon. James N. Burnes 6,000.00 
 
 Payment to widow of Hon. W. D. Kelley 6,225.06 
 
 Payment to Hon. George A. Matthews 6,697.70 
 
 Payment to widow of Hon. Samuel J. Kandall 4,501.70 
 
 Payment to widow of Hon. E. W. Townsend 10,691 .46 
 
 Payment to widow of Hon. S. S. Cox 7,596.17 
 
 Payment to estate of Hon. James Laird 604.00 
 
 Payment to widow of Hon. E.J. Gay 9,904.37 
 
 Payment to widow of Hon. Dayid Wilbur 4,974.99 
 
 Payment to widow of Hon. James P. Walker 3,593.76 
 
 Payment to Henry H. Smith 1,000.00 
 
 Payment to John H. Rogers 500.00 
 
 Payment to George W. Kae 180.00 
 
 Payment to William W. Kelser 300.00 
 
 Reimbursement to official reporters to committees 1,500.00 
 
 Salaries, officers and employees — reporters 33,083.00 
 
 Rent of stables and carpenter shop 840.00 
 
 Miscellaneous 8,716.08 
 
 Compiling'testimony in contested-election cases 2,500.00 
 
 Compiling tariff changes 2,000.00 
 
 Office of Public Printer. 
 
 Public printing and binding 2,768,227.03 
 
 Public Printer — Miscellaneous. 
 
 ReUef of G.B.Kane & Co 517.60 
 
 Library of Congress. 
 
 Salaries 78,505.55 
 
 Increase of library 5,815.02 
 
 Contingent expenses 1,244.35 
 
 Catalogue of library 2,068.10 
 
 One month^s extra pay in law department 327.20 
 
 Botanic Garden. 
 
 Salaries 15,089.45 
 
 Improving Botanic Garden 4,341.99 
 
 Improving buildings 3,054.44 
 
 Court of Claims. 
 
 Salaries, judges, etc 33,240.00 
 
 Reporting decisions 2,000.00 
 
 Contingent expenses ". 2,704.87 
 
 Payment of judgments 381,747.77 
 
 Legislative — Miscellaneous. 
 
 Expenses of investigation concerning immigration 13,192.73 
 
 Expenses of contesting seat in Congress 84,749.30 
 
 Conveying votes of Presidential electors 533.75 
 
 Statement of appropriations 2,400.00 
 
 Executive. 
 
 office of the president. 
 
 Salaries executive office 33,615.32 
 
 Contingent expenses 9,236.04 
 
 Preventing the spread of epidemic diseases 35,680.88 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
144 AIS INTEEESTIKG DOCUMENT. 
 
 Civil Service Commission. 
 
 Salaries $33,819.95 
 
 Traveling expenses 4,96S.ll 
 
 Contingent 3,581.80 
 
 TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Salaries, office of — 
 
 Secretary 685,584.11 
 
 Supervising Architect 11,150.00 
 
 First Comptroller 88,039.94 
 
 Second Comptroller 91,535.43 
 
 Second Comptroller, accounts of Soldiers' Home 2,698.57 
 
 Commissioner of Customs 49,137.32 
 
 First Auditor 88,323.37 
 
 Second Auditor 240,566.59 
 
 Second Auditor, repairing rolls, bounty pay of Indians, soldiers, etc. 81,483.83 
 
 Second Auditor, accounts of Soldiers' Home 6,113.63 
 
 Third Auditor 188,588.13 
 
 Fourth Auditor 68,831.95 
 
 Fifth Auditor 47,888.65 
 
 Sixth Auditor 531,882.48 
 
 Treasurer of the United States 269,899.54 
 
 Treasurer (national currency, reimbursable, permanent) 63,716.00 
 
 Register 173,583.43 
 
 Comptroller of the Currency 108,237.67 
 
 Examination of national banks and bank plates 369.93 
 
 Salaries: Office of — 
 
 Comptroller of Currency, national currency, reimbursable,permanent 16,317.36 
 
 Lif e-Saving Service 46,608.84 
 
 Lighthouse Board 35,150.79 
 
 Salaries: Bureau of — 
 
 Navigation, Treasury Department 31,689.76 
 
 Statistics 45,189.19 
 
 Collecting statistics relating to commerce 5,895.68 
 
 Salaries: 
 
 Secret Service Division 12,701.36 
 
 Office of Supervising Surgeon-General, Marine-Hospital Service 31,747.40 
 
 Office of Supervising Inspector-General, Steamboat Inspection Ser- 
 vice 12,671.77 
 
 Office of Standard Weights and Measures 2,320.45 
 
 Contingent expenses. Office Standard Weights and Measures 605.43 
 
 Salaries Steamboat Inspection Service (permanent) 818,765.33 
 
 Contingent expenses Steamboat Inspection Service (permanent) 48,536.81 
 
 Salaries and expenses of special inspectors, foreign steam vessels 
 
 (permanent) 13,989.14 
 
 Treasury — Miscellaneous. 
 
 Contingent expenses. Treasury Department: 
 
 Stationery 80,078.12 
 
 Binding newspapers, etc 1,934.91 
 
 Investigation of accounts and traveling expenses 852.99 
 
 ] Freight, telegrams, etc 1,681.13 
 
 Eent 5,459.99 
 
 Horses, wagons, etc 3,983.86 
 
 Ice 2,550.03 
 
 File holders and cases 2 169.09 
 
 Fuel, etc 8,090.95 
 
 Gas, etc 13,683.90 
 
 Carpets and repairs 2,823.83 
 
 Furniture, etc 9,869.63 
 
 Miscellaneous items 8,965.54 
 
 Contingent expenses, national currency. Treasurer's Office, reimbursable 
 
 (permanent) 21,799.14 
 
 Sealing and separating United States securities, 1890-'91 1,678.67 
 
 Distinctive paper for United States secm-ities 23,108.31 
 
 Transportation of silver coin 48,580.57 
 
 Pay of assistant custodians and janitors 218,701.69 
 
 Fuel, lights, and water for public buildings 783,511.51 
 
 Furniture and repairs of same, public buildings 297,297.83 
 
 Inspector of furniture, etc 3,972.28 
 
 Heating apparatus for public buildings 86,291.19 
 
 Vaults, safes, and locks for public buildings 32,210.88 
 
 Plans for public buildings 4 454.40 
 
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AN INTEEESTlIfG DOCUMENT. 145 
 
 Treasury— Miscellaneous.— Contimied. 
 
 Lands and other properties of the United States $33 50 
 
 Suppressing counterfeiting and other crimes 58,5ao'02 
 
 Expenses Treasury notes 209 267 00 
 
 Interstate Commerce Commission ITS'sM 31 
 
 Decorating public buildings, New York City ' o!o0 
 
 Postage to postal-union countries 1,500.00 
 
 To promote the education of the blind (permanent) !.!........ IB'oOO.OO 
 
 Outstanding liabilities (permanent) 33,933.13 
 
 Sinking fund, Pacific railroads (permanent) 5,419,063.78 
 
 Settled for appropriation 452.93 
 
 Miscellaneous accounts '. o[oo 
 
 Payment to E. F. Gobel ......' 1,096!68 
 
 Damages to fishing schooner Lucy Ann ' 8B.0O 
 
 Repayment to importers, excess of deposit 71.45 
 
 Relief of Frank A. Lee 100.00 
 
 Payment for portrait of J. 0. Spencer 500.00 
 
 Expenses World's Columbian Exposition 124,052.97 
 
 Quarantine Service 61,522.47 
 
 Disposal of useless papers. Treasury and War Departments 1,193.78 
 
 Canceling United States securities and cutting distinctive paper 646.55 
 
 Payment to legal representatives of Samiiel Hein 1,000.18 
 
 Additional compensation for services in connection with the issue of 3 
 
 per cent, bonds 80.33 
 
 Protecting salmon fisheries of Alaska 498.57 
 
 Lease fur-seal islands 681.04 
 
 Statistics fur-seal islands 1,760.00 
 
 Refund to national banks 817.64 
 
 Payment of French spoliation claims 1,062,092.43 
 
 Relief to Thos. J. Parker 40.89 
 
 Relief of Charles N. Felton 9,930,00 
 
 Credit in accounts of Treasurer United States at San Francisco for loss, 
 
 etc 10,000.00 
 
 Customs. 
 
 Expenses of collecting the revenue from customs 7,142,530.53 
 
 Detection and prevention of frauds upon the customs revenue 18,428.73 
 
 Excess of deposits 6,456,226.25 
 
 Debentures and drawbacks 4,950,334.80 
 
 OfBcial emoluments 248,863.77 
 
 Expenses of immigration 166,150.04 
 
 Duties, etc., refunded 2,949,893.46 
 
 Additional pay to inspectors of customs 15,465.80 
 
 Miscellaneous accounts 10,286.28 
 
 Salaries of shipping service 59,734.16 
 
 Services to American vessels 24,811.91 
 
 Compensation in lieu of moieties 28,617.11 
 
 Expenses of local appraisers (quarterly meeting) 2,524.34 
 
 Prevention of obstructions. New York Harbor 67,480.16 
 
 Marine Hospital Service 791,657.40 
 
 Enforcement of alien contract labor law 50,913.68 
 
 Enforcement of Chinese exclusion acts 42,733.09 
 
 Salaries and traveling expenses of agents at the seal fisheries 10,953.35 
 
 Public debt (permanent). 
 
 Consols of 1907 20,948,513.00 
 
 Funded loan of 1891 4,381,574.82 
 
 Pacific Railroad bonds 5,407,851.12 
 
 Coin coupons 4,424,601.12 
 
 Navy pension fund 420,000.00 
 
 Funded loan of 1881 476.48 
 
 Funded loan, continued 319.08 
 
 Funded loan, final dividend 58.83 
 
 Three per cent, loan, 1882 637.36 
 
 Loan of July and August, 1861, continued 8.75 
 
 Sixes of 1881, final payment 15.00 
 
 Miscellaneous securities: 
 
 Spanish indemnity fund 28,500.00 
 
 Spanish indemnity unclaimed interest 98.15 
 
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146 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 
 
 Public debt (permanent).— Continued. 
 
 Interest on District of Columbia securities: 
 
 Three-sixty-flve bonds $513,499.28 
 
 Tliree-sixty-five bonds, judgment cases 25,286.12 
 
 Water stocli bonds 38,535.00 
 
 Old funded debt 461,993.25 
 
 Redemption of bonds retired: 
 
 Funded loan of 1891 31,475,419.26 
 
 Funded loan of 1881 : 6,484.66 
 
 Funded loan of 1881, continued 12,857.10 
 
 Three per cent, loan, 1882 60,929.14 
 
 Ten-forties of 1864 11,956.47 
 
 Ten-forties of 1861 1,136.00 
 
 Five-twenties of 1862 967.72 
 
 Five-twenties of 1804 10,993.26 
 
 Loan of 1863 103.00 
 
 Loan of 1863, continued 302.73 
 
 Consols of 1865 4,663.44 
 
 Consols of 1867 41,278.73 
 
 Consols of 1868 .' 20,059.88 
 
 Bounty land scrip 108.71 
 
 Loan of 1847 300.00 
 
 Redemption sinking fund: 
 
 Funded loan of 1891 26,472,760.36 
 
 Three per cent, loan of 1882 6,344.76 
 
 Loan of 1863 , . . 103.00 
 
 Loan of July and August, 1861 978.50 
 
 Bonds purchased, circular: 
 
 Funded loan of 1891 1,352,111.69 
 
 Consols, 1807 34,324,986.15 
 
 Bonds purchased, sinking fund; 
 
 Funded loan of 1891 2,613,998.65 
 
 Consols, 1907 19,978,460.93 
 
 Redemption of bonds of District of Columbia: 
 
 Old funded debt, sinking fund 46,853.37 
 
 Water stock bonds, sinking fund 28,367.60 
 
 Three-sixty-flve bonds, sinking fund 243,916.91 
 
 Louisville and Portland Canal 1,330.00 
 
 Miscellaneous securities: 
 
 Refunding certificates 15,904.80 
 
 Gold certificates, March 3, 1863 9,060.00 
 
 Gold certificates, July 12, 1882 38,025,000.00 
 
 Certificates of deposit, June 8, 1872 25,495,000.00 
 
 One-year notes 493.60 
 
 Two-year notes 275.00 
 
 Six per cent, compound interest notes 3,211.00 
 
 Seven-thirties, 1864-66 1,258.53 
 
 Circulating securities destroyed: 
 
 Legal-tender notes 59,692,000.00 
 
 Fractional currency 3,818.65 
 
 Gold certificates 23,067,460.00 
 
 Silver certificates 58,745,249.00 
 
 Treasury notes 1,124,000.00 
 
 Old demand notes 410.00 
 
 Engraving and Printing. 
 
 Salaries, Bureau of Engraving and Printing 21,525.23 
 
 Compensation of employees 420,103.00 
 
 Materials and miscellaneous expenses 246,234.40 
 
 Plate printing 679,442.18 
 
 Custody of dies, rolls, and plates 7,734.15 
 
 Special witness of destruction of United States securities 1,950.00 
 
 Portrait of the late James N, Burnes 291.00 
 
 Portrait of the late Wm. D. Kelly 825.00 
 
 Portrait of the late S. S. Cox 868.30 
 
 Portrait of the late Samuel J. Randall 818.00 
 
 Portrait of the late James B. Beck 821.00 
 
 Portrait of the late Richard W. Townshend 686.00 
 
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AN IKTEEESTING DOCUMEKT. 
 
 147 
 
 Coast and Geodetic Survey. 
 
 I^'^ries $848,150.81 
 
 Party expenses 150 572.86 
 
 Repairs of vessels 15 849 17 
 
 Publishing observations 1 071 07 
 
 General expenses 61 744.66 
 
 Alaska boundary survey '.'.'.'..'.'...'.'..'. 1 685!34 
 
 Bevenue-Cutter Service. 
 
 Expenses, Eevenue-Cutter Service 951 799 04 
 
 Revenue vessels for South Atlantic coast .'. 133618.00 
 
 Revenue steamer for southern coast [ 7'607'81 
 
 Refuge station. Point Barrow, Alaska 2,507.89 
 
 Three months' extra pay, Mexican War, Revenue Marine 96 00 
 
 Revenue Marine storehouse, Woods HoU, Mass 
 
 Life-Saving Service. 
 
 Lif e-Saving Service 859 777.92 
 
 Establishing life-saving stations '. '844!99 
 
 Lighthouse Establishment. 
 
 Salaries, keepers of lighthouses 797 363.74 
 
 Supplies of lighthouses 469,'31l!93 
 
 Repairs of lighthouses 377,244!47 
 
 Expenses of Ught- vessels 348,491.54 
 
 Expenses of buoyage 485,341.57 
 
 Expenses of fog signals 62,362.38 
 
 Inspecting lights 2,148.77 
 
 Lighting of rivers 393,690.97 
 
 Construction of light-stations, ships, and tenders , 997,613.62 
 
 Miscellaneous lighthouse accounts 15,783.04 
 
 Public buildings. 
 
 Treasury Building, Washington, D. C, repairs 18,665.89 
 
 Construction of court-houses and post-oflices 3,058,426.91 
 
 Construction of custom-houses, etc 476,980.57 
 
 Construction of appraisers' stores 586,948.84 
 
 Construction of marine hospitals 36,999.94 
 
 Construction of mints 470.00 
 
 Construction of United States jail 292.35 
 
 Construction of building for Bureau of Engraving and Printing 345.13 
 
 Construction of GTovemment building for World's Columbian Exposition . 1,359.73 
 
 Construction of vaults for storage of silver 25,256.20 
 
 Construction and repairs of buildings in Alaska 937.05 
 
 Construction of Cape Charles quarantine station 12,633.46 
 
 Construction of Delaware Breakwater quarantine station 34,021.94 
 
 Construction of Key West quarantine station 3,039.03 
 
 Construction of Port Townsend quarantine station 30.00 
 
 Construction of San Diego quarantine station 595.60 
 
 Construction of South Atlantic quarantine station 19,511.05 
 
 Construction of San Francisco quarantine station 102,308.87 
 
 Removal of quarantine station from Ship Island 13,640.87 
 
 Improving Ellis Island, New York Harbor, for immigration purposes — 66,954.15 
 
 Repairs and preservation of public buildings 155,673.31 
 
 Purchase of property southwest corner B street and New Jersey avenue 
 
 southeast 275,000.00 
 
 Purchase of property northwest corner B street and New Jersey avenue 
 
 northwest 138,000.00 
 
 Miscellaneous 1,422.55 
 
 Fish Commission. 
 
 Propagation of food fishes 310,757.95 
 
 Fish hatcheries 34,431.04 
 
 Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 North American Ethnology 32,157.85 
 
 Purchase of the Capron collection of Japanese works of art 10,000.00 
 
 Expenses of the Smithsonian Institution 42,180.00 
 
 Payment to the daughters of Joseph Henry 10,000.00 
 
 Perkins collection prehistoric copper im plements 7,000.00 
 
 Duties on articles imported for National Museum 1,660.00 
 
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148 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 
 
 Independent treasury. 
 
 Salaries, ofttce of assistant treasurer— 
 
 Baltimore, Md ^1,510.30 
 
 Boston, Mass 37,910.00 
 
 Chicago, 111 25,837.90 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 16,560.00 
 
 New Orleans, La 18,087.22 
 
 New York, N. Y 180,956.83 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 86,346.24 
 
 Salaries, office of assistant treasurer — 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 17,860.00 
 
 San Francisco, Cal 27,120.00 
 
 Salaries of special agents, independent treasui'y 5,828.43 
 
 Contingent expenses, independent treasury 64,569.36 
 
 Treasurer's general account of expenditures 649,350,442.09 
 
 Paper for checks and drafts, independent treasury 11,260.27 
 
 Mint and assay o^ces. 
 
 Salaries, office of Director of the Mint 28,083.90 
 
 Contingent expenses, office of Director of Mint 8,649.81 
 
 Freight on bullion and coin 10,231.99 
 
 Salaries, wages, and contingent expenses of United States mints and as- 
 say offices 1,116,534.66 
 
 Grold and silver bullion 104,174,770.66 
 
 Coinage of the standard silver dollar 137,780.23 
 
 Transportation of silver coins 48,580.67 
 
 Eecoinage gold and silver coins 19,769.36 
 
 Recoinage of uncurrent fractional silver coins 16,034.66 
 
 Coinage of silver bullion 188,906.22 
 
 Parting and refining bullion 228,937.92 
 
 Manufacture of medal? 1,678.25 
 
 Government in the Territories, 
 
 Salaries of governors, etc., Territory of — 
 
 Alaska 21,813.14 
 
 Arizona 13,550.85 
 
 Dakota 346.62 
 
 Idaho 7,560.66 
 
 Montana 519.23 
 
 New Mexico 28,747.97 
 
 •Oklahoma 18,192.87 
 
 Utah 16,166.60 
 
 Wyoming 5,325.37 
 
 Legislative expenses 58,888.64 
 
 Contingent expenses 6,018.74 
 
 Compensation Utah Commission 25,000.00 
 
 Contingent expenses, Utah Commission 9,168.30 
 
 Compensation and expenses, officers of election, Utah 26,743.48 
 
 Expenses constitutional conventions. Territories 25,933.72 
 
 Public schools. Territory of Oklahoma 29,221.25 
 
 Repairs of old adobe palace, Santa F6 3,954.44 
 
 Expenses first legislative assembly. Territory of Oklahoma 37,770.39 
 
 Relief destitute citizens, Territory of Oklahoma 37,640.68 
 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 Salaries, offices 113,366.69 
 
 Salaries, contingent expenses, offices 42,003.81 
 
 Improvements and repairs 933,162.72 
 
 Streets . 409,426.66 
 
 Bridges 16,455.25 
 
 Public schools 615,512.63 
 
 Buildings and grounds, public schools 190,140.80 
 
 Metropolitan Police 412,177.47 
 
 Fire department 166,641.30 
 
 Telegraph and telephone service 19,040.34 
 
 Health department 48,445.93 
 
 Courts 16,984.38 
 
 Washington Asylum 62,440.30 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 13,952.65 
 
 Contingent and miscellaneous expenses 18,050.35 
 
 Construction of county roads 49,601.31 
 
 Permit work 190,615.17 
 
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AN IKTEKESTING DOCUMENT. 
 
 149 
 
 District of Columbia. — Continued. 
 
 Sewers $161,665.66 
 
 Completion of sewerage system .62 
 
 Examination of sewerage system 5,903.35 
 
 Hospital for the Insane 86,875.01 
 
 Transportation of paupers and prisoners a,629.86 
 
 Relief of the poor. District of Columbia 26,187.60 
 
 Building, Washington Asylum 8,481.74 
 
 Building, Metropolitan Police 14,890.95 
 
 Building, fire department 7,362.18 
 
 Expenses of assessing real property 486.50 
 
 Militia 39,4:31.25 
 
 Emergency fund • 372.84 
 
 Compilation of the laws of the District of Columbia 933.54 
 
 Writs of limacy 1,976 43 
 
 Judgments 60,.563.19 
 
 Payment of referees. Court of Claims, District of Columbia 2,060.00 
 
 ZoBloeical Park 140,557.89 
 
 Industrial Home School 227.00 
 
 Board to consider the location of electric wires 4,466.94 
 
 Building for Central Dispensary and Emergency Hospital 100.62 
 
 Payment to William Forsythe for surveying 350.00 
 
 Support and medical treatment of the infirm poor .47 
 
 Employment for the poor. District of Columbia, filling up grounds 14.23 
 
 General expenses. District of Columbia, 1879 316.06 
 
 Water department 60,639.17 
 
 The District of Columbia, for increasing the water supply of Washington 71,628.69 
 
 Refunding taxes 16,308.48 
 
 Refunding water rent and taxes 1,121.84 
 
 Washington redemption fund 4,796.02 
 
 Washington special tax fund 1,607.94 
 
 Redemption of tax lien certificates 2,081.87 
 
 Redemption of assessment certificates 214.70 
 
 Water supply 114,218.85 
 
 Guaranty fund 53,448.44 
 
 Deficiency in sale of bonds retained from contractors 3,078.65 
 
 Fireman's relief fund 1,891.42 
 
 Police relief fund 12,140.68 
 
 Redemption of Pennsylvania Avenue paving certificates 3.18 
 
 National Zo61ogical Parle 47,425.85 
 
 Bocli Creek Park 9,432.98 
 
 Building, Reform School 1,48^19 
 
 Reform School. . . • 50,949.13 
 
 National Temperance Home 3,259.50 
 
 Children's Hospital 7,376.06 
 
 Columbia Hospital for Women, etc 25,498.3? 
 
 Washington Hospital for Foundlings 9,205.20 
 
 National Homeopathic Hospital 15,489.66 
 
 Women's Christian Association 5,071.76 
 
 Association for Works of Mercy 8,752.50 
 
 St. Ann's Infant Asylum - 8,702.37 
 
 Industrial Home School 14,917.12 
 
 Building, House of the Good Shepherd 15,000.00 
 
 House of the Good Shepherd ,?'?^?4 
 
 National Association for Colored Women and Children 13,826.14 
 
 Building, St. Rose Industrial School 6,000.00 
 
 St. John's Church Orphanage ™XS 
 
 Building, German Orphanage Asylum Association .■ "'rSSS'S^ 
 
 Education of feeble-minded: children ^1i'iii■£ 
 
 Bridge across Eastern Branch Potomac River 14,693.35 
 
 Washington Aqueduct 16,093.20 
 
 • WAR DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Salaries, office of — 
 
 Secretary 
 
 Record and Pension Division 
 
 Adjutant-General 
 
 Inspector-General 
 
 Judge- Advocate-General 
 
 Salaries, Signal Office 
 
 104,684.94 
 674,328.40 
 345,187.64 
 5,396.68 
 14,225.12 
 153,876.86 
 
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150 
 
 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 
 
 War Department.— Continued. 
 
 Salaries, office of — jurr too eo 
 
 Quartermaster-General 9P15o,7OT.5b 
 
 Commissary-General 41,714.50 
 
 Surgeon-General ;!67,146.88 
 
 Paymaster-General 42,646.02 
 
 Chief of Ordnance 44,691.15 
 
 Chief of Engineers 22,983.30 
 
 Publication of Records of the Rebellion 28,621.17 
 
 Stationery 35,827.54 
 
 Rent of building 3,750.00 
 
 Contingent expenses. War Department 62,634.23 
 
 Salaries of employees, public buildings and grounds, under Chief of 
 
 Engineers 58,615.69 
 
 Postage to Postal Union countries 1,430.00 
 
 Public buildings and grounds. 
 
 Buildings and grounds. Signal Office 419.50 
 
 Improvement and care of public grounds 60,221.83 
 
 Repairs, fuel, etc.. Executive Mansion 14,464.75 
 
 Lighting, etc., Executive Mansion 32,493.04 
 
 Repairs to water pipes and fire plugs 2,768.11 
 
 Telegraph to connect the Capitol, Departments, and Government Print- 
 ing Office 1,172.48 
 
 Contingent expenses 442.69 
 
 War., civile miscellaneous. 
 
 Salaries, office of superintendent State, War, and Navy Department 
 
 building 117,926.02 
 
 Fuel, lights, etc.. State, War, and Navy Department building 43,199.82 
 
 Building tor State, War, and Navy Department 7,768.42 
 
 Completion of the Washington Monument 1,015.61 
 
 Care and maintenance of the Washington Monument 10,925.70 
 
 Monument at Washington's headquarters, Newburg, N. Y 31,888.43 
 
 Support and medical treatment of destitute patients 17,510.76 
 
 Maintenance of Garfield Hospital 18,112.12 
 
 Statue to the memory of General LaFayette and compatriots 38,586.64 
 
 Construction of building for Library of Congress 623,469.31 
 
 NAVY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 • Office of Secretary 47,134.49 
 
 Bureau of Yards and Docks ., 10,359.72 
 
 Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting 9,070.98 
 
 Bureau of Navigation 23,046.46 
 
 Office of Naval Records of the Rebellion 13,866.14 
 
 Nautical Almanac Office 23,638.44 
 
 Hydrographic Office 45,801.44 
 
 Contingent and miscellaneous expenses. Nautical Almanac Office 900.00 
 
 Contingent and miscellaneous expenses, Hydrographic Office 44,649.75 
 
 Salaries, Naval Observatory 20,520.00 
 
 Contingent and miscellaneous expenses. Naval Observatory 9,589.52 
 
 Salaries: 
 
 Bureau of— Ordnance 10,992.92 
 
 Construction and Repair 13,930.55 
 
 Steam Engineering 10,512.73 
 
 Provisions and Clothing 37,699.69 
 
 Medicine and Surgery 10,686.72 
 
 Salaries, office of Judge-Advocate-General, U. S. Navy 10,642.30 
 
 Library, Navy Department 3,405.93 
 
 Contingent Expenses, Navy Department 13,649.60 
 
 DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR. 
 
 Salaries, office of the Secretary 218,338.95 
 
 Publishing the Biennial Register '. 1,680.00 
 
 Stationery 325,699.16 
 
 Library, Department of the Interior 551.30 
 
 Rent of buildings 36,208.27 
 
 Postage to Postal Union countries 3,200.00 
 
 Contingent expenses. Department of the Interior 153,693.09 
 
 Expenses of special land inspectors, Department of the Interior 2,278.26 
 
 Salaries, General Land Office 534,633.30 
 
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AN INTEEBSTING DOCUMEKT. 151 
 
 Department of the Interior.— Contixmed. 
 
 Expenses of Inspectors, General Land OfSce S4 188 63 
 
 Library, General Land OflBce *692's5 
 
 Maps of the United States 13 sgy^Tg 
 
 Ti'ansportation of reports and maps to foreign countries 'l44!35 
 
 Salaries: 
 
 Indian OfHce i 98 977 30 
 
 Pension Office 89o'l88!55 
 
 Investigation of pension cases. Pension Office 309 799 60 
 
 Salaries special examiners. Pension Office 804j807!70 
 
 Investigation of pension cases, special examiners, Pension Office 173 793!46 
 
 Salaries: ' 
 
 Patent Office 659,498.60 
 
 Bureau of Education 46,446.20 
 
 Library, Bureau of Education 43l!74 
 
 Distributing documents. Bureau of Education 2,731.18 
 
 Collecting statistics, Bureau of Education 1,028.90 
 
 Salaries, office of Commissioner of Railroads 10,815.00 
 
 Traveling expenses, office of Commissioner of Railroads 2,249.60 
 
 Salaries, office of — 
 
 Architect of Capitol 14,403.00 
 
 Geological Survey 34,644.60 
 
 Contingent expenses. Land Office 5,883.29 
 
 Public buildings and grounds. 
 
 Repairs of building. Department of the Interior 6,430.43 
 
 Annual repairs of the Capitol 27,286.58 
 
 Improving the Capitol Grounds 16,355.37 
 
 Lignting the Capitol Grounds 27,403.64 
 
 Capitol terraces 44,030.92 
 
 Fire-proof building for Pension Office 1,705.38 
 
 Ventilation, Senate wing, Capitol 34.47 
 
 Ventilation, House of Representatives 187.40 
 
 Ventilation, Supreme Court Room, Capitol 533.39 
 
 Electric-light plant. Senate 2,916.73 
 
 Elevator, House of Representatives 265.54 
 
 Steam boilers. Senate and House of Representatives 793.87 
 
 West elevator. Senate 3,452.00 
 
 Repairs Government Hospital for the Insane 10,443.40 
 
 Construction of Penitentiaries 37,029.85 
 
 Sundry Public Buildings 3,993.19 
 
 Reservoirs for drinking water, Capitol 110.50 
 
 Monument to commemorate Revolutionary Battle of Bennington 14,000.00 
 
 Beneficiaries. 
 Current expenses: 
 
 Government Hospital for the Insane 331,817.61 
 
 Government Hospital for the Insane, Buildings and Grounds 46,929.52 
 
 Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 67,660.59 
 
 Howard University 28,943.58 
 
 Howard University Buildings 3,400.10 
 
 Support of Freedmen's Hospital and Asylum 88,893.11 
 
 Maryland Institution for the Instruction of the Blind 6,575.00 
 
 Industrial Home, Utah 10,313.49 
 
 Interior — MisceJlaneov.s. 
 
 Distribution of Reports of the Supreme Court 2,280.00 
 
 Education of children in Alaska 41,605.16 
 
 Colleges for Agriculture and Mechanic Arts 1,129,000.00 
 
 Relief of Alice E. Robertson 2,800.00 
 
 Salaries and expenses Supreme Court Reporter 8,400.00 
 
 Public land Service. 
 
 Depredations on public timber of'Sini? 
 
 Protecting public lands ?S'??9'T J 
 
 Settlement of claims for swamp lands, etc 1^,514.48 
 
 Reproducing plats of surveys. General Land Office io'?m'?k 
 
 Transcripts of records and plats 'JSSn? 
 
 Preservation of abandoned military reservations ?r5-xJ 
 
 Appraisement and sale of abandoned military reservations 1,115.00 
 
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152 AN INTBBESTING DOCUMENT. 
 
 Surveying public lands. 
 
 Surveying the public lands $15,3S9.59 
 
 Gteological Survey 582,821.43 
 
 Geological maps of the United States 87,668.30 
 
 Protection and improvement of Hot Springs, Ark 18,703.66 
 
 Water and ground rents, Hot Springs, Ark 18,703.65 
 
 Kevenues, Yellowstone Kational Park 1,397.10 
 
 Department of Labor. 
 
 Salaries 48,878.65 
 
 Library 788.50 
 
 Stationery 896.28 
 
 Postage to Postal Union countries 300.00 
 
 Eent 4,889.73 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 27,197.57 
 
 Contingent expenses 1,155.37 
 
 Investigation of Industrial and Technical school systems of the United 
 
 States and Foreign countries 383.5(1 
 
 POST-OFFICE DEPARTMEKT. 
 
 Salaries 731,852.27 
 
 Deficiency in the postal revenues 4,741,737.08 
 
 Post-office — Miscellaneous. 
 
 Relief of F. A.. Kendig 3,538.59 
 
 Payment to M. M. Lynch 101.65 
 
 Payment to C. K. Lounsberry 380.55 
 
 Relief of J. H. Smith 407.82 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRIOITLTUKE. 
 
 Salaries 880,668.20 
 
 Salaries and exijenses, Bureau of Animal Industry 285,834.80 
 
 Quarantine stations for neat cattle 12,574.13 
 
 Collecting agricultural statistics 77,468.53 
 
 Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds 109,182.84 
 
 Experimental garden 25,870.57 
 
 Laboratory 19,200.04 
 
 Museum 1,539.07 
 
 Library 2,890.81 
 
 Experiments in the manufacture of sugar 20,902.33 
 
 Botanical investigation and experiments 62,496.53 
 
 Pomological information 3,473.43 
 
 Materials, document and folding room 1,060.30 
 
 Vegetable pathological investigations and experiments 11,181.86 
 
 Illustrations and engravings 1,304.93 
 
 Location for artesian wells 17,486.82 
 
 Irrigation investigations 15,669.43 
 
 Investigating the adulteration of food 1,007.63 
 
 Investigations in ornithology and mammalogy 9,837.05 
 
 Agricultural experiment stations 14,488.87 
 
 Agricultural experiment stations in the various states 826,000.06 
 
 Furniture, etc 12,476.54 
 
 Investigating history, etc., of insects 83,155.32 
 
 Report on forestry 7,160.49 
 
 Silk culture 16.646.75 
 
 Postage 5,218.00 
 
 Contingent expenses 18,529.58 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 
 
 Salaries 182,944.14 
 
 Contingent expenses: 
 
 Furniture and repairs 1,094.98 
 
 Books for Department library 1,764.64 
 
 Books for ofiSce of Solicitor 613.36 
 
 Stationery 1 ,677.16 
 
 Miscellaneous items 7,243.95 
 
 Transportation 1,533.15 
 
 Building 18.10 
 
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AN INTEEESTING DOCUMENT. 153 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 Salary, warden of jail, District of Columbia $1,698.36 
 
 Expenses of Territorial courts in Utah 100,538.10 
 
 Salaries of employees court-house, Washington, D. C 18,274.40 
 
 Defense in French spoliation claims 3,566.99 
 
 Defending suits in claims against the United States 19,140.85 
 
 Punishing violations of intercourse acts and frauds 4,851.96 
 
 Prosecution of crimes 37,869.83 
 
 Expenses settling title to Greer Co., claimed by Texas 240.35 
 
 Defending suits in claims against the District of Columbia 805.85 
 
 Payment for legal services rendered to U. S. Government 7,785.00 
 
 Oil portraits of Chief Justices Rutledge, Ellsworth, and Waite 1,600.00 
 
 Traveling expenses. Territory of Alaska 190.00 
 
 Digest of opinions, Attorney-General 1,500.00 
 
 Rent and incidental expenses, oflBce of marshal of Alaska 1,133.60 
 
 Repayment of excess of deposits 496.00 
 
 Payments of judgments United States courts 51,367.09 
 
 Judicial. 
 
 Salaries; 
 
 Justices, etc.. Supreme Court 105,524.27 
 
 Circuit judges 59,399.97 
 
 District judges 288,667.90 
 
 Judge United States court, Indian Territory 888.50 
 
 Retired judges 39,687.26 
 
 Salaries and expenses. Circuit Court of Appeals 817.31 
 
 District attorneys 19,610.08 
 
 Regular assistant district attorneys 103,802.81 
 
 District marshals 13,386.20 
 
 Justices and judges supreme court. District of Columbia 84,500.00 
 
 United States Courts. 
 
 Fees and expenses of marshals 1,362,104.61 
 
 Fees of district attorneys 417,374.74 
 
 Special compensation of district attorneys United States courts 19,240.70 
 
 Pay of assistant attorneys 64,819.63 
 
 Fees of— 
 
 Clerks 305,598.98 
 
 Commissioners 197,534.49 
 
 Jurors 747,897.44 
 
 •Witnesses 1,264,699.10 
 
 Support of prisoners 522,135.80 
 
 Rent of court-rooms 89,291.54 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 863,710.35 
 
 Fees of supervisors of elections 602,283.26 
 
 Fines and forfeitures 18,818.99 
 
 Judicial emoluments 1,088,099.87 
 
 Fines, etc., district court, Alaska 85,745.60 
 
 Payof baiUffs 222,078.81 
 
 Total disbursements $1,801,518,909.85 
 
 Grand total, receipts and disbursements $8,186,531,521.04 
 
 PUEIilC DEBT DIVISION. 
 
 [Audits all Accounts for Payment of Interest on the Public Debt, both Registered 
 Stock and Coupon Bonds, Interest on District of Columbia Bonds, Pacific Railroad 
 Bonds, Louisville and Portland Canal Bonds, Navy Pension Fund, Redeniption of 
 United States and District of Columbia Bonds, Redemption of Coin and Currency 
 Certificates, Old Notes and Bounty Scrip, and Accounts for Notes and Fractional 
 Currency destroyed.] 
 
 Interest on United States securities $35,683,955.56 
 
 Miscellaneous securities 28,698.15 
 
 Interest on District of Columbia securities 1,039,313.65 
 
 Redemption of U. S. bonds— retired 31,643,560.10 
 
 Redemption of U. S. bonds— sinking fund 86,480,186.63 
 
 U. S. bonds purchased— circular 3^J1''HI-^ 
 
 U. S. bonds purchased— sinking fund 22,592,449.68 
 
 Redemption of bonds. District of Columbia t!„'^Z-'!2 
 
 Miscellaneous securities of the United States M,550,30d.W 
 
 U. S. circulating securities destroyed 148,638,937.65 
 
 Total $359,647,760.65 
 
 ISb 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
POPULATION, NET REVENUE, AND NET EXPENDITURES OF THE GOVERN- 
 MENT FROM 1837 TO JUNE 30, 1891, AND PER CAPITA OF THE REV- 
 ENUES AND PER CAPITA OF EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1837 
 
 1838 
 
 1839 
 
 1840 
 
 IKll 
 
 1842 
 
 1843 (6 months). 
 
 1844 
 
 1845 
 
 1846 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 1849 
 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 1854 
 
 1855 
 
 1856 
 
 1857 
 
 1858 
 
 1859 
 
 1860 
 
 1861 
 
 186a 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1883 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 
 Population. 
 
 31 
 
 655,000 
 ,112,000 
 ,584,000 
 ,069,453 
 ,591,000 
 132,000 
 ,694,000 
 ,276,000 
 ,878,000 
 ,500,000 
 143,000 
 ,805,000 
 ,489,000 
 ,191,876 
 ,995,000 
 ,802,050 
 ,615,000 
 ,433,000 
 ,856,000 
 ,083,000 
 ,916,000 
 ,753,000 
 ,596,000 
 ,443,321 
 ,064,000 
 !,704,000 
 1,366,000 
 ,046,000 
 :,748,000 
 i,469,000 
 1,211,000 
 1,973,000 
 ,756,000 
 1,558,371 
 ,555,000 
 ,596,000 
 ,677,000 
 1,796,000 
 ,951,000 
 ,137,000 
 ,353,000 
 ,598,000 
 ,866,000 
 155,783 
 ,316,000 
 ,495,000 
 ,693,000 
 ,911,000 
 ,148,000 
 ,404,000 
 ,680,000 
 974,000 
 i289,000 
 ,623,250 
 ,976,000 
 
 Net revenue. 
 
 Per capi- 
 ta on rev- 
 enue. 
 
 $24,954,153.00 
 
 86,302,562.00 
 
 31,482,750.00 
 
 19,480,116.00 
 
 16,860,160.00 
 
 19,976,197.00 
 
 8,302,702.00 
 
 29,321,374.00 
 
 29,970,106.00 
 
 89,699,968.00 
 
 26,495,769.00 
 
 35,736,779.00 
 
 31,308,143.00 
 
 43,603,439.00 
 
 52,559,304.00 
 
 49,846,816.00 
 
 61,687,054.00 
 
 73,800,341.00 
 
 65,350,575.00 
 
 74,056,699.00 
 
 68,965,313.00 
 
 46,655,366.00 
 
 53,486,466.00 
 
 56,064,608.00 
 
 41,509,930.00 
 
 51,987,455.00 
 
 112,697,291.00 
 
 264,626,772.00 
 
 333,714,605.00 
 
 558,032,620.00 
 
 490,634,010.00 
 
 405,038,083.00 
 
 370,943,747.00 
 
 411,255,478.00 
 
 383,823,945.00 
 
 374,106,868.00 
 
 333,738,205.00 
 
 804,978,755.00 
 
 288,000,051.00 
 
 894,095,865.00 
 
 381,406,419.00 
 
 357,763,879.00 
 
 273,887,184.00 
 
 333,526,611.00 
 
 360,782,893.00 
 
 403,535,850.00 
 
 398,287,582.00 
 
 348,519,870.00 
 
 823,690,706.00 
 
 836,4.39,727.00 
 
 371,403,277.00 
 
 379,266,075.00 
 
 387,050,059.00 
 
 403,080,983.00 
 
 456,184,138.00 
 
 $1.59 
 1.63 
 1.90 
 1.14 
 .96 
 1.10 
 .89 
 1.68 
 1.51 
 1.45 
 1.25 
 1.64 
 1.39 
 1.88 
 2.19 
 2.01 
 2.40 
 2.79 
 2.40 
 2.64 
 2.38 
 1.57 
 1.75 
 1.78 
 1.29 
 1..59 
 3.38 
 7.77 
 9.60 
 15.73 
 13.55 
 10.97 
 9.82 
 10.67 
 9.69 
 9.28 
 8.01 
 7.13 
 6.55 
 6.i52 
 6.07 
 5.48 
 5.60 
 6.65 
 7.00 
 7.68 
 7.41 
 6.36 
 5.76 
 5.86 
 6.33 
 6.32 
 6.31 
 6.43 
 7.13 
 
 
 Perc'p'ta 
 
 Net expenses. 
 
 on ex- 
 
 
 pen't'res. 
 
 $37,243,496.00 
 
 $2.38 
 
 33,865,059.00 
 
 8.10 
 
 26,899,128.00 
 
 1.62 
 
 24,317,579.00 
 
 1.42 
 
 26,565,873.00 
 
 1.51 
 
 25,205,761.00 
 
 1.39 
 
 11,858,075.00 
 
 1.37 
 
 22,337,571.00 
 
 1.16 
 
 23,937,408.00 
 
 1.15 
 
 27,766,935.00 
 
 1.35 
 
 57,281,412.00 
 
 3.71 
 
 46,377,225.00 
 
 2.08 
 
 46,051,667.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 39,643,492.00 
 
 1.71 
 
 47,709,017.00 
 
 1.99 
 
 44,194,919.00 
 
 1.78 
 
 48,184,111.00 
 
 1.88 
 
 68,044,862.00 
 
 2.20 
 
 59,742,668.60 
 
 2.19 
 
 69,571,026.00 
 
 2.48 
 
 67,795,708.00 
 
 2.34 
 
 74,185,270.00 
 
 2.49 
 
 69,070,977.00 
 
 2.26 
 
 63,180,598.00 
 
 8.01 
 
 66,546,645.00 
 
 8.08 
 
 474,761,819.00 
 
 14.52 
 
 714,740,725.00 
 
 21.42 
 
 865,322,642.00 
 
 25.42 
 
 1,297,566,224.00 
 
 37.34 
 
 580,809,417.00 
 
 14.68 
 
 357,642,676.00 
 
 9.87 
 
 377,340,286.00 
 
 10.21 
 
 383,865,378.00 
 
 8.65 
 
 309,653,661.00 
 
 8.03 
 
 393,177,188.00 
 
 7.39 
 
 877,517,963.00 
 
 6.84 
 
 890,345,246.00 
 
 6.97 
 
 302,633,873.00 
 
 7.07 
 
 874,633,393.00 
 
 6.25 
 
 366,101,085.00 
 
 5.87 
 
 841,334,475.00 
 
 5.21 
 
 836,964,387.00 
 
 4.98 
 
 266,947,884.00 
 
 5.16 
 
 867,642,958.00 
 
 5.34 
 
 360,712,888.00 
 
 6.08 
 
 257,981,440.00 
 
 4.91 
 
 265,408,138.00 
 
 4.94 
 
 244,136,244.00 
 
 4.44 
 
 260,226,935.00 
 
 4.63 
 
 242,483,138.00 
 
 4.22 
 
 267,932,179.00 
 
 4.66 
 
 *267,924,801.00 
 
 4.46 
 
 t299,288,978.00 
 
 4.88 
 
 {318,040,710.00 
 
 5.07 
 
 §366,774,681.00 
 
 5.71 
 
 *This includes $8,270,842.46 of " premiums on purchase of bonds." 
 tThis includes $17,293,362.65 of " premiums on purcliase of bonds.' 
 +mu,-„ : ,.,..,,_^ ^...^ .,,,. .^_... «.. „ ,, premiums on purchase of bonds.' 
 
 ' premiums on purcliase of bonds.' 
 
 tThis includes $20,304,334.06 of 
 §This includes $10,401,320.61 of 
 
 Note.— This statement has been revised and corrected accordinK to the census 
 report of 1890. 
 
 154 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
COMPAEATIVE STATEMENT OF THE EECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES ON 
 ACCOUNT OF CUSTOMS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1891. 
 
 States and Terri- 
 tories. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Arizona 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Dalcota 
 
 Delaware 
 
 District of Colum- 
 bia 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts , . . 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana and 
 Idaho 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 New Hampshire.. 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina. . . 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 $12,468.92 
 
 3,356.17 
 
 35,621.97 
 
 8,032,423.62 
 
 110,514.43 
 
 475,993.31 
 
 30,400.00 
 
 16,368.61 
 
 80,766.39 
 
 1,331,658.27 
 
 75,780.11 
 
 5,786,811.65 
 
 156,279.77 
 
 13,484.61 
 
 275,035.83 
 
 2,086,483.79 
 
 8W,025.73 
 
 3,712,217.38 
 
 18,200,051.70 
 
 837,580.94 
 
 337,432.30 
 
 5,990.74 
 
 1,699,096.62 
 
 30,613.04 
 
 99,838.42 
 
 64,145.99 
 
 18,999.37 
 
 149,862,184.67 
 
 21,377.10 
 
 1,477,941.32 
 
 650,395.36 
 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 $10,837.44 
 13,393.80 
 32,470.38 
 399,153.06 
 7,460.49 
 36,187.96 
 2,891.60 
 7,240.38 
 
 10,864.52 
 116,531.99 
 
 34,539.54 
 137,124.29 
 
 10,161.05 
 1,061.46 
 
 23,871.74 
 218,373.17 
 114,732.34 
 276,691.15 
 697,143.85 
 133,930.47 
 
 37,945.92 
 5,863.11 
 
 65,108.19 
 
 3,936.41 
 
 6,513.73 
 
 5,986.39 
 
 13,132.03 
 
 i,086,897.20 
 
 8,913.53 
 
 101,183.13 
 
 87,753.94 
 
 States and Terri- 
 tories. 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 South Carolina. . . 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia , . 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 "Washington ...... 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Amount paid by 
 disbursing 
 agent for sala- 
 ries, etc 
 
 Contingent e x - 
 penses and fees 
 in customs 
 cases 
 
 Transportation. . . 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 (rent, station- 
 ery, etc.) 
 
 Deduct excess of 
 repayment at 
 Sandusky, Ohio. 
 
 Total receipts 
 and total 
 net expendi- 
 tures 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 $31,053,881.62 
 329,115.09 
 33,897.27 
 57,363.86 
 679,854.99 
 767,748.26 
 23,710.04 
 148,294.70 
 148,094.71 
 392,219.76 
 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 $505,874.37 
 
 31,035.87 
 
 18,994.36 
 
 7,668.17 
 
 161,303.19 
 
 1,169.46 
 55,388.82 
 19,309.44 
 
 295,780.15 
 
 23,138.21 
 508.17 
 
 53,430.25 
 
 6,965,070.18 
 
 703.09 
 
 219,623,205.33 6,964,367.09 
 
 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES ON 
 ACCOUNT OF INTERNAL REVENUE FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1891. 
 
 States and Terri- 
 tories. 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 
 $93,338.00 
 
 97,456.83 
 
 3,065,972.08 
 
 295,622.43 
 
 955,119.94 
 
 485,789.83 
 
 574,733.00 
 
 88,346,572.93 
 
 6,474,040.14 
 
 433,431.60 
 
 193,156.71 
 
 16,830,485.26 
 
 644,809.35 
 
 3,060,113.80 
 
 2,314,576.93 
 
 2,207,568.90 
 
 2,733,568.95 
 
 525.00 
 
 7,661,373.17 
 
 $21,135.23 
 28,866.27 
 87,179.94 
 20,664.74 
 36,675.19 
 15,848.92 
 98,761.28 
 
 213,388.97 
 72,876.79 
 29,912.71 
 18,130.85 
 
 599,792.65 
 32,053.68 
 97,979.49 
 56,903.14 
 39,306.24 
 31,780.21 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 
 Indiana . 
 
 
 Kansas 
 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts.... 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 92,966.65 
 
 
 States and Terri- 
 tories. 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina . . 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania. . . . 
 South Carolina.. 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Virginia 
 
 West Virginia . . . 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Total 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 $161,966.39 
 
 3,230,163.64 
 
 460,106.66 
 
 4,091,390.62 
 
 36,491.65 
 
 16,654,034. 
 
 2,478,434.24 
 
 14,366,286.27 
 
 324,357.24 
 
 10,-307,969.38 
 
 69,733.21 
 
 1,376,712.86 
 
 33:3,609.58 
 
 3,206,967..37 
 
 834,784.33 
 
 3,607,977.73 
 
 331.06 
 
 145,686,249.44 4,003,485.65 
 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 $21,069.99 
 42,983.60 
 17,693.26 
 53,134.42 
 11,100.15 
 
 335,723.22 
 
 311,601.96 
 
 157,655.71 
 19,509.48 
 
 275,418.98 
 27,609.70 
 
 111,206.66 
 34,466.84 
 
 123,044.53 
 31,483.73 
 50,547.93 
 
 887,815.66 
 
 155 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 
 
 FROM THE TREASURY REPORTS, 1891. 
 
 The value of our foreign commerce — imports and exports of merchandise 
 — during the last fiscal year was greater than for any previous year. It 
 amounted to $1,729,397,006, as against $1,647,139,093 during the fiscal year 
 1890, an increase of $82,257,913. 
 
 The value of imports of merchandise also during the last fiscal year was 
 the largest in the history of our commerce, amounting to $844,916,196, as 
 against $789,310,409 during the fiscal year 1890, an increase of $55,605,787. 
 
 The value of the exports of merchandise during the same period was 
 $884,480,810, as against $857,828,684 for the previous fiscal year, 1890, an 
 increase of $26,652,126. 
 
 The exports exceeded the imports of merchandise $39,564,614. 
 
 The value of the imports and exports of merchandise and specie during 
 the last four years ending June 30, has been as follows : 
 
 Merchandise. 
 
 
 1888. 
 
 1889. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Exports- 
 
 8683,862,104 
 12,092,403 
 
 $730,282,609 
 12,118,766 
 
 $845,293,828 
 12,534,856 
 
 $872,270,283 
 12,310,587 
 
 Foreign. ... 
 
 
 Total 
 
 695,954,507 
 723,957,114 
 
 742,401,375 
 745,131,652 
 
 857,828,684 
 789,310,409 
 
 884,480,810 
 
 Imports ... 
 
 844,916,196 
 
 
 
 Excess of exports . . ... 
 
 
 
 68,518,275 
 
 39,564,614 
 
 
 28,002,607 
 
 2,730,277 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888. 
 
 1889. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Exports- 
 Gold. 
 
 $18,376,234 
 28,037,949 
 
 $59,952,886 
 36,689,848 
 
 $17,274,491 
 34,873,939 
 
 $86,362,664 
 22,590,988 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 46,414,183 
 
 96,641,533 
 
 52,148,420 
 
 108,953,642 
 
 Gold 
 
 Silver 
 
 43,934,317 
 15,403,669 
 
 10,284,858 
 18,678,815 
 
 12,943,342 
 21,032,984 
 
 18,232,667 
 18,026,880 
 
 
 Total 
 
 59,337,986 
 
 28,963,073 
 67,678,460 
 
 33,976,328 
 18,178,094 
 
 72 699,447 
 
 
 36,254,195 
 
 
 12,923,803 
 
 
 
 
 
 The above table does not include gold and silver contained in ores and 
 copper matte, as follows : 
 
 Gold in ores and copper matte . . 
 SilTer in ores and copper matte . 
 
 Exports. 
 
 $100,226 
 942,563 
 
 Imports. 
 
 $283,546 
 8,852,036 
 
 Excess of 
 imports. 
 
 $183,319 
 7,309,473 
 
 156 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 
 
 157 
 
 The following table shows the distribution of our commerce by leading 
 countries and grand divisions of the globe, during the year ending June 
 30, 1891. 6 . 8 J 6 
 
 Countries and grand 
 divisions. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Domestic Foreign. Total, 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Total ex- 
 ports and 
 imports. 
 
 Excess of 
 exports 4- 
 
 or of 
 imports — . 
 
 COUNTRIES. 
 
 Great Britain & Irel'd, 
 
 Germaay 
 
 France 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Italy 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 British North Ameri 
 
 can possessions 
 
 Mexico 
 
 West Indies 
 
 Brazil 
 
 China 
 
 British East Indies 
 
 Japan 
 
 All other countries 
 
 Total 
 
 GRAND DIVISIONS. 
 
 Europe 
 
 North America 
 
 South America 
 
 Asia and Oceanica 
 
 Africa 
 
 All other countries 
 
 Total 
 
 Dollars. 
 441,599,807 
 91,684,981 
 59,886,739 
 26,694,150 
 15,927,274 
 23,816,814 
 
 37,345,515 
 14,199,080 
 33,416,178 
 14,049,273 
 8,700,308 
 4,399,544 
 4,800,650 
 95,809,970 
 
 Dollars. 
 3,814,319 
 1,110,475 
 866,451 
 846,274 
 119,651 
 297,163 
 
 3,098,340 
 
 770,540 
 
 1,043,273 
 
 70,978 
 
 700 
 
 559 
 
 7,043 
 
 1,164,966 
 
 Dollars. 
 446,414,036 
 92,795,456 
 60,693,190 
 27,540,434 
 16,046,935 
 34,113,977 
 
 39,443,756 
 14,969,630 
 34,469,461 
 14,120,246 
 8,701,008 
 4,400,103 
 4,807,693 
 96,974,936 
 
 Dollars. 
 194,733,262 
 97,316,383 
 76,688,995 
 10,946,673 
 21,678,308 
 12,433,174 
 
 39,434,535 
 37,296,993 
 86,461,705 
 83,230,695 
 19,331,850 
 33,356,989 
 19,309,198 
 132,780,688 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 640,137,388 
 
 190,111,839 
 
 137,383,185 
 
 38,486,096 
 
 37,735,133 
 
 36,536,161 
 
 78,878,290 
 43,265,613 
 
 120,921,166 
 97,360,841 
 38,033,858 
 27,757,092 
 24,116,r~' 
 
 229,705,574 
 
 Dollars. 
 +350,690,764 
 
 — 4,620,927 
 
 — 16,996,805 
 + 16,594,752 
 
 — 6,631,288 
 + 11,691,803 
 
 + 9,220 
 
 — 12,826,372 
 
 — 32,002,354 
 
 — 69,110,349 
 
 — 10,620,842 
 
 — 18,966,886 
 14,601,605 
 
 — 86,755,702 
 
 873,270,283 
 
 12,210,527 
 
 884,480,810 
 
 844,916,196 
 
 1,739,397,006 
 
 + 39,664,614 
 
 697,614,106 
 93,888,252 
 33,226,401 
 43,813,519 
 4,788,847 
 489,158 
 
 7,183,941 
 
 4,160,877 
 
 481,889 
 
 361,590 
 
 19,050 
 
 3,180 
 
 704,798,047 
 96,649,129 
 33,708,390 
 44,176,109 
 4,767,897 
 493,338 
 
 459,305,872 
 
 163,226,070 
 
 118,736,668 
 
 97,893,356 
 
 4,207,146 
 
 1,547,675 
 
 1,164,108,419 
 
 269,775,208 
 
 163,444,958 
 
 143,068,466 
 
 8,966,043 
 
 3,089,913 
 
 +248,492,676 
 
 — 66,676,950 
 
 — 86,028,378 
 
 — 58,718,247 
 + 660,751 
 
 — 1,066,337 
 
 872,270,283 
 
 13,310,637 
 
 884,480,810 
 
 844,916,196 
 
 1,739,397,006 
 
 + 39,564,614 
 
 It will be obsei-ved that the value of our total trade in merchandise with 
 Great Britain and Ireland amounted to $640,137,288, of which the value of 
 exports was $445,414,036, and the value of imports $194,733,363, showing 
 an excess in the exports of $350,690,764. 
 
 Our import and export trade with Great Britain and Ireland forms 37 per 
 cent, of such trade with all nations, and about 55 per cent, of such trade 
 with all Europe. Our trade with North America, including the West Indies, 
 stands next in value, followed by that with South America, and that with 
 Asia and Oceanica. Our trade with Germany showed an excess of imports 
 of $4,530,937; with France, of $15,995,805. 
 
 In our local trade with Europe the excess of exports over imports was 
 $345,493,675. 
 
 Our commerce in merchandise with North America, including Mexico, 
 Central America, and West Indies, amounted to $359,775,308, of which the 
 value of the imports was $163,336,079, and of the exports $96,549,139, an 
 excess of imports of $66,676,950 ; but if our export trade by land carriage 
 with Mexico and Canada had been correctly ascertained by means of an 
 adequate law for that purpose, it is estimated that our imports with North 
 America would appear upwards of $390,000,000, and leave an excess of im- 
 ports of less than $36,000,000, instead of $66,000,000, as now appears. 
 
 Our total trade with South America in merchandise amounted to $153,- 
 444,958, of which the value of the imports was $118,736,668, and of the ex- 
 ports $38,708,390, an excess of imports of $85,038,378. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
158 
 
 IMPOKTS AND EXPORTS. 
 
 VALUES OF THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE OF THE UKITED 
 
 STATES CARRIED IN CARS AND OTHER LAND VEHICLES DURING 
 
 EACH FISCAL YEAR FROM 1871 TO 1891, INCLUSIVE. 
 
 Year ending June 30— 
 
 Imports and 
 exports In cars 
 
 and other 
 land vehicles. 
 
 Year ending June 30— 
 
 Imports and 
 exports in cars 
 
 and other 
 land vehicles. 
 
 1871 
 
 $22,985,510 
 27,650,770 
 27,869,978 
 23,022,540 
 20,388,235 
 18,473,154 
 17,464,810 
 20,477,364 
 19,423,685 
 20,981,393 
 25,482,521 
 
 1882 
 
 $34,973,317 
 
 1872 
 
 1888 
 
 48,092,892 
 
 1873 
 
 1884 
 
 46,714,068 
 
 1874 
 
 1885 
 
 45,332,775 
 
 1875 
 
 1886 
 
 43,700,360 
 
 1876 
 
 1887. 
 
 48,951,725 
 54,366,827 
 
 1877. 
 
 1888 
 
 1878 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 66,664,378 
 
 1879 
 
 73,571,263 
 
 1880. 
 
 1891 
 
 72,856,194 
 
 1881 
 
 
 
 
 Exports. 
 
 The total value of exports of domestic merchandise was $873,370,383, an 
 increase of $36,976,455 over the exports of the preceding fiscal year, 1890, 
 and was greater than that of any year except 1881. 
 
 The material increase or decrease in value of the principal articles of do- 
 mestic exports was as follows : 
 
 Increase in — 
 
 Cotton, unmanufactured $39,744,106 
 
 Sugar, refined ■. 4,337,360 
 
 Cotton manufactures 3,605,580 
 
 Iron and steel, and manufactures of 3,367,406 
 
 Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products 3,753,965 
 
 Copper, and manufactures of, not including ore 3,365,305 
 
 Coal 1,534,938 
 
 Mineral oil, refined 1,491,428 
 
 Parafilne and paraflBne wax 1,305,940 
 
 Hops 1,316,903 
 
 Copper ore 1,307,657 
 
 Decrease in — 
 
 Breadstuffs $36,804,371 
 
 Wood, and manufactures of 3,004,489 
 
 Ore, gold and silver bearing 1,939,434 
 
 Fruits, including nuts 1,634,754 
 
 Furs and fur skins 1,425,339 
 
 Vegetable oils 1,369,505 
 
 Fish 1,044,305 
 
 There was an increase in the value of domestic exports to — 
 
 France $10,813,735 
 
 Germany 7,369,766 
 
 China 5,756,618 
 
 Brazil 2, 146,777 
 
 Spain 1, 871, 630 
 
 British Australasia 1,733,598 
 
 Mexico 1,533,973 
 
 Central American States 1,475,641 
 
 Netherlands 1,339,326 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 
 
 159 
 
 And a decrease to — 
 
 Argentine Republic $5,604,553 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland 2,859,203 
 
 Russia in Europe .' 3,'v69,'553 
 
 British North American Possessions I,'l98i939 
 
 The values of the principal articles of domestic exports during the three 
 years ending June 30, 1891, were as follows : 
 
 Cotton, and manufactures of 
 
 Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products... 
 
 Breadstuifs 
 
 Mineral oils 
 
 Animals ' 
 
 Iron and steel, and manufactures of, including ore. 
 
 Wood, and manufactures of 
 
 Tobacco, and manufactures of 
 
 Leather, and manufactures of 
 
 Coal 
 
 Oil cake and oil-cake meal 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Sugar and molasses 
 
 Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines 
 
 Fish 
 
 Spirits of turpentine 
 
 Copper, and manufactures of, not including ore . . . 
 Vegetable oils 
 
 Total , 
 
 Value of all domestic exports 
 
 Per cent, of enumerated articles to total •. . 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 247,987,914 
 
 104,138,444 
 
 123,876,661 
 
 49,913,677 
 
 18,374,806 
 
 31,166,109 
 
 36,910,672 
 
 23,609,668 
 
 10,747,710 
 
 6,690,479 
 
 6,937,912 
 
 7,518,258 
 
 3,117,533 
 
 5,643,763 
 
 6,969,236 
 
 3,777,635 
 
 2,348.9&4 
 
 1,585,788 
 
 668,178,092 
 
 730,282,609 
 
 91.60 
 
 1890. 
 
 777,637,661 
 
 845,293,828 
 
 91.99 
 
 1891. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 260,968,069 
 
 304,317,765 
 
 136,264,506 
 
 189,017,471 
 
 154,925,987 
 
 128,131,666 
 
 51,403,089 
 
 68,086,734 
 
 33,688,128 
 
 32,935,086 
 
 25,543,208 
 
 28,909,614 
 
 88,874,539 
 
 36,370,040 
 
 26,355.601 
 
 86,830,472 
 
 12,438,847 
 
 18,378,847 
 
 6,856,088 
 
 8,391,036 
 
 7,999,926 
 
 7,452,094 
 
 6,053,236 
 
 7,260,893 
 
 3,029,413 
 
 7,099,788 
 
 6,224,504 
 
 6,546,354 
 
 6,040,826 
 
 4,996,621 
 
 4,690,931 
 
 4,668,140 
 
 2,349,392 
 
 4,614,697 
 
 5,678,441 
 
 4,302,936 
 
 805,429,124 
 
 872,270,288 
 
 92.31 
 
 The value of the domestic exports during the two years ending June 30, 
 1891, classified by groups according to character of production, was as 
 follows : 
 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 
 Values. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Values. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 $629,785,917 
 
 151,131,297 
 
 22,351,746 
 
 29,473,084 
 
 7,496,044 
 
 6,056,740 
 
 74.51 
 
 17.88 
 
 2.64 
 
 3.48 
 
 .89 
 
 .60 
 
 $642,751,344 
 
 168,927,316 
 
 83,054,970 
 
 88,715,718 
 
 6,308,577 
 
 3,618,364 
 
 78.69 
 
 PrndnctR nf TTia.niifn.ct,iirp, 
 
 19.37 
 
 Products of milling (including mineral oils) 
 
 3.63 
 8.89 
 
 Products of the fisheries. . . 
 
 .71 
 
 
 .41 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 845;298,828 
 
 100.00 
 
 872,370,383 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 
 During the last fiscal year, the value of imports of merchandise was 
 $844,916,196, an increase of $55,605,787 over the imports of the fiscal year 
 1890. 
 
 The value of free merchandise imported was $366,241,352, and of dutiable 
 was $478,674,844, an increase in the v&lue of free merchandise of $100,573,- 
 723, and a decrease in the value of dutiable goods of $44,966,936, caused 
 mainly by the transfer of sugar and certain textiles from the dutiable to the 
 free list by the new tariff. 
 
 The material increase or decrease in value of the principal classes of free 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
160 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 
 
 and dutiable imports duiing tlie year ending June 30, 1891, as compared 
 with. 1890, was as follows : 
 
 Increase in- 
 Free of duty : 
 
 Sugar and molasses, except from Hawaiian 
 
 Islands (made free by new tariff) $45,333,773 
 
 Coffee 17,856,345 
 
 Textile grasses and fibrous vegetable substances 14, 608, 019 
 
 Hides and skins other than furs 6,048,873 
 
 Chemicals, drugs, and dyes 4,825,824 
 
 Fruits, including nuts 3,555,144 
 
 India rubber and gutta percha, crude 3,166,293 
 
 Dutiable : 
 
 Iron and steel and manufactures of 11,575,966 
 
 Metals, metal compositions & manufactures of 3,988,588 
 
 Wool, unmanufactured 3,967,289 
 
 Vegetables 3,631,000 
 
 Decrease in — 
 
 Free of duty : 
 
 Silk, unmanufactured $5,349,450 
 
 Dutiable : 
 
 Sugar and molasses (caused by transfer to free 
 
 list) 36,942,173 
 
 Wool and manufactures of 15,522,353 
 
 Flax, hemp, jute, & other vegetable substances 13,863,081 
 
 Flax, hemp, jute, etc., manufactures of... . . . 4,397,185 
 
 Hats, bonnets, and hoods, materials for (caused 
 
 by transfer in part to free list) 3, 725, 722 
 
 There was an increase in the value of our imports in 1891 over 1890 
 from — 
 
 Brazil $33,911,839 
 
 The West Indies 8,457,464 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland 8,334,346 
 
 I Mexico 4,605,077 
 
 China 3,061,379 
 
 British East Indies 3,553,670 
 
 British Australasia 1,961,345 
 
 Central American States 1,746,678 
 
 Hawaiian Islands 1,581,689 
 
 And a decrease from — 
 
 Philippine Islands 6,435,417 
 
 Netherlands ; 4,607,059 
 
 Japan 1,794, 136 
 
 Germany 1,531,300 
 
 Imports entered for consumption. 
 
 The value of imported merchandise entered for consumption and the duty 
 collected thereon, during the last five fiscal years, has been as follows : 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 
 
 161 
 
 
 Value of merchandise. 
 
 Ordinary 
 
 duty 
 collected. 
 
 Average rate collected 
 on — 
 
 
 Free of 
 duty. 
 
 Dutiable. 
 
 Dutiable. 
 
 Free and 
 dutiable. 
 
 1885 
 
 $192,912,284 
 211,630,759 
 233,093,659 
 244,104,852 
 256,674,630 
 266,103,047 
 888,064,404 
 
 $386,667,820 
 413,778,055 
 450,325,328 
 468,143,774 
 484,866,768 
 607,571,764 
 466,455,173 
 
 $177,319,550 
 188,879,397 
 818,038,424 
 813,509,802 
 218,701,774 
 225,317,076 
 215,790,686 
 
 Per cent. 
 45.86 
 54.65 
 47.10 
 45.13 
 45.23 
 44.41 
 46.26 
 
 Per cent. 
 30.59 
 
 1886 
 
 80.13 
 
 1887 
 
 31.02 
 
 1888 
 
 29.99 
 
 1889 
 
 29.50 
 
 1890 
 
 29.18 
 
 1891 
 
 25.25 
 
 
 
 
 
 Trade with Central and South America. 
 
 Our total imports of mercliandise from Mexico, Central and South Ameri- 
 can states, British Honduras, and the West Indies, during the fiscal year 
 1891, amounted to $242,512,577, or 28.70 percent, of our total imports of 
 merchandise. 
 
 The value of our exports of merchandise to these same countries during 
 the same period was $90,413,516, or 10.22 per cent, of the value of our total 
 exports of merchandise. 
 
 Our total imports and exports of merchandise from and to these countries, 
 during the same period, amounted to $332,926,093, or 19.36 per cent, of our 
 total imports and exports of merchandise. 
 
 It will be seen that the excess of our imports of merchandise from these 
 countries over our exports to them amounted to $152,099,061. In other 
 words, our imports of merchandise were 72.84 per cent, and exports 27.16 
 of the total trade with these countries, and we imported merchandise to the 
 value of $2.68 for every dollar in value exported to these countries. 
 
 The excess of imports over exports of merchandise for the fiscal year 1890 
 was $108,054,472. For the fiscal year 1889 this excess was $117,917,883. 
 
 A comparison of our commerce with this entire group of countries for 
 the years 1870, 1880, and 1891 shows a gradual increase of both imports and 
 exports of merchandise. 
 
 During the year 1870 the value of imports was $117,398,951 and of ex- 
 ports $55,140,322, an excess of $62,258,639. 
 
 During the year 1880 the value of imports was $178,985,906 and of ex- 
 ports $61,546,474, an excess of $117,439,432. 
 
 The per cent, of our commerce with these countries, as compared with 
 our total commerce, in 1870, was 20.82 ; in 1880, 15.99 ; and in 1891, 19.26. 
 
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OUR PENSIONERS. 
 
 The annual report of the Commissioner, of Pensions shows that on 
 June 30, 1891, there were 676,160 pensioners borne on the rolls of the bureau, 
 being 188,216 more than were carried on the rolls at the close of the last 
 fiscal year. These include: "Widows and daughters of revolutionary soldiers, 
 23; army invalid pensioners, 413,597; army widows, minor children, etc., 
 108,537; navy invalid pensioners, 5,449; navy widows, minor children, etc., 
 3,568; survivors of the war of 1812, 7,590; survivors of the Mexican war, 
 16,879; widows of soldiers of the Mexican war, 6,976. 
 
 The number of pensions of the several classes granted under the act of 
 June 27, 1890, is as follows: Army invalid pensioners, 97,136; army 
 widows, minor children, etc., 12,209; navy invalid pensioners, 8,976; navy 
 widows, minor children, etc., 1,486. During the last fiscal year first pay- 
 ments were paid upon 131,160 original claims, requiring $31,391,538 for their 
 payment. This is an increase in the number of original pa3rments over the 
 year 1890 of 64,533. The aggregate cost, however, was $1,087,303 less. 
 
 There were 322,531 first payments of every description, requiring $38,553,- 
 374, being $69,593 less than was required for the 130,514 first payments 
 made durmg the last fiscal year. The average value of first payments made 
 during the year was $339.33 and the average value of first payments on 
 claims allowed under the act of June 37, 1890, was $71.28. The average 
 value of first payments for the preceding year was $485.71, a reduction in 
 the average first payments of $346.88. 
 
 The aggregate annual value of the 676,150 pensions on the roll June 81, 
 1891, was $89,347,300 and the average annual value of each pension was 
 $139.99 and the average annual value of each pension under the act of June 
 37, 1890, was $121.51. 
 
 At the end of June, 1891, there were 38,574 pensioners on the roll who 
 remained unpaid for the want of time and who were entitled to receive 
 $4,883,243, which will be paid out of the appropriation for the current fiscal 
 year. There remained at the close of the fiscal year 1891 in the hands of the 
 several pension agents the sum of $5,713,853.84 which has since been cov- 
 ered into the treasury. This amount added to $3,607,133.33 of the pension 
 amount not drawn from the treasury aggregates $9,320,986.06 of the appro- 
 priation which was not expended. There will be a deficiency in the appro- 
 priation for the payment of fees and expenses of examining surgeons of 
 about $300,000. 
 
 The total amount disbursed on account of pensions, expenses, etc., during 
 the fiscal year was $118,548,959.71 as compared with $106,493,890.19 dis- 
 bursed during the preceding fiscal year. So that it appears that 136,316 
 pensions were added to the rolls during the fiscal year just closed, at an in- 
 creased cost to the nation of $13,055,069 as compared with the expenditures 
 for the previous fiscal year, and said expenditure includes $4,357,347 paid 
 upon vouchers remaining unpaid at the close of the year. 
 
 The largest number of certificates issued to any class was 4,698 to men 
 who served thirty-six months. The age of the greatest number of pensioners 
 under both the old and new law was forty-seven years. Durmg the last 
 year 20,525 pensioners were dropped from the rolls for various causes, and ot 
 this number 13,229 were dropped by reason of death. 
 
 The loss to the pension rolls by the decease of widows and dependent 
 
 163 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
164 
 
 OUR PENSIONERS. 
 
 mothers and fathers was at the rate of thirty-five per 1,000 in 1891. It is 
 estimated that of the soldiers who served the country during the late war, 
 1,004,658 were killed in battle or died during and since the war. On June 
 30 last 124,750 of these deceased soldiers were represented on the pension 
 rolls by their widows or other dependents. 
 
 There are about 1,208,707 soldiers of the Union now living, and of the 
 survivors 520,158 are now on the pension rolls. There are, therefore, 688,549 
 survivors who are not pensioned and 879,908 deceased soldiers not represent- 
 ed on the pension rolls. The commissioner renews his recommendation of 
 last year as to the readjustment of the pension ratings under the act of 
 March 3, 1883, and March 4, 1890. 
 
 DISBURSEMENTS, 1891. 
 
 AMOUNT DISBURSED AT U. S. PENSION AGENCIES DtTRING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING 
 
 JUNE 30, 1891. 
 
 Agencies. 
 
 Army. 
 
 Navy. 
 
 Arrears of 
 Pensions. 
 
 Grand 
 total. 
 
 
 Pensions. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Pensions. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Army. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Augusta 
 
 $2,810,832.52 
 5,846,073.58 
 6,419,978.52 
 8,967,990.34 
 
 13,029,711.28 
 2,927,053.30 
 6,868,819.55 
 6,125,874.81 
 
 10,596,798.10 
 5,464,464.86 
 4,014,595.84 
 5,946,833.14 
 5,249,547.37 
 6,688,048.18 
 6,085,769.56 
 1,517,075.60 
 
 10,709,227.18 
 7,369,092.52 
 
 $2,820,716.76 
 5,865,129.90 
 6,438,398.30 
 8,997,341.89 
 
 13,063,198.32 
 2,937,792.97 
 6,887,761.86 
 6,144,883.96 
 
 10,631,199.82 
 5,481,646.16 
 4,025,315.62 
 5,967,750.20 
 5,279,412.43 
 5,710,964.93 
 5,107,719.35 
 1,527,335.06 
 
 10,732,530.77 
 8,545,315.76 
 
 
 
 $693.66 
 563.07 
 
 1,990.83 
 212.13 
 
 1,688.80 
 135.00 
 
 $692.66 
 3,255.41 
 1,990.83 
 
 213.13 
 1,688.80 
 
 135.00 
 
 $2,821,409.42 
 6,447,082.34 
 6,440,389.13 
 9,457,982.89 
 
 13,064,887.12 
 2,937,93?.97 
 6,887,751.85 
 6,145,508.01 
 
 10,632,138.82 
 5,482,196.82 
 4,037,711.46 
 6,968,319.64 
 
 
 $580,543.70 
 
 $580,643.70 
 
 Bufifalo 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Columbus 
 
 459,029.67 
 
 459,029.67 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Detroit 
 
 
 
 624.06 
 939.00 
 650.67 
 3,272.61 
 137.44 
 
 624.06 
 939.00 
 650.67 
 2,272.61 
 137.44 
 
 Indianapolis . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New York 
 
 368,156.13 
 324,799.00 
 
 368,166.13 
 324,799.00 
 
 5,647,833.66 
 
 Philadelphia.. 
 Pittsburg 
 
 723.27 
 1,498.20 
 
 733.37 
 1,498.30 
 
 6,036,486.20 
 6,109,788.22 
 1,578,936.39 
 10,732,709.90 
 
 San Francisco. 
 
 51,600.34 
 
 51,600.34 
 
 Topeka 
 
 179.13 
 24.67 
 
 179.13 
 24.67 
 
 "Washington... 
 
 437,788.38 
 
 471,528.31 
 
 9,016,768.74 
 
 Total 
 
 $114,637,786.26 
 
 $116,164,303.93 
 
 $2,221,917.16 
 
 $2,255,667.16 
 
 $12,229.54 
 
 $18,922.88 
 
 $118,435,827.48 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
RECENT PENSION LAWS. 
 
 Chap. 390, laws of 1889, enacts that the charge of desertion now standing 
 on the rolls and records in the office of the Adjutant-General against any 
 soldier who served in the late war in the volunteer service shall be removed 
 in all cases where it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the Secre- 
 tary of "War, from such rolls and records, or from other satisfactory testi- 
 mony, that such soldier served faithfully until the expiration of his term of 
 enlistment, or until the 1st day of May, 1865, having previously served six 
 months or more, and, by reason of his absence from his command at the time 
 the same was mustered out, failed to be mustered out and to receive an honor- 
 able discharge, or that such soldier absented himself from his command, or 
 from hospital while suffering from wounds, injuries, or disease received or 
 contracted in the Une of duty and was prevented from completing his term 
 of enlistment by reason of such wounds, injuries, or disease. 
 
 Sec. 3. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to remove the charge 
 of desertion from the record of any regular or volunteer soldier in the late war 
 upon proper application therefor, and satisfactory proof in the following cases: 
 
 First. That such soldier, after such charge of desertion was made, and 
 within a reasonable time thereafter, voluntarily returned to his command 
 and served faithfully to the end of his term of service, or until discharged. 
 
 Second. That such soldier absented himself from his command or from 
 hospital while suffering from wounds, injuries, or disease, received or con- 
 tracted in the hne of duty, and upon recovery voluntarily returned to his 
 command and served faithfully thereafter, or died from such wounds, injuries, 
 or disease while so absent, and before the date of muster out of liis command, 
 or expiration of his term of service, or was prevented from so returning by 
 reason of such wounds, injuries, or diseases before such muster out, or expira- 
 tion oi service. 
 
 Third. That such soldier was a minor, and was enlisted without the con- 
 sent of his parent or guardian, and was released or discharged from such 
 service by the order or decree of any court of competent jurisdiction on 
 habeas corpus or other proper judicial proceedings; and in any such case, no 
 pay, allowance, bounty, or pension shall be allowed or granted. 
 
 Sec. 3. That the charge of desertion now standing on the rolls and records 
 in the office of the Adjutant- General against any regular or volunteer soldier 
 who served in the late War of the Rebellion by reason of his having enlisted 
 in any regiment, troop, or company, or in the United States Navy or Marine 
 Corps, without having first received a discharge from the regiment, troop or 
 company in which he had previously served, shall be removed in all cases 
 wherein it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the Secretary of War, 
 from such rolls and records, or from other satisfactory testimony, that such re- 
 enlistment was not made for the purpose of securing bounty or other gratuity 
 that he would not have been entitled to had he remained under his original 
 term of enlistment; that the absence from the service did not exceed four 
 months, and that such soldier served faithfully under his reSnlistment. 
 
 Sec. 4. That whenever it shall appear from the official records in the office 
 of the Adjutant-General that any regular or volunteer soldier of the late war 
 
 165 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
166 RECENT PENSION LAWS. 
 
 was formally restored to duty from desertion by the commander competent 
 to order his trial for the ofEence, or, having deserted and being charged with 
 desertion, was, on return to the service, suffered, without such formal restora- 
 tion, to resume his place in the ranks of his command, serving faithfully 
 thereafter until the expiration of his term, such soldier shall not be deemed 
 to rest under any disability, because of such desertion, in the prosecution of 
 any claim for pension on account of disease contracted, or wounds or injuries 
 received in the line of his duty as a soldier. 
 
 Sec. 5. That when the charge of desertion shall be removed under the 
 provisions of this act from the record of any soldier, such soldier, or, in case 
 of his death, the heirs or legal representatives of such soldier, shall receive 
 the pay and bounty due to such soldier: Provided, however. That this act 
 shall not be so construed as to give to any such soldier, or, in case of his 
 death, to the heirs or legal representatives of any such soldier, any pay, bounty 
 or allowance for any time during which such soldier was absent from his 
 command without proper authority, nor shall it be so construed as to give 
 any pay, bounty, or allowance to any soldier, his heirs or legal representa- 
 tives, who served in the army for a period less than six months. 
 
 Sec. 6. That the Secretary of War be and he hereby is authorized and 
 directed to amend the military record of any soldier who enlisted for the war 
 with Mexico, upon proper application, where the rolls and records of the 
 Adjutant-General's office show the charge of desertion against him, when 
 such rolls and records show the facts set out in the following cases : 
 
 First. That said soldier sei-ved faithfully the full term of his enlistment, 
 or having served faithfully for six months or more, and until the 4th day of 
 July, 1848, left his command without having received a discharge. 
 
 Second. That such soldier, after said charge of desertion was entered on 
 the rolls, voluntarily returned to his command within a reasonable time and 
 served faithfully until discharged. 
 
 Sec. 7. That the provisions of this act shall not be so construed as to 
 relieve any soldier from the charge of desertion who left his command from 
 disaffection or disloyalty to the government, or to evade the dangers and 
 hardships of the service, or whilst in the presence of the enemy (not being 
 sick or wounded), or while in arrest or under charges for breach of militaiy 
 duty, or, in case of a soldier of the Mexican War, who did not actually reach 
 the seat of wan 
 
 Sec. 8. That when such charge of desertion is removed under the pro- 
 visions of this act, the soldier shall be restored to a status of honorable ser- 
 vice, his military record shall be corrected as the facts may require, and an 
 honorable discharge shall be issued in those cases where the soldier has 
 received none: and he shall be restored to all his rights as to pension, pay or 
 allowances as if the charge of desertion had never been made; and in case of 
 the death of said soldier, his widow or other legal heir shall be entitled to the 
 same, rights as in case of other deceased honorably discharged soldiers: Pro- 
 vided. That this act shall not be construed to give to any soldier, or his legal 
 representatives or heir, any pay or allowance for any period of time he was 
 absent without leave, and not in the perfonnance of military duty. 
 
 Sec. 9. That all applications for relief under this act shall be made to and 
 filed with the Secretary of War within the period of three years from and 
 after July 1, 1889, and all applications not so made and filed within said term 
 of three years shall be forever barred, and shall not be received or considered. 
 —(Approved March 2, 1889.) 
 
 Chap. 132. — Provides that from and after the passage of this act all persons 
 who, in the military or naval service of the United Sates and in the line of 
 duty, have lost both hands, shall be entitled to a pension of $100 a month. — 
 (Approved February 12, 1889.) 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
EECEKT PENSION LAWS. 167 
 
 PENSIONS TO THE TOTALLY HELPLESS. 
 
 The act of 1890 provides that all soldiers, sailors and marines who have 
 since the 16th day of June, 1880, or who may hereafter become so totally and 
 permanently helpless from injuries received or disease contracted in the ser- 
 vice and line of duty as to require the regular personal aid and attendance of 
 another person, or who, if otherwise entitled, were excluded from the pro- 
 visions of "An act to increase pensions of certain pensioned soldiers and 
 sailors who are utterly helpless from injuries received or disease contracted 
 while in the United States service," approved June 16, 1880, shall be entitled 
 to receive a pension at the rate of $73 per month from the date of the passage 
 of this act or of the certificate of the examining surgeon or board of surgeons 
 showing such degree of disability made subsequent to the passage of this act. 
 —(Approved March 4, 1890.) 
 
 THE DEPENDENT PENSION ACT. 
 
 Be it enacted, etc.. That in considering the pension claims of dependent 
 parents the fact of the soldier's death by reason of any wound, injury, casu- 
 alty, or disease which under the conditions and limitations of existing laws 
 would have entitled him to an invalid pension, and the fact that the soldier 
 left no widow or minor children having been shown as required by law, it 
 shall be necessary only to show by competent and suiEcient evidence that 
 such parent or parents are without other present means of support than their 
 own manual labor or the contributions of others not legally bound for their 
 support: Promded, That all pensions allowed to dependent parents under this 
 act shall commence from the date of the filing of the application hereunder 
 and shall continue no longer than the existence of the dependence. 
 
 Sec. 2. That all persons who served ninety days or more in the military 
 or naval service of the United States during the late war of the rebellion and 
 who have been honorably discharged therefrom, and who are now or who 
 may hereafter be suffering from a mental or physical disability of a perma- 
 nent character not the result of their own vicious habits, which incapacitates 
 them from the performance of manual labor in such a degree as to render 
 them unable to earn a support, shall, upon making due proof of the fact ac- 
 cording to such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Interior may 
 provide, be placed upon the list of invalid pensioners of the United States, 
 and be entitled to receive a pension not exceeding |13 per month, and not 
 less than $6 per month, proportioned to the degree of inability to earn a sup- 
 port, and such pension shall commence from the date of the filing of the ap- 
 plication m the Pension Office, after the passage of this act, upon proof that 
 the disability then existed, and shall continue during the existence of the 
 same: Provided, That persons who are now receiving pensions under exist- 
 ing laws, or whose claims are pending in the Pension Office, may by 
 application to the Commissioner of Pensions, in such form as he may pre- 
 scribe, showing themselves entitled thereto, receive the benefits of this act; 
 and nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to prevent any pen- 
 sioner thereunder from prosecuting his claim and receiving his pension under 
 any other general or special act: Provided, however, That no person shall 
 receive more than one pension for the same period; And promded, further. 
 That rank m the service shall not be considered in apphcations filed under 
 this act. , . J 
 
 Sec. 3. That if any officer or enlisted man who served mnety days or more 
 in the army or navy of the United States during the late war of the rebellion, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
168 RECENT PENSION LAWS. 
 
 and who was honorably discharged, has died or shall hereafter die, leaving a 
 widow without other means of support than her daily labor, or minor chil- 
 dren under the age of sixteen years, such widow shall, upon due proof of her 
 husband's death, without proving his death to be the result of his army ser- 
 vice, be placed on the pension roll from the date of the application therefor 
 under this act, at the rate of |8 per month during her widowhood, and shall 
 also be paid $3 per month for each child of such oflBcer or enlisted man 
 under sixteen years of age, and in case of death or remarriage of the widow, 
 leaving a child or children of such ofiBcer or enlisted man under the age of 
 sixteen years, such pension shall be paid such child or children until the age 
 of sixteen: Provided, That in case a minor child is insane, idiotic, or other- 
 wise permanently helpless, the pension shall continue during the life of said 
 child or during the period of such disability, and this proviso shall apply to 
 all pensions heretofore granted, or hereafter to be granted under this or any 
 former statute, and such pension shall commence from the date of applica- 
 tion therefor after the passage of this act: And provided, further. That said 
 widow shall have manried said soldier prior to the passage of this act. 
 
 Sec. 4. That no agent, attorney, or other person engaged in preparing, 
 presenting, or prosecuting any claim under the provisions of this act, shall, 
 directly or indirectly, contract for, demand, receive, or retain for such ser- 
 vices in preparing, presenting, or prosecuting such claim a sum greater than 
 |10, which sum shall be payable only upon the order of the Commissioner 
 of Pensions, by the pension agent making payment of the pension allowed, 
 and any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section, or who 
 shall wrongfully withhold from a pensioner or claimant the whole or any 
 part of a pension or claim allowed or due such pensioner or claimant under 
 this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof 
 shall, for each and every such offense, be fined not exceeding $500, or be im- 
 prisoned at hard labor, not exceeding two years, or both, in the discretion of 
 the court. 
 
 MEXICAN SOLDIBES. 
 
 The Act of March 3, 1891, amends Section 3 of the Act of March 3, 1889, 
 to pension soldiers of the War with Mexico so as to read in Subdivision 3- 
 ' ' Third— That such soldier was a minor, and was enlisted without the consent 
 of his parent or guardian, and was released or discharged from such service 
 by the order or decree of any State or U.S. court on habeas corpus or other 
 judicial proceedings, and in such case such soldier shall not be entitled to any 
 bounty or allowance, or pay for any time such soldier was not in the perform- 
 ance of military duty." 
 
 UNION SOLDIERS OF THE WAB OP THE BEBELLION. 
 
 Section 4,787 Revised Statutes, is amended to entitle those who have 
 received artificial limbs from the War Department to a new :^mb or apparatus 
 at the expiration of every ' ' three " years (instead of ' ' five •'). The Act of March 
 d, 1891, provides that hereafter no pension shall be allowed or paid to any 
 officer, non-commissioned officer, or private in the U. S. Armv, or Marine 
 Corps, either on the active or retired list; that no agent or attorney shall de- 
 mand, receive or be allowed any compensation under existing law exceeding 
 ^im any claim for increase of pension on account of increase of disability, 
 or tor services in secunug the passage of any special act of Congress in any 
 case that has been presented at the Pension Office or is allowable under the 
 general pension laws. Any agent instrumental in prosecuting any claim for 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
RECENT PENSIOK LAWS. 169 
 
 increase of pension on account of increase of disability, or who has rendered 
 services in procuring the passage of any such special act of Congress, who 
 shall directly or indirectly demand or retain any compensation for such ser- 
 vices, except as hereinbefore provided, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and 
 shall, for each offence, be fined not exceeding $500 or imprisoned for not ex- 
 ceeding two years, or both. Tbe foregoing provisions in relation to fees of 
 agents or attorneys do not apply to any case now pending where there is an 
 existing lawful contract expressed or implied. 
 
 14b 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
NUMBER OF PENSIONERS IN EACH STATE ANB TERRITORY OF THE UNITED 
 STATES AND IN EACH FOREIGN COUNTRY ON THE ROLLS JUNE 30, 1891. 
 
 United States. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Arizona Territory 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Delaware 
 
 District of Columbia. . . 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Indian Territory 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New Mexico Territory. 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 Ohio .-. . . 
 
 Oklahoma Territory. . . 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah Territory 
 
 Vermont , 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington 
 
 West Virgi nia 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Total 673,514 
 
 ,065 
 14 
 
 2, 
 
 5,994 
 8,004 
 
 364 
 
 Foreign country. 
 
 Australia 
 
 Austria Hungary 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Bermuda 
 
 Brazil 
 
 British Columbia , 
 
 Bulgaria 
 
 Canada 
 
 Central America , 
 
 Chile 
 
 China 
 
 Corea 
 
 Comoro Isles 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 Fij i Islands 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Guatemala 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 Holland 
 
 Honduras 
 
 India 
 
 Italy 
 
 Japan 
 
 Liberia 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 Manitoba 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Monaco 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Nicaragua 
 
 Norway 
 
 Peru 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Russia 
 
 Samoa 
 
 Spain 
 
 South African Republic. . 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 West Indies 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Total 
 
 Grand total . 
 
 Number. 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 8 
 1 
 3 
 
 13 
 1 
 1,315 
 1 
 5 
 
 12 
 1 
 1 
 5 
 
 13 
 1 
 2 
 
 495 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 a 
 1 
 1 
 
 17 
 3 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 32 
 1 
 8 
 3 
 1 
 
 12 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 5 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 56 
 1 
 7 
 
 2,646 
 676,160 
 
 170 
 
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PENSION CLAIMS ADMITTED 
 
 Comparative statement of pension claims settled by 
 ACTS OF JULY 14, 
 
 
 Claims ad- 
 mitted and 
 rejected. 
 
 Army. 
 
 Navy. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Invalid. 
 
 Widows, etc. 
 
 Invalid. 
 
 
 Origi- 
 nal. 
 
 In- 
 crease. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Origi- 
 nal. 
 
 In- 
 crease 
 
 Total. 
 
 Origi- 
 nal. 
 
 In- 
 crease 
 
 Total. 
 
 1881.. 
 1881.. 
 
 Admitted . . . . 
 Rejected. .... 
 
 Total 
 
 Admitted 
 
 Rejected 
 
 Total 
 
 Admitted .... 
 Rejected 
 
 Total 
 
 Admitted .... 
 Rejected. ... 
 
 Total 
 
 Admitted 
 
 Rejected 
 
 Total 
 
 Admitted 
 
 Rejected 
 
 Total 
 
 Admitted 
 
 Rejected 
 
 Total 
 
 Admitted.... 
 Rejected 
 
 Total 
 
 Admitted 
 
 Rejected 
 
 Total 
 
 Admitted .... 
 Rejected 
 
 Total 
 
 Admitted 
 
 Rejected 
 
 Total 
 
 31,143 
 3,625 
 
 12,353 
 8,875 
 
 83,496 
 11,500 
 
 3,717 
 1,137 
 
 200 
 30 
 
 3,917 
 1,167 
 
 351 
 55 
 
 154 
 65 
 
 405 
 120 
 
 
 23,768 
 
 21,228 
 
 44,996 
 
 4,854 
 
 230 
 
 5,084 
 
 306 
 
 219 
 
 625 
 
 1883.. 
 1882.. 
 
 33,684 
 4,030 
 
 9,43S 
 15,199 
 
 32,119 
 19,229 
 
 3,910 
 1,513 
 
 48 
 86 
 
 3,968 
 1,588 
 
 262 
 138 
 
 88 
 149 
 
 350 
 277 
 
 
 36,714 
 
 24,634 
 
 51,348 
 
 5,423 
 
 74 
 
 5,496 
 
 890 
 
 337 
 
 627 
 
 1883.. 
 1883.. 
 
 31,801 
 16,901 
 
 22,554 
 19,978 
 
 54,355 
 86,879 
 
 5,316 
 4,512 
 
 67 
 28 
 
 5,383 
 4,540 
 
 213 
 530 
 
 118 
 141 
 
 325 
 671 
 
 
 48,703 
 
 42,!532 
 
 91,284 
 
 9,728 
 
 95 
 
 9,823 
 
 743 
 
 853 
 
 996 
 
 1884.. 
 1884.. 
 
 27,173 
 17,587 
 
 22,190 
 19,887 
 
 49,368 
 37,474 
 
 6,360 
 4,988 
 
 56 
 15 
 
 6,816 
 4,998 
 
 241 
 347 
 
 870 
 139 
 
 611 
 486 
 
 
 44,760 
 
 43,077 
 
 86,387 
 
 11,243 
 
 71 
 
 11,814 
 
 588 
 
 409 
 
 997 
 
 1885.. 
 1885.. 
 
 37,386 
 9,038 
 
 83,648 
 19,281 
 
 60,934 
 28,809 
 
 7,638 
 8,058 
 
 144 
 
 38 
 
 7,776 
 3,086 
 
 394 
 189 
 
 183 
 89 
 
 476 
 378 
 
 
 36,314 
 
 53,929 
 
 89,343 
 
 10,690 
 
 172 
 
 10,862 
 
 483 
 
 271 
 
 754 
 
 1886*. 
 1886.. 
 
 31,619 
 15,918 
 
 33,008 
 41,956 
 
 64,637 
 57,874 
 
 8,501 
 3,738 
 
 *65,313 
 50 
 
 73,814 
 3,778 
 
 318 
 377 
 
 271 
 279 
 
 689 
 566 
 
 
 47,537 
 
 74,964 
 
 122,501 
 
 13,339 
 
 65,.368 
 
 77,598 
 
 595 
 
 5.50 
 
 1,145 
 
 1887.. 
 1887.. 
 
 34,758 
 7,657 
 
 31,791 
 32,024 
 
 66,549 
 39,681 
 
 11,0:54 
 3,481 
 
 88 
 70 
 
 11,117 
 8,551 
 
 .525 
 321 
 
 383 
 347 
 
 748 
 568 
 
 
 42,415 
 
 63,815 
 
 106,830 
 
 14,515 
 
 153 
 
 14,668 
 
 846 
 
 470 
 
 1,816 
 
 1888.. 
 1888- . 
 
 35,089 
 33,213 
 
 44,785 
 30,739 
 
 79,874 
 62,952 
 
 10,611 
 11,060 
 
 341 
 50 
 
 10,952 
 11,110 
 
 754 
 740 
 
 449 
 326 
 
 1,303 
 1,066 
 
 
 67,302 
 
 75,.524 
 
 142,836 
 
 21,671 
 
 391 
 
 23,062 
 
 1,494 
 
 775 
 
 2,269 
 
 1889.. 
 1889.. 
 
 35,999 
 11,123 
 
 70,194 
 37,049 
 
 106,193 
 48,171 
 
 11,644 
 5,689 
 
 116 
 41 
 
 11,760 
 5,780 
 
 831 
 1,160 
 
 744 
 443 
 
 1,576 
 1,602 
 
 
 47,131 
 
 107,243 
 
 154,364 
 
 17,*33 
 
 157 
 
 17,490 
 
 1,991 
 
 1,186 
 
 8,177 
 
 1890.. 
 1890.. 
 
 49,453 
 8,120 
 
 76,511 
 99,013 
 
 125,964 
 107,1.8.3 
 
 14,.323 
 5,791 
 
 120 
 .50 
 
 14,443 
 5,841 
 
 943 
 393 
 
 901 
 977 
 
 1,843 
 969 
 
 
 57,537 
 
 175,524 
 
 2.33,097 
 
 20,114 
 
 170 
 
 80,284 
 
 1,3.34 
 
 1,878 
 
 3,212 
 
 1891 . . 
 1891.. 
 
 40,.577 
 12,998 
 
 71 ,.579 
 188,981 
 
 112,1.56 
 201,979 
 
 11,701 
 9,899 
 
 474 
 2.37 
 
 12,175 
 10,136 
 
 804 
 290 
 
 661 
 816 
 
 1,465 
 1,106 
 
 
 53,575 
 
 260,560 
 
 314,185 
 
 21,600 
 
 711 
 
 22,311 
 
 1,094 
 
 1,477 
 
 3,571 
 
 *Under act of March 19, 1886, there were 79,989 widows' pensions increased (included 
 m the above) for which no applications were required. 
 
 173 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
AND REJECTED, 1881-1891. 
 
 allowance and rejection each year since 1881, except arrears. 
 1863, AND MARCH 8, 1873. 
 
 Navy. 
 
 M 
 
 — i_ 
 
 ■a 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 War of 1812. 
 
 Mexican war 
 
 fe.§ 
 
 So 
 
 ^ 
 
 Widows, etc. 
 
 Survivors. 
 
 Widows. 
 
 (act of Jan. 
 29, 1887.) 
 
 ? 1 
 
 
 In- 
 crease 
 
 Total 
 
 Origi- 
 nal. 
 
 In- 
 crease 
 
 Origi- 
 nal. 
 
 In. 
 crease 
 
 Surviv- 
 ors 
 original 
 
 la 
 
 •a M 
 
 
 203 
 
 10 
 
 213 
 83 
 
 1,344 
 20 
 
 39,375 
 12,890 
 
 115 
 391 
 
 
 1,965 
 1,606 
 
 
 
 
 
 41,456 
 14,886 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 
 
 886 
 
 10 
 
 396 
 
 1,364 
 
 53,365 
 
 506 
 
 
 3,570 
 
 
 
 
 
 56,:j41 
 
 89 
 
 11 
 
 100 
 59 
 
 649 
 
 37,176 
 21,103 
 
 26 
 49 
 
 
 698 
 143 
 
 
 
 
 
 37,895 
 21,895 
 
 b9 
 
 
 
 
 
 148 
 
 11 
 
 159 
 
 649 
 
 58,279 
 
 75 
 
 
 836 
 
 
 
 
 
 59,190 
 
 87 
 
 13 
 
 100 
 346 
 
 796 
 
 60,859 
 42,438 
 
 23 
 61 
 
 
 822 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 38,192 
 82,640 
 
 61,704 
 42,687 
 
 346 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 433 
 
 13 
 
 446 
 
 796 
 
 103,295 
 
 74 
 
 
 1,022 
 
 
 
 
 60,702 
 
 104,391 
 
 106 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 IW 
 113 
 
 1,221 
 
 57,518 
 43,071 
 
 24 
 60 
 
 
 388 
 262 
 
 
 
 
 84,193 
 88,341 
 
 57,930 
 43,383 
 
 iia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 218 
 
 3 
 
 220 
 
 1,331 
 
 100,589 
 
 74 
 
 
 650 
 
 
 
 
 57,533 
 
 101,313 
 
 111 
 
 11 
 
 122 
 57 
 
 1,835 
 
 71,143 
 31,730 
 
 18 
 38 
 
 
 426 
 167 
 
 
 
 
 35,767 
 12,537 
 
 71,587 
 31,936 
 
 .17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 168 
 
 11 
 
 179 
 
 1,835 
 
 102,873 
 
 56 
 
 
 693 
 
 
 
 
 48,304 
 
 103,522 
 
 
 
 
 
 109 
 
 *1,280 
 2 
 
 1,389 
 387 
 
 2,229 
 
 *142.648 
 62,595 
 
 5 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 305 
 113 
 
 18,.396 
 8 
 
 
 
 40,867 
 20,443 
 
 *156.867 
 
 :m 
 
 
 
 62 732 
 
 
 
 
 
 494 
 
 1,282 
 
 1,776 
 
 3.329 
 
 205,343 
 
 37 
 
 3 
 
 418 
 
 13,398 
 
 
 
 61,300 
 
 219,089 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 183 
 91 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 191 
 92 
 
 2,707 
 
 81,313 
 43,893 
 
 8 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 331 
 59 
 
 
 7,.558 
 251 
 
 903 
 14 
 
 55,194 
 11,893 
 
 90,008 
 44,234 
 
 874 
 
 9 
 
 383 
 
 3,707 
 
 135,204 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 390 
 
 
 7,803 
 
 917 
 
 67,086 
 
 134,242 
 
 205 
 335 
 
 11 
 
 316 
 335 
 
 3,028 
 
 92,345 
 75,363 
 
 2 
 11 
 
 
 351 
 56 
 
 
 9,048 
 2,062 
 
 4,296 
 588 
 
 60,252 
 46,966 
 
 106,888 
 78,080 
 
 440 
 
 11 
 
 451 
 
 3,038 
 
 167,608 
 
 13 
 
 
 307 
 
 
 11,110 
 
 4,880 
 
 107,327 
 
 183,918 
 
 880 
 341 
 
 11 
 
 391 
 341 
 
 1,754 
 
 119,819 
 55,844 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 181 
 868 
 
 7 
 
 1,772 
 348 
 
 1,206 
 309 
 
 51,921 
 19,147 
 
 183,001 
 56,679 
 
 631 
 
 11 
 
 632 
 
 1,754 
 
 175,663 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 449 
 
 7 
 
 2,120 
 
 1,416 
 
 71,068 
 
 179,680 
 
 335 
 126 
 
 7 
 3 
 
 342 
 129 
 
 1,896 
 
 142,692 
 114,073 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 108 
 75 
 
 1 
 
 794 
 177 
 
 678 
 106 
 
 66,337 
 14,793 
 
 144,179 
 114,436 
 
 461 
 
 10 
 
 471 
 
 1,896 
 
 266,664 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 183 
 
 1 
 
 971 
 
 784 
 
 81,430 
 
 258,615 
 
 213 
 97 
 
 33 
 
 346 
 
 97 
 
 1,813 
 
 186,042 
 213,318 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 79 
 
 
 336 
 148 
 
 885 
 101 
 
 54,099 
 23,538 
 
 126,849 
 t218,567 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 310 
 
 33 
 
 343 
 
 1,813 
 
 339,360 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 79 
 
 
 484 
 
 486 
 
 77,633 
 
 340,416 
 
 tThis includes a large number of claims wliioh have been found by actual count to 
 have been thus disposed of. 
 
 . 173 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Comparative statement of pension claims settled by 
 
 ACT OF JUNE 
 
 
 Claims admitted 
 and-rejeeted. 
 
 Army. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Invalid. 
 
 Widows, etc. 
 
 
 Original. 
 
 Additional. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Original. 
 
 Additional. 
 
 Total. 
 
 189] 
 
 
 85,04r 
 18,588 
 
 13,153 
 161 
 
 98,199 
 18,749 
 
 12,337 
 2,875 
 
 5 
 
 12,342 
 
 1891 
 
 
 8,875 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 103,635 
 
 13,313 
 
 116,948 
 
 15,812 
 
 5 
 
 15,217 
 
 
 
 
 INCREASE IN" PENSION 
 
 ARMY INVALID CLAIMS UNDER THE GENERAL LAW ALLOWED EACH YEAR SINCE 
 
 WHICH WERE FILED EACH YEAR AND ALLOWED IN THE REPORT 
 
 AND THE PERCENTAGE OF THE NUMBER 
 
 1^ 
 
 is 
 
 The several years in 
 
 which the claims 
 
 were 
 
 allowed and the number allowed each year. 
 
 13 
 
 1863. 
 
 1863. 
 
 1864. 
 
 1865. 
 
 1866. 
 
 1867. 
 
 1868. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1871. 
 
 1872. 
 
 1873. 
 
 1874. 
 
 1875. 
 
 1876. 
 
 1877. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1862.. 
 1863.. 
 1864.. 
 
 805 
 
 258 
 3,657 
 
 131 
 9,.331 
 7,:M3 
 
 27 
 1,188 
 8,459 
 10,045 
 
 19 
 
 517 
 
 844 
 
 7,819 
 
 12,724 
 
 20 
 
 395 
 
 568 
 
 1,863 
 
 9,292 
 
 3,586 
 
 12 
 
 am 
 
 253 
 
 685 
 
 2,511 
 
 3,626 
 
 1,641 
 
 11 
 
 ia5 
 
 166 
 417 
 1,150 
 1,1.33 
 1,692 
 3,238 
 
 12 
 143 
 114 
 223 
 529 
 525 
 431 
 8,308 
 1,010 
 
 80 
 893 
 839 
 388 
 732 
 724 
 502 
 1,284 
 3,094 
 348 
 
 6 
 156 
 139 
 198 
 440 
 349 
 218 
 493 
 1,639 
 1,946 
 434 
 
 6 
 
 110 
 
 96 
 
 132 
 
 851 
 
 356 
 
 196 
 
 300 
 
 799 
 
 1,055 
 
 1,638 
 
 1,333 
 
 16 
 139 
 107 
 100 
 311 
 149 
 173 
 182 
 441 
 438 
 1,018 
 1,762 
 794 
 
 4 
 159 
 101 
 
 92 
 185 
 153 
 
 89 
 142 
 878 
 348 
 371 
 674 
 1,869 
 937 
 
 5 
 
 121 
 
 84 
 
 96 
 
 145 
 
 88 
 
 56 
 
 124 
 
 167 
 
 214 
 
 278 
 
 342 
 
 606 
 
 2,243 
 
 634 
 
 7 
 139 
 136 
 113 
 187 
 154 
 68 
 97 
 197 
 149 
 876 
 461 
 698 
 1,169 
 2,595 
 777 
 
 4 
 147 
 109 
 
 1865.. 
 
 
 
 122 
 
 1866.. 
 
 
 
 
 208 
 
 1867.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 139 
 
 1868.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1869.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 103 
 
 1870.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1871 . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 125 
 
 1873.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1873.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 253 
 
 1874.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1875.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 483 
 
 1876.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,844 
 
 2,217 
 
 908 
 
 1877.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1878.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1879.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1880.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1882.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1883.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1884.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 305 
 
 3,915 
 
 16,765 
 
 14,669 
 
 31,933 
 
 15,718 
 
 8,963 
 
 6,991 
 
 5,315 
 
 7,613 
 
 6,018 
 
 6,861 
 
 5,519 
 
 5,397 
 
 5,193 
 
 7,102 
 
 7,303 
 
 Note.— The total number (40,453) of claims allowed in 1891 excludes 124 old war 
 174 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
allowance and rejection each year since 1881, except arrears. 
 37, 1890. 
 
 Navy. 
 
 Aggi-e- 
 
 gate of 
 
 all claims. 
 
 
 Invalid. 
 
 Widows, etc. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Original. 
 
 Additional. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Original. 
 
 Additional. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 3,564 
 
 406 
 
 3,969 
 834 
 
 1,439 
 132 
 
 
 1,439 
 132 
 
 115,949 
 23,590 
 
 Those under the head of 
 
 884 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,398 
 
 405 
 
 4,803 
 
 1,571 
 
 
 1,571 
 
 138,539 
 
 applicants who have 
 also prior claims under 
 old acts. 
 
 
 
 CLAIMS ALLOWED, 1862-1891. 
 
 JULY 1, 1861, SHOWING IN EACH YEAE'S ALLOWANCE THE NUMBER OF THOSE 
 YEARS, GIVING ALSO THE WHOLE NUMBER FILED EACH YEAR 
 ALLOWED OOT OF THOSE FILED EACH YEAR. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The several years in which the claims were allowed and the number allowed each year. 
 
 =1 
 
 S2 <0 01 
 
 1879. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1882. 
 
 1883. 
 
 1884. 
 
 1885. 
 
 1886. 
 
 1887. 
 
 1888. 
 
 1889. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Total. 
 
 i£^^ 
 
 5 
 
 34 
 
 78 
 
 38 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 1,125 
 
 1,862 
 
 88.6 
 
 1.W 
 
 281 
 
 415 
 
 392 
 
 384 
 
 268 
 
 280 
 
 369 
 
 248 
 
 330 
 
 191 
 
 195 
 
 150 
 
 19,688 
 
 26,380 
 
 74,6 
 
 ion 
 
 238 
 
 395 
 
 328 
 
 805 
 
 240 
 
 264 
 
 230 
 
 326 
 
 194 
 
 143 
 
 138 
 
 131 
 
 16,608 
 
 20,263 
 
 81.8 
 
 93 
 
 172 
 
 ,335 
 
 234 
 
 284 
 
 189 
 
 304 
 
 168 
 
 160 
 
 110 
 
 126 
 
 121 
 
 85 
 
 24,666 
 
 27,299 
 
 90.0 
 
 l.'W 
 
 357 
 
 477 
 
 368 
 
 335 
 
 255 
 
 336 
 
 319 
 
 208 
 
 177 
 
 186 
 
 130 
 
 126 
 
 81,640 
 
 35,799 
 
 88.4 
 
 104 
 
 190 
 
 .339 
 
 381 
 
 263 
 
 202 
 
 263 
 
 187 
 
 1M 
 
 181 
 
 107 
 
 97 
 
 77 
 
 13,406 
 
 15,905 
 
 84.3 
 
 49 
 
 109 
 
 177 
 
 99 
 
 124 
 
 93 
 
 190 
 
 80 
 
 93 
 
 61 
 
 52 
 
 51 
 
 31 
 
 6,316 
 
 7,293 
 
 86.6 
 
 54 
 
 143 
 
 812 
 
 367 
 
 208 
 
 180 
 
 282 
 
 141 
 
 141 
 
 115 
 
 92 
 
 90 
 
 69 
 
 9,264 
 
 11,035 
 
 84.0 
 
 121 
 
 220 
 
 451 
 
 379 
 
 319 
 
 243 
 
 868 
 
 233 
 
 234 
 
 164 
 
 138 
 
 115 
 
 133 
 
 10,885 
 
 12,991 
 
 83.8 
 
 100 
 
 2Wt 
 
 368 
 
 393 
 
 343 
 
 218 
 
 241 
 
 211 
 
 165 
 
 135 
 
 116 
 
 116 
 
 78 
 
 7,119 
 
 8,8-37 
 
 80.6 
 
 1^<^ 
 
 2.51 
 
 404 
 
 338 
 
 388 
 
 231 
 
 314 
 
 236 
 
 193 
 
 144 
 
 116 
 
 110 
 
 81 
 
 7,068 
 
 8,857 
 
 79.8 
 
 193 
 
 257 
 
 454 
 
 330 
 
 374 
 
 209 
 
 221 
 
 197 
 
 186 
 
 161 
 
 108 
 
 136 
 
 93 
 
 7,558 
 
 8,728 
 
 86.6 
 
 188 
 
 ?.m 
 
 497 
 
 384 
 
 312 
 
 213 
 
 .385 
 
 354 
 
 213 
 
 169 
 
 117 
 
 128 
 
 110 
 
 7,408 
 
 9,302 
 
 79.6 
 
 «73 
 
 455 
 
 756 
 
 569 
 
 478 
 
 349 
 
 461 
 
 323 
 
 277 
 
 389 
 
 158 
 
 176 
 
 187 
 
 9,473 
 
 11,926 
 
 79.4 
 
 fiOS 
 
 758 
 
 1,219 
 
 906 
 
 773 
 
 578 
 
 630 
 
 570 
 
 565 
 
 418 
 
 316 
 
 388 
 
 267 
 
 13,003 
 
 17,030 
 
 76.4 
 
 1 464 
 
 1 063 
 
 1,570 
 
 1,050 
 
 1,006 
 
 709 
 
 740 
 
 698 
 
 618 
 
 444 
 
 331 
 
 840 
 
 284 
 
 13,311 
 
 16,532 
 
 80.6 
 
 9.mH 
 
 1 806 
 
 2,385 
 
 1,400 
 
 986 
 
 888 
 
 879 
 
 816 
 
 778 
 
 559 
 
 413 
 
 475 
 
 326 
 
 15,182 
 
 18,812 
 
 
 778 
 
 2i685 
 
 7,787 
 
 4,865 
 
 4,116 
 
 2,298 
 
 2,045 
 
 1,819 
 
 1,618 
 
 1,066 
 
 836 
 
 870 
 
 605 
 
 31,367 
 
 36,885 
 
 85.3 
 
 
 ?fi3 
 
 2,368 
 
 9,826 
 
 17,626 
 
 12,277 
 
 9,706 
 
 9,529 
 
 7,880 
 
 6,613 
 
 3,895 
 
 4,159 
 
 2,814 
 
 85,945 
 
 
 
 
 
 156 
 
 157 
 138 
 
 1,380 
 
 1,486 
 
 582 
 
 1,651 
 
 3,326 
 
 3,579 
 
 917 
 
 1,499 
 2,245 
 2,517 
 2,4.34 
 810 
 
 1,556 
 2,667 
 3,279 
 3,092 
 3,901 
 883 
 
 1,463 
 2,636 
 3,188 
 2,736 
 3,448 
 6,842 
 1,506 
 
 1,109 
 2,038 
 3,720 
 2,363 
 2,696 
 5,423 
 6,383 
 2,284 
 
 909 
 1,512 
 2,090 
 1,834 
 2,088 
 8,849 
 5,317 
 9,499 
 1,557 
 
 1,030 
 1,709 
 3,303 
 1,929 
 3,182 
 8,714 
 4,967 
 9,240 
 12,180 
 3,407 
 
 1,828 
 1,695 
 1,880 
 1,429 
 2,163 
 2,826 
 4,476 
 7,784 
 10,375 
 706 
 
 17,869 
 30,953 
 16,685 
 16,499 
 21,874 
 30,999 
 25,449 
 31,521 
 12,782 
 706 
 
 29,0M 
 36,030 
 28,968 
 27,959 
 36,203 
 86,204 
 47,349 
 61,919 
 71,318 
 20,199 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 62.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 58.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.5 
 
 7,073 
 
 9,718 
 
 20,912 
 
 23,615 
 
 31,758 
 
 37,117 
 
 27,325 
 
 31,552 
 
 84,702 
 
 35,089 
 
 35,999 
 
 49,458 
 
 40,458 
 
 617,936 
 
 807,468 
 
 
 invaUds which are mcluded in the number of army invalids as reported in Table 1. 
 
 175 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
PENSION BATES. 
 
 Statement showing' the different monthly rates of pension, and the number pen- 
 sioned at each rate, of the Army and Navy invalids, and of the Army and Navy 
 widows, minors, and dependents (war of 1861) on the rolls, under the general law, June 
 30, 1891, and a similar classification of those on the rolls at the same date under the 
 act of June 37, 1890. 
 
 GENERAL LAW, JUNE 30, 1891. 
 
 Eate. 
 
 Invalids. 
 
 Widows & others 
 
 Rate. 
 
 $16.50 
 16.75 
 17.00 
 17.25 
 17.50 
 17.75 
 18.00 
 18.25 
 18.50 
 18.75 
 19.00 
 19.25 
 19.60 
 20.00 
 20.50 
 20.75 
 21.00 
 21.25 
 21.50 
 22.00 
 22.50 
 23.00 
 23.25 
 23.50 
 23.75 
 24.00 
 24.60 
 26.00 
 25.25 
 25.75 
 26.25 
 26.76 
 27.00 
 27.50 
 28.00 
 28.75 
 29.60 
 80.00 
 80.75 
 31.00 
 31.25 
 32.00 
 32.50 
 33.00 
 33.50 
 36.00 
 36.50 
 36.00 
 37.00 
 87.50 
 38.50 
 40.00 
 40.26 
 45.00 
 47.00 
 48.00 
 49.00 
 50.00 
 53.00 
 56.00 
 57.00 
 60.00 
 72.00 
 76.00 
 100.00 
 166.665 
 208.33i 
 416.661 
 
 Invalids. 
 
 Widows & others 
 
 Army 
 
 N'vy 
 
 Total 
 
 Array 
 
 N'vy 
 
 Total 
 
 Army 
 
 N'vy 
 
 Total 
 
 Army 
 
 N'vy 
 
 Total 
 
 Sl.OO 
 200 
 
 19 
 16,853 
 2 
 10 
 1,018 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 149 
 
 61,530 
 
 212 
 
 1 
 
 773 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 62,071 
 
 49 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 109 
 
 477 
 
 12 
 
 82,196 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 640 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 566 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 34,825 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 74 
 
 232 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 46,588 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 153 
 
 378 
 
 586 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 16,737 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2,940 
 
 3 
 
 i7;682 
 
 1 
 183 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 ..... 
 
 788 
 
 "■57 
 ..... 
 
 "516 
 3 
 
 "2 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 1,103 
 
 ..... 
 
 ..... 
 5 
 
 ■■"e 
 
 4 
 
 438 
 
 ..... 
 
 10 
 
 "u 
 
 4 
 11 
 
 ■■•■4 
 
 3 
 
 509 
 
 '"24 
 1 
 5 
 
 •■••7 
 
 1 
 
 141 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 '162 
 1 
 3 
 6 
 
 18;^ 
 1 
 
 20 
 17,036 
 2 
 10 
 1,W2 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 155 
 
 62,318 
 
 212 
 
 1 
 
 830 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 52,581 
 
 52 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 111 
 
 1 
 
 486 
 
 14 
 
 83,299 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 640 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 561 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 85,258 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 78 
 
 243 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 10 
 
 46,097 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 177 
 
 379 
 
 591 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 10 
 
 16,878 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 3,042 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 17,865 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 12 
 
 18,258 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 2,823 
 
 13 
 
 117 
 12 
 9 
 
 ' '5,155 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 8 
 2 
 
 3,138 
 104 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 19,963 
 2 
 
 2,896 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 956 
 7 
 1 
 1 
 
 'ii,m 
 
 58 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 ' '3,'i69 
 
 4 
 
 "igi 
 2 
 7 
 
 "'34 
 5 
 1 
 3 
 3 
 
 ""4 
 
 126 
 
 1 
 
 ""i 
 
 72 
 4 
 
 '283 
 
 1 
 
 86 
 
 ""s 
 
 ""2 
 26 
 
 ""i 
 
 218 
 2 
 2 
 
 ""3 
 5 
 2 
 
 1 
 3 
 3 
 41 
 1 
 
 13 
 13 
 
 18,444 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 2,857 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 120 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 5,281 
 
 4 
 5 
 3 
 8 
 3,210 
 108 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 
 20,246 
 3 
 2,982 
 1 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 982 
 7 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 14,834 
 2 
 3 
 58 
 3 
 6 
 3 
 1 
 5 
 3 
 3,210 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.26 
 
 
 
 
 3,383 
 
 6 
 
 2,389 
 
 2.661 
 3.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.12i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.26 
 3.33} 
 3 76 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.25 
 
 
 
 
 2,558 
 
 156 
 
 2,714 
 
 5.;mj 
 
 
 
 
 5.62 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.66S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5.76 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.37J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.66J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.50 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 7.76 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.00 
 8.121 
 
 414 
 
 18 
 
 432 
 
 701 
 
 136 
 
 827 
 
 8.85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.62J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.75 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 9.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9.25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9.60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10.00 
 10.20 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 648 
 
 201 
 
 849 
 
 10.26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10.50 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 10.62 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 10.665 
 
 
 
 
 
 10.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11.26 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 11.33i 
 
 
 
 
 
 11.60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.00 
 
 100,215 
 
 1,872 
 
 102,087 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 12§ 
 
 65 
 
 ' '2,'486 
 77 
 1 
 2 
 381 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 3,074 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 ..... 
 
 ■"87 
 ■■"3 
 
 1 
 
 56 
 
 1 
 
 2,508 
 
 77 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 883 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 3,161 
 
 36 
 
 
 12.25 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 12.50 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 13.75 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1.3.00 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 13.23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lami 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13.50 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 64 
 
 
 13.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 14.00 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 14.25 
 
 
 
 
 14.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 14.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 14.87J 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 15 
 6 
 1 
 3 
 
 ""3 
 
 1 
 
 
 15.00 
 15.25 
 
 1,450 
 
 112 
 
 1,562 
 
 18 
 7 
 
 15.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 15.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 16.00 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 16.25 
 
 Total. 
 
 413,597 
 
 5,449 
 
 419,046 
 
 108,560 
 
 2,568 
 
 111,128 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 173 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
statement showing the different monthly rates of pension, and the numher pen- 
 sioned at each rate, of the Army and Navy invalids, etc. — Continued. 
 
 ACT OF JUNE 27, 1890. 
 
 Rate. 
 
 Invalids. 
 
 Widows and others. 
 
 Army. 
 
 Navy. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Army. 
 
 Navy. 
 
 Total, 
 
 $6.00 
 
 15,736 
 19,563 
 4,684 
 57,168 
 
 664 
 
 806 
 
 185 
 
 2,831 
 
 16,390 
 20,369 
 4,869 
 59,484 
 
 
 
 
 8.00 
 
 10,888 
 
 1,400 
 
 12,233 
 
 10 00 
 
 la.oo 
 
 1,376 
 
 36 
 
 1,412 
 
 
 Total 
 
 97,136 
 
 3,976 
 
 101,112 
 
 12,300 
 
 1,436 
 
 18,646 
 
 
 
 Grand total 
 
 610,733 
 
 9,425 
 
 530,158 
 
 120,769 
 
 4,004 
 
 124,773 
 
 
 
 THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF THE AEMY. 
 
 The army of the United States, in 1890, consisted of the following forces, 
 
 in officers and men : 
 
 Officers. Enlisted Men. Aggregate. 
 
 Ten cavalry regiments •g| 6050 6,482 
 
 Five artillery regiments. ;.. ~82 d,b75 a,m 
 
 T\venty-flve infantry regiments oi7 I4,i^a i3,uu<; 
 
 Engineer battalion, recruiting parties,ordnance 
 
 department, hospital service, Indian scouts, 
 
 West Point, signal detachment, and general 
 
 service 579 3,i70 6,yiy 
 
 Total 3,170 25,230 27,390 
 
 The United States are divided into eight military departments as follows: 
 
 Depaetment op the EAST.-New England States, New York New 
 Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia North 
 Carolina South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, 
 Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio and the District of Columbia. 
 
 Department op the Missouki.— Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, 
 Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Indian and Oklahoma Territories. 
 
 Department op California.— Califorma (excepting that portion south 
 
 "'^KtSr^DSoTA^Minnesota, South Dakota (excepting so 
 much as lies south of the 44th parallel). North Dakota, Montana and the 
 post of Fort Yellowstone, Wyo. 
 
 Department op Texas.— State of Texas. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OP THE PLATTB.-Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado and Wyoming 
 (excepting t^post of Fort Yellowstone, Wyo), Utah, so much of Idaho as 
 lies cL it a line formed by the extension of the ^f t«™„^°r^^^y a aF fe^ 
 to the northeastern boundary of Idaho, and so much of South Dakota as lies 
 
 nVpA™NT'oTARizoNA.-Arizona and New Mexico, and California 
 
 ""depA™Vop tI Co.™BiA.-Oregon. Washington, Idaho and 
 Ala?ka!t5ce™g so much of Idaho as is embraced in the Department of the 
 
 Platte. 
 
 177 
 
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178 
 
 THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 
 
 PAY OF OFFICERS IN ACTIVE SERVICE. 
 
 
 Pay of 
 
 grade. 
 
 Monthly pay. 
 
 GRADE. 
 
 Yearly. 
 
 Monthly. 
 
 After 
 5 years' 
 service, 
 10 p. c. 
 
 After 
 10 years' 
 service, 
 20 p. c. 
 
 After 
 16 years' 
 service, 
 30 p, c. 
 
 After 
 20 years' 
 service, 
 40 p. c. 
 
 
 $7,500.00 
 5,600,00 
 3,500.00 
 3,000.00 
 2,600.00 
 3,000.00 
 1,800.00 
 1,800.00 
 1,800.00 
 1,600.00 
 1,600.00 
 1,500.00 
 1,400.00 
 1,600,00 
 
 $626.00 
 468.33 
 391.67 
 250.00 
 308.33 
 166.67 
 150.00 
 160.00 
 150.00 
 183.83 
 125.00 
 125.00 
 116.67 
 126.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $320.83 
 276.00 
 229.17 
 183.33 
 165.00 
 165.00 
 166.00 
 146.67 
 137.50 
 137.50 
 128.33 
 137.50 
 
 $850,00 
 800.00 
 360.00 
 200.00 
 180.00 
 180.00 
 180.00 
 160.00 
 160.00 
 150.00 
 140.00 
 . 160.00 
 
 $375.00 
 326.00 
 270.83 
 216.67 
 196.00 
 195.00 
 195.00 
 173.83 
 162.50 
 163.60 
 151.67 
 163.50 
 
 $375.00 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel 
 
 333.33 
 291.67 
 
 
 233.33 
 
 Captain, not mounted 
 
 Regimental Adjutant 
 
 Reg'tal Quartermaster 
 
 First Lieutenant, mounted 
 First Lieutenant, not m't'd 
 Second Lieut., mounted. . . 
 Second Lieut., not mounted 
 
 210.00 
 810.00 
 310.00 
 186.67 
 176.00 
 175,00 
 163.33 
 176,00 
 
 
 
 PAY OF RETIRED OFFICERS. 
 
 
 Pay of grade. 
 
 Monthly pay. 
 
 GRADE. 
 
 Yearly. 
 
 Monthly. 
 
 After 
 5 years' 
 service. 
 
 After 
 10 years' 
 service. 
 
 After 
 16 years' 
 service. 
 
 After 
 20 years' 
 service. 
 
 
 $6,635.00 
 4,126.00 
 3,635.00 
 2,250.00 
 1,875.00 
 1,500.00 
 1,850.00 
 
 $468.76 
 343.75 
 318.76 
 187.60 
 156,26 
 126,00 
 112.60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $240.62 
 206.25 
 171.87 
 137.60 
 133.75 
 
 $203.50 
 226,00 
 187.50 
 160.00 
 135.00 
 
 $281.26 
 248,76 
 208.12 
 162.50 
 146.26 
 
 $281.25 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel 
 
 260.00 
 218.76 
 
 
 176.00 
 
 Captain, not mounted 
 
 157.60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fu^t Lieutenant, mounted 
 First Lieutenant, not m't'd 
 Second Lieut., mounted. . , 
 Second Lieut.,not mounted 
 
 i,mbo 
 
 1,135.00 
 l; 125.00 
 1,060.00 
 1,360.00 
 
 ibb.oo 
 
 93.76 
 98.76 
 87,50 
 113.50 
 
 110.00 
 103.13 
 103.12 
 96.26 
 133.76 
 
 120.00 
 112.50 
 112.60 
 106.00 
 136.00 
 
 130.66 
 121.87 
 121.87 
 113.76 
 146.26 
 
 140.00 
 131.26 
 181.26 
 122.60 
 167,60 
 
 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. An Aide-de-Camp to a Major-Greneral is allowed $200 per year in addition to the 
 pay of his rank, not to be included in computing the service increase. — (Section 1,261, 
 Revised Statutes.) 
 
 2. An Aide-de-Camp to a Brig^adier-General is allowed $150 a year in addition to the 
 pay of his rank, not to be included in computing the service increase.— (Section 1,261, 
 Revised Statutes.) 
 
 3. An Acting Commissary of Subsistence is allowed $100 per year in addition to 
 the pay of his rank, not to be included in computing the service increase.— (Section 
 1,261, Revised Statutes.) 
 
 4. Assistant Surgeons are entitled to the pay of Captain after five years' service, 
 service to be reckoned from date of acceptance ot appointment or commission. 
 
 5. Retired officers receive 75 per cent, of pay (salary and increase) of their rank. 
 
 6. A retired Chaplain receives 75 per cent, of pay (salary and increase) of his rank 
 (Captain not mounted). 
 
 7. The officer in charge of the public buildings and grounds (Washington) has, 
 while so serving, the rank, pay and emoluments of a Colonel. 
 
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receive a 
 
 of Ordnance. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES ARKY. 179 
 
 ^^, ^A ^°^ additional pay as mounted officers, see pars. 2,385 and 2,386, Regulations of 
 cne Army^ Isol. 
 
 9. The principal assistant in the Ordnance Bureau of the War Department shall 
 compensation, including pay and emoluments, not exceeding that of a Major 
 
 jt. vALAcvnce* 
 
 10. An Acting Judge- Advocate, detailed by the Secretary of War, is entitled to the 
 pay and allowances of Captain of Cavalry. 
 
 COST OF THE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 (FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1891.) 
 
 Pay Department $13,289,636.98 
 
 Pay Department, bounty and miscellaneous 1,316,794,71 
 
 Commissary Department 1,685,577.24 
 
 Quartermaster's Department 9,003,882.33 
 
 Medical Department 807,406.49 
 
 Ordnance Department \ 3,233,V41.'64 
 
 Armories and arsenals 635'876.36 
 
 Military Academy 236'899!l4 
 
 Improving rivers and harbors 13,350,627.23 
 
 Damages by improvement of Fox and Wisconsin rivers 158,293.87 
 
 Fortifications 676,465.81 
 
 Construction of military posts, roads, etc 687,628!42 
 
 National cemeteries, roads, etc 231,718.17 
 
 Expenses of recruiting 104,841.48 
 
 Contingencies of the Army 16,580.57 
 
 Signal Service 758,284.70 
 
 Expenses of military convicts 5,889.36 
 
 Publication of official records of the war of the rebellion 199,560.38 
 
 Support of National Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers 3,083,411.37 
 
 Support of Soldiers' Home 308,458.44 
 
 Soldiers' Home permanent fund and interest account 278,160.93 
 
 Support of military prison. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 76,836.45 
 
 Yellowstone National Park 49,999.90 
 
 Claims, reimbursements, reliefs, etc 607,977.05 
 
 Miscellaneous items 28,025.99 
 
 Total Military Establishment $48,730,065.01 
 
 ARMY LEGISLATION. 
 
 SOLDIERS' EESEEVE PAY. 
 
 Since July 1, 1890, $4 a month has heen retained from the pay of each en- 
 listed man in the Army for the first year of his enlistment, to be paid him at 
 discharge from the service, and forfeited unless he serves honestly and faith- 
 fully to the date of discharge — this sum to be treated as a deposit and bear 
 interest from the end of the year in -which it shall have accrued. Enlist- 
 ments shall continue to be made for five years, but at the end of three years 
 every soldier vrhose antecedent service has been faithful shall be entitled to a 
 furlough for three months and at the end of such furlough, in time of peace, 
 shall be entitled to his discharge on application, but soldiers so discharged 
 shall not be entitled to the allowances provided in Section 1,390 of the 
 Revised Statutes. 
 
 In time of peace the President may, in his discretion and under such 
 rules and upon such conditions as he shall prescribe, permit any enlisted 
 man to purchase his discharge from the Army. The purchase money to be 
 paid under this section shall be paid to a paymaster of the Army and be de- 
 posited in the Treasury to the credit of one or more of the current appropria- 
 tions for the support of the Army, to be indicated by the Secretary of War, 
 and be available for the payment of expenses incurred durmg the fiscal year 
 . in which the discharge is made. 
 
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180 THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 
 
 The Army ration, provided by law, has been increased by the addition 
 thereto of one pound of vegetables, the proportion to be fixed by the Secre- 
 tary of War. 
 
 DETAIL OF OFFICEBS TO COLLEGES. 
 
 The act of Jan. 13, 1891, amends Section 1,235, Revised Statutes,' con- 
 cerning details of oflacers of Army and Navy to educational institutions, so 
 as to permit the President to detail not to exceed 75 U. S. Army officers. 
 The maximum number of Army and Navy officers to be detailed at any one 
 time under the act passed Sept. 26, 1888, amending Section 1,225, Revised 
 Statutes, is increased to 85. No officer shall be detailed to or maintained at 
 any of the educational institutions mentioned where instruction and drill in 
 military tactics is not given ; and nothing in the act shall be construed to 
 prevent the detail of officers of the Engineer Corps of the Navy as professors 
 in scientific schools or colleges as now provided by act of Congress approved 
 Feb. 36, 1879. 
 
 CERTIFICATES OF MERIT TO ENLISTED MEN. 
 
 The act of Feb. 9, 1891, amends Section 1,316, Revised Statutes, to read 
 that when any enlisted man of the Army shall have distinguished himself in 
 the service the President may, at the recommendation of his commanding 
 officer, grant him a certificate of merit. It also amends Section 1,285, Re- 
 vised Statutes, to read that a certificate of merit granted to an enlisted man 
 for distinguished service shall entitle him to additional pay at the rate of 
 $2 per month while he is in the military service. 
 
 TRANSFER OF OFFICERS TO UNLIMITED LIST. 
 
 The act of Feb. 16, 1891, provides that when officers placed on the retired 
 list shall have attained the age of 64 they shall be transferred to unlimited 
 list. The limited retired list hereafter is to consist of 350 instead of 400, as 
 now fixed by law. Officers who have been placed on the retired list by 
 special authority of Congress are not to form part of the limited retired list 
 established by this act 
 
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o 
 
 a 
 
 K 
 
 o 
 
 in 
 
 
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THE UNITED STATES NAVY, t 
 
 NEW VESSELS. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 ARUORED VESSELS. 
 
 Miantonomah 
 
 New York 
 
 Monterey 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Texas 
 
 Maine 
 
 Puritan 
 
 Amphitrite. 
 Monadnock . 
 Terror 
 
 Condit'n. 
 
 Ma 
 terial 
 
 Built. . 
 Building.. 
 
 Built ., 
 
 Buildiui 
 
 Built .. 
 
 Building 
 
 Built 
 
 Cruising Monitor 
 
 Pirate 
 
 Ajax [ 
 
 Comanche 
 
 Canonicus 
 
 Catskill 
 
 Jason 
 
 Lehigh 
 
 Mahopac 
 
 Manhattan. ., 
 
 Montauk 
 
 Nafaant 
 
 Nantucket 
 
 Passaic 
 
 Wyandotte 
 
 Harbor Defense Bam . 
 
 UNARMORED VESSELS. 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Boston 
 
 Atlanta -. . 
 
 Dolphin 
 
 Newark 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Cruiser No. 6 Building 
 
 " 7 ■■ ■ 
 
 Kaleigh 
 
 Mobile 
 
 Detroit 
 
 Cruiser No. 11 
 
 Iron . 
 
 Steel. 
 
 Displac't, 
 Tons. 
 
 Iron, 
 
 Building.. 
 Built . 
 
 12. 
 
 GDNBOATS. 
 
 Yorktown 
 
 Concord 
 
 Bennington 
 
 Petrel 
 
 No.B 
 
 Steel. 
 
 SPECIAL CLASS. 
 
 Practice Cruiser. . . 
 
 Vesuvius 
 
 Dynamite Cruiser. 
 
 No. 2 
 
 Torpedo Cruiser 
 
 Stiletto* 
 
 Gushing* 
 
 No. 2* 
 
 Built 
 
 Building 
 
 Building. 
 Built .... 
 Building. 
 
 Built ... 
 Building..! 
 
 Wood 
 Steel. 
 
 Speed, Horse- 
 Knots. Power. 
 
 3,815 
 8,1B0 
 
 4,000 
 
 10,298 
 
 10,298 
 
 6,300 
 
 6,648 
 
 6,060 
 
 3,815 
 
 3,815 
 
 3,815 
 
 3,130 
 
 8,150 
 2,100 
 1,875 
 2,100 
 1,875 
 
 i.sre 
 
 1,876 
 2,100 
 2,100 
 1,875 
 1,875 
 1,875 
 1,875 
 2,100 
 2,050 
 
 4,500 
 
 3,189 
 3,189 
 1,485 
 4,083 
 3,730 
 4,600 
 4,083 
 4,324 
 5,500 
 3,185 
 3,893 
 2,000 
 2,000 
 S,000 
 
 7,400 
 
 1,700 
 1,700 
 1,700 
 890 
 1,050 
 1,050 
 
 31 
 116 
 
 
 10.5 
 
 16.2 
 
 16.2 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 15.6 
 
 15.6 
 
 15.5 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 19.5 
 
 20.7 
 
 19.6 
 
 30 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 16.6 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 11.5 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 21.5 
 
 Armament. 
 
 1,600 
 16,500 
 
 5,400 
 
 9,000 
 
 9,000 
 
 8,600 
 
 9,000 
 
 3,700 
 
 1,600 
 
 1,600 
 
 1,600 
 
 7,500 
 
 16,500 
 340 
 340 
 340 
 340 
 340 
 340 
 340 
 340 
 340 
 340 
 340 
 340 
 340 
 
 4,800 
 
 5,084 
 
 4,030 
 
 4,030 
 
 2,240 
 
 8,500 
 
 7,520 
 
 10,064 
 
 10,400 
 
 8,815 
 
 13,500 
 
 10,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 5,400 
 
 5,400 
 
 5,400 
 
 21,000 
 
 3,400 
 3,400 
 1,045 
 1,600 
 1,600 
 
 1,300 
 3,795 
 
 359 
 1,720 
 
 4 10 in., 3 B F, 4 M G. 
 '6 8 in., 13 4in. E F, 8 6 in. E F 
 4 1 pdr., 4 M G. 
 
 ^ ^EFfs mV °'"'''''- ^ •'' ""'■"•' 
 
 * S'iJ''^ ^ '""^ 6 '"■' 28 E Fand 
 
 MG. 
 4 13 in., 8 8 in., 4 6 in., 38 E F and 
 
 MG. 
 2 12 in., 46 tons B L E, 6 6 in., 8 
 
 E F, 4 millimetres. 
 40 10 in., 26 tons B L E, 6 6 in., 8 
 
 E F, 17 millimetres. 
 4 12 in., 35 tons B L E, 4 E F 4 
 
 millimetres. ' 
 
 4 10 in., 25 tons B L E, 2 E F, 4 ' 
 
 millimetres. 
 4 10 in., 25 tons B L B, 2 E F, 4 
 
 millimetres. 
 4 10 in., 25 tons B L E, 2 B F, 4 . 
 
 millimetres. 
 2 10 in., 1 6 in., 6 B F, 1 15 in.. 
 Dynamite. 
 6 8 in., 12 4 in. B L E, 16 E F G. 
 2 15 in. S B. 
 None. 
 
 2 15 in. S B. 
 2 15 in. SB. 
 2 15 in. S B. 
 2 15 in. S B. 
 2 15 in. S B. 
 2 15 in. SB. 
 
 2 15 in. S B. 
 
 3 15 in. S B. 
 
 2 15 in. S B. 
 
 3 15 in. S B. 
 
 3 15 in, S B. 
 Not yet settled. 
 
 4 8 in., 8 6 in., 3 5 in. B L B, 13 
 
 2 8 in., 6 6 in. B L E, 12 E F. 
 Same as Boston. 
 
 1 6 in. B L E, 8 E F. 
 12 6 in. B L E, 16 E F. 
 
 2 8 in., 6 6 in. B L E, 4 E F, 4 M G. 
 
 4 8 in., 6 6 in. B L E, 14 E F. 
 12 6 in. B L E, 17 B F. 
 Same as San Francisco. 
 4 8 in., 10 5 in. B L E, 24 E F. 
 1 6 in., 10 4 in. B L E, 14 E F. 
 
 1 6 in., 10 4 in. B L E, 14 E W. 
 
 2 6 in., 8 4 in. B L E, 10 E F. 
 Same as Mobile. 
 Same as Mobile. 
 
 1 8 in., 2 6 in., 13 4 in. B L E, 
 EF. 
 
 38 
 
 6 6in. B LB, 9EF. 
 
 6 6 in. B L E, 4 E F, 5 M G. 
 
 6 6in.,4BF, 6MG. 
 
 4 6 in. B L E, 7 R F. 
 
 8 4 in. B L B, 8 E F. 
 
 Same as No. 5. 
 
 4 4 in. B L E, 7 E F. 
 
 3 15 in. Dynamite, 3 E F. 
 
 Not settled. 
 
 Not settled. 
 
 Not settled. 
 
 None. 
 
 1 pdr. E F. 
 Not settled. 
 
 * Torpedo boats. E F, Bapid Fire Gun. B L B, Breech-Loading Rifle. M G, Machine Gun. 
 
 THE OLD NAVY. 
 In addition to the above, the Navy possesses 59 iron and wooden sailing and steam vessels, 
 tugs, school-ships, etc. Of these, 30 are in commission. 
 
 t For revisions and additions to this list, up to the moment of going to press, see 
 
 _ , Addenda, preceding Ind 
 
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PAY OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 At sea. 
 
 On shore 
 duty. 
 
 On leave 
 
 or wait'g 
 
 orders. 
 
 
 $13,000 
 6,000 
 5,000 
 4,500 
 3,500 
 
 8,800 
 3,000 
 
 8,400 
 2,600 
 
 1,800 
 8,000 
 
 1,800 
 
 1,400 
 
 500 
 
 900 
 
 4,400 
 4,400 
 
 2,800 
 8,300 
 3,500 
 3,700 
 4,300 
 
 2,000 
 8,200 
 
 2,000 
 2,200 
 8,450 
 8,700 
 
 1,700 
 1,900 
 
 8,.500 
 8,800 
 
 3,400 
 8,700 
 3,000 
 8,500 
 
 1,300 
 1,300 
 1,400 
 1,600 
 1,800 
 
 $13,000 
 5,000 
 4,000 
 3,500 
 3,000 
 
 8,400 
 8,600 
 
 8,000 
 8,800 
 
 1,500 
 1,700 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,300 
 
 500 
 
 700 
 
 8,400 
 8,800 
 3,200 
 3,600 
 4,000 
 
 1,800 
 2,000 
 
 1,800 
 3,000 
 3,850 
 3,350 
 
 1,400 
 1,600 
 
 3,300 
 8,400 
 8,700 
 4,000 
 4,800 
 
 3,000 
 3,300 
 3,600 
 
 2,000 
 2,300 
 
 2,400 
 2,700 
 3,000 
 3,500 
 
 000 
 1,000 
 1,300 
 1,.300 
 1,600 
 
 $13,000 
 
 
 4,000 
 
 
 8,000 
 
 
 3,800 
 
 
 8,300 
 
 Lieutenant-Commanders — 
 
 First four years after date of commission 
 
 3,000 
 
 
 8,300 
 
 Lieutenants- 
 First five years after date of commission 
 
 After five years from date of commission 
 
 1,600 
 1,800 
 
 Lieutenants (Junior Grade)— 
 
 1,800 
 
 
 1,400 
 
 Ensigns- 
 
 800 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 500 
 
 tors, and Chief Engineers, liaving the same rank, at 
 
 
 Fleet-Surgeons, Fleet-Paymasters, and Fleet-Engineers . . 
 
 3,000 
 
 
 8,400 
 3,600 
 
 
 8,800 
 
 
 3,000 
 1,500 
 
 Passed Assistant Surgeons and Passed Assistant Pay- 
 masters — 
 
 
 1,700 
 
 Passed Assistant Engineers — 
 
 1,500 
 
 Second five years after date of appointment 
 
 1,700 
 
 
 1,900 
 
 
 1,950 
 
 Assistant Surgeons, Assistant Paymasters and Assistant 
 Engineers- 
 First five years after date of appointment 
 
 1,000 
 1,800 
 
 2,800 
 
 
 Naval Constructors — 
 
 Second five years after date of appointment 
 
 8,400 
 
 
 2,700 
 
 
 3,000 
 3,300 
 
 1,500 
 1 700 
 
 After twenty years from date of appointment 
 
 Assistant Naval Constructors — 
 
 First four years after date of appointment 
 
 
 1,900 
 
 Chaplains — 
 
 First five years after date of commission 
 
 1,600 
 1,900 
 
 1,500 
 1,800 
 3,100 
 
 
 Professoi-s of Mathematics and Civil Engineers- 
 
 Second five years after date of appointment 
 
 
 Boatswains, Gxmners, Carpenters and Sail makers — 
 First three years after date of appointment 
 
 8,600 
 700 
 
 Second three years after date of appointment 
 
 800 
 900 
 
 Fourth three years after date of appointment 
 
 After twelve years from date of appointment 
 
 1,000 
 1,300 
 
 *After leaving Academy, at sea, in other than practice-ships, $950 per annum. 
 
 183 
 
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THE UNITED STATES NAVY. 
 
 183 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Secretaries — 
 
 To Admiral and Vice-Admiral (on shore) 
 
 To Naval Academy 
 
 Clerks — 
 
 First Clerk to Commandants of navy-yards 
 
 Second Clerk to Commandants of navy-yards 
 
 To Commandants at navy-yard, Mare Island 
 
 To Commandants of Naval Stations 
 
 Clerks to Paymasters — 
 
 At navy-yard. Mare Island 
 
 At navy-yards, Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Washington 
 
 At navy -yards, Kittery , Norfolk and Pensacola 
 
 At other stations 
 
 At receiving-ship, Boston, New York and Philadelphia 
 
 At receiving-ship. Mare Island 
 
 At other receiving-ships, on vessels of the first rate, at the Naval 
 Academy, and at the Naval Asylum 
 
 On vessels of the second rate and to fleet-paymasters 
 
 On vessels of the third rate and supply vessels and store ships 
 
 To Inspectors in charge of provisions and clothing at navy -yards, Boston. 
 New York, Philadelphia and Washington 
 
 At other inspections 
 
 Pay per 
 annum. 
 
 82,500 
 1,800 
 
 1,500 
 1,200 
 1,800 
 1,600 
 
 1,800 
 1,600 
 1,400 
 1,800 
 1,600 
 1,800 
 
 1,500 
 1,100 
 1,000 
 
 1,600 
 1,.300 
 
 Note.— From and after July 1, 1870, the spirit ration is totally abolished, and in lieu 
 thereof the Navy ration, under the appropriation of provisions for the Navy, is 30 
 cents per day. 
 
 No otEcer on the retired list of the Navy shall be employed on active duty except 
 in time of war. And those ofl&cers on the retired list, and those hereafter retired, who 
 were, or who may be, retired after forty years' service, or on attaining the age of sixty- 
 two, in conformity with section 1 of the act of December, 1861, and its amendments, 
 dated June 25, 1864, or those who were or may be retired from incapacity resulting 
 from long and faithful service, from wounds or injuries received in the line of duty, 
 from sickness or exposure therein, shall be entitled to seventy-five per centum of the 
 present sea-pay of their grade or rank at time of retirement. The rear-admirals pro- 
 vided for in the act of June 5, 1872, shall be considered as having been retired as rear- 
 admirals. (Act 3d March, 1873.) 
 
 UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY. 
 
 Students and Cottrse. — The students of the U. S. Naval Academy at 
 Annapolis, Md., are styled Naval Cadets. One cadet is allowed for every 
 member or delegate of the House of Representatives, one for the District of 
 Columbia, and ten at large. No more than ten appointed at large are allowed 
 in the Academy at any one time. The course of study is six years, four years 
 at the Academy and two at sea, at the end of which time the Cadet returns to 
 the Academy for final graduation, and the district then becomes vacant. 
 
 Nominations. — The Secretai-y of the Navy, as soon after March 5 in each 
 year as possible, notifies in writing each member and delegate of the House of 
 Representatives of any vacancy in his district. The nomination of a candi- 
 date to fill the vacancy is made on the recommendation of the member or 
 delegate, if such recommendation is made by July 1 of that year : but if not 
 the Secretary of the Navy fills the vacancy. The candidate allowed for the 
 District of Columbia and all the candidates appointed at large are selected by 
 the President Candidates allowed for Congressional districts, for Terntones 
 and for the District of Columbia must be actual residents of the districts or 
 Territories from which they are nominated. And all candidates must, at the 
 time of their examination for admission, be between the ages of fifteen and 
 twenty physically sound, well formed, and of robust constitution. 
 
 Entkahce Examination.— Candidates nominated in time to enable them 
 to reach the Academy by May 15, receive permission to present themselves 
 
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184 THE UNITED STATES NAVY. 
 
 on tliat date to the Superintendent for examination for admission. Those not 
 nominated in time to present themselves at the May examination are exam- 
 ined on the first of September following. When either of the above dates 
 falls on Sunday the candidates present themselves on the Monday follow- 
 ing. Candidates are required to enter the Academy immediately after pass- 
 ing the prescribed examinations. No leave of absence is granted to cadets of 
 the fourth class. 
 
 Graduate Appointments. — Appointments to fill all vacancies that may 
 occur during a year in the lower grades of the Line and Engineer Corps of 
 the Navy and of the Marine Corps are made from the Naval Cadets, gradu- 
 ates of the year, at the conclusion of their six years' course, in the order of 
 merit as determined by the Academic Board. At least fifteen appointments 
 from such graduates will be made each year. To surplus graduates who do 
 not receive such appointments will be given a certificate of graduation, an 
 honorable discharge, and one year's sea pay, as provided for Naval Cadets. 
 
 COST OF THE NAVAL ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 (FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1891.) 
 
 Pay, etc., of the Navy $7,879,200.05 
 
 Contingent, Navy 56,516.66 
 
 Marine Corps 930,886.28 
 
 Naval Academy 374,544.76 
 
 Navigation 817,476.73 
 
 Ordnance 410,443.19 
 
 Equipment 1,168,810.03 
 
 Yards and Doclts 1,208,500.88 
 
 Medicine and Surgery 230,553.15 
 
 Provisions and Clotliing 1,461,192.47 
 
 Construction and Repair 1,283,438.85 
 
 Steam Engineering 670,260.57 
 
 Increase of the Navy 10,609,197.15 
 
 Mileage under Graham decision 72,060.45 
 
 Commissions on new navy-yards 14,515.73 
 
 ReUef of suflferers by wreck of United States steamers 122,893.77 
 
 Miscellaneous items and reliefs 182,315.43 
 
 Total $36,783,805.15 
 
 INCREASE OF THE NAVY.* 
 
 The Navy Appropriation Act, 1890, provided for the construction, by 
 contract, of three sea-going coast-line battle-ships to carry the heaviest armor 
 and most powerful ordnance upon a displacement of about 8,500 tons, with 
 a coal endurance of about 5,000 knots on the total coal capacity at the most 
 economical rate of speed, and to have the highest practicable speed for vessels 
 of their class, to cost, exclusive of armament and of any premiums that may 
 be paid for increased speed, not exceeding $4,000,000 each;'one protected 
 cruiser of about 7,300 tons displacement, at a cost, exclusive of armament, 
 not to exceed $3,750,000, to have a maximum speed of not less than twenty- 
 one knots; one swift torpedo cruiser of about 750 tons displacement, at a cost, 
 exclusive of armament, not to exceed $350,000, to have a maximum speed of 
 not less than twenty-three knots; and one torpedo boat, at a cost not to ex- 
 ceed $125,000. The contracts to be made subject to the Act of August 3, 
 1886. One of these vessels to be built on or near the Pacific Ocean or the 
 waters connecting therewith, one of them on or near the Gulf of Mexico or 
 the waters connecting therewith, and two of them on or near the Atlantic 
 
 * For most recent legislation under this heading, up to the moment of going to 
 press, see Addenda, preceding Index. 
 
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THE UNITED STATES NAVY. l85 
 
 Ocean or the waters connecting therewith, unless it be found as to the Pacific 
 and the Gulf vessels that they cannot be contracted at a fair cost, and then 
 they may be built elsewhere in the United States. And if the Secretary of 
 the Navy shall be unable to contract at reasonable prices for the construction 
 of any of said vessels, then he may build such vessel or vessels in such navy- 
 yards as he may designate. 
 
 Other appropriations were made: $2,500,000 for the armament and armor 
 of domestic manufacture for vessels previously authorized; $5,475,000 toward 
 the construction and completion of the vessels heretofore and herein author- 
 ized, and $145,000 for a gun plant at the Washington City Navy- Yard. Total 
 for increase of the Navy, $8,120,000. 
 
 The House being in Committee of the Whole, the provision for three 
 coast-line battle-ships was struck out by a vote of 98 to 70. In the House 
 this was not concurred in. Twenty-three Kepublicans, 1 " Wheeler" and 81 
 Democrats voted to concur in this; and 103 Republicans and 28 Democrats 
 voted to not concur in it. A motion to substitute one coast-line battle-ship 
 instead of three was lost — yeas, 98 (Republicans 15, Democrats 83); nays, 129 
 (Republicans 105, Democrats 24). In the Senate, on the same proposition for 
 one instead of three, the yeas were 18 (Republicans 7, Democrats 11), nays, 
 33 (Republicans 24, Democrats 9). The Senate added the torpedo cruiser 
 and torpedo boat, and the House agreed in adopting the report of the Com- 
 mittee of Conference. 
 
 The Navy Appropriation Act, 1891, provides that,,f or the purpose of increas- 
 ing the U. S. Naval Establishment, the President is authorized tohave construct- 
 ed by contract one protected cruiser of about 7, 300 tons displacement, at a cost, 
 exclusive of armament, not to exceed $2,750,000, to have a maximum speed 
 of not less than 21 knots, and in the construction all of the provisions of the 
 act of Aug. 8, 1886, entitled : ' ' An act to increase the Naval Establishment " as 
 to materials for the vessel, its engines, boilers and machinery, the contract 
 under which it is built, the notice of any proposals for the same, the plans, 
 drawings, specifications therefor, and the method of executing the contract, 
 shall be observed and followed, and the vessel shall be built in compliance 
 with the terms of that act, save that in all its parts it shall be of domestic 
 manufacture. In the contract for construction, provisions for minimum speed 
 and for premiums for increased speed and penalties for deficient speed, may 
 be made subject to the terms of this bill, in the discretion of the Secretary of 
 the Navy, and if the Secretary shall be unable to contract at reasonable prices 
 for the constnaction, then he may build the same in such navy-yard as he 
 may designate. So much of the act approved, March 2, 1889, as authorized 
 the construction by contract of one armored steel cruising monitor of not less 
 than 3,000 tons displacement, at a cost not exceeding $1,500,000, exclusive of 
 armament and any premium for increased speed, is hereby repealed. 
 
 Other minor appropriations were made for equipment, etc., making the 
 total for increase of the Navy, $16,607,000. It was also enacted that no con- 
 tract for the purchase of gun-steel or armor for the Navy shall hereafter be 
 made until the subject matter of the same shall have been submitted to pub- 
 lic competition by the Department by advertisement. 
 
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THE VETO POWER.* 
 
 AccoKDiNG to the Constitution of the United States, the President has 
 the power to veto hills passed by Congress, but such bills may be passed 
 over the veto and become a law by a two-thirds vote of the members present 
 of each branch of Congress. The first exercise of the veto power was by 
 Washington, April 5, 1792. There had been but nine vetoes up to 1839; two 
 by Washington; none by Adams and Jefferson ; six by Madison and one by 
 Monroe. Madison vetoed the bill to establish a United States Bank, Jan. 30, 
 1815; the Internal Improvement bill, March 3, 1817, and the Cumberland 
 Road bill. May 4, 1822. Jackson vetoed nine bills: Clay's Distribution Bill 
 (after giving it a pocket veto at the preceding session), December 5, 1833. 
 A New United States Bank bill, July 10, 1833; for fixing a day for the Meet- 
 ing of Congress bill, June 10, 1886, and the other vetoes were put upon In- 
 ternal Improvement bills. During Tyler's administration, he vetoed two 
 United States Bank bills, August 16 and September 9, 1841; two taiifE bills, 
 June 29, and August 9, 1842; a bill for Harbor Improvements in Eastern 
 States, June 11, 1844, and a bill for building two revenue cutters, Feb. 30, 
 184.5. Polk vetoed two bills: a River and Harbor bill, August 3, 1846, and 
 a bill for the settlement of French Spoliation claims, Aug. 8, 1846. An In- 
 ternal Improvement bill, passed March 3, 1847, which had been disposed of 
 by a pocket veto, was formally vetoed at the following session, Dec. 15, 1847. 
 Pierce vetoed nine bills: on a bill appropriating land for the insane poor. 
 May 13, 1854; an Internal Improvement bill, August 4, '1854; a French 
 Spoliation Claims bill, Feb. 17, 1855; and appropriation for the Collins 
 Ocean Mail Steamers, March 3, 1855; two special Internal Improvement 
 bills. May 19, 1856, another May 23, and two others, August 11 and August 
 14. Buchanan vetoed a Homestead Bill, June 32, 1860 (caused by the very 
 low figure of reduction of public lands to 35 cents per acre). Lincoln, a bill 
 to allow the circulation of bank notes of less than |5 value in the District of 
 Columbia, July 12, 1863. During 1866 there were vetoes of the first Freed- 
 men's Bureau bill, Feb. 19; of the Civil Rights bill, March 27; of the Colo- 
 rado bill, May 15, and of the second Freedmen's Bureau bill, July 16. On 
 the adoption of the 14th amendment a message was sent to Congress, suggest- 
 ing "grave doubts" as to the power of Congress to frame an amendment 
 while eleven states were refused representation. In 1867 there were vetoes 
 of the bill, Jan. 5, regulating suffrage in the District of Columbia; of the 
 second Colorado bill, Jan. 39; of the Nebraska bill, Jan. 30; of the Tenure 
 of Olfice bill, March 2; of the Reconstruction Bill, March 3, and of the sup 
 plementary Reconstruction Bills, March 33, and July 19. In 1868 there 
 were the vetoes of the bills regulating appeals on Habeas Corpus, March 
 35; of the bills f or the readmlssion of Arkansas, June 30; North Carolina, 
 South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama and Louisiana, June 25; and of 
 the iomt resolution denying validity to the electoral votes of reconstructed 
 States. Two bills that had been "pocketed" by his predecessor and again 
 passed, were signed by President Grant. Grant's two vetoes were those to 
 increase the amount of "Greenbacks" to $400,000,000, and to authorize the 
 issue of $46,000,000 in national bank notes, April 33, 1874; and the bill to re- 
 peal the mcrease of the President's salary to $50,000, April 19, 1876. Presi- 
 dent Hayes vetoed a number of bills and among them were: the bill to au- 
 thorize the coinage of silver dollars, Feb. 33, 1878; the bill to restrict Chinese 
 immigration, March 1, 1879; and the bill to fund $700,000,000 of the nation- 
 al debt at 3 per cent., March 3, 1881. President Arthur vetoed a bill to re- 
 strict Chinese immigration, also a River and Harbor bill of about $20,000 - 
 000, dunng 1883. 
 
 * For any further notes on this subject, up to the moment of going to press see 
 Addenda^ preceding Index. 
 
 186 
 
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CIVIL SERVICE RULES. 
 
 The headquarters of the Civil Service Commission is at the City Hall, 
 "Washin^on, D. C. The Commissioners are: President, Charles Lyman, ot 
 Connecticut; Theodore Roosevelt, of New York and Hugh S. Thompson, of 
 South Carolina. Chief Examiner, William H. Webster; Secretary, John T. 
 Boyle. •' 
 
 The Civil Service Bill was drawn by Doiman B. Eaton, Esq., of New 
 York (afterward one of the Commissioners) and was presented in the United 
 States Senate by Senator Pendleton, of Ohio. It passed the Senate after 
 considerable debate and after several amendments had been made to it; and 
 the House, under a suspension of the rules without debate, January 16, 1883. 
 It was approved by President Arthur, and went into effect July 16, 1883. 
 
 THE PUEP08E OF THE BILL. 
 
 As declared in the title of the bill, its purpose is "to regulate and im- 
 prove the Civil Service of the United States." It makes it the duty of the 
 Commission to aid the President as he may request in preparing suitable 
 rules for carrying the Act into effect; to make regulations for and control 
 the examinations provided for, and supervise and control the records of the 
 same; and to make investigations and report upon all matters touching the 
 enforcement and effect of the rules and regulations. 
 
 THE CLASSrPIED SERVICE. 
 
 There are about 32,000 places in the Classified Departmental Service, em- 
 bracing all places in the Departments at Washington, excepting messengers, 
 laborers, workmen and watchmen (not including any person designated as a 
 skilled laborer or workman) and no person so employed can, without exam- 
 ination under the rules, be assigned to clerical duty, and also excepting those 
 appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- 
 ate. The Classified Customs Service embraces the customs districts where 
 the officials are as many as fifty (50), including the places giving $900 a year, 
 and all those giving a larger salary where the applicant is not subject to con- 
 firmation by the Senate. The Classified Postal Service embraces the Post- 
 offlce where the officials are as many as fifty (50), including all places above 
 the grade of a laborer. The Postal Railway Service also comes within the 
 Classified Service. 
 
 SPECIAL EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 Special examinations are held for places in the Classified Service, where 
 technical additional qualifications are needed. In the Departmental Service 
 they are held for the State Department, the Pension, Patent and Signal 
 offices. Geological and Coast Surveys, and other offices. 
 
 PEK80N8 EXCEPTED FROM EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 Persons excepted from examination for. appointment are: Confidential 
 Clerksof heads of departments or offices; Cashiers of Collectors and Post- 
 masters; Superintendents of Money Order Divisions in Post-offices; Custo- 
 dians of Money, for whose fidelity another officer is under bond; Disbursmg 
 Officers who give bonds; persons in the Secret Service; Deputy Collectors 
 and Superintendents and Chiefs of Divisions or Bureaus, and others. 
 
 187 
 
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188 CIVIL SEKVICE RULES. 
 
 APPLICATIONS AND EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 Applicants for examinations must be citizens of the United States of the 
 proper age. No person habitually using intoxicating liquors can be ap- 
 pointed. No discrimination is made on account of sex, color, or political or 
 religious opinions. The limitations of age are as follows: For the Depart- 
 mental Service, not under twenty years; in the Customs Service, not under 
 twenty-one years, except clerks or messengers, who must not be under 
 twenty years; in the Postal Service, not under eighteen years, except mes- 
 sengers, stampers, and other junior assistants, who must not. be under sixteen 
 or over forty-five years, and carriers, who must not be under twenty-one or 
 over forty; and in the Eailway Mail Service, not under eighteen or over 
 thirty -five years. The age limitations do not apply to any person honorably 
 discharged from the Military or Naval Service of the United States, by rea- 
 son of disability resulting from wounds or sickness incurred in the line of 
 duty. Such persons are preferred under Section 1,754 R. S. Every one 
 seeking an examination must first file an application blank. The Blank for 
 the Departmental or Postal Railway Service should be requested directly from 
 the Civil Service Commission, at Washington. The blank for the Customs 
 or Postal Service must be requested in writing by the persons desiring exam- 
 ination of the Customs or Postal Board of Examiners at the Oflice where 
 service is sought. These papers should be returned to the otflces from which 
 they emanated. Persons passing an examination are graded and registered. 
 The Commission give a certificate to the person stating whether he or she 
 passed or failed to pass. The Clerk examination is used only in the Depart- 
 mental and Customs Services for clerkships of $1,000 and upward, requiring 
 no peculiar information or skill. It is limited to the following subjects: 
 First, orthography, penmanship and copying; second, arithmetic — funda- 
 mental rules, fractions and percentage; third, interest, discount and elements 
 of bookkeeping and of accounts; fourth, elements of the English language, 
 letter writing and the proper construction of sentences ; fifth, elements of the 
 geography, history and government of the United States. 
 
 For places in which a lower degree of education sufiices, as lor employees 
 in post-offices and those below the grade of clerks in custom houses and in 
 the departments at Washington, the Commission limits the examination to 
 less than these five subjects, omitting the third and parts of the fourth and 
 fifth subjects; and this is known as the examination for copyists. 
 
 KEQTJISITBS FOB APPOINTMENT. 
 
 No one is certified for appointment whose standing upon a just grading 
 in the clerk or copyist examination is less than 70 per centum of complete 
 proficiency, except that applicants claiming military or naval preference un- 
 der Section 1,754 R. S. need obtain but 65. The law also prescribes compet- 
 itive examinations to test the fitness of persons in the Service, for promotion 
 therein. 
 
 CIVIIj sbbvice kbfobm. 
 
 The purposes of Civil Service Reform are twofold: The removal of 
 abuses in the public service— Federal, State and Municipal; and the develop- 
 ment of such a public opinion, and adoption of such methods for doing the 
 work of public administration, as will be effective for purity, efficiency and 
 economy. In other words, the correction of such abuses as the Spoils Sys- 
 tem, political assessments, removals, patronage, promotions, tenure of office, 
 etc. The subject of Civil Service Reform has only thus far been treated in 
 matters which pertain almost exclusively to the Executive Department of 
 the government, the number of officers of which, filled by appointment, are 
 
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CIVIL SERVICE RULES. 189 
 
 about 100,000. "A complete Civil Service Reform would have to deal 
 directly vrith abuses connected with our elections, our legislation and our 
 elective and partisan judiciary. A thorough Civil Service Reform, by leaving 
 few offices to be filled by favor or to be won as spoils, would effectively suppress 
 bribery at elections through the promises of places and appointments. It 
 would also leave but little opportunity for Members of Congress or of Legis- 
 latures to barter places for votes, or to coerce executive appointments in 
 their own interest. It would determine the bestowal of nearly all the official 
 places which have been at once the capital of the partisan chieftain and the 
 fuel of his machine. Though penal and prohibitory laws are in their nature 
 but imperfect and inadequate agencies of reform, yet with reasonable sup- 
 port from public opinion, they may be made highly beneficial. Intrinsically, 
 there is no reason why a wise law, in aid of a good administration, shall not 
 be as effective as any of the numerous wise laws in aid of good morals. " 
 
 President Madison held that "the wilful removal of officials known to be 
 worthy and the wilful appointment of those known to be unworthy, for mere 
 personal or partisan reasons, would justly subject an officer to impeach- 
 ment;" and President Cleveland declared that "public office was a public 
 trust." Jackson declared in a message, that "Every citizen has an equal 
 right to office;" but per contra Civil Service Reform proposes that he who is 
 best qualified — who can and will serve the people most usefully — has the 
 highest claim ; and it is the duty of those having authority, to appoint or 
 elect him rather than any other applicant. "Experience in official duties 
 increases the capacity to perform them well; and, as a general rule, increases 
 the probability that they will be best performed by the officer so long as his 
 mental and physical abilities remain unimpaired. The right and interest of 
 the people to have the public work well done are paramount to the claim of 
 any citizen to an official place or of any party to have its favorites in office ; 
 and, therefore, any theory of short terms or rotation in office, which would 
 turn out experienced and efficient public servants in order to make places for 
 fresh claimants, is disastrous to tlie public interest. The man among the 
 applicants having the higliest claim to office can only be ascertained by his 
 proper examination in comparison with others. To refuse that examination 
 is to do injustice to the most meritorious." 
 
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GRAND ARMY OP THE REPUBLIC* 
 
 Thb Grand Army of the Eepublic was instituted and organized at the 
 close of the Civil War, and is composed of soldiers, sailors and marines, who 
 had been honorably discharged when hostilities were practically ended by the 
 surrender of General Lee to General Grant at Appomattox. It is a fraternal 
 and charitable association, and has numerous Posts in all parts of the United 
 States. There is a National Encampment, and State Departments. The 
 widows and children of deceased comrades who are in adverse circumstances 
 are looked after and cared for by committees appointed by the respective 
 Posts. The motto of the order is, "Fraternity, Charity and Loyalty." As 
 a social organization the Grand Army have their camp-fires, and frequently 
 give musical and literary entertainments, at which the wives and daughters 
 of the members take a prominent part, and which are much enjoyed by the 
 general public. In the halls of the Posts are displayed memorials of the war, 
 such as weapons, tattered flags, etc. The custom of strewing the graves of 
 deceased comrades on each annual occurrence of May 30 was first suggested, 
 as stated, by General John A. Logan. The day is always marked by a parade 
 of the G. A. R. Posts, escorted at times by the regular U. S. Army troops. 
 At the various cemeteries musical exercises are held, and orations, depicting 
 the valorous and self-sacrificing deeds of the departed warriors, delivered. 
 In some cities business is entirely suspended on Decoration or Memorial Day 
 as a mark of respect to both the surviving and dead soldiers who partici- 
 pated in what has been called " the little unpleasantness. " The election of 
 commanders and subordinates of departments is always entered into with 
 much activity, interest and zeal. 
 
 Commander-in-Chief John Palmer, Albany, N. Y. 
 
 S.Fice-Com.H.M. Duffleld.Detroit.Mich. I Surgeon-Oen. B. F. Stevenson, Visalia, Ky. 
 J.Ftce-Com.T.S. Clarkson, Omaha, Neb. | 0ft(ip.-im-C7ft. S.B. Paine, St. Augustine, Fla. 
 
 OFFICIAL STAFF. 
 
 ^djutaMt-Gem.F.Phisterer, Albany, N.Y. I Inspector-Oen. ..J. F.FraXt, E. Orange,N. J. 
 
 Quartermaster-Qen . J. Taylor, Phila.,Pa. j Judge Adv.-Qen . . J. W. O'Neall, Lebanon,©. 
 
 The National Council of Administration has 44 members, each department 
 
 being represented by one member. 
 
 DEPARTMENT MEMBEESHIP. 
 
 Alabama 384 
 
 Arizona 293 
 
 Arkansas 2,200 
 
 California 5,812 
 
 Colorado and Wyom'g 2,901 
 
 Connecticut 6,807 
 
 Delaware 1,1 
 
 Florida 471 
 
 Georgia 455 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 32,339 
 
 Indiana 24,726 
 
 Iowa 20,174 
 
 Kansas 17,716 
 
 Kentucky 3,973 
 
 La. and Mississippi... 1,) 
 
 Maine 9,700 
 
 Maryland 2,423 
 
 Massachusetts 23,781 
 
 Michigan 19,280 
 
 Minnesota 7,947 
 
 Missouri 20, 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nebraska 4,144 
 
 New Hampshire 5,211 
 
 New Jersey 7, 
 
 New Mexico 292 
 
 New York 40,444 
 
 North Dakota 535 
 
 Ohio 45,522 
 
 Oklahoma and I. T. . . 552 
 Oregon 2,052 
 
 Pennsylvania 43,168 
 
 Potomac 3,312 
 
 Rhode Island 2,856 
 
 South Dakota 2,769 
 
 Tennessee 3,719 
 
 Texas 1,305 
 
 Utah 184 
 
 Vermont 5,487 
 
 Virginia 1,422 
 
 Wash, and Alaska. . . . 2,783 
 
 West Virginia 2,638 
 
 Wisconsin 13,7)0 
 
 Total June 30, 1891 . .398,270 
 
 The first post of the Grand Army was organized at Decatur, 111., April 6, 1866. The 
 first department encampment was held at Springfield, 111., July 12, 1866. The first na- 
 tional encampment was held at Indianapolis, November 20, 1566. 
 
 * For revisions and additions under this heading, up to the moment of going to 
 press, see Addenda^ preceding Index. 
 
 190 
 
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GKAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. 191 
 
 NATIONAL ENCAMPMENTS AND COMMANDEES-IN-CHIEy. 
 
 1866— Indianapolis Stepiien A. Hurlbut, Illinois. 
 
 1868— Philadelphia John A. Logan, Illinois. 
 
 1869— Cincinnati John A.. Logan, Illinois. 
 
 ISrO- Washington John A. Logan, Illinois. 
 
 1871— Boston A. E. Burnside, Rhode Island. 
 
 1872— Cleveland A. E. Burnside, Rhode Island. 
 
 1873— New Haven Charles Devons, Jr., Massachusetts. 
 
 1874— Harrisburg Charles Devons, Jr., Massachusetts. 
 
 1875— Chicago John F. Hartranft, Pennsylvania. 
 
 1876— Philadelphia John P. Hartranft, Pennsylvania. 
 
 1877— Providence J. C. Robinson, New York. 
 
 1878— Springfield, Mass J. C. Robinson, New York. 
 
 1879— Albany William Earnshaw, Ohio. 
 
 1880 — Dayton, O Louis Wagner, Pennsylvania. 
 
 1881— Indianapolis George S. Merrill, Massachusetts. 
 
 1882— Baltimore Paul Van Der Voort, Nebraska. 
 
 1883 — Denver Robert E. Beath, Pennsylvania. 
 
 1884 — Minneapolis John S. Kuntz, Ohio. 
 
 1885— Portland, Me S. S. Burdette, Washington. 
 
 1886 — San Francisco Lucius Fairchild, Wisconsin. 
 
 1887 — St. Louis John P. Rae, Minnesota. 
 
 1888 — Columbus, O William Warner, Missouri. 
 
 1889 — Milwaukee, Wis Russell A. Alger, Michigan. 
 
 1890— Boston, Mass Wheelock G. Veazey, Vermont. 
 
 1891— Detroit, Mich John Palmer, New York. 
 
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COAST DEFENSES.^ 
 
 Among the many valuable papers left by Hon. Samuel J. Tilden at his 
 death at Graystone, Westchester Co., N. Y., Aug. 4, 1886, was a letter that 
 he had written to Hon. John G. Carlisle, Speaker of the House of Repre 
 sentatives, in regard to the urgent necessity of liberal appropriations for such 
 a system of coast defenses as would place the United States in a position of 
 comparative safety against naval attack. It was the last important public 
 document he ever wrote, and it elicited wide-spread and favorable comment 
 from the press in all parts of the country. It precipitated the subsequent 
 favorable action of Congress during the administration of President Cleve- 
 land, in making liberal appropriations for what is known as the " New Navy," 
 and of which Mr. Whitney will always have the honor, as the one who saw 
 the first cruiser (of the new navy) under his official position as Secretary of 
 the Navy, launched upon the waters of the deep. 
 
 The coast defenses, however, that Mr. Tilden wanted, were land fortifica- 
 tions with their proper armament. An act of Congress was approved March 
 3, 1885, making provisions for fortifications and other works of defense, and 
 for the armament thereof, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1886, and for 
 other purposes, for the following ports recommended by the board appointed 
 by the President: New York, San Francisco, Boston, the Lake poi-ts, Hamp- 
 ton Roads, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Washington, Baltimore, Portland 
 (Me.), Rhode Island, ports in Narragansett Bay, Key West, Charleston 
 (S. C), Mobile, New London, Savannah, Galveston, Portland (Ore.), Pensa- 
 cola(Fla.), Wilmington (N. C), San Diego (Cal.), Portsmouth (N. H.), de- 
 fenses of Cumberland Sound at Port Clinch, defenses of ports of the Kan- 
 nebec River at PortPopham, New Bedford (Mass.), defenses of ports on the 
 Penobscot River (Me.), at Fort Knox, and New Haven (Conn.). 
 
 Under the provisions of the recommendation by the board and the Act of 
 Congress (1885) Senator Dolph, on December 15, 1891, introduced bill 871, 
 asking for an appropriation of $100,000,000 for fortifications and their arma- 
 ment, to be made available as follows: For the fiscal year ending June 30, 
 1892, $10,000,000; for each fiscal year thereafter, for the period of ten years, 
 $9,000,000; alhof said appropriation to be available until expended. 
 
 Section 6 provides that the guns shall be fabricated at the army gun fac- 
 tory, Watervliet Arsenal, New York, and at such other government gim 
 factories as may be established under the authority of Congress. The ma- 
 terial for guns and armor shall be purchased by contract, and for the purpose 
 ] of providing the same the Secretary of War is hereby authorized, from time 
 to time, as the same shall be required, to make contracts with responsible 
 steel manufacturers for the supply of rough-bored, rough-turned, oil tem- 
 pered and annealed steel, in forms suitable for heavy ordnance adapted to 
 modern warfare, and steel finished, for armor and other army purposes, in 
 quantities not less than 10,000 gross tons, in quality and dimensions con- 
 forming to specifications, subject to inspection and tests at each stage of 
 manufacture, and including all the parts of each caliber specified. 
 
 The bill was read twice and referred to the Committee on Coast Defenses. 
 It was again reported by Senator Dolph, with amendments, January 12,1892. 
 An act to increase the "Naval Establishment," and providing for floating 
 batteries, torpedo boats, etc., was approved August 3, 1886. 
 
 In the Senate of the United States Mr. Squire, from the Committee on 
 
 * For most recent legislation on this subject, lip to the moment of going to press, 
 see Addenda^ preceding Index. 
 
 192 
 
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COAST DEFENSES. 193 
 
 Coast Defenses, introduced, March 7, 1893, the following report, to accom- 
 pany Senate Bill 537, introduced December 10, 1891, by Mr. Dolph, which 
 was read twice and referred to the Committee on Coast Defenses, "to pro- 
 vide for the establishment of a gun factory for the finishing and assembling 
 of heavy ordnance on the Pacific coast." 
 
 THE REPOKT. 
 
 The Committee on Coast Defenses, having had under consideration the 
 bill (S. 537) to provide for the establishment of a guu factory for the finishing 
 and assembling of heavy ordnaace on the Pacific coast, submit the following 
 report: 
 
 The committee have carefully considered, in connection with this bill, llie 
 report of the Board on Fortifications or other Defenses, as well as that of the 
 Board on Gun Factories and Steel Forgings for High-power Guns. For the 
 purpose of securing the opinion of an expert of the War Department, the 
 committee availed itself on two occasions of the services of Brig.-Gen. Flagler, 
 Chief of Ordnance of the Army, whose statement is herewith submitted and 
 made a part of this report. 
 
 The Board on Fortifications or other Defenses, appointed under the act of 
 March 3, 1885, recommended for twenty-seven principal ports of the Uaited 
 States 599 guns of from 8 to 16 inch caliber, and 700 12-inch mortars, making 
 a total of 1,399 pieces of ordnance. Of this number about one-fourth of the 
 guns and about one-fifth of the mortars will be required for the defense of 
 three points only on the Pacific coast, namely: San Diego, San Francisco, and 
 the mouth of the Columbia River. No provision was made in this report 
 for the defense of Puget Sound, which has become of far greater importance 
 than it was when the report was made, nor of Gray's Harbor, nor other ports 
 on the Pacific coast. At least 510 guns and mortars will be required for the 
 proper defense of the Pacific coast at the four principal points named; at 
 least 300 guns and mortars being required for Puget Sound alone. 
 
 As will be seen, upon examination of his statement. Gen. Flagler unquali- 
 fiedly favors the establishment of another gim factory, to be located on the 
 Pacific coast, for reasons which, to the committee, seem incontrovertible. 
 The necessity for another gun factory and the advantages which would accrue 
 from its location on the Pacific coast are manifest. Among others the ad- 
 vantage of having the factory near to the fortifications, a "military advan- 
 tage," as it has been termed, is of great importance. Gen. Flagler on this 
 point said: 
 
 "I would like to invite attention to, and lay great stress upon, one point 
 that I make, and that is the very great advantage, amounting in some cases 
 to something like a necessity, of having this establishment nearer to the forti- 
 fications than the Atlantic coast. " 
 
 The saving in the cost of transportation which would result from the estab- 
 ILshment of the proposed gun factory would be enormous, and would more 
 than equalize whatever slight difference there might be in the cost of manu- 
 facturing the guns on the Pacific coast as compared with some eastern pomt. 
 There is great doubt whether the larger guns, particularly the 16-mch could 
 be safely transported by rail across the continent; and the highest authorities 
 question the practicability of such an undertaking. „ , , j t.i ^t. 
 
 The question has arisen whether it may not be preferable to double the 
 capacity of the present factory at Watervliet, so as to provide for the manu- 
 facture there of the guns and mortars contemplated, which, it is estimated 
 could be done for $150,000 less than it would cost to build a new plant. It 
 has not been in accordance with the policy of the government, nor would it 
 seem wise, to locate both gun factories at the same point. By having them 
 located at different points the disastrous results of great fires, whereby both 
 might be destroyed, are averted; and the possibility, however remote, of a 
 
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194 COAST DEFENSES. 
 
 total cessation of work, by the capture of the factories by hostile forces, or 
 by labor troubles, is removed. 
 
 The objections to having both factories at the same point seem conclusive, 
 and the committee are of opinion that the interests of the country will be 
 best subserved by the establishment of another separate gun factory, to be 
 located on the Pacific coast. 
 
 Gen. Flagler estimates that after deducting 100 guns, which are now under 
 contract with the Bethlehem Company, the Watervliet factory will be able 
 to manufacture the balance of the 1,299 guns and mortars referred to by the 
 year 1905. Another statement appended indicates that vdth the present 
 capacity of the Watervliet Arsenal it will require twenty-two years to finish 
 the guns required for the Atlantic coast alone; for the Atlantic and Gulf 
 coasts, twenty-six years, and for the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts it will 
 require forty years. If the south wing of the Watervliet factory shall become 
 as fully equipped as is the north wing now, the capacity of the two wings 
 could only enable completion of the guns for the Atlantic coast alone in ten or 
 twelve years; for the Atlantic and Gulf coasts in thirteen years, and the At- 
 lantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts in about twenty or twenty-one years. 
 
 There is no doubt that the steel forgings for even the largest guns can be 
 manufactured on the Pacific coast. Representations have been made to the 
 committee as to the facilities for the production of steel forgings at San Fran- 
 cisco, where open-hearth furnaces capable of casting a 37-ton steel forging 
 are now established; and Benicia has received consideration with reference 
 to its suitableness for a gun factory. The Chamber of Commerce of the city 
 of Seattle urges the location of that factory at or near that point. J. Furth, 
 president of that body, says: 
 
 "Iron and coal of excellent quality abound in this city, and the mines 
 easily accessible from Seattle. A large part of the armament for the coast 
 must be used on Puget Sound, and the establishment of the foundry here 
 would save great expense in transportation. The Moss Bay Company at 
 Kirkland, on Lake Washington, is erecting a first-class steel plant, on which 
 $350,000 has already been spent, and which will be completed within a year. 
 Responsible parties guarantee a suitable location on Lake Washington for the 
 government foundry." 
 
 Others, again, favor the establishment of the proposed factory at some 
 point on the Columbia River near which pig iron is found. 
 
 In view of the difference of opinion existing as to the exact place on the 
 Pacific coast where the factory should be located, the committee are of the 
 opinion that its location should be left to the decision of a board of competent 
 experts, to be appointed by the President, as provided for in the bill. 
 
 It appears from the statement of the Chief of Ordnance that if there be no 
 large establishment of this kind located on the Pacific coast, there will be 
 need of two small establishments for repairs, one to be located at Benicia, and 
 the other farther north, on the Columbia River or on Puget Sound. 
 
 The bill appropriates $1,000,000 for the erection of suitable buildings, the 
 purchase of suitable machinery, and other materials necessary for the estab- 
 lishment and maintenance at some point on or near the Pacific coast of a 
 plant for finishing and assembling the parts of heavy guns and other ordnance 
 for the use of the army and navy. It authorizes the President to appoint a 
 board, to consist of three officers of the army and three officers of the navy, 
 to examine and report what, in their opinion, is the most suitable site for the 
 erection of the plant, thus leaving the location dependent upon the report of 
 the board of experts. 
 
 The committee, fully appreciating the necessity of another gun factory, 
 and the advantages which would result from its location on the Pacific coast, 
 report the bill favorably and recommend that it do pass. 
 
 For Hon. Samuel J. Tilden's letter on coast defenses see Appendix H. 
 
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THE CHILEAN CONTROVERSY. 
 
 The Chilean Controversy between the United States government and 
 that of Chile originated from the assault in the streets of Valparaiso, Chile, 
 upon sailors of the United States Steamer Baltimore, in command of Captain 
 Schley, on October 16, 1891. 
 
 The incidents of the ailair are, briefly, as follows: — On October 16, Cap- 
 tain Schley who had returned to Valparaiso two days previously with the 
 Steamer Baltimore, gave shore leave to one hundred and seventeen petty 
 officers and sailors of the ship. These men left the ship about 1.30 p.m. 
 No incidents of violence occurred; none of the men were arrested, no com- 
 plaint was lodged against them, nor did any collision or outbreak occur until 
 about 6 P.M. Captain Schley states that he was himself on shore and 
 about the streets of the city until 5.30 p.m., that he met very many of his 
 men who were on leave; that they were sober and were conducting them- 
 selves with propriety, saluting Chilean and other 'officers as they met them. 
 Other officers of the ship, and Captain Jenkins of the merchant ship Kewee- 
 naw, corroborated Captain Schley as to the general sobriety and good behav- 
 ior of the men. About 6 p.m. the assault began, in which a mob of between 
 1,500 and 2,000 men were engaged. The outbreak began by a Chilean sol- 
 dier spitting in the face of an apprentice from the BaUimm^e, named Talbot. 
 This was resented by a knock-down blow. Talbot at the time was accom- 
 panied by another sailor from the Baltimore named Riggin. The two men 
 were immediately beset by a crowd of the Chilean citizens and soldiers, 
 through which they broke their way to a street car and entered it for safety. 
 They were pursued and driven from the car, and Riggin was so seriously 
 beaten that he fell in the street apparently dead. The fight continued 
 through several streets of the city, and the American sailors (other than Tal- 
 bot and Riggin), unarmed and defenseless as they were, fled for their lives, 
 pursued by overwhelming numbers armed with clubs, stones and guns. 
 Eighteen of them were cruelly stabbed and beaten. The Sisters of Charity 
 at the hospital to which the wounded men were taken, when inquired of, 
 stated that they were "sober when received." Two of the men died from 
 their wounds. 
 
 A number of American sailors were' arrested and taken before Judge of 
 Crimes Foster, but were, during the four days following the arrest, every 
 one discharged, no accusation of any breach of the peace or other criminal 
 conduct having been sustained against a single one of them. 
 
 The United States promptly demanded an apology and reparation from 
 the Chilean government for this outrage upon her sailors. 
 
 Considerable correspondence passed between the State Department and 
 the Governor of Chile, in which not only the assault upon the American 
 sailors was discussed, but issues anterior to it, and which arose after the 
 flight of Balmaceda, and when our Minister at Santiago, Mr. Patrick Egan, 
 gave shelter in the legation to certain adherents of the Balmaceda govern- 
 ment who applied to him for an asylum. This seems to have elicited a bit- 
 ter hostility against Mr. Egan by some of the Chilean people, and his recall 
 was requested by Senor Pedro Montt. _ ^ ^ . • j < 
 
 The Chilean government made a judicial investigation of the inciaents 
 and sad results of the assault, of which Pedro Montt, in a note to Mr. Blame 
 of January 28, 1892, says: "It appeared that the disorder of October 16 
 
 195 
 
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196 THE CHILEAN CONTKOVEKSY. 
 
 began by a quarrel among drunken sailors, wblcb. assumed considerable pro- 
 portions owing to the condition of the locality in which it originated, and 
 that the police performed their duty by re-establishing tranquillity and plac- 
 ing the persons who seemed to have been concerned in the disorder at the 
 disposal of the Court. The goverment of Chile has no data authorizing it 
 to think that the quarrel was due to any dislike of the uniform of the United 
 States, or that the police failed to perform their duty. It was the desire and 
 duty of the government of Chile to discover the truth, in order to make its 
 future proceedings conform thereto, and in order that the United States gov- 
 ernment might be satisfied that nothing was neglected in order to do full 
 justice." 
 
 In reference to what was considered by the United States government an 
 insulting note addressed to Mr. Egan by Mr. Malta (December 11) and the 
 demand for its recall, Pedro Montt says: "The first time that the honorable 
 Secretary of State saw fit to call my attention to the aforesaid note of Mr. 
 Matta, I told him that that note contained instructions addressed to me by 
 Mr. Matta, and that as I had not been directed to communicate it oflacially 
 to the Department of State, there was no reason why the honorable Secretary 
 should take cognizance of it," 
 
 Secretary Blaine in his reply to Senor Montt concerning Matta's note says: 
 "By your own statement you evidently attempted to justify the Matta note. 
 The Matta note was highly discourteous to the President and the Secretary 
 of the Navy, imputing to them untruth and insincerity. Such language 
 does not admit of conditional or contingent apology, which you offered. It 
 could be apologized for only by a frank withdrawal. You did not see the 
 great difference involved by your government sending the Matta circular to 
 all the legations of Chile and requesting its several Ministers to publish it; so 
 that Chile was not only responsible for the discourteous language, but for its 
 publication throughout the civilized world. That you did not comply with 
 Chile's request to publish it here was the strongest proof of your own dis- 
 approval of the note." 
 
 Minister Egan's recall having been asked for, Mr. Blaine replied to Sen- 
 or Montt to the effect, that Chile has the right to ask that a change be made 
 provided she assigns a reason why such Minister is persona non grata. That 
 twice had arisen occasions for the United States government to ask Great 
 Britain to recall her Minister, and in each case a reason was given why the 
 Minister had ceased to be u.sefu], and that it is hardly necessary to observe 
 that conditions which the United States complied with [should likewise be 
 exacted of Chile. 
 
 January 25, 1893, Minister Egan telegraphed Secretary Blaine, "I have 
 this day received the following reply to my note of 32d instant:" 
 
 The reply in substance from Luis Pereira, is as follows: 
 
 " From the nature of the incident it would be impossible to prove that 
 there was no doubt as to the special cause which served as its origin or pre- 
 text; but the undersigned can assert that that cause was not a hostile feeling 
 toward the uniform of the Navy of the United States, because the people of 
 Chile have always esteemed and respected that uniform ever since the time 
 when they saw it figuring honorably in the ranks of the soldiers and sailors 
 who, in a generous struggle, gave it independence and established the Re- 
 public. The undersigned admits that the occurrence of October 16 was of 
 greater gravity than those which usually occur in the same district between 
 the sailors who frequent it, and the fact that knowing that two deaths have 
 resulted from it among the sixteen wounded men of the Baltimore, has suf- 
 ficient to give it an extraordinary character, and to induce the government 
 of Chile to hasten to adopt the measures necessary to discover and punish 
 the guilty parties, to offer in due time, if there should be ground for so do- 
 ing, such reparation as might be due. The preliminary examination was 
 
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THE CHILEAK OONTEOVEESY. 197 
 
 commenced on the morning whicli followed the night of the conflict, some 
 days before you presented your complaint, but the investigation could not 
 be finished with the rapidity that the government of Chile desired, because 
 the rules of procedure in criminal matters, which are established by our 
 laws, are of slow application and it was not possible for the President of the 
 Republic to modify or set them aside. This delay, which was inevitable, . 
 owing to the independence with which the judicial authorities must act, has 
 compelled the government of the undersigned to delay, greatly to its regret, 
 the settlement of the difficulties pending with your government, and a spon- 
 taneous offer of reparation for the injury done to the sailors of the Baltimore, 
 that might be attributed to Chilean soldiers or sailors, or that might afEect 
 the responsibility of Chile. In view of your communication, and considering 
 that up to date, it has been impossible for the trial initiated by the Judge of 
 the Criminal Court of Valparaiso to be decided, the undersigned regards it 
 as his duty to declare once more that the government of Chile laments the 
 occurrence of October 16, and by way of showing the sincerity of his feelings 
 and the confidence which he has in the justice of his course, he declares his 
 willingness not to await the decision of the examining judge, and proposes 
 to the United States government that the case be submitted to the consider- 
 ation of the Supreme Court of justice at "Washington, to the end that that 
 high tribunal, with its learning and impartiality, may determine without ap- 
 peal whether there is any ground for reparation and in what shape it should 
 be made." 
 
 Previous to the receipt of this telegram. President Harrison had submitted 
 a message to Congress, January 25, in which he says in effect: "I have as 
 yet received no reply to our note of the 31st instant, but in my opinion I 
 ought not to delay longer to bring these matters to the attention of Congress 
 for such action as may be deemed appropriate. In submitting these papers 
 to Congress for that grave and patriotic decision which the questions involved 
 demand, I desire to say that I am of the opinion that the demands made of 
 Chile by the government should be adhered to and enforced. If the dig- 
 nity as well as the prestige and infiuence of the United States are not to be 
 wholly sacrificed, we must protect those who, in foreign ports, display the 
 flag or wear the colors of this government, agamst insult, brutality, and 
 death inflicted in resentment of the acts of their government, and not for 
 anv fault of their own. It has been my desire in every way to cultivate 
 friendly and intimate relations with all the governments of the hemisphere. 
 We do not covet their territory: we desire their peace and prospenty; we 
 look for no advantage in our relations with them except the mcreased ex- 
 chanees of commerce upon a basis of mutual benefit. It must, however, be 
 understood that this government, while exercising the utmost forbearance 
 towards weaker powers, will extend its strong and adequate protection to its 
 citizens to its officers, and to its humblest sailor, when made victims of wan- 
 tonness'and cruelty in resentment, not of their personal misconduct, but of 
 tTip official acts of their government." 
 
 This message from the President was looked upon by the American peo- 
 nle as the precursor of a virtual declaration of war by Congress, and it looked 
 flf if little Chile was doomed. For months previous to the sendmg in of the 
 messaee the most active preparations had been carried on m the navy-yards, 
 ^ the fitting out of the cruisers, and the air on all sides was filled with talks 
 of wfr and in some instances disapprobation of such a great nation as the 
 United States going to war with such a weak nation as Chile, and a sister 
 
 ^^ ThaUhere was no war, is explained by the following subsequent message 
 sent to Congress by President Harrison: 
 
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198 THE CHILEAN' COSTTROVEEST, 
 
 To tlw Senate and House of Bepresentatives: 
 
 I transmit herewith additional correspondence between this government 
 and the government of Chile, consisting of a note of Mr. Montt the Chilean 
 minister at this capital, to Mr. Blaine, dated January 33, a reply of Mr. 
 Blaine thereto of date January 27, and a dispatch of Mr. Egan, our minister 
 at Santiago, transmitting the response of Mr. Pereira, the Chilean minister 
 of foreign affairs, to the note of Mr. Blaine of January 31, which was re- 
 ceived by me on the 36th instant. The note of Mr. Montt to Mr. Blaine, 
 though dated January 23, vras not delivered at the State Department until 
 after 12 o'clock, meridian, of the 25th, and was not translated and its receipt 
 notified to me until late in the afternoon of that day. 
 
 The response of Mr. Pereira to our note of the 21st withdraws, with ac- 
 ceptable expressions of regret, the offensive note of Mr. Matta of the 11th ul- 
 timo, and also the request for the recall of Mr. Egan. The treatment of the 
 incident of the assault upon the sailors of the Baliimore is so conciliatory and 
 friendly that I am of the opinion that there is a good prospect that the diiler- 
 ences growing out of that serious affair can now be adjusted upon terms sat- 
 isfactory to this government, by the usual methods and without special pow- 
 ers from Congress. This turn in the affair is very gratifying to me, as I am 
 sure it will be to the Congress and to our people. The general support of 
 the efforts of the Executive to enforce the just rights of the nation in this 
 matter has given an instructive and useful illustration of the unity and patri- 
 otism of our people. 
 
 Should it be necessary, I will again communicate with Congress upon the 
 subject. 
 
 Benj. Hakbison. 
 
 Executive Mansion, January 38, 1893. 
 
 The courts will determine in due course what amount of indemnification 
 is to be allowed the families of the dead sailors and the others who were in- 
 jured in the streets of Valparaiso.* 
 
 * For most recent action in this matter, up to the moment of going to press, see 
 Addenda^ preceding Index. 
 
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THE BEHRING SEA COWTROVEKSY. 
 
 TrtE Bebring Sea controversy, originating under President Cleveland's 
 administration, with Hon. Thomas F. Bayard, Secretary of State, was re- 
 sumed during the present administration. President Harrison, with Hon. 
 James G. Blaine, Secretary of State. It can best be summarized in form as 
 follows, the text being from official records: 
 
 LIST OF PAPERS. 
 
 From and to whom. 
 
 Mr. Phelps to Mr. Bayard. 
 
 Mr. White to Mr. Blaine. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln to Mr. Blaine. 
 
 Lord Salisbury to Sir J. Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 
 Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 
 
 Dec. 4 
 
 1891. 
 Jan. 24 
 
 Apr. 14 
 
 Apr. 20 
 
 May 4 
 
 Subject. 
 
 Great Britain will not enter into anv conven- 
 tion for the protection of the seal fisheries 
 without the concurrence of Canada, which 
 can not be expected. Recommends that 
 strong measures be taken to prevent the 
 wholesale slaughter of seals. 
 
 Letter of Sir George Baden-Powell to the 
 London Times with regard to the Behring 
 Sea question, and a letter of Mr. Flower, 
 commenting thereon, in the same paper, 
 transmitted. 
 
 Question in the House of Commons relating 
 to the status of the Behring Sea fisheries 
 question, and reply given by Sir J. Fergu- 
 son, transmitted. 
 
 Reply to Mr. Elaine's note of December 17. 
 States that Great Britain took every step 
 which it was in its power to take in order 
 to make it clear to Russia that she did not 
 accept claim to exclude her subjects for 
 100 miles distance from the coast which 
 had been put forward in Ukase of 1821. 
 Claims that words "Pacific Ocean," used 
 in treaty of 1825 with Russia, did include 
 Behring Sea. Proposes some changes to the 
 questions to be submitted to arbitration. 
 
 Gives six questions proposed for arbitration. 
 The United States claims the same right 
 to power beyond 3 miles limit as Great 
 Britain; cites act of Parliament of 1889 
 attempting to control body of water on 
 coast of Scotland 2,700 square miles in ex- 
 tent. Map of that body inclosed . 
 
 The stoppage of all sealing at sea and on 
 land seems to be acceptable to Lord Salis- 
 bury, who wishes to know whether it would 
 be preferred that the proposal come from 
 the British Government. 
 
 Reviews the negotiations for a modus Vi- 
 vendi pending the result of arbitration; 
 concessions made by the President in con- 
 sequence thereof; recital of the obligations 
 imposed on the North American Co., in re- 
 turn for the sealing privilege, which make 
 it necessary that they should be allowed 
 to take a limited number of seals contrary 
 to the claim of Great Britain that sealing 
 should be absolutely prohibited on both 
 sides; submits terms of agreement on that 
 basis. 
 
 199 
 
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200 
 
 THE BEHRIKG SEA COKTROVERSY. 
 
 From and to whom. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mi'. Blaine 
 
 Mr. Adee to Sir J. Pauncefote. 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Adee. 
 
 Mr. Adee to Sir J. Pauncefote. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Adee. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton. 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln to Mr. Blaine. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton. 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 May 20 
 May 21 
 
 May 36 
 
 May 27 
 June 3 
 June 3 
 
 June 4 
 
 June 6 
 
 June 6 
 
 June 6 
 June 8 
 
 June 9 
 
 Subject. 
 
 Acknowledges the above, of which copy has 
 been mailed, and precise terms telegra,phed 
 to London. Depi-ecates alleged delay; re- 
 fers to previous interviews; mentions the 
 exception taken at the two conditions that 
 the nght to kill a certain number of seals 
 was reserved for the American Co., and 
 that the modus vivendi was not to be put 
 in force until arbitration was agreed upon, 
 and expresses satisfaction that the latter 
 condition has been removed. 
 
 Requests a reply to proposition of the 4th. 
 
 Reply requested has not yet been received, 
 but is expected to arrive in the course of a 
 day. 
 
 Points to the reasons for which a prompt 
 reply is desired ; revenue cutters have been 
 ordered to proceed to the fisheries, and the 
 orders would be made definite by the con- 
 clusion of an agreement. 
 
 Regrets the delay and makes excuse on the 
 ground of the lateness of the proposal. 
 
 Proposal for modus vivendi by the British 
 government. 
 
 Assents to the first five questions submitted 
 by Mr. Blaine on April 14; makes a counter 
 proposition in respect of question sixth, and 
 of compensation for damages sustained. 
 
 Proposes substitutes for subd ivisions 1 and 2 
 of the British proposal for modus vivendi 
 of June 3; takes exception to subdivision 
 3 relative to the appointment of consuls, 
 and objects decidedly to the condition 4 of 
 the previous assent of Russia; suggests 
 that the navies of both nations enforce 
 the agreement when it is concluded; reply 
 to proposal of June 3. 
 
 Submits the telegraphic reply to the above 
 note accepting the proposals therein on 
 condition that the British government be 
 allowed to supervise the execution of the 
 agreement on the islands, and that the 
 prohibition will be extended to the whole 
 of the Behring Sea. Insists that the terms 
 of arbitration and Tnodus be agreed on 
 simultaneously, as the suspension of sealing 
 could not be acceded to another year. 
 
 Reply to the above. Objects to the claim of 
 supervision by British authorities of the 
 killing on land which is already supervised 
 by American oificials whose integrity is to 
 be upheld, but agrees to the appointment 
 of one or two commissioners for the collec- 
 tion of facts to be placed before the arbi- 
 trators. Submits proposal embodying this 
 and other conditions agreed upon. 
 
 Debate on the seal-fishery bill in the House 
 of Commons, transmitted. The bill was 
 read in the House of Lords without debate. 
 
 Submits, in reply to the above^ an agreement 
 telegraphed from London and containing 
 modifications of and additions to that sub- 
 mitted in said note. 
 
 Reply to the above. Protests against the 
 presenting of new propositions at this time; 
 proceeds to discuss them and submits a 
 form of agreement drafted with slight 
 modifications after that presented on June 
 6; insists upon the necessity of a speedy 
 settlement. 
 
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THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. 
 
 201 
 
 From and to whom. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 
 tOD. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln to Mr. Blaine. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton. 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
 fote, 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton. 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 The President 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J, Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote (memoran- 
 dum). 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce 
 
 fote. 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce 
 
 fote. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Wharton 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton. 
 
 16b 
 
 June 10 
 June 11 
 
 June 11 
 June 13 
 
 June 13 
 
 June 15 
 June 30 
 
 June 31 
 June 33 
 
 June 35 
 
 June 36 
 June 36 
 
 June 37 
 July 3 
 
 July 6 
 
 July 6 
 July 7 
 
 Subject. 
 
 Presents a defence of the motives of Lord 
 Salisbury in introducing new propositions 
 at this time, but says they will probably 
 not be insisted upon except that for a 
 joint commission of four experts to report 
 on the necessity for international arrange- 
 ments. 
 
 Debate in the House of Lords after passage 
 of the bill. 
 
 Reply has been received by telegraph from 
 Lord Salisbury who regrets that the sug- 
 gestions in regard to Russia have been re- 
 jected, but will authorize him to sign agree- 
 ment if assurance is given respecting the 
 commission of experts. 
 
 Acknowledges the above and acceptsj pend- 
 ing a fuller reply, the terms therein pre- 
 sented. 
 
 He has received telegraphic permission to 
 sign agreement under previously under- 
 stood condition as to joint commission. 
 
 Appointment for the formal attestation to 
 the modiis vivendi. 
 
 Proclamation in re modus vivendi. 
 
 Instructions issued by the Navy Department 
 in pursuance of tlie above proclamation. 
 Sir J. Pauncefote is furnished copies there- 
 of and asked for instructions issued by the 
 British government. 
 
 Appointment of British commissioners under 
 the agreement announced to visit Pribyloff 
 Islands, 
 
 Instructions issued to British naval senior 
 officer stated. Suggestion of indemnity 
 for any act in execution of the modus Vi- 
 vendi submitted. 
 
 Objections of British government to arbitra- 
 tion proposition No. 6, presented by Mr. 
 Blaine on Dec. 17, 1890. Reply to Lord 
 Salisbury's note of the 36th of February, 
 1891, and of Sir J. Pauncefote's of June 3. 
 The objection of the reference of the ques- 
 tion of closed time to arbitration in such 
 words as to attribute abnormal rights to 
 the United States is met by a new proposi- 
 tion avoiding that objection; submits also 
 a final clause in the matter of indemnifica- 
 tion by which the interests of the United 
 States as owner of the seal fisheries are 
 not ignored as in the suggestion made in 
 the note of June 3. Agreement in regard 
 to the appointment of commissioners to 
 visit the Ptibyloflf Islands proposed. 
 
 Instructions for the reception of the British 
 commissioners at the fisheries transmitted. 
 
 Instructions issued to British navy, as per 
 mote of the 34th, have been communicated 
 to the Navy Department. 
 
 Note of the ^th acknowledged. 
 
 Commissioners to visit the BehringSea. Pro- 
 poses they go and act together. 
 
 Reply to the above. Passage for the British 
 Commissioners has already been arranged 
 for but they will be instructed to cooperate 
 as much as possible. 
 
 Act of Parliament and order in council in 
 pursuance of modus vivendi agreement in- 
 closed. 
 
 Instructions (in full) to the naval forces of 
 Great Britain in the Behring Sea inclosed. 
 
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202 
 
 THE BEHRII^G SEA COKTROVERST. 
 
 From and to whom. 
 
 Mr. Adee to Sir J. Pauncefote. 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sh- J. Pauncefote 
 Su" J. Paimcefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton. 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 Su" J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton. 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Su* J. Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Su- J. Pauncefote 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton (telegram). 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton (unofBcial). 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 1891. 
 July 8 
 
 July 9 
 July 13 
 
 July as 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 Aug. 17 
 
 Aug. 22 
 Aug. 24 
 
 Aug. 26 
 
 Aug. 26 
 
 Sept. 
 Sept. 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Subject. 
 
 Note of 6th instant, inclosing act of Parlia- 
 ment and order in council, acknowledged. 
 
 Note of 7th and inclosure acknowledged. 
 
 The profjosition in regard to indemnification 
 made in the note of June 25 appears to 
 Lord Salisbury to prejudge the question of 
 UabiUty. A form, is submitted by which not 
 only the facts but the hability arising from 
 them shall be passed upon by the arbitra- 
 tors. 
 
 The objection presented in the above note 
 was not anticipated. It is contended that 
 it was made with due regard to Lord Salis- 
 bury's own language, and in a spirit of en- 
 tire equality presents observations in sup- 
 port of that position; but, w4th a view to 
 removing- the last point of difference, the 
 proposition is modified so as to meet the 
 objection made against it. 
 
 Indemnities for acts committed by cruisers 
 of either nation. Solicits a reply to the 
 question relating thereto included in the 
 memorandum transmitted with his note of 
 June 23. 
 
 Reply to the above. The President thinks it 
 will be time to consider the question of in- 
 demnity when occasion has been given to 
 claim the same. 
 
 Requests a reply to his note of July 23. 
 
 Regrets his inability to furnish as yet the re- 
 ply above requested. 
 
 Your note of 22d. Important letter posted 
 to-day. 
 
 The British government can not accept pro- 
 posed form in note of July 23, because im- 
 plying the admission of the doctrine that 
 governments are liable for acts of their na- 
 tionals. Without leaving the question of 
 damages entirely out, as suggested by Mr. 
 Wharton at one time, a middle course 
 might be adopted, and, omitting the ques- 
 tion of liability, questions of fact niignt be 
 referred to the arbitrators. Submits the 
 wording of the clause drafted on that basis. 
 
 The killing of seals is permitted, according to 
 reports received from the Behring Sea Com- 
 missioners, to continue, although the num- 
 ber agi'eed upon, 7,500, is already exceeded, 
 the excuse being that the limitation begins 
 with the signature of the modiis vivendi 
 agreement. This government is convinced 
 the President will not countenance any 
 such evasion of the spirit of said agree- 
 ment. 
 
 Note of August 26 (above) shall receive im- 
 mediate attention. 
 
 The objection presented in (unofficial) note of 
 August 26 is groundless. The President 
 does not assume liability on the part of 
 Great Britain, but, on the contrary, wishes 
 to put the question of liability to the arbi- 
 trators. He can not accept the counter 
 proposition to submit the question of facts 
 only, as those are well known, and must in- . 
 sist that the question of liability shall go to 
 arbitration. 
 
 Alleged killing of seals in excess of number 
 provided for by agreement. A reply to the 
 note of August 26 has been delayed by the 
 necessity of waiting for the United States 
 
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THE BBHEING SEA CONTROVERSY. 
 
 203 
 
 From and to whom. 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton. 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
 ton. 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 
 Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pawncefote 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 
 1891. 
 
 Oct. 12 
 
 Oct. 13 
 
 Oct. 17 
 
 Oct. 22 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 27 
 
 Dec. 1 
 
 Subject. 
 
 agent's report. The agent's interpretation 
 that the limitation should begin with the 
 signing of the agreement was concurred in 
 by tAie United States naval ofl&cers and the 
 commissioners of both parties; a large 
 number had been killed between that date 
 and that of the receipt of instructions by 
 the agent, leaving then but 3,029 to be taken 
 " for the subsistence and care of the na- 
 tives " from July 2, 1891, to May 1, 1892, and 
 the agent seeing that it would be inade- 
 quate, called upon the lessees to supply 
 the deticiency with salt meat. 
 
 Delay of ten weeks in replying to the pro- 
 posal of July 23, for the settlement of 
 claims for damages is called to Sir Paunce- 
 fote's attention, together with the fact 
 that the modtis vivendi expires May 2, 1892. 
 The President feels that if any effective 
 action is to be taken in the matter before 
 the next fishing season opens all the terms 
 of agreement of arbitration should be dis- 
 posed of immediately. 
 
 Reply to the above. Lord Salisbury is ex- 
 pected in London this week; much of the 
 period of ten weeks was taken up in infor- 
 mal discussions. 
 
 The British government insists upon its in- 
 terpretation of the damage clause as pre- 
 sented in his nete of August 26. The same 
 proposition is practically renewed. 
 
 Regrets the determination reported in the 
 above note and discusses it at some length, 
 but with a view to induce a prompt solu- 
 tion submits a wording of the clause in 
 conformity to the wish that questions of 
 fact only shall be submitted to arbitration, 
 the question of liability being reserved for 
 future negotiations. 
 
 Acceptance of the above proposition has 
 been received by telegraph. 
 
 States that two reservations are desired in 
 article 6, viz., that the necessity and nature 
 of any regulations are left to the arbitra- 
 tors, and that such regulations will not be- 
 come obligatory upon the United States 
 and Great Britain until they have received 
 the assent of the maritime powers. 
 
 States that within a few days the minister 
 had furnished the exact points that had 
 been agreed upon for arbitration; that he 
 now informs him by his note of the 23d in- 
 stant that two reservations are desired in 
 the sixth article ; that all regulations sb ould 
 be left to the arbitrators, and that they 
 shall be accepted by the other maritime 
 powers before becoming obligatory upon 
 the United States and Great Britain. Such 
 a proposition will postpone the matter in- 
 definitely, and it can not be taken into con- 
 sideration. There is no objection to sub- 
 mitting it to the maritime powers for their 
 assent, but the United States can not agree 
 to maKB the adjustment with Great Britain 
 dependent upon the action of third parties, 
 who have no direct interest in the seal 
 fisheries. 
 
 States that with regard to the first reserva- 
 tion proposed in his note of 23d ultimo, the 
 statement made in Department note of the 
 
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204 
 
 THE BEHRING SEA CONTEOVERSY. 
 
 From and to whom. 
 
 Mr. Blaiue to Sir J. Pauncefote 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 
 Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 
 Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 
 
 1891. 
 
 Dec. 3 
 
 Dec. 8 
 
 Dec. 10 
 
 Dec. 11 
 
 Dec. 14 
 
 Subject. 
 
 27th ultimo assures the same and it may be 
 put aside. The object of the second reser- 
 vation was to prevent the fisheries from 
 being put at the mercy of some third power. 
 The regulation might be evaded by British 
 and American sealers by simply hoisting 
 the flag of a non-adhering power. Suggests 
 that after the lapse of one year if either 
 government complains that injury is being 
 done to the fisheries it may give notice of 
 a suspension of the regulations. Suggests 
 also tliat if any dispute arises between the 
 two nations the question in controversy 
 shall be referred to an admiral of each, 
 who may choose an umpire. 
 
 In reply to note of 1st instant, states that 
 President is unable to see the apprehended 
 danger of a third nation engagmg in seal- 
 ing; no other nation ever has, Russia will 
 not dissent from the agreement because It 
 will endanger her own sealing property. 
 "We may look to her to sanction and 
 strengthen it. The two nations, however, 
 should unite In a note to the principal 
 powers advising them of what has been 
 done and asking their approval. If the 
 agreement is disturbed by a third nation 
 Great Britain and United States can act 
 conjointly. It is therefore hoped that arbi- 
 tration may be allowed to proceed. 
 
 States that his government does not fear 
 that the powers will reject the regulations, 
 but that they will refuse to allow the ar- 
 rest of their ships which may engage in 
 sealing in violation of the regulations. It 
 is probable that during the close season 
 sealing will go on under other flags. 
 
 States, in reply to note of 8th instant, that 
 since the dispute began not a vessel of 
 France or Germany has ever engaged in 
 sealing; it would be unprofitable for them 
 to sail 20,000 miles to do so. If we wait un- 
 til they agree that their ships may be 
 searched the last seal will have been taken. 
 Russia is regarded aS an ally and no Ameri- 
 can country will loan its flag. To stop now 
 for outside nations is to indefinitely post- 
 pone the whole question. The President ad- 
 heres to his ground, that we must have the 
 arbitration as already signed. 
 
 States that, in view of the strong opinion of 
 the President that the danger apprehended 
 by Lord Salisbury is too remote to justify 
 delay, the British government will not 
 press the point, explained in his note of the 
 8th instant, but it reserves the right of 
 raising it when the question of framing the 
 reg:ulations comes before the arbitrators. 
 It is understood that they may attach such 
 conditions to them as they may " a priori " 
 judge to be necessary and just to the two 
 powers. States that he is authorized to 
 sign the text of the seven articles and of 
 the joint commission article. Will call at 
 Department at any time appointed. 
 
 In reply to note of 11th instant, states that 
 President objects to Lord Salisbury's mak- 
 ing any reservation at all, and cannot 
 yield to him the right to appeal to the ar- 
 bitrators to decide any point not embraced 
 
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THE BEHRIKG SEA CONTROVERSY, 
 
 205 
 
 From and to whom. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 
 Mr. Lincoln to Mr. Blaine. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Bhii i 
 
 Sir J, Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 
 
 1891. 
 
 Dec. 15 
 
 Dec. ir 
 
 Dec. 30 
 
 1893. 
 Jan. 6 
 
 Jan. 16 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Jan. 30 
 Feb. 4 
 
 Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote Feb. 4 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine' Feb. 6 
 
 Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 
 
 Feb. 6 
 
 Subject. 
 
 in the articles; to claim this right is to en- 
 tirely change the arbitration. The Presi- 
 dent claims the ri^t to have the seven 
 Eomts arbitrated. The matters to be ar- 
 itrated must be distinctly understood be- 
 fore the arbitrators are chosen. Is pre- 
 pared to sign the articles without any res- 
 ervation whatever, and will be glad to 
 have him call at the Department on the 
 16th, at 11 A. M. 
 
 Will transmit note of 14th instant to his 
 government. Pending further instructions, 
 it is not in his power to proceed to the 
 signature of the articles. 
 
 States in reply to note of 14th instant that 
 Lord SalisDury states that owing to the 
 difficulties of telegraphic communication 
 he has been misunderstood, and will defer 
 discussion as to the course to be followed 
 in case the regulations are evaded by a 
 change of flag. States that no reservation 
 was embodied in his note of the 11th in- 
 stant, and agrees with the President that 
 no point should be submitted to the arbi- 
 trators not embraced In the agreement. 
 Is ready to sign the articles. 
 
 Declines to have the number of the arbitra- 
 tors reduced from seven to five, but prefers 
 that each country should be represented 
 by two and the other three appointed by 
 foreign governments. 
 
 Speech of Sir George Baden-Powell to his 
 constituents relative to the Behring Sea 
 question, on Jan. 5, 1892, transmitted. 
 
 States that Messrs. Baden-Powell and Daw- 
 son will arrive on the 99th. 
 
 His government accepts that the arbitrators 
 shall be chosen by France, Italy, and 
 Sweden. 
 
 Asks whether Department is prepared to 
 proceed at once to the preparation and 
 signature of the formal arbitration con- 
 vention and Joint Commission. 
 
 Inclosing arbitration convention and Joint 
 Commission agreement and states that he 
 is ready to proceed at once to the signature 
 of the convention. 
 
 States that commissioners have been ap- 
 pointed to investigate and report, conjoint- 
 ly with British commissioners, upon facts 
 relative to preservation of seal life ; will be 
 ready to confer informally with British 
 colleagues at their convenience. 
 
 Note of February 4 acknowledged. States 
 that Sir Baden-Powell and Prof. Dawson 
 have been appointed commissioners in the 
 matter of the preservation of seal life, and 
 trusts that arrangements will be made at 
 
 . once for the meeting of the commission on 
 Monday, 8th instant. 
 
 Regrets that the British commissioners are 
 men who have already publicly expressed 
 an opinion as to the merits of the question, 
 but hopes this will not prevent a fair and 
 impartial investigation. Supposed that 
 before this the arbitration convention 
 would be signed and thus have enabled the 
 commissioners to proceed officially to a 
 discharge of their duties, but as it became 
 necessary to await approval of the draft 
 
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206 
 
 THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVEEST. 
 
 From and to whom. 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 
 Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 
 Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 
 Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 
 
 Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 
 
 Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 
 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
 
 Date. 
 
 1893. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 8 
 
 Feb. 
 
 9 
 
 Feb. 
 
 11 
 
 Feb. 
 
 12 
 
 Feb. 
 
 13 
 
 Feb. 
 
 19 
 
 Feb. 
 
 24 
 
 Feb. 
 
 26 
 
 Feb. 
 
 27 
 
 Feb. 
 
 29 
 
 Mar. 
 
 7 
 
 Subject. 
 
 of the instrument, has interposed no ob- 
 jection to preliminary conferences. 
 
 Deprecates the intimation that the British 
 commissioners may be biased by previous 
 pubUc expressions of opinion ; presents the 
 defense of both of them; remarks that the 
 same observation might be urged in the 
 case of the American commissioners, and 
 expresses satisfaction that the course 
 adopted is in accord with that sug-gested 
 by him in the note dated April 39, 18&0. 
 
 The British commissioners wishing to post- 
 pone joint conferences until arbitration 
 convention shall have been signed, the 
 United States commissioners have been 
 instructed to make known their readiness 
 to proceed without further delay, the 
 United States government regarding the 
 convention as substantially agreed upon. 
 
 Acknowledges above; makes mention of two 
 preliminary conferences, and says the Brit- 
 ish commissioners hope to arrange for the 
 formal opening of their session. 
 
 Refusal to discuss modus vivendi by the 
 British commissioners; the value of the 
 work of the commission will be diminished 
 thereby. What is the scope of the duties 
 of the British commissioners ? 
 
 He is awaiting instructions of Lord Salis- 
 bury, to whom the draft of arbitration 
 convention inclosed in the note of Febru- 
 ary 4 has been forwarded. 
 
 No opinion can be expressed by the British 
 government as to the -modus vivendi ques- 
 tion raised in the interview of the 2d in- 
 stant, until they know what is proposed. 
 
 Urges the necessity of a imodus vivendi ; 
 the terms should be similar to those of last 
 year, but better executed; asks that the 
 contents of this note be transmitted by 
 telegraph, every day of delay involving 
 great trouble to both governments. 
 
 Sealing schooners are reported by United 
 States consul at Victoria to have cleared 
 to the number of forty-six with six or 
 seven more to go, as against thirty same 
 date last year. 
 
 The need of an agreement will soon be over 
 if it is not arrived at soon. 
 
 Fixes the 29th as the day on which to sign 
 the treaty of arbitration. 
 
 Reply to the note of the 24th. Lord Salisbury 
 does not admit that the delays have been 
 gre^ater on the part of Great Britain ; the 
 British commissioners have reported that 
 there is no danger of a serious diminution 
 of the seals, and therefore the necessity of 
 a modus vivendi is not apparent. Still he 
 would not object to the prohibition limited 
 to a zone not more than 30 miles around 
 the Pribyloflf Islands, provided the catch 
 on the islands be limited to 30,000. The 
 simile of trees would be more appropriate 
 if applied to grass, which, like tne seals, - 
 will be produced next year, pending the 
 result of arbitration. 
 
 Presents arguments in support of Lord Salis- 
 bury's refusal to accede to another modus 
 vivendi; the first was agreed to (as per 
 note of June 6, 1891) under stipulation that 
 
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THE BBHRING SEA CONTEOVEEST. 
 
 307 
 
 From and to whom. 
 
 Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
 fote. 
 
 Mar. 8 
 
 Subject. 
 
 the measure could not be repeated; there 
 is no apparent dangler to the seal species; 
 the zone proposed is more extensive than 
 that mentioned by Mr. Blaine on March 16, 
 1891 ; the anticipation of conflicts, consid- 
 ered in the note of May 4, 1891, has been 
 met by the provisions of the Behring Sea 
 act of Parliament and order in council. 
 The President regrets that Great Britain 
 should decline to agree to an effective 
 mode of protecting a property the title to 
 which is being submitted to arbitration, a 
 course demanded by common equity. The 
 simile of grass cutting refuted. If Great 
 Britain declines, as shown by quotations 
 from previous correspondence, to assume 
 responsibility for acts of her subjects she 
 should restrain the same from committing 
 such acts. The prohibition of seal killing 
 was a matter of comity before arbitration 
 was agreed upon ; it is now a matter of ob- 
 ligation. The killing under the restrictions 
 of last year was four times that made on 
 land: it would become enormous in the ab- 
 sence of any restriction. The impractica- 
 bility of a 30-mile zone, now proposed by 
 Lord Salisbury, was pointed out by himself 
 when the proposal came from this govern- 
 ment. The United States can not be ex- 
 pected to forego protecting its property 
 while the arbitration is proceeding. 
 
 For most recent action in this matter, up to the moment of going to press, see 
 Addenda, preceding Index. 
 
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THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 The location at which it is to be held was decided by the United States 
 House of Representatives, the Senate concumng in the same. The contest- 
 ing cities were Chicago, New York, Washington and St. Louis. Eight bal- 
 lots were taken, Chicago having the lead in all of them, with Kew York 
 second and St. Louis a good third. The total vote was 308; necessary for a 
 choice, 154. On the eighth ballot, Chicago received 157 votes, against 107 
 votes for New York. 
 
 The following is the vote in detail at each ballot : 
 
 12345678 
 
 Chicago 115 121 127 134 140 149 155 157 
 
 New York 72 83 92 95 110 116 112 107 
 
 St. Louis.' 61 5ft 53 48 88 28 27 26 
 
 Washington 56 46 34 29 24 18 17 18 
 
 Cumberland Gap 1 
 
 Total 305 309 306 306 312 311 311 308 
 
 Necessary to choice 153 155 154 154 157 156 156 155 
 
 At the election in November, 1890, an amendment to the constitution of 
 the State of Illinois, submitted by the Legislature, was adopted by the people, 
 which authorizes the city of Chicago to issue $5,000,000 of thirty- year bonds 
 at 5 per cent, interest, the proceeds to be applied under the direction of the 
 World's Columbian Exposition; said corporate authorities of Chicago to be 
 repaid the same proportionate amount as is repaid to the stockholders on the 
 sums subscribed and paid by them, and to be permitted to take, in whole or 
 in part, of the sum coming to them, any permanent improvements placed on 
 land held or controlled by them. The indebtedness so created by Chicago is 
 to be paid by the city of Chicago alone, and not by the State, or from any State 
 revenue, tax or fund. 
 
 The subsciiptions and the proceeds of these bonds will fill the require- 
 ments of tlie act as to funds. 
 
 The World's Pair act was approved April 25, 1890. It provides for an 
 exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures and products of the soil, mine 
 and sea in 1893 in Chicago, Illinois, in celebration of the four hundredth 
 anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. A com- 
 mission of two persons from each State and Territory, to be appointed by 
 the President on the nomination of the Governors, and of eight commission- 
 ers-at-large and two from the District of Columbia, to be appointed by the 
 President, in ah which there shall be one from each of the two leading polit- 
 ical parties — with alternates — shall be the World's Columbian commission, 
 with power to accept the site, elc, on condition of their being satisfied that 
 $10,000,000 are secured for the complete preparation for said exposition. 
 'The commission is required to appoint a board of lady managers, who may 
 
 208 
 
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 r 
 
 30LUMBUS WAS BORN. 
 
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THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 209 
 
 appoint one or more members of all committees authorized to award prizes for 
 exhibits which may be produced in whole or part by female labor. A naval 
 review is directed to be held in New York Harbor in April, 1893, and the 
 President is authorized to extend to foreign nations an invitation to send 
 ships of war to join the U. S. Navy in rendezvous at Hampton Roads and 
 proceed thence to said review. The buildings shall be dedicated October 12, 
 1893, and the exposition open not later than May 1, 1893, and close not later 
 than October 30, 1893. The commission shall exist no longer than January 
 1, 1898. A government building for $400,000 shall be erected, to contain 
 the government exhibits. The United States shall not in any manner, nor 
 under any circumstances, be liable for any of the acts, doings, proceedings 
 or representations of the said corporation organized under the laws of the 
 State of Illinois, its officers, agents, servants or employes, or any of them, or 
 for the service, salaries, labor or wages of said officers, agents, servants or 
 employes, or any of them, or for any subscriptions to the capital stock, or 
 for any certificates of stock, bonds, mortgages or obligations of any kind 
 issued by said corporation, or for any debts, liabilities or expenses of any 
 kind whatever attending such corporation or accruing by reason of the same. 
 
 The buildings, their dimensions, area and cost are : 
 
 Woman's, 300x400 feet; area, 1.8 acres; cost, $130,000. 
 
 Electricity, 345 x 700 feet; area 5.5 acres; cost $375,000. 
 
 Mines and mining, 850 x 700 feet; area, 5.6 acres; cost, $360,000. 
 
 Manufactures and Liberal Arts, 787x1,687 feet; area, 30.5 acres; cost, 
 $1,500,000. 
 
 Transportation, 350x900 feet; area, 5.5 acres; cost, $280,000. 
 
 Horticultural, 230x1,000 feet; area, 5.8 acres; cost, $300,000. 
 
 Administration, 200x360 feet; area, 1.6 acres; cost, $450,000. ^ 
 
 Agriculture, 500x800 feet; area, 9.2 acres (cost, $540,000); Annex, 328x 
 500 feet; area, 3.8 acres (cost, $200,000); total cost (including Assembly Hall, 
 etc.), nearly $1,000,000. 
 
 Machinery, 500x850 feet; area, 9.8 acres; Annexes (2), 400x551 feet; 
 area, 6.2 acres; total cost, $1,300,000. 
 
 Fish and Fisheries, 163x363 feet ; area, 1.4 acres; Annexes (3), 135 feet 
 in diameter; area, 8 acres; total cost, $200,000. 
 
 Fine Arts, 330 x 500 feet; area, 3.7 acres; Annexes (3), 130 x 130 feet; area, 
 1.1 acre; total cost, $500,000. 
 
 Forestry, 300x500 feet; area, 3.3 acres; cost, $100,000. 
 
 Saw Mill, 125x300 feet; area, .9 acres; cost, $35,000. 
 
 Dairy, 95x300 feet; area .5 acres; cost, $30,000. 
 
 Live Stock (3), 65x200 feet; area, .9 acres; and Live Stock Sheds, 40 
 acres; total costi $150,000. 
 
 Casino, 175x300 feet; area, 1.2 acres; cost (with pier), $150,000. 
 
 United States Government, 350x420 feet; area, 3.4 acres; cost, $400,000. 
 
 Battle-Ship, 348x69.25 feet; area, 3 acres; cost, $100,000; Illinois State 
 and State Annexes (3), 160x450 feet; area, 1.7, and .3 acres; cost, $350,000. 
 Making a grand total of $6,740,000. 
 
 Exclusive of these buildings a large number more will be erected by dif- 
 ferent States of the Union and foreign governments. These will be located 
 at tlie north end of the lagoon. 
 
 Other foreign features (exclusive of Venice and its gondolas) may be 
 decided upon by the respective committees of gentlemen who went abroad 
 for the purpose of securing the cooperation of foreign countries in the great 
 Columbian Fair. 
 
 The foreign participants in the Exposition, and the amounts they have 
 appropriated for that purpose, are : 
 
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210 THE WOKLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION^. 
 
 Argentine Republic $100,000 Trinidad $ 15,000 
 
 Austria-Hungary 147,000 Victoria 
 
 Belgium Guatemala 130,000 
 
 Bolivia 150,000 Hayti 
 
 Brazil 550,000 Hawaii 
 
 China Honduras 30,000 
 
 Chile 100,000 Italy (informal) 
 
 Colombia 100,000 Italy Erythia 
 
 Costa Rica "... 100, 000 Japan 700,000 
 
 Denmark Madagascar 
 
 Danish "West Indies 10,000 Mexico 750,000 
 
 Ecuador 135,000 Netherlands (informal) 
 
 Egypt (informal) Dutch Guiana 6,000 
 
 France 400,000 Dutch West Indies 10,000 
 
 Algeria Nicaragua 30,000 
 
 French Guiana Orange Free State 
 
 Germany 215,000 Paraguay 
 
 Great Britain 125,000 Persia 
 
 Barbadoes Peril 140,000 
 
 British Columbia Russia 
 
 British Guiana 20,000 Salvador 30,000 
 
 British Honduras 7,000 San Domingo 
 
 Cape Colony 25,000 Siam 
 
 Ceylon 40,000 Spain 
 
 India Cuba 35,000 
 
 Jamaica 10,000 Porto Rico .... 
 
 Mashonaland Transvaal 
 
 Malta Turkey 
 
 New South Wales Uruguay 
 
 New Zealand 37,500 Venezuela 
 
 Queensland Zanzibar 
 
 Tasmania 
 
 All the governments named above have accepted the invitation, those 
 marked " informal " having declared an intention to assist exhibitors in an 
 unofficial manner, 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDINGS. 
 
 WoTnan's Building. — The first building completed was the Woman's 
 Building. It is prominently situated in the northwestern part of the park, 
 facing the lagoon, is 400 feet in width and 300 feet in depth, and has a stair- 
 case and landing leading to a terrace six feet above the water. The style of 
 architecture is Italian Renaissance, and the building is two stories in height. 
 A lobby 40 feet wide leads into the rotunda (70x 65 feet), which is surmounted 
 by an ornamental skylight. Around the rotunda is a two-story open arcade. 
 On the first floor is a model hospital, u. model kindergarten, each 80 x 60 
 feet, and the whole floor of the south pavilion has been set apart for the 
 reform work and charity organizations. Each floor 80 x 300 feet. Opposite 
 the main front entrance are the library, bureau of information, records, etc. 
 In the second story are the ladies' dressing-rooms and parlors, and an assembly- 
 room, with an elevated stage for speakers, and club-room. The south pavilion 
 has been provided with model kitchen and refreshment-rooms. The buildine 
 cost $130,000. ^ 
 
 Administrative Building. — This building is located at the west side of the 
 great court and cost $450,000. It is 360 feet square, and consists of four 
 pavilions, 84 feet square, one at each of the four angles of the square. It is 
 crowned by a dome 120 feet in diameter and 320 feet in height. The groimd 
 
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THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION^. 211 
 
 floor contams in one pavilion the Fire and Police Departments, with cells for 
 the detention of prisoners; in the second pavilion are the offices of the Ambu- 
 lance service, the Physician and Pharmacy, the Foreign Departments and 
 the Information Bureau; in the third pavilion the Post-office and a Bank, and 
 in the fourth the offices of Public Comfort and a Restaurant. Ample pro- 
 vision has been made in the second, third and fourth stories for the Board- 
 rooms, the Committee-rooms, the rooms of the Director-General, the Depart- 
 ment of Publicity and Promotions, and for the United States Columbian 
 Commission. 
 
 Mcbchinery Hall. — The building known as Machinery Hall is 800 x 500 feet 
 in dimensions and presents a most imposing appearance. It is located at the 
 extreme south end of the park and south of the Administrative Building. 
 Its cost with Annex and Power House, $1,200,000. The building is spanned 
 by three arched trusses, and its interior resembles railroad train houses. The 
 Annex covers between four and five acres and increases the length of the 
 Machinery building to about 1,400 feet. It is the second largest structure 
 on the ground. 
 
 Manufactures and Liberal Arts Buildings. — The largest of all the build- 
 ings for the Exposition is that constructed for Manufactures and the Liberal 
 Arts. It is 1,687 feet long by 787 feet wide and covers an area of thirty and 
 a half acres. It cost $1,500,000. The great central hall has a clear space of 
 1,380 feet by 380 feet, and is surrounded by a nave and two galleries. The 
 apex of the roof is 345J^ feet, which is supported by twenty-two steel 
 arches. The total length of the gallery is 3,504 feet. The east and west 
 halls of the nave are 1,588 feet long, and total length of the nave, 4,119 feet. 
 The building is three times as large as St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome. The 
 style of architecture of the building is Corinthian, and it has four great 
 entrances, one in the centre of each fa9ade. 
 
 Transportation Building. — The Transportation Building, costing $280,000, 
 lies between the Horticultural and Mines Buildings and faces eastward. It 
 is of the Romanesque style of architecture and is surmounted by a cupola. 
 The Interior of the building has broad naves and aisles, and the roof is in 
 three divisions. The cupola is reached by eight elevators. The main build- 
 ing is 960 feet front by 250 feet deep. From this extends westward to Stony 
 Island avenue, an Annex covering 9 acres. It is but one story in height. 
 What is known as the Transportation Exhibit includes everything known in 
 the way of transportations, such as baby-cariiages, cars, engines, vessels, 
 carrier pigeons, etc. 
 
 Horticultural Building. — The Horticultural Building cost $300,000. It 
 is immediately south of the entrance to Jackson Park from the Midway 
 Plaisance and faces east on the lagoon. The building is 1,000 feet long and 
 250 feet in width. It has a central and two end pavilions, each connected 
 with the central one by front and rear curtains, forming two interior courts, 
 each 88 x 270 feet. The centre pavilion is roofed by a crystal dome 187 feet , 
 in diameter and 113 feet high, under which are exhibited tall palms, bam- 
 boos, ferns, etc. There are galleries in each of the pavilions. The galleries 
 of the end pavilions are designed for cafes. The exhibit in this building 
 consists of varieties of flowers, plants, vines, seeds, horticultural imple- 
 ments, etc. 
 
 Agricultural Building. — The style of architecture of this beautiful build- 
 ing is classic Renaissance. It is located near the shore of Lake Michigan and 
 is surrounded by the lagoons that lead into the park from the lake. Its 
 dimensions are 500x800 feet, and cost, with annex, $1,000,000. The building 
 covers an area of more than 9 acres and its annex 3.8 acres. It is a single- 
 story building. On either side of the main entrance are Corinthian pillars 
 50 feet high and 5 feet in diameter. The csntre pavilion is 144 feet square. 
 The entire building is overtopped by a glass dome 130 feet high, and the 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
212 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOIf. 
 
 rotunda is 100 feet in diameter. In the southern part of the building is a 
 structure known as a Live Stock and Agricultural Assembly Hall. The 
 structure is conveniently near one of the stations of the elevated railway. 
 On the first floor is a Bureau of Information, suitable committee rooms for 
 Live Stock Associations, waiting rooms for ladies, lounging rooms for gentle- 
 men and toilet accommodations. The Assembly room, upstairs, has a seating 
 capacity of 1,500, and where lectures will be delivered upon every topic 
 relative to agriculture, live stock, etc. Adjacent to the Agricultural Build- 
 ing and its annex are buildings for the forestry and dairy exhibits, whose 
 dimensions are 200 by 500 feet and 95 by 300 feet respectively. 
 
 Dairy Building. — The Dairy Building is 95x200 feet, with an area of .5 
 acres, and cost $30,000. In this building will be a school of contest both 
 between herds and individuals of the chief breeds of dairy cattle, with a 
 vic\y of ascertaining the respective merits of each in milk-giving and butter- 
 producing. There will be all kinds of dairy utensils and appliances on 
 exhibition. The ' ' Dairy School " is the special feature of this building. 
 
 Fm-eatry Building. — This eligibly located building is 200x500 feet in 
 dimensions and is of a rustic order of architecture. There is a veranda sup- 
 porting the roof, the colonnade of which is composed of tree trunks each 25 
 feet in length, all of them in their natural state. The roof is thatched witli 
 tan bark and other barks. The various wood finishings of the interior are 
 both unique and attractive. The tree trunks were contributed by diflerent 
 States and Territories and Foreign Countries, the name of each tree being 
 known by a placard. The building has on exhibit forest products, logs and 
 sections of trees, dressed lumber, such as flooring, casing, shingles, etc., dye 
 woods and barks, lichens, wood pulp, rattan willow ware, woodenware and 
 numerous other specimens. Several complete sawmills will be in operation. 
 Tlie sawmill plants occupy a building 125 x 300 feet in size and costing about 
 $35,000. The forestry building proper cost $100,000. 
 
 Fisheries Building. — The location of the Fisheries Building is at a point 
 northwest of the United States Government Building. Its proportions are 
 1,100 feet in length by 200 feet in depth. It cost $200,000, inclusive of two 
 smaller polygonal buildings. The aquaria, ten in number, are supplied with 
 gold, tench and other fish and have a capacity of from 7,000 to 27,000 gal- 
 lons each. The total water capacity of the aquaria, exclusive of reservoir, is 
 18,725 cubic feet, or 140,000 gallons. The glass fronts of the aquaria are 
 about 575 feet in length and have 3,000 square feet of surface. The supply 
 of sea water was secured by evaporating the necessary quantities at the 
 Woods Holl station of the United States Fish Commission, to about one 
 fifth of its bulk, thus reducing both quantity and weight for transportation 
 about 80 per cent. The fresh water required to restore it to its proper 
 I density was supplied from Lake Michigan. 
 
 Hall of Mines and Mining. — The Hall of Mines and Mining is of the 
 Italian Renaissance order of architecture, and is located at the southern 
 extremity of the western lagoon, just between the Electricity and Transpor- 
 tation Structures. In dimensions it is 700 feet in length by. 350 feet in width 
 and it cost $260,000. On the ground floor are restaurants and toilet rooms. 
 The galleries are 25 feet high and 60 feet wide. The covered promenades 
 are each 25 feet in width by 280 feet in length. Between the main entrance 
 and the pavilions are ornamental arcades forming a loggia on the ground 
 floor and a recessed promenade on the gallery floor: a great portion of the 
 roof is covered with glass. 
 
 Electrical Building .—Tins building is opposite the Manufactures Build- 
 ing, and on the west side faces the Mines Building. It cost $375, 000. The 
 exterior of the building is of the Corinthian order of architecture, and the 
 general plan is that of a longitudinal nave 115 feet wide and 114 feet high, 
 crossed in the middle by a transept having a pitched roof with skylights, the 
 
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THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 313 
 
 rest of the building a flat roof with skylights. The area of the galleries in 
 the second story is 118,546 square feet, or 3.7 acres. The east and west 
 central pavilions are composed of towers 168 feet high. From each upper 
 pilaster is a pedestal bearing a lofty mast for the display of banners by day 
 and electric lights by night. In the centre of the attic niche is a colossal 
 statue of Franklin. 
 
 Art Palace. — The Art Palace is oblong in shape, and is of the classic 
 Grecian-Ionic style of architecture. In size it is 500 x 320 feet, and it is 135 
 feet in height to the top of the dome. It is intersected on all sides by a nave 
 and transept, 100 feet wide and 70 feet high, and the dome, 60 feet m diam- 
 eter, is surmounted by a colossal statue of Winged Victory. Around the 
 entire building are galleries 40 feet wide. The interior and exterior of the 
 bviilding are ornamented with wall paintings, sculptures and portraits in bas- 
 relief of the masters of ancient art. The main building is entered by four 
 large portals ornamented with sculptured designs. The wall paintings illus- 
 trate the history and progress of the arts. The building is located in the 
 northern portion of the park vrith the south front facing the lagoon. It cost 
 between $500,000 and |600,000. 
 
 Naval Exhibit. — The United States Naval Exhibit is an imitation battle- 
 ship building erected on pilings on the lake front, in the northeast portion 
 of Jackson Park. The structure is made to represent a battle-ship of the 
 new navy for coast-line defense, designed by the Bureau of Construction 
 end Repairs, the battle-ships now under construction to cost $1,000,000 each. 
 The structure is surrounded by water and has all the guns, turrets, torpedo 
 tubes, torpedo nets, booms, anchors, chain cables and all other fittings and 
 appliances of a regular battle-ship. During the exhibition, the ship will be 
 manned by the customary contingent of officers, sailors and marines, and all 
 explanations in regard to the mode of life upon a man-of-war will be made, 
 and the modus operandi of handling the vessel during an engagement. The 
 dimensions of the structure are: length, 348 feet, width amidships, 69 feet 8 
 inches, and from the water-line to the top of the main deck 13 feet, or the 
 exact dimensions in detail of a battle-ship. The battery is mounted the same 
 as on a regular ship.* 
 
 * For most recent legislation, etc., on this subject, up to the moment of going to 
 press, see Addenda^ preceding Index. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
WATUBALIZATIOlir LAWS. 
 
 Peevious to an important State or National election it frequently occurs 
 that many persons are naturalized and given thereby citizenship and the 
 right of suffrage. This right is conferred by the Judges of Courts of States 
 and Territories after having heard testimony as to the length of time the 
 applicant for franchise has been in this country, his moral character, etc. 
 If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the Court to which the alien or for- 
 eigner has applied, that he has resided continuously within the United States 
 for at least five years and within the State or Territory where such Court is 
 at the time held, one year at least; and that during that time "he has 
 behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the 
 Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and 
 happiness of the same," he will be admitted to citizenship after having sub- 
 scribed to the following oath, administered by the Clerk of the Court: 
 " That he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he 
 absolutely and entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to 
 every foreign prince, potentate. State or Sovereignty, and particularly by 
 name to the prince, potentate, State or Sovereignty of which he was before 
 a citizen or subject." These proceedings are regularly entered upon the 
 records of the Court. If the applicant has borne any hereditary title or 
 order of nobility, he must make an express renunciation of the same at the 
 time of his application. 
 
 OTHER NATUBAMZATION PKOVISIONS. 
 
 An alien of twenty-one years and upward, who has been in the armies of 
 the United States and has been honorably discharged therefrom, may become 
 a citizen upon his petition, without any previous declaration of intention, pro- 
 vided that he has resided in the United States at least one year previous to his 
 application, and is of good moral character. 
 
 An alien under twenty one who has resided in the United States three 
 years next preceding his arriving at that age, and who has continued to 
 reside therein to the time he may make application to be admitted a citizen 
 thereof, may, after he arrives at the age of twenty-one years, and after he 
 has resided within the United States, including the three years of his 
 minority, be admitted a citizen; but he must make a declaration on oath and 
 prove to the satisfaction of the Court that for two years next preceding it 
 has been his hona fide intention to become a citizen. 
 
 The children of persons who have been duly naturalized, being under the 
 age of sixteen years at the time of the naturalization of their parents, shall if 
 dwelling in the United States be considered"as citizens thereof. The children 
 of persons who now are or have been citizens of the United States are, 
 though bom out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, consid- 
 ered as citizens thereof. 
 
 Section 3000 R. S. U. S. declares that all naturalized citizens of the 
 United States while in foreign countries are entitled to and shall receive the 
 same protection of persons and property which is accorded to native-born 
 citizens. Even after five years' residence and due naturalization of an alien 
 he is not entitled to vote unless the laws of the State confer the privilege 
 upon him. In one State (Minnesota) he may vote four months after landing, 
 if he has immediately declared his intention, vmder the United States law, to 
 become a citizen. Naturalization is a Federal right and is a gift of the 
 entire Union, but the right to vote comes from the State and is a State gift. 
 
 214 
 
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REGISTRATION OF VOTERS. 
 
 The registration of voters is required in the States of Alabama, California, 
 Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, 
 Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Mississippi, Nevada, New 
 Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, 
 Vermont, Virginia and Wyoming. 
 
 In Georgia registration is required in most counties by local law, and in 
 South Dakota in a few counties. 
 
 In Kansas registration is required in cities of the first and second class, in 
 Nebraska in cities of and over 3,500 inhabitants, in North Dakota in cities of 
 over 3,000 and in Ohio in cities of not less than 9,000 inhabitants. 
 
 In Illinois registration is required for cities and general elections in the 
 State. 
 
 In Missouri it is required in cities of 100,000 inhabitants, in Wisconsin in 
 cities having 3,000 inhabitants and over, and in Kentucky having 5,000 in- 
 habitants and over. 
 
 In New York it is required in all cities and in all incorporated villages of 
 over 7,000 inhabitants. 
 
 In Rhode Island non-taxpayers are required to register yearly before De- 
 cember 31. 
 
 The registration of voters is not required in the States of Delaware, 
 Indiana, Kentucky, Oregon and Tennessee. It is prohibited in Arkansas, 
 Texas and West Virginia by Constitutional provision. 
 
 330 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
MAPS OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES, 
 
 SHOWnSTG 
 
 COUNTY BOUNDARIES AND CONGRESSIONAL 
 DISTRICTS UP TO DATE, 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTORAL, POPULAR, 
 AND COUNTY VOTE, 18T2-1892. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
323 
 
 STATES AND TBKKITOBIES. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 J \_^'l <STONe| A^ /JACKSON 
 
 I J'V t 
 
 GENEVA J 
 
 As redistricted February 13, 1891. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TBEEITORIES. 323 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 Elecim-al Foie.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 10 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 10; 
 1880, Hancock (D.), 10; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 10; 1888, Cleve- 
 land (D.), 10. There will be 11 votes in 1892. 
 Total State Foie.— 1872, 169,716; 1876, 170,333; 1880, 151,507; 1884, 153,- 
 
 489; 1888, 174,100; 1890 (Gov.), 183,841. 
 Pluralities.— 18112, 10,838 (R.); 1876, 33,772 (D.); 1880, 34,509 (D.); 1884, 
 
 33,829 (D.); 1888, 61,123 (D.); 1890, 97,470 (D.). 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1873 
 
 is 14,135. 
 New Counties. — Chilton, Cullman and Lamar Counties have been formed 
 
 since 1873. 
 Variations in County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted; 
 CoTJNTY 1884. 1888. 
 
 Franklin 395 (D.) 52 (R.) 
 
 Greene 679 (R.) 633 (D.) 
 
 Hale 378 (R.) 1,436 (D.) 
 
 Limestone 30 (R.) 306 (D.) 
 
 Montgomery 2,633 (R.) 746 (D.) 
 
 Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, 
 considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared 
 with that for Governor in 1890 : 
 
 County. 1888. 1890. 
 
 Colbert 41 (R.) 300 (D.) 
 
 FrankUn 52 (R.) 486 (D.) 
 
 Madison 459 (R.) 401 (D.) 
 
 Talladega 196 (R.) 1,535 (D.) 
 
 From the above it may be noted that five counties changed 
 sides in 1888 and four in 1890 — Franklin County having changed 
 twice. Choctaw has given a gradually increasing Democratic 
 plurality since 1872, as follows: 506, 516, 530, 597, 760, 769. 
 Although many counties have given Democratic pluralities 
 without a break, no other county than the one mentioned has a 
 gradually ascending record since 1873. 
 No. of Counties. — The total number of counties, 1890, is 66. 
 Population.— Th.e population of the State, 1880, was 1,262,505; 1890, 1,513,- 
 017. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Jefferson (88,501); 
 Montgomery (56,172); Mobile (51,587); Dallas (49,350); and 
 Madison (38,119). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
224 
 
 STATES AN^D TEKKITOEIBS. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 
 If-i / i«- 'Columbia! 
 
 As redistricted by the legislature of 1890-91. 
 
 AEKATfSAS. 
 
 Electoral Vols.— In 1876 Tilden (D.) received 6 votes; 1880, Hancock (D.), 
 6; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 7; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 7. There will 
 he 8 votes in 1893. 
 
 Total Stale Fofe— 1873, 79,300; 1876, 96,740; 1880, 106,339; 1884, 135,580; 
 1888, 155,941; 1890 (Gov.), 191,448. 
 
 Pluralities.— 19,12, 3,446 (R.); 1876, 19,113 (D.); 1880, 18,838 (D.); 1884, 
 33,033 (D.); 1888, 37,310 (D.); 1890, 31,086 (D.). 
 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1873 
 is 112,148. 
 
 New Counties. — Baxter, Clay, Cleburne, Cleveland, Dorsey, Faulkner, Gar- 
 land, Greene, Howard, Jackson, Johnson, Lee, Logan, Lonoke, 
 Miller, Poinsett, Scott, Stone and Yell Comities have been 
 formed since 1873. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES ANB TERRITORIES. 225 
 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884^1888.— The following variations are 
 noted : 
 
 CoimTY. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Ashley 100 (B.) 389 (D.) . 
 
 Conway 315 (R.) 80 (D.) 
 
 Drew 47 (R.) 146 (D.) 
 
 Ouachita 157 (R.) 138 (D.) 
 
 Hempstead 32 (D.) 155 (R.) 
 
 Lee 494 (D.) 577 (R.) 
 
 St. Francis 237 (D.) 85 (R.) 
 
 Woodruff Tie vote 215 (D.) 
 
 Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, 
 considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with 
 that for Governor in 1890. 
 
 CouHTY. 1888. 1890. 
 
 Arkansas 40 (R.) 190 (D.) 
 
 Lee 577 (R.) 1,153 (D.) 
 
 Mississippi 74 (R.) 80 (D.) 
 
 Pulaski 1,573 (R.) 3,328 (D.) 
 
 Carroll 456 (D.) 21 (R.) 
 
 Drew 146 (D.) 18 (R.) 
 
 Prairie 158 (D.) 59 (R.) 
 
 White 1,398 (D.) 71 (R-) 
 
 From the above it may be noted that, practically eight coun- 
 ties changed sides in 1888, and eight in 1890. Drew and Lee 
 Counties changed sides twice. 
 
 Jefferson County has given a gradually increasiug Republican 
 plurality siuce 1873, as follows: 1,804, 2,300,2,311, 2,431, 3,508, 
 4,442, being the only county having that record. 
 
 Columbia County has given a gradually increasing Demo- 
 cratic plurality since 1872, as follows: 432, 550, 591, 709, 948, 
 1,119. 
 
 On the Democratic side, Washington and Franklin Counties 
 came within 11 and 8, respectively, of a gradual increase since 
 1872. 
 
 The figures as under will show the counties next in order hav- 
 ing a gradually increasing Democratic plurality at presidential 
 
 GlGCtlOriS * 
 
 CoTOTT. 1873 1876 1880 f884 1888 
 
 Benton 915 1,542 1,666 1,835 3,051 
 
 Bradley 269 365 387 389 605 
 
 Columbia 433 550 591 709 948 
 
 Craighead 375 416 491 842 995 
 
 Grant ..363 289 373 414 550 
 
 Sevier 157 385 450 605 789 
 
 Washington 464 1,071 1,149 1,149 1,230 
 
 Yell... — 478 662 813 1,193 
 
 iVo. of Counties.— AccoiAing to the latest reports, there are seventy-five coun- 
 ties in Arkansas. 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 802,525; 1890, 1,138,179. 
 The five most populous counties are Pulaski (47,329); Jeffer- 
 son (40,881); Sebastian (33,200); Washington (33,034), and Ben- 
 ton (27,716). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
226 
 
 STATES AND TEEEITOKIES. 
 
 CALIPOKNIA. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 4-5 
 
 San CuaRa 
 san mateo 
 
 As redistricted March 11, 1891. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AlTD TEKRITOKIES. 237 
 
 CALrPORlSTA. 
 
 BUctoral VoU.—la 1873 Grant (R.) received 6 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 6; 
 1880, Hancock (D.), 5; and Garfield (R.), 1; 1884, Blaine (R.), 
 8; 1888, Harrison (R.), 8. There will be-9 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Fofe.— 1873, 95,806; 1876, 155,733; 1880, 164,166; 1884, 193,738; 
 
 1888, 351,339; 1890 (Gov.), 353,386. 
 Pluralities.— 1872, 13,303 (R.); 1876, 3,805 (R.); 1880, 78 (D.); 1884, 13,138 
 
 (R.); 1888, 7,087 (R.); 1890, 7,945 (R.). 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote is 156,580. 
 New Counties. — San Benito and Ventura Counties have been formed since 
 
 1873. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884^1888. — The following variations are 
 noted : 
 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Butte 57 (R.) 34 (D.) 
 
 Del Norte 16 (R.) 50 (D.) 
 
 San Francisco. . . . 4,315 (R.) 3,991 (D.) 
 
 Sonoma 100 (R. ) 101 (D.) 
 
 Trinity 16 (R.) 1 (D.) 
 
 Yuba 333 (R.) 40 (D.) 
 
 Plumas 157 (D.) 78 (R.) 
 
 Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, 
 considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared 
 with that for Governor in 1890: 
 
 County. 1888. 1890. 
 
 Trinity 1 (D.) 19 (R.) 
 
 Yuba 40 (D.) 36 (R.) 
 
 It will be seen from the foregoing that seven counties changed 
 sides in 1888, and two in 1890. Trinity and Yuba Counties 
 changed sides twice. 
 
 Alameda County gave a gradually increasing Republican plu- 
 rality from 1873 to 1888, as follows: 1,337, 1,601,1,999, 3,739, 
 3,147. 
 
 Colusa County has given a gradually increasing Democratic 
 plurality since 1873 up to date, the figures running thus: 9, 703, 
 736, 774, 894, 985. 
 No. of Counties. — According to latest reports there are fifty-three coimties in 
 
 California. 
 Population.— TliQ population of the State, 1880, was 864,694; 1890, 1,308,- 
 130. 
 
 The five most populous counties are San Francisco (398,997); 
 Los Angeles (101,454); Alameda (93,864); Santa Clara (48,005); 
 Sacramento (40,339). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
328 
 
 STATES AND TERKITOKIES. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 As redistricted in 1891. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 Electoral Vote.— In 1876 Hayes (R.) received 3 votes; 1880, Garfield (R.), 3; 
 1884, Blaine (R.), 3; 1888, Harrison (R.), 3. There -will be 4 
 votes in 1893. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TERRITORIES. 229 
 
 Total State VoU.—Th.e first vote for President was in 1880, when the total 
 vote was recorded as 53,533; 1884 66,492: 1888, 91,796: 1890 
 (Gov.), 83,465. 
 Pluralities.— mo, 3,808 (K.); 1884, 8,563 (R.); 1888, 13,307 (R.): 1890, 
 
 6,468 (R.). 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1880 is 
 
 39,933. 
 New Counties, 1880-1888.— Archuleta, Delta, Dolores, Eagle, Garfield, Lo- 
 gan, Mesa, Montrose, Pitkin, San Miguel and Washington 
 Counties were formed between 1880 and 1888. 
 Variations in County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Bent 64 (D.) 364 (R. ) 
 
 Blhert 63 (D.) 206 (R.) 
 
 Huerfano 307 (D.) 76 (R.) 
 
 Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, con- 
 sidering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with 
 that for Governor in 1890: 
 
 County. 1888. 1890. 
 
 Archuleta 50 (R.) 32 (D.) 
 
 Delta 18 (R.) 57 (P. A.) 
 
 Eagle 304 (R.) 38 (D.) 
 
 Lake 486 (R.) 1,666 (D.) 
 
 Montrose 136 (R.) 33 (P. A.) 
 
 Park 176 (R.) 35 (D.) 
 
 Pitkin 308 (R.) 142 (D.) 
 
 San Miguel 163 (R.) 14 (D.) 
 
 Summit 144 (R.) 34 (D.) 
 
 13 counties (not included in the foregoing statement of new 
 counties) have cast their first vote as such since 1888. The fol- 
 lowing statement will show the political tendency of each: 
 
 COUNTY. TOTAL VOTE. PLURALITY. PARTY. 
 
 Baca 312 14 (R.) 
 
 Cheyenne 131 35 (R.) 
 
 Kiowa 341 32 (R.) 
 
 Kit Carson 436 114 (R.) 
 
 Lincoln 161 4 (R.) 
 
 Morgan 405 107 (F. A.) 
 
 Phillips 469 13 (P. A.) 
 
 Prowers 442 96 (R.) 
 
 Sedg-wick 357 79 (R.) 
 
 Yuma 436 5 (R.) 
 
 Montezuma 441 35 (D.) 
 
 Otero 811 21 (D.) 
 
 Rio Blanco 341 4 (D.) 
 
 The above shows the vote cast for Governor, 1890, in each of 
 the counties given. 
 
 Prom the statement above given of changes from 1884 to 1890,it 
 will be seen that 3 counties changed sides in 1888 and 15 in 1890. 
 Rio Grande County has given a gradually increasing Repub- 
 lican plurality since 1880, as follows: 100, 187, 193, 293. 
 
 Boulder County has recorded a gradually decreasing Repub- 
 lican plurality since 1880, viz.: 576, 489,'462, 108. 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 55 counties in 
 
 Colorado. 
 Population.— The population Of the State, 1880, was 194,337; 1890, 412,198. 
 The five most populous counties are Arapahoe (133,135); 
 Pueblo (31,491); El Paso (21,239); Las Animas (17,308), and 
 Lake (14,663). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
230 
 
 STATES AND TEERITOKIES. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 /CO 
 
 No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEBKITORIES. 331 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Electoral Vote.— In 1873 Grant (R.) received 6 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 6; 
 1880, aarfleld (R.), 6; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 6; 1888, Cleveland 
 (D.), 6. There will be 6 votes in 1892. 
 Total State Foie.— 1873, 96,938; 1876, 133,156; 1880, 132,770; 1884, 137,233; 
 
 1888, 153,978; 1890 (Gov.), 135,298. 
 Pluralities.— Wl%, 4,348 (R.); 1876, 2,900 (D.); 1880, 2,656 (R.); 1884, 1,384 
 
 (D.); 1888, 336 (D.); 1890, 36 (D.). 
 Increase in tTie Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote, comparing 
 1873 with 1888, was 57,050. A comparison of 1873 with 1890 
 gives an increase of 38,370. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884^1888. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 CoOTTTT. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Hartford 371 (D.) 565 (R.) 
 
 Litchfield 470 (D.) 390 (R.) 
 
 Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, 
 considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared 
 with that for Governor in 1890: 
 
 County. 1888. 1890. 
 
 Hartford 565 (R.) 384 (D.) 
 
 New London 144 (R.) 113 (D.) 
 
 It vpill be seen from the above that Hartford County has 
 changed sides twice since 1884. 
 
 The only county showing anything like a gradual increase is 
 New Haven, recording from 1876 pluralities as follows: 1,749 
 (D.), 3,180 (D.), 3,016 (D.), 3,110 (D.), [3,482 (D.) for Gov- 
 ernor.] 
 No. of Counties. — There are eight counties in Connecticut. 
 Podulation.— The population of the State, 1880, was 622,700; 1890, 746,358. 
 The five most populous counties are: New Haven (309,058); 
 Fairfield (150,081); Hartford (147,180); New London (76,684); 
 Litchfield (53,542). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
233 
 
 STATES AND TBERITOKIES. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Delaware has but one Congressman, and therefore is not divided into 
 Congressional districts. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEEBITOBIES. 233 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Electoral VoU.—ln 1872 Grant (R.) received 3 votes; 1876, Tilden(D.), 3; 
 
 1880, Hancock (D.), 3; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 3; 1888, Cleveland 
 
 (D. ), 3. There will be 3 votes in 1892. 
 Total State Foi*.— 1872, 21,808; 1876, 24,135; 1880, 29,333; 1884, 30,103; 
 
 1888, 29,763; 1890 (Gov.), 35,197. 
 Pluralities.— 1?,%2, 422 (R.); 1876, 2,629 (D.); 1880, 1,038 (D.); 1884, 3,923 
 
 (D.); 1888, 3,441 (D.); 1890, 543 (D.). 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 
 
 is 13,389. 
 Variations in tlie County Vote, 1884-1888. — Sussex County gave Cleveland a 
 
 plurality of 1,428 in 1884, and Hancock a plurality of 63 in 
 
 1888. 
 Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — New Castle County save Cleve- 
 land a plurality of 2,332 in 1888, and Richardson (Republican 
 
 nominee for Governor), 1890, a plurality of 323. 
 No. of Counties. — There are three counties in Delaware. 
 Po^iZa^wm.— The population of the State, 1880, was 146,608; 1890, 168,493. 
 The counties in order of population are: New Castle (97,182); 
 
 Sussex (38,647); Kent (32,664). 
 
 Far Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 18b 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
234 
 
 STATES AND TEKEITOEIBS. 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 
 
 
 Co ■~->'^. 
 
 7> 
 
 
 
 No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEREITORIBS. 335 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 Electoral Fo<e.— In 1872 (Grant (R.) received 4 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 4; 
 1880, Hancock (D.), 4; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 4; 1888, Cleveland 
 (D.), 4. There will be 4 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Vote.— 1812, 33,190; 1876, 48,774; 1880, 51,618; 1884, 59,872; 
 1888, 66,641. A Governor was elected in 1888. The next will 
 be elected in 1893. 
 Pluralities.— 1812, 3,386 (R.); 1876 (disputed); 1880, 4,310 (D.); 1884, 3,738 
 
 (D.); 1888, 13,904 (D.). 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 
 
 is 33,451. 
 New Counties. — Brevard, Citrus, De Soto, Lake, Lee, Osceola and Pasco 
 
 counties have been formed since 1872. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884^1888. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Alachua 354 (R.) 616 (D.) 
 
 JeflEerson 781 (R.).^ 11 (D.) 
 
 Leon 1,364 (R.) 1,126 (D.) 
 
 Madison 33 (R.) 544 (D.) 
 
 Manatee 454 (R.) 250 (D.) 
 
 Marion 513 (R.) 70 (D.) 
 
 Nassau 141 (R.) 47 (D.) 
 
 Volusia 65 (D.) 145 (R.) 
 
 From the above it may be noted that 8 counties changed sides 
 in 1888. 
 
 The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- 
 ally increasing Democratic plurality at presidential elections: 
 County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 ^ — 
 
 Baker 53. .. .95. ...109. ..161. ..330 
 
 Bradford 249. . .501. ...620. . .634. . .640 
 
 Brevard — . . . .53. . . .145. . .196. . .210 
 
 Hillsborough 41. ..604. ...717. . .905.. 1,013 
 
 Lafayette 101. . .247.. . .377. . .335. . .537 
 
 Polk 363. . .450. . . .499. . .692. . .958 
 
 Jfo. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 45 counties in 
 
 Florida. 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 269,493; 1890, 391,422. 
 The five most populous counties are: Duval (36,800); Alachua 
 (22,934); Marion (30,796); Escambia (30,188); Monroe (18,786). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendim. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
236 
 
 STATES AND TEKBITOKIES. 
 
 GEORGIA.. 
 
 
 "VV^rabum/ 
 
 
 *,sor 
 
 
 K M\^\fi- 
 
 ?^.r^,<«l.KESl"'=' 
 
 \hAHRI9 <;;_. 
 
 lORSA", ^ 
 PUTNAtJ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ^0, 
 
 
 
 
 .-^^ 
 
 >- I .5/)00GE>< o 
 
 
 r 
 iwrLCOjC 
 
 LTE 
 
 lfair\ 
 
 'TATTNALL,/- -^'^^W,0 
 
 >l 
 
 .-■' 
 
 3RTH^ 
 
 
 ', APPLING i" 
 
 .'' "'*/ 
 
 '>>. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 \*r-^ 
 
 •OECATUR iTHOMAS 
 \ ^l — 
 
 
 I'/ 
 
 As redistricted in 1891. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEBKITOEIES. 237 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Horace Greeley, Democratic and Liberal-Republican 
 candidate for President, having died before the electoral vote 
 was cast, the electors voted, as shown on page 42 (in the foot- 
 note). In 1876 Tilden (D.) received 11 votes; 1880, Hancock 
 (D.), 11; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 13; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 13. 
 There will be 13 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Vote.—IUTZ, 138,906; 1876, 180,534; 1880, l.')5,651; 1884,143,- 
 
 543; 1888, 143,939; 1890 (Gov.), 105,365 [no opposition]. 
 Pluralities.— ISTi, 9,806 (D.); 1876, 79,643 (D.); 1880, 49,874 (D.); 1884, 
 
 46,961 (D.); 1888, 60,003 (D.). 
 Increase or Decrease in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote 
 of 1876 over that of 1873 was 41,628. Since that time there has 
 been a decrease in round numbers as follows: 1880, 35,000; 
 1884, 12,000; 1888, 1,000; 1890 (Gov.) 37,000. The total de- 
 crease since 1876 is therefore, in round numbers, 75,000. 
 New Counties. — Oconee has been formed since 1872. 
 
 Variations in tlie County Vote, 1884r-1888. — Variations as under are recorded: 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Decatur 76 (R.) 805 (D.) 
 
 Glynn 222 (R.) 19 (D.) 
 
 Greene 77 (R.) 89 (D.) 
 
 Jasper 8 (R.) 411 (D.) 
 
 Talbot 424 (R.) 186 (D.) 
 
 Towns 18 (D. ) 2 (R.) 
 
 Variations in County Vote. —Although there is an unusually large number of 
 counties in Georgia, there are none having a gradually increas- 
 ing or decreasing Democratic or Republican plurality since 1872. 
 There are slight or considerable variations in every instance. 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 137 counties in 
 
 Georgia. 
 Po^raZaZiom.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,542,180; 1890, 1,837,- 
 353. 
 
 The iive most populous counties are : Fulton (84, 655) ; Chat- 
 ham (57,740); Richmond (45,194); Bibb (42,370); Burke (28,- 
 501). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
238 
 
 < 
 z 
 u 
 
 STATES AND TERBITOEIBS. 
 IDAHO. 
 
 H 
 
 a. 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 2C I 
 I 
 I 
 
 .LATA ' SHOSHONE I 
 
 f NEZ \ 
 
 • PERCES ^ — 
 
 ; 
 
 IDAHO 
 
 ■■) 
 
 1 
 
 i\. 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 •? r 1 CUSTER 's 
 
 \ iBOISE 1 I 
 
 ■> /^-l 
 
 h 
 
 I 
 
 A D A'^r^'"^ 
 \ i I 2 
 
 \ B 1 , 
 
 ALTURAS^'" ' 
 
 I , 
 
 ._4 L O 6 A 
 
 N-^ 
 
 B r N G H A 
 
 M 
 
 OWYH EE 
 
 V^ 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 ■"■\_ 
 
 C"A S S I.A 
 
 r-J 
 
 
 Idaho has but one Congressman, and therefore is not divided into Con- 
 gressional districts. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEKRITOBIES. 239 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 Electoral Vote. — Idaho was admitted to the Union July 3, 1890. There will 
 
 be three votes in 1892. 
 Total State Vote. — As a basis for comparison it may be stated that the total 
 vote cast for members of Congress, or, rather. Congressional 
 nominees, 1888, was 16,013. In 1890 the total vote for Gov- 
 ernor was 18,210. 
 Pluralities.— 1S88 (Congress), 1,747 (R.); 1890 (Governor), 2,314 (R.) 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — According to the foregoing figures the in- 
 crease in the popular vote, comparing 1888 with 1890, was 
 2,197. 
 New Counties. — Latah County voted for the first time, according to the 
 records, in 1888, and Elmore and Logan counties for the first 
 time m 1890. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1886-1890. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 CoTOTTT. 1886 (coiirG.) 1888 (cong.) 1890 (gov.) 
 
 Ada 168 (D.), 347 (R.), 51 (R.) 
 
 Bear Lake 20 (R.) 450 (D.) 117 (R.) 
 
 Boise 48 (R.) 107 (R.) 17 (D.) 
 
 Idaho 129 (D.) 110 (D.) 28 (R.) 
 
 Kootenai 125 (D.) 9 (D.) 167 (R.) 
 
 Nez Perces. . .304 (D.) 276 (I. R.). . . .43 (R.) 
 
 Owyhee 2 (D. ) 130 (R.) 112 (R.) 
 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 18 counties in 
 
 Idaho. 
 Population.— T:be population of the State, 1880, was 32,610; 1890, 84,385. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Bingham (13,575); 
 Latah (9,173); Ada (8,368); Oneida (6,819), and Bear Lake 
 (6,057). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
240 
 
 STATES ANO TEEKITOEIES. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 CHICAOO 
 
 -2-3-4 
 
 -3" 
 
 ICOOK GO. 
 
 1-2-3-4 
 
 No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
 Two Kepresentatives will be elected at large to the Fifty-third Congress. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEREIT0BIE3. 241 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 EUctoral VoU.—ln 1873 Grant (R.) received 31 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 31; 
 1880, Garfield (R.), 31; 1884, Blaine (R.), 33; 1888, Harrison 
 (R.), 32. There will be 34 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Vote.— ISK, 439,940; 1876, 554,066; 1880, 633,313; 1884, 673,- 
 849; 1888, 747,781. A Governor was elected in 1888. The next 
 will be elected in 1893. 
 Pluralitus.~1872, 53,948 (R.); 1876, 19,631 (R.); 1880, 40,716 (R.); 1884, 
 
 34,837 (R.); 1888, 33,195 (R.). 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1873 is 
 
 317,746. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
 noted : 
 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Coles 41 (D.) 138 (R.) 
 
 Lawrence 57 (D.) 36 (R.) 
 
 Madison 353 (D.) 310 (R.) 
 
 McDonough 1 (D.) 51 (R.) 
 
 Stephenson 198 (D.) 55 (R.) 
 
 Jackson 303 (R.) 65 (D.) 
 
 Marshall 38 (R.) 84 (D.) 
 
 Perry 3 (R.) 15 (D.) 
 
 From the above it may be noted that 8 counties changed sides 
 in 1888. 
 
 The figures as under will show the counties having a grad- 
 ually increasing or decreasing Republican or Democratic plu- 
 rality since 1873: 
 
 GRADUAL INCKEASB (k.). 
 
 County 1873. 1876. 1880. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Edwards 460. . ..504. . .603. . ..608. . ..653 
 
 Williamson 18 38. . . .38. . ..373. . ..337 
 
 GRADUAL DBCRBASB (R.). 
 
 County 1873 1876 1880 1884 1888 
 
 Champaign 1,837.. 1,437.. 1,348.. .1053.. 1,001 
 
 Jo Daviess 750. . .631. . .631. . .288 8 
 
 Piatt 510. . .491. . .337. . .259. . .335 
 
 Whitesides 1,936.. 1,730.. 1,703.. 1,460.. 1,390 
 
 Wo of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 103 counties in 
 
 Illinois. 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 3,077,871; in 1890, 
 3,836,351. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Cook (1,191,933); La 
 Salle (80,798); Peoria (70,378); St. Clair (66,571), and Kane (65,- 
 061). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
U2 
 
 STATES AmD TEREITOKIBS. 
 
 A 
 
 Ll I 
 
 < 1 
 I 
 I 
 
 V- 
 
 I -^ I d 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 ^ \ I (I 
 
 LA PORTE \STJOSEPH lEL'RHART LA 6RAN6EJSTEUBEN J 
 
 ^ri""!- — - t ' 
 
 I lO i' NOBLE (DEKALB | 
 
 ■Jmsciusko "'^w—— ! 1 
 
 STARKE MARSHALL!, 
 
 [PULABKI I FULTON 
 
 BENTON 
 
 JBENT 
 
 z I 5 
 
 O I 0. . 
 
 " ' --1 '0|CASS^ 
 
 WHITE |_ *° 
 JCARROLL] 
 
 VHITUev[ ALLEN 
 
 12 
 
 
 — -1 
 
 IWARREN 
 
 HOWARD 
 Q JCLINTON 
 
 I *»• I -ifc I -* ■ 2 a 
 
 "* rjr,cn 
 
 z 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 WndolphJ 
 
 As redistricted in 1891. 
 
 Digitize'd by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AlifD TERRITORIES. 243 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 Electoral Vote.— In 1873 Grant (R.) received 15 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 15; 
 1880, Garfield (R.), 15; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 15; 1888, Harri- 
 soH (R.), 15. There will be 15 votes in 1893. 
 Total State VoU.—181%, 351,196; 1876, 431,070; 1880, 470,678; 1884, 494,- 
 793; 1888, 536,901. The total vote cast for Secretary of State, 
 1890, was 477,643. 
 PZwaij7ie».— 1873, 31,098 (R.); 1876, 5,505 (D.); 1880, 6,636 (R.); 1884,6,513 
 
 (D.); 1888, 3,348 (R.); 1890 (Sec. of State), 19,579. 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 
 
 and 1888 was 185,705. 
 New Counties. — Hancock County has been formed since 1872. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Boone 199 (D.) 117 (R.) 
 
 Can-oil 123 (D.) 48 (R.) 
 
 Clinton 243 (D.) 341 (R.) 
 
 Daviess 303 (D.) 8 (R.) 
 
 Fountain 305 (D.) 83 (R.) 
 
 Huntington 19 (D.) 78 (R.) 
 
 Orange 33 (D.) 125 (R.) 
 
 Pike 56 (D.) 99 (R.) 
 
 Ripley 133 (D.) 34 (R.) 
 
 Spencer 122 (D.) 48 (R.) 
 
 Vanderburg 63 (D.) 137 (R.) 
 
 Marion 336 (R.) 379 (D.) 
 
 Switzerland 10 (R.) 77 (D.) 
 
 Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The vote for Secretary of State 
 does not show, strictly speaking, the party tendency; but as the 
 vote was heavy, and apparently created more than usual inter- 
 est, the variations may be of service. They are as follows: 
 CoTJNTT. 1888 (Pres.) 1890 (S. S.) 
 
 Boone 117 (R.) 106 (D.) 
 
 Carroll 48 (R.) 110 (D. ) 
 
 Fountain 83 (R.) 189 (D.) 
 
 Huntington 78 (R.) 365 (D.) 
 
 Jay 70 (R.) 181 (D.) 
 
 Monroe 389 (R.) 18 (D.) 
 
 Montgomery 348 (R.) 330 (D.) 
 
 Noble 47 (R.) 187 (D.) 
 
 Spencer 48 (R.) 401 (D.) 
 
 Vanderburg 188 (R.) 865 (D.) 
 
 Vermillion 292 (R.) 2 (D.) 
 
 Vigo 171 (R.) 592 (D.) 
 
 An analysis of the variations as stated above shows that 13 
 counties changed sides in 1888 and 13 in 1890. Boone, Carroll, 
 Fountain, Huntington, Spencer and Vanderburg counties 
 changed twice. 
 
 The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- 
 ally increasing Democratic plurality at presidential elections 
 since 1873: 
 
 County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 
 
 Adams 531. . . .1,165. ...1,213. ...1,503. ...1,659 
 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 93 counties in 
 
 Indiana. 
 Popalatum.—The: population of the State,1880, was 1,978,301; 1890,3,192,457. 
 The five most populous counties are: Marion (141,156), Allen 
 (66,689); Vanderburgh (59,809); Vigo (50^195; St. Joseph 
 (42,457). 
 
 For Congressional omd city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
!-i4 
 
 STATES AXD TEREITORIl:. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 No change in. Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TERRITORIES. 345 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 EUcioral Vote.—\n 1873 Grant (R.) received 11 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 11- 
 1880, Garfield, (R.), 11; 1884, Blaine (R.), 13; 1888, Harrison 
 (R.), 13. There will be 18 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Fote.— 1873, 304,983; 1876, 393,463; 1880, 333,706; 1884, 375,969- 
 1888, 404,130; 1889 (Gov.), 360,631; 1890 (Gov.), 390,305; 1891 
 (Gov.), 430,153. 
 Pluralities.— 1872, 58,149 (R.); 1876, 50,191 (R.); 1880, 78, 059 (R.); 1884, 
 19,773 (R.); 1888, 31,711(R.); 1889(Gov.), 6, 533 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 
 3,366 (R.); 1891 (Gov.), 8,316 (D.). 
 Increase in the Popular Vote.— The increase in the popular vote between 1873 
 
 and 1888 was 199,157. 
 Variations in t7ie County Vote,1884r-lS88.— The following variations are noted: 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Appanoose 68 (D.) 366 (R.) 
 
 Keokuk 319 (D.) 55 (R.) • 
 
 Marion 337 (D.) 53 (R.) 
 
 Monroe 33 (D.) 209 (R.) 
 
 Warren 348 (D.) 766 (R.) 
 
 Wayne 9 (D.) 311 (R.) 
 
 Bremer 306 (R.) 115 (D.) 
 
 Shelby 61 (R.) 48 (D.) 
 
 Variations in County Vote since 1888 — Variations as under are recorded, con- 
 sidering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with 
 that for Governor in 1891 : 
 
 County. 1888. 1891. 
 
 Benton 133 (R.) 561 (D.) 
 
 Cedar 3 (R.) 175 (D.) 
 
 Payette 599 (R.) 314 (D.) 
 
 Grundy 240 (R.) 107 (D.) 
 
 Harrison 134 (R.) 382 (D.) 
 
 Ida 182 (R.) 136 (D.) 
 
 Jones 341 (R.) 104 (D.) 
 
 Keokuk 55 (R.) 270 (D.) 
 
 Linn 874 (R.) 567 (D.) 
 
 Lyon 276 (R.) 240 (D.) 
 
 Marion 52 (R.) 366 (D.) 
 
 Montgomery 1,033 (R.) 750 (D.) 
 
 Tama 11 (R.) 307 (D.) 
 
 Wapello 181 (R.) 387 (D.) 
 
 Webster 544 (R.) 369 (D.) 
 
 Winneshiek 516 (R.) 90 (D.) 
 
 Woodbury 581 (R.) 1,453 (D.) 
 
 Bremer 115 (D.) 693 (R.) 
 
 Iowa 314 (D.) 699 (R.) 
 
 Palo Alto 10 (D.) 309 (R.) 
 
 Analysis of the above variations shows that 8 counties changed 
 sides in 1888 and 30 in 1891. 
 
 Keokuk and Marion counties changed twice (noting only the 
 elections of 1888 and 1891). 
 
 The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- 
 ally increasing Republican plurality at presidential elections: 
 County. 1873 1876 1880 1884 1888 
 
 Bmmett 140. . . . 310. . . .353 . . . .385. . . .367 
 
 Humboldt 388. . . . 340. . . .419 . . . .484. . . .596 
 
 Ifo. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 99 counties in Iowa. 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,624,615; 1890, 1,911,896. 
 The five most populous counties are: Polk (65,410); Wood- 
 bury (55,632); Dubuque (48,848); Pottawattainie, (47,430); Linn, 
 (45,303). 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
246 
 
 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 
 S 1 e M ! 
 
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 LLli- 1 i 
 
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 A3NNIJ i •*'^^J 
 
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 I U I Ll 
 
 n — = — ! 
 
 
 No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
 One Eepresentative will be elected at large to the Fifty-third Congress. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AlfD TERRITORIES. 
 
 w: 
 
 KATTSAS. 
 
 Gove, 
 
 Kiowa, 
 
 Scott, 
 
 Graham, 
 
 Lane, 
 
 Seward, 
 
 Grant, 
 
 Logan, 
 
 Sheridan, 
 
 Gray, 
 
 Meade, 
 
 Sherman, 
 
 Greely, 
 
 Morton, 
 
 Stafford, 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Ness, 
 
 Stanton, 
 
 Harper, 
 
 Pratt, 
 
 Stevens, 
 
 Hasten, 
 
 Pawnee, 
 
 Thomas, 
 
 Hodgeman, 
 
 Eooks, 
 
 Trego, 
 
 Kearney, 
 
 Rawlings, 
 
 Wichita. 
 
 Kingman, 
 
 Rush, 
 
 
 EleeUyral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 5 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 5; 
 1880, Garfield (R.), 5; 1884, Blaine (R.), 9; 1888, Harrison (R.), 
 9. There will be 10 votes in 1892. 
 Total State Fote.— 1872, 100,614; 1876, 124,110; 1880, 201,019; 1884, 265,- 
 
 843; 1888, 330,217; 1890 (Gov.), 294,588. 
 Pluralities.— IS'72, 33,482 (R.); 1876, 83,511 (R.); 1880, 61,731 (R.); 1884, 
 
 64,374 (R.); 1888, 79,190 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 8,053 (R.). 
 Increase in tJie Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1873 
 
 and 1888 was 329,603. 
 New Counties. — The following counties have been formed since 1872: 
 Barbour, 
 Chautauqua, 
 Cheyenne, 
 Clark, 
 Comanche, 
 Decatur, 
 Edwards, 
 Elk, 
 Finney, 
 Ford, 
 Garfield, 
 Variations in tlie Oounty Vote, 1884-1888. — Leavenworth County gave 
 Blaine (R.) 108 plurality in 1884, and Cleveland (D.), 344 plural- 
 ity in 1888. 
 Variations in the Oounty Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, 
 considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared 
 with that for Governor in 1890; 
 
 County. 1888. 1890. 
 
 Barton 135 (R.) 76 (F. A.) 
 
 Ellsworth 338 (R.) 4 (D.) 
 
 Ford 353 (R.) 64 (D.) 
 
 Sedgwick 3,046 (R.) 2,188 (D.) 
 
 Wyandotte 1,376 (R.) 905 (D.) 
 
 The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- 
 ally increasing Republican plurality at presidential elections: 
 County. 1873 1876 1880 1884 1888 
 
 Bourbon 626. . 1,149. . 1,159. . 1,303. .1,738 
 
 Decatur — . . . . — 144 255. . . .493 
 
 Harvey 376. . . .655. . . .969. . . .971. . 1,090 
 
 Hodgeman — — . . . .124 138. . . .343 
 
 Osborne 385. . . .473. . . .857. . . .969. . . .994 
 
 Republic 980. . . .983. . 1,314. . 1,377. . 1,390 
 
 Rice .160. . . .481. . . .610. . . .705. . . .917 
 
 Rooks — 67. . . .467. . . .600. . . .700 
 
 Sedgwick 508. . . .799. . . .934. . . .997. . 3,046 
 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 106 counties in 
 
 Kansas. 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 996,096; 1890, 1,437,- 
 096. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Wyandotte (54,407); 
 Shawnee (49,173); Sedgwick (43,636); Leavenworth, (38,485); 
 and Cowley (34,478). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
248 
 
 STATES AND TEREITORIES. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 
 /a ^ 
 
 ^■^- 
 
 
 
 As redistricted in 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEKEITOKIES. 249 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 ElecUyral Vote.— la 1873 Hendricks (D.) received 8 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 
 13; 1880, Hancock (D.), 13; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 13; 1888, 
 Cleveland (D.), 13. There will be 13 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Vote.— 1812, 191,135; 1876, 359,608; 1880,364,304; 1884,375,915; 
 
 1888, 344,781; 1891 (Gov.), 389,176. 
 Pluralities.— X^li, 8,855 (D.); 1876, 59,773 (D.); 1880, 43,449 (D.); 1884, 
 
 34,839 (D.); 1888, 88,666 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 38,081 (D.). 
 Increase in ihe Popular Vote.— The, increase in tlie popular vote between 1873 
 
 and 1888 was 153,646. 
 New CoMTifees.— Carlisle, Knott and Leslie counties have been formed since 
 
 1873. 
 Variations in ihe County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Adair 70 (D.) 155 (R.) 
 
 Bourbon 8 (D.) 63 (R.) 
 
 Casey 6 (D.) 79 (R.) 
 
 Edmondson 88 (D.) 2 (R.) 
 
 Grayson 146 (D.) 53 (R.) 
 
 Lawrence 188 (D.) 62 (R.) 
 
 Martin 223 (D.) 307 (R.) 
 
 Muhlenburg 287 (D.) 49 (R.) 
 
 Ohio 174 (D.) 34 (R.) 
 
 Perry 234 (D.) 403 (R.) 
 
 Pike 69 (D.) 17 (R.) 
 
 Russell 58 (D.) 107 (R.) 
 
 Trigg 416 (D.) 50 (R.) 
 
 Washington H (D.) 37 (R.) 
 
 Campbell 206 (R.) 19 (D.) 
 
 Fayette 407 (R.) 134 (D.) 
 
 Va/viatiims in the County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, 
 considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared 
 with that for Governor in 1891: 
 
 County. 1888. 1891. 
 
 Bourbon 63 (R.) 3 (D.) 
 
 Grayson 52 (R.) 120 (D.) 
 
 Ohio 34 (R.) 107 (D.) 
 
 Pike 17 (R.) 108 (D.) 
 
 Trigg 50 (R.) 202 (D.) 
 
 Washington 37 (R.) 169 (D.) 
 
 Campbell 19 (D.) 57 (R.) 
 
 Fayette 134 (D.) 138 (R.) 
 
 From the above statements it may be seen that 16 counties 
 changed sides in 1888, and 8 counties in 1891. 
 
 Bourbon, Grayson, Ohio, Pike, Trigg, Washington, Camp- 
 bell and Fayette counties changed sides twice. 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 159 counties in 
 
 Kentucky. 
 Population.— H^ie population of the State, 1880, was 1,648,690; 1890, 1,858,- 
 635. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Jefferson (188,598); 
 Kenton (54,161); Campbell (44,208); Fayette (35,698); and 
 Christian (34,118). 
 
 Foi' Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 19b 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
250 
 
 STATES AND TEREITOEIES. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 (/) 
 
 No change iu Congressional districts under reappomonment act of 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEKEITOKIBS. 251 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 Electoral Vote. — For particulars concerning the electoral vote for 1873, see 
 
 foot-note on page 43. In 1876 Hayes (R. ) received 8 votes; 1880, 
 
 Hancock (D.), 8; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 8; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 
 
 8 votes. There will be 8 votes in 1893. 
 
 Total StaU Fote.— 1873, 138,693; 1876, 145,643; 1880, 97,901; 1884, 109,334; 
 
 1888, 115,894; 1891 (Gov.), 174,890. 
 Pluralities.— im, 14,634 (R.); 1876, 4,637 (R.); 1880, 37,316 (D.); 1884, 16,- 
 
 199 (D.); 1888, 54,548 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 33.531 (D.). 
 Increase or Decrease in the Popular Vote. — Comparing 1873 witli 1888, there 
 was a decrease of 13,948 in the popular vote; comparing 1873 
 with 1891, an increase of 46,198 is noted. 
 New Parishes. — Terre Bonne, Acadia, Carroll (West), Jefferson (R. B.), Jef- 
 fei-son (L. B.), Lincoln, St. James and St. Tammany Parishes 
 have heen formed since 1873. 
 Variations in, the Parish Vote, 1884r-1888. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 Pabish. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Ascension 1,213 (R.) 1,075 (D.) 
 
 Assumption 658 (R.) 1,194 (D.) 
 
 Avoyelles 73 (R.) 900 (D.) 
 
 Carroll (E.) 1,037 (R.) 1,633 (D.) 
 
 Concordia 1,384 (R.) 3,011 (D.) 
 
 Iberville 1,931 (R.) 955 (D.) 
 
 Madison 470 (R.) 3,357 (D.) 
 
 Point Coupee 330 (R.) 87 (D.) - 
 
 St. Bernard 103 (R.) 311 (D.) 
 
 St. Martin's 452 (R.) 1,005 (D.) 
 
 St. Mary's 2,066 (R.) 336 (D.) 
 
 Terre Bonne 639 (B.) 410 (D.) 
 
 Variations in the Parish Vote since 1888. — It would hardly be fair to make 
 any comparison to include the last vote for Governor, owing to 
 the somewhat peculiar and extraordinary features of the con- 
 test, there being no less than five candidates for the oflSce. Ac- 
 cording to amended returns, Foster received 79,370 votes; Mc- 
 Enery, 46,739; Leonard, 39,014; Breaux, 11,308; and Tannehill, 
 8,559. 
 
 Tangipahoa parish has the record of a gradually increasing 
 Democratic plurality from 1872 to 1888, the figures being as 
 follows: 164, 290, 375, 416, 511. 
 No. of Parishes. — There are 59 parishes in Louisiana. 
 
 Population.— TTnQ population of the State, 1880, was 989,946; 1890, 1,118,- 
 587. 
 
 The five most populous parishes are: Orleans (243,039); St. 
 Landry (40,350); Caddo (31,555); Rapides (37,643); and East 
 Baton Rouge (35,933). 
 
 F(yr Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
352 
 
 STATES AND TEERITOKIES. 
 
 No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TERRITORIES. 253 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 Electoral Vole.— hi 1873 Grant (R.) received 7 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 7; 
 
 1880, Gai-tield (R.), 7; 1884, Blaine (R.), 6; 1888, Harrison (R.), 
 
 6. There will be 6 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Fofe.— 1873, 90,509; 1876, 116,786; 1880, 143,853; 1884, 139,509; 
 
 1888, 138,350; 1890 (Gov.), 113,834. 
 Pluralities.— 1812, 33,335 (R.); 1876, 15,814 (R.); 1880, 8,868 (R.); 1884, 
 
 30,060 (R.); 1888, 38,353 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 18,883 (R.). 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1873 
 
 and 1888 was 37,741. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— Although 5 counties gave a de- 
 creased Republican plurality in 1888, none of the counties 
 
 changed sides. 
 Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — Waldo County gave Harrison 
 
 (R.) a plurality of 619 in 1888, and Thompson (D.) a plurality 
 
 of 15 in 1890. 
 No. of Counties. — There are 16 counties in Maine. 
 
 Population.— Tlhe population of the State, 1880, was 648,936; 1890, 661,086. 
 The five most populous counties are Cumberland (90,949); 
 
 Penobscot (73,865); York (63,839); Kennebec (57,013); and 
 
 Aroostook (49,589). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
254 
 
 STATES AKD TEEEITOEIES. 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AN'D TERRITORIES. 255 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Electoral Fofe.— In 1872 Hendricks (D.) received 8 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 
 8; 1880, Hancock (D.), 8; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 8; 1888, Cleve- 
 land (D.), 8. There will be 8 votes in 1892. 
 Total State Vote.— 1812, 134,466; 1876, 163,804; 1880, 173,039; 1884, 186,- 
 
 019; 1888, 210,921; 1891 (Gov.), 192,047. 
 Pluralities.— i8'72, 908 (D.); 1876, 19,756 (D.); 1880, 15,191 (D.); 1884, 11,- 
 
 118 (D.); 1888, 6,182 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 30,151. 
 Increase in tlie Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 
 
 1872 and 1888 was 76,455. 
 New Counties. — Garrett County has been formed since 1872. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884^-1888. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 CoTJNTY. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Anne Arundel 239 (D.) 13 (R.) 
 
 Talbot 7(D.) 162 (R.) 
 
 Caroline 34 (D.) 79 (R.) 
 
 Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The variations since the last pres- 
 idential election are as under: 
 
 County. 1888. 1891. (Gov.) 
 
 Anne Arundel 13 (R.) 991 (D.) 
 
 Calvert 230 (R.) 148 (D.) 
 
 Caroline 70 (R.) 352 (D.) 
 
 Charles 1 (R) 379 (D.) 
 
 Dorchester 488 (R.) 378 (D.) 
 
 Frederick 437 (R.) 350 (D.) 
 
 Somerset 447 (R.) 220 (D.) 
 
 St. Mary's 221 (R.) 308 (D.) 
 
 Talbot 162 (R.) 356 (D.) 
 
 Washmgton 394 (R.) 204 (D.) 
 
 From the above statements it may be seen that 3 counties 
 changed sides in 1888 and 10 in 1891. 
 
 Anne Arundel, Caroline and Talbot Counties have changed 
 sides twice. 
 
 Garrett County has given a gradually increasing Republican 
 plurality since 1876 at presidential elections, as follows: 17, 86, 
 197, 294. 
 No. of Counties. — There are 24 counties in Maryland. 
 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 934,943; 1890, 1,042,- 
 390. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Baltimore [including 
 Baltimore city] (507,348); Frederick (49,512); Allegany (41,571); 
 Washington (39,782), and Anne Arundel (34,094). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
256 
 
 STATES AND TEREITOEIES. 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 As redistricted in 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEBEITORIES. 357 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Electoral Yoie.—\a. 1873 Grant (R.) received 13 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 13; 
 1880, Garfield (R.), 13; 1884, Blaine (R.), 14; 1888, Harrison 
 (R.), 14. There will be 15 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Fote.— 1873, 193,733; 1876, 359,703; 1880, 383,513; 1884, 303,383; 
 1888, 344,508; 1889 (Gov.), 363,111; 1890 (Gov.), 385,536; 1891 
 (Gov.), 331,673. 
 Pluralities.— 1872, 74,313 (R.); 1876, 40,423 (R.); 1880, 53,315 (R.); 1884, 
 34,373 (R.); 1888, 33,037 (R.); 1889 (Gov.), 38,069 (R.); 1890 
 (Gov.), 9,053 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 6,467 (D.). 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1873 
 
 and 1888 was 151,716. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884^1888. — None of the counties changed 
 sides in 1888, but Bristol County gave a decreased Republican 
 plurality. Worcester County has a similar record. Suffolk 
 County recorded a decreased Democratic plurality of nearly 
 4,000. 
 Variations in tTie Count;/ Vote since 1888. — The following variations are 
 noted, considering only the vote for President in 1888 as com- 
 pared with that for Governor in 1891 : 
 
 County. 1888. 1891. (Gov.) 
 
 Berkshire 753 (R.) 436 (D.) 
 
 Hampden 3,196 (R.) 1,189 (D.) 
 
 Norfolk 3,041 (R.) 238 (D.) 
 
 No. of Counties. — There are 14 counties in Massachusetts. 
 Population.— l^iR population of the State, 1880, was 1,783,085; 1890, 3,338,- 
 943. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Suffolk (484,780); Mid- 
 dlesex (431,167); Essex (399,995); Worcester (380,787), and Bris- 
 tol (186,465). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
258 
 
 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 MrCHIGAN. 
 
 
 
 D/g*g^i^i, 
 
STATES AND TEBRITORIES. 259 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Electoral Vote.— In 1873 Grant (R.) received 11 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 11; 
 1880, Garfield (R.), 11; 1884, Blaine (R.), 13; 1888, Harrison 
 (R.), 13. There will he 14 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Foi!«.— 1873, 230,943; 1876, 316,689; 1880, 853,441; 1884, 401,- 
 
 186; 1888, 476,373; 1890 (Gov.), 397,779. 
 Pluralities.— 1S72, 55,968 (R.); 1876, 15,543 (R.); 1880, 53,890 (R.); 1884, 
 
 3,308 (R.); 1888, 33,911 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 11,530 (D.). 
 Increase in iJie Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote from 1873 
 
 to 1888 -was 354,371. 
 Wew Counties. — Alger, Arenac, Baraga, Crawford, Gladwin, Gogebec, Iron, 
 Keweenaw, Luce, Montmorency, Oscoda, Ogemaw, Otsego 
 and Roscommon Counties have been formed since 1872. 
 Variatio7is in the County Vote, 1884^1888. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 County. 1884. 1888. Coxinty. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Arenac 384 (D.) 96 (R.) Shiawassee . .436 (D.) 830 (R.) 
 
 Barry 388 (D.) 536 (R.) St. Clair 651 (D.) 133 (R.) 
 
 Berrien 13 (D.) 439 (R.) Baraga 89 (R.) 17 (D.) 
 
 Clinton 438 (D.). . . .245 (R.) Crawford. . . .81 (R.) 43 (D.) 
 
 Gratiot 60 (D.). . . .818 (R.) Iosco 153 (R.) 134 (D.) 
 
 Ionia 262 (D,). . . .657 (R.) Oakland ... .544 (R.) 31 (D.) 
 
 Jackson .... 648 (D.). . . .476 (R.) Oscoda 113 (R.) 33 (D.) 
 
 Kent 683 (D.) 947 (R.) Presquelsle.169 (R.) 76 (D.) 
 
 Newaygo ... .80 (D.). . . .516 (R.) Wayne . . . 3,615 (R.). . . . 4,660 (D.) 
 
 Roscommon. . . 8 (D.) 3 (R.) 
 
 Variations in ifie County Vote since 1888 — The variations since the last pres- 
 idential election are as under: 
 County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) 
 
 Arenac 96 (R.) 139 (D.) Oceana 300 (R.) 336 (D.) 
 
 Berrien 439 (R.) 277 (D.) Ogemaw 41 (R.) 5 (D.) 
 
 Clinton 345 (R.) 300 (D.) Ontonagon. .334(R.) 335 (D.) 
 
 Delta 255 (R.) 280 (D.) Osceola. . ; . .793 (R.) 38 (D.) 
 
 Genesee. . . 1,500 (R.). . . .147 (D.) Ottawa . . . 1,111 (R.) 144 (D.) 
 
 Ionia 657 (R.) 35 (D.) Roscommon. . .3 (R.) 97 (D.) 
 
 Iron 78 (R.) 46 (D.) Schoolcraft . . .1 (R.) 187 (D.) 
 
 Jackson 476 (R.) 770 (D.) Shiawassee. .830 (R.) 77 (D.) 
 
 Kent 947 (R.) . .2,059 (D.) St. Clair. . . .183 (R.) 904 (D.) 
 
 Lewanee 804 (R.) 390 (D.) Iosco 184 (D.) 3 (R.) 
 
 Mason 134 (R.) 81 (D.) Montmorency .3 (D.) 32 (R.) 
 
 Muskegon. 1,007 (R.) 391 (D.) Oscoda .33 (D.) 75 (R.) 
 
 From the above statements it will be seen that 19 counties 
 changed sides in 188S, and 24 in 1890. 
 
 Arenac, Berrien, Clinton, Ionia, Iosco, Jackson, Kent, Os- 
 coda, Roscommon, Shiawassee and St. Clair have changed 
 sides twice. 
 Ifo. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 84 counties in 
 
 Michigan. 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,636,937; 1890, 3,093,- 
 889. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Wayne (357,114); Kent 
 (109,933) ; Saginaw (83,273) ; Bay (56,412), and St. Clair 
 (53,105). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
360 
 
 STATES AND TEEEITORIES. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 : KITTSON 
 
 h 
 
 MARSHALL 
 
 V- 
 
 POLK 
 
 INORMAN 
 
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 ICLAY 
 
 hJ CI 
 
 z<t 
 
 wz 
 
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 m > 
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 TODDt ^'s. \ 
 
 
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 [carlton. 
 
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 LAKE. 
 
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 ICOOK^^ 
 
 y 
 
 !/ 
 
 N 
 
 St.Paui. 
 
 • <ri '> ir^*v 
 
 ^ IMOWERf , vO 
 
 As redistricted in 1891. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AKD TEKEITOEIES. 261 
 
 MUTNESOTA. 
 
 sudoral Vote.— In 1873 Grant (R.) received 5 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 5; 
 1880, Garfield (R.), 5; 1884, Blaine (R.), 7; 1888, Harrison (R.), 
 7. There will be 9 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Fofe.— 1873, 89,540; 1876, 134,394; 1880, 150,771; 1884, 190,017; 
 
 1888, 363,385; 1890 (Gov.), 340,893. 
 Pluralities.— IS'72, 20,694 (R.); 1876, 31,780 (R.); 1880, 40,588 (R.); 1884, 
 
 41,630 (R.); 1888, 38,106 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 3,367 (R.). 
 Increase in tlie Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 
 
 1873 and 1888 was 173,766. 
 New Counties. — ^Beltrami, Cook, Hubbard, Isanti, Itasca, Kittson, Lalte, Le 
 Sueur, Lyon, Murray, Marshall, Nobles, Norman, Pipestone, 
 Sibley, Traverse and Wadena Counties have been formed since 
 1873. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Cook 38 (R.) 5 (D.) 
 
 Ramsey 1,303 (R.) 933 (D.) 
 
 Hubbard 36 (R.) 13 (D.) 
 
 Variations in tlie County Vote since 1888. — The variations since the last pres- 
 idential election are as under: 
 
 COTWTY. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) 
 
 Hennepin 6,170 (R.) 3,038 (D.) 
 
 Houston 348 (R.) 71 (D.) 
 
 Jackson 543 (R.) 91 (F. A.) 
 
 Le Sueur 194 (R.) 654 (D.) 
 
 Lincohi 304 (R.) 431 (F. A.) 
 
 Olmsted 338 (R.) 86 (D.) 
 
 Polk 1,385 (R.) 3,430 (F. A.) 
 
 Swift 356 (R.) 313 (F. A.) 
 
 Traverse 93 (R.) 391 (F. A.) 
 
 Waseca 338 (R.) 114 (D.) 
 
 Benton 335 (D.) 166 (D.) 
 
 Cook : 5(D.) 39 (R.) 
 
 Hubbard 13 (D.) 117 (F. A.) 
 
 Itasca 47 (D.) 107 (R.) 
 
 From the above statements it will be seen that 3 counties 
 changed sides in 1888, and 14 in 1890. 
 Cook and Hubbard Counties changed twice. 
 No. of Counties, — According to the latest reports, there are 80 counties in 
 
 Minnesota. 
 Population.— 'She population of the State, 1880, was 780,773; 1890, 1,301,- 
 836. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Hennepin (185,294); 
 Ramsey (139,796); St. Louis (44,863); Stearns (34,844), and 
 Otter Tail (34,333). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
263 
 
 STATES AND TEKEITOBIES. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 No change in Congressioual districts under reapportionment act cf 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEKEIT0RIE8. 263 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 Electoral Yote.—\n 1873 Grant (R.) received 8 votes; 1876, Tilden (D), 8; 
 1880, Hancock (D.), 8; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 9; 1888, Cleveland 
 (D.), 9. There will be 9 votes in 1892. 
 Total State Fote.— 1873, 139,463; 1876, 164,778; 1880, 117,078; 1884, 130,- 
 
 019; 1888, 115,807; 1889 (Gov.), 84,939 (no opposition). 
 Pluralities.— y%1%. 34,887 (R.); 1876, 59,568 (D.); 1880, 40,896 (D.); 1884, 
 
 83,001 (D.); 1888, 55,375 (D.). 
 Decrease in the Popular Vote. — The decrease in the popular vote between 
 
 1873 and 1888 was 13,656. 
 New Counties. — Quitman, Sumner, Tate, Webster and Sharkey Counties have 
 
 been formed since 1873. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 CouHTY. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Attala 53 (R.) 997 (D.) 
 
 Grenada 117 (R.) 455 (D.) 
 
 Panola 849 (R.) 539 (D.) 
 
 Washington 874 (R.) 538 (D.) 
 
 Quitman 3 (D.) 63 (R.) 
 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 75 counties in 
 
 Po?ntto<«o».— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,131,597; 1890, 1,389,- 
 600. 
 
 The five most populous counties ai'e: Washington (40,414); 
 Hinds (39,379); Yazoo (36,394); Warren (33,164), and Holmes 
 (30,970). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
264 
 
 STATES AND TEEEITORIBS. 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 0) 
 I 
 
 00 
 
 
 No change in Congressional districts vmder reapportionment act of 1890. 
 One member-at-large will be elected. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TBERITORIES. 265 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 Electoral YoU.—ln 1873 Hendricks (D.) received 6 votes; 1876, Tilden (D ) 
 15; 1880, Hancock (D.), 15; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 16; 1888, 
 Cleveland (D.), 16. There vs^ill be 17 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Fote.— 1873, 373,050; 1876,351,604; 1880,397,331; 1884,441,074; 
 1888, 511,403. An election for Judge of the Supreme Court 
 was held in 1890, but has no political significance for purposes 
 of comparison with Presidential votes, although a heavv vote 
 (464,336) is recorded. 
 Pluralities— \%n%, 39,809 (D.); 1876, 54,889 (D.); 1880, 55,043 (D.); 1884, 
 33,059 (D.); 1888, 35,717 (D.). The plurality in 1890, at the 
 election of judge of the Supreme Court was 61,788 (D.). 
 Increase in the Popular Foie.— The increase in the popular vote between 1873 
 
 and 1888 was 350,148. 
 New Counties.— Douglas, Putnam, St. Louis City and St. Louis County have 
 
 been formed as counties since 1873. 
 Yariatiom in the Gounty Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 CoDNTY. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Barry 76 (E.) 59 (D.) 
 
 Livingston 197 (R.) 51 (D.) 
 
 Linn Ill (R.) 83 (D.) 
 
 Daviess 88 (R.) 371 (D.) 
 
 Worth 138 (R.) 18 (D.) 
 
 Cape Girardeau 6 (D.) 304 (R.) 
 
 Crawford 53 (D.) 83 (R.) 
 
 Carroll 119 (D.) 34 (R.) 
 
 Pettis 410 (B.) 37 (R.) 
 
 St. Louis City 577 (D.) 6,355 (R.) 
 
 Counties as under have recorded a gradually increasing Re- 
 publican plurality since 1873: 
 County. 1873 1876 
 
 Grundy 649. . . .697. . 
 
 Stone 336. ...373.. 
 
 "Warren 440 450. . 
 
 "Wright 69. ...107. . 
 
 Putnam 669. . 
 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest repoi-ts, there are 115 counties in 
 
 Missouri. 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 3,168,380; 1890, 3,679,- 
 184. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: St. Louis City (451,770); 
 Jackson (160,510); Buchanan (70,100); Jasper (50,500), and 
 Greene (48,616). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 30b 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
 1880 
 
 1884 
 
 1888 
 
 .815. . 
 
 . .933. . 
 
 ..981 
 
 .395. . 
 
 . .439. . 
 
 . .551 
 
 .681.. 
 
 . .753. . 
 
 ..800 
 
 .383. . 
 
 . .393. . 
 
 ..601 
 
 .788. . 
 
 ..901.. 
 
 ..940 
 
266 
 
 STATES AKD TBKRITOKIBS. 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 No change in Congiessionai districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEREITOKIES. 367 
 
 MONT ANA. 
 
 Electoral Vote. — Montana was admitted to the Union November 8, 1889. 
 
 There will be 3 votes m 1892. 
 Total State Vote. — As a basis for comparison, it may be stated that the total 
 vote cast for members of Congress, or, rather. Congressional 
 nominees, in 1888, was 40,014. In 1889 the total vote for Gov- 
 ernor was 38,553. In 1890 the Congressional vote was 31,090. 
 Pluralities.— im9 (Cong.), 5,126 (R.); 1889 (Gov.), 556 (D.); 1890 (Cong.), 
 
 383 (D.). 
 Decrease in tlie Popular Vote. — According to the foregoing figures, the de- 
 crease in the popular vote, comparing 1888 with 1889 (rather 
 than 1890), was 1,462. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1888-1890. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 County. 1888 (Cong.) 1889 (Gov.) 1890 (Cong.) 
 
 Choteau 322 (D.) 33 (R.) 1 (D.) 
 
 Deer Lodge 1,111 (R.) 546 (D.) 680 (D.) 
 
 JeSerson 169 (R.) 106 (D.) 9 (D.) 
 
 Lewis and Clarke .515 (R.) 311 (D.) 98 (D.) 
 
 Meagher 157 (R.) 36 (D.) 54 (R. ) 
 
 Missoula 678 (R.) 37 (R.) 66 (D.) 
 
 Silver Bow 1,533 (R.) 166 (D.) 193 (D.) 
 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 16 counties in 
 
 Montana. 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 89,159; 1890, 133,159. 
 The five most populous counties are: Silver Bow (33,744); 
 Lewis and Clarke (19,145); Deer Lodge (15,155); Missoula (14,- 
 437), and Cascade (8,755). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
268 
 
 STATES AND TEREITORIES. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 r/HTTr — - 
 
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 As redistricted in 1891. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AKD TEERITOEIES. 269 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 3 votes; 1876, 'Ra.j&A (R.), 3; 
 1880, Garfield (R.), 3; 1884, Blaine (R.), 5; 1888, Harrison (R.), 
 5. There will be 8 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Vote.— 1873, 26,141; 1876, 53,389; 1880, 87,355; 1884, 134,204; 
 
 1888, 303,653; 1890 (Gov.), 314,090. 
 Pluralities.—WTi, 10,517 (R.); 1876, 10,336 (R.); 1880, 26,456 (R.); 1884, 
 
 33,512 (R.); 1888, 27,873 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 1,144 (D.). 
 Increase in the Popular Vote, — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 
 is 187,949. This number is the difference between the total 
 vote cast for President in 1872 and that for Governor in 1890. 
 New Counties. — Blaine, Box Butte, Brown, Chase, Cherry, Custer, Dawes, 
 Dundy, Furnas, Garfield, Gosper, Grant, Greeley, Hayes, 
 Hitchcock, Holt, Keith, Keya Paha, Knox, Logan, Loup, Mad- 
 ison, Nance, Perkins, Phelps, Red Willow, Sheridan, Sherman, 
 Sioux, Thomas, Valley and Wheeler Counties have been formed 
 since 1872. 
 Variations in the Gounty Vote, 1884^1888. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Dakota 18 (R.) 190 (D.) 
 
 Douglas 393 (R.) 573 (D.) 
 
 Otoe 84 (R.) 98 (D.) 
 
 Pierce 47 (R.) 19 (D.) 
 
 Sarpy 6 (R.) 217 (D.) 
 
 Keith 5 (D.) 56 (R.) 
 
 Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The following variations are on 
 record, considering the Presidential vote of 1888 as compared 
 with that of Governor in 1890: 
 
 County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) 
 
 Cass 128 (R.) 250 (D.) 
 
 Hall 398 (R.) 326 (D.) 
 
 Holt 458 (R.) 271 (F. A.) 
 
 Washington 331 (R.) 451 (D.) 
 
 Wayne 173 (R.) 144 (D.) 
 
 Seward 146 (R.) 240 (D.) 
 
 Grant 7 (D.) 2 (R.) 
 
 Greeley 50 (D.) 512 (Ind.) 
 
 Howard 47 (D.) 387 (Ind.) 
 
 Sioux 6 (D.) 3 (R.) 
 
 The counties named as under gave an increasing Republican 
 plurality from 1872 to 1888 at Presidential elections: 
 County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 
 
 Burt 183. . . .364. . . .630. . . .921. . 1,014 
 
 Dawson 7 95. . . .168. . . .302. . . .473 
 
 Nuckolls 43. . . .119. . . .263. . . .400. . . .509 
 
 From the above statement it will be seen that 6 counties 
 changed sides in 1888, and 10 in 1890. 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 90 counties in 
 
 Pomlation.— The population of the State, 1880, was 452,402; 1890, 1,058,910. 
 The five most populous counties are: Douglas (158,008); 
 
 Lancaster (76,395); Gage (36,344); Otoe (25,403), and Adams 
 
 (24,803.) 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
270 
 
 STATES AND TEKKITORIES. 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 ! T T" 
 
 / < I 
 
 ••-1 
 
 o ; 
 
 / HUMBOLDT 
 
 :( 
 
 ! t 
 
 ELKO 
 
 ^ v 
 
 --^ 
 
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 k^^>bN. 
 
 
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 <\ H 
 
 q: 
 
 D 
 
 WHITE PINE 
 
 \ 1 L. 
 
 Nevada having but one Congressman is not divided into Congressional 
 districts. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEERITORIES. 271 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 Electoral Vote —In 1872 Grant (R.) received 3 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 3; 
 
 1880, Hancock (D.), 3; 1884, Blaine (R.), 3; 1888, Harrison (R.), 
 
 3. Tliere wUl be 3 votes in 1892. 
 Total State Vote.— 1872, 14,649; 1876, 19,691; 1880, 18,343; 1884, 12,797; 
 
 1888, 12,632; 1890 (Gov.), 13,392. 
 Pluralities.— 1812, 3,177 (R.); 1876, 1,075 (R.); 1880, 879 (D.); 1884, 1,615 
 
 (R.); 1888, 1,867 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 810 (R.). 
 Decrease in the Popular Vote. — The decrease in tlie popular vote between 
 
 1873 and 1888 was 3,017. 
 New Counties.- — Eureka County has been formed since 1872. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — Churchill County gave Blaine 
 
 (R.) a plurality of 8 in 1884, and Cleveland (D.) a plurality of 
 
 3 in 1888. 
 Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — ^Elko County gave Harrison (R.) 
 
 a plurality of 98 in 1888, and Winters (D.) a plurality of 150 in 
 
 1890 for Governor. 
 Nye County gave Harrison (R.) a plurality of 61 in 1888 and 
 
 Winters (D.) a plurality of 9 in 1890. 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, thei-e are 14 counties in 
 
 Popwiaftom.— The population of the State, 1880, was 62,266; in 1890, 45,761. 
 The five most populous counties are: Storey (8,806); Washoe 
 (6,437); Ormsby (4,883); Elko (4,794), and Humboldt (3,434). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
27-3 
 
 STATES AND TEEEITORIES. 
 
 
 NEAV HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 I 
 
 J 
 
 ( 
 
 ..-^ 
 
 Mi 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 ) 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 L 
 
 o 
 
 / 
 
 / 
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 „.x 
 
 
 
 %°^^fi 
 
 
 tfe? 
 
 
 ROCKINGHAM 
 
 No change in ConP^ffiI©l/c!IS^iT}WKIifeiii®fif@PPOrtionnient act of 1890. 
 
STATES AND TERKITOKIES. 273 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Electoral Vote.— In 1873 Grant (R.) received 5 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 5; 
 
 1880, Garfield (R.), 5; 1884, Blaine (R.), 4; 1888, Harrison (R.), 
 
 4. There will be 4 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Fote.— 1873, 68,893; 1876, 80,048; 1880, 86,863; 1884, 84,566; 
 
 1888, 90,839; 1890 (Gov.), 86,340. 
 Pluralities— 1872, 5,444 (R.); 1876, 3,954 (R.); 1880, 4,058 (R.); 1884, 4,063 
 
 (R.); 1888, 3,373 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 93 (R.). 
 Increase in thePopular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1873 
 
 and 1888 was 31,941. 
 Variations in ilie County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
 
 noted: 
 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Belknap 9(D.) 150 (R.) 
 
 Merrimack 493 (R.) 118 (D.) 
 
 Rockingham 480 (R.) 103 (D.) 
 
 Variations in the County Vote nince 1888. — Grafton County gave Harrison 
 
 (R.) 39 plurality in 1888, and Amsden (D.) a plurality of 414 in 
 
 1890 for Governor; Merrimack County gave Cleveland (D.) a 
 
 plurality of 118 in 1888, and Tuttle (R.) a plurality of 119 in 
 
 1890 for Governor. 
 No. of Counties. — There are 10 counties in New Hampshire. 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 346,991; 1890, 376,530. 
 The five most populous counties are: Hillsborough (93,347); 
 
 Rockingham (49,650); Merrimack (49,435); Strafford (38,443), 
 
 and Grafton (37,317). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
274 
 
 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 As redistricted in 1891. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TERRITORIES. 375 
 
 ITEW JERSEY. 
 
 Electoral Vote.— In 1873 Grant (R.) received 9 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 9: 
 1880, Hancock (D.), 9; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 9; 1888, Cleveland 
 (D.), 9. There will be 10 votes in 1893. 
 
 Total State Vote.— 19,12, 168,743; 1876, 330,336; 1880, 345,938; 1884, 361,537; 
 1888, 303,741; 1889 (Gov.), 269,103. 
 
 Pluralities.— 18112, 14,570 (R.); 1876, 11,690 (D.); 1880, 3,010 (D.); 1884, 
 4,413 (D.); 1888, 7,149 (D.); 1889 (Gov.), 14,353 (D.). 
 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — The Increase in the popular vote between 1873 
 and 1888 was 134,999. 
 
 Variations in the County Vote. — None of the counties changed sides in 1888, 
 comparing results with those of 1884. In considering the vote of 
 1888 for President in comparison with the vote of 1889 for Gov- 
 ernor, it is noted that Essex County gave Harrison (R.) a plu- 
 rality of 116 in 1888, and Abbett (D.) a plurality of 858 in 1890 
 for Governor. Morris County gave Harrison (R.) a plurality of 
 246 in 1888, and Abbett (D.) a plurality of 100 in 1890. 
 
 iVb. of Counties. — There are 31 counties in New Jersey. 
 
 Populaiion.—The population of the State, 1880, was 1,131,116; 1890, 1,444,- 
 933. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Hudson (375,136); 
 Essex (356,098); Passaic (105,046); Camden (87,687), and Mer- 
 cer (79,978). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
276 
 
 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TERRITORIES 
 
 277 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 1884, 
 1884, 
 
 Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 35 votes; 1876, Tilden (D ) 35 • 
 1880, Garfield (R.), 35; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 36 ; 1888, Harrison 
 (R.), 36. There will be 36 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Vot6,—im%, 839,672; 1876, 1,015,503; 1880, 1,104 605- 
 
 1,171,313; 1888, 1,331,149; 1891 (Gov.). 1,162,853. 
 PluraUties,~im%, 51,800 (R.) ; 1876, 36,568 (D.) ; 1880, 31,033 (R.) ; 
 
 1,047 (D.) ; 1888, 13,003 (R.) ; 1891 (Gov.), 47,937 (D.). 
 Increase in ilie Popular Vote.—Th.^ increase in the popular vote between 
 
 1872 and 1888 was 490,437. 
 Variations in tJie County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are 
 noted : 
 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Hamilton 46 (D.) 47 (R.) 
 
 Niagara 316 (D.) 457 (R.) 
 
 Oneida 30 (D.) 1,965 (R.) 
 
 Otsego 436 (D.) 857 (R.) 
 
 Suffolk , 553 (D.) 567 (R.) 
 
 Sullivan 275 (D.) 103 (R.) 
 
 Chemung 479 (R.) 570 (D.) 
 
 A complete analysis, as near as may be within the space available, is given 
 as under by counties, showing the variations in certain districts for such of 
 the counties as show a fluctuation in the popular vote : 
 
 County. 
 
 Districts giving (D.) plurality in 
 1884 and (R.) plurality in 1888. 
 
 Districts giving (R.) plurality in 
 1884 and (D.) plurality in 1888. 
 
 Albany , 
 
 Allegany 
 
 Broome 
 
 Cattaraugus. . 
 
 Cayuga 
 
 Chautauqua . 
 
 Chemung 
 
 Chenango . . . 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Cortland 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Dutchess .... 
 
 Erie 
 
 Franklin . . 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Genesee . . , 
 
 Grreene 
 
 Hamilton. 
 Jefferson . 
 Kings 
 
 Lewis 
 
 Livingston . . . 
 Montgomery . 
 Niagara 
 
 Oneida. . 
 
 Onondaga.. 
 Ontario.... 
 
 Alma, Almond. 
 
 Ellicottville,Franklinville,Ischua. 
 
 Persia 
 
 Mentz 
 
 Charlotte 
 
 Chemung 
 
 Plymouth, Smyrna 
 
 Beckmanton, Plattsburg...-. 
 
 Albany City (wards 7 and 10) . 
 
 Wellsville. 
 
 Binghamton (ward 4). 
 
 Auburn (ward 4). 
 
 Elmira (wards 2, 4 and 5). 
 Pitcher. 
 
 Colchester 
 
 Clinton, Pleasant Valley, Pough 
 
 keepsie (ward 2) 
 
 Colden, Holland 
 
 Chateaugay, Constable 
 
 Bergen, Darien 
 
 Coxsackie 
 
 Lake Pleasant, Wells 
 
 "Watertown (ward 4), Worth 
 Brooklyn (wards 7, 21, 23), Graves- 
 end . 
 
 Buffalo (ward 13), Cheektowaga. 
 Oppenheim, Stratford. 
 Durham, Greenville. 
 
 Diana, Osceola, Watson, West . 
 
 Turin 
 
 Groveland 
 
 Canajoharie, Florida, Glen 
 
 Lewiston, Lockporttown, (wards . 
 
 1, 4), Newfane 
 
 Annsville, Bridgewater, Floyd, 
 
 Utica (ward 7), Verona, Western. 
 
 Syracuse (ward 2) 
 
 Gteneva iGorham, Victor . 
 
 Ancram, Greenport, Livingston . 
 Truxton . 
 Stamford . 
 Pine Plains. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft© 
 
378 
 
 STATES AKD TERRITORIES. 
 
 County. 
 
 Districts giving D. plurality in 
 1884 and R. plurality in 1888. 
 
 Districts giving R. plurality in 
 1884 and D. plurality in 1888. 
 
 Orange . 
 Oswego . 
 
 Otsego.. 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Rensselaer 
 
 Schenectady . 
 
 Schoharie 
 
 Seneca 
 
 Steuben 
 
 Newburgj Newburg City (ward 4) . 
 Oswego (ward 4), Redfield, West 
 
 Monroe, Williamstown 
 
 Hartwick,New Lisbon, Roseboom 
 
 Worcester 
 
 Philipstown 
 
 Chester. 
 
 Suffolk. , 
 
 Sullivan . . . 
 Tompkins. . 
 Ulster 
 
 Washington . , 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Westchester. . 
 Wyoming 
 
 Schenectady City (ward 1) 
 
 Gilboa 
 
 Varick 
 
 Addison, Coming, Fremont, Hor- 
 
 nellsville, Prattsburg, Wheeler. 
 Babylon, East Hampton, Islip, 
 
 Southold 
 
 Rockland 
 
 Lansing, Newfield 
 
 Denning, Kingston (ward 6), Lloyd, 
 
 Wawarsing 
 
 Whitehall 
 
 Lyons 
 
 Ossining, Scarsdale 
 
 Weathersfield 
 
 Hoosick. 
 Rotterdam. 
 
 Ovid. 
 
 The following statement will show the number of districts in each county 
 having increased or decreased pluralities in 1888 : 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Albany 
 
 Allegany 
 
 Broome 
 
 Cattaraugus. 
 
 Cayuga 
 
 Chautauqua. 
 
 Chemung 
 
 Chenango . . . 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Cortlandt 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Dutchess 
 
 Erie 
 
 Essex 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Genesee 
 
 Greene 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Herkimer 
 
 Jefferson — 
 
 Kin^s 
 
 Lewis 
 
 Livingston. . . 
 
 Madison 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Montgomery 
 New York . . . 
 Niagara 
 
 
 Districts. 
 
 1 
 
 Republican 
 
 Democratic 
 
 It 
 §■3 
 
 die 
 
 
 §■3 
 
 as 
 
 fl3 
 
 ail 
 
 £3 
 
 fl- 
 
 0) ft 
 
 ft 
 
 |ft 
 
 .. 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 ., 
 
 S3 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 H 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 -1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 IK 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 6 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Oneida 
 
 Onondaga 
 
 Ontario 
 
 Orange 
 
 Orleans 
 
 Oswego 
 
 Otsego 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Queens 
 
 Rensselaer 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Rockland 
 
 St. Lawrence 
 
 Saratoga 
 
 Schenectady 
 
 Schoharie 
 
 ^chuyler 
 
 Seneca 
 
 Steuben 
 
 Suffolk 
 
 Sullivan ' 
 
 Tioga 
 
 Tompkins 
 
 Ulster 
 
 Warren 
 
 Washington 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Westchester 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Yates 
 
 Districts. 
 
 Republican Democratic 
 
 
 rl >i 
 
 cS eS 
 5l 3 
 
 Total. 
 
 £S 
 
 204 128 
 
 "I 
 
 (U ft 
 
 n 
 
 11 
 1 
 5 
 4 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 7 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TERBITOEIES. 379 
 
 Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — Considering only the Presidential 
 vote 1888, as compared with the vote for Governor in 1891, the 
 following variations are recorded : 
 
 CoTiNTY. 1888. 1891. (Gov.) 
 
 Columbia 410 (R.) 98 (D.) 
 
 Dutchess 1,016 (K.) 75 (D.) 
 
 Erie 2,069 (R.) 1,380 (D.) 
 
 Montgomeiy 688 (R.) 129 (D.) 
 
 Niagara 457 (R.) 496 (D.) 
 
 Rensselaer 309 (R.) 1,709 (D.) 
 
 Schenectady 304 (R.) 503 (D.) 
 
 Tompkins 1,164 (R.) 880 (D.) 
 
 Ulster 338 (R.) 1,095 (D.) 
 
 Wyoming 1,733 (R.) 973 (D.) 
 
 From the above statements it may be noted : 
 (1) 7 counties changed sides at the Presidential election 
 in 1888. Taking the districts in each county, 115 districts 
 changed sides in 1888. 
 
 (3) 499 districts gave an increased Republican plurality in 
 1888 ; 204 districts gave a decreased Republican plurality; 138 
 districts gave an increased Democratic plurality, and 166 dis- 
 tricts gave a decreased Democratic plurality. 
 
 (8) 10 counties, considering only the presidential election of 
 1888 (as compared with that for Governor in 1891), changed 
 sides at the last election. 
 
 Niagara County is recorded as having changed in 1888 and 
 in 1891. 
 No. of Gounties. — There are 60 counties in New York. 
 PopatoJjore.— The population of the State, 1880, was 5,082,871 ; 1890, 
 5,997,853. 
 
 The five most populous counties are : New York (1,515,301) ; 
 Kings (838,547) ; Erie (332,981) ; Monroe (189,586), and Albany 
 (164,555). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
280 
 
 STATES AlfTD TBERITORIBS. 
 
 NORTH CAEOLINA. 
 
 
 
 
 - „- a 1 
 
 Digitizeaby Microsoft® 
 
 As redistricted m_1891. 
 
 aby Mic 
 
STATES AJSTD TBKRITOBIES. 281 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Electoral Vote.— la 1872 (Grant (E.) received 10 votes; 1876, Tilden(D.), 10; 
 1880, Hancock (D.), 10; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 11; 1888, Cleve- 
 land (D.), 11. There will be 11 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Fote.— 1873, 164,863; 1876, 333,844; 1880,341,318; 1884,368,474; 
 1888, 385,503. The total vote cast for Chief Justice, 1890, was 
 3^3,303. 
 Pluralities.— 1812, 34,675 (R.); 1876, 17,010 (D.); 1880, 8,336 (D.); 1884, 17,- 
 884 (D.); 1888, 13,118 (D.). The majority at the election for 
 Chief Justice, 1890, was 43,339 (D.). 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1873 
 
 and 1888 was 120,610. 
 iVew Counties. — Currituck, Durham, Bender and Vance Counties have been 
 
 formed since 1873. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Ashe 53 (D.) 103 (R.) 
 
 Camden 135 (D.) 36 (R.) 
 
 Forsyth 119 (D.) 375 (R.) 
 
 Granville 74 (D.) 338 (R.) 
 
 Guilford 160 (D.) 359 (R.) 
 
 Richmond 341 (D.) 14 (R.) 
 
 Randolph 78 (D.) 318 (R.) 
 
 Transylvania 133 (D.) 42 (R.) 
 
 Wake 459 (D.) 518 (R.) 
 
 Watauga 138 (D.) 68 (R.) 
 
 Bertie 369 (R.).". 109 (D.) 
 
 Bladen 133 (R.) 145 (D.) 
 
 Brunswick 8 (R.) 58 (D.) 
 
 Hertford 315 (R.) 53 (D.) 
 
 Polk 47 (R. ) 18 (D. ) 
 
 Surry 11 (R.) 61 (D.) 
 
 No. of Counties. — There are 96 counties in North Carolina. 
 P<J2>MZa<«ore.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,399,750; 1890, 1,617,- 
 947. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Wake (49,307); Meck- 
 lenburg (43,673); Buncomb (35,366); Robeson (31,483), and Hal- 
 ifax (38,908). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 31b 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
382 
 
 STATES AND TEREITORIBS. 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA. 
 
 fe-*- 
 
 —_J..^ 
 
 North Dakota having but one Congressman is not divided into Congres- 
 sional districts. Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TBKKITORIES. 383 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA. 
 
 Electoral Vote. — North Dakota was admitted to the Union November 3, 
 1889. There will be 3 votes in 1892. 
 
 Total State Vote.— The total Congressional vote in 1888 was 41,091; vote for 
 Governor, 1889, 38,098; vote for Governor, 1890, 36,489. 
 
 Pluralities.— Congressionid, 1888, 9,489 (R.); for Governor, 1889, 13,632 
 (R.); for Governor, 1890, 6,449 (R.). 
 
 Decrease in the Popular Vote. — Comparing the Congressional vote of 1888 
 with the vote for Governor, there has been a decrease of 4,603. 
 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1889-1890. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 CoiTNTT. 1889. (Gov.) 1890. (Gov.) 
 
 Cavalier. .■ 113 (R.) 187 (D.) 
 
 Grand Forks 666 (R.) 187 (D.) 
 
 Richland 438 (R.) 109 (D.) 
 
 The following counties (with population, 1890), do not ap- 
 pear in the available election returns, therefore no vote is shown, 
 nor is there any information as to their political leaning or ten- 
 dency should they vote for President in 1892; Allred (no re- 
 turns), Boreman (511), Bowman (6), Buford (803), Church (74), 
 Dunn (159), Flannery (73), Garfield (33), Hettinger (81), Mc- 
 Kenzie (3), Moimtraille (122), Renville (99); Sheridan (5), Ste- 
 vens (16), Wallace (34), Wallette (no returns), and Williams 
 (100). The figures in parenthesis after each county name show 
 the population as recorded in the census returns of 1890. 
 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 55 counties in 
 North Dakota. 
 
 Population.— The vopulatioB. of the State, 1880, was 36,909; 1890, 182,719. 
 The five most populous counties are: Cass (19,613); Grand 
 Forks (18,357); Walsh (16,587); Pembina (14,334), and Rich- 
 land (10,751). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
284 
 
 STATES AND TEERITOKIES. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Showing Congressional districts prior to act of 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TERRITORIES. 285 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Electoral VoU.—ln 1873 Grant (R.) received 33 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 33; 
 1880, Garfield (R.), 33; 1884, Blaine (R.), 33; 1888, Harrison 
 (R.), 33. There will be 33 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Vote.— 1812, 539,436; 1876, 658,573; 1880, 734,967; 1884, 784,807; 
 
 1888, 841,941; 1889 (Gov.), 775,731; 1891 (Gov.), 795,635. 
 Pluralities.— 18112, 84,368 (R.); 1876, 3,747 (R.); 1880, 34,337 (R.); 1884, 31,- 
 796 (R.); 1888, 19,599 (R.); 1889 (Gov.) 10,873 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 
 31,511 (R.). 
 Increase in tlie Popular Vote — The increase in the popular vote between 1873 
 
 and 1888 was 313,505. 
 Variations in County Vote, 1884r-1888. — The following variations are noted: 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Clermont 49 (R.) 83 (D.) 
 
 Montgomery 198 (R.) 651 (D.) 
 
 Stark 830 (R.) 331 (D.) 
 
 Hancock 353 (D.) 95.(R.) 
 
 Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Considering the vote for Governor, 
 1889 and 1891, as compared with the Presidential vote in 1888, 
 variations as under are recorded: 
 
 County. 1888. 1889. 1891. 
 
 Adams 153 (D.) 3 (R.) 177 (D.) 
 
 Auglaize. . . . 1,716 (D.)... .1,978 (R.). . . 1,489 (D.) 
 
 Butler 3,811 (D.). . . 3,575 (R.). . . 3,366 (D.) 
 
 Erie 601 (D.) 345 (D.) 1 (R.) 
 
 Hamilton. . . 3,846 (R.) . . . 7,353 (D.). . . 5,759 (R.) 
 
 Hancock 95 (R.) 74 (D.) 319 (R.) 
 
 Knox 60 (R.) 90 (D.) 33 (R.) 
 
 Muskingum. . .850 (R.) 318 (D.) 306 (R.) 
 
 Noble 438 (R.) 811 (R.) 414 (D.) 
 
 Ottawa 1,335 (D.). ...1,398 (D.). ...1,331 (R.) 
 
 Paulding 194 (R.) 193 (D.) 113 (R.) 
 
 Perry 54 (R.) 467 (D,) 71 (D.) 
 
 Van Wert 18 (R.) 373 (D.) 138 (D.) 
 
 Vinton 33 (D.) 308 (D.) 8 (R.) 
 
 Williams 94 (R.) 317 (D.) 178 (R.) 
 
 Logan County recorded a gradually increasing Republican 
 plurality for President from 1873 to 1888, as follows: 840, 973, 
 1,371, 1,373, 1,583. 
 
 Lucas County recorded a gradually decreasing Republican 
 plurality from 1873 to 1888, as follows: 3,171, 1,369, 1,173, 957, 
 ■ 805. 
 
 The counties as under show a gradually increasing Demo- 
 cratic plurality from 1873 to 1888: 
 
 County. 1873 1876 1880 1884 1888 
 
 Henry 350. . .918. .1,133.. 1,314. .1,536 
 
 Ottawa 817. ..873. .1,049. .1,167. .1,335 
 
 Seneca 334. . .733. ..,837. . ..946. .1,067 
 
 Wyandot 379. . . 540. . . .583. . . .694. . . .735 
 
 No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports there are 88 counties in 
 
 Ohio. 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 3,198,063; 1890, 3,672,- 
 316. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Hamilton (374,573); 
 Cuyahoga (309,970); Franklin (134,087); Lucas (103,396 and 
 Montgomery (100,853). 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
286 
 
 STATES AND TEKKITOKIES. 
 
 OKEGON. 
 
 
 As redlstricted in 1891. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEEEITOEIES. 287 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 Electoral Fote.— In 1873 Grant (R. ) received 3 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 3; 
 1880, Garfield (R.), 3; 1884, Blaine (R.), 3; 1888, Harrison (R.), 
 3. There will be 4 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Fote.— 1873, 80,131; 1876, 39,873; 1880, 40,816; 1884, 53,683; 
 
 1888, 61,911; 1890 (Gov.), 73,705. 
 'Pluralities.— 1812, 3,517(R.); 1876, 547 (R.); 1880, 671 (R.); 1884, 3,356 (R.); 
 
 1888, 6,769 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 5,151 (D.). 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1873 
 and 1890, comparing the Presidential vote of the former year 
 with the vote for Governor at the last election, is recorded as 
 53,584. 
 Ifew Counties. — Crook, Gillian, Klamath, Lake, Malheur, Morrow and Wal- 
 
 lonia Counties have been formed since 1873. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884^1888. — The following variations are 
 noted:" 
 
 County. 1884. 1888, 
 
 Baker 156 (D.) 96 (R.) 
 
 Grant 34 (D.) 38 (R.) 
 
 Josephine 59 (D.) 7 (R.) 
 
 Union 77 (D.) 80 (R.) 
 
 Va/riations in County Vote since 1888. — Comparing the Presidential vote of 
 1888 with that for Governor in 1890, variations as under are re- 
 corded: 
 
 County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) 
 
 Baker 96 (R.) 190 (D.) 
 
 Benton 337 (R.) 369 (D.) 
 
 Douglas 188 (R.) 170 (D.) 
 
 GilUam 161 (R.) 146 (D.) 
 
 Grant 38 (R.) 51 (D.) 
 
 Morrow 119 (R.) 340 (D.) 
 
 Josephine 7 (R.) 1 (D.) 
 
 Malheur. 27 (R.) 25 (D.) 
 
 Polk 56 (R.) 335 (D. ) 
 
 Tillamook 173 (R.) 33 (D.) 
 
 Union 80 (R.) 733 (D.) 
 
 Wasco 541 (R.) 364 (D.) 
 
 From the foregoing statements it will be seen that 4 counties 
 changed sides in 1888, and 13 in 1890. 
 Baker, Grant, Josephine and Union changed sides twice. 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest returns, there are 31 counties in 
 
 ■ Oregon. 
 Population.— T^he population of the State, 1880, was 174,768; 1890, 313,767. 
 The five most populous counties are: Multnomah (74,884); 
 Marion (32,934); Linn (16,265); Clackamas (15,333), and Lane 
 (15,198). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
283 
 
 STATES AND TEEEITOKIES. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
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 No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890 
 Two additional RepresentatJves-at-larM will be elected. 
 
 DigitizecTby Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TBKRITORIES. 289 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA . 
 
 Mectm-al YoU.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 39 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 39; 
 1880, Garfield (R.), 29; 1884, Blaine (RJ, 30; 1888, Harrison 
 (R. ), 30. There will be 33 votes In 1893. 
 Total State Foi!«.— 1873, 563,360; 1876, 758,869; 1880, 874,783; 1884, 899,- 
 
 338; 1888, 997,568; 1890 (Gov.), 927,973. 
 PluralUies.—\m2, 135,918 (R.); 1876, 17,964 (R.); 1880, 37,276 (R.); 1884, 
 
 81,019 (R.); -1888, 79,453 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 16,554 (D.). 
 Increase in the Papular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1873 
 
 and 1888 was 434,308. 
 New Counties. — Lackawanna County has been formed since 1872. 
 Variations in the CowraiyT^te, 1884^1888. — The following variations are noted: 
 CoTOTY. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Fayette 779 (D.) 83 (R.) 
 
 Luzerne 953 (D.) 335 (R.) 
 
 Mifflin 3 (D.) 337 (R.) 
 
 Northumberland. . . .117 (D.) .31 (R.) 
 
 Westmoreland 7 (D.) 334 (R.) 
 
 "Wyoming 67 (D.) 185 (R.) 
 
 Schwlkill 73 (R.) 533 (D.) 
 
 Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Comparing the Presidential vote of 
 1888 with that for Governor in 1890, variations as under are re- 
 corded: 
 
 County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) 
 
 Butler 1,373 (R.) 653 (D.) 
 
 Cameron 331 (R.) 4 (D. ) 
 
 Crawford 3,076 (R.) 978 (D.) 
 
 Erie 3,361 (R.) 7(D.) 
 
 Fayette 88 (R.) 1,830 (D.) 
 
 Jefferson 833 (R.) 117 (D.) 
 
 Lackawanna 421 (R.) 2,044 (D.) 
 
 Luzerne 325 (R.) 3,408 (D.) 
 
 McKean 1,144 (R.) 795 (D.) 
 
 MMin 337 (R.) 199 (D.) 
 
 Montgomery 863 (R.) 1,130 (D.) 
 
 Northumberland 31 (E.) 1,451 (D.) 
 
 Venango 949 (R.> 250 (D.) 
 
 Warren 1,689 (R.) 571 (D.) 
 
 Washington 1,954 (R.) 33 (D.) 
 
 Westmoreland 334 (R.) 1,387 (D.) 
 
 Wyoming 185 (R.) 132 (D.) 
 
 From the foregoing statements it will be seen that 7 counties 
 changed sides in 1888, and 17 in 1890. 
 
 Fayette, Luzerne, Mifflin, Northumberland, Westmoreland 
 and Wyoming changed sides twice. 
 
 Chester County has recorded an increasing Republican plu- 
 
 rahty for President since 1873, as follows: 544, 3,088, 3,774, 
 
 3,793, 4,037. Snyder has a corresponding record, as follows: 
 
 160, 383, 541, 726, 867. 
 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 61 counties in 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 Popalation.—TUa population of the State, 1880, was 4,383,891; 1890, 5,358,- 
 014. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Philadelphia (1,046,- 
 964); Allegheny (551,959); Luzerne (301,303); Schuylkill (154,- 
 163), and Lancaster (149,095). 
 Vw Congressional and city fiyures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
290 
 
 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 EHODE ISLAND. 
 
 "Two6n-/c»" "i 
 
 nJSOCKET'C 1 
 
 '.NORTji^SOCKEJ' e. 
 
 8URR.LLV.ULE .g„,^„~,V^ ^ I 
 
 
 GtOUCESTER iSMITHFIELQ^ >'<^ H.--? 
 
 SlonH I 
 or 
 
 ^ewShoreJiam. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TERKITOEIES. 291 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 4 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 4; 
 
 1880, Garfield (R.), 4: 1884, Blaine (R.), 4; 1888, Harrison (R.), 
 
 4. There will be 4 votes in 1892. 
 Total State Fofe.— 1872, 18,994; 1876, 26,637; 1880, 29,335; 1884, 32,771; 
 
 1888, 40,766; 1889 (Gov.), 43,111; 1890 (Gov.), 43,108; -1891 
 
 (Gov.), 45,457; 1893 (Gov.), 54,661. 
 Pluralities.— XSl^, 8,336 (R.); 1876, 5,075 (R.); 1880, 7,410 (R.); 1884,6,439 
 
 (R.); 1888, 4,438 (R.); 1889 (Gov.), 4,419 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 
 
 1,560 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 1,354(D.); 1893 (Gov.), 3,037 (R.). 
 Increase in tlie Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote, comparing 
 
 the Presidential vote of 1888 with that for Governor in 1892, 
 
 is 13,895. 
 Variations in tlie Gounty Vote since 1888. — The only variations noted since 
 
 1888 are in Providence County. 
 No of Counties. — There are 5 counties in Rhode Island. 
 Population.— 'ih.e population of the State, 1880, was 376,531; 1890, 845,506. 
 The population of the counties is as follows: Providence, 
 
 355,133; Newport, 28,553; Kent, 26,754; Washington, 33,649, 
 
 and Bristol, 11,438. 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
292 
 
 STATES AND TEKBITOEIBS. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEKBITOEIES. 293 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 WecioralVoie.—In 1873 Grant (R.) received 7 votes; 1876, Hayes (R), 7; 
 
 1880, Hancock (D.), 7; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 9; 1888, Cleveland 
 
 (D. ), 9. There will be 9 votes in 1892. 
 Total State Vote.— 181% 95,180; 1876, 183,776; 1880, 170,956; 1884, 91,578; 
 
 1888, 79,941; 1890 (Gov.), 74,134. 
 Pbiraliiies.—ISTZ, 49,400 (R.); 1876, 964 (R.); 1880, 5,434 (D.); 1884, 4,803 
 
 (D.); 1888, 53,089 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 44,331 (D.). 
 Decrease in the Popular Vote. — The decrease in the popular vote between 
 
 1873 and 1888 was 15,619. 
 New Counties. — Berkeley and Hampton Counties have been formed since 
 
 1873. 
 Variations in the County Vo'te, 1884r-1888. — Berkeley County gave Blaine (R.) 
 
 a plurality of 646 in 1884, and Cleveland (D.) a plurality of 893 
 
 in 1888. Georgetown County recorded a plurality of 515 for 
 
 Blaine in 1884, and gave Cleveland a plurality of 75 in 1888. 
 Florence County (formed since 1888) recorded a Democratic 
 
 majority of 735 at the election for Governor in 1890. 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 35 counties in 
 
 South Carolina. 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 995,577; 1890, 1,151,- 
 
 149. 
 The five most populous counties are: Charleston (59,903); 
 
 Berkeley (55,428); Spartanburgh (55,385); Orangeburgh (49,- 
 
 393), and Edgefield (49,359). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
294 
 
 STATES AKD TERK1TUKJ.JSS. 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
 Two members are elected at large. 
 
 Digitized by IWicrosoft® 
 
STATES ANB TBKRITOKIES. 
 
 295 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 Electoral Vote. — South Dakota was admitted to the Union Novembers, 1889. 
 There will be 4 votes in 1893. 
 
 Total State Vote.— The. vote for Governor, 1889, was 77,804; for Governor, 
 1890, 77,563. 
 
 Pluralities— Vi^i^iGoy.), 30,134 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 9,896 (R.). 
 
 Increase or Decrease in State Vote. — Comparing the total vote cast for Gov- 
 ernor in 1889 with that of 1890, there is shown a decrease of 
 343. 
 
 New Counties. — The following counties were in 1890 unorganized, or not re- 
 turned as voting. This being the case, it is not possible to show 
 at present what the political tendencies of these counties are: 
 
 POP. '90. 
 
 Choteau 8 
 
 Delano 40 
 
 Ewing 16 
 
 Gregory 395 
 
 Harding.... 167 
 
 Jackson 30 
 
 Lugenbell. . — 
 
 Lyman 333 
 
 Martin 7 
 
 Variations in the County Vote.- 
 Governor are noted: 
 County. 
 
 POP. 
 
 Myer. . . 
 Nowlin. 
 Presho. , 
 Pratt. . . 
 Pyatt 
 
 90. 
 
 ..149 
 ..181 
 ...33 
 ...34 
 
 POP. '90. 
 
 Schuasse — 
 
 Sterling 96 
 
 Todd 188 
 
 Tripp 
 
 Wagner — 
 
 Washington. ..40 
 Washabaugh . — 
 Ziebach 510 
 
 Rinehart. . — 
 
 Rusk — 
 
 Scobey. ...33 
 Shannon. . — 
 •The following variations in the vote for 
 
 1889. 
 
 •) 
 
 1890. 
 
 Bonhomme 131 (R.) 36 (D.) 
 
 Brule 131 (R.) 161 (D.) 
 
 Hanson 376 (R.) 14 (F. A. 
 
 McCook 151 (R.) 104 (D.) 
 
 Hughes 35 (D.) 149 (R.) 
 
 Hutchinson 307 (D.) 458 (R.) 
 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 78 counties in 
 
 South Dakota. 
 PopuUtion.— The population of the State, 1880, was 98,368; 1890, 338,808. 
 The five most populous counties are: Minnehaha (31,879); 
 Brown (16,855); Lawrence (11,673); Spink (10,581), and Hutch- 
 inson (10,469). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
396 
 
 STATES AND TEERITOKIES. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 rN.__ 
 
 
 As redistricted in 1891. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TERRITORIES. 397 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 Electoral Fo/«.— In 1873 Hendricks (D.) received 13 votes; 1876, Tilden(D.), 
 13; 1880, Hancock (D.), 13; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 13; 1888, 
 Cleveland (D.), 13. There will be 13 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Vote.— 1812, 180,046; 1876, 333,733; 1880, 341,837; 1884, 359,- 
 
 468; 1888, 303,784; 1890 (Gov.), 303,713. 
 Pluralities.— \872, 8,736 (D.); 1876, 43,600 (D.); 1880, 30,514 (D.); 1884, 
 
 9,180 (D.); 1888, 19,791 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 37,468 (D.). 
 Increase in tlie Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 
 
 1873 and 1888 was 133,690. 
 New Counties. — Crockett, Moore, Pickett and Unicoi Counties have been 
 
 formed since 1873. 
 VariatioTis in the County Vote, 1884^1888.— The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Fayette 908 (R.) 3,833 (D.) 
 
 Haywood 1,436 (R.) 338 (D.) 
 
 Shelby 1,539 (R.) 3,655 (D.) 
 
 Rhea 157 (D.) 337 (R.) 
 
 Variations in County Vote since 1888.— Comparing the Presidential vote of 
 1888 with that for Governor in 1890, variations as under are re- 
 corded: 
 
 CoTiNTY. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) 
 
 Carroll 481 (R.) 38 (D.) 
 
 Henderson 360 (R.) 101 (D.) 
 
 Rhea 337 (R.) 38 (D.) 
 
 The following counties are recorded as having given a grad- 
 ually increasing Republican plurality for President since 1873: 
 County. 1873 1876 1880 1884 1888 
 
 . .197. 
 
 . . .334. 
 
 . . .353 
 
 . .337. 
 
 . . .463. 
 
 . . .485 
 
 . .455. 
 
 . . .634. 
 
 . . .736 
 
 . .189. 
 
 . . .307. 
 
 . . .491 
 
 . .833. 
 
 .1,035. 
 
 . 1,198 
 
 1,614. 
 
 . 1,774. 
 
 .3,341 
 
 Fentress 79.. ..161.. 
 
 Grainger 149 363.. 
 
 Hancock 347. . . .353. . 
 
 Morgan 110. . . .179. . 
 
 Roane 783 801.. 
 
 Sevier 1,038. . 1,304. . 
 
 Van Buren County is recorded as giving a gradually increas- 
 ing Democratic plurality since 1873, as follows: 131, 307, 331, 
 389, 330. 
 
 From the two preceding tabular statements, it will be seen 
 that 4 counties changed sides in 1888 and 4 in 1890. 
 Rhea County changed twice. 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 96 counties in 
 
 Ten I16SSGG 
 
 Population.— 'Y\\.e. population of the State, 1880, was 1,543,359; 1890, 1,767,- 
 518. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Shelby (113,740); Da- 
 vidson (108,174); Knox (59,557); Hamilton (53,483), and Maury 
 (38,113). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 23b 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
298 
 
 STATES AND TEBRITOEIES. 
 
 No change in 
 
 Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TBRRITOEIBS. 
 
 299 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 Ulectoral Vote:— In 1873 Hendiicks (D.) received 8 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 
 8; 1880, Hancock (D.), 8; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 13; 1888, 
 Cleveland (D.), 13. There will be 15 votes in 1893. 
 
 Total State Foi!«.— 1873, 116,405; 1876, 149,555; 1880, 341,478; 1884, 833,- 
 309; 1888, 357,513; 1890 (Gov.), 347,733. 
 
 Pluralities.— 1872, 16,595 (D.); 1876, 59,955 (D.); 1880, 98,383 (D.); 1884, 
 131,978 (D.); 1888, 146,461 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 184,690 (D.). 
 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1873 
 and 1888 was 341,108. 
 
 New Counties. — Sixty-four counties were formed between 1873 and 1888, as 
 follows: 
 
 Archer, 
 
 El Paso, 
 
 Limpscomb, 
 
 Souriy, 
 
 Baylor, 
 
 Fisher, 
 
 Martin, 
 
 Shackelford, 
 
 Brewster, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 McCulloch, 
 
 Somerville, 
 
 Callahan, 
 
 Goliad, 
 
 McMullen, 
 
 Stephens, 
 
 Camp, 
 
 Greer, 
 
 Menard, 
 
 Taylor, 
 
 Carson, 
 
 Gregg, 
 
 Midland, 
 
 Throckmorton, 
 
 Chilldress, 
 
 Hale, 
 
 Mitchell, 
 
 Tom Green, 
 
 Clay, 
 
 Hardeman, 
 
 Morris, 
 
 Val Verde, 
 
 Coleman, 
 
 Haskell, 
 
 Nolan, 
 
 "Waller, 
 
 Concho, 
 
 Howard, 
 
 Oldham, 
 
 Webb, 
 
 Crosby, 
 
 Jeff Davis, 
 
 Pecos, 
 
 Wheeler, 
 
 Dimmitt, 
 
 Jones, 
 
 Potter,. 
 
 Wichita, 
 
 Donley, 
 
 Kimtile, 
 
 Presidio, 
 
 Wilbarger, 
 
 Duval, 
 
 Knox, 
 
 Reeves, 
 
 Wilson, 
 
 Eastland, 
 
 La Salle, 
 
 Rockwall, 
 
 Young, 
 
 Edwards, 
 
 Lee, 
 
 Runnels, 
 
 Zavala. 
 
 n the Count 
 
 y Vote, 1884^1888.— The folic 
 
 iwing variations 
 
 noted: 
 
 COTTNTT. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Austin 317 (R.) 917 (D.) 
 
 Colorado 341 (R.) 336 (D.) 
 
 Comal 63 (R.) 257 (D.) 
 
 Gillespie 10 (R.) 366 (D.) 
 
 Gregg 113 (R.) 163 (D.) 
 
 Harrison 485 (R.) 1,151 (D.) 
 
 Jackson 13 (R.) 8 (D.) 
 
 Kinney 143 (D.) 130 (R.) 
 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1888-1890.— Considering the vote for Presi- 
 dent in 1888 with that for Governor in 1890, the following vari- 
 ations are recorded; 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
300 STATES AND TBEKITOBIES. 
 
 CoOTTY. 1888. 1890. 
 
 Jackson 8 (D.) 139 (g) 
 
 Kendall 192 (R.) 34 (D.) 
 
 Kinney 122 (R.) -48 D. 
 
 La Salle 136 (R.) 403 D.) 
 
 Robertson 266 (R.) 936 (D.) 
 
 Victoria 120 (R.) 36 (D.) 
 
 From the foregoing statements it will be seen that 8 counties 
 changed sides in 1888, and 6 in 1890. 
 
 Jackson and Kinney Counties changed sides twice. 
 
 The following counties voted for the first time in 1890, ac- 
 cording to the record. The vote cast and plurality are as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 County. Total vote 1890. Plurality. 
 
 Armstrong 232 232 (D.) 
 
 Coke 417 417 (D.) 
 
 Deaf Smith 91 91 (D.) 
 
 Floyd 186 186 (D.) 
 
 Hansford 122 18 (D.) 
 
 Irion 185 183 (D.) 
 
 King 25 25 (D.) 
 
 Ochiltree 64 36 (D.) 
 
 Randall 67 67 (D.) 
 
 Roberts 91 55 (D.) 
 
 Sherman 11 9 (D.) 
 
 Stonewall 226 226 (D.) 
 
 Sutton 164 164 (D.) 
 
 Swisher 51 51 (D.) 
 
 According to the latest reports (1891-1893), there are 50 un- 
 organized counties. 
 
 Marion County (no vote recorded for 1888) gave a gradually 
 increasing Republican plurality from 1873 to 1884, as follows: 
 368, 367, 661, 731. 
 
 The follovdng counties gave a gradually increasing Demo- 
 cratic plurality for President from 1873 to 1888: 
 
 County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 
 
 Angelena 193 193 770 894 968 
 
 Bell 284. . 1,916. . 3,749. . 4,009. . 4,130 
 
 Bexar 194 521.. 1,060. . 1,329.. 1,578 
 
 Bosque 406 683. . 1,413. . 1,658. . 1,671 
 
 Burnet 131. . . .483. . . .599. . 1,010. . 1,082 
 
 Cherokee 596 648 892. . 1,353. . 1,317 
 
 Coleman — 133 414 705 858 
 
 Collin 497. . 1,909. . 3,061. . 4,303. . 5,091 
 
 Dallas 694. . 2,221. . 2,605. . 3,845. .4 030 
 
 Delta 170. . . .416. . . .647. . . .866. . 1,313 
 
 Ellis 543. . 1,781. . 3,731. . 3,681. . 4,031 
 
 Fannin 368. . 1,225. . 2,501. . 3,881. . 3,939 
 
 Franklin — 466 639 901 931 
 
 Hayes 316. . . .345. . . .748. . . .790. . . .911 
 
 Hunt 431. . 1,518. . 2,388. . 3,269. . 3 817 
 
 Kaufman 458. . 1,351. . 1,909. . 3,785. . 3 035 
 
 Kimble — 9 88. . . .265. . . 1319 
 
 Lavaca 447 648. . . .893. . 1,105. 1 890 
 
 Live Oak 130 154 255 292 '328 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TERRITORIES. 301 
 
 County. 1873 1876 1880 1884 1888 
 
 McCulloch — 131 169. . . .368. . . .375 
 
 Orange 37 50 145 383 — 
 
 McLennan 337. . 1,301. . 1,736. . 1,760. . 3,334 
 
 Menard — — 141. . . .158 334 
 
 Navarro 684. . 1,099. . 1,707. . 3,394. . 3,545 
 
 Sabine 79. . . .341. . . .429. . . .458. . . .680 
 
 Shelby 345. . . .674. . 1,308. . 1,485. . 1,733 
 
 Tom Green — — 193 313 460 
 
 Van Zandt 390. . . .579. . 1,304. . 1,801. . 1,854 
 
 Wilson — . . . .305 313. . . .888. . 1,416 
 
 Rockwall — 300. . . .518 660 979 
 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 345 counties in 
 
 Texas. 
 Population.— TDia population of the State, 1880, was 1,591,749; 1890, 3,335,- 
 533. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Dallas (67,043); Gray- 
 son (53,311); Bexar (49,366); Tarrant (41,143), and McLennan, 
 (39,304). 
 
 Eor Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
303 
 
 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AKB TEEKITOKIES. 303 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Electoral Vote.— In 1873 Grant (R.) received 5 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 5; 
 1880, Garfield (R.), 5; 1884, Blaine (R.), 4; 1888, Harrison (R.), 
 4. There will be 4 votes in 1893. 
 
 Total atateVote.—im2, 53,001; 1876, 64,460; 1880, 64,593; 1884, 59,382; 1888, 
 63,440; 1890 (Gov.), 54,336. 
 
 Pluralities.— 19,^2, 39,961 (R.); 1876, 33,838 (R.); 1880, 36,909 (R.); 1884, 
 33,183 (R.); 1888, 38,404 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 14,163 (R.). 
 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — The Increase in the popoular vote between 
 1873 and 1888 was 10,439. 
 
 Variations in the County Vote since 1873. — Every county in Vermont has 
 given a Republican plurality at each Presidential election since 
 1873; and a similar record is shown as the result of the vote for 
 Governor in 1890. 
 
 No of Counties. — There are 14 counties in Vermont. 
 
 Population.— ThQ population of tlie State, 1880, was 333,386; 1890, 333,433. 
 The five most populous counties are Rutland (45,397); Chit- 
 tenden (35,389); Windsor (31,706); Franklin (39,755), and Wash- 
 ington (39,606). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
304 
 
 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 No change in Congressional districts urder reapportionment act of 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEEEITOEIES. 305 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Electoral Vote.— In 1873 Grant (R.) received 11 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 11; 
 1880, Hancock (D.), 11; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 13; 1888, Cleve- 
 land (D.), 13. There will be 13 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Fo««.— 1873, 185,164; 1876,335,338; 1880,313,135; 1884, 334,505- 
 
 1888, 304,093; 1889 (Gov.), 384,038. 
 PluraUtks.—18TZ, 1,773 (R.); 1876, 44,113 (D.); 1880, 43,956 (D.); 1884, 
 
 6,141 (D.); 1888, 1,539 (D.); 1889 (Gov.), 43,177 (D.). 
 Increase in the Popular Vote.— The increase in the popular vote between 1873 
 
 and 1888 was 118,939. 
 New Counties. — Dickenson County has been formed since 1873. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The foUovring variations are 
 
 noted: 
 CoiTNTT. 1884. 1888. County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Fluvanna 331 (D.) 735 (R.) Rockingham 1 (D.) 380 (R.) 
 
 Montgomery 108 (D.) 181 (R.) Spottsylvania. . . .34 (D.) 46 (R.) 
 
 Northumberland . 31 (D.). . . .354 (R.) Wise 49 (D ). . . . 30 (R ) 
 
 Orange 338 (D.) 37 (R.) Wythe 8 (D.). . . .181 (R.) 
 
 Page 68 (D.). . . .138 (R.) Isle of Wight ... .76 (R.) 84 (D.) 
 
 Princess Anne.. . .15 (D.) 160 (R.) Lunenburg 301 (R.) 399 (D.) 
 
 Rockbridge 103 (D.) 44 (R.) 
 
 Variations in County Vote since 1888 — Considering the vote for President 
 in 1888 as compared with that for Governor in 1890, varia- 
 tions as under are recorded: 
 County. 1888. 1889. (Gov.) County. 1888. 1889.(Gov.) 
 
 Alleghany 336 (R.) 69 (D.) Nansemond 704 (R.). . . .113 (D.) 
 
 Appomattox 98 (R.) 33 (D.) Norfolk 1,771 (R.) 496 (D.) 
 
 Buchanan 65 (D.) 46 (R.) Northumberland . 54 (R.) 163 (D.) 
 
 Buckingham 336 (R.) 171 (D.) Orange 37 (R.) 374 (D.) 
 
 CaroUne 146 (R.) 53 (D.) Page ! 138 (R.) 30 (D.) 
 
 Essex 314 (R.) 5 (D.) Princess Anne. . 160 (R.). . . .317 (D.) 
 
 Fluvanna 735 (R.) . . . .475 (D.) Rockbridge 44 (R.). . . .538 (D.) 
 
 Greenessville. . . .179 (R.) 50 (D.) Rockingham 380 (R.). . . .784 (D.) 
 
 Henrico 614 (R.) 35 (D.) Southampton. . . .557 (R.), . . .547 (D.) 
 
 King George 178 (R.) 33 (D.) Spottsylvania. . . .46 (R.) 196 (D.) 
 
 King WilUam. . .347 (R.). . . .357 (D.) Stafford 388 (R.) 11 (D.) 
 
 Louisa 530 (R.) 190 (D.) Surrey 440 (R.). . . .153 (D.) 
 
 Lancaster 89 (R.) 94 (D.) Wythe 181 (R.) 373 (D.) 
 
 Montgomery. . . .181 (R.). . . .435 (D.) York 477 (R.) 41 (D.) 
 
 From the foregoing statements it will be seen that 13 counties 
 changed sides in 1888 and 38 in 1890. 
 
 Fluvanna, Montgomery, Northumberland, Orange, Page, 
 Princess Anne, Rockbridge, Rockingham, Spottsylvania and 
 Wythe Counties changed twice. 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 101 counties in 
 
 Virginia. 
 Population.— 1]iQ population of the State, 1880, was 1,513,565; 1890, 1,655,- 
 980. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Henrico (103,394); Nor- 
 folk (77,038); Pittsylvania (59,941); Campbell (41,087), and 
 Augusta (37,005). 
 ♦ 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
306 
 
 STATES AND TEKBITOKIES. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
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 WasUngton having but one Congressmau is not divided into Congression- 
 al districts. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEKEITORIES. 307 
 
 WASHINGTOlir. 
 
 Electoral Vote. — Washington was admitted to the Union November 11, 1889. 
 There will be 4 votes in 1892. 
 
 Total State Fote.— The vote for Congress, 1888, was 46,353; Governor, 1889, 
 58,443; Congress, 1890, 54,803. 
 
 Pluralities.— 1888 (Coag.), 7,371 (R.); 1889 (Gov,), 8,979 (R.); 1890 (Cong.), 
 6,823 (R.). 
 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — Considering the vote for Congress in 1888, as 
 compared with that for Governor in 1889, there has been an in- 
 crease of 12,090 in the popular vote. 
 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1888-1890. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 COTENTT. 1888. (CONG.) 1889. (GOV.) 1890. (CONG.) 
 
 Clallam 31 (R.) 10 (D.) 316 (R.) 
 
 Columbia 1 (D.) 18 (R.) 87 (D.) 
 
 Skamania 30 (D.) '. .10 (D.) 3 (R.) 
 
 Wahkiakum 85 (R.) 149 (D.) 75 (R.) 
 
 Whitman .344 (R.) 305 (R.) 81 (D.) 
 
 Ifo. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 34 counties in 
 
 Washington. 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 75,116; 1890, 349,390. 
 The five most populous counties are: King (63,989); Pierce 
 (50,940); Spokane (37,487); Whitman (19,109), and Whatcom 
 (18,591). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
308 
 
 STATES AKD TEBBITOEIES. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 Ci 
 
 
 X 
 
 M\ 
 
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 No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEEBITOEIES. 309 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 Electoral VoU.~ln 1873, Grant (R.) received 5 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 5; 
 1880, Hancock (!>.), 5; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 6; 1888, Cleveland 
 (D.), 6. There will be 6 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Vote.— ISl'a,, 63,366; 1876, 34,563; 1880, 113,713; 1884, 133,157- 
 
 1888, 159,440. 
 Pluralities.— im^, 3,364 (R.); 1876, 13,384 (D.); 1880, 11,148 (D.)- 1884 
 
 4,321 (D.); 1888, 1,873 (D.). 
 Increase in the Popular Fofe.— The increase in the popular vole between 1873 
 
 and 1888 was 96,833. 
 New Counties.— 'KcDawaW and Pleasants Counties have been formed since 
 
 1873. 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884^1888. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Berkeley 77 (D.) 173 (R.) 
 
 Clay 30 (D.) 50 (R.) 
 
 McDowell 17 (D.) 173 (R.) 
 
 Mercer 486 (D.) 38 (R.) 
 
 Mineral 92 (D.) 43 (R.) 
 
 Wyoming 30 (D.) 135 (R.) 
 
 Marion , 3 (R.) 33 (D.) 
 
 Logan County is recorded as having given a gradually in- 
 creasing Democratic plurality for President since 1873, as fol- 
 lows: 98, 623, 743, 863, 1,140. 
 
 Wetzel has a corresponding Democratic record as follows: 
 159, 778, 834, 889, 910. 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 54 counties in 
 
 West Virginia. 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 618,457; 1890, 763,794. 
 The five most populous counties are: Kanawha (43,756); 
 Ohio (41,557); Wood (38,613); Cabell (33,595), and Mason (23,- 
 863). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
310 
 
 STATES AND TBRKITOKIES. 
 
 "WISCONSIN. 
 
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 ONEIDA 
 
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 <^a^l>'»'WAUXEC CO. 
 
 As redistricted in 1890. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 ■Eleotm-al Vote.— In 1873 Grant (R.) received 10 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 10; 
 
 1880, Garfield (R.), 10; 1884, Blaine (R.), 11; 1888, Hai-rison 
 
 (R.), 11. There will be 13 votes in 1893. 
 Total State Vote.— 1872, 193,308; 1876, 357,313; 1880, 367,173; 1884, 319,943; 
 
 1888, 354,614; 1890 .(Gov.), 309,149. 
 Pluralities.— 1872. 17,686 (R.); 1876, 5,305 (R.); 1880, 39,763 (R.); 1884, 14,- 
 
 698 (R.); 1888, 31,331 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 38,330 (D.). 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEEEITORIBS. 311 
 
 Increase in tits Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 
 
 1872 and 1888 was 162,306. 
 New Oounties. — Florence, Forest, Langlade, Lincoln, Marinette, Oneida, 
 Price, Sawyer, Taylor and Washburn Counties have been form- 
 ed since 1872: 
 Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
 noted: 
 
 County. 1884. 1888. 
 
 Crawford 75 (D.) 235 (R.) 
 
 Dane 189 (D.) 401 (R.) 
 
 Marquette 138 (D.) 114 (R.) 
 
 Sheboygan 475 (D.) 629 (R.) 
 
 Waukesha 57 (D.) 383 (R.) 
 
 Variatioiis in the County Vote since 1888. — Considering the Presidential vote 
 of 1888 with that for Governor in 1890, variations as under are 
 recorded : 
 
 County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) 
 
 Chippewa 179 (R.) 379 (D.) 
 
 Crawford 235 (R.) 147 (D.) 
 
 Dane 401 (R.) 580 (D.) 
 
 Bau Claire 791 (R.) 137 (D.) 
 
 Forest 17 (R.) 14 (D.) 
 
 Green 561 (R.) 23 (D.) 
 
 Green Lake 287 (R.) 390 (D.) 
 
 Iowa 227 (R.) 13 (D.) 
 
 Kenosha 3 (R.) 286 (D.) 
 
 La Crosse 227 (R.) 718 (D.) 
 
 Lincoln 106 (R.) 497 (D.) 
 
 Marinette 8 (R.) 237 (D.) 
 
 Marquette 114 (R.) 442 (D.) 
 
 Milwaukee 4,092 (R.) 6,207 (D.) 
 
 Monroe 557 (R.) 76 (D.) 
 
 Oconto 167 (R.) 253 (D.) 
 
 Portage 281 (R.) 602 (D.) 
 
 Price 395 (R.) 19 (D.) 
 
 Racine 621 (R.) 150 (D.) 
 
 Sauk 762 (R.) 246 (D.) 
 
 Taylor 73 (R.) 315 (D.) 
 
 Washburn 151 (R.) 4 (D.) 
 
 Waukesha 383 (R.) 1,714 (D.) 
 
 Winnebago 327 (R.) 578 (D.) 
 
 From the foregoing statements it will be seen that 5 counties 
 changed sides in 1888 and 24 in 1890. 
 
 Crawford, Dane, Marquette and Waukesha Counties changed 
 sides twice. 
 
 Barron County is recorded as having given an increased Re- 
 publican plurality at every Presidential election since 1872, as 
 follows: 82, 387, 633, 903, 915. 
 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 68 counties in Wis- 
 consin. 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,315,497; 1890, 1,686,- 
 880. 
 
 The five most populous counties are: Milwaukee (236,101); 
 Dane (59,578); Winnebago (50,097); Dodge (44,984), and Fond 
 du Lac (44,088). 
 
 For Congressional and city figures see Appendix, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
313 
 
 STATES ANI> TERKITOEIBS. 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 Ul z > — 
 
 ^._^i_.__^__^j 3 
 
 Wyoming having but one Congressman is not divided into Congressional 
 districts. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STATES AND TEREITOEIES. 313 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 Electoral Vote. — Wyoming was admitted to the Union July 11, 1890. There 
 ■will be 3 votes in 1893. 
 
 Total State Vote.— The vote for Congress in 1886 was 9,372; Congress, 1888, 
 18,010; Governor, 1890, 16,033. 
 
 Pluralities.— 1886 (Cong.) 7,146 (R.); 1888 (Cong.), 3,894 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 
 1,736 (R.). 
 
 Increase in the Popular Vote. — Comparing the Congressional vote of 1886 
 with that for Governor in 1890, the increase in the popular vote 
 up to the last-named election was 6,660. The Congressional 
 vote of 1888 was nearly 3,000 larger than the vote for Governor 
 in 1890. 
 
 New Counties — According to the latest available returns. Converse and Sheri- 
 dan Counties voted for the first time in 1888; Natrona and 
 Weston Counties voted for the first time in 1890. 
 
 Va/riations in the County Vote. — Fremont County gave a Republican plural- 
 ity of 888 in 1886; a Democratic plurality of 126 in 1888, and a 
 Republican plurality of 70 in 1890. Johnson County gave a 
 Republican plurality of 675 in 1886, a Democratic pluraUty of 
 193 in 1888, and a Republican plurality of 149 in 1890. 
 
 Wo. of Counties. — There are, according to the last reports, 13 counties in 
 Wyoming. 
 
 Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 20,789; 1890, 60,705. 
 
 The five most populous counties are : Laramie (16,777); 
 Albany (8,865); Vinta (7,881); Carbon (6,857), and Sweetwater 
 (4,941). 
 
 Fo^ Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
 
 33b 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
314 
 
 STATES AND TBREITOKIES. 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
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 GRAHAM 
 
 'COCHISE 
 
 Arizona having but one Congressman is not divided into Congressional 
 districts. 
 
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STATES AKD TEEEITOEIES. 
 
 315 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
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 New Mexico having but one Congressman is not divided into Congres- 
 sional districts. 
 
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316 
 
 STATES AND TBERITOBIES. 
 
 OKLAHOMA. 
 
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 Oklahoma having but one Congressman is not divided into Congressional 
 districts. 
 
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STATES AND TBERITOEIES. 
 
 317 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 
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 WASHINGTON 
 
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 Utah having but one Congressman is not divided into Congressional 
 districts. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
318 
 
 STATES AND TEEEITOaiES. 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 Land area, 60 square miles; water, 10 square miles; total, 70 square 
 miles. 
 
 O Naval Observatory, the point from wliich longitude is reckoned from 
 Washington. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 THE MILLS BILL. 
 
 Principal Provisions Concerning Imports. 
 
 Be it enacted, etc., That on. and after tlie 1st day of October, 1888, the 
 following articles mentioned in this section, when imported, shall be exempt 
 from duty: 
 
 Timber, hewed and sawed, and timber used for spars and in building 
 wharves. 
 
 Timber squared or sided. 
 
 Wood unmanufactured, not specially enumerated or provided for. 
 
 Sawed boards, planks, deals, and all other articles of sawed lumber. 
 
 Hubs for wheels, posts, last-blocks, wagon-blocks, oar-blocks, gun-blocks, 
 heading-blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, rough, hewed, or sawed only. 
 
 Staves of wood. 
 
 Pickets and palings. 
 
 Laths. 
 
 Shingles. 
 
 Clapiboards, pine or spruce. 
 
 Logs. 
 
 Promded, That if any export duty is laid upon the above-mentioned arti- 
 cles, or either of them, by any country whence imported, all said articles 
 imported from said country shall be subject to duty as now provided by law. 
 
 Salt, in bags, sacks, barrels, or other packages, or in bulk, when imported 
 from any country which does not charge an import duty upon salt exported 
 from the United States. 
 
 Flax straw. 
 
 Flax, not hackled or dressed. 
 
 Tow of flax, or hemp. 
 
 Hemp, manila, and other Like substitutes for hemp 
 
 Jute-butts. 
 
 Jute. 
 
 Sunn, sisal-grass, and other vegetable fibers. 
 
 Burlaps, not exceeding 60 inches in width, of flax, jute, or hemp, or of 
 which flax, jute, or hemp, or either of them, shall be the component material 
 of chief value. 
 
 Bags of jute for grain. 
 
 Machinery designed for the conversion of jute or jute-butts into cotton- 
 bagging, to wit, cards, roving-frames, winding-frames, and softeners. 
 
 Iron or steel sheets, or plates, or taggers iron, coated with tin or lead, or 
 with a mixture of which these metals is a component part, by the dipping or 
 any other process, and commercially known as tin-plates, terne-plates, and 
 taggers tin. 
 
 310 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
320 APPENDIX. 
 
 Beeswax. 
 
 Glycerine, crude, brown, or yellow, of the specific gravity of 1.25 or less 
 at a temperature of 60° Fair., not purified by refining or distilling. 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 Soap-stocks, fit only for use as such. 
 
 Soap, hard and soft, all which are not otherwise specially enumerated or 
 provided for. 
 
 Sheep-dip. 
 
 Extract of hemlock, and other bark used for tanning. 
 
 Indigo, extracts of, and carmined. 
 
 Iodine, resublimed. 
 
 Oil, croton. 
 
 Hemp-seed and rape-seed oil. 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 Alumina — alum, patent alum, alum substitute, sulphate of alumina, and 
 aluminous cake, and alum in crystals or ground. 
 
 All imitations of natural mineral waters, and all artificial mineral waters. 
 
 Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, unmanufactured. 
 
 Boracic acid, borate of lime, and borax. 
 
 Copper, sulphate of, or blue vitriol. 
 
 Iron, sulphate of, or copperas. 
 
 Potash, crude, carbonate of, or fused, and caustic potash. 
 
 Chlorate of potash and nitrate of potash, or saltpeter, crude. 
 
 Sulphate of potash. 
 
 Sulphate of soda, known as salt-cake, crude or refined, or niter-cake, 
 crude or refined, and Glauber's-salt. 
 
 Nitrate of soda. 
 
 Sulphur, refined, in rolls. 
 
 Wood-tar. 
 
 Coal-tar, crude. 
 
 Aniline oil and its homologues. 
 
 Coal-tar, products of, such as naphtha, benzine, benzole, dead oil, and pitch. 
 
 All preparations of coal-tar not colors or dyes, and not acids of colors and 
 dyes. 
 
 Logwood and other dyewoods, extracts and decoctions of. 
 
 Alizarine, natural or artificial. 
 
 Spirits of turpentine. 
 
 Ocher and ochery earths, umber and umber earths. 
 
 Olive-oil, salad-oil, cotton-seed oil, whale-oil, seal-oil and neat's-foot oil. 
 
 All barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, bulbs, bulbous roots, and ex- 
 crescences, such as nut-galls, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, grains, gums, and 
 gum-resins, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, roots, and stems, vegetables, 
 seeds, and seeds of morbid growth, weeds, woods used expressly for dyeing, 
 and dried insects, any of the foregoing which are not edible and not specially 
 enumerated or provided for. 
 
 All non-dutiable crude minerals, but which have been advanced in value 
 or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manufacture, not 
 specially enumerated or provided for. 
 
 All earths or clays unwrought or unmanufactured. 
 
 Glass plates or discs unwrought, for use in the manufacture of optical in- 
 struments, spectacles, and eyeglasses. 
 
 Opium, crude and not adulterated, containing 9 per cent, and over of 
 morphia, for medicinal purposes. 
 
 Iron and steel cotton ties for hoops, for baling or other purposes, not 
 thinner than No. 20 wire gauge. 
 
 Needles, sewing, darning, knitting, and all others not specially enumer- 
 ated or provided for in this act. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
THE MILLS BILL. 321 
 
 Copper, Imported in the fonn of ores, regulus of, and black or coarse 
 copper and copper cement, old copper fit only for remanufacture. 
 
 Antimony, as regulus or metal. 
 
 Quicksilver. 
 
 Chromate of iron or chromic ore. 
 
 Mineral substances in a crude state and metals unwrought not specially 
 enumerated or provided for. 
 
 Brick, other than flre-brick. 
 
 German looking-glass plates, made of blown glass and silvered. 
 
 Vegetables in all their natural state or in salt or brine, not specially enu- 
 merated or provided for. 
 
 Chicory-root, ground or unground, burned or prepared. 
 
 Acorns and dandelion-root, raw or prepared, and all other articles used, 
 or intended to be used, as coilee or substitutes therefor, not specially enumer- 
 ated or provided for. 
 
 Cocoa, prepared or manufactured. 
 
 Dates. 
 
 Currants, Zante or other. 
 
 Figs. 
 
 Meats, game and poultry. 
 
 Milk, fresh. 
 
 Egg-yolks. 
 
 Beans, pease, and split pease. 
 
 Bibles, books, and pamphlets, printed in other languages than English, 
 and books and pamphlets and all publications of foreign governments, and 
 publications of foreign societies, historical or scientific, printed for gratuitous 
 distribution. 
 
 Bristles. 
 
 Bulbs and bulbous roots, not medicinal. 
 
 Feathers of all kinds, crude or not dressed, colored, or manufactured. 
 
 Finishing powder. 
 
 Grease. 
 
 Grindstones, finished or unfinished. 
 
 Curled hair, for beds and mattresses. 
 
 Human hair, raw, uncleaned and not drawn. 
 
 Hemp and rape seed, and other oil-seeds of like character. 
 
 Garden seeds. 
 
 Osier or willow, prepared for basket-makers' use. 
 
 Broom-corn. 
 
 Brushwood. 
 
 Kags, of whatever material composed. 
 
 Rattans and reeds, manufactured but not made up into finished articles. 
 
 Stones, manufactured or undressed, freestone, granite, sandstone, and all 
 building or monumental stone. 
 
 All strings of gut or any other like material. 
 
 Tallow. 
 
 Waste, all not specially enumerated or provided for. 
 
 See. 2. That on the 1st day of October, 1888, in lieu of the duties here- 
 tofore imposed on the articles hereinafter mentioned, there shall be levied, 
 collected, and paid the following rates of duty on said articles severally: 
 
 Glycerine, refined, 3 cents per pound. 
 
 Acid, acetic, acetous, or pyroligneous acid, exceeding the specific gravity 
 of 1.047, 5 cents per pound. 
 
 Castor beans or seeds, 25 cents per bushel of 50 pounds. 
 
 Castor-oil, 40 cents per gallon. 
 
 Flaxseed or linseed oil, 15 cents per gallon. 
 
 Licorice, paste or rolls, 5 cents per pound. 
 
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323 APPEN'DIX. 
 
 Licorice juice, 35 per cent, ad valorem. . , -u t -i 
 
 Baryta, sulphate of, or barytas, manufactured, one-eignth ot 1 cent per 
 pound. 
 
 Chromate of potash, 2>^ cents per pound. 
 
 Bichromate of potash, 2>^ cents per pound. 
 
 Acetate of lead, brown, 2 cents per pound. 
 
 Acetate of lead, white, 3 cents per pound. 
 
 White lead, when dry or in pulp, or when ground or mixed m oil, 3 cents 
 per pound. 
 
 Orange mineral, and red lead, 1}4, cents per pound. 
 
 Litharge, 1% cents per pound. 
 
 Nitrate of lead, 2 cents per pound. 
 
 Magnesia, medicinal, carbonate of, 3 cents per pound. 
 
 Magnesia, calcined, 7 cents per pound. 
 
 Magnesia, sulphate of, or Epsom salts, one-fourth of 1 cent per pound. 
 
 Prussiate of potash, red, 7 cents per pound. 
 
 Prussiate of potash, yellow, 3 cents per pound. 
 
 Nitrate of potash, refined, or refined saltpeter, 1 cent per pound. 
 
 Sal-soda, or soda crystals, one-eighth of 1 cent per pound. 
 
 Bicarbonate of or supercarbonate of soda, and saleratus, calcined or pearl- 
 ash, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound. 
 
 Hydrate or caustic soda, one-lialf of 1 cent per pound. - 
 
 Soda silicale or other alkaline silicate, one-fourth of 1 cent per pound. 
 
 Sulphur, sublimed or flowers of, $12 per ton. 
 
 Ultramarine, 3 cents per pound. 
 
 Paris green, 12}2 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Colors and paints, including lakes, whether dry or mixed, or ground 
 with water or oil, not specially enumerated or provided for, 20 per cent, ad 
 valorem. 
 
 Zinc, oxide of, when dry, 1 cent per pound; when ground in oil, 1}4 cents 
 per pound. 
 
 All medicinal preparations known as cerates, conserves, decoctions, emul- 
 sions, extracts, solid or fluid, infusions, juices, liniments, lozenges, mixtures, 
 mucilages, ointments, oleo-resins, pills, plasters, powders, resins, suppositories, 
 sirups, vinegars, and waters, of any of which alcohol is not a component part, 
 which are not specially enumerated or provided for, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 All ground or powdered spices not specially enumerated or provided for, 
 3 cents per pound. 
 
 Proprietary preparations, to wit: All cosmetics, pills, powders, troches or 
 lozenges, sirups, cordials, bitters, anodynes, tonics, plasters, liniments, salves, 
 ointments, pastes, drops, waters, essences, spirits, oils, or preparations or 
 compositions recommended to the public as proprietary articles or prepared 
 according to some private formula as remedies or specifics for any disease or 
 diseases or affections affecting the human or animal body, including all toi- 
 let preparations whatever used as applications to the hair, mouth, teeth, or 
 skin, not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Morphia or morphine and all salts thereof, 50 cents per ounce. 
 
 Acid, tannic or tannin, 50 cents per pound. 
 
 China, porcelain, parian, and bisque, earthen, stone, or crockery ware 
 composed of earthy or mineral substance, including plaques, ornaments, 
 charms, vases, and statuettes, painted, printed, enameled, or gilded, or other- 
 wise decorated in any manner, 50 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 China, porcelain, parian, and bisque ware not decorated in any manner, 
 40 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 White granite, common ware, plain white or cream-colored, lustered or 
 printed under glaze in a single color; sponged, dipped, or edged ware, 35 
 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
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THE MILLS BILL. 323 
 
 Brown earthenware, common stoneware, gas-retorts, and roofing-tiles, not 
 specially enumerated or provided for, and not decorated in any manner, 20 
 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 All other earthen, stone, and crockery ware, white, colored, or bisque, 
 composed of earthy or mineral substances, not specially enumerated or pro- 
 vided for in this act, and not decorated in any manner, 35 per cent, ad 
 valorem. 
 
 Paving-tiles, not encaustic, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Encaustic tiles, not glazed or enameled, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 All glazed or enameled tiles, 40 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Slates, slate pencils, slate chimney-pieces, mantels, slabs for tables, and 
 all other manufactures of slate, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Green and colored glass bottles, vials, demijohns, and carboys (covered 
 or uncovered), pickle or preserve jars, and other plain, molded, or pressed 
 green and colored bottle-glass, not cut, engraved, or painted, and not special- 
 ly enumerated or provided for, 1 cent per pound; if filled, and not otherwise 
 provided for, and the contents are subject to an ad valorem duty, or to a rate 
 of duty based on their value, the value of such bottles, vials, or other vessels 
 shall be added to the value of the contents for the ascertainment of the duti- 
 able value of the latter; but if filled and not otherwise provided for, and the 
 contents are not subject to an ad valorem duty or to a rate of duty based on 
 their value, they shall pay a duty of 1 cent per pound in addition to the duty, 
 if any, on their contents. 
 
 Cylinder and crown glass, polished, above 34 by 30 inches square and 
 not exceeding 24 by 60 inches square, 20 cents per square foot; all above 
 that, 30 cents per square foot. 
 
 Unpolished cylinder, crown, and common window-glass, not exceeding 
 10 by 15 inches square, l^g cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding 
 16 by 24 inches square, l'>^ cents per pound; above that and not exceeding 
 34 by 30 inches square, 3 cents per pound; all above that 33^^ cents per 
 pound: Promded, That unpolished cylinder, crown, and common window- 
 glass, imported in boxes containing 50 square feet as nearly as sizes will per- 
 mit, now known and commercially designated as 50 feet of glass, single 
 thick and weighing not to exceed 55 pounds of glass per box, shall be entered 
 and computed as 50 pounds of glass only; and that said kinds of glass im- 
 ported in boxes containing, as nearly as sizes will permit, 50 feet of glass, 
 now known and commercially designated as 50 feet of glass, double thick 
 and not exceeding 90 pounds in weight, shall be entered and computed as 80 
 pounds of glass only; but in all other cases the duty shall be computed ac- 
 cording to the actual weight of glass. 
 
 Cast polished plate-glass, silvered, or looking-glass plates, above 34 by 30 
 inches square and not exceeding 34 hj 60 inches square, 35 cents per square 
 foot; all above that, 4.1 cents per square foot. 
 
 Porcelain and Bohemian glass, chemical glassware, painted glassware, 
 stained glass, and all other manufactures of glass, or of which glass shall be 
 the component material of chief value, not specially enumerated or provided 
 for, 40 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, $6 per ton. 
 
 Iron railway bars, weighing more than 25 pounds to the yard, $11 per ton. 
 
 Steel railway bars and railway bars made in part of steel, weighing more 
 than 25 pounds to the yard, $11 per ton. 
 
 Bar-iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats not less than 1 inch wide 
 nor less than three-eighths of 1 inch thick, seven-tenths of 1 cent per pound; 
 comprising round iron not less than three-fourths of 1 inch in diameter, and 
 square iron not less than three-fourths of 1 inch square, and flats less than 1 
 inch wide or less than three-eighths of 1 inch thick, round iron less than 
 three-fourths of 1 inch and not less than seven-sixteenths of 1 inch in diam- 
 
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324 APPENDIX. 
 
 eter, and square iron less than three-fourths of 1 inch square, 1 cent per 
 pound : Provided, That all iron in slabs, blooms, loops, or other forms less 
 finished than iron in bars, and more advanced than pig-iron, except castings, 
 shall be rated as iron in bars, and pay a duty accordingly; and none of the 
 above iron shall pay a less rate of duty than 35 per cent, ad valorem : Pro- 
 vided further. That all iron bars, blooms, billets, or sizes or shapes of any 
 kind, in the manufacture of which charcoal is used as fuel, shall be subject 
 to a duty of not less than $30 per ton. 
 
 Iron or steel T-rails, weighing not over 25 pounds to the yard, $14 per 
 ton; iron or steel flat rails, punched, $15 per ton. 
 
 Round iron, in coils or rods, less than seven-sixteenths of 1 inch in diam- 
 eter, and bars or shapes of rolled iron, not specially enumerated or provided 
 for, 1 cent per pound. 
 
 Iron or steel, flat with longitudinal ribs, for the manufacture of fencing, 
 four-tenths of 1 cent per pound. 
 
 Sheet-iron, common or black, thinner than 1 inch and not thinner than 
 No. 20 wire gauge, 1 cent per pound; thinner than No. 20 wire gauge and 
 not thinner than No. 35 wire gauge, one and one-tenth of 1 cent per pound: 
 thinner than No. 35 wire gauge and not thinner than No. 39 wire gauge, one 
 and one-fourth of 1 cent per pound; thinner than No. 29 wire gauge, and 
 all iron commercially known as common or black taggers iron, whether put 
 up in boxes or bundles or not, 80 per cent, ad valorem: Provided, That on all 
 such iron and steel sheets or plates aforesaid, excepting on what are known 
 commercially as tin-plates, terne-plates, and taggers tin, when galvanized or 
 coated with zinc or spelter, or other metals, or any alloy of those metals, one- 
 fourth of 1 cent per pound additional when not thinner than No. 20 wire 
 gauge; thinner than No. 30 wire gauge and not thinner than No. 25 wire 
 gauge, one-half cent per pound additional, and when thinner than No. 25 
 wire gauge, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound additional. 
 
 Hoop or band or scroll or other iron, 8 inches or less in width, and not 
 thinner than No. 10 wire gauge, 1 cent per pound; thinner than No. 10 wire 
 gauge and not thinner than No. 20 wire gauge, 1.1 cent per pound; thinner 
 than No. 20 wire gauge, 1.3 cent per pound: Provided, That all articles not 
 specially enumerated or provided for, whether wholly or partly manufac- 
 tured, made from sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron herein provided for, 
 or of which such sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron shall be the material 
 of chief value, shall pay one-fourth of 1 cent per pound more duty than that 
 imposed on the iron from which they are made, or which shall be such ma- 
 terial of chief value. 
 
 Cast-iron pipe, six-tenths of 1 cent per pound. 
 
 Cut nails and spikes, of iron or steel, 1 cent per pound. 
 
 Cut tacks, brads, or sprigs, 35 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Iron or steel railway fish-plates or splice-bars, eight-tenths of 1 cent per 
 pound. 
 
 Wrought-iron or steel spikes, nuts and washers, and horse, mule, or ox 
 shoes, 1% cents per pound. 
 
 Anvils, anchors, or parts thereof, mill-irons and mill-cranks, of wrought- 
 iron, and wrought-iron for ships, and forgings of iron and steel, for vessels, 
 steam-engines, and locomotives, or parts thereof, weighing each 35 pounds 
 or more, 1% cents per pound. 
 
 Iron or steel rivets, bolts, with or without threads or nuts, or bolt-blanks, 
 and finished hinges or hinge-blanks, IJ^ cents per pound. 
 
 Iron or steel blacksmiths' hammers and sledges, track-tools, wedges, and 
 crowbars, IJ^^ cents per pound. 
 
 Iron or steel axles, parts thereof, axle-bars, axle-blanks, or forgings for 
 axles, without reference to the stage or state of manufacture, IJ^ cents per 
 poimd. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
THE MILLS BILL. 325 
 
 Horseshoe nails, hob-nails, and wire nails, and all other wrought-iron or 
 steel nails, not specially enumerated or provided for, 2% cents per pound. 
 
 Boiler-tubes or other tubes or flues or stays, of wrought-iron or steel, 1% 
 cents per pound. 
 
 Chain or chains, of all kinds, made of iron or steel, less than three-fourths 
 of 1 inch in diameter, 1)^ cents per pound; less than three-fourths of 1 inch 
 and not less than three-eighths of 1 inch in diameter, 1}4 cents per pound; 
 less than three-eighths of 1 inch in diameter, 2 cents per pound. 
 
 Hand, back, and all other saws, not specially enumerated or provided 
 for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Files, file-blanks, rasps, and floats of all cuts and kinds, 35 per cent, ad 
 valorem. 
 
 Iron or steel beams, girders, joists, angles, channels, car-truck channels, 
 TT columns and posts, or parts or sections of columns and posts, deck and 
 bulb beams, and building forms, together with all other structural shapes of 
 iron or steel, six-tenths of 1 cent per pound. 
 
 Steel wheels and steel-tired wheels for railway purposes, whether wholly 
 or partly finished, and iron or steel locomotive, car, and other railway tires, 
 or parts thereof, wholly or partly manufactured, 3 cents per pound; iron or 
 steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms or blanks for the same without regard to 
 the degree of manufacture, 1}4 cents per pound. 
 
 Iron and steel wire and iron and steel wire galvanized, and all manufac- 
 tures of iron and steel wire and of iron and steel wire galvanized shall pay 
 the duties now provided by law: Promded, That no such duty shall be in ex- 
 cess of 60 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Clippings from new copper, fit only for manufacture, 1 cent per pound. 
 
 Copper in plates, bars, ingots. Chili or other pigs, and in other forms, not 
 manufactured, 3 cents per pound; in rolled plates, called braziers' copper, 
 sheets, rods, pipes, and copper bottoms, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Lead-ore and lead-dross, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound. 
 
 Lead, in pigs and bars, molten and old refuse lead run into blocks, and 
 bars and old scrap lead fit only to be remanufactured, IJ^ cents per pound. 
 Lead in sheets, pipes, or shot, 2J^ cents per pound. 
 
 Sheathing or yellow metal, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Nickel, in ore or matte, 10 cents per pound on the nickel contained therein. 
 
 Zinc-ores, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Zinc-spelter, or tutenegue, in blocks or pigs, and old worn-out zinc fit 
 only to be remanufactured, 1}.^ cents per pound; zinc, spelter, or tutenegue, 
 in sheets, 3 cents per pound. 
 
 Hollowware, coated, glazed, or tinned, 2% cents per pound. 
 
 Needles for knitting and sewing-machines, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Pens, metallic, 35 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Type metal, 15 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 New type for printing, 15 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Manufactures, articles, or wares, not specially enumerated or provided 
 for, composed wholly or in part of copper, 35 per cent, ad valorem ; manu- 
 factures, articles, or wares, not specially enumerated or provided for, com- 
 posed of iron, steel, lead, nickel, pewter, tin, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, or 
 any other metal, or of which any of the foregoing metals may be the com- 
 ponent material of chief value, and whether partly or wholly manufactured, 
 40 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Cabinet and house furniture of wood, finished, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Manufactures of cedar wood, granadilla, ebony, mahogany, rosewood, 
 and satinvs^od, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Manufactures of wood, or of which wood is the chief component part, 
 not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 All sugars not above No. 13 Dutch standard in color shall pay duty on 
 their polariscopic test as follows, namely: 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
326 APPENDIX. 
 
 All sugars not above No. 13 Dutch standard in color, all tank bottoms, 
 sirups of cane-juice or of beet-juice, melada, concentrated melada, concrete 
 and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above seventjr-flve 
 degrees, shall pay a duty of 1.15 cents per pound, and for every additional 
 degree or fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test they shall pay 
 thirty -two thousandths of 1 cent per pound additional. 
 
 All sugars above No. 13 Dutch standard in color shall be classified by the 
 Dutch standard of color, and pay duty as follows, namely: 
 
 All sugars above No. 13 and not above No. 16 Dutch standard, 3.20 
 cents per pound. 
 
 All sugars above No. 16 and not above No. 20 Dutch standard, 3.40 cents 
 per pound. 
 
 All sugars above No. 20 Dutch standard, 2 80 cents per pound. 
 Molasses testing not above fifty-six degrees by the polariscope shall pay a 
 duty of 2^4 cents per gallon; molasses testing above fifty-six degrees shall 
 pay a duty of 6 cents per gallon: Provided, That if an export duty shall here- 
 after be laid upon sugar or molasses by any country whence the same may 
 be imported, such sugar or molasses so imported shall be subject to duty as 
 provided by law at the date of the passage of this act. 
 Sugar-candy, not colored, 5 cents per pound. 
 All other confectionery, 40 per cent ad valorem. 
 Potato or corn starch, rice-starch, and other starch, 1 cent per pound. 
 Rice, cleaned, 3 cents per pound ; (incleaned, or rice free of the outer hull 
 and still having the inner cuticle on, 1 '4 cents per pound. 
 Rice-flour and rice-meal, 15 per cent, ad valorem. 
 Paddy, or rice having the outer hull on, 1 cent per pound. 
 Raisins, 1% cents per pound. 
 
 Peanuts or ground-beans, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound; shelled, 1 
 cent per pound. 
 
 Mustard, ground or preserved, in bottles or otherwise, 6 cents per pound. 
 Cotton thread, yarn, warps, or warp yarn, whether single or advanced 
 beyond the condition of single by twisting two or more single yarns together, 
 whether on beams or in bundles, skeins, or cops, or in any other form, valued 
 at not exceeding 40 cents per pound, 35 per cent, ad valorem; valued at over 
 40 cents per pound, 40 per cent, ad valorem. 
 On all cotton cloth, 40 per cent, ad valorem. 
 Spool-thread of cotton, 40 per cent, ad valorem. 
 Flax, hackled, known as dressed line, $10 per ton. 
 Brown and bleached linens, ducks, canvas, paddings, cot-bottoms, diapers, 
 crash, huckabacks, handkerchiefs, lawns, or other manufactures of flax, 
 jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp shall be the component ma- 
 terial of chief value, not specially enumerated or provided for, 35 per cent, 
 ad valorem; Provided, That cuffs, collars, shirts, and other manufactures of 
 wearing apparel, made in whole or in part of linen, and not otherwise pro- 
 vided for, and hydraulic hose, 35 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Flax, hemp, and jute yarns, and all twines of hemp, jute, jute-butts, 
 sunn, sisal-grass, ramie, and China-grass, 15 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Flax or linen thread, twine, and packed thread and all manufactures of 
 flax, or of which flax sliall be the component material of chief value, not 
 specially enumerated or provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Oil-cloth foundations or floor-cloth canvas or burlaps, exceeding 60 inches 
 in width, made of flax, jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp, or 
 either of them, shall be the component material of chief value, 25 per cent, 
 ad valorem. 
 
 Oil-cloths for floors, stamped, painted, or printed, and on all other oil- 
 cloth (except silk oil-clotb), and on water -proof cloth, not otherwise provided 
 for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
THE MILLS BILL. 327 
 
 Gunny-cloth, not bagging, 15 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Bags and bagging, and like manufactures, not specially enumerated or 
 provided for, including bagging for cotton composed wholly or in part of 
 flax, hemp, jute, gunny-cloth, gunny-bags, or other material, three-eighths 
 of 1 cent per pound. 
 
 Tarred cables or cordage, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Untarred manila cordage, 35 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 All other untarred cordage, 35 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Seines and seine and gilling twine, 35 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Sail-duck, or canvas for sails, 35 per cent, ad valorem. Russia and other 
 sheetings of flax or hemp, brown or white, 35 per cent, ad valorem. All 
 other manufactures of hemp or manila, or of which hemp or manila shall be 
 a component material of chief value, not specially enumerated or provided 
 for, 35 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Grass-cloth and other manufactures of jute, ramie, China and sisal-grass, 
 not specially enumerated or provided for, 35 per cent, ad valorem: Promded, 
 That as to jute, jute-butts, sunn, and sisal-grass, and manufactures thereof, 
 except burlaps, not exceeding sixty inches in width, this act shall take effect 
 Jan. 1, 1889; and as to flax, hemp, manila, and other like substitutes for 
 hemp, and the manufactures thereof, upon July 1, 1889. 
 
 Sec. 3. On and after Oct. 1, 1888, there shall be admitted, when imported, 
 free of duty: All wools, hair of the alpaca, goat, and other like animals. 
 Wools on the skin. Woolen rags, shoddy, mungo, waste, and flocks. 
 
 On and after Jan. 1, 1889, in lieu of the duties heretofore imposed on the 
 articles hereinafter mentioned in this section, there shall be levied, collected, 
 and paid the following rates of duty on said articles severally: Woolen and 
 worsted cloths, shawls, and all manufactures of wool of every description, 
 made wholly or in part of wool or worsted, not specially enumerated or pro- 
 vided for, 40 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Flannels, blankets, hats of wool, knit goods, and all goods made on knit- 
 ting-frames, balmorals, woolen and worsted yarns, and all manufactures of 
 every description, composed wholly or in part of wool or worsted, the hair 
 of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, not specially enumerated or provided 
 for, 40 per cent ad valorem: Provided, That from and after the passage of 
 this act, and until the 1st day of October, 1888, the Secretary of the Treasury 
 be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to classify as woolen cloth all 
 imports of worsted cloth, whether known under the name of worsted cloth, 
 or under the name of "worsteds" or "diagonals," or otherwise. 
 
 Bunting, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Women's and children's dress-goods, 
 coat-linings, Italian cloths, and goods of like description, composed in part 
 of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, 40 per cent, 
 ad valorem. 
 
 Clothing, ready-made, and wearing apparel of every description, not spe- 
 cially enumerated or provided for, and balmoral skirts and skirting, and 
 goods of similar description or used for like purposes, composed wholly or 
 in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, made 
 up or manufactured wholly or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manufac- 
 turer, except knit goods, 45 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Cloaks, dolmans, jackets, talmas, ulsters, or other outside garments for 
 ladies' and children's apparel, and goods of similar description or used for 
 like purposes, composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the 
 alpaca, goat, or other animals, made up or manufactured wholly or in part 
 by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer (except knit goods), 45 per cent, 
 ad valorem. 
 
 Webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, gal- 
 loons, fringes, gimps, cords, cords and tassels, dress-trimmings, head-nets, 
 buttons, or barrel buttons, or buttons of other forms for tassels or ornaments 
 
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328 APPENDIX. 
 
 wrought by hand or braided by machinery, made of wool, worsted, the hair 
 of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, or of which wool, worsted, the hair of 
 the alpaca, goat, or other animals is a component material, 50 per cent, ad 
 valorem. 
 
 Hemp and jute carpeting 6 cents per square yard. 
 
 Floor-matting and floor-mats exclusively of vegetable substances, 20 per 
 cent, ad valorem. 
 
 "All other carpets and carpetings, druggets, bookings, mats, rugs, screens, 
 covers, hassocks, bed-sides of wool, flax, cotton or parts of either or other 
 material, 40 per cent, ad valorem." 
 
 Endless belts or felts for paper or printing machines, 30 per cent, ad 
 valorem. 
 
 Sec. 4. That on and after the 1st day of October, 1888, in lieu of the du- 
 ties heretofore imposed on the articles hereinafter mentioned, there shall be 
 levied, collected, and paid the following rates of duty on said articles sever- 
 ally: 
 
 Paper, sized or glued, suitable only for printing paper, 15 per cent, ad 
 valorem. 
 
 Printing paper, unsized, used for books and newspapers exclusively, 12 
 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Paper boxes, and all other fancy boxes, not otherwise provided for, 25 
 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Paper envelopes, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Paper hangings, and paper for screens or fire-boards, surface-coated paper, 
 and all manufactures of which surface-coated paper is a component material, 
 not otherwise provided for, and cardboard, paper antiquarian, demy, draw- 
 ing, elephant, foolscap, imperial, letter, note, and all other paper not spe- 
 cially enumerated or provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Beads and bead ornaments of all kinds, except amber, 40 per cent, ad 
 valorem. 
 
 Blacking of all kinds, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Bonnets, hats, and hoods for men, women, and children, composed of 
 hair, whalebone, or any vegetable material, and not specially enumerated or 
 provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Brooms of all kinds, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Brushes of all kinds, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Canes and sticks, for walking, finished, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Card clothing, 20 cents per square foot; when manufactured from tem- 
 pered steel wire, 40 cents per square foot. 
 
 Carriages, and parts of, not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per 
 cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Dolls and toys, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Fans of all kinds, except palm-leaf fans, of whatever material composed, 
 30 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Feathers of all kinds, when dressed, colored, or manufactured, including 
 dressed and finished birds and artificial and ornamental feathers and flowers, 
 or parts thereof, of whatever material composed, not specially enumerated or 
 provided for, 35 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Friction and lucifer matches of all descriptions, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Gloves of all descriptions, wholly or partially manufactured, 40 per cent, 
 ad valorem: PromUd, That gloves made of silk taffeta shall be taxed 50 per 
 cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Gun wads of all descriptions, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Gutta-percha, manufactured, and all articles of hard rubber not specially 
 enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Hair, human, if clean or drawn, but not manufactured, 20 per cent, ad 
 valorem. 
 
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THE MILLS BILL. 329 
 
 Bracelets, braids, chains, rings, curls, and ringlets composed of hair, or 
 of which hair is the component material of chief value, and all manufactures 
 of human hair, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Hats, materials for: Braids, plaits, flats, willow sheets and squares, fit only 
 for use in making or ornamenting hats, bonnets, and hoods, composed of 
 straw, chip, grass, palm-leaf, willow, hair, whalebone, or any vegetable ma- 
 terial, not specially enumerated or provided for, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Hat-bodies of cotton, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Hatter's plush, composed of silk or of silk and cotton, 15 per cent, ad 
 valorem. 
 
 Inks of all kinds, and ink-powders, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Japanned ware of all kinds not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 
 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Kaolin, crude, $1 per ton. 
 
 China clay or wrought kaolin, $2 per ton. 
 
 Marble of all kinds, in block, rough, or squared, 40 cents per cubic foot. 
 
 Marble, sawed, dressed, or othervdse, including marble slabs and marble 
 paving-tiles, 85 cents per cubic foot. 
 
 All manuf actm-es of marble not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 
 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Papier-mache, manufactures, articles, and wares of, 25 per cent, ad 
 valorem. 
 
 Percussion caps, 80 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Philosophical apparatus and instruments, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Umbrella and parasol ribs, and stretcher frames, tips, runners, handles, 
 or other parts thereof, when made in whole or chief part of iron, steel, or any 
 other metal, 30 per cent, ad valorem; umbrellas, parasols, and shades, when 
 covered with silk or alpaca, 50 per cent, ad valorem; all other umbrellas 30 per 
 cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Watches, watch-cases, watch-movements, parts of watches, watch-glasses, 
 and watch-keys, whether separately packed or otherwise, and watch materials 
 not specially enumerated or provided for in this act, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Webbing, composed of cotton, flax, or a mixture of these materials, not 
 specially enumerated or provided for in this act, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Sec. 5. That the following amendments to and provisions for existing 
 laws shall take effect on and after the passage and approval of this act : 
 
 Section 6 of the act of March 3, 1883, entitled "An act to reduce internal- 
 revenue taxation, and for other purposes," providing a substitute for title 33 
 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, is hereby amended as to certain 
 of the sections and parts of sections or schedules in such substituted title, so 
 that they shall be as follows, respectively : 
 
 "Sec. 2,499. Each and every imported article not enumerated or pro- 
 vided for in any schedule in this title, which is similar, either in mate- 
 rial, quality, textures, or the use to which it may be applied, to any article 
 enumerated in this title as chargeable with duty, shall pay the same rate of 
 duty which is levied on the enumerated article which it most resembles in 
 any of the particulars before mentioned; and if any non-enumerated article 
 equally resembles two or more enumerated articles on which different rates 
 of duty are chargeable, there shall be levied on such non-enumerated article 
 the same rate of duty as is chargeable on the article which it resembles pay- 
 ing the highest rate of duty; and on articles, not otherwise provided for, 
 manufactured from two or more materials, the duty .shall be assessed at the 
 rate at which the dutiable component material of chief value may be charge- 
 able; and the words 'component material of chief value,' whenever used in 
 this title, shall be held to mean that dutiable component material which shall 
 exceed in value any other single component material found in the article; 
 and the value of each component material shall be determined by the ascer- 
 S4b 
 
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330 APPENDIX. 
 
 tained value of such material in its last form and condition before it became 
 a component material of sucli article. If two or more rates of duty shall be 
 applicable to any imported article, it shall pay duty at the highest of such 
 rates: Provided, That any non-enumerated article similar in material and 
 quality and texture and the use to which it may be applied to any article 
 on the free list, and in the manufacture of which no dutiable materials are 
 used, shall be free of duty." 
 
 Sec. 2,502. Schedule A — Chemical products. — By striking out from this 
 schedule the words ' ' distilled spirits containing 50 per cent, of anhydrous 
 alcohol, $1 per gallon;" also, by striking out the words "alcohol containing 
 94 per cent, anliydrous alcohol, $2 per gallon." 
 
 THE FREE LIST. 
 
 SEr. 2,503. By striking out the clause in this section commencing with 
 the words "articles the growth, produce, and manufacture of the tJnited 
 States," and inserting in lieu thereof the following: 
 
 " Articles the growth, produce and manufacture of the United States, 
 when returned after having been exported without having been advanced in 
 value by any process of manufacture or by labor thereon ; casks, barrels, car- 
 boys, bags, and other vessels of American manufacture exported filled with 
 American products, or exported empty and returned filled with foreign 
 products, including shocks when returned as barrels or boxes; but proof of 
 the identity of such articles shall be made under general regulations to be 
 prescribed by the Secretajjr of the Treasury; and if any of such articles are 
 subject to internal tax at the time of exportation, such tax shall be proved to 
 have been paid before exportation, and not refunded: Provided, That this 
 clause shall not include any article upon which an allowance of drawback 
 has been made, the reimportation of which is hereby prohibited except upon 
 payment of duties equal to the drawbacks allowed." 
 
 The clause relating to "wearing apparel," etc. (tariff, paragraph 815), is 
 hereby amended so that it shall read as follows : 
 
 "Wearing apparel, implements, instruments, and tools of trade, occupa- 
 tion, or employment, professional books, and other personal effects (not mer- 
 chandise) of persons aniving in the United States, not exceeding in value 
 $500, and not intended for the use of any other person or persons, nor for 
 sale; but this exemption shall not be construed to include machinery or other 
 articles imported for use in any manufacturing establishment or for sale : 
 Provided, hmuexer. That the limitation in value above specified shall not apply 
 to wearing apparel and other personal effects which may have been taken from 
 the United States to foreign countries by the persons returning therefrom ; and 
 such last-named articles shall, upon production of evidence satisfactory to 
 the collector or officer acting as such that they have been previously exported 
 from the United States by such persons, and have not been ad\anced in value 
 or improved in condition by any process of manufacture or labor thereon 
 since so exported, be exempt from the payment of duty: And provided fur - 
 titer, That all articles of foreign production or manufacture which may have 
 been once imported into the United States and subjected to the payment of 
 duty shall, upon reimportation, if not improved in condition, except by 
 repairs, by any means, since their exportation from the United States, be 
 entitled to exemption from duty upon their identity being established, under 
 such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the 
 Treasury. 
 
 "Theatrical scenery and actors' and actresses' wardrobes brought by the- 
 atrical managers and professional actors and actresses arriving from abroad, 
 for their temporary use in the United Slates; works of art, drawings, engrav- 
 ings, photographic pictures, and philosophical and scientific apparatus brought 
 
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THE MILLS BILL. 331 
 
 by professional artists, lecturers, or scientists arriving from abroad for use 
 by ttiem temporarily for exhibition, and in illustration, promotion, and encour- 
 agement of art, science, or industry in the United States; and wearing apparel 
 and other personal effects of tourists from abroad visiting the United States 
 shall be admitted to free entry under such regulations as the Secretary of the 
 Treasury may prescribe; and bonds shall be given, whenever required by the 
 Secretary of the Treasury, for the payment to the United States of such du- 
 ties as may be imposed by law upon any and all such articles as shall not be 
 exported within six months of such importation: Provided however. That the 
 Secretary of the Treasury may, in his discretion, extend such period for a 
 further term of six months in cases where application therefor shall be made. 
 "Wearing apparel, old and worn, not exceeding $100 in value, upon pro- 
 duction of evidence satisfactory to the collector and naval officer (if any) that 
 the same has been donated and imported in good faith for the relief or aid of 
 indigent or needy persons residing in the United States, and not for sale. " 
 
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TEXT OP THE McKUTLEY BILL. 
 
 (PROVISIONS RELATING TO IMPORTS.) 
 
 This Law Took Effect From October 6, 1890., 
 
 An Act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on imports, and for other 
 purposes. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and Souse of Representatives, of tlie United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That on and after the sixth daj of 
 October, eighteen hundred and ninety, unless otherwise specially provided 
 for in this act, there shall be levied, collected, and paid upon all articles im- 
 ported from foreign countries, and mentioned in the schedules herein con- 
 tained, the rates of duty which are, by the schedules and paragraphs, re- 
 spectively prescribed, namely: 
 
 Schedule A. — Chemicals, Oils, and Paints. 
 
 Acids. — 1. Acetic or pyroligneous acid, not exceeding the specific gravity 
 of one and forty-seven one-thousandths, one and one-half cents per pound; 
 exceeding the specific gravity of one and forty -seven one-thousandths, four 
 cents per pound. 
 
 3. Boracic acid, five cents per pound. 
 
 3. Chromic acid, six cents per pound. 
 
 4. Citric acid, .ten cents per pound. 
 
 5. Sulphuric acid or oil of vitriol, not otherwise specially provided for, 
 one-fourth of one cent per pound. 
 
 6 . Tannic acid or tannin, seventy -five cents per pound. 
 
 7. Tartaric acid, ten cents per pound. 
 
 8. Alcoholic perfumery, including cologne water and other toilet wate"s, 
 two dollars per gallon and fifty per centum ad valorem ; alcoholic compounds 
 not specially provided for in this act, two dollars per gallon and twenty-five 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 9. Alumina, alum, alum cake, patent alum, sulphate of alumina, and 
 aluminous cake, and alum in crystals or ground, six-tenths of one cent per 
 pound. 
 
 Ammonia. — 10. Carbonate of, one and three-fourth cents per pound; 
 muriate of, or sal-ammoniac, three fourths of one cent per pound; sulphate 
 of, one half of one cent per pound. 
 
 11. Blacking of all kinds, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 13. Blue vitriol, or sulphate of copper, two cents per pound. 
 
 13. Bone-char, suitable^ for use in decolorizing sugar, twenty-five per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 14. Borax, crude, or borate of soda, or borate of lime, three cents per 
 pound; refined borax, five cents per pound. 
 
 15. Camphor, refined, four cents per pound. 
 
 16. Chalk, prepared, precipitated, French, and red, one cent per pound; 
 all other chalk preparations not specially provided for in this act, twenty 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 17. Chloroform, twenty-five cents per pound. 
 
 333 
 
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^- 
 
 HoN. WILLIAM McKINLEY, Je. 
 
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TEXT OF THE MoKINLEY BILL. 333 
 
 Goal-tar preparations. — 18. All coal-tar colors or dyes, by whatever name 
 known, and not specially provided for in this act, thirty-flve per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 19. AH preparations of coal-tar, not colors or dyes, not specially provided 
 for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 30. Cobalt, oxide of, thirty cents per pound. 
 
 21. Collodion and all compounds of pyroxyline, by whatever name known, 
 fifty cents per pound; rolled or in sheets, but not made up into articles, 
 sixty cents per pound; if in finished or partly finished articles, sixty cents 
 per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 22. Coloring for brandy, wine, beer, or other liquors, fifty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 33. Copperas or sulphate of iron, three-tenths of one cent per pound. 
 
 34. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, bulb, and bulbous 
 roots, and excrescences, such as nutgalls, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, grains, 
 gums, and gum resins, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, roots and stems, 
 spices, vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not garden seeds), and seeds of morbid 
 growth, weeds, woods used expressly for dyeing, and dried insects, any of 
 the foregoing which are not edible, but which have been advanced in value 
 or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manufacture, and 
 not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 35. Ethers, sulphuric, forty cents per pound; spirits of nitrous ether, 
 twenty-five cents per pound; fruit ethers, oils, or essences, two dollars and 
 fifty cents per pound; ethers of all kinds not specially provided for in this 
 act, one dollar per pound. 
 
 36. Extracts and decoctions of logwood and other dyewoods, extract of 
 sumac, and extracts of bark, such as are commonly used for dyeing or tan- 
 ning, not specially provided for in this act, seven-eighths of one cent per 
 pound; extracts of hemlock bark, one-half of one cent per pound. 
 
 27. Gelatin, glue, and isinglass or fish-glue valued at not above seven 
 cents per pound, one and one-half cents per pound; valued at above seven 
 cents per poimd, and not above thirty cents per pound, twenty-five per 
 centum ad valorem ; valued at above thirty cents per pound, thirty per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 28. Glycerin, crude, not purified, one and three-fourth cents per pound; 
 refined, four and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 29. Indigo, extracts, or pastes of, three-fourths of one cent per pound; 
 cai-mined, ten cents per pound. 
 
 30. Ink and ink-powders, piinters' ink, and all other ink not specially 
 provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 31. Iodine, resublimed, thirty cents per pound. 
 
 82. Iodoform, one dollar and fifty cents per pound. 
 
 33. Licorice, extracts of, in paste, rolls, or other forms, five and one-half 
 cents per pound. 
 
 34. Magnesia, carbonate of, medicinal, four cents per pound; calcined, 
 eight cents per pound; sulphate of, or Epsom salts, three-tenths of one cent 
 per pound. 
 
 35. Morphia, or morphine, and all salts thereof, fifty cents per ounce. 
 0«fe.— 36. Alizarine assistant, or soluble oil, or oleate of soda, or Turkey 
 
 red oil, containing fifty per centum or more of castor oil, eighty cents per 
 gallon; containing less than fifty per centum of castor oil, forty cents per 
 gallon; all other, thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 87. Castor oil, eighty cents per gallon. 
 
 38. Cod-liver oil, fifteen cents per gallon. 
 
 89. Cotton-seed oil, ten cents per gallon of seven and one-half pounds 
 weight. 
 
 40. Croton oil, thirty cents per pound. 
 
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334 APPENDIX. 
 
 41. Flaxseed or linseed and poppy-seed oil, raw, boiJed, or oxidized, 
 thirty-two cents per gallon of seven and one-half pounds weight. 
 ' 43. Fusel oil, or amylic alcohol, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 43 Hemp-seed oil and rape-seed oil, ten cents per gallon. 
 
 44. Olive oil, fit for salad purposes, thirty-five cents per gallon. 
 
 45. Peppermint oil, eighty cents per pound. _ 
 
 46. Seal, herring, whale, and other fish oil" not specially provided for m 
 this act, eight cents per gallon. , 
 
 47. Opium, aqueous extract of, for medicmal uses, and tmcture of, as 
 laudanum, and all other liquid preparations of opium, not specially provided 
 for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 48 Opium containing less than nine per centum of morphia, and opium 
 prepared for smokmg, twelve dollars per pound; but opium prepared for 
 smoking and other preparations of opium deposited in bonded warehouse 
 shall not be removed therefrom without payment of duties, and such duties 
 shall not be refunded, . 
 
 PainU, colors, and vanmhea.—4Q. Baryta, sulphate of, orbarytes, mclud- 
 ing barytes earth, unmanufactured, one dollar and twelve cents per ton; 
 manufactured, si.x dollars and seventy-two cents per ton. 
 
 50. Blues, such as Berhn, Prussian, Chinese, and all others, containing 
 ferrocyanide of iron, diy or ground in or mixed with oil, six cents per pound; 
 in pulp or mixed with water, six cents per pound on the material contained 
 therein when dry. 
 
 51. Blanc-flxe, or satin white, or artificial sulphate of barytes, three- 
 fourths of one cent per pound. 
 
 53. Black, made from bone, ivory, or vegetable, under whatever name 
 known, including bone-black and lampblack, dry or ground in oil or water, 
 twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 53. Chrome yellow, chrome green, and all other chromium colors in 
 which lead and bichromate of potash or soda are component parts, dry, or 
 ground in or mixed with oil, four and one-half cents per pound; in pulp or 
 mixed with water, four and one-half cents per pound on the material con. 
 tained therein when dry. 
 
 54. Ocher, and ochery earths, sienna and sienna earths, umber and umber 
 earths not specially provided for in this act, dry, one-fourth of one cent per 
 pound; ground in oil, one and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 55. IJltramarine blue, four and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 56. Varnishes, including so-called gold size or japan, thirty-five per centum 
 ad valorem; and on spirit varnishes for the alcohol contained therein, one 
 dollar and thirty-two cents per gallon additional. 
 
 57. Vermilion red, and colors containing quicksilver, dry or ground in oil 
 or water, twelve cents per pound. 
 
 58. Wash blue, containing ultramarine, three cents per pound. 
 
 59. Whiting and Paris white, dry, one-half of one cent per pound; ground 
 in oil, or putty, one cent per pound. 
 
 60. Zinc, oxide of, and white paint containing zinc, but not containing 
 lead, dry, one and one-fourth cents per pound; ground in oil, one and three- 
 fourth cents per pound. 
 
 61. All other paints and colors, whether dry or mixed, or ground in water 
 or oil, including lakes, crayons, smalts, and frostings, not specially provided 
 for in this act, and artists' colors of all kinds, in tubes or otherwise, twenty- 
 five per centum ad valorem; all paints and colors, mi.xed or ground with 
 water or solutions other than oil, and commercially known as artists' water- 
 color paints, thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Lead products. — 62. Acetate of lead, white, five and one-half cents per 
 pound ; browh, three and one-half cents per pound. 
 63. Litharge, three cents per pound. 
 
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TEXT OF THE MoKINLEY BILL. 335 
 
 64. Nitrate of lead, three cents per pound. 
 
 65. Orange mineral, three and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 66. Red lead, three cents per pound. 
 
 67. White lead, and white paint containing lead, dry or in pulp, or ground 
 or mixed with oil, three cents per pound. 
 
 68. Phosphorous, twenty cents per pound. 
 
 Potash.— 69. Bichromate and chromate of, three cents per pound. 
 
 70 Caustic or hydrate of, retined in sticks or rolls, one per cent, per 
 pound. 
 
 71. Hydriodate, iodide, and iodate of, fifty cents per pound. 
 
 73. Nitrate of, or saltpetre, refined, one cent per pound. 
 
 73. Prussiate of, red, ten cents per pound; yellow, five cents per pound. 
 _ Preparations —74. All medicinal preparations, including medicinal pro- 
 pnetary preparations, of which alcohol is a component part, or in the prepara- 
 tion of which alcohol is used, not specially provided for in this act, fifty cents 
 per pound. 
 
 75. All medicinal preparations, including medicinal proprietary prepara- 
 tions, of which alcohol is not a component part, and not specially provided 
 form this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; calomel and other mer- 
 curial medicinal preparations, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 76._ Products or preparations known as alkalies, alkaloids, distilled oils, 
 essential oils, expressed oils, rendered oils, and all combinations of the fore- 
 going, and all chemical compounds and salts, not specially provided for in this 
 act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 77. Preparations used as applications to the hair, mouth, teeth, or skin, 
 such as cosmetics, dentifrices, pastes, pomades, powders, and tonics, includ- 
 ing all known as toilet preparations, not specially provided for in this act, 
 fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 78. Santonine, and all salts thereof containing eighty per centum or over 
 of santonine, two dollars and fifty cents per pound. 
 
 79. Soap: Castile soap, one and one-fourth cents per pound; fancy, per- 
 fumed, and all descriptions of toilet soap, fifteen cents per pound ; all other 
 soaps, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Soda. — 80. Bicarboaate of soda or supercarbonate of soda or saleratus, 
 one cent per pound. 
 
 81. Hydrate of, or caustic soda, one cent per pound. 
 83. Bichromate and chromate of, three cents per pound. 
 
 83. Sal-soda, or soda crystals, and soda ash, one-fourth of one cent per 
 pound. 
 
 84. Silicate of soda, or other alkaline silicate, one-half of one cent per 
 pound. 
 
 85. Sulphate of soda, or salt cake, or niter cake, one dollar and twenty- 
 five cents per ton. » 
 
 86. Sponges, twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 87. Strychnia, or strychnine, and all salts thereof, forty cents per ounce. 
 
 88. Sulphur, refined, eight dollars per ton; sublimed, or flowers of, ten 
 dollars per ton. 
 
 89. Sumac, ground, four-tenths of one cent per pound. 
 
 90. Tartar, cream of, and patent tartar, six cents per pound. 
 
 91. Tartars and lees crystals, partly refined, four cents per pound. 
 
 93. Tartrate of soda and potassa, or Rochelle salts, three cents per pound- 
 
 Schedule B. — Eakths, Earthbnwabe, and Glassware. 
 
 Brick and Tile. — 93. Fire brick, not glazed, enameled, ornamented, or 
 decorated in any manner, one dollar and twenty-five cents per ton; glazed, 
 enameled, ornamented, or decorated, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 94. Tiles and brick, other than fire brick, not glazed, ornamented, painted, 
 
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336 APPENDIX. 
 
 enameled, vitrified, or decorated, twenty -five per centum ad valorem; orna- 
 mented, glazed, painted, enameled, vitrified, or decorated, and all encaustic, 
 forty -five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Ge-ment, Lime, and Plaster.— 95. Roman, Portland, and other hydraulic 
 cement, in barrels, sacks, or other packages, eight cents per one hundred 
 pounds, including weight of barrel or package; in bulk, seven cents per one 
 hundred pounds; other cement, twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 96. Lime, six cents per one hundred pounds, including weight of barrel 
 or package. 
 
 97. Plaster of Paris or gypsum, ground, one dollar per ton; calcined, one 
 dollar and seventy-five cents per ton. 
 
 Olays or Earths. — 98. Clays or earths, unwrought or unmanufactured, 
 not specially provided for in this act, one dollar and fifty cents per ton; 
 wrought or manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, three dol- 
 lars per ton; china clay or kaolin, three dollars per ton. 
 
 Earthenware and China. — 99. Common brown earthenware, common 
 stoneware, and crucibles, not ornamented or decorated in any manner, 
 twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 100. China, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen, stone and crockery ware, 
 including plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, vases, and statuettes, painted, 
 tinted, stained, enameled, printed, gilded, or otherwise decorated, or orna- 
 mented in any manner, sixty per centum ad valorem; if plain white, and 
 not ornamented or decorated in any manner, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 101. All other china, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen, stone, and crock- 
 ery ware, and manufactures of the same, by whatsoever designation or name 
 known in the trade, including lava tips for burners, not specially provided 
 for in this act, if ornamented or decorated in any manner, sixty per centum 
 ad valorem; if not ornamented or decorated, fifty -five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 103. Gas retorts, three dollars each. 
 
 Glass and Glassware. — 103. Green, and colored, molded or pressed, and 
 fiint and lime glass bottles, holding more than one pint, and demijohns, and 
 carboys (covered or uncovered), and other molded or pressed green and col- 
 ored and flint or lime bottle glassware, not specially provided for in this act, 
 one cent per pound. Green, and colored, molded or pressed, and flint, and 
 lime glass bottles, and vials, holding not more tharp one pint, and not less 
 than one-quarter of a pint, one and one-half cents per pound; if holding less 
 than one-fourth of a pint, fifty cents per gross. 
 
 104. All articles enumerated in the preceding paragraph, if filled, and 
 not otherwise provided for in this act, and the contents are subject to an ad 
 valorem rate of duty, or to a rate of duty based upon the value, the value of 
 
 I such bottles, vials, or other vessels, shall be added to the value of the con- 
 tents for the ascertainment of the dutiable value of the latter; but if filled, 
 and not otherwise provided for in this act, and the contents are not subject 
 to an ad valorem rate of duty, or to rate of duty based on the value, or are 
 free of duty, such bottles, vials, or other vessels, shall pay, in addition to the 
 duty, if any, on their contents, the rates of duty prescribed in the preceding 
 paragraph: Protrided, That no article manufactured from glass described in 
 the precedmg paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than forty per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 105. Flint and lime, pressed glassware, not cut, engraved, painted, etched, 
 decorated, colored, printed, stained, silvered, or gilded, sixty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 106. All articles of glass, cut, engraved, painted, colored, printed, stained, 
 decorated, silvered, or gilded, not including plate glass silvered, or looking- 
 glass plates, sixty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 107. Chemical glassware for use in laboratory, and not otherwise specially 
 provided for in this act, forty-five- per centum ad valorem. 
 
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TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 337 
 
 _ 108. Thin blown glass, blown with or without a mold, including glass 
 chimneys and all other manufactures of glass, or of which glass shall be the 
 component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, sixty 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 109. Heavy blown glass, blown with or without a mold, not cut or deco- 
 rated, finished or unfinished, sixty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 110. Porcelain or opal glassware, sixty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 111. All cut, engraved, painted, or otherwise ornamented or decorated 
 glass bottles, decanters, or other vessels of glass, shall, if filled, pay duty in 
 addition to any duty chargeable on the contents, as if not filled, unless other- 
 wise specially provided for in this act. 
 
 112. Unpolished cylinder, crown, and common window glass, not exceed- 
 ing ten by fifteen inches square, one and three-eighth cents per pound; above 
 that, and not exceeding sixteeit by twenty-four inches square, one and seven- 
 eighth cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty 
 inches square, two and three-eighth cents per pound; above that, and not 
 exceeding twenty-four by thirty-six inches square, two and seven-eirfith 
 cents per pound; all above that, three and one-eighth cents per pound: Pro- 
 vided, That unpolished cylinder, crown and common window glass, imported 
 in boxes, shall contain fifty square feet, as nearly as sizes will pei-mit, and 
 the duty shall be computed thereon according to the actual weight of 
 glass. 
 
 113. Cylinder and crowned glass, polished, not exceeding sixteen by 
 twenty -four inches square, four cents per square foot; above that, and not 
 exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, six cents per square foot; 
 above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by sixty inches square, twenty 
 cents per square foot; above that, forty cents per square foot. 
 
 114. Fluted, rolled, or rough plate glass, not including crown, cylinder, 
 or common window glass, not exceeding ten by fifteen inches square, three- 
 fourths of one cent per square foot; above that, and not exceeding sixteen 
 by twenty-four inches square, one cent per square foot ; above that, and not 
 exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, one and one-half cents per 
 square foot; all above that, two cents per square foot; and all fluted, rolled, 
 or rough plate glass, weighing over one hundred pounds per one hundred 
 square feet, shall pay %n additional duty on the excess at the same rates 
 herein imposed : Provided, That all of the above plate glass when ground, 
 smoothed, or otherwise obscured, shall be subject to the same rate of duty as 
 cast polished plate glass unsilvered. 
 
 115. Cast polished plate glass, finished or unfinished and unsilvered, not 
 exceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, five cents per square foot; 
 above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, eight 
 cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by sixty 
 inches square, twenty -five cents per square foot; all above that, fifty cents 
 per square foot. 
 
 116. Cast polished plate glass, silvered, and looking-glass plates, not ex- 
 ceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, six cents per square foot; 
 above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, ten cents 
 per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by sixty inches 
 square, tliirty-flve cents per square foot; all above that, sixty cents per square 
 foot. 
 
 117. But no looking-glass plates, or plate glass silvered, when framed, 
 shall pay a less rate of duty than that imposed upon similar glass of like de- 
 scription not framed, but shall pay in addition thereto upon such frames the 
 rate of duty applicable thereto when imported separate. 
 
 118. Cast polished plate glass, silvered or unsilvered, and cylinder, crown, 
 or common window glass, when ground, obscured, frosted, sanded, enam- 
 eled, beveled, etched, embossed, engraved, stained, colored, or otherwise 
 
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338 APPENDIX. 
 
 ornamented or decorated, shall be subject to a duty of ten per centum ad 
 valorem in addition to the rates otherwise chargeable thereon. 
 
 119. Spectacles and eyeglasses, or spectacles and eyeglass frames, sixty 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 120. On lenses, costing one dollar and fifty cents per gross pairs, or less, 
 sixty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 121. Spectacle and eyeglass lenses with their edges ground or beveled to 
 fit frames, sixty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 122. All stained or painted window glass and stained or painted glass win- 
 dows, and hand, pocket, or table mirrors, not exceeding in size one hundred 
 and forty-four square inches, with or without frames or cases, of whatever 
 material composed, lenses of glass or pebble, wholly or partly manufactured, 
 and not specially provided for in this act, and fusible enamel, forty-five per 
 centum ad valorem. . , , 
 
 Marble and stone, manufacturers o/.— 123. Marble of all kinds in block, 
 rough or squared, sixty-flve cents per cubic foot. 
 
 124. Veined marble, sawed, dressed, or otherwise, including marble slabs 
 and marble paving-tiles, one dollar and ten cents per cubic foot (but in meas- 
 urement no slab shall be computed at less than one inch in thickness). 
 
 12o. Manufactures of marble, not specially provided for in this act, fifty 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Stone. — 126. Burr stones, manufactured or bound up into millstones, fif- 
 teen per centum ad valorem. 
 
 127. Freestone, granite, sandstone, limestone, and other building or mon- 
 umental stone, except marble, unmanufactured or undressed, not specially 
 provided for in this act, eleven cents per cubic foot. , 
 
 128. Freestone, granite, sandstone, limestone, and other building or mon- 
 umental stone, except marble, not specially provided for in this act, hewed, 
 dressed, or polished, forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 129. Grindstones, finished or unfinished, one dollar aud seventy -five cents 
 per ton. 
 
 Slate. — 130. Slates, slate chimney pieces, mantels, slabs for tables, and 
 all other manufactures of slate, not specially provided for in this act, thirty 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 131. Roofing slates, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 ScHEDULB C. — Metals and Manufactukes of. 
 Iron and Steel. 
 
 132. Chromate of iron, or chromic ore, fifteen per centum ad valorem. 
 
 133. Iron ore, including manganiferous iron ore, also the dross or residu- 
 um from burned pyrites, seventy-five cents per ton. Sulphur ore, as pyrites, 
 or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, containing not more than three and 
 one-half per centum copper, seventy-five cents per ton: Provided, That ore 
 containing more than two per centum of copper shall pay, in addition thereto, 
 one-half of one cent per pound for the copper contained therein : Provided, 
 also. That sulphur ore, as pyrites, or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, 
 containing in excess of twenty-five per centum of sulphur, shall be free of 
 duty, except on the copper contained therein, as above provided: And pro- 
 vided further. That in levying and collecting the duty on iron ore no deduc- 
 tion shall be made from the weight of the ore on account of moisture which 
 may be chemically or physically combined therewith. 
 
 134. Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, spiegeleisen, ferro-manganese, ferro- 
 silicon, wrought and cast scrap iron, and scrap steel, three-tenths of one cent 
 per pound; but nothing shall be deemed scrap iron or scrap steel except 
 waste or refuse iron or steel fit only to be remanufactured. 
 
 135. Bar iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats not less than one inch 
 
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 wide nor lees than three-eighths of one inch thick, eight-tenths of one cent 
 per pound; round iron, not less than three-fourths of one inch m diameter 
 and square iron, not less than three-fourths of one inch square, nine-tenths 
 of one cent per pound; flats less than one inch wide or less than three-eighths 
 of one inch thick; round iron, less than three-fourths of one inch and not 
 less than seven-sixteenths of one inch in diameter; and square iron less than 
 three-fourths of one inch square, one cent per pound. 
 
 136. Round iron, in coils or rods, less than seven-sixteenths of one inch 
 in diameter, and bars or shapes of rolled iron, not specially provided for in 
 this act, one and one-tenth cents per pound: Provided, That all iron in slabs, 
 blooms, loops, or other forms less finished than iron in bars, and more ad- 
 vanced than pig iron, except castings, shall be rated as iron in bars, and be 
 subject to a duty of eight-tenths of one cent per pound; and none of the iron 
 above enumerated in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than thirty- 
 five per centum ad valorem : Promded, further, That all iron bars, blooms, 
 lets or sizes or shapes of any kind, in the manufacture of which charcoal is 
 used as fuel, shall be subject to a duty of not less than twenty-two dollars 
 per ton. 
 
 137. Beams, girders, joists, angles, channels, car-truck channels, TT 
 columns and posts or parts of sections of columns and posts, deck and bulb 
 beams, and building forms, together with all other structural shapes of iron 
 or steel, whether plain or punched, or fitted for use, nine-tenths of one cent 
 per pound. 
 
 138. Boiler or other plate iron or steel, except saw plates hereinafter pro- 
 vided for, not thinner than number ten wire gauge, sheared or unsheared, 
 and skelp iron or steel sheared or rolled in grooves, valued at one cent per 
 pound or less, five-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above one cent and 
 not above one and four-tenth cents per pound, sixty-five hundreths of one 
 cent per pound; valued above one and four-tenth cents and not above two 
 cents per pound, eight-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above two cents 
 and not above three cents per pound, one and one-tenth cents per pound ; val- 
 ued above three cents and not above four cents per pound, one and five- 
 tenth cents per pound ; valued above four cents and not above seven cents 
 per pound, two cents per pound; valued above seven cents and not above 
 ten cents per pound, two and eight-tenth cents per pcjund; valued above 
 ten cents and not above thirteen cents per pound, three and one-half cents 
 per pound; valued above thirteen cents per pound, forty-five per centum ad 
 valorem: Promded, That all plate iron or steel thinner than number ten wire 
 gauge shall pay duty as iron or steel sheets. 
 
 139. Forgings of iron or steel, or forged iron and steel combined, of what- 
 ever shape, or in whatever stage of manufacture, not specially provided for 
 in this act, two and three-tenth cents per pound ; Promded, That no forgings 
 of iron or steel, or forgings of iron and steel combined, by whatever process 
 made, shall pay a less rate of duty than forty-flve per centum ad valorem. 
 
 140. Hoop, or band, or scroll, or other iron or steel, valued at three cents 
 per pound or less, eight inches or less in width, and less than three-eighths 
 of one inch thick and not thinner than number ten wire gauge, one cent per 
 pound; thinner than number ten wire gauge and not thinner than number 
 twenty wire gauge, one and one-tenth cents per pound; thinner than number 
 twenty wire gauge, one and three-tenth cents per pound : Provided, That 
 hoop or band iron, or hoop or band steel, cut to length, or wholly or partial- 
 ly manufactured into hoops or ties for baling purposes, barrel hoops of iron 
 or steel, and hoop or band iron or hoop or band steel flared, splayed or 
 punched, with or without buckles or fastenings, shall pay two-tenths of one 
 cent per pound, more duty than that imposed on the hoop or band iron or 
 steel from which they are made. 
 
 141. Railway bars, made of iron or steel, and railway bars made in part 
 
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340 APPENDIX. 
 
 of steel, T-rails, and punched iron or steel flat rails, six-tenths of one cent 
 per pound. 
 
 143. Sheets of iron or steel, common or black, including all iron or steel 
 commercially known as common or black taggers iron or steel, and skelp 
 iron or steel, valued at three cents per pound or less: Thinner than number 
 ten and not thinner than number twenty wire gauge, one cent per pound; 
 thinner than number twenty wire gauge and not thinner than number twenty- 
 five wire gauge, one and one-tenth cents per pound; thinner than number 
 twenty-five wire gauge, one and four-tenth cents per pound; corrugated or 
 crimped, one and four-tenth cents per pound ; Provided, That all common 
 or black sheet iron or sheet steel not thinner than number ten wire gauge 
 shall pay duty as plate iron or plate steel. 
 
 143. All iron or steel sheets or plates, and all hoop, band, or scroll iron 
 or steel, excepting what are known commercially as tin plates, terne plates, 
 and taggers tin, and hereinafter provided for, when galvanized or coated 
 with zinc or spelter, or other metals, or any alloy of those metals, shall pay 
 three-fourths of one cent per pound more duty than the rates ipaposed by 
 the preceding paragraph upon the corresponding gauges, or forms, of com- 
 mon or black sheet or taggers iron or steel; and on and after July 1st, eight- 
 een hundred and ninety-one, all iron or steel sheets, or plates, or taggers iron 
 coated with tin or lead or with a mixture of which these metals or either of 
 them is a component part, by the dipping or any other process, and com- 
 mercially known as tin plates, terne plates, and taggers tin, shall pay two 
 and two-tenth cents per pound: Provided, That on and after July first, 
 eighteen hundred and ninety-one, manufactures of which tin, tin plates, 
 terne plates, taggers tin, or either of them, are component materials of chief 
 value, and all articles, vessels, or wares manufactured, stamped or drawn 
 from sheet iron or sheet steel, such material being the component of chief 
 value, and coated wholly or in part with tin or lead or a mixture of which 
 these metals or either, of them is a component part, shall pay a duty of fifty- 
 five per centum ad valorem: Provided further, That on and after October 
 first, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, tin plates and terne plates lighter 
 in weight than sixty-three pounds per hundred square feet shall be admitted 
 free of duty, unless it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the Pres- 
 ident (who shall thereupon by proclamation make known the fact) that the 
 aggregate quantity of such plates lighter than sixty-three pounds per hun- 
 dred square feet produced in the United States during either of the six years 
 next preceding June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, has 
 equaled one-third the amount of such plates imported and entered for con- 
 sumption during any fiscal year after the passage of this act, and prior to 
 said October first, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven: Provided, That the 
 amount of such plates manufactured into articles exported, and upon which 
 a drawback shall be paid, shall not be included in ascertaining the amount 
 of such importations: And provided further, That the amount or weight of 
 sheet iron or sheet steel manufactured in the United States and applied or 
 wrought in the manufacture of articles of wares tinned or terne plated in the 
 United States, with weight allowance as sold to manufacturers or others, 
 shall be considered as tin and terne plates produced in the United States with- 
 in the meaning of this act. 
 
 144. Sheet iron or sheet steel, polished, planished, or glanced, by what- 
 ever name designated, two and one-half cents per pound: Provided, That 
 plate or sheet or taggers iron or steel, by whatever name designated, other 
 than the polished, planished, or glanced herein provided for, which has been 
 pickled or cleaned by acid, or by any other material or process, or which is 
 cold rolled, smoothed only, not polished, shall pay one- quarter of one cent 
 per pound more duty than the corresponding gauges of common or black 
 sheet or taggers iron or steel. 
 
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 145. Sheets or plates of iron or steel, or taggers Iron or steel, coated with 
 tin or lead, or with a mixture of which these metals, or either of them, is a 
 component part, by the dipping or any other process, and commercially^ 
 known as tin plates, terne plates, and taggers tin, one cent per pound until 
 July first, eighteen hundred and ninety-one. 
 
 146. Steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms, and slabs, by whatever process 
 made; die blocks or blanks; billets and bars and tapered or beveled bars; 
 steamer, crank, and other shafts; shafting; wrist or crank pins; connecting 
 rods and piston rods; pressed, sheared, or stamped shapes; saw plates, whol- 
 ly or partially manufactured; hammer molds or swaged steel; gun-barrel • 
 molds not in bars; alloys used as substitutes for steel tools; all descriptions 
 and shapes of dry sand, loam, or iron-molded steel castings; sheets and plates 
 not specially provided for in this act; and steel in all forms and shapes not 
 specially provided for in this act; all of the above valued at one cent per 
 pound or less, four-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above one cent and 
 not above one and four-tenth cents per pound, five-tenths of one cent per 
 pound; valued above one and four-tenth cents and not above one and eight- 
 tenth cents per pound, eight-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above one 
 and eight-tenth cents and not above two and two-tenth cents per pound, nine- 
 tenths of one cent per pound ; valued above two and two-tenth cents, and 
 not above three cents per pound, one and two-tenth cents per pound; valued 
 above three cents and not above four cents per pound, one and six-tenth 
 cents per pound ; valued above four cents and not above seven cents per pound, 
 two cents per pound; valued above seven cents and not above ten cents per 
 pound, two and eight-tenth cents per pound; valued above ten cents and 
 not above thirteen cents per pound, three and one-half cents per pound; val- 
 ued above thirteen cents and not above sixteen cents per pound, four and 
 two-tenth cents per pound; valued above sixteen cents per pound, seven 
 cents per pound. 
 
 Wire. — 147. Wire rods: Rivet, screw, fence, and other iron or steel wire 
 rods, and nail rods, whether round, oval, flat, square, or in any other shape, 
 in coils or otherwise, not smaller than number six wire gauge, valued at three 
 and one-half cents or less per pound, six-tenths of one cent per pound; and 
 iron or steel, flat, with longitudinal ribs for the manufacture of fencing, val- 
 ued at three cents or less per pound, six-tenths of one cent per poimd: Pro- 
 mded. That all iron or steel rods, wliether rolled or drawn through dies, 
 smaller than number six wire gauge, shall be classed and dutiable as wire._ 
 
 148. Wire: Wire made of iron or steel, not smaller than number ten wire 
 gauge, one and one-fourth cents per pound; smaller than number ten, and 
 not smaller than number sixteen wire gauge, one and three-fourth cents per 
 pound; smaller than number sixteen and not smaller than number twenty- 
 six wire gauge, two and one-fourth cents per pound ; smaller than number 
 twenty-six wire gauge, three cents per pound: Provided, That iron or steel 
 wire covered with cotton, silk, or other material, and wires or strip steel, 
 commonly known as crinoline wire, corset wire, and hat wire, shall pay a 
 duty of five cents per pound: And promded furtlier, That flat steel wire, or 
 sheet steel in strips, whether drawn through dies or rolls, untempered or 
 tempered, of whatsoever width, twenty-five one-thousandths of an inch thick 
 or thinner (ready for use or otherwise), shall pay a duty of fifty per centum 
 ad valorem: And promded further , That no article made from iron or steel 
 wire, or of which iron or steel wire is a component part of chief value, shall 
 pay a less rate of duty than the iron or steel wire from which it is made 
 either wholly or in part : And promded further, That iron or steel wire cloths, 
 and iron or steel wire nettings made in meshes of any form, shall pay a duty 
 equal in amount to that imposed on iron or steel wire used in the manufac- 
 ture of iron or steel wire cloth, or iron or steel wire nettings, and two cents 
 per pound in addition thereto. 
 
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342 APPENDIX. 
 
 There shall be paid on iron or steel wire coated with zinc or tin, or any 
 other metal (except fence wire and iron or steel, flat, with longitudinal ribs, 
 for the mannfacture of fencing), one-half of one cent per pound in addition 
 to the rate imposed on the wire of which it is made; on iron wire rope and 
 iron strand, one cent per pound in addition to the rate imposed on the wire 
 of which it is made; on steel wire rope and wire strand, two cents per pound 
 in addition to the rate imposed on the wire of which they or either of them 
 are made: Promded further, That all iron or steel wire valued at more than 
 four cents per pound shall pay a duty of not less than forty-five per centum 
 ad valorem, except that card wire for the manufacture of card clothing shall 
 pay a duty of thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Oeneral Provisions. 
 
 149. No allowance or reduction of duties for partial loss or damage in 
 consequence of rust or of discoloration shall be made upon any description 
 of iron or steel, or upon any article wholly or partly manufactured of iron or 
 steel, or upon any manufacture of iron and steel. 
 
 150. All metal produced from iron or its ores, which is cast and malleable, 
 of whatever description or form, without regard to the percentage of carbon 
 contained therein, whether produced by cementation, or converted, cast, or 
 made from iron or its ores, by the crucible, Bessemer, Clapp-Grifflths, pneu- 
 matic, Thomas-Gilchrist, basic, Siemens-Martin, or open-hearth process, or 
 by the equivalent of either, or by a combination of two or more of the 
 processes, or their equivalents, or by any fusion or other process which pro- 
 duces from iron or its ore a metal either granular or fibrous in structure, 
 which is cast and malleable, excepting what is known as malleable-iron cast- 
 ings shall be classed and denominated as steel. 
 
 151. No article not specially provided for in this act, wholly or partly 
 manufactured from tin plate, teme plate, or the sheet, plate, hoop, band, or 
 scroll iron or steel herein provided for, or of which such tin plate, terne 
 plate, sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel shall be the material of 
 chief value, shall pay a lower rate of duty than that imposed on the tin plate, 
 terne plate, or sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel from which it 
 is made, or of which it shall be the component thereof of chief value. 
 
 153. On all iron or steel bars or rods of whatever shape or section, which 
 are cold rolled, cold hammered, or polished in any way, in addition to the 
 ordinary process of hot roll^pg or hammering, there shall be paid one-fourth 
 of one cent per pound in addition to the rates provided in this act; and on 
 all strips, plates, or sheets of iron or steel of whatever shape, other than the 
 polished, planished or glanced sheet iron, or sheet steel hereinbefore pro- 
 vided for, which are cold rolled, cold hammered, blued, brightened, tem- 
 pered, or polished by any process to such perfected surface finish or polish 
 better than the grade of cold rolled, smooth only, hereinbefore provided for, 
 there shall be paid one and one-fourth cents per pound in addition to the 
 rates provided in this act upon plates, strips, or sheets of iron or steel of 
 common or black finish; and on steel circular saw-plates there shall be paid 
 one cent per pound in addition to the rate provided in this act for steel saw 
 plates. 
 
 Manufactures of Iron and Steel. 
 
 153. Anchors, or parts thereof, of iron or steel, mill irons and mill cranks 
 of wrought iron, and wrought iron for ships, and forgings of iron or steel, 
 or of combined iron and steel, for vessels, steam engines, and locomotives, 
 or parts thereof, weighing each twenty-five pounds or more, one and eight- 
 tenth cents per pound. 
 
 154. Axles, or parts thereof, axle bars, axle blanks, or forgings for axles, 
 whether of iron or steel, without reference to the stage or state of manufac- 
 
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TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 343 
 
 ture, two cents per pound: Promded, That when iron or steel axles are im- 
 ported fitted in wheels, or parts of wheels, of iron or steel, they shall be 
 dutiable at the ^ame rate as the wheels in which they are fitted. 
 
 155. Anvils of iron or steel, or of iron and steel combined, by whatever 
 process made, or in whatever stage of manufacture, two and one-half cents 
 per pound. 
 
 156. Blacksmiths' hammers and sledges, track tools, wedges, and crow- 
 bars, whether of iron or steel, two and one-fourth cents per pound. 
 
 157. Boile* or other tubes, pipes, flues, or stays of wrought iron or steel, 
 two and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 158. Bolts, with or without threads or nuts, or bolt blanks and finished 
 hinges or hinge blanks, whether of iron or steel, two and one-fourth cents 
 per pound. 
 
 159. Card clothing, manufactured from tempered-steel wire, fifty cents 
 per square foot; all other, twenty-five cents per square foot. 
 
 160. Cast iron pipe of every description, nine-tenths of one cent per pound. 
 
 161. Cast iron vessels, plates, stove plates, andirons, sad-irons, tailors' 
 irons, hatters' irons, and castings of iron, not specially provided for in this 
 act, one and two-tenth cents per pound. 
 
 162. Castings of malleable iron not specially provided for in this act, one 
 and three-fourth cents per pound. 
 
 163. Cast hollow ware, coated, glazed, or tinned, three cents per pound. 
 
 164. Chain or chains of all kinds, made of iron or steel, not less than three- 
 fourths of one inch in diameter, one and six-tenth cents per pound ; less than 
 three-fourths of one inch and not less than three-eighths of one inch in diam- 
 eter, one and eight-tenth cents per pound; less than three-eighths of one inch 
 in diameter, two and one-half cents per pound, but no chain or chains of any 
 description shall pay a lower rate of duty than forty-five per centum ad va- 
 lorem. 
 
 OuUery. — 165. Pen-knives or pocket-knives of all kinds, or parts thereof, 
 and erasers or parts thereof, wholly or partly manufactured, valued at not 
 more than fifty cents per dozen, twelve cents per dozen; valued at more than 
 fifty cents per dozen and not exceeding one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, 
 fifty cents per dozen; valued at more than one dollar and fifty cents per doz- 
 en and not exceeding three dollars per dozen, one dollar per dozen; valued 
 at more than three dollars per dozen, two dollars per dozen; and in addition 
 thereto on all the above, fifty per centum ad valorem. Razors and razor 
 blades finished or unfinished, valued at less than four dollars per dozen, one 
 dollar per dozen; valued at four dollars or more per dozen, one dollar and 
 seventy-five cents per dozen; and in addition thereto on all the above razors 
 and razor blades, thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 166. Swords, sword blades and side arms, thirty-five per centum ad valo- 
 ■ rem. 
 
 167. Table knives, forks, steels, and all butchers', hunting, kitchen, bread, 
 butter, vegetable, fruit, cheese, plumbers', painters', palette, and artists' 
 knives, of all sizes, finished or unfinished, valued at not more than one dol- 
 lar per dozen pieces, ten cents per dozen; valued at more than one dollar and 
 not more than two dollars, thirty-five cents per dozen; valued at more than 
 two dollars and not more than three dollars, forty cents per dozen; valued at 
 more than three dollars and not more than eight dollars; one dollar per doz- 
 en; valued at more than eight dollars, two dollars per dozen; and in addition 
 upon all the above-named articles, thirty per centum ad valorem. All carv- 
 ing and cooks' knives and forks of all sizes, finished or unfinished, valued at 
 not more than four dollars per dozen pieces, one dollar per dozen; valued at 
 more than four dollars and not more than eight dollars, two dollars per dozen 
 pieces; valued at more than eight dollars and not more than twelve dollars, 
 three dollars per dozen pieces: valued at more than twelve dollars, fivedol- 
 
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344 APPENDIX. 
 
 lars per dozen pieces; and in addition upon all the above-named articles, 
 thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 168. Files, file blanks, rasps, and floats, of all cuts and kinds, four inches 
 in length and under, thirty-five cents per dozen; over four inches in length 
 and under nine inches, seventy-five cents per dozen; nine inches in length 
 and under fourteen inches, one dollar and thirty cents per dozen; fourteen 
 inches in length and over, two dollars per dozen. 
 
 Fire- Arms. — 169. • Muskets and sporting lifles, twenty -five ^per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 170. All double-barreled, sporting, breech-loading shot guns valued at not 
 more than six dollars each, one dollar and fifty cents each; valued at more 
 than six dollars and not more than twelve dollars each, four dollars each; val- 
 ued at more than twelve dollars each, six dollars each; and in addition there- 
 to on all the above, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Single-barrel, breech- 
 loading shot-guns, one dollar each and thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Ee- 
 volving pistols valued at not more than one dollar and fifty cents each, forty 
 cents each ; valued at more than one dollar and fifty cents, one dollar each ; and 
 in addition thereto on all the above pistols, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 171. Iron or steel sheets, plates, wares, or articles, enameled or glazed with 
 vitreous glasses, forty -five pet centum ad valorem. 
 
 173. Iron or steel sheets, plates, wares, or articles, enameled or glazed as 
 above with more than one color, or ornamented, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Nails, spikes, tacks, and needles. — 173. Cut nails and cut spikes of iron or 
 steel, one cent per pound. 
 
 174. Horseshoe nails, hob nails, and all other wrought Iron or steel nails, 
 not specially provided for in this act, four cents per poiind. 
 
 175. Wire nails made of wrought iron or steel, two inches long and lon- 
 ger, not lighter than number twelve wire gauge, two cents per pound; from 
 one inch to two inches in length, and lighter than number twelve and not 
 lighter than number sixteen wire gauge, two and one-half cents per pound; 
 shorter than one inch and lighter than number sixteen wire gauge, four 
 cents per pound. 
 
 176. Spikes, nuts, and washers, and horse, mule, or ox shoes, of wrought 
 iron or steel, one and eight-tenth cents per pound. 
 
 177. Cut tacks, brads, or sprigs, not exceeding sixteen ounces to the thou- 
 sand, two and one-fourth cents per thousand ; exceeding sixteen ounces to the 
 thousand, two and three-fourth cents per pound. 
 
 178. Needles for knitting or sewing machines, crochet needles and tape 
 needles, and bodkins of metal, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 179. Needles, knitting, and all others not specially provided for in this act, 
 twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Plates. — 180. Steel plates engraved, stereotype plates, electrotype plates, 
 and plates of other materials, engraved or lithographed, for printing, twenty- 
 five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 181. Railway fish plates or splice bars, made of iron or steel, one cent per 
 pound. 
 
 183. Rivets of iron or steel, two and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 183. Saws: Cross-cut saws, eight cents per linear foot; mill, pit, and 
 drag saws, not over nine inches wide, ten cents per linear foot; over nine inch- 
 es wide, fifteen cents per linear foot; circular saws, thirty per centum ad 
 valorem; hand, back, and all other saws, not specially provided for in this 
 act, forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 184. Screws, commonly called wood screws, more than two inches in 
 length, five cents per pound ; over one inch and not more than two inches in 
 length, seven cents per pound; over one-half inch and not more than one 
 inch in length, ten cents per pound; one-half inch and less in length, four- 
 teen cents per pound, 
 
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TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 345 
 
 185. Wheels, or parts thereof, made of iron or steel, and steel-tired wheels 
 for railway purposes, whether wholly or partly finished, and iron or steel lo- 
 comotive, car, or other railway tires or parts thereof, wholly or partly manu- 
 factured, two and one-half cents per pound; and ingots, cogged ingots, 
 blooms, or blanks for the same, without regard to the degree of manufacture, 
 one and three-fourth cents per pound : Provided, That when wheels or parts 
 thereof, of iron or steel, are imported with iron or steel axles fitted in them, 
 the wheels and axles together shall be dutiable at the same rate as is provided 
 for the wheels when imported separately. 
 
 Miscellaneous Metals and Manufactures of. 
 
 186. Aluminium or aluminum, in crude form, alloys of any kind in which 
 aluminum is the component material of chief value, fifteen cents per pound. 
 
 187. Antimony, as regulus or metal, three-fourths of one cent per pound. 
 
 188. Argentine, albata, or German silver, unmanufactured, twenty-five 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 189. Brass, in bars or pigs, old brass, clippings from brass or Dutch met- 
 al, and old sheathing, or yellow metal, fit only for remanufacture, one and 
 one-half cents per pound. 
 
 190. Bronze powder, twelve cents per pound; bronze or Dutch metal, or 
 aluminum, in leaf, eight cents per package of one hundred leaves. 
 
 Copper. — 191. Copper imported in the form of ores, one-half of one ceut 
 per pound on each pound of fine copper contained therein. 
 
 193. Old copper, fit only for remanufacture, clippings from new copper, 
 and all composition metal of which copper is a component material of chief 
 value, not specially provided for in this act, one cent per pound. 
 
 193. Eegulus of copper, and black or coarse copper, and copper cement, 
 one cent per pound on each pound of fine copper contained therein. 
 
 194. Copper in plates, bars, ingots, Chili or other pigs, and in other forms, 
 not manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, one and one-fourth 
 cents per pound. 
 
 195. Copper in rolled plates, called braziers' copper, sheets, rods, pipes, 
 and copper bottoms, also sheathing or yellow metal of which copper is the 
 component material of chief value, and not composed wholly or in part of 
 iron, ungalvanized, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Gold and Sillier. — 196. Bullions and metal thread of gold, silver, or other 
 metals, not specially provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 197. Gold leaf, two dollars per package of five hundred leaves. 
 
 198. Silver leaf, seventy-five cents per package of five hundred leaves. 
 Lead. — 199. Lead ore and lead dross, one and one-half cents per pound : 
 
 Provided, That silver ore and all other ores containing lead shall pay a duty 
 of one and one-half cents per pound on the lead contained therein, according 
 to sample and assay at the port of entry. 
 
 200. Lead in pigs and bars, molten and old refuse lead run into blocks and 
 bars, and old scrap lead fit only to be remanufactured, two cents per pound. 
 
 201. Lead in sheets, pipes, shot, glaziers' lead, and lead wire, two and one- 
 half cents per pound. 
 
 202. Metallic mineral substances in a crude state and metals unwrought, 
 not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem; mica, 
 thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Nickel. — 203. Nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of any kind in which nickel is the 
 component material of chief value, ten cents per pound. 
 
 304 Pens, metallic, except gold pens, twelve cents per gross. 
 
 305. Penholder tips, penholders, or parts thereof, and gold pens, thirty 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 306. Pins, metallic, solid head or other, including hair pins, safety pins, 
 and hat, bonnet, shawl, and belt pins, thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
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346 APPENDIX. 
 
 207. Quicksilver, ten cents per pound. The flasks, bottles, or other ves- 
 sels in which quicksilver is imported, shall he subject to the same rate of duty 
 as they would be subjected to if imported empty. 
 
 208. Type metal, one and one-half cents per pound for the lead contained 
 therein; new types, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 309. Tin: On and after July 1, 1893, there shall be imposed and paid 
 upon cassiterite or black oxide of tin, and upon bar, block, and pig tin, a 
 duty of four cents per pound: Provided, That unless it shall be made to ap- 
 pear to the satisfaction of the President of the United States (who shall make 
 known the fact by proclamation) that the product of the mines of the United 
 States shall have exceeded five thousand tons of cassiterite, and bar, block, 
 and pig tin in any one year prior to July 1, 1895, then all imported cassiter- 
 ite, bar, block, and pig tin shall after July 1, 1895, be admitted free of duty. 
 
 Watc/ies. — 210. Chronometers, box or ship's and parts thereof, ten per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 311. Watches, parts of watches, watch cases, watch movements, and 
 watch glasses, whether separately packed or otherwise, twenty -five per cent- 
 um ad valorem. 
 
 Zinc or Spelter. — 212. Zinc in blocks or pigs, one and three-fourth cents 
 per pound. t 
 
 213. Zinc in sheets, two and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 314. Zinc, old and worn out, fit only to be remanufactured, one and one- 
 fourth cents per pound. 
 
 215. Manufactures, articles, or wares, not specially enumerated or pro- 
 vided for in this act, composed wholly or in part of iron, steel, lead, copper, 
 nickel, pewter, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, or any other metal, 
 and whether partly or wholly manufactured, forty-five per centum ad va- 
 lorem. 
 
 Schedule D. — Wood and Manufactures of. 
 
 216. Timber, hewed and sawed, and timber used for spars and in building 
 wharves, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 317. Timber, squared or sided, not specially provided for'in this act, one- 
 half of one cent per cubic foot. 
 
 218. Sawed boards, plank, deals, and other lumber of hemlock, white- 
 wood, sycamore, wliite pine, and basswood, one dollar per thousand feet 
 board measure ; sawed lumber, not specially provided for in this act, two dol- 
 lars per thousand feet board measure; but when lumber of any sort is 
 planed or finished, in addition to the rates herein provided, there shall be lev- 
 ied and paid for each side so planed or finished fifty cents per thousand feet 
 board measure; and if planed on one side and tongued and grooved, one dol- 
 lar per thousand feet board measure; and if planed on two sides, and tongued 
 and grooved, one dollar and fifty cents per thousand feet board measure; and 
 in estimating board measure under this schedule no deduction shall be made 
 on board measure on account of planing, tonguing and grooving: Provided, 
 That in case any foreign country shall impose an export duty upon pine, 
 spruce, elm, or other logs, or upon stave bolts, shingle wood, or heading 
 blocks exported to the United States from such country, then the duty upon 
 the sawed lumber herein provided for, when imported from such country, 
 shall remain the same as fixed by the law in force prior to the passage of this 
 act. 
 
 219. Cedar: That on and after March 1, 1891, paving posts, railroad ties, 
 and telephone and telegraph poles of cedar, shall be dutiable at twenty per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 330. Sawed boards, plank, deals, and all forms of sawed cedar, lignum 
 vitae, lancewood, ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, 
 and all other cabinet woods not further manufactured than sawed, fifteen per 
 
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TEXT OF THE MoKINLEY BILL. 347 
 
 centum ad valorem; veneers of wood, and vrood, unmanufactured, not spe- 
 cially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem, 
 
 321. Pine clapboards; one dollar per one thousand: 
 
 223. Spruce clapboards, one dollar and fifty cents per one thousand. 
 
 223. Hubs for wheels, posts, last blocks, wagon blocks, oar blocks, g\m 
 blocks, heading blodis, and all like blocks or sticks, rough hewed or sawed 
 only, twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 234. Laths, fifteen cents per one thousand pieces. 
 
 335. Pickets and palings, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 336. White-pine shingles, twenty cents per one thousand; all other, thirty 
 cents per one thousand. 
 
 327. Staves of wood of all kinds, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 238. Casks and barrels (empty), sugar-box shocks, and packing boxes and 
 packing-box shooks, of wood, not specially provided for in this act, thirty 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 229. Chair cane or rBeds wrought or manufactured from rattans or reeds, 
 and whether round, square, or in any other shape, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 330. House or cabinet furniture, of wood, wholly, or partly finished, 
 manufactures of wood, or of which wood is the component material of chief 
 value, not specially provided for in this act, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 SCHEDTJLE E. — StJGAB. 
 
 331. That on and after July 1, 1891, and untiljuly 1, 1905, there shall be 
 paid, from any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, imder 
 the provisions of Section 3,689 of the Revised Statutes, to the producer of 
 sugar testing not less than ninety degrees by the polariscope, from beets, 
 sorghum, or sugar-cane grown within the United States, or from maple sap 
 produced within the United States, a bounty of two cents per pound; and 
 upon such sugar testing less than ninety degrees by the polariscope, and not 
 less than eighty degrees, a bounty of one and three-fourth cents per pound, 
 under such rules and regulations as the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 
 with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasurj^, shall prescribe. 
 
 333. The producer of said sugar to be entitled to said bounty shall have 
 first filed prior to July 1st of each year with the Commissioner of Internal 
 Revenue a notice of the place of production, with a general description of 
 the machinery and methods to be employed by him, with an estimate of the 
 amount of sugar proposed to be produced in the current or next ensuing year, 
 including the number of maple-trees to be tapped, and an application for a 
 license to so produce, to be accompanied by a bond in a penalty, and with 
 sureties to be approved by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, conditioned 
 that he will faithfully observe all rules and regulations that shall be pre- 
 scribed for such manufacture and production of sugar. 
 
 333. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, upon receiving the applica- 
 tion and bond hereinbefore provided for, shall issue to the applicant a license 
 to produce sugar from sorghum, beets, or sugar-cane grown within the United 
 States, or from mapla sap produced within the United States at the place and 
 with the machinery and by the methods described in the application; but 
 said license shall not extend beyond one year from the date thereof. 
 
 334. No bounty shall be paid to any person engaged in refining sugars 
 which have been imported into the United States, or produced in the Umted 
 States upon which the bounty herein provided for has already been paid or 
 applied for, nor to any person unless he shall have first been licensed as herein 
 provided, and only upon sugar produced by such person from sorghum, 
 beets, or sugar-cane grown within the United States, or from maple sap pro- 
 duced within the United States. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 
 with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall from time to time 
 
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348 APPENDIX. 
 
 make all needful rules and regulations for the manufacture of sugar from 
 sorghum, beets, or sugar-cane grown within the United States, or from maple 
 sap produced within the United States, and shall, under the direction of the 
 Secretary of the Treasury, exercise supervision and inspection of the manu- 
 facture thereof. 
 
 235. And for the payment of these hoimties the Secrdtary of the Treasury 
 is authorized to draw warrants on the Treasurer of the United States for such 
 sums as shall be necessary, which sums shall be certified to him by the Com- 
 missioner of Internal Revenue, by whom the bounties shall be disbursed, and 
 no bounty shall be allowed or paid to any person licensed as aforesaid in any 
 one year, upon any quantity of sugar less than five hundred pounds. 
 
 236. That any person who shall knowingly refine or aid in the refining of 
 sugar imported into the United States or upon which the bounty herein 
 pi-ovided for has already been paid or applied for, at the place described in 
 the license issued by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and any person 
 not entitled to the bounty herein provided for, who shall apply for or receive 
 the same, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, 
 shall pay a fine not exceeding $5,000, or be imprisoned for a period not ex- 
 ceeding five years, or both, in the discretion of the court. 
 
 337. All sugars above number sixteen Dutch standard in color shall pay a 
 duty of five-tenths of one cent per pound: Promded, That all such sugars 
 above number sixteen Dutch standard in color shall pay one-tenth of one 
 cent per pound in addition to the rate herein provided for, when exported 
 from, or the product of any country when and so long as such country paj^s 
 01- shall hereafter pay, directly or indirectly, a bounty on the exportation of 
 any sugar that may be included in this grade which is greater than is paid on 
 ra\\' sugars of a lower saccharine strength; and the Secretary of the Treasury 
 shall prescribe suitable rules and regulations to carry this provision into effect: 
 And promded furilier. That all machinery purchased abroad and erected in a 
 beet-sugar factory and used in the production of raw sugar in the United 
 States from beets produced therein shall be admitted duty free until the first 
 day of July, 1893: Provided, That any duty collected on any of the above- 
 described machinery purchased abroad and imported into the United States 
 for tlie uses above indicated since Jan. 1, 1890, shall be refunded. 
 
 338. Sugar candy and all confectionery, including chocolate confectionery, 
 made wholly or in part of sugar, valued at twelve cents or less per pound, 
 and on sugars after being refined, when tinctured, colored, or in any way 
 adulterated, five cents per pound. 
 
 339. All other confectionery, including chocolate confectionery, not 
 specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 240. Glucose, or grape .sugar, three-fourths of one cent per pound. 
 
 241. That the provisions of this act providing terms for the admission of 
 imported sugars and molasses and for the payment of a bounty on sugars of 
 domestic production shall take effect on the first day of April, 1891 : Pro- 
 vided, That on and after the first day of March, 1891, and prior to the first 
 day of April, 1891, sugars not exceeding number sixteen Dutch standard in 
 color may be refined in bond \vithout payment of duty, and such refined sugars 
 may be transported in bond and stored in bonded warehouse at such points of 
 destination as are provided in existing laws relating to the immediate trans- 
 portation of dutiable goods in bond, under such rules and regulations as shall 
 be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 ScHBDui,B F. — Tobacco and Manufactukes of. 
 
 243. Leaf tobacco suitable for cigar wrappers, if not stemmed, two dol- 
 lars per pound; if stemmed, two dollars and seventy-five cents per pound: 
 Provided, That if any portion of any tobacco imported in any bale, box, or 
 
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TEXT OF THE MoKINLEY BILL. 349 
 
 package, or in bulk shall be suitable for cigar wrappers, the entire quantity 
 of tobacco contained in such bale, box, or package, or bulk shall be dutiable; 
 if not stemmed, at two dollars per pound ; if stemmed, at two dollars and 
 seventy -five cents per pound. 
 
 243. All other tobacco in leaf, unmanufactured and not stemmed, thirty- 
 flve cents per pound; if stemmed, fifty cents per pound. 
 
 344. Tobacco manufactured, of all descriptions, not specially enumerated 
 or provided for in this act, forty cents per pound. 
 
 345. SnuS and snufE flour, manufactured of tobacco, ground dry, or damp, 
 and pickled, scented, or otherwise, of all descriptions, fifty cents per pound. 
 
 346. Cigars, cigarettes, and cheroots of all kinds, four dollars and fifty 
 cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem; and paper cigars and 
 cigarettes, including wrappers, and shall be subject to the same duties as are 
 herein imposed upon cigars. 
 
 Schedule Q. — Agricultukal Pboducts and Provisions. 
 
 Animals, Live. — 347. Horses and mules, thirty dollars per head: Provided, 
 That horses valued at one hundred and fifty dollars and over shall pay a duty 
 of thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 348. Cattle more than one year old, ten dollars per head; one year old or 
 less, two dollars per head. 
 
 349. Hogs, one dollar and fifty cents per head. 
 
 350. Sheep, one year old or more, one dollar and fifty cents per head; less 
 than one year old, seventy-five cents per head. 
 
 351. AH other live animals, not specially provided for in this act, twenty 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Breadstuffs and Farinaceous Substances. — 353. Barley, thirty cents per 
 bushel of forty-eight pounds. 
 
 253. Barley malt, forty-five cents per bushel of thirty-four pounds. 
 354. Barley, pearled, patent, or hulled, two cents per pound. 
 255. Buckwheat, fifteen cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. 
 
 356. Corn or maize, fifteen cents per bushel of fifty-six pounds. 
 
 357. Corn meal, twenty cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. 
 
 258. Macaroni, vermicelli, and all similar preparations, two cents per 
 pound. 
 
 359. Oats, fifteen cents per bushel. 
 
 360. Oatmeal, one cent per pound. 
 
 361. Rice, cleaned, two cents per pound; uncleaned rice, one and one- 
 quarter cents per pound; paddy, three-quarters of one cent per pound; rice 
 flour, rice meal, and rice, broken, which will pass through a sieve known 
 commercially as number twelve wire sieve, one- fourth of one cent per pound. 
 
 363. Bye, ten cents per bushel. 
 
 363. Rye flour, one-half of one cent per pound. 
 
 364. Wheat, twenty-five cents per bushel. 
 
 365. Wheat fiour, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Dairy Prodiicts. —266. Butter, and substitutes therefor, six cents per 
 pound. 
 
 367. Cheese, six cents per pound. 
 
 368. Milk, fresh, five cents per gallon. 
 
 369. Milk, preserved or condensed, including weight of packages, three 
 cents per pound; sugar of milk, eight cents per pound. , , ^ ., 
 
 Farm and Field Products.— 210. Beans, forty cents per bushel of sixty 
 
 pounds. , J • »■ • 
 
 371. Beans, pease, and mushrooms, prepared or preserved, m tnis, jars, 
 
 bottles] or otherwise, forty per centum ad valorem. 
 373. Broom-corn, eight dollars per ton. 
 
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350 APPENDIX. 
 
 273. Cabbages, three cents each. 
 
 274. Cider, five cents per gallon. 
 
 275. Eggs, five cents per dozen. 
 
 276. Eggs, yolk of, twenty-flve per centum ad valorem. 
 
 277. Hay, four dollars per ton. 
 
 278. Honey, twenty cents per gallon. 
 
 279. Hops, fifteen cents per pound. 
 
 280. Onions, forty cents per bushel. 
 
 281. Pease, green, in bulk or in barrels, sacks; or similar packages, forty 
 cents per bushel of sixty pounds; pease, dried, twenty cents per bushel; split 
 pease, fifty cents per bushel of sixty pounds; pease in cartons, papers, or 
 other small packages, one cent per pound. 
 
 282. Plants, trees, shrubs, and vines of all kinds, commonly known as 
 nursery stock, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 283. Potatoes, twenty-five cents per bushel of sixty pounds. 
 
 Seeds-. — 284. Castor beans or seeds, fifty cents per bushel of fifty pounds. 
 
 285. Flaxseed or linseed, poppy seed and other oil seeds, not specially 
 provided for in this act, thirty cents per bushel of fifty-six pounds; but no 
 drawback shall be allowed on oil cake made from imported seed. 
 
 286. Garden seeds, agricultural seeds, and other seeds, not specially pro- 
 vided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 287. Vegetables of all kinds, prepared or preserved, including pickles and 
 sauces of all kinds, not specially provided for in this act, forty-five per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 288. Vegetables in their natural state, not specially provided for in this 
 act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 289. Straw, thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 290. Teazles, thirty per, centum ad valorem. 
 
 Fish. — 291. Anchovies and sardines, packed in oil or otherwise, in tin 
 boxes, measuring not more than five inches long, four inches wide, and three 
 and one-half inches deep, ten cents per whole box ; in half -boxes, measuring 
 not more than five inches long, four inches wide, and one and five-eighth 
 inches deep, five cents each; in quarter-boxes, measuring not more than four 
 and three-fourth inches long, three and one-half inches wide, and one and 
 one-fourth inches deep, two and one-half cents each; when imported in any 
 other form, forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 292. Fish, pickled, in barrels or half-barrels, and mackerel or salmon, 
 pickled or salted, one cent per pound. 
 
 293. Fish, smoked, dried, salted, pickled, frozen, packed in ice, or other- 
 wise prepared for preservation, and fresh fish, not specially provided for in 
 this act, three-fourths of one cent per pound. 
 
 294. Herrings, pickled or salted, one-half of one cent per pound ; herrings, 
 fresh, one-fourth of one cent per pound. 
 
 295. Pish in cans or packages made of tin or other material; except an- 
 chovies and sardines and fish packed in any other manner, not specially 
 enumerated or provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 296. Cans or packages, made of tin or other metal, containing shell fish 
 admitted free of duty, not exceeding one quart in contents, shall be subject 
 to a duty of eight cents per dozen cans or packages ; and when exceeding one 
 quart, shall be subject to an additional duty of four cents per dozen for each 
 additional half -quart or fractional part thereof: Provided, ThatuntilJune 30, 
 1891, such cans or packages shall be admitted as now provided by law. 
 
 Fruits and Nuts. — 297. Fruits: Apples, green or ripe, twenty-five cents 
 per bushel. 
 
 298. Apples, dried, desiccated, evaporated, or prepared in any manner, 
 and not otherwise provided for in this act, two cents per pound. 
 
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TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 351 
 
 299. Grapes, sixty cents per barrel of three cubic feet capacity or frac- 
 tional part thereof; plums and prunes, two cents per pound. 
 
 300. Figs, two and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 301. Oranges, lemons, and limes, in packages of capacity of one and one- 
 fourth cubic feet or less, thirteen cents per package; in packages of capacity 
 exceeding one and one-fourth cubic feet and not exceeding two and one-half 
 cubic feet, twenty -five cents per package; in packages of capacity exceeding 
 two and one-half cubic feet and not exceeding five cubic feet, fifty cents per 
 package; iu packages of capacity exceeding five cubic feet, for every addi- 
 tional cubic foot or fractional part thereof, ten cents; in bulk, one dollar and 
 fifty cents per one thousand; and in addition thereto a duty of thirty per 
 centum ad valorem upon the boxes or barrels containing such oranges, lemons, 
 or limes. 
 
 802. Raisins, two and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 303. Comfits, sweetmeats, and fruits preserved in sugar, sirup, molasses, 
 or spirits, not specially provided for in this act, and jellies of all kinds, thirty- 
 five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 304. Fruits preserved in their own juices, thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 305. Orange peel and lemon peel, preserved or candied, two cents per 
 pound. 
 
 306. Nuts: Almonds, not shelled, five cents per pound; clear almonds, 
 shelled, seven and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 307. Filberts and walnuts of all kinds, not shelled, three cents per pound ; 
 shelled, six cents per pound. 
 
 308. Peanuts or ground beans, unshelled, one cent per pound; shelled, one 
 and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 309. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or unshelled, not specially provided for in 
 this act, one and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 Meat Products. — 310. Bacon and hams, five cents per pound. 
 
 311. Beef, mutton, and pork, two cents per pound. 
 
 312. Meats of all kinds, prepared or preserved, not specially provided for 
 in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 313. Extract of meat, all not specially provided for in this act, thirty-five 
 cents per pound; fluid extract of meat, fifteen cents per pound; and no sep- 
 arate or additional duty shall be collected on such coverings unless as such 
 they are suitable and apparently designed for use other than m the importa- 
 tion of meat extracts. 
 
 314. Lard, two cents per pound. 
 
 315. Poultry, live, three cents per pound; dressed, five cents per pound. 
 
 316. Tallow, one cent per pound; wool grease, includingthat known com- 
 mercially as degras or brown wool grease, one-half of one cent per pound. 
 
 Miscellaneous Products. — 317. Chicory root, burned or. roasted, ground 
 or granulated, or in rolls, or otherwise prepared,, and not specially provided 
 for in this act, two cents per pound. 
 
 318. Chocolate (other than chocolate confectionery and chocolate com- 
 mercially known as sweetened chocolate), two cents per pound. 
 
 319. Cocoa, prepared or manufactured, not specially provided for in this 
 act, two cents per pound. 
 
 320. Cocoa butter or cocoa butterine, three and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 321. Dandelion root and acorns prepared, and other articles used as cof- 
 fee, or as substitutes for cofEee, not specially provided for in this act, one and 
 one-half cents per pound. 
 
 Salt. — 322. Salt in bags, sacks, barrels, or other packages, twelve cents 
 per one hundred pounds; in bulk, eight cents per one hundred pounds: 
 Provided, That imported salt in bond may be used in curing fish taken 
 by vessels licensed to engage in tlie fisheries and in curing fish on the 
 shores of the navigable waters of tlie United States, under such regula- 
 
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353 APPENDIX. 
 
 tions as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe ; and upon proof 
 that the salt has been used for either of the purposes stated in this pro- 
 viso, the duties on the same shall be remitted: Promded, further. That ex- 
 porters of meats, whether packed or smoked, which have been cured in the 
 United States with imported salt, shall, upon satisfactory proof, under such 
 regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe, that such meats 
 have been cured with imported salt, have refunded to them from the Treasury 
 the duties paid on the salt so used in curing such exported meats, in amounts 
 not less than one hundred dollars. 
 
 333. Starch, including all preparations, from whatever substance pro- 
 duced, fit for use as starch, two cents per pound. 
 
 334. Dextrine, burned starch, gum substitute, or British gum, one and 
 one-half cents per pound. 
 
 335. Mustard, ground or preserved, in bottles or otherwise, ten cents per 
 pound. 
 
 336. Spices, ground or powdered, not specially provided for in this act, 
 four cents per pound ; cayenne pepper, two and one-half cents per pound, 
 unground; sage, three cents per pound. 
 
 ;i37. Vinegar, seven and one-half cents per gallon. The standai-d for vin- 
 egar shall be taken to be that strength which requires thirty-five grains of 
 bicarbonate of potash to neutralize one ounce troy of vinegar. 
 
 338. There shall be allowed on the imported tin plate used in the manu- 
 facture of cans, boxes, packages, and all articles of tinware exported, either 
 empty or filled with domestic products, a drawback equal to the duty paid 
 on such tin plate, less one per centum of such duty, which shall be retained 
 for the use of the United States. 
 
 Schedule H. — Spirits, Wines, and Other Bevbbagbs. 
 
 Spirits. — 339. Brandy and other spirits manufactured or distilled from 
 grain or other materials, and not specially provided for in this act, two dol- 
 lars and fifty cents per proof gallon. 
 
 330. Each and every gauge or wine gallon of measurement shall be 
 counted as at least one proof gallon; and the standard for determining the 
 proof of brandy and other spirits or liquors of any kind Imported shall be 
 the same as that which is defined in the laws relating to internal revenue; 
 but any brandy or other spirituous liquors, imported in casks of less capacity 
 than fourteen gallons, shall be forfeited to the United States: Promded, That 
 it shall be lawful for the Secretary of the Treasury, in his discretion, to 
 authorize the ascertainment of the proof of wines, cordials, or other liquors, 
 by distillation or otherwise, in case where it is impracticable to ascertain such 
 proof by the means prescribed by existing law or regulations. 
 
 331. On all compounds or preparations, of which distilled spirits are a 
 component part of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, there 
 shall be levied a duty not less than that imposed upon distilled spirits. 
 
 333. Cordials, liquors, arrack, absinthe, kirschwasser, ratafia, and other 
 spirituous beverages or bitters of all kinds containing spirits, and not specially 
 provided for in this act, two dollars and fifty cents per proof gallon. 
 
 833. No lower rate or amount of duty shall be levied, collected, and paid 
 on brandy, spirits, and other spirituous beverages, than that fixed by law for 
 the description of first proof; but it shall be increased in proportion for any 
 greater strength than the strength of first proof, and all imitations of brandy 
 or spirits or wines imported by any names whatever shall be subject to the 
 highest rate of duty provided for the genuine articles respectively intended 
 to be represented, and in no case less than one dollar and fifty cents per 
 gallon. 
 
 334. Bay rum or bay water, whether distilled or compounded, of first 
 
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TEXT OF THE McEINLEY BILL. 353 
 
 proof, and in proportion for any greater strength than first proof, one dollar 
 and fifty cents per gallon. 
 
 Wines. — 335. Champagne and all other sparkling wines, in bottles con- 
 taining each not more than one quart and more than one pint, eight dollars 
 per dozen; containing not more than one pint each and more than one-half 
 pint, four dollars per dozen; containing one-half pint each or less, two dol- 
 lars per dozen; in bottles or other vessels, containing more than one quart 
 each, in addition to eight dollars per dozen bottles on the quantity in excess 
 of one quart, at the rate of two dollars and fifty cents per gallon. 
 
 336. Still wines, including ginger wine or ginger cordial and vermuth, in 
 casks, fifty cents per gallon; in bottles or jugs, per case of one dozen bottles 
 or jugs, containing each not more than one quart and more than one pint, 
 or twenty-four bottles or jugs containing each not more than one pint, one 
 dollar and sixty cents per case; and any excess beyond these quantities found 
 in such bottles or jugs, shall be subject to a duy of five cents per pint or 
 fractional part thereof, but no separate or additional duty shall be assessed 
 on the bottles or jugs: Provided, That any wines, ginger cordial, or vermuth im- 
 ported containing more than twenty-four per centum of alcohol shall be forfeit- 
 ed to the United States: And proiiided further, That there shall be no construc- 
 tive or other allowance for breakage, leakage, or damage on wines, liquors, 
 cordials, or distilled spirits. Wines, cordials, brandy, and other spirituous 
 liquors imported in bottles or jugs shall be packed in packages containing 
 not less than one dozen bottles or jugs in each package; and all such bottles 
 or jugs shall pay an additional duty of three cents for each bottle or jug un- 
 less specially provided for in this act. 
 
 337. Ale, porter, and beer, in bottles or jugs, forty cents per gallon, but no 
 separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles or jugs; otherwise 
 than in bottles or jugs, twenty cents per gallon. 
 
 338. Malt extract, fluid, in casks, twenty cents per gallon; in bottles or 
 jugs, forty cents per gallon; solid or condensed, forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 339. Cherry juice and prune juice, or prune wine, and other fruit juice, 
 not specially provided for in this act, containing not more than eighteen per 
 centum of alcohol, sixty cents per gallon; if containing more than eighteen 
 per centum of alcohol, two dollars and fifty cents per proof gallon. 
 
 340. Ginger ale, ginger beer, lemonade, soda water, and other similar 
 waters, in plain green or colored molded or pressed glass bottles, containing 
 each not more than three-fourths of a pint, thirteen cents per dozen; con- 
 taining more than three-fourths of a pint each and not more than one and 
 one-half pints, twenty-six cents per dozen ; but no separate or additional duty 
 shall be assessed on the bottles; if imported otherwise than in plain green or 
 colored molded or pressed glass bottles, or in such bottles containing more 
 than one and one-half pints each, fifty cents per gallon, and in addition thereto, 
 duty shall be collected on the bottles, or other coverings, at the rates which 
 would be chargeable thereon if imported empty. 
 
 341. All mineral waters, and all imitations of natural mineral waters, 
 and all artificial mineral waters not specially provided for in this act, in 
 green or colored glass bottles containing not more than one pint, sixteen cents 
 per dozen bottles. If containing more than one pint and not more than one 
 quart, twenty-five cents per dozen bottles. But no separate duty shall be 
 assessed upon the bottles. If imported otherwise than in plain green or col- 
 ored glass bottles, or if imported in such bottles containing more than one 
 quart, twenty cents per gallon, and in addition thereto duty shall be collected 
 upon the bottles or other covering at the same rates that would be charged 
 if imported empty or separately. 
 
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354 APPENDIX. 
 
 Schedule I.— Cotton Manufactuebs. 
 
 342. Cotton thread, yarn, warps, or warp yarn, whether single or advanced 
 beyond the condition of single, by grouping or twisting two or more single 
 yarns together, whether on beams or in bundles, skeins, or cops, or in any 
 other form, except spool thread of cotton, hereinafter provided for, valued 
 at not exceeding twenty-five cents per pound, ten cents per pound; valued at 
 over twenty-five cents per pound and not exceeding forty cents per pound, 
 eighteen cents per pound; valued at over forty cents per pound and not ex- 
 ceeding fifty cents per pound, twenty-three cents per pound; valued at over 
 fifty cents per pound and not exceeding sixty cents per pound, twenty-eight 
 cents per pound ; valued at over sixty cents per pound and not exceeding 
 seventy cents per pound, thirty-three cents per pound; valued at over sev- 
 enty cents per pound and not exceeding eighty cents per pound, thirty-eight 
 cents per pound; valued at over eighty cents per pound and not exceeding 
 one dollar per pound, forty-eight cents per pound; valued at over one dollar 
 per pound, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 343. Spool thread of cotton, containing on each spool not exceeding one 
 hundred yards of thread, seven cents per dozen; exceeding one hundred yards 
 on each spool, for every additional one hundred yards of thread or fractional 
 part thereof in excess of one hundred yards, seven cents per dozen spools. 
 
 344. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, 
 and not exceeding fifty threads to the square inch, counting the warp and 
 filling, two cents per square yard; if bleached, two and one-half cents per 
 square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, four cents per 
 square yard. 
 
 345. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, 
 exceeding fifty and not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, 
 counting the warp and filling, two and one-fourth cents per square yard; if 
 bleached, three cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
 printed, four cents per square yard: Provided, That on all cotton cloth not 
 exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and 
 filling, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at 
 over six and one-half cents per square yard; bleached, valued at over nine 
 cents per square yard; and dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, val- 
 ued at over twelve cents per square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and 
 paid a duty of thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 346. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, 
 exceeding one hundred and not exceeding one hundred and fifty threads to 
 the square inch, counting the warp and filling, three cents per square yard; 
 if bleached, four cents per square yard ; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
 printed, five cents per square yard: JPro'mded, That on all cotton cloth ex- 
 ceeding one hundred and not exceeding one hundred and fifty threads to the 
 square inch, counting the warp and filling, not bleached, dyed, colored, 
 stained, painted, or printed, valued at over seven and one-half cents per 
 square yard; bleached, valued at over ten cents per square yard; dyed, col- 
 ored, stained painted, or printed, valued at over twelve and one-half cents 
 per square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of forty per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 347. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, 
 exceeding one hundred and fifty and not exceeding two hundred threads to 
 the square inch, counting the warp and filling, three and one-half cents per 
 square yard; if bleached, four and one-half cents per square yard; if dyed, 
 colored, stained, painted, or printed, five and one-half cents per square yard: 
 Provided, That on all cotton cloth exceeding one hundred and fifty and not 
 exceeding two hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and 
 filling, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at 
 
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TEXT OF THE MoKINLEY BILL. 355 
 
 over eight cents per square yard; bleached, valued at over ten cents per 
 square yard ; dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over 
 twelve cents per square yard, there shall he levied, collected, and paid a duty 
 of forty-flve per centum ad valorem. 
 
 348. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, 
 exceeding two hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and 
 flUmg, four and one-half cents per square yard; if bleached, five and one-half 
 cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, six and 
 three-fourth cents per square yard: Promded, That on all such cotton cloths 
 not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over ten 
 cents per square yard ; bleached, valued at over twelve cents per square yard ; 
 and dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over fifteen cents 
 per square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of forty-five 
 per centum ad valorem: PromOed further. That on cotton cloth, bleached, 
 dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, containing an admixture of silk, 
 and not otherwise provided for, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a 
 duty of ten cents per square yard, and in addition thereto thirty-five per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 349. Clothing, ready-made, and articles of wearing apparel of every de- 
 scription, handkerchiefs, and neckties or neckwear, composed of cotton or 
 other vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the com- 
 ponent material of chief value, made up or manufactured wholly or in part 
 by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer, all of the foregoing not specially 
 provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem: PromAed, That all 
 such clothing ready-made and articles of wearing apparel having India rub- 
 ber as a component material (not including gloves or elastic articles that are 
 specially provided for in this act), shall be subject to a duty of fifty cents per 
 pound, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 350. Plushes, velvets, velveteens, corduroys, and all pile fabrics composed 
 of cotton or other vegetable fiber, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
 painted, or printed, ten cents per square yard and twenty per centum ad val- 
 orem; on all such goods if bleached, twelve cents per square yard and twenty 
 per centum ad valorem; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, four- 
 teen cents per square yard and twenty per centum ad valorem ; but none of 
 the foregoing articles in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than 
 forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 351. Chenille curtains, table covers, and all goods manufactured of cot- 
 ton chenille, or of which cotton chenille forms the component material of 
 chief value, sixty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 353. Stockings, hose, and half -hose, made on knitting machines or frames, 
 composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, and not otherwise specially pro- 
 vided for in this act, and shifts and drawers composed of cotton, valued at 
 not more than one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, thirty -five per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 353. Stockings, hose, and half-hose, selvaged, fashioned, narrowed, or 
 shaped wholly or in part by knitting machines or frames, or knit by hand, 
 including such as are commercially known as seamless stockings, hose or 
 half-hose, all of the above composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, fin- 
 ished or unfini.shed, valued at not more than sixty cents per dozen pairs, 
 twenty cents per dozen pairs, and in addition thereto twenty per centum ad 
 valorem; valued at more than sixty cents per dozen pairs and not more than 
 two dollars per dozen pairs, tif ty cents per dozen pairs, and in addition there- 
 to thirty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than two dollars per dozen 
 pairs and not more than four dollars per dozen pairs, seventy-five cents per 
 dozen pairs, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem;^ valued at 
 more than four dollars per dozen pairs, one dollar per dozen pairs, and in 
 addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; and all shirts and drawers 
 
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356 APPENDIX. 
 
 composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, valued at more tban one dollar 
 and fifty cents per dozen and not more than three dollars per dozen, one dol- 
 lar per dozen, and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem; 
 valued at more than three dollars per dozen and not more than five dollars 
 per dozen, one dollar and twenty-five cents per dozen, and in addition thereto 
 forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than five dollars per dozen and 
 not more than seven dollars per dozen, one dollar and fifty cents per dozen; 
 and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than 
 seven dollars per dozen, two dollars per dozen, and in addition thereto forty 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 354. Cotton cords, braids, boot, shoe, and corset lacings, thirty-five cents 
 per pound; cotton gimps, gallooQS, webbing, goring, suspenders, and braces, 
 any of the foregoing which are elastic or non-elastic, forty per centum ad 
 valorem: Provided, That none of tlie articles included in this paragraph shall 
 pay a less rate of duty than forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 355. Cotton damask, in the piece or otherwise, and all manufactures of 
 cotton, not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Schedule J. — Flax, Hemp, and Jute, and Manufactures of. 
 
 356. Flax straw, five dollars per ton. 
 
 357. Flax, not hackled or dressed, one cent per pound. 
 
 358. Flax, hackled, known as "dressed line," three cents per pound. 
 
 359. Tow, of fiax or hemp, one-half of one cent per pound. 
 
 360. Hemp, twenty -five dollars per ton; hemp, hackled, known as line of 
 hemp, fifty dollars per ton. 
 
 361. Yarn, made of jute, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 363. Cables, cordage, and twine (except binding twine composed in whole 
 or in part of istle or Tampico fiber, manila, sisal grass, or sunn), one and 
 one-half cents per pound; all binding twine manufactured in whole or in 
 part from istle or Tampico fiber, manila, sisal grass, or sunn, seven-tenths of 
 one cent per pound; cables and cordage made of hemp, two and one-half 
 cents per pound; tarred cables and cordage, three cents per pound. 
 
 363. Hemp and jute carpets and carpeutings, six cents per square yard. 
 
 364. Burlaps, not exceeding sixty inches in width, of flax, jute, or hemp, 
 or of which flax, jute, or hemp, or either of them, shall be the component 
 material of chief value (except such as may be suitable for bagging for cot- 
 ton), one and five-eighth cents per pound. 
 
 365. Bags for grain made of burlaps, two cents per pound. 
 
 366. Bagging for cotton, gunny cloth, and all similar material suitable 
 for covering cotton, composed in whole or in part of hemp, flax, jute, or jute 
 
 I butts, valued at six cents or less per square yard, one and six -tenth cents' per 
 square yard; valued at more than six cents per square yard, one and eight- 
 tenth cents per square yard. 
 
 367. Flax gill-netting, nets, webs, and seines, when the thread or twine of 
 which they are composed is made of yarn of a number not higher than twenty, 
 fifteen cents per pound and thirty-five per centum ad valorem; when made 
 of threads or twines, the yarn of which is finer than number twenty, twenty 
 cents per pound, and in addition thereto forty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 368. Linen hydraulic hose, made in whole or in part of flax, hemp, or 
 jute, twenty cents per pound. 
 
 369. Oil-cloth for floors, stamped, painted, or printed, including linoleum, 
 corticene, cork carpets, figured or plain, and all other oil-cloth (except silk 
 oil-cloth), and water-proof cloth, not specially provided for in this act, valued 
 at twenty-five cents or less per square yard, forty per centum ad valorem; 
 valued above twenty-five cents per square yard, fifteen cents per square yard 
 and thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
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TEXT OF THE MoKINLEY BILL. 357 
 
 370. 'Yaiiis or threads composed of flax or hemp, or of a mixture of either 
 of these substances, valued at thirteen cents or less per pound, six cents per 
 pound; valued at more than thirteen cents per pound, forty-five per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 371. All manufactures of flax or hemp, or of which these substances, or 
 either of them, is the component material of chief value, not specially pro- 
 vided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That until Jan- 
 uary 1st, 1894, such manufactures of flax, containing more than one hun- 
 dred threads to the square inch, counting both warp and filling, shall be 
 subject to a duty of twenty-five per centum ad valorem, in lieu of the duty 
 herein provided. 
 
 373. Collars and cuffs, composed entirely of cotton, fifteen cents per dozen 
 pieces and thirty-five per centum ad valorem; composed in whole or in part 
 of linen, thirty cents per dozen pieces and forty per centum ad valorem; 
 shirts, and all articles of wearing apparel of every description, not specially 
 provided for in this act, composed wholly or in part of linen, fifty-five per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 373. Laces, edgings, embroideries, insertings, neck rufflings, ruchings, 
 trimmings, tuckings, lace window curtains, and other similar tamboured 
 articles, and articles embroidered by hand or machinery, embroidered and 
 hemstitched handkerchiefs, and articles made wholly or in part of lace, ruf- 
 flings, tuckings, or ruchings, all of the above-named articles, composed of 
 flax, jute, cotton, or other vegetable fiber, or of which these substances or 
 either of them, or a mixture of any of them, is the component material of 
 chief value, not specially provided for in this act, sixty per centum ad valo- 
 rem : Provided, That articles of wearing apparel, and textile fabrics, when 
 embroidered by hand or machinery, and whether specially or otherwise pro- 
 vided for in this act, shall not pay a less rate of duty than that fixed by the 
 respective paragraphs and schedules of this act upon embroideries of the 
 materials of which they are respectively composed. 
 
 374. All manufactures of jute, or other vegetable fiber, except flax, hemp, 
 or cotton, or of which jute or other vegetable fiber, except flax, hemp, or 
 cotton, is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for 
 in this act, valued at five cents per pound or less, two cents per pound; val- 
 ued above five cents per pound, forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Schedule K. — "Wool and MANTiPACTtrKBS or "Wool. 
 
 375. All wools, hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, and other like animals, 
 shall be divided, for the purpose of fixing the duties to be charged thereon, 
 into the three following classes: 
 
 376. Class one, that is to say, merino, mestiza, met?, or metis wools, or 
 other wools of merino blood, immediate or remote, Down clothing wools, 
 and wools of like character with any of the preceding, including such as 
 have been heretofore usually imported into the TJnited States from Buenos 
 Ayres, New Zealand, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Russia, Great Britain, 
 Canada, and elsewhere, and also including all wools not hereinafter described 
 or designated in classes two and three. 
 
 377. Class two, that is to say, Leicester, Cotswold, Lincolnshire, Down 
 combing wools, Canada long wools, or other like combing wools of English 
 blood, and usually known by the terms herein used, and also hair of the 
 camel, goat, alpaca, and other like animals. 
 
 378. Class three, that is to say, Donskoi, native South American, Cordo- 
 va, "V^alparaiso, native Smyrna, Russian camel's hair, and including all such 
 wools of like character as have been heretofore usually imported into the 
 United States from Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Syria, and elsewhere, excepting 
 improved wools hereinafter provided for. 
 
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358 APPENDIX. 
 
 379. The standard samples of all wools whicli are now or may be hereaf- 
 ter deposited in the principal custom-houses of the United States, under the 
 authority of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall be the standard for the 
 classification of wools under this act, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall 
 nave the authority to renew these standards and to make such additions to 
 them from time to time as may be required, and he shall cause to be depos- 
 ited like standards iu other custom-houses of the United States when they 
 may be needed. 
 
 380. Whenever wools of class three shall have been improved by the ad- 
 mixture of merino or EugUsh blood from their present character as repre- 
 sented by the standard samples now or hereafter to be deposited in the 
 principal custom-houses of the United States, such improved wools shall be 
 classified for duty either as class one or as class two, as the case may be. 
 
 381. The duty on wools of the first class which shall be imported washed 
 shall be twice the amount of the duty to which they would be subjected if 
 imported unwashed; and the duty on wools of the first and second classes 
 which shall be imported scoured shall be three times the duty to which they 
 would be subjected if imported unwashed. 
 
 383. Unwashed wools shall be considered such as shall have been shorn 
 from the sheep without any cleansing — that is, in their natural condition. 
 Washed wools shall be considered such as have been washed with water on 
 the sheep's back. Wool washed in any other manner than on the sheep's 
 back shall be considered as scoured wool. 
 
 383. The duty upon wool of the sheep or hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, 
 and other like animals, which shall be imported in any other than ordinary 
 condition, or which shall be changed in its character or condition for the 
 purpose of evading the d\ity, or which shall be reduced in value by the ad- 
 mixture of dirt or any other foreign substance, or which has been sorted or 
 increased in value by the rejection of any part of the original fleece, shall be 
 twice the duty to which it would be otherwise subject : Fromded, That 
 skirted wools as now imported are hereby excepted. Wools on which a duty 
 is assessed amounting to three times or more than that which would be 
 assessed if said wool was imported unwashed, such duty shall not be doubled 
 on account of its being sorted. If any bale or package of wool or hair spec- 
 ified in this act imported as of any specified class, or claimed by the importer 
 to be dutiable as of any specified class, shall contain any wool or hair subject 
 to a higher rate of duty than the class so specified, the whole bale or package 
 shall be subject to the highest rate of duty chargeable on wool of the class 
 subject to such higher rate of duty, and if any bale or package be claimed 
 by the importer to be shoddy, mungo, fiocks, wool, hair, or other material 
 of any class specified in this act, and such bale contain any admixture of any 
 one or more of said materials, or of any other material, the whole bale or 
 package shall be suljject to duty at the highest rate imposed upon any article 
 in said bale or package. 
 
 384. The duty upon all wools and hair of the first class shall be eleven 
 cents per pound, and upon all wools or hair of the second class twelve cents 
 per pound. 
 
 385. On wools of the third class and on camel's hair of the third class, 
 the value whereof shall be thirteen cents. or less per pound, including charges, 
 the duty shall be thirty two per centum ad valorem. 
 
 386. On wools of the third class, and on camel's hair of the third class, 
 the value whereof shall exceed thirteen cents per pound, including charges, 
 the duty shall be fifty per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 387. Wools on the skin shall pay the same rate as other wools, the quan- 
 tity and value to be ascertained under such rules as the Secretary of the 
 Treasury may prescribe. 
 
 388. On noils, shoddy, top waste, slubbing waste, roving waste, ring waste, 
 
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TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 359 
 
 yarn waste, garneted waste, and all other wastes composed wholly or in part 
 of wool, the duty shall be thirty cents per pound. 
 
 389. On woolen rags, mungo, and flocks, the duty shall be ten cents per 
 pound. 
 
 390. Wools and hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other like animals, in 
 the form of roping, roving or tops, and all wool and hair which have been 
 advanced in any manner or by any process of manufacture beyond the washed 
 or scoured condition, not specially provided for in this act, shall be subject 
 to the same duties as are imposed upon manufactures of wool not specially 
 provided for in this act. 
 
 391. On woolen and worsted yarns made wholly or in part of wool, 
 worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, valued at not 
 more than thirty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be two and one- 
 half times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the 
 first class, and in addition thereto thirty-flve per centum ad valorem; valued 
 at more than thirty cents and not more than forty cents per pound, the duty 
 per pound shall be three times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of 
 unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum 
 ad valorem; valued at more than forty cents per pound, the duty per pound 
 shall be three and one-half times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of 
 unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 392. On woolen or worsted cloths, shawls, knit fabrics, and all fabrics 
 made on knitting-machines or frames, and all manufactures of every descrip- 
 tion made wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, 
 alpaca, or other animals, not specially provided for in this act, valued at not 
 more than thirty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three times 
 the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first 
 class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more 
 than thirty and not more than forty cents per pound, the duty per pound 
 shall be three and one-half times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of 
 unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad 
 valorem; valued at above forty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall 
 be four times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of 
 the first class, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 393. On blankets, hats of wool, and flannels for underwear composed 
 wholly or in part of wool, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other ani- 
 mals, valued at not more than thirty cents per pound, tlie duty per pound 
 shall be the same as the duty imposed by this act on one pound and one-half 
 of imwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto thirty per centum 
 ad valorem; valued at more than thirty and not more than forty cents "per 
 pound, the duty per pound sliall be twice the duty imposed by this act on a 
 pound of unwashed wool of the first class; valued at more than forty cents 
 and not more than fifty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three 
 times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first 
 class; and in addition thereto upon all the above-named articles thirty-five 
 per centum ad valorem. On blankets and hats of wool composed wholly or 
 in part of wool, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animal, valued 
 at more than fifty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three and a 
 half times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the 
 first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. Flannels 
 composed wholly or in part of wool, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or 
 other animals, valued at above fifty cents per pound, shall be classified and 
 pay the same duty as women's and children's dress goods, coat linings, Italian 
 cloths, and goods of similar character and description provided by this act. 
 
 394. On women's and children's dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, 
 and goods of similar character or description of which the warp consists 
 
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360 APPENDIX.- 
 
 wholly of cotton or other vegetable material, -with the remainder of the fabric 
 composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, 
 alpaca, or other animals, valued at not exceeding fifteen cents per square 
 yard, seven cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum 
 ad valorem; valued at above fifteen cents per square yard, eight cents per 
 square yard, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
 That on all such goods weighing over four ounces per square yard the duty 
 per pound shall be four times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of un- 
 washed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 395. On women's and children's dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloth, 
 bunting, and goods of similar description or character composed wholly or in 
 part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, 
 and not specially provided for in this act, the duty shall be twelve cents per 
 square yard, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
 That on all such goods weighing over four ounces per square yard the duty 
 per pound shall be four times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of un- 
 washed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 396. On clothing, ready made, and articles of wearing apparel of every 
 description, made up or manufactured wholly or in part, not specially pro- 
 vided for in this act, felts not woven and not specially provided for in this 
 act, and plushes and other pile fabrics, all the foregoing, composed wholly or 
 in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other ani- 
 mals, the duty per pound shall be four and one half times the duty imposed 
 by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition 
 thereto sixty, per centum ad valorem. 
 
 397. On cloaks, dolmans, jackets, talmas, ulsters, or other outside gar- 
 ments for ladies' and children's apparel and goods of similar description, or 
 used for like purposes, composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair 
 of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, made up or manufactured wholly 
 or in part, the duty per pound shall be four and one half times the duty im- 
 posed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, aud in addi- 
 tion thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 398. On webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, 
 galloons, fringes, gimps, cords, cords and tassels, dress trimmings, laces and em- 
 broideries, head nets, buttons, or barrel buttons, or buttons of other forms, for 
 tassels or ornaments, wrought by hand or braided by machineiy, any of 
 the foregoing which are elastic or non-elastic, made of wool, worsted, the 
 hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, or of which wool, worsted, 
 the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals is a component material, 
 the duty shall be sixty cents per pound, and in addition thereto sixty per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 399. A.ubusson, Axminster, moquette, and chenille carpets, figured or 
 plain, carpets woven whole for rooms, and all carpets or carpeting of like 
 character or description, and Oriental, Berlin, and other similar rugs, sixty 
 cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 400. Saxony, Wilton, and Tournay velvet carpets, figured or plain, and 
 all carpets or carpeting of like character or description, sixty cents per square 
 yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 401. Brussels carpet, figured or plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like 
 character or description, forty-four cents per square yard, and in addition 
 thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 403. Velvet and tapestry velvet carpets, figured or plain, printed on the 
 warp or otherwise, and all carpet or carpeting of like character or descrip- 
 tion, forty cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
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TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 361 
 
 403. Tapestiy Brussels carpets, figured or plain, and all carpets or carpet- 
 ing of like character or description, printed on the warp or otherwise, twen- 
 ty-eight cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 404. Treble ingrain, three-ply, and all chain Venetian carpets, nineteen 
 cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem, 
 
 405. Wool Dutch and two-ply ingrain carpets, fourteen cents per square 
 yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 406. Druggets and bookings, printed, colored, or otherwise, twenty-two 
 cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 
 Felt caipeting, figured or plain, eleven cents per square yard, and in addition 
 thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 407. Carpets and carpeting of wool, flax, or cotton, or composed in part 
 of either, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 408. Mats, rugs, screens, covers, hassocks, bedsides, art squares, and other 
 portions of carpet or carpeting made wholly or in part of wool, and not spe- 
 cially provided for in this act, shall be subjected to the rate of duty herein 
 Imposed on carpets or'carpetings of like character or description. 
 
 Schedule L. — Silk and Silk Goods. 
 
 409. Silk partially manufactured from cocoons or from waste silk, and not 
 further advanced or manufactured than carded or combed silk, fifty cents 
 per pound. 
 
 410. Thrown silk, not more advanced than singles, tram, organzine sew- 
 ing silk, twist, floss,. and silk threads or yarns of every description, except 
 spun silk, thirty per centum ad valorem; spun silk in skeius or cops or on 
 beams, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 411. Velvets, plushes, or other pile fabrics, containing, exclusive of sel- 
 vages, less than seventy-five per centum in weight of silk, one dollar and 
 fifty cents per pound and fifteen per centwm ad valorem; containing, exclu- 
 sive of selvages, seventy-five per centum or more in weight of silk, three 
 dollars and fifty cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; but in 
 no case shall any of the foregoing articles pay a less rate of duty than fifty per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 413. "Webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, 
 galloons, fringes, cords and tassels, any of the foregoing which are elastic or 
 non-elastic, buttons, and ornaments, made of silk, or of which silk is the com- 
 ponent material of chief value, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 413. Laces and embroideries, handkerchiefs, neck ruiflings and ruchings, 
 clothing ready made, and articles of wearing apparel of every description, 
 including knit goods, made up or manufactured wholly or in part by the 
 tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer, composed of silk, or of which silk is the 
 component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, 
 sixty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That all such clothing ready made 
 and articles of wearing apparel when composed in part of India-rubber (not 
 including gloves or elastic articles that are specially provided for in this act), 
 shall be subject to a duty of eight cents per ounce, and in addition thereto 
 sixty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 414. All manufactures of silk, or of which silk is the component matenal 
 of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad va- 
 lorem: Promded, That all such manufactures of which wool, or the hair ot 
 the camel, goat, or other like animals, is a component matenal, shall be 
 classified as manufactures of wool. 
 
 36b 
 
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362 APPENDIX. 
 
 SCHEDTTLB M. — PULP, PAPERS AND BOOKS. 
 
 Pulp and Paper. — 415. Meclianically ground wood pulp, two dollars and 
 fifty cents per ton dry weight; chemical wood pulp unbleached, six dollars 
 per ton dry weight; bleached, seven dollars per ton dry weight. 
 
 416. Sheathing paper, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 417. Printing paper unsized, suitable only for books and newspapers, fif- 
 ' teen per centum ad valorem. 
 
 418. Printing paper sized or glued, suitable only for books and newspa- 
 pers, twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 419. Papers known commercially as copying paper, filtering paper, silver 
 paper, and all tissue paper, white or colored, made up in copying books, 
 reams, or in any other form, eight cents per pound, and in addition thereto, 
 fifteen per centum ad valorem; albumenized or sensitized paper, thirty -five 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 420. Papers known commercially as surface-coated papers, and manufac- 
 tures thereof, cardboards, lithographic prints from either stone or zinc, bound 
 or unbound (except illustrations when forming a part of a periodical, news- 
 paper, or in printed books accompanying the same), and all articles produced 
 either in whole or in part by lithographic process, and photograph, auto- 
 graph, and scrap albums, wholly or partially manufactured, thirty-five per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 Manufactures of Paper. — 431. Paper envelopes, twenty -five cents per 
 thousand. 
 
 423. Paper hangings and paper for screens or fireboards, writing paper, 
 drawing paper, and all other paper not specially provided for in this act, 
 twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 433. Books, including blank books of all kinds, pamphlets and engrav- 
 ings, bound or unbound, photographs, etchings, maps, charts, and all printed 
 matter not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 424. Playing cards, fifty cents per pack. 
 
 425. Manufactures of paper, or of which paper is the component material 
 of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 Schedule N.— Sdndribs. 
 
 436. Bristles, ten cents per pound. 
 
 437. Brushes, and brooms of all kinds, including feather dusters and hair 
 pencils in quills, forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Buttons, and Button Forms. — 428. Button forms : Bastings, mohair, cloth, 
 .silk, or other manufactures of cloth, woven or made in patterns of such size, 
 shape, or form, or cut in such manner as to be fit for buttons exclusively, ten 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 429. Buttons commercially known as agate buttons, twenty-five per centum 
 ad valorem. Pearl and shell buttons, two and one half cents per line button 
 measure of one fortieth of one inch per gross, and in addition thereto twenty- 
 five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 430. Ivory, vegetable ivory, bone or horn buttons, fifty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 431. Shoe buttons, made of paper, board, papier-mache, pulp, or other 
 similar material not specially provided for in this act, valued at not exceeding 
 three cents per gross, one cent per gross. 
 
 433. Coal, bituminous, and shale, seventy-five cents per ton of twenty- 
 eight bushels, eighty pounds to the bushel: coal slack or culm, such as will 
 pass through a half -inch screen, thirty cents per ton of twenty-eight bushels, 
 eighty pounds to the bushel. 
 
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TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 363 
 
 433. Coke, twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 434. Cork bark, cut into squares or cubes, ten cents per poimd; manu- 
 factured corks, fifteen cents per pound. 
 
 435. Dice, draughts, chess men, chess balls, and billiard, pool, and baga- 
 telle balls, of ivory, bone or other materials, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 436. Dolls, doll heads, toy marbles of vfhatever material composed, and 
 all other toys not composed of rubber, china, porcelain, parian, bisque, 
 earthen, or stone ware, and not specially provided for in this act, thirty -five 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 437. Emery grains, and emeiy manufactured, ground, pulverized, or re- 
 fined, one cent per pound. 
 
 Exploswe Substances.— 4S8. Firecrackers of all kinds, eight cents per 
 pound, but no allowance shall be made for tare or damage thereon. 
 
 439. Fulminates, fulminating powders, and like articles, not specially pro- 
 vided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 440. Gunpowder, and all explosive substances used for mining, blasting, 
 artillery, or sporting purposes, when valued at twenty cents or less per 
 pound, five cents per pound; valued above twenty cents per pound, eight 
 cents per pound. 
 
 441. Matches, friction or lucifer, of all descriptions, per gross of one hun- 
 dred and forty-four boxes, containing not more than one hundred matches per 
 box, ten cents per gross; when imported otherwise than in boxes contain 
 iug not more than one hundred matches each, one cent per one thousand 
 matches. 
 
 442. Percussion caps, forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 443. Feathers and downs of all kinds, crude or not dressed, colored or 
 manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad 
 valorem; when dressed, colored, or manufactured, including quilts of down 
 and other manufactures of down, and also including dressed and finished 
 birds suitable for millinery ornaments, and artificial and ornamental feathers 
 and flowers, or parts thereof, of whatever material composed, not specially 
 provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 444. Furs, dressed on the skin but not made up into articles, and furs not 
 on the skin, prepared for hatters' use, twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 445. Glass beads, loose, unthreaded or unstrung, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 446. Gun-wads of all descriptions, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 447. Hair, human, if clean or drawn but not manufactured, twenty per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 448. Haircloth, known as "crinoline cloth,'' eight cents per square yard. 
 
 449. Hair cloth, known as "hair seating," thirty cents per square yard. 
 
 450. Hair, curled, suitable for beds or mattresses, fifteen per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 451. Hats for men's, women's, and children's wear, composed of the fur 
 of the rabbit, beaver, or other animals, or of which such fur is the compo- 
 nent material of chief value, wholly or partially manufactured, including fur- 
 hat bodies, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Jewelry and Precious Stones. — 452. Jewelry: All articles, not elsewhere 
 specially provided for in this act, composed of precious metals or imitations 
 thereof, whether set with coral, jet; or pearls, or with diamonds, rubies, 
 cameos, or other precious stones, or imitations thereof, or otherwise, and 
 which shall be known commercially as "jewelry," and .cameos in frames, 
 fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 453. Pearls, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 454. Precious stones of all kinds, cut but not set, ten per centum ad va- 
 lorem; if set, and not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per 
 centum ad valorem; imitations of precious stones composed of paste or glass 
 not exceeding one inch in dimensions, not set, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
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364 APPENDIX. 
 
 Leather and Manufactures of. — 455. Bend or belting leather and sole 
 leather, and leather not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 456. Calf skins, tanned, or tanned and dressed, dressed upper leather, in- 
 cluding patent, enameled, and japanned leather, dressed or undressed, and 
 finished; chamois or other skins not specially enumerated or provided for in 
 this act, twenty per centum ad valorem; hook-binders' calf skins, kangaroo, 
 sheep, and goat skins, including lamb and kid skins, dressed and finished, 
 twenty per centum ad valorem; skins for morocco, tanned but unfinished, 
 ten per centum ad valorem; pianoforte leather and pianoforte action leather, 
 thirty-five per centum ad valorem ; japanned calf skins, thirty per centum ad 
 valorem; boots and shoes, made of leather, twenty -five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 457. But leather cut into shoe uppers or vamps, or other forms, suitable 
 for conversion into manufactured articles, shall be classified as manufactures 
 of leather, and pay duty accordingly. 
 
 458. Q-loves of all descriptions, composed wholly or in part of kid or other 
 leather, and whether wholly or partly manufactured, shall pay duty at the rates 
 fixed in connection with the following specified kinds thereof, fourteen inches 
 in extreme length when stretched to the full extent, being in each case hereby 
 fixed as the standard, and one dozen pairs as the basis, namely: .Ladies' and 
 children's schmaschen of said length or under, one dollar and seventy-five 
 cents per dozen; ladies' and children's lamb of said length or under, two 
 dollars and twenty-five cents per dozen; ladies' and children's kid of said 
 length or under, three dollars and twenty-five cents per dozen; ladies' and 
 children's Suedes of said length or under, fifty per centum ad valorem; all 
 other ladies' and children's leather gloves, and all men's leather gloves of said 
 length or under, fifty per centum ad valorem; all leather gloves over fourteen 
 inches in length, fifty per centum ad valorem; and in addition to the above 
 rates there shall lae paid on all men's gloves one dollar per dozen, on all lined 
 gloves, one dollar per dozen ; on all pique or prick seam gloves, fifty cents 
 per dozen ; on all embroidered gloves, with more than three single strands or 
 cords, fifty cents per dozen pairs: ' Provided, That all gloves represented to 
 be of a kind or grade below their actual kind or grade shall pay an additional 
 duty of five dollars per dozen pairs: Provided fur titer, That none of the arti- 
 cles named In this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than fifty per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 Miscellaneous Manufactures. — 459. Manufactures of alabaster, amber, 
 asbestos, bladders, coral, catgut, or whipgut or wormgut, jet, paste, spar, 
 wax, or of which these substances or either of them is the component material 
 of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum 
 ad valorem; osier or willow prepared for basket-makers' use, thirty per 
 centum ad valorem; manufactures of osier or willow, forty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 460. Manufactures of bone, chip, grass, horn, India-rubber, palm-leaf, 
 straw, weeds, or whalebone, or of which these substances or either of them is 
 the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, 
 thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 461. Manufactures of leather, fur, gutta-percha, vulcanized India-rubber, 
 known as hard rubber, human hair, papier-mache, indurated-fiber wares and 
 other manufactures composed of wood or other pulp, or of which these sub- 
 stances or either of them is the component material of chief value, all of the 
 above not specially provided for in this act, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 462. Manufactures of ivory, vegetable ivory, mother-of-pearl, and shell, 
 or of which these substances or either of them is the comjponent material of 
 chief value, not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 463. Masks, composed of paper or pulp, thirty-five per centuln ad va- 
 lorem. 
 
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TEXT OF THE MoKINLEY BILL. 365 
 
 464. Matting made of cocoa fiber or rattan, twelve cents per square yard; 
 mats made of cocoa fiber or rattan, eight cents per square foot. 
 
 465. Paintings, in oil or water colors, and statuary, not otherwise provided 
 for in this act, fifteen per centum ad valorem; but the term "statuary " as 
 herein used shall be understood to include only such statuary as is cut, 
 carved, or otherwise wrought by hand from a solid block or mass of marble, 
 stone, or alabaster, or from metal, and is the professional production of a 
 statuary or sculptor only. 
 
 466. Pencils of wood filled with lead or other material, and pencils of lead, 
 fifty cents per gross and thirty per centum ad valorem; slate pencils, four 
 cents per gross. 
 
 467. Pencil leads not in wood, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 Pipes and Smokers' Articles.— -468. Pipes, pipe bowls, of all materials, and 
 all smokers' articles whatsoever, not specially provided for in this act, in- 
 cluding cigarette books, cigarette-book covers, pouches for smoking or chew- 
 ing tobacco, and cigarette paper in all forms, seventy per centum ad valorem; 
 all common tobacco pipes of clay, fifteen cents per gross. 
 
 469. Plush, black, known commercially as hatters' plush, composed of 
 silk, or of silk and cotton, and used exclusively for making men's hats, ten 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 470. Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades, covered with silk or alpaca, 
 fifty-five per centum ad valorem; if covered with other material, forty-five 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 471. Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades, sticks for, if plain, finished or 
 unfinished, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; if carved, fifty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 472. Waste, not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 FEBB LIST. 
 
 Sec. 2. On and after the sixth day of October, 1890, unless otherwise 
 specially provided for in this act, the following articles when imported shall 
 be exempt from duty: 
 
 473. Acids used for medicinal, chemical, or manufacturing purposes, not 
 specially provided for in this act. 
 
 474. Aconite. 
 
 475. Acorns, raw, dried or undried, but unground. 
 
 476. Agates, unmanufactured. 
 
 477. Albumen. 
 
 478. AUzarine, natural or artificial, and dyes commercially known as ali- 
 zarine yellow, alizarine orange, alizarine green, alizarine blue, alizarine brown, 
 alizarine black. 
 
 479. Amber, unmanufactured, or crude gum. 
 
 480. Ambergris. 
 
 481. Aniline salts. 
 
 483. Any animal imported specially for breeding purposes shall be admit- 
 ted free : Provided, That no such animal shall be admitted free unless pure bred 
 of a recognized breed, and duly registered in the book of record established 
 for that breed: And provided further. That certificate of such record and of 
 the pedigree of such animal shall be produced and submitted to the customs 
 officer, duly authenticated by the proper custodian of such book of record, 
 together with the affidavit of the owner, agent, or importer that such animal 
 is the identical animal described in said certificate of record and pedigree. 
 The Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe such additional regulations as 
 may be required for the strict enforcement of this provision. 
 
 483. Animals brought into the United States temporarily for a period not 
 exceeding six months, for the purpose of exhibition or competition for pnzes 
 
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366 APPENDIX. 
 
 offered by any agricultural or racing association; but a bond shall be given 
 in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury ; 
 also, teams of animals, including their harness and tackle and the wagons or 
 other vehicles actually owned by persons emigrating from foreign countries 
 to the United States with their families, and in actual use for the purpose of 
 such emigration under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may 
 prescribe; and wild animals intended for exhibition in zoological collections 
 for scientific and educational purposes, and not for sale or profit. 
 
 484. Anuatto, roucou, rocoa, or Orleans, and all extracts of. 
 
 485. Antimony ore, crude sulphite of. 
 
 486. Apatite. 
 
 487. Argal, or argol, or crude tartar. 
 
 488. Arrow root, raw or unmanufactured. 
 
 489. Arsenic and sulphide of, or orpiment. 
 
 490. Arseniate of aniline. 
 
 491. Art educational stops, composed of glass and metal and valued at not 
 more than six cents per gross. 
 
 493. Articles in a cnide state used in dyeing or tanning not specially pro- 
 vided for in this act. 
 
 493. Articles the growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States, 
 when returned after having been exported, without having been advanced in 
 value or improved in condition by any process of manufacture or other 
 means; casks, barrels, carboys, bags, and other vessels of American manu- 
 facture exported filled with American products, or exported empty and re- 
 turned filled with foreign products, including shocks when returned as bar- 
 rels or boxes; also quicksilver flasks or bottles, of either domestic or foreign 
 manufacture, which shall have been actually exported from the United 
 States; but proof of the identity of such articles shall be made, under general 
 regulations to be prescribed' by the Secretary of the Treasury; and if any 
 such articles are subject to internal tax at the time of exportation such tax 
 shall be proved to have been paid before exportation and not refunded: Pro- 
 mded. That this paragraph shall not apply to any article upon which an al- 
 lowance of drawback has been made, the reimportation of which is hereby 
 prohibited, except upon payment of duties equal to the drawbacks allowed ; 
 or to any article manufactured in bonded warehouse and exported under any 
 provision of law: And promded further. That' when manufactured tobacco 
 which has beeiuexported without payment of internal-revenue tax shall be 
 reimported it shall be retained in the custody of the collector of customs until 
 internal-revenue stamps in payment of the legal duties shall be placed thereon. 
 
 494. Asbestos, unmanufactured. 
 
 495. Ashes, wood and lye of, and beet-root ashes. 
 
 496. Asphaltum and bitumen, crude. 
 
 497. Asafoetida. 
 
 498. Balm of Gilead. 
 
 499. Barks, cinchona or other from which quinine may be extracted. 
 
 500. Baiyta, carbonate of, or witherite. 
 
 501. Bauxite, or beauxite. 
 
 502. Beeswax. 
 
 503. Bells, broken, and bell metal broken and fit only to be remanu- 
 factured. 
 
 504. Birds, stuffed, not suitable for millinery ornaments, and bird skins, 
 prepared for preservation, but not further advanced in manufacture. 
 
 505. Birds and land and water fowls. 
 
 506. Bismuth. 
 
 507. Bladders, including fish bladders or fish sounds, crude, and all in- 
 teguments of animals not specially provided for in this act. 
 
 508. Blood, dried. 
 
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TEXT OF THE MoKINLEY BILL. 367 
 
 509. Bologna sausages. 
 
 510. Bolting cloths, especially for milling purposes, but not suitable for 
 the manufacture of wearing apparel. 
 
 511. Bones, crude, or not burned, calcined, ground, steamed, or other- 
 wise manufactured, and bone dust or animal carbon, and bone ash, fit only 
 for fertilizing purposes. 
 
 512. Books, engravings, photographs, bound or unbound etchings, maps, 
 and charts, which shall have been printed and bound or manufactured more 
 than twenty years at the date of importation. 
 
 513. Books and pamphlets printed exclusively in languages other than 
 English; also books and music, in raised print, used exclusively by the blind. 
 
 514. Books, engravings, photographs, etchings, bound or unbound, maps 
 and charts imported by authority or for the use of the United States or for 
 the use of the Library of Congress. 
 
 515. Books, maps, lithographic prints, and charts, specially imported, not 
 more than two copies in any one invoice, in good faith, for the use of any 
 society incorpotated or established for educational, philosophical, literary, or 
 religious purposes, or for the encouragement of the fine arts, or for the use or 
 by order of any college, academy, school, or seminary of learning in the 
 United States, subject to such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury 
 shall prescribe. 
 
 516. Books, or libraries, or parts of libraries, and other household effects 
 of persons or families from foreign countries, if actually used abroad by 
 them not less than one year, and not intended for any other person or per- 
 sons, nor for sale. 
 
 517. Brazil paste. 
 
 518. Braids, plaits, laces, and similar manufactures composed of straw, 
 chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, or rattan, suitable for making or orna- 
 menting hats, bonnets, and hoods. 
 
 519. Brazilian pebble, unwrought or unmanufactured. 
 
 520. Breccia, in block or slabs. 
 
 521. Bromine. 
 
 523. Bullion, gold or silver. 
 
 523. Burgundy pitch. 
 
 524. Cabinets of old coins and medals, and other collections of antiquities, 
 but the term "antiquities " as used in this act shall include only such articles 
 as are suitable for souvenirs or cabinet collections, and which shall have been 
 produced at any period prior to the year 1700. 
 
 525. Cadmium. 
 
 526. Calamine. 
 
 537. Camphor, crude. 
 
 538. Castor or castoreum. 
 
 539. Catgut, whipgut, or wormgut, unmanufactured, or not further 
 manufactured than in strings or cords. 
 
 530. Cerium. 
 
 531. Chalk, unmanufactured. 
 533. Charcoal. 
 
 533. Chicory root, raw, dried, or undried, but unground. 
 
 534. Civet, crude. 
 
 535. Clay— common blue clay in casks suitable for the manufacture of 
 crucibles. 
 
 536. Coal, anthracite. 
 
 537. Coal stores of American vessels; but none shall be unloaded. 
 
 538. Coal tar, crude. 
 
 539. Cobalt and cobalt ore. 
 
 540. Cocculus indicus. 
 
 541. Cochineal. 
 
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368 APPENDIX. 
 
 542. Cocoa, or cacao, crude, and fiber, leaves, and shells of. 
 
 543. Coffee. 
 
 544. Coins, gold, silver, and copper. 
 
 545. Coir, and coir yarn. 
 
 546. Copper, old, taken from the bottom of American vessels compelled 
 by marine disaster to repair in foreign ports. 
 
 547. Coral, marine, uncut, and unmanufactured. 
 
 548. Cork wood, or cork bark, unmanufactured. 
 
 549. Cotton, and cotton waste or flocks. 
 
 550. Cryolite, or kryolith. 
 
 551. Cudbear. 
 
 553. Curling stones, or quoits, and curling-stone handles. 
 
 553. Curiy, and curry powder. 
 
 554. Cutch. 
 
 555. Cuttle-fish bone. 
 
 556. Dandelion roots, raw, dried, or undried, but unground. 
 
 557. Diamonds and other precious stones, rough or UHCut, including 
 glaziers' and engravers' diamonds, not set, and diamond dust or bort, and 
 jewels to be used in the manufacture of watches. 
 
 558. Dividivi. 
 
 559. Dragon's blood. 
 
 560. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, bulbs, and bul- 
 bous roots, excrescences, such as nut-galls, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, and 
 dried insects, grains, gums, and gum-resin, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, 
 nuts, roots, and stems, spices, vegetables, seeds aromatic, and seeds of mor- 
 bid growth, weeds, and woods used expressly for dyeing; any of the forego- 
 ing which are not edible and are in a crude state, and are not advanced 
 in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manu- 
 facture, and not specially provided for in this act. 
 
 561. Eggs of birds, fish, and insects. 
 563. Emery ore. 
 
 563. Ergot. 
 
 564. Fans, common palm leaf and palm leaf unmanufactured. 
 
 565. Farina. 
 
 566. Fashion plates, engraved on steel or copper or on wood, colored or 
 plain. , 
 
 567. Feathers and downs for beds. 
 
 568. Feldspar. 
 
 569. Felt, adhesive, for sheathing vessels. 
 
 570. Fibrin in all forms. 
 
 571. Pish, the product of American fisheries, and fresh or frozen fish 
 (except salmon) caught in fresh waters bjr American vessels, or with nets or 
 other devices owned by citizens of the United States. 
 
 573. Fish for bait. 
 
 573. Fish skins. 
 
 574. Flint, flints, and ground flint stones. 
 
 575. Floor matting manufactured from round or split straw, including 
 what is commonly known as Chinese matting. 
 
 576. Fossils. 
 
 577. Fruit plants, tropical and semi-tropical, for the purpose of propaga- 
 tion or cultivation. 
 
 Fruits and Ifuis.— 578. Currants, Zante or other. 
 
 579. Dates. 
 
 580. Fruits, green, ripe, or dried, not specially provided for in this act. 
 
 581. Tamarinds. 
 583. Cocoanuts. 
 583. Brazil nuts. 
 
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^EXT OF THE MoKINLEY BILL. 369 
 
 584. Cream nuts. 
 
 585. Palm nuts. 
 
 586. Palm-nut kernels. 
 
 587. Furs, undressed. 
 
 588. Fur skins of all kinds, not dressed in any manner. 
 
 589. Gambler. 
 
 590. Glass, broken, and old glass, which can not be cut for use, and fit 
 only to be remanufactured. 
 
 591. Glass plates or disks, rough cut or unwrought, for use in the manu- 
 facture of optical instruments, spectacles, and eyeglasses, and suitable only 
 for such use: Provided, Tiowemr, That such disks exceeding eight inches in 
 diameter may be polished sufficiently to enable the character of the glass to 
 be determined. 
 
 Grasses and Fibers. — 593. Istle or Tampico fiber. 
 
 593. Jute. 
 
 594. Jute butts. 
 
 595. Manila. 
 
 596. Sisal grass. 
 
 597. Sunn, and all other textile grasses or fibrous vegetable substances, 
 unmanufactured or undressed, not specially provided for in this act. 
 
 598. Gold beaters' molds and gold beaters' skins. 
 
 599. Grease, and oils, such as are commonly used in soap-making, or in 
 •wire-drawing, or for stuffing or dressing leather, and which are fit only for 
 such uses, not specially provided for in this act. 
 
 600. Guano, manures, and all substances expressly used for manure. 
 
 601. Gunny bags and gunny cloths, old or refuse, fit only for remanufac- 
 ture. 
 
 603. Guts, salted. 
 
 603. Gutta percha, crude. 
 
 604. Hair of horse, cattle, and other animals, cleaned or uncleaned, drawn 
 or undrawn, but unmanufactured, not specially provided for in this act; 
 and human hair, raw, uncleaned, and not drawn. 
 
 605. Hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted, or pickled; Angora 
 goat skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufactured ; asses' skins, raw or un- 
 manufactured, and skins, except sheepskins with the wool on. 
 
 606. Hide cuttings, raw, with or without hair, and all other glue-stpck. 
 
 607. Hide rope. 
 
 608. Hones and whetstones. 
 
 609. Hoofs, unmanufactured. 
 
 610. Hop roots for cultivation. 
 
 611. Horns and parts of, unmanufactured, including horn strips and tips. 
 613. Ice. 
 
 613. India-rubber, crude, and milk of, and old scrap or refuse India-rub- 
 ber which has been worn out by use, and is fit only for remanufacture. 
 
 614. Indigo. 
 
 615. Iodine, crude. 
 
 616. Ipecac. 
 
 617. Iridium. 
 
 618. Ivory and vegetable ivory, not sawed, cut, or otherwise manufac- 
 tured. 
 
 619. Jalap. 
 
 630. Jet, unmanufactured. 
 
 631. Joss-stick or joss light 
 
 633. Junk, old. 
 638. Kelp. 
 
 634. Kieserite. 
 
 635. Kyanite, or cyanite, and kainite. ■ - 
 
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370 APPENDIX. 
 
 636. Lac dye, crude, seed, button, stick, and shell. 
 
 637. Lac spirits. 
 
 628. Lactarine. 
 
 629. Lava, unmanufactured. 
 
 630. Leeches. 
 
 631. Lemon juice, lime juice, and sour-orange juice. 
 
 632. Licorice root, unground. 
 
 633. Life-boats and life-saving apparatus specially imported by societies 
 incorporated or established to encourage the saving of human life. 
 
 634. Lime, citrate of. 
 
 635. Lime, chloride of, or bleaching powder. 
 
 636. Lithographic stones not engraved. 
 
 637. Litmus, prepared or not prepared. 
 
 638. Loadstones. 
 
 639. Madder and munjeet, or Indian madder, ground or prepared, and 
 all extracts of. 
 
 640. Magnesite, or native mineral carbonate of magnesia. 
 
 641. Magnesium. 
 
 642. Magnets. 
 
 643. Manganese, oxide and ore of, 
 
 644. Manna. 
 
 645. Manuscripts. 
 
 646. Marrow, crude. 
 
 647. Marsh-mallows. 
 
 648. Medals of gold, silver, or copper, such as trophies or prizes. 
 
 649. Meerschaum, crude or manufactured. 
 
 650. Mineral waters, all not artificial. 
 
 651. Minerals, crude, or not advanced in value or condition by refining or 
 grinding, or by other process of manufacture not specially provided for in 
 this act. 
 
 652. Models of inventions and of other improvements in the arts, includ- 
 ing patterns for machinery, but no article shall be deemed a model or pattern 
 which can be fitted for use otherwise. 
 
 653. Moss, sea-weeds, and vegetable substances, crude or unmanufac- 
 tured, not otherwise specially provided for in this act. 
 
 654. Musk, crude, in natural pods. 
 
 655. Myrobolan. 
 
 656. Needles, hand-sewing and darning. 
 
 657. Newspapers and periodicals; but the term " periodicals " as herein 
 used shall be understood to embrace only unbound or paper-covered publica- 
 tions, containing current literature of the day, and issued regularly at stated 
 periods, as weekly, monthly, or quarterly. 
 
 658. Nux Vomica. 
 
 659. Oakum. 
 
 660. Oil cake. 
 
 661. OUs: Almond, amber, crude and rectified ambergris, anise or anise 
 seed, aniline, aspic or spike lavender, bergamot, cajeput, caraway, cassia, 
 cinnamon, cedrat, camomile, citronella or lemon grass, civet, fennel, jasmine 
 or jasimiue, juglandium, juniper, lavender, lemon, limes, mace, neroli or 
 orange flower, nut oil or oil of nuts not otherwise specially provided for in 
 this act, orange oil, olive oil for manufacturing or mechanical purposes unfit 
 for eating and not otherwise provided for in this act, ottar of roses, palm 
 and cocoanut, rosemary or anthoss, sesame or sesamum seed or bean, thyme, 
 origanum red or white, valerian, and also spermaceti, whale and other 
 fish oils of American fisheries, and all other articles the produce of such 
 fisheries. 
 
 663. Olives, green or prepared. 
 
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TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 371 
 
 663. Opium, crude or unmanufactured, and not adulterated, containing 
 nine per centum and over of morphia. 
 
 664. Orange and lemon peel, not preserved, candied, or otherwise prepared. 
 
 665. Orchil, or orchil liquid. 
 
 666. Orchids, lily of the valley, azaleas, palms, and other plants used for 
 forcing under glass for cut flowers or decorative purposes. 
 
 667. Ores of gold, silver, and nickel, and niclsel matte: Provided, That 
 ores of nickel, and nickel matte, containing more than two per centum of cop 
 per, shall pay a duty of one-half of one cent per pound on the copper con- 
 tained therein. 
 
 668. Osmium. 
 
 669. Palladium. 
 
 670. Paper stock, crude, of every description, including all grasses, fibers, 
 rags (other than wool), waste, shavings, clippings, old paper, rope ends, 
 waste rope, waste bagging, old or refuse gunny bags, or gunny cloth, and 
 poplar or other woods fit only to be converted into paper. 
 
 671. Parafflne. 
 
 673. Parchment and vellum. 
 
 673. Pearl, mother of, not sawed, cut, polished, or otherwise manufactured. 
 
 674. Peltries and other usual goods and effects of Indians passing or re- 
 passing the boundary line of tlie Uuited States, under such regulations as the 
 Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe: Provided, That this exemption shall 
 not apply to goods in bales or other packages unusual among Indians. 
 
 675. Personal and household effects not merchandise of citizens of the 
 United States dying in foreign countries. 
 
 676. Pewter and britannia metal, old, and fit only to be remanufactured. 
 
 677. Philosophical and scientific apparatus, instruments and preparations; 
 statuaiy, casts of marble, bronze, alabaster, or plaster of Paris; paintings, 
 drawings, and etchings, specially imported in good faith for the use of any 
 society or institution incorporated or established for religious, philosophical, 
 educational, scientific, or literary purposes, or for encouragement of the fine 
 arts, and not intended for sale. 
 
 678. Phosphates, crude or native. 
 
 679. Plants, trees, shrubs, roots, seed cane, and seeds, all of the foregoing 
 imported by the Department of Agriculture or the United States Botanic 
 Garden. 
 
 680. Plaster of Paris and sulphate of lime, unground. 
 
 681. Platina, in ingots, bars, sheets, and wire. 
 
 682. Platinum, unmanufactured, and vases, retorts, and other apparatus, 
 vessels, and parts thereof composed of platinum for chemical uses. 
 
 683. Plumbago. 
 
 684. Polishing stones. 
 
 685. Potash, crude, carbonate of, or "black salts." Caustic potash, or 
 hydrate of, not including refined in sticks or rolls. Nitrate of potash, or 
 saltpeter, crude. Sulphate of potash, crude or refined. Chlorate of potash. 
 Muriate of potash. 
 
 686. Professional books, implements, instruments, and tools of trade, oc- 
 cupation, or employment, in the actual possesssion at the time of persons 
 arriving in the United States; but this exemption shall not be construed to 
 include machinery or other articles imported for use in any manufacturing 
 establishment, or for any other person or persons, or for sale. 
 
 687. Pulu. 
 
 688. Pumice. 
 
 689. Quills, prepared, or unprepared, but not made up mto complete 
 
 690. Quinia, sulphate of, and all alkaloids or salts of cinchona bark. 
 
 691. Bags, not otherwise specially provided for in this act 
 
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373 APPENDIX. 
 
 693. Regalia and gems, statues, statuary and specimens of sculpture 
 where specially imported in good faith for the use of any society incorporated 
 or established solely for educational, philosophical, literary, or rehgious pur- 
 poses, or for the encouragement of fine arts, or for the use or by order of 
 any college, academy, school, seminary of learning, or public library in the 
 United States; but the term "regalia" as herein used shall be held to em- 
 brace only such insignia of rank or office or emblems, as may be worn upon 
 the person or borne in the hand during public exercises of the society or 
 institution, and shall not include articles of furniture or fixtures, or of regular 
 wearing apparel, nor personal property of individuals. 
 
 693. Rennets, raw or prepared. 
 
 694. Saffron and safflower, and extract of, and saffron cake. 
 
 695. Sago, crude, and sago flour. 
 
 696. Salacine. 
 
 697. Sauerkraut. 
 
 698. Sausage skins. 
 
 699. Seeds: anise, canary, caraway, cardamom, coriander, cotton, cum- 
 min, fennel, fenugreek, hemp, hoarhound, mustard, rape, Saint John's bread 
 or bene, sugar-beet, mangel-wurzel, sorghum or sugar-cane for seed, and all 
 flower and grass seeds; bulbs and bulbous roots, not edible; all the foregoing 
 not specially provided for in this act. 
 
 700. Selep, or saloup. 
 
 701. Shells of all kinds, not cut, ground, or otherwise manufactured. 
 703. Shot-gun barrels, forged, rough bored. 
 
 703. Shrimps, and other shell fish. 
 
 704. Silk, raw, or as reeled from the cocoon, but not doubled, twisted, or 
 advanced in manufacture in any way. 
 
 705. Silk cocoons and silk waste. 
 
 706. Silk-worms' eggs. 
 
 707. Skeletons and other preparations of anatomy. 
 
 708. Snails. 
 
 709. Soda, nitrate of, or cubic nitrate, and chlorate of. 
 
 710. Sodium. 
 
 711. Sparterre, suitable for making or ornamenting hats. 
 
 713. Specimens of natural history, botany, and mineralogy, when im- 
 ported for cabinets or as objects of science, and not for sale. 
 
 Spices. — 713. Cassia, cassia vera, and cassia buds, unground. 
 
 714. Cinnamon, and chips of, unground. 
 
 715. Cloves, and clove stems unground. 
 
 716. Ginger root, unground and not preserved or candied. 
 
 717. Mace. 
 
 718. Nutmegs. 
 
 719. Pepper, black or white, unground. 
 
 730. Pimento, unground. 
 
 731. Spunk. 
 
 733. Spurs and stilts used in the manufacture of earthen, porcelain, and 
 stone ware. 
 
 733. Stone and sand : Burr stone in blocks, rough or manufactured, and 
 not bound up into millstones; cliff stone, unmanufactured, pumice stone, 
 rottenstone, and sand, crude or manufactured. 
 
 734. Storax, or styrax. 
 
 735. Strontia, oxide of, and protoxide of strontian, and strontianite, or 
 mineral carbonate of strontia. 
 
 736. Sugars, all not above number sixteen Dutch standard in color, all 
 tank bottoms, all sugar drainings and sugar sweepings, sirups of cane juice, 
 melada, concentrated melada, and concrete and concentrated molasses, and 
 
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TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL, 3T3 
 
 737. Sulphur, lac or precipitated, and sulphur or brimsione crude, in 
 bulk, sulphur ore, as pyrites, or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, con- 
 taining in excess of twenty-five per centum of sulphur (except on the copper 
 contained therein) and sulphur not otherwise provided for. 
 
 728. Sulphuric acid which at the temperature of sixty degrees Fahrenheit 
 does not exceed the specific gravity of one and three hundred and eighty 
 thousandths, for use in manufacturing superphosphate of lime or artificial 
 manures of any kind, or for any agricultural purposes. 
 
 739. Sweepings of silver and gold. 
 
 730. Tapioca, cassava or cassady. 
 
 731. Tar and pitch of wood, and pitch of coal tar. 
 
 732. Tea and tea plants. 
 
 738.- Teeth, natural or unmanufactured. 
 
 784. Terra alba. 
 
 785. Terra japonica. 
 
 736. Tin ore, cassiterite or black oxide of tin, and tin in bars, blocks, 
 pigs, or grain or granulated, until July the first, 1893, and thereafter as 
 otherwise provided for in this act. 
 
 737. Tinsel wire, lame or lalm. 
 
 738. Tobacco stems. 
 
 739. Tonquin, tonqua, or tonka beans. 
 
 740. Tripoli. 
 
 741. Turmeric. 
 
 743. Turpentine, Venice. 
 748. Turpentine, spirits of. 
 
 744. Turtles. 
 
 745. Types, old and fit only to be remanufactured. 
 
 746. Uranium, oxide and salts of. 
 
 747. Vaccine virus. 
 
 748. Valonia. 
 
 749. Verdigris, or subacetate of copper. 
 
 750. Wafers, unmedicated. 
 
 751. Wax, vegetable or mineral. 
 
 752. Wearing apparel and other personal effects (not merchandise) of per- 
 sons arriving in the United States, but this exemption shall not be held to 
 include articles not actually in use and necessary and appropriate for the use 
 of such persons for the purposes of their journey and present comfort and 
 convenience, or which are intended for any other person or persons, or for 
 sale: Provided, Twwever, That all such wearing apparel and other personal 
 effects as may have been once imported into the United States and subjected 
 to the payment of duty, and which may have been actually used and taken 
 or exported to foreign countries by the persons returning therewith to the 
 United States, shall, if not advanced in value or improved in condition by 
 any means since their exportation from the United States, be entitled to ex- 
 emption from duty, upon their identity being established, under such rule 
 and regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 753. Whalebone, unmanufactured. 
 
 754. Wood. — Logs, and round unmanufactured timber not specially enu- 
 merated or provided for in this act. 
 
 755. Fire wood, handle bolts, heading bolts, stave bolts and shingle bolts, 
 hop poles, fence posts, railroad ties, ship timber, and ship planking, not 
 specially provided for in this act. 
 
 756. Woods, namely, cedar, lignum vitae, lance-wood, ebony, box, gran- 
 adilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, and all forms of cabinet woods, in 
 the log, rough, or hewed; bamboo and rattan unmanufactured; brier root or 
 brier wood, and similar wood unmanufactured, or not further manufactured 
 than cut into blocks suitable for the articles into which they are intended to 
 
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374 APPENDIX. 
 
 be conTerted; bamboo, reeds, and sticks of partridge, hair wood, pimento, 
 orange, myrtle, and other woods not otherwise specially provided for in this 
 act, in the rough, or not further manufactured than cut into lengths suitable 
 for sticks for umbrellas, parasols, sunshades, whips, or walking canes; and 
 India malacca joints, not further manufactured than cut into suitable lengths 
 for the manufactures into which they are intended to be converted. 
 
 757. Works of art, the production of American artists residing tempo- 
 rarily abroad, or other works of art, including pictorial paintings on glass, 
 imported expressly for presentation to a national institution, or to any state 
 or municipal corporation, or incorporated religious society, college, or other 
 public institution, except stained or painted window glass or stained or 
 painted glass windows; but such exemption shall be subject to such regula- 
 tions as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe. 
 
 758. Works of art, drawings, engravings, photographic pictures, and 
 philosophical and scientific apparatus brought by professional artists, lectur- 
 ers, or scientists arriving from abroad for use by them temporarily for ex- 
 hibition and in illustration, promotion and encouragement of art, science, or 
 
 ■ industiy in the United States, and not for sale, and photographic pictures, 
 paintings, and statuary, imported for exhibition by any association established 
 in good faith and duly authorized under the laws of the United States, or of 
 any State, expressly and solely for the promotion and encouragement of 
 science, art, or industry, and not intended for sale, shall be admitted free of 
 duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe; 
 but bonds shall be given for the payment to the United States of such duties 
 as may be imposed by law upon any and all of such articles as shall not be 
 exported within six months after such importation: Promded, That the Sec- 
 retary of the Treasury may, in his discretion, extend such period for a 
 further tenn of six months in cases where applications therefor shall be 
 made. 
 
 759. Works of art, collections in illustration of the progress of the arts, 
 science, or manufactures, photographs, works in terra -cotta, parian, pottery, 
 or porcelain, and artistic copies of antiquities in metal or other material here- 
 inafter imported in good faith for permanent exhibition at a fixed place by 
 any society or institution established for the encouragement of the arts or of 
 science, and all like articles imported in good faith by any society or asso- 
 ciation for the purpose of erecting a public monument, and not intended for 
 sale, nor for any other purpose than herein expressed; but bonds shall be 
 given under such rales and regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may 
 prescribe, for the payment of lawful duties which may accrue should any of 
 the articles aforesaid be sold, transferred, or used contrary to this provision, 
 and such articles shall be subject, at any time, to examination and inspection 
 by the proper officers of the customs: Provided, That the privileges of this 
 and the preceding section shall not be allowed to associations or corpora- 
 tions engaged in or connected with business of a private or commercial 
 character. 
 
 760. Yams. 
 
 761. Zafler. 
 
 Sec. 3. That with a view to secure reciprocal trade with countries pro- 
 ducing the following articles, and for this purpose, on and after the first day 
 of January, 189S, whenever and so often as the President shall be satisfied 
 that the government of any country producing and exporting sugars, molas- 
 ses, cofliee, tea, and hides, raw and uncured, or any of such articles, imposes 
 duties or other exactions upon the agricultural or other products of the United 
 States, which in view of the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, 
 coffee, tea, and hides into the United States he may deem to be reciprocally 
 unequal and unreasonable, he shall have the power and it shall be his duty 
 to suspend, by proclamation to that effect, the provisions of this act relating 
 
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TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 375 
 
 to the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the 
 production of such country, for such time as he shall deem just, and in such 
 case and during such suspension duties shall he levied, collected, and paid 
 upon sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the product of or exported from 
 such designated country as follows, namely: 
 
 All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall pay 
 duty on their polariscopic tests as follows, namely: 
 
 All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color, all tank 
 bottoms, sirups of cane juice or of beet juice, melada, concentrated melada, 
 concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above 
 seventy-five degrees, seven-tenths of one cent per pound ; and for every ad- 
 ditional degree or fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test, two 
 hundredths of one cent per pound additional. 
 
 All sugars above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall be classi- 
 fied by the Dutch standard of color, and pay duty as follows, namely: All 
 sugar above number thirteen and not above number sixteen Dutch standard 
 of color, one and three-eighth cents per pound. 
 
 All sugars above number sixteen and hot above number twenty Dutch 
 standard of color, one and five-eighth cents per pound. 
 
 All sugars above number twenty Dutch standard of color, two cents per 
 pound. 
 
 Molasses testing above fifty-six degrees, four cents per gallon. 
 
 Sugar drainings and sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty either as 
 molasses or sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test. 
 
 On coflEee, three cents per pound. 
 
 On tea, ten cents per pound. 
 
 Hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted or pickled; Angora goat 
 skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufactured; asses' skins, raw or unmanu- 
 factured, and skins, except sheepskins, with the wool on, one and one-half 
 cents per pound. 
 
 Sbc. 4. That there shall be levied, collected and paid on the importation 
 of all raw or unmanufactured articles, not enumerated or provided for in 
 this act, a duty of ten per centum ad valorem; and on all articles manufac- 
 tured, in whole or in part, not provided for in this act, a duty of twenty per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 Sec. 5. That each and every imported article, not enumerated in this act, 
 which is similar, either in material, quality, texture, or the use to which it 
 may be applied, to any article enumerated in this act as chargeable with 
 duty shall pay the same rate of duty which is levied on the enumerated arti- 
 cle which it most resembles in any of the particulars before mentioned: and 
 if any non-enumerated article equally resembles two or more enumerated 
 articles on which different rates of duty are chargeable there shall be levied 
 on such non-enumerated article the same rate of duty as is chargeable on the 
 article which it resembles paying the highest rate of duty; and on articles 
 not enumerated, manufactured of two or more materials, the duty shall be 
 assessed at the highest rate at which the same would be chargeable if com- 
 posed wholly of the component material thereof of chief value; and the 
 words, "component material of chief value," wherever used in this act, shall 
 
 •be held to mean that component material which shall exceed in value any 
 bther single component material of the article; and the value of each com- 
 ponent material shall be determined by the ascertained value of such mate- 
 rial in its condition as found in the article. If two or more rates of duty 
 shall be applicable to any imported article it shall pay duty at the highest of 
 
 SUCll TRitSS 
 
 Sec. 6. That on and after the first day of March, 1891, all articles of 
 foreign manufacture, such as are usually or ordinarily marked, stamped 
 branded, or labeled, and all packages containing such or other imported 
 
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376 APPENDIX. 
 
 articles, shall, respectively, be plainly marked, stamped, branded, or labeled 
 in legible English words, so as to indicate the country of their origin; and 
 unless so marked, stamped, branded, or labeled, they shall not be admitted 
 to entry. 
 
 Sec. 7. That on and after March first, 1891, no article of imported mer- 
 chandise which shall copy or simulate the name or trade-mark of any domes- 
 tic manufacture or manufacturer, shall be admitted to entry at any custom- 
 house of the United States. And in order to aid the officers of the customs 
 in enforcing this prohibition, any domestic manufacturer who has adopted 
 trade-marks may require his name and residence and a description of his 
 trade-marks to be recorded in books which shall be kept for that purpose in 
 the Department of the Treasury under such regulations as the Secretary of 
 the Treasury shall prescribe, and may furnish to the Department fac-similes 
 of such trade-marks; and thereupon the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause 
 one or more copies of the same to be transmitted to each collector or other 
 proper officer of the customs. 
 
 Sbc. 8. That all lumber, timber, hemp, manila, wire rope, and iron and 
 steel rods, bars, spikes, nails, plates, ties, angles, beams, and bolts and cop- 
 per and composition metal which may be necessary for the construction and 
 equipment of vessels built in the United States for foreign account and own- 
 ership or for the purpose of being employed in the foreign trade, including 
 the trade between the Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States, after 
 the passage of this act, may be imported in bond, under such regulations as 
 the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe; and upon proof that such ma- 
 terials have been used for such purpose no duties shall be paid thereon. But 
 vessels receiving the benefit of this section shall not be allowed to engage in 
 the coastwise ti'ade of the United States more than two months in any one 
 year, except upon the payment to the United States of the duties on which a 
 rebate is herein allowed: Provided, That vessels built In the United States for 
 foreign account and ownership shall not be allowed to engage in the coast- 
 wise trade of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 9. That all articles of foreign production needed for the repair of 
 American vessels engaged in foreign trade, including the trade between the 
 Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States, may be withdrawn from 
 bonded warehouses free of duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of 
 the Treasury may prescribe. 
 
 Sec. 10. That all medicines, preparations, compositions, perfumery, cos- 
 metics, cordials, and other liquors manufactured wholly or in part of domes- 
 tic spirits, intended for exportation, as provided by law, in order to be man- 
 ufactured and sold or removed, without being charged with duty and with- 
 out having a stamp affixed thereto, shall, under such regulations as the Sec- 
 retary of the Treasury may prescribe, be made and manufactured in ware- 
 houses similarly constructed to those known and designated in Treasury 
 regulations as bonded warehouses, class two: Provided, That such manufac- 
 turer shall first give satisfactory bonds to the collector of internal revenue 
 for the faithful observance of all the provisions of law and the regulations as 
 aforesaid, in amount not less than half of that required by the regulations of 
 the Secretaiy of the Treasury from persons allowed bonded warehouses. 
 Such goods, when manufactured in such warehouses, may be removed for^^ 
 exportation under the direction of the proper officer having charge thereof, HF^ 
 who shall be designated by the Secretary of the Treasury without being 
 charged with duty, and without having a stamp affixed thereto. Any man- 
 ufacturer of the articles aforesaid, or any of them, having such bonded ware- 
 houses as aforesaid, shall be at liberty, under such regulations as the Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury may prescribe, to convey therein any materials to be 
 used in such manufacture which are allowed by the provisions of law to be 
 exported free .from tax or duty, as well as the necessary materials, imple- 
 
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TEXT OF THE MoKINLET BILL. 377 
 
 ments, packages, vessels, brands, and labels, for the preparation, putting up, 
 and export of the said manufactured articles: and every article so used shall 
 be exempt from the payment of stamp and excise duty by such manufac- 
 turer. Articles and materials so to be used may be transferred from any 
 bonded warehouse in which the same may be, under such regulation as the 
 Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, into any bonded warehouse in 
 which such manufacture may be conducted, and may be used in such manu- 
 facture, and when so used shall be exempt from stamp and excise duty; and 
 the receipt of the oificer in charge as aforesaid shall be received as a voucher 
 for the manufacture of such articles. Any materials imported into the Unit- 
 ed States may, under such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury may pre- 
 scribe, and under the direction of the proper oiflcer, be removed in original 
 packages from on shipboard, or from the bonded warehouse in which the 
 same may be, into the bonded warehouse in which such manufacture may be 
 carried on, for the purpose of being used in such manufacture, without pay- 
 ment of duties thereon, and may there be used in such manufacture. No article 
 so removed, nor any article manufactured in said bonded warehouse, shall 
 be taken therefrom except for exportation, under the direction of the proper 
 oificer having charge thereof as aforesaid, whose certificate, descmbiug the 
 articles by their mark or otherwise, the quantity, the date of importation, 
 and name of vessel, with such additional particulars as may from time to 
 time be required, shall be received by the collector of customs in cancel- 
 lation of the bond or return of the amount of foreign import duties. All 
 labor performed and services rendered under these regulations shall be un- 
 der the supervision of an oificer of the customs, and at the expense of the 
 manufacturer. 
 
 Sec. 11. All persons are prohibited from importing into the United 
 States from any foreign country any obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writ- 
 ing, advertisement, circular, print, picture, drawing, or other representation, 
 figure, or image on or of paper or other material, or any cast, instrument, or 
 other article of an immoral nature, or any drug or medicine, or any article 
 whatever, for the prevention of conception, or for causing unlawful abortion. 
 No such articles, whether imported separately or contained in packages with 
 other goods entitled to entry, shall be admitted to entry; and all such arti- 
 cles shall be proceeded against, seized, and forfeited by due course of law. 
 All such prohibited articles and the package in which they are contained in 
 the course of importation shall be detained by the officer of customs, and 
 proceedings taken against the same as prescribed in the following section, 
 unless it appears to the satisfaction of the collector of customs that the 
 obscene articles contained in the package were inclosed therein without the 
 knowledge or consent of the importer, owner, agent, or consignee: Provided, 
 That the drugs hereinbefore mentioned, when imported in bulk and not put 
 up for any of the purposes hereinbefore specified, are excepted from the 
 operation of this section. 
 
 Sec. 12. That whoever, being an officer, agent, or employe of the gov- 
 ernment of the United States, shall knowingly aid or abet any person engaged 
 in any violation of any of the provisions of law prohibiting importing, adver- 
 tising, dealing in, exhibiting or sending or receiving by mail obscene or inde- 
 cent publications or representations, or means for preventing conception or 
 procuring abortion, or other articles of indecent or immoral use or tendency, 
 shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall for every offense be pun- 
 ishable by a fine of not more than five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment 
 at hard labor for not more than ten years, or both. 
 
 Sec. 13. That any judge of any district or circuit court of the United 
 
 States, within the proper district, before whom complaint in writing of any 
 
 violation of the two preceding sections is made, to the satisfaction of such 
 
 judge, and founded on knowledge or belief, and if upon belief, setting forth 
 
 37b 
 
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378 APPENDIX, 
 
 the grounds of such belief, and supported by oath or affirmation of the com- 
 plainant may issue, conformably to the Constitution, a warrant directed to 
 the marshal or any deputy marshal, in the proper district, directing him to 
 search for, seize, and take possession of any such article or thing mentioned 
 in the two preceding sections, and to make due and immediate return thereof 
 to the end that thasame may be condemned and destroyed by proceedings, 
 which shall be conducted in the same manner as other proceedings in the 
 case of municipal seizure, and with the same right of appeal or writ of error. 
 Sec. 14. That machinery for repair may be imported into the United 
 States without payment of duty, under bond, to be given in double the 
 axjpraised value thereof, to be withdrawn and exported after said machinery 
 shall have been repaired; and the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized 
 and directed to prescribe such rules and regulations as may be necessary to 
 protect the revenue against fraud, and secure the identity and character of 
 all such importations when again withdrawn and exported, restricting and 
 limiting the export and withdrawal to the same port of entry where iraport- 
 od, and also limiting all bonds to a period of time of not more than six 
 months from the date of the importation. 
 
 Sec. 15. That the produce of the forests of the State of Maine upon the 
 Saint John River and its tributaries, owned by American citizens, and sawed 
 or hewed in the Province of New Brunswick by American citizens, the same 
 being unmanufactured in whole or in part, which is now admitted into the 
 ports of the United States free of duty, shall continue to be so admitted 
 under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall, from time to 
 time prescribe. 
 
 Sec. 16. That the produce of the forests of the State of Maine upon the 
 Saint Croix river and its tributaries owned by American citizens, and sawed 
 in the Province of New Brunswick by American citizens, the same being 
 unmanufactured in whole or in part, shall be admitted into the ports of the 
 United States free of duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of the 
 Treasury shall, from time to time, prescribe. 
 
 Sec. 17. That a discriminating duty of ten per centum ad valorem, in 
 addition to the duties imposed by law, shall be levied, collected, and paid on 
 all goods, wares, or merchandise which shall be imported in vessels not of 
 the United States; but this discriminating duty shall not apply to goods, 
 wares, and merchandise which shall be imported in vessels not of the United 
 States, entitled, by treaty or any act of Congress, to be entered in the ports 
 of the United States on payment of the sanae diities as shall then be paid on 
 goods, wares, and merchandise imported in vessels of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 18. That no goods, wares, or merchandise, unless ta cases provided 
 for by treaty, shall be imported into the United States from any foreign port 
 or place, except in vessels of the United States, or in such f ore"ign vessels as 
 truly and wholly belong to the citizens or subjects of that country of which 
 the goods are the growth, production, or manufacture, or from which such 
 goods, wares, or merchandise can only be, or most usually are, first shipped 
 for transportation. All goods, wares, or merchandise imported contrary to 
 this section, and the vessel wherein the same shall be imported, together with 
 her cargo, tackle, apparel, and furniture, shall be forfeited to the United 
 States; and such goods, wares, or merchandise, ship, or vessel, and cargo 
 shall be liable to be seized, prosecuted, and condemned, in like manner, and 
 under the same regulations, restrictions, and provisions as have been hereto- 
 fore established for the recovery, collection, distribution, and remission of 
 forfeitures to the United States by the several revenue laws. 
 
 Sec. 19. That the preceding section shall not apply to vessels or goods, 
 wares, or merchandise imported in vessels of a foreign nation which does not 
 maintaiu a similar regulation against vessels of the Unfted States. 
 
 Sec. 20. That the importation of neat cattle and the hides of neat cattle 
 
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TEXT OF THE MoKINLEY BILL. 379 
 
 from any foreign country into the United States is prohibited: Provided, 
 That the operation of this section shall be suspended as to any foreign coun- 
 try or countries, or any parts of such country or countries, whenever the 
 Secretary of the Treasury shall officially determine, and give public notice 
 thereof that such importation will not tend to the introduction or spread of 
 contagious or infectious diseases among the cattle of the United States; and 
 the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and empowered, and it 
 shall be his duty, to make all necessary orders and regulations to carry this 
 section into effect, or to suspend the same as therein provided, and to send 
 copies thereof to the proper officers in the United States, and to such officers 
 or agents of the United States in foreign countries as he shall judge neces- 
 sary. 
 
 Sec. 21. That any person convicted of a willful violation of any of the 
 provisions of the preceding section shall be fined not exceeding five hundi'ed 
 dollars, or imprisoned not exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of 
 the Court. 
 
 Sec. 23. That upon the reimportation of articles once exported of the 
 growth, product, or manufacture of the United States, upon which no inter- 
 nal tax has been assessed or paid, or upon which such tax has been paid and 
 refunded by allowance or drawback, there shall be levied, collected, and 
 paid a duty equal to the tax imposed by the infernal-revenue laws upon such 
 articles, except articles manufactured in bonded warehouses and exported 
 pursuant to law, which shall be subject to the same rate of duty as if origi- 
 nally imported. 
 
 Sec. 23. That whenever any vessel laden with merchandise in whole or 
 in part subject to duty has been sunk in any river, harbor, bay, or waters 
 subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and within its limits, for the 
 period of two years, and is abandoned by the owner thereof, any person who 
 may raise such vessel shall be permitted to bring any merchandise recovered 
 therefrom into the port nearest to the place where such vessel was so raised, 
 free from the payment of any duty thereupon, and without being obliged to 
 enter the same at the custom-house; but Tinder such regulations as the Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury may prescribe. 
 
 Sec. 24. That the works of manufactures engaged in smelting or refining 
 metals in the United States may be designated as bonded warehouses under 
 such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe: Provided, 
 That such manufacturers shall first give satisfactory bonds to the Secretary 
 of the Treasury. Metals in any crude form requiring smelting or refining to 
 make them readily available in the arts, imported into the United States to 
 be smelted or refined and intended to be exported in a refined taut unmanu- 
 factured state, shall, xmder such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury may 
 prescribe and under the direction of the proper officer, be removed in origi- 
 nal packages or in bulk from the vessel or other vehicle on which it has been 
 imported, or from the bonded warehouse in which the same may be into the 
 bonded warehouse in which such smelting and refining may be carried on, 
 for the purpose of being smelted and refined without payment of duties 
 thereon, and may there be smelted and refined, together with other metals 
 of home or foreign production: Provided, That each day a quantity of re- 
 fined metal equal to the amount of imported metal refined that day shall be 
 set aside, and such metal so set aside shall not be taken from said works 
 except for exportation, under the direction of the proper officer having charge 
 thereof as aforesaid, whose certificate, describing the articles by their marks 
 or otherwise, the quantity, the date of importation, and the name of vessel or 
 other vehicle by which it was imported, with such additional particulars as 
 may from time to time be required, shall be received by the collector of cus- 
 toms as sufficient evidence of the exportation of the metal, or it may be 
 removed, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may pre. 
 
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380 APPENDIX. 
 
 scribe, to any other bonded warehouse, or upon entry for and payment of 
 duties, for domestic consumption. All labor performed and services ren- 
 dered under these regulations shall be under the supervision of an officer of 
 the customs, to be appointed by the Secretary of the Treasuiy, and at the 
 expense of the manufacturer. 
 
 Sec. 35. That where imported materials on which duties have been paid, 
 are used in the manufacture of articles manufactured or produced in the 
 United States, there shall be allowed on the exportation of such articles a 
 drawback equal in amount to the duties paid on the materials used, less one 
 per centum of such duties: Provided, That when the articles exported are 
 made in part from domestic materials, the imported materials, or the parts of 
 the articles made from such materials shall so aijpear in the completed arti- 
 cles that the quantity or measure thereof may be ascertained: And provided 
 further, That the drawback on any article allowed under existing law shall 
 be continued at the rate herein provided. That the imported materials used 
 in the manufacture or production of articles entitled to drawback of customs 
 duties when exported shall in all cases where drawback of duties paid on 
 such materials is claimed, be identified, the quantity of such materials used 
 and the amount of duties paid thereon shall be ascertained, the facts of the 
 manufacture or production of such articles in the United States and their 
 exportation therefrom shall be determined, and the drawback due thereon 
 shall be paid to the manufacturer, producer, or exporter, to the agent of 
 either or to the person to whom such manufacturer, producer, exporter or 
 agent shall in writing order such drawback paid under such regulations as 
 the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe. 
 
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THE BLAINE REPORT ON RECIPROCITY. 
 
 ADOPTED BY THE INTERNATIONAL AMERICAN CONFERENCE AND SUB- 
 MITTED TO CONGRESS BY PRESIDENT HARRISON, JUNE 19, 1890. 
 
 Dbpaetmbnt of State, ) 
 Washington, June 4, 1890. f 
 To the President: 
 
 I beg leave to submit herewith the report upon ' ' Customs Union " adopted 
 by the International American Conference. 
 
 The act of Congress, approved May 24, 1888, authorizing the President to 
 invite delegates to this conference, named as one of the topics to be consid- 
 ered, "Measures toward the formation of an American Customs Union, un- 
 der which the trade of the American nations shall, so far as possible and prof- 
 itable, be promoted." 
 
 The committee of the conference to which this topic was referred inter- 
 preted the term ' ' Customs Union " to mean an association or agreement 
 among the several American nations for a free interchange of domestic prod- 
 ucts, a common and uniform system of tariff laws, and an equitable divis- 
 ion of the customs dues collected under them. 
 
 Such a proposition was at once pronounced impracticable. Its adoption 
 would require a complete revision of the tariff laws of all the eighteen na- 
 tions, and most, if not all, of our sister republics are largely, if not entirely, 
 dependent upon the collection of customs dues for the revenue to sustain 
 their governments. But the conference declared that partial reciprocity be- 
 tween the American republics was not only practicable, but " must necessa- 
 rily increase the trade and the development of the material resources of the 
 countries adopting that system, and it would in all probability bring about as 
 favorable results as those obtained by free trade among the different States of 
 this Union." 
 
 The conference recommended, therefore, that the several governments rep- 
 resented negotiate reciprocity treaties " upon such abasia as would be accept- 
 able iu each case, taking into consideration the special situations, conditions, 
 and interests of each country, and with a view to promote their common wel- 
 fare." 
 
 The delegates from Chili and the Argentine Republic did not concur in 
 these recommendations, for the reason that the attitude of our Congress at 
 that time was not such as to encourage them to expect favorable responses 
 from the United States in return for concessions which their government 
 might offer. They had come here with an expectation that our government 
 and people desired to make whatever concessions were necessary and possible 
 to increase the trade between the United States and the two countries named. 
 The President of the Argentine Republic, in communicating to his Congress 
 the appointment of delegates to the International Conference, said: 
 
 "The Argentine Republic feels the liveliest interest in the subject, and 
 hopes that its commercial relations with the United States may find some 
 practical solution of the question of the interchange of products between the 
 two countries, considering that this is the most efficacious way of strengthen- 
 ing the ties which bind this country with that grand republic whose institu- 
 tions serve us as a model." 
 
 It was therefore unfortunate that the Argentine delegates, shortly alter 
 their arrival in Washington, in search of reciprocal trade, should have read 
 
 381 
 
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382 APPENDIX. 
 
 in the daily press that propositions were pending in our Congress to impose a 
 heavy duty upon Argentine hides, which for many years had heen upon the 
 free list, and to increase the duty on Argentine wool. Since the adoption 
 of the recommendations of the conference, which I herewith inclose, hides 
 have been restored to the free list, hut the duty upon carpet wool remains, 
 and, as the Argentine delegates declared, represents the only concession we 
 have to ofier them in exchange for the removal of duties upon our peculiar 
 products. 
 
 Only those who have given the subject careful study realize the magni- 
 tude of the commerce of these sister nations. In 1888 the combined imports 
 of Chili and the Argentine Republic reached the enormous sum of $333,137,- 
 698. The statistics of Chilian commerce for 1889 have not yet been received, 
 but the imports of the Argentine Republic lor that year were $143,000,000. 
 These imports consisted in the greater part of articles that could have been 
 furnished by the manufacturers of the United States; yet in 1888, of the total 
 of $233,000,000 imports, we contributed but $13,000,000; while England con- 
 tributed $90,000,000; Germany, $43,000,000; and France, $34,000,000. 
 
 With our extraordinary increase in population, and even more extraordi- 
 nary increase in material wealth, our progress in trade with South America 
 has been strangely hindered and limited. 
 
 In 1868 our total exports to all the world were $375,737,000, of which $53,- 
 197,000 went to Spanish America — 14 per cent. 
 
 In 1888 our exports to all the world were $742,368,000, an increase of 100 
 per cent., while but $69,373,000 went to Spanish America, little more than 9 
 per cent. ; and the greatest gain (nine millions) has been noticed during the 
 last two years. 
 
 It was the unanimous judgment of the delegates that our .exports to these 
 countries and to the other republics could be increased to a great degree by 
 the negotiation of such treaties as are recommended by the conference. The 
 practical, every-day experience of our merchants engaged in the trade demon- 
 strates beyond a question that in all classes of merchandise which we have 
 long and successfully produced for export, they are able to compete with 
 their European rivals in quality and in price ; and the reiterated statement 
 that our Latin- American neighbors do not buy of us because we do not buy 
 of them, or because we tax their products, has been annually contradicted by 
 the statistics of our commerce for a quarter of a century. The lack of means 
 for reaching theirmarkets lias been the chief obstacle in the, way of increased 
 exports. The carrying trade has been controlled by European merchants 
 who have forbidden an exchange of commodities. The merchandise we sell 
 in South America is carried there in American ships, or foreign ships char- 
 tered by American commission houses. The merchandise we buy in South 
 America is brought to us in European .vessels that never take return cargoes, 
 but sail for Liverpool, Havre, Bremen, or Hamburg with wheat, corn and 
 cotton. There they load again with manufactured goods for the South Amer- 
 ican markets, and continue their triangular voyages, paying for the food they 
 are compelled to buy of us with the proceeds of the sale of their manufactures 
 in markets that we could and would supply if we controlled the carrying 
 trade. 
 
 France taxes imports as we do, and in 1880, her merchants sufEered, as 
 ours do now, for the lack of transportation facilities with the Argentine Re- 
 public. Under liberal encouragement from the government, direct and regu- 
 lar steamship lines were established between Havre and Buenos Ayres, and 
 as a direct and natural result, her exports increased from $8,392,872 in 1880 
 to $22,996,000 in 1888. 
 
 The experience of Germany furnishes an even more striking example. In 
 1880 the exports from Germany to the Argentine Republic were only $2,365,- 
 153. In 1888 they were $13, 310, 000. " This result, " writes Mr. Baker, our most 
 
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THE BLAINE EEPOET ON EECIPEOCITY. 
 
 383 
 
 useful and intelligent consul at Buenos Ayres, "is due, first, to the establish- 
 ment of quick and regular steam communication between the two countries; 
 second, to the establishment of branch houses by German merchants and 
 manufacturers; and third, to the opening of a German Argentine bank to fa- 
 cilitate exchange." 
 
 There is no direct steamship communication whatever between the United 
 States and the Argentine Eepublic; and there are no direct banking facili- 
 ties. The International American Conference has earnestly recommended the 
 establishment of both; but reciprocal exchanges of tariff concessions will be 
 equally effective in stimulating commerce and in increasing the export of the 
 products of which we have the largest surplus not only to the progressive re- 
 public named, but to all the other American nations. 
 
 The conference believed that while great profit would come to all the 
 countries if reciprocity treaties should be adopted, the United States would be 
 by far the greatest gainer. Nearly all the articles we export to our neighbors 
 are subjected to heavy customs taxes; so heavy, in many cases, as to prohibit 
 their consumption by the masses of the people. On the other hand, more 
 than 87 per cent, of our imports from Latin America are admitted free, leav- 
 ing but 13 per cent, upon which duties may still be removed. But mindful 
 of the fact that the United States has, from time to time, removed the duties 
 from coffee, cocoa. India-rubber, hides, cinchona bark, dye and cabinet 
 woods, and other Latin- American products, our government may confidently 
 ask the concession suggested. 
 
 The increased exports would be dravsm alike from our farms, our facto- 
 ries, and our forests. None of the Latin- American countries produce building 
 lumber; the most of them are dependent upon foreign markets for their 
 breadstuffs and provisions; and in few is there any opportunity or inclination 
 for mechanical industry. 
 
 The effect of such reciprocity would be felt in every portion of the land. 
 Not long ago the Brazilian Mail Steamship Company took the trouble to 
 trace to its origin every article that composed the cargo carried by one of its 
 steamers to Rio de Janeiro, and the investigation disclosed the fact that thirty- 
 six States and Territories contributed to the total, as follows: 
 
 New York $74,546 00 
 
 Vermont 96 00 
 
 Delaware 20,908 00 
 
 Illmois 19,33147 
 
 New Jersey 17,054 40 
 
 Pennsylvania 43,065 00 
 
 Connecticut 11,874 00 
 
 Kansas 11,333 00 
 
 Indiana 9,098 00 
 
 Massachusetts 7,190 00 
 
 Ohio 6,380 00 
 
 New Hampshire 6,035 00 
 
 Missouri 5,773 00 
 
 Georgia 5,096 00 
 
 Rhode Island 4,030 00 
 
 Michigan 3,733 00 
 
 Virginia 3,704 54 
 
 Maine 3,765 00 
 
 Minnesota 3,668 00 
 
 North Carolina $3,647 00 
 
 Maryland 3,359 00 
 
 Mississippi 2,056 00 
 
 Louisiana 3, 111 00 
 
 Wyoming 1,800 00 
 
 Oregon 1,183 00 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Iowa 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 California 
 
 Dakota 
 
 Texas 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Florida 
 
 1,150 00 
 807 00 
 587 00 
 781 00 
 576 00 
 339 00 
 330 00 
 163 00 
 135 00 
 56 00 
 40 00 
 
 Total $301,417 41 
 
 The 12 per cent, of our imports from Latin America upon which duties 
 are still assessed consists only of raw sugar and the coarse grades of wool 
 used in the manufacture of carpets. 
 
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384 APPENDIX. 
 
 The sugar-growing nations comprise four-fifths or forty millions, of Latin 
 America; but with geographical conditions against them, their free lahor 
 can not successfully compete with the coolie labor of the European colonies. 
 A slight discrimination in their favor would greatly stimulate their agricul- 
 tural interests, enlarge their purchasing power, and tend to promote friendly 
 sentiments and intercourse. 
 
 The wool-growing nations are Chili, Uruguay, and the Argentine Eepub- 
 lic, and from them our manufacturers of carpets receive a great portion of 
 their supply. It was most strongly urged by the delegates who had carefully 
 studied this subject that the free admission of coarse wools from these coun- 
 tries could not prove injurious to the wool growers of the United_ States, be- 
 cause the greater profit derived by them from the higher grades discourages, 
 if it docs not actually prohibit, their production. On the contrary, they 
 maintained that the free importation of the coarse wool would result in a 
 , large reduction in the cost of the cheaper grades of carpets, and enable the 
 ' manufacturers of the United States to secure an enormous export trade in 
 these fabrics. It was also suggested that the use of the coarse wools for the 
 purpose of adulteration in the manufacture of clothing might be prevented 
 by requiring that imports withdrawn for the manufacture of carpets should 
 be so designated to exempt them from customs dues, and the existing duty 
 retained upon those used for other purposes. 
 
 The wool growers of the Argentine Kepublic protest against what they 
 consider a serious discrimination against their products in the tarifE laws of 
 the United States, which impose a duty upon the gross weight instead of the 
 value of the article. 
 
 The Argentine wools are much heavier in grease and dirt than those from 
 Australia and New Zealand, which is said to be due to unavoidable climatic 
 conditions, and sell at a lower price. But the imports from the three coun- 
 tries are subject to the same duty. This fact was very strongly urged, to the 
 end that at least equal advantages should be given to the products of a 
 friendly country with which we are endeavoring to build up a trade. 
 
 The Argentines desire the free admission of their coarse wool, and other 
 Latin- American states desire the free admission of their sugar to the ports of 
 this country, with the understanding that our peculiar products shall, in turn, 
 .be admitted free into their ports. At present, by reason of the high duties 
 levied by them, the chief articles of our production are beyond the purchas- 
 ing power of the great mass of the people in those countries, and are luxuries 
 which only the wealthy can enjoy. 
 
 Excepting raw cotton, our four largest exports during the last fiscal year 
 were breadstufifs, provisions, refined petroleum, and lumber. 
 
 The following statement shows the total exports of each of said articles in 
 1889, and the proportion exported to Latin America: 
 
 Exported to 
 ARTICLES. Total Exports. Latin America. 
 
 Breadstufls $123,876,423 $5,123,528 
 
 Provisions 104,122,338 2,507,375 
 
 Refined Petroleum 44,830,424 2,948,149 
 
 Wood and Lumber 26,907,161 5,039,886 
 
 These figures should be closely studied. It would be difficult to under- 
 stand, but for the explanations given in the conference, why, out of the three 
 hundred millions of staples exported from this country, only fifteen millions 
 should be consumed in all Latin America with its population of 50,000,000 
 people, when the United States is the only source of supply for those articles 
 which are regarded by us as the necessaries of life. 
 
 The foreign delegates all agreed that this proportion could be increased 
 many fold by extending to their people the ability to purchase; and the abil- 
 ity to purchase rests, in their opinion, upon reciprocal concessions. 
 
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THE BLAINE REPORT ON RECIPROCITY. 385 
 
 Attached hereto is a statement showing the duties charged by the South 
 American countries of the largest commerce upon the articles which they 
 import chiefly from the United States, and also a statement showing the 
 meagre amounts of our peculiar exportable products shipped to the several 
 Latin-American states. By a comparison of these statements the effect of the 
 removal of the duties upon these articles by the countries of Latin America 
 will at once be apparent. 
 
 Fifteen of the seventeen republics with which we have been in conference 
 have indicated, by the votes of their representatives in the International 
 American Conference, and by other methods which it is not necessary to de- 
 fine, their desire to enter upon reciprocal commercial relations with the United 
 States; the remaining two express equal willingness, could they be assured 
 that their advances would be favorably considered. 
 
 To escape the delay and imcertainty of treaties it has been suggested that 
 a practicable and prompt mode of testing the question was to submit an 
 amendment to the pending tarift bill, authorizing the President to declare 
 the ports of the United States free to all the products of any nation of the 
 American hemisphere upon which no export duties are imposed whenever 
 and so long as such nation shall admit to its ports free of all national, pro- 
 vincial (State), mimicipal, and other taxes, our flour, corn meal, and other 
 breadstufEs, preserved meats, fish, vegetables, and fruits, cotton-seed oil, rice, 
 and other provisions, including all articles of food, lumber, furniture, and 
 all other articles of wood, agricultural implements and machinery, mining 
 and mechanical machinery, structural steel and iron, steel rails, locomotives, 
 railway cars and supplies, street cars, and refined petroleum. I mention 
 these particular articles because they have been most frequently referred to 
 as those vrith which a valuable exchange could be readily effected. The list 
 could no doubt be profitably enlarged by a careful investigation of the needs 
 and advantage of both the home and foreign markets. 
 
 The opinion was general among the foreign delegates that the legislation 
 herein referred to would lead to the opening of new and profitable markets 
 for the products of which we have so large a surplus, and thus invigorate 
 every branch of agriculture and mechanical industry. Of course, the ex- 
 changes involved in these propositions would be rendered impossible if Con- 
 gress, in its wisdom, should repeal the duty on sugar by direct legislation 
 instead of allowing the same object to be attained by the reciprocal arrange- 
 ment suggested. Respectfully submitted, James G-. Blaine. 
 
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THE SILVEB BILL OP 1890. 
 
 A7FK0TED BY FSESISENT HASBISON, JULY 14, 1890. 
 
 "The Secretary of the Treasury is hereby directed to purchase, from 
 time to time, silver bullion to the aggregate amoimt of 4,500,000 ounces, or 
 so much thereof as may be offered in each month, at the market price 
 thereof, not exceeding |1 for 371.25 grains of pure silver, and to issue in pay- 
 ment for such purchases of silver bullion, Treasury notes of the United States 
 to be prepared by the Secretary of the Treasury in such form and of such 
 denominations, not less than $1 nor more than |1,000, as he may prescribe, 
 and a sum sufficient to carry into eif ect the provisions of this act, is hereby 
 appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not othervrise appropriated. 
 
 " Sec. 3. That the Treasury notes issued in accordance with the provi- 
 sions of this act shall be redeemable on demand, in coin, at the Treasury of 
 the United States or at the office of any assistant treasurer of the United 
 States, and when so redeemed, may be reissued; but no greater or less 
 amount of such notes shall be outstanding at any time than the cost of the 
 silver bullion, and the standard silver dollars coined therefrom, then held in 
 the Treasury purchased by such notes; and such Treasury notes shall be a 
 legal tender in payment of all debts, public and private, except where other- 
 vdse expressly stipulated in the contract, and shall be receivable for customs, 
 taxes, and all public dues, and when so received may be reissued; and such 
 notes, when held by any national banking association, may be counted as a 
 part of its lawful reserve. That upon demand of the holder of any of the 
 Treasury notes herein provided for, the Secretary of the Treasury shall, 
 under such regulations as he may prescribe, redeem such notes in gold or 
 silver coin, at his discretion, it being the established policy of the United 
 States to maintain the two metals on a parity with each other upon the pres- 
 ent legal ratio, or such ratio as may be provided by law. 
 
 "Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall each month coin two 
 million ounces of the silver bullion purchased under the provisions of this 
 act into standard silver dollars imtil the 1st day of July, 1891, and after that 
 time he shall coin of the silver bullion purchased imder the provisions of this 
 act as much as may be necessary to provide for the redemption of the Treas- 
 ury notes herein provided for, and any gain or seigniorage arising from 
 such coinage shall be accounted for and paid into the Treasury. 
 
 "Sec. 4. That the silver bullion purchased under the provisions of this 
 act shall be subject to the reqmrements of existing law and the regulations of 
 the mint service governing the methods of determining the amount of pure 
 silver contained, and the amount of charges or deductions, if any to be 
 made. ' 
 
 " Sec. 5. That so much of the act of Feb. 38, 1878, entitled ' An act to 
 authorize the coinage of the standard silver dollar and to restore its legal- 
 tender character,' as requires the monthly purchase and coinage of the same 
 into silver dollars of not less than $3,000,000 nor more than |4,000 000 worth 
 of silver bullion, is hereby repealed. ' ' 
 
 " Sec. 6. That upon the passage of this act the balances standing with the 
 Treasurer of the United States to the respective credits of national banks for 
 
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THE SILTEB BILL OF 1890. 387 
 
 deposits made to redeem the circulating notes of sucli banks, and all depos- 
 its thereafter received for like pm-pose, shall he covered into the Treasury as 
 a miscellaneous receipt, and the Treasurer of the United States shall redeem 
 from the general cash in the Treasury the circulating notes of said banks 
 which may come into his possession subject to redemption; and upon the cer- 
 tificate of the Comptroller of the Currency that such notes have been received 
 by him, and that they have been destroyed, and that no new notes will be 
 issued in their place, reimbursement of their amount shall be made to the 
 Treasurer, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may pre- 
 scribe, from an appropriation hereby created, to be known as ' National bank 
 notes: Redemption account,' but the provisions of this act shall not apply to 
 the deposits received under section 3 of the act of June 20, 1874, requiring 
 every national bank to keep in lawful money with the Treasurer of the 
 United States a sum equal to 5 per cent, of its circulation, to be held and 
 used for the redemption of its circulating notes; and the balance remaining 
 of the deposits so covered shall, at the close of each month, be reported on 
 the monthly public debt statement as debt of the United States bearing no 
 interest. 
 
 " Sec. 7. That this act shall take effect thirty days from and after its 
 
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THE MILLS BILL. 
 
 EXTBACTS FEOM UB. MILLS'S SPEECH, 1889, INTEODTJCING HIS PRO- 
 POSED TABIFF-BEFOBM MEASTTBE. 
 
 "Mr. Chairman, during our late civil war the expenditures required by 
 an enormous military establishment made it necessary that the burdens of 
 taxation should be laid heavily in all directions authorized by the Constitu- 
 tion. The internal-revenue and direct taxes were called into requisition to 
 supplement the revenues arising from customs, to aid the Treasury to respond 
 to the heavy demands which were being daily made upon it. The duties on 
 imports were raised from an average on dutiable goods of 18.84 per cent, 
 in 1861 to an average of 40.29 per cent, on dutiable goods during the five 
 years from 1863 to 1866, inclusive. This was recognized at the time as an 
 exceptionally heavy burden. It was stated by the distin^ished gentlemen 
 who then presented to the House the bill so largely increasing the duties, and 
 which to-day bears his honored name, that it was demanded by the exigencies 
 of war, and must cease on the return of peace. In his own words he said : 
 ' This is intended as a war measure, a temporary measure, and we must as 
 such give it our support.' More than twenty years have elapsed since the 
 war ended. A generation has passed away and a new generation has appeared 
 on the stage since peace has returned to bless our common country; but these 
 war taxes still remain; and they are heavier to-day than they were on an 
 average during the five years of the existence of hostilities. The average rate 
 of duty during the last five years — from 1883 to 1887 inclusive — on dutiable 
 goods, amounts to 44.51 per cent., and during the last year the average is 
 47.10 per cent. Instead of the rate of taxation being reduced to meet the 
 wants of an efficient administration of government in time of peace, it con- 
 tinues to grow and fill the coffers of the government with money not required 
 for public purposes, and which rightfully should remain in the pockets of 
 the people. 
 
 " The greatest evil that is inflicted by it is in the destruction of the values 
 of our exports. Remember that the great body of our exports are agricul- 
 tural products. It has been so through our whole histoiy. From 75 to over 
 80 per cent, of the exports of this country, year by year, are agricultural 
 products. Cotton is first, then bread-stuflfs, pork, beef, butter, cheese, lard. 
 These are the things that keep up our foreign trade, and when you put on dr 
 keep on such duties as we have now — ^war duties, which were regarded as so 
 I enormous even in the very midst of hostilities that they were declared to be 
 I temporary — when you put on or retain those duties, they limit and prohibit 
 importation, and that limits or prohibits exportation. It takes two to make 
 a trade. All the commerce of all the countries of the world is carried on by 
 an exchange of commodities — commodities going from the country where they 
 are produced at the least cost to seek a market in those countries where they 
 can either not be produced at all or where they can be produced only at the 
 highest cost of production. We are the great agricultural country of the 
 world, and we have been feeding the people of Europe, and the people of 
 Europe have got to give us in exchange the products of their labor in their 
 shops; and when we put on excessive duties for the purpose of prohibiting 
 the importations of their goods, as a necessary result we put an excessive 
 duty upon the exportation of our own agricultural products. And what does 
 that do ? It throws our surplus products upon our own markets at home, 
 which becomes glutted and oversupplied, and prices go down. So it is with 
 
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THE MILLS BILL. 389 
 
 the people of Europe wlio are manufacturing and producing things that we 
 can not produce, but which we want. Their products are thrown upon their 
 home markets, which are glutted and oversupplied, and their prices likewise 
 go down. And whenever, from any cause, prices start up in Europe, our 
 tariff being levied mainly by specific duties upon quantity, not upon value, 
 the tariff goes down, and then we see large importation, and, as a result, 
 large exportation. Then we see a rise in agricultural products; then we see 
 the circulation of money all through the whole of our industrial system; we 
 see our people going to work, our manufactories starting up, and prosperity 
 in every part of the land. 
 
 "We are the greatest agricultural people in the world. We exceed all 
 others in the products of manufacture, but we export next to nothing of our 
 product. Why should we not export the three hundred and seventy-five 
 milUons of cotton goods which England is now exporting? She buys her 
 cotton from us, pays the cost of transportation to her factories, makes the 
 goods, and sends them all over the world. That trade, at least the most of it, 
 is ours whenever we get ready to take it. Why should we not make and send 
 out the hundred millions of woolen goods which she is annually exporting? 
 We have the advantage of her in almost everything except cost of materials. 
 Why should we not make and export the hundred millions of iron and steel 
 which she is making and sending away annually? There is no reason except 
 that high tariff and trusts and combinations are in our way, and they muster 
 all their forces to prevent us from taking the place which our advantages 
 entitle us to take. We are the greatest people in the world. We have the 
 highest standard of civilization; we have the highest and best diffusion of 
 knowledge among our people. We utilize the power of machinery more 
 than any people in the world. We produce by our labor more than any 
 people in the world. We have everything to command success in any con- 
 test over any rival. We are the first cotton-producing coimtry. We have 
 wool, flax, hemp; our country is full of coal and ores and lumber, and yet 
 with all these advantages over all others we have pursued a suicidal policy 
 of protection, which has closed the markets of the world against us; and not 
 content to stop here, we have plundered the great body of our agricultural 
 people out of a large part of their wealth. We must make a departure. In- 
 stead of laying the burdens of taxation upon the necessaries of life, instead 
 of destroying our foreign commerce, we should encourage it as we would 
 encourage our home commerce. We should remove every unnecessary bur- 
 den. We should lay taxes to obtain revenue, but not restrict importation. 
 We should place every material of manufacture on the free list, start up our 
 fires, put OUT wheels in motion, and put all our people to work at good wages. " 
 
 After arguing that it is increased production that makes cheap goods and 
 high wages, Mr. Mills said, in regard to the effect of the existing tariff on 
 labor: "I have taken from the first annual report of the Commissioner of 
 Labor and the report of the census on wages some figures given by manufac- 
 turers themselves of the total cost of the product and the labor cost of the 
 articles they are making. I have put the tariff duty by the side of them to 
 show whether in the little reductions we are asking in this bill we have gone 
 beyond that pledge we as a party have made that we would not reduce taxation 
 so low as to injure our laborers, or as not to cover the difference in cost of labor 
 between American and foreign products. This will show, and I ask your 
 attention to it, that the tariff is not intended to, and does not, benefit labor 
 It will show that the benefit of the tariff never passes beyond the pocket ot 
 the manufacturer, and to the pockets of his workmen. ^, , ^ 
 
 " I find in this report one pair of five-pound blankets. The whole cost, 
 as stated by the manufacturer, is $3.51. The labor cost he paid for makmg 
 them is 35 cents. The present tariff is $1.90. Now here is|1.55 m this to 
 iff over and above the entire labor cost of these blankets. Why did not that 
 
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390 APPENDDC. 
 
 manufacturer go and give that money to tlie laborer? He is able to do it. 
 Here Is a tariff that gives him 1 1.90 on that pair of blankets for the benefit 
 of his laborer; but notwithstanding that the tariff was imposed for the bene- 
 fit of American labor and to preserve high wages, every dollar of that tariff 
 went into the manufacturer's pocket. The poor fellow who made the blankets 
 got 35 cents and the manufacturer kept the $1.90. 
 
 "Here is one yard of flannel, weighing four ounces; it cost 18 cents, of 
 which the laborer got 3 cents; the tariff on it is 8 cents. How is it that the 
 whole 8 cents did not get into the pockets of the laborer? Is it not strange 
 that those who made the tariff and fastened upon the people these war rates 
 in a time of profound peace, and who are now constantly assailing the Dem- 
 ocratic party because it is untrue to the workingman, did not make some 
 provision by which the generous bounty they gave should reach the pocket 
 of him for whom they said it was intended? They charge that we are trying 
 to strike down the labor of the country. Why do they not see that the money 
 they are taking out of the hard earnings of the people is delivered in good 
 faith to the workman? One yard of cassimere, weighing 16 ounces, cost 
 $1.38; the labor cost is 39 cents; the tariff duty is 80 cents. One pound of 
 sewing-silk costs $5.66; the cost for labor is 85 cents; the tariff is $1.69. One 
 gallon of hnseed-oil costs 46 cents; the labor cost is 2 cents; the tariff cost is 
 25 cents. One ton of bar-iron costs $31; the labor cost is $10; the tariff fixes 
 several rates for bar-iron. I give the lowest rate, $17.93. One ton of foun- 
 dry pig-iron costs $11; the labor costs $1.64; the tariff is $6.72. 
 
 ' ' Now, Mr. Chairman, I have gone through with a number of articles 
 taken from these oflBcial reports made by the manufacturers themselves, and 
 I have shown that the tariff was not framed for the benefit of the laborer, or 
 that if it was so intended by those who framed it, the benefit never reaches 
 the laborer, not a dollar of it. The working people are hired in the market 
 at the lowest rates at which their services can be had, and all the ' boodle ' 
 that has been granted by these tariff bills goes into the pockets of the manu- 
 facturers. It builds up palaces; it concentrates wealth; it makes great and 
 powerful magnates; but it distributes none of its beneficence in the homes 
 of our laboring poor." 
 
 As to the spirit of the protective system which is sometimes called the 
 American policy, Mr. Mills said: "I repel it, sir; it is not American. It is 
 the reverse of American. That policy is American which clings most closely 
 to the fundamental idea that underlies our institutions and upon which the 
 whole superstructure of our government is erected, and that idea is freedom — 
 freedom secured by the guarantees of government; fi'cedom to think, to speak, 
 to write; freedom to go where we please, select our own occupations; free- 
 dom to labor when we please and where we please; freedom to receive and 
 enjoy all the results of our labor; freedom to sell our products, and freedom 
 to buy the products of others, and freedom to markets for the products of 
 our labor, without which the freedom of labor is restricted and denied ; free- 
 dom from restraints in working and marketing the products of our toil, ex- 
 cept such as may be necessary in the interest of the government; freedom 
 from all unnecessary burdens; freedom from all exactions upon the citizen 
 except such as may be necessary to support an honest, efficient and econom- 
 ical administration of the government that guarantees him protection to 
 'life, hberty, and the pursuit of happiness;' freedom from all taxation ex- 
 cept that which is levied for the support of the government; freedom from 
 taxation levied for the purpose of enriching favored classes by the spoliation 
 and plunder of the people; freedom from all systems of taxation that do not 
 fall with 'equal and exact justice upon all' — that do not raise the revenues 
 of government in the way that is least burdensome to the people and with 
 the least possible disturbance to their biisiness. That, sir, is the American 
 policy." 
 
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TABIFP MESSAGE OP PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. 
 
 SENT TO CONGRESS DECEMBEK 6, 1887. 
 
 To ilm Congress of t7w United States: 
 
 YoiJ are confronted at the threshold of your legislative duties with a con- 
 dition of the national finances which imperatively demands immediate and 
 careful consideration. The amount of money annually exacted through the 
 operation of present laws from the industries and necessities of the people 
 largely exceeds the sum necessary to meet the expenses of the government. 
 
 When we consider that the theory of our institutions guarantees to every 
 citizen the full enjoyment of all the fruits of his industry and enterprise, with 
 only such deduction as may be his share toward the careful and economical 
 maintenance of the government which protects him, it is plain that the exac- 
 tion of more than this is indefensible extortion and a culpable betrayal of 
 American fairness and justice. This wrong, inflicted upon those who bear 
 the burden of national taxation, like other wrongs, multiplies a brood of evil 
 consequences. The public Treasury, which should only exist as a conduit 
 conveying the people's tribute to its legitimate objects of expenditure, be- 
 comes a hoarding-place for money needlessly withdrawn from trade and the 
 people's use, thus crippling our national energies, suspending our country's 
 development, preventing investment in productive enterprise, threatening fin- 
 ancial disturbance, and inviting schemes of public plunder. 
 
 This condition of, our Treasury is not altogether new ; and it has more than 
 once of late been submitted to the people's representatives in the Congress, 
 who alone can apply a remedy. And yet the situation still continues, with 
 aggravated incidents, more than ever presaging financial convulsion and wide- 
 spread disaster. It will not do to neglect this situation because its dangers 
 are not now palpably imminent and apparent. They exist none the less cer- 
 tainly, and await the unforeseen and unexpected occasion when suddenly they 
 will be precipitated upon us. 
 
 On the 30th day of June, 1885, the excess of revenues over public expen- 
 ditures after complying with the annual requirement of the sinking-fund act 
 was $17,859,735.84. During the year ended June 30, 1886, such excess 
 amounted to $49,405,545.30, and during the year ended June 30, 1887, it 
 reached the sum of $55,567,849.54. The annual contributions to the sinking 
 fund during the three years above specified, amounting in the aggregate to 
 $138,058,330.94 and deducted from the surplus as stated, were made by call- 
 ing in for that purpose outstanding three-per-cent. bonds of the government. 
 During the six months prior to June 30, 1887, the surplus revenue had grown 
 so large by repeated accumulation and it was feared the withdrawal of this 
 great sum of money needed by the people would so afEect the business of the 
 country, that the sum of $79,864,100 of such surplus was applied to the pay- 
 ment of the principal and interest of the three-per-cent. bonds still outstand- 
 ing, and which were then payable at the option of the government. 
 
 The precarious condition of financial afEalrs among the people still need- 
 ing relief, immediately after the 30th day of June, 1887, the remainder of the 
 three-percent, bonds then outstanding, amounting with principal and inter- 
 est to tho sum of $18,877, .500, were called in and applied to the sinking-fund 
 contribution for the current fiscal year. Notwithstanding these operations of 
 the Treasury Department, representations of distress in business circles not 
 
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392 APPENDIX. 
 
 only continued but Increased, and absolute peril seemed at hand. In these 
 circumstances the contribution to the sinldng fund for the current fiscal year 
 was at once completed by the expenditure of $27,684,283.55 in the purchase 
 of government bonds not yet due, bearing four and four and one half per 
 cent, interest, the premium paid thereon averaging about twenty-four per 
 cent, for the former and eight per cent, for the latter. 
 
 In addition to this the interest accruing during the current year upon the 
 outstanding bonded indebtedness of the government was to some extent an- 
 ticipated, and banks selected as depositories of public money were permitted 
 to somewhat increase their deposits. 
 
 While the expedients thus employed to release to the people the money 
 lying idle in the Treasury served to avert immediate danger, our surplus 
 revenues have continued to accumulate, the excess for the present year 
 amounting on the 1st day of December to $55,258,701.19, and estimated to 
 reach the sum of $113,000,000 on the 80th of June next, at which date it is 
 expected that this sum, added to prior accumulations, will swell the surplus 
 in the Treasury to $140,000,000. 
 
 There seems to be no assurance that, with such a withdrawal from use of 
 the people's circulating medium,' our business community may not in the near 
 future be subjected to the same distress which was quite lately produced from 
 the same cause. And while the functions of our national Treasury should be 
 few and simple, and while its best condition would be reached, I believe, by 
 its entire disconnection vdth private business interests, yet when, by a per- 
 version of its purposes, it idly holds money uselessly subtracted from the chan- 
 nels of trade, there seems to be reason for the claim that some legitimate 
 means should be devised by the government to restore in an emergency, with- 
 out waste or extravagance, such money to its place among the people. 
 
 If such an emergency arises there now exists no clear and undoubted Ex- 
 ecutive power of relief. Heretofore the redemption of three-per-cent. bonds, 
 which were payable at the option of the government, has afforded a means 
 for the disbursement of the excess of our revenues; but these bonds have all 
 been retired, and there are no bonds outstanding, the payment of which we 
 have the right to insist upon. The contribution to the sinking fund which 
 furnishes the occasion for expenditure in the purchase of bonds has been al- 
 ready made for the current year, so that there is no outlet in that direction. 
 
 In the present state of legislation the only pretense of any existing Exec- 
 utive power to restore, at this time, any part of our surplus revenues to the 
 people by its expenditure consists in the supposition that the Secretary of the 
 Treasury may enter the market and purchase the bonds of the government 
 not yet due, at a rate of premium to be agreed upon. The only provision of 
 law from which such a power could be derived is found in an appropriation 
 bill passed a number of years ago; and it is subject to the suspicion that it 
 was intended as temporary and limited in its application, instead of confer- 
 ring a continuing discretion and authority. No condition ought to exist 
 which would justify the grant of power to a single ofiicial, upon his judg- 
 ment of its necessity, to withhold from or release to the business of the peo- 
 ple, in an unusual manner, money held in the Treasury, and thus affect, at 
 his will, the financial situation of the country; and if it is deemed wise to 
 lodge in the Secretary of the Treasury the authority in the present juncture 
 to purchase bonds, it should be plainly vested, and provided as far as possi- 
 ble, with such checks and limitations as will define this official's right and dis- 
 cretion, and at the same time relieve him from undue responsibility. 
 
 In considering the question of purchasing bonds as a means of restoring to 
 circulation the surplus money accumulating in the Treasury, it should be 
 borne in mind that premiums must, of course, be paid upon such purchase, 
 that there may be a large part of these bonds held as investments which can 
 not be purchased at any price, and that combinations among holders, who are 
 
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TARIFF MESSAGE OF PEESIDENT CLEVELAND. 393 
 
 willing to sell, may unreasonably enhance the cost of such honds to the gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 It has been suggested that the present bonded debt might be refunded at 
 a less rate of interest, and the difference between the old and new security 
 paid in cash, thus finding use for the surplus in the Treasury. The success 
 of this plan, it is apparent, must depend upon the volition of the holders of 
 the present bonds; and it is not entirely certain that the inducement which 
 must be offered them would result in more financial benefit to the Govern- 
 ment than the purchase of bonds, while the latter proposition would reduce 
 the principal of the debt by actual payment, instead of extending it. 
 
 The proposition to deposit the money held by the government in banks 
 throughout the country, for use by the people, is, it seems to mo, exceeding- 
 ly objectionable in principle, as establishing too close a relationship between 
 the operations of the government Treasury and the business of the country, 
 and too extensive a commingling of their money, thus fostering an unnatiu'al 
 reliance in private business upon public funds. If this scheme should be 
 adopted it should only be done as a temporary expedient to meet an urgent 
 necessity. Legislative and Executive effort should generally be in the oppo- 
 site direction, and should have a tendency to divorce, as much and as fast as 
 can safely be done, the Treasury Department from private enterprise. 
 
 Of course it is not expected that unnecessary and extravagant appropria- 
 tions vdll be made for the purpose of avoiding the accumulation of an excess 
 of revenue. Such expenditure, besides the demoralization of all just concep- 
 tions of public duty which it entails, stimulates a habit of reckless improvi- 
 dence not in the least consistent with the mission of our people or the high 
 and beneficent purposes of our government. 
 
 I have deemed it my duty to thus bring to the knowledge of my country- 
 men, as well as to the attention of their representatives charged with the re- 
 sponsibility of legislative relief, the gravity of our financial situation. The 
 failure of the Congress heretofore to provide against the dangers which it was 
 quite evident the very nature of the difficulty must necessarily produce, 
 caused a condition of financial distress and apprehension since your last ad- 
 journment, which taxed to the utmost all the authority and expedients with- 
 in Executive control; and these appear now to be exhausted. If disaster re- 
 sults from the continued inaction of Congress, the responsibility must rest 
 where it belongs. 
 
 Though the situation thus far considered is fraught with danger which 
 should be fully realized, and though it presents features of wrong to the peo- 
 ple as well as peril to the countiy, it is but a result growing out of a perfect- 
 ly palpable and apparent cause, constantly reproducing the same alarming 
 circumstances — a congested national Treasury and a depleted monetary con- 
 dition in the business of the country. It need hardly be stated that while the 
 present situation demands a remedy, we can only be saved from a like predic- 
 ament in the future by the removal of its cause. 
 
 Our scheme of taxation, by means of which this needless surplus is taken 
 from the people and put into the public treasury, consists of a tariff or duty 
 levied upon importations from abroad, and internal revenue taxes levied up- 
 on the consumption of tobacco and spirituous and malt liquors. It must be 
 conceded that none of the things subjected to internal revenue taxation are 
 strictly speaking, necessaries; there appears to be no just complaint of this 
 taxation by the consumers of these articles, and there seems to be nothing so 
 well able to bear the burden without hardship to any portion of the people. 
 
 But our present tariff laws, the vicious, inequitable, and illogical source of 
 unnecessary taxation, ought to be at once revised and amended. These laws, 
 as their primary and plam effect, raise the price to consumers of all articles 
 imported and subject to duty, by precisely the sum paid for such duties. 
 Thus the amount of the duty measures the tax paid by those who purchase 
 28b 
 
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394 APPENDIX. 
 
 for use these important Eirticles. Many of these things, however, are raised 
 or manufactured in our own country, and the duties now levied upon foreign 
 goods and products are called protection to these home manufactures, because 
 they render it possible for those of our people who are manufacturers to make 
 these taxed articles and sell them for a price equal to that demanded for the 
 imported goods that have paid customs duty. So it happens that while com- 
 paratively a few use the imported articles, millions of our people, who never 
 used and never saw any of the foreign products, purchase and use things of 
 the same kind made in this country, and pay therefor nearly or quite the same 
 enhanced price which the duty adds to the imported articles. Those who 
 buy imports pay the duty charged thereon into the public Treasury, but the 
 great majority of our citizens, who buy domestic articles of the same class, 
 pay a sum at least approximately equal to this duty to the home manufactur- 
 er. This reference to the operation of our tariff laws is not made by way of 
 instruction, but in order that we may be constantly reminded of the manner 
 in which they impose a burden upon those who consume domestic products 
 as well as those who consume imported articles, and thus create a tax upon 
 all our people. 
 
 It is not proposed to entirely relieve the country of this taxation. It must 
 be extensively continued as the source of the government's income; and in a 
 readjustment of our tariff the interests of American labor engaged in manu- 
 facture should be carefully considered, as well as the presei'vation of our man- 
 ufacturers. It may be called protection, or by any other name, but relief 
 from the hardships and dangers of our present tariff laws should be devised 
 with especial precaution agamst imperiling the existence of our manufactur- 
 ing interests. But this existence should not mean a condition which, without 
 regard to the public welfare or a national exigency, must always insure the 
 realization of immense profits, instead of moderately profitable returns. As 
 the volume and diversity of our natiqpal activities increase, new recraits are 
 added to those who desire a continuation of the advantages which they con- 
 ceive the present system of tariff taxation directly affords them. So stub- 
 bornly have all efforts to reform the present condition been resisted by those 
 of our fellow-citizens thus engaged, that they can hardly complain of the sus- 
 picion, entertained to a certain extent, that there exists an organized combi- 
 nation all along the line to maintain their advantage. 
 
 We are in the midst of centennial celebrations, and with becoming pride 
 we rejoice in American .skill and ingenuity, in American energy and enter- 
 prise, and in the wonderful natural advantages and resources developed by a 
 century's national growth. Yet when an attempt is made to justify a scheme 
 which permits a tax to be laid upon every consumer in the land for the bene- 
 fit of our manufacturers, quite beyond a reasonable demand for governmental 
 regard, it suits the' purposes of advocacy to call our manufactures infant 
 industries, still needing the highest and greatest degree of favor and fostering 
 care that can be wrung from Federal legislation. 
 
 It is also said that the increase in the price of domestic manufactures re- 
 sulting from the present tariff is necessary in order that higher wages may 
 be paid to our workingmen employed in manufactories than are paid for 
 what is called the pauper labor of Europe. All will acknowledge the force 
 of an argument which involves the welfare and liberal compensation of our 
 laboring-people. Our labor is honorable in the eyes of every American citi- 
 zen; and as it lieo at the foundation of our development and progress, it is 
 entitled, without affectation or hypocrisy, to the utmost regard. The stand- 
 ard of our laborers' life should not be measured by that of any other coun- 
 try less favored, and they are entitled to their full share of all our advan- 
 tages. 
 
 By the last census it was made to appear that of the 17,393,099 of our pop- 
 ulation engaged in all kinds of industries, 7,670,493 are employed in agricul- 
 
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TARIFF MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. 395 
 
 ture, 4,074,238 in professional and personal service (2,934,876 of whom are 
 domestic servants and laborers), while 1,810,256 are employed in trade and 
 transportation, and 3,837,112 are classed as employed in manufacturing and 
 mining. 
 
 For present purposes, however, the last number given should be consider- 
 ably reduced. Without attempting to enumerate all, it will be conceded that 
 there should be deducted from those which it includes 375, 143 carpenters and 
 joiners, 285,401 milliners, dressmakers, and seamstresses, 172,726 blacksmiths, 
 133,756 tailors and tailoresses, 102,473 masons, 76,241 butchers, 41,309 bak- 
 ers, 23,083 plasterers, and 4,891 engaged in manufacturing agricultural im- 
 plements, amounting in the aggregate to 1,214,023, leaving" 2, 623, 089 persons 
 employed in such manufacturing industries as are claimed to be Isenefited by 
 a high tariff. 
 
 To these the appeal is made to save their employment and maintain their 
 wages by resisting a change. There should be no disposition to answer such 
 suggestions by the allegation that the}'' are in a minority among those who la- 
 bor, and therefore should forego an advantage, in the interest of low prices 
 for the majority; their compensation, as it may be affected by the operation 
 of tariff laws, should at all times be scrupulouly kept in view; and yet with 
 slight reflection they will not overlook the fact that they are consumers with 
 the rest; that they, too, have their own wants and those of their families to 
 supply from their earnings, and that the price of the necessaries of life, as 
 well as the amount of the wages, will regulate the measure of their welfare 
 and comfort. 
 
 But the reduction of taxation demanded should be so measured as not to 
 necessitate or justify either the loss of employment by the workingman nor 
 the lessening of his wages; and ths profits still remaining to the manufactur- 
 er, after a necessary readjustment, should furnish no excuse for the sacrifice 
 of the interests of his employes either in their opportunity to work or in the 
 diminution of their compensation. Nor can the worker in manufactures fail 
 to understand that while a high tariff is claimed to be necessary to allow the 
 payment of remunerative wages, it certainly results in a very large increase in 
 the price of nearly all sorts of manufactures, which, in almost countless forms, 
 he needs for the use of himself and his family. He receives at the desk of 
 his employer his wages, and perhaps before he reaches his home is obliged, in 
 a purchase for family use of an article which embraces his own labor, to re- 
 turn, in the payment of the increase in price which the tariff permits, the hard- 
 earned compensation of many days of toil. 
 
 The farmer and the agriculturist who manufacture nothing, but who 
 pay the increased price which the tariff imposes, upon every agricultur- 
 al implement, upon all he wears, and upon all he uses and owns, except the 
 increase of his flocks and herds and such things as his husbandry produces 
 from the soil, is invited to aid in maintaining the present situation; and he is 
 told that a high duty on imported wool is necessary for the benefit of those 
 who have sheep to shear, in order that the price of their wool may be in- 
 creased. They of course are not reminded that the farmer who has no sheep 
 is, by this scheme obliged, in his purchases of clothing and woolen goods, to 
 pay a tribute to his fellow-farmer as well as to the manufacturer and mer 
 chant; nor is any mention made of the fact that the sheep-owners themselves 
 and their households must wear clothing and use other articles manufactured 
 from the wool they sell at tariff prices, and thus as consumers must return 
 their share of this increased price to the tradesman. 
 
 I think it may be fairly assumed that a large proportion of the sheep 
 owned by the farmers throughout the country are found in small flocks num- 
 bering from twenty-five to fifty. The duty on the grade of imported wool 
 which these sheep yield is ten cents each pound if of the value of thirty 
 cents or less, and twelve cents if of the value of more than thirty cents. If 
 
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396 APPENDIX. 
 
 the liberal estimate of six pounds be allowed for each fleece, tbe duty tbereon 
 would be sixty or seventy -two cents, and this may be taken as the utmost en- 
 hancement of its price to the farmer by reason of this duty. Eighteen dol- 
 lars would thus represent the increased price of' the wool from twenty-five 
 sheep, and thirty-six dollars that from the wool of fifty sheep; and at present 
 values this addition would amount to about one-third of its price. If upon 
 its sale the farmer receives this or a less tariff profit, the wool leaves his 
 hands charged with precisely that sum, which in all its changes will adhere 
 to it, until it reaches the consumer. When manufactured into cloth and other 
 goods and material for use, its cost is not only increased to the extent of the 
 farmer's tariff profit, but a further sum has been added for the benefit of the 
 manufacturer under the operation of other tariff laws. In the meantime the 
 day arrives when the farmer finds it necessary to purchase woolen goods and 
 material to clothe himself and family for the winter. When he faces the 
 tradesman for that purpose he discovers that he is obliged not only to return, 
 in the way of increased prices, his tariff profit on the wool he sold, and which 
 then perhaps lies before him in manufactured form, but that he must add a 
 considerable sum thereto to meet a further increase in cost caused by a tariff 
 duty on the manufacture. Thus in the end he is aroused to the fact that he 
 has paid upon a moderate purchase, as a result of the tariff scheme, which, 
 when he sold his wool seemed so profitablo, an increase in price more than 
 sufficient to sweep away all the tariff profit he received upon the wool he 
 produced and sold. 
 
 When the number of farmers engaged in wool-raising is compared with 
 all the farmers in the country, and the small proportion they bear to our pop- 
 ulation is considered; when it is made apparent that, in the case of a large 
 part of those who own sheep, the benefit of the present tariff on wool is illu- 
 sory; and, above all, when it must be conceded that the increase of the cost 
 of living caused by such tariff becomes a burden upon those with moderate 
 means and the poor, the employed and unemployed, the sick and well, and 
 the young and old, and that it constitutes a tax which, with relentless grasp, 
 is fastened upon the clothing of every man, woman, and child in the land, 
 reasons are suggested why the removal or reduction of this duty should be 
 included in a revision of our tariff laws. 
 
 In speaking of the increased cost to the consumer of our home manufac- 
 tures, resulting from a duty laid upon imported articles of the same descrip- 
 tion, the fact is not overlooked that competition among our domestic pro- 
 ducers sometimes has the effect of keeping the price of their products below 
 the highest Mmit allowed by such duty. But it is notorious that this compe- 
 tition is too often strangled by combinations quite prevalent at this time, and 
 frequently called trusts, which have for their object the regulation of the 
 supply and price of commodities made and sold by members of the combi- 
 nation. The people can hardly hope for any consideration in the operation of 
 these selfish schemes. 
 
 If, however, in the absence of such combination, a healthy and free com- 
 petition reduces the price of any particular dutiable article of home poduc 
 tion below the limit which it might otherwise reach under our tariff laws, 
 and if, with such reduced price, its manufacture continues to thrive, it is 
 entirely evident that one thing has been discovered which should be carefully 
 scrutinized in an effort to reduce taxation. 
 
 The necessity of combination to maintain the price of any commodity to 
 the tariff point, furnishes proof that some one is willing to accept lower 
 prices for such commodity, and that such prices are remunerative; and 
 lower prices produced by competition prove the same thing. Thus, where 
 either of these conditions exists, a case would seem to be presented for an 
 easy reduction of taxation. 
 
 The considerations which have been presented touching our tariff laws 
 
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TARIFF MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. 397 
 
 are intended only to enforce an earnest recommendation that the surplus 
 revenues of the government be prevented by the reduction of our customs 
 duties, and, at the same time, to emphasize a suggestion that in accomplish- 
 ing this purpose, we may discharge a double duty to our people by granting 
 to them a measure of relief from tariff taxation in quarters where it is most 
 needed and from sources where it can be most fairly and justly accorded. 
 
 Nor can the presentation made of such considerations be, with any degree 
 of fairness, regarded as evidence of unfriendliness toward our manufacturing 
 interests, or of any lack of appreciation of their value and importance. 
 
 These interests constitute a leading and most substantial element of our 
 national greatness and furnish the proud proof of our country's progress. 
 But if, in the emergency that presses upon us, our manufacturers are asked to 
 surrender something for the public good and to avert disaster, their patriot- 
 ism, as well as a grateful recognition of advantages already afforded, should 
 lead them to willing cooperation. No demand is made that they shall 
 forego all the benefits of governmental regard; but they can not fail to be 
 admonished of their duty, as well as their enlightened self-interest and safety, 
 when they are reminded of the fact that financial panic and collapse, to 
 which the present condition tends, afford no greater shelter or protection to 
 our manufactures than to our other important enterprises. Opportunity for 
 safe, careful, and deliberate reform is now offered; and none of us should be 
 unmindful of a time when an abused and irritated people, heedless of those 
 who have resisted timely and reasonable relief, may insist upon a radical and 
 sweeping rectification of their wrongs. 
 
 The difiiculty attending a wise and fair revision of our tariff laws is not 
 underestimated. It will require on the part of the Congress great labor and 
 care, and especially a broad and national contemplation of the subject, and 
 a patriotic disregard of such local and selfish claims as are unreasonable and 
 reckless of the welfare of the entire country. 
 
 Under our present laws more than four thousand articles are subject to 
 duty. Many of these do not in any way compete with our own manufac- 
 tures, and many are hardly worth attention as subjects of revenue. A con- 
 siderable reduction can be made in the aggregate, by adding them to the 
 free list. The taxation of luxuries preseats no features of hardship; but the 
 necessaries of life, used and consumed by all the people, the duty upon which 
 adds to the cost of living in every home, should be greatly cheapened. 
 
 The radical reduction of the duties imposed on raw material used in man- 
 ufactures, or its free importation, is of course an important factor in any 
 effort to reduce the price of these necessaries; it would not only relieve them 
 from the increased cost caused by the tariff on such material, but the manu- 
 factured product being thus cheapened, that part of the tariff now laid upon 
 such product as a compensation to our manufacturers for the present price 
 of raw material could be accordingly modified. Such reduction, or free im- 
 portation, would serve, besides, to largely reduce the revenue. It is not 
 apparent how such a change could have any injurious effect upon our manu- 
 facturers. On the contrary, it would appear to give them a better chance in 
 foreign markets with the manufacturers of other countries, who cheapen 
 their wares by free material. Thus our people might have the opportunity 
 of extending their sales beyond the limits of home consumption, saving them 
 from the depression, interruption to business, and loss caused by a glutted 
 domestic market and affording their employes more certain and steady labor 
 with its resulting quiet and contentment. 
 
 The question thus imperatively presented for solution should be ap- 
 proached in a spirit higher than partisanship and considered in the light of 
 that regard for patriotic duty which should characterize the action of those 
 intrusted with the weal of a confiding people. But the obligation to declared 
 party policy and principle is not wanting to urge prompt and effective action. 
 
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398 APPENDIX. 
 
 Both great political parties now represented in the government have by re- 
 peated and authoritative declarations condemned the condition of our laws 
 which permits the collection from the people of unnecessary revenue, and 
 have in the most solemn manner promised its correction, and neither as 
 citizens nor partisans are our countrymen in a mood to condone the deliberate 
 violation of these pledges. 
 
 Our progress toward a wise conclusion will not be improved by dwelling 
 upon the theories of protection and free trade. This savors too much of 
 bandying epithets. 
 
 It is a condition which confronts us — not a theory. Relief from this con- 
 dition may involve a slight reduction of the advantages which we award our 
 home productions, but the entire withdrawal of such advantages should not 
 be contemplated. The question of free trade is absolutely irrelevant; and 
 the persistent claim, made in certain quarters, that all efforts to relieve the 
 people from unjust and unnecessary taxation are schemes of so-called "Free 
 Traders" is mischievous and far removed from any consideration for the 
 public good. The simple and plain duty which we owe the people is to re- 
 duce taxation to the necessary expenses of an economical operation of the 
 government, and to restore to the business of the country the money which 
 we hold in the Treasury through the perversion of governmental powers. 
 These things can and should be done with safety to all our industries, with- 
 out danger to the opportunity for remunerative labor which our workingmen 
 have, and with benefit to them and all our people, by cheapening their means 
 of subsistence and increasing the measure of their comforts. 
 
 The Constitution provides that the President ' ' shall from time to time 
 give to the Congress information of the state of the Union." It has been the 
 custom of the Executive, in compliance with this provision, to annually ex- 
 hibit to the Congress, at the opening of its session, the general condition of 
 the country, and to detail with some particularity the operation of the differ- 
 ent Executive Departments. It would be especially agreeable to follow this 
 course at the present time and to call attention to the valuable accomplish- 
 ments of these departments during the fiscal year. But I am so much im- 
 pressed with the paramount importance of the subject to which this commu- 
 nication has thus far been devoted, that I shall forego the addition of any 
 other topic, and only urge upon your immediate consideration the ' ' state of 
 the Union" as shown in the present condition of our Treasury and our gen- 
 eral fiscal situation, upon which every element of our safety and prosperity 
 depends. 
 
 The reports of the heads of departments, which will be submitted, con- 
 tain full and explicit information touching the transaction of the business 
 intrusted to them, and such recommendations relating to legislation in the 
 public interest as they deem advisable. I ask for these reports and recom- 
 mendations the deliberate examination and action of the legislative branch 
 of the government. There are other subjects not embraced in the depart- 
 mental reports demanding legislative consideration, and which I should be 
 glad to submit. Some of them, however, have been earnestly presented in 
 previous messages, and as to them I beg leave to repeat prior recommend- 
 ations. 
 
 As the law makes no provision for any report from the Department of 
 State a brief history of the transactions of that important department, together 
 with other matters which it may hereafter be deemed essential to commend 
 to the attention of Congress, may furnish the occasion for a future com- 
 munication. 
 
 Gbovbe Cleveland. 
 
 Washington, Dec. 6, 1887. 
 
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THE Mckinley bill. 
 
 MB. MCKINLEY'S SPEECH, APBIL 16, 1890, INTRODUCING HIS PKO- 
 POSED TABIFF-KEFOEM MEASUBE. 
 
 "If any one thing was settled by the election of 1888 it was that the pro- 
 tective policy, as promulgated in the Republican platform and heretofore 
 inaugurated and maintained by the Republican party, should be secured in 
 any fiscal legislation to be had by the Congress chosen in the great contest 
 and upon that mastering issue. I have interpreted that victory to mean, and 
 the majority in this House and in the Senate to mean, that a revision of the 
 tariff was not only demanded by the votes of the people, but that such revision 
 should be on the line and in full recognition of the principle and purposes 
 of protection. The people have spoken ; they want their will registered and 
 their decree embodied in public legislation. 
 
 " The bill which the Committee on Ways and Means have presented is 
 their answer and interpi'etation of that victory and in accordance with its 
 spirit and letter and purpose. We have not been compelled to abolish the 
 internal-revenue system that we might preserve the protective system, which 
 we were pledged to do in the event that the abolition of the one was essential 
 to the preservation of the other. That was unnecessary. 
 
 "The bill does not amend or modify any part of the internal-revenue 
 taxes applicable to spirits or fermented liquors. It abolishes all the special 
 taxes and licenses, so-called, imposed upon the manufactiire of tobacco, 
 cigars, and snuff, and dealers thereof, reduces the tax upon manufac- 
 tured tobacco from eight to four cents per pound, and removes all restrictions 
 now imposed upon the growers of tobacco. With these exceptions the inter- 
 nal-revenue laws are left undisturbed. 
 
 "From this source we reduce taxation over $10,000,000, and leave with 
 the people this direct tax which has been paid by them upon their own 
 products through a long series of years. 
 
 "The tariff part of the bill contemplates and proposes a complete revision. 
 It not only changes the rates of duty, "but modifies the general provisions of 
 the law relating to the collection of duties. These modifications have received 
 the approval of the Treasury Department, and are set forth in detail in the 
 report of the committee, and I will not weary this committee in restating 
 them here. A few of the more important changes, however, are deserving 
 our attention. 
 
 "There has been for many years a provision in the law permittmg the 
 United States to import for its use any article free of duty. Under this pro- 
 vision gross abuses have sprung up, and this exemption from duty granted 
 the United States has served as an open doorway to frauds upon our revenue 
 and unjustifiable discriminations against our own producers. 
 
 "Not only has the government imported supplies from abroad, but its 
 officers, agents, and contractors have been held to enjoy the same privilege, 
 which has been exercised to the injury of our own citizens. The result has 
 been that supplies imported by contractors for governmental work, have, m 
 many instances, been in excess of the demand for such pubhc work and been 
 applied to other and different uses. , ■ • a 
 
 " This provision of law has been eliminated in the proposed revision, ana 
 if approved by the House and Senate and the President, the government, its 
 officers, agents, and contractors, will hereafter have to pay the same duties 
 
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400 APPENDIX. 
 
 which its citizens generally are required to pay. Your committee have been 
 actuated in this hy the belief that the government should buy what it needs 
 at home; should give its own citizens the advantage of supplying the United 
 States with all of its needed supplies, and that the laws which it imposes 
 upon its own people and taxpayers should be binding up6n the government 
 itself. 
 
 "The committee have also fixed a limit upon the amount and value of 
 personal effects accompanying the passenger returning from foreign travel 
 to $500. It has been too common for citizens of the United States visiting 
 other countries to supply themselves not only for their immediate uses, but 
 for future uses and for the uses of their friends, and there has heretofore 
 been no limit to the amount and value of foreign articles which could be 
 brought in free of duty under the designation of ' ' personal effects " if accom- 
 panied by the returning passenger. 
 
 " The practical effect of this provision was that the wealthy classes who 
 were able to visit distant countries secured exemption from the payment of 
 duties, while the average citizen, unable to go abroad, was compelled to pay 
 a duty upon the articles which he might want to use. The limit of $500 is 
 believed to be sufficient for all honest purposes. 
 
 "We have also introduced a new provision in the bill which requires 
 that foreign merchandise imported into the United States shall be plainly 
 stamped with the name of the country in which such articles are manufac- 
 tured. There has been a custom, too general in some foreign countries, to 
 adopt American brands, to the injury of our own manufacturers. Well- 
 known articles of American production with high reputation have been copied 
 by the foreigner, and then by the addition of the American brand or Amer- 
 ican marks have fraudulently displaced American manufacture, not in fair 
 competition, but under false pretenses. The counterfeit has taken the place 
 of the genuine article, and this we propose to stop. 
 
 " Section 49 of the bill provides that goods, wares, and merchandise, and 
 all articles manufactured in whole or in part in any foreign country by con- 
 vict labor shall not be entitled to entry at any of- the ports of the United 
 States, and the importation thereof is prohibited. Nearly, If not all of the 
 States of the Union have laws to prevent the products of convict labor In the 
 State penitentiaries from coming in competition with the product of the free 
 labor of such States. The committee believed that the free labor of this 
 country should be saved from the convict labor of other countries, as it has 
 been from the convict labor of our own States, and so recommend this pro- 
 vision. It will be of small account to protect our workmen against our own 
 convict labor and still admit the convict-made products of the world to free 
 competition with our free labor. 
 
 "By way of encouraging exportation to other countries and extending' 
 our markets, the committee have liberalized the drawbacks given upon arti- 
 cles or products imported from abroad and used in manufactures here for 
 the export trade. Existing law refunds 90 per cent, of the duties collected 
 upon foreign materials made into the finished product at home and exported 
 abroad, while the proposed bill will refund 99 per cent, of said duties, giving 
 to our citizens engaged in this business 9 per cent, additional encouragement, 
 the government retaining only 1 per cent, for the expenses of handling. 
 
 " We have also extended the drawback provision to apply to all articles 
 imported which may be finished here for use in the foreign inarket. Hereto- 
 fore this privilege was limited. This, it is believed, will effectually dispose 
 of the argument so often made that our tariff on raw materials, so-called, con- 
 fines our own producers to their own market and prevents them from enter- 
 ing the foreign market, and will furnish every opportunity to those of our 
 citizens desiring it to engage in the foreign trade. 
 
 ' ' Now, the bill proposes that the American citizen may import any product 
 
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THE Mckinley bill. 401 
 
 he desires, manufacture it into the finished article, using, in part, if necessary 
 m such manufacture domestic materials, and when the completed product is 
 entered for export refunds to him within 1 per cent, of all the duty he paid 
 upon his imported materials. 
 
 t 'v?-\*^® ^^^^ direction we have made, by section 23, manufacturing 
 establishments engaged in smelting or refining metals in the United States 
 bonded warehouses under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury 
 may prescribe, and have provided that metals in any crude form requiring 
 smelting or refining to make them available in the arts imported into thS 
 United btates to be smelted or refined and intended for export in a refined 
 state, to be exempt from the payment of duties. This, it is believed will 
 encourage smelting and refining of foreign materials in the United States, 
 and bmld up large industries upon the sea-coast and elsewhere, which will 
 make an mcreased demand for the labor of the country. 
 _ "It completely, if the provision be adopted, disposes of what has some- 
 times seemed to be an almost unanswerable argument that has been pre- 
 sented by our friends on the other side, that if we only had free raw mate- 
 rial we could go out and capture the markets of the world. "We give them 
 now within 1 per cent, of free raw material, and invite them to go out and 
 capture the markets of the world. 
 
 "It is asserted in the views of the minority, submitted with the report 
 accompanying this bill, that the operation of the bill will not diminish the 
 revenues of the government; that with the increased duties we have imposed 
 upon foreign articles which may be sent to market here we have increased 
 taxation, and that therefore instead of being a diminution of the revenues of 
 the government there will be an increase in the sum of fifty or sixty million 
 dollars. 
 
 "Now, that statement is entirely misleading. It can only be accepted 
 upon the assumption that the importation of the present year under this bill, 
 if it becomes a law, will be equal to the importations of like articles imder 
 the existing law; and there is not a member of the Committee on Ways and 
 Means, there is not a member of the minority of that committee, there is not 
 a member of the House, on either side, who does not know that the veiy 
 instant that you have increased the duties to a fair protective point, putting 
 them above the highest revenue point, that very instant you diminish im- 
 portations, and to that extent diminish the revenue. 
 
 ' ' The bill recommends the retention of the present rates of duty on earthen 
 and china ware. No other industry in the United States either requires or 
 deserves the fostering care of government more than this one. It is a busi- 
 ness requiring technical and artistic knowledge, and the most careful atten- 
 tion to the many and delicate processes through which the raw material 
 must pass to the completed product. For many years, and down to 1863, 
 the pottery industry of the United States had had little or no success, and 
 made but slight progress in a practical and commercial way. At the close 
 of the low-tariff period of 1860 there was but one pottery in the United States 
 with two kilns. There were no decorating kilns at that time. 
 
 " In 1873, encouraged by the tariff and the gold premium, which was an 
 added protection, we had increased to 20 potteries, with 68 kilns, but still no 
 decorating kilns. The capital invested was $1,020,000, and the value of 
 the product was $1,180,000. Id 1883 there were 5.5 potteries, 344 kilns, 36 
 decorating kilns, with a capital invested of $5,076,000; and the value of the 
 product was $5,399,140. 
 
 "The wages paid in the potteries in 1883 were $3,387,000 and the num- 
 ber of employes engaged therein 7,000; the ratio of wages to sales in 1883 
 was 45 per cent. In 1889 there were 80 potteries, 401 kilns, and decorating 
 kilns had increased from 36 in 1882, to 188 in 1889. The capital invested in 
 thelatteryear was $10,597,357, the value of the product was $10,389,910; 
 
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402 APPENDIX. 
 
 amount paid in wages $6,365,334, and the number of employes engaged, 16,- 
 900. The ratio of wages to sales was 60 per cent, of decorated ware and 50 
 per cent, of white ware. 
 
 "The per cent, of wages to value of product, it will be observed, has ad- 
 vanced from 45 per cent, in 1883 to 60 per cent, in 1889. This increase is 
 not due, as might be supposed, to an advance in wages, but results in a re- 
 duction of the selling price of the product and the immense increase in sales 
 of decorated ware in which labor enters in greater proportion to materials. 
 
 "In 1882 an assorted crate of ware sold for $57.89, and the same, only a 
 better ware, is now sold for $46.30. In 1864 we paid for the same crate of 
 ware $310.75. On decorated ware the immense benelit to the consumer is 
 even more apparent. The selling price of all decorated ware was from 50 to 
 100 per cent, higher in 1883 than in 1890. 
 
 "In 1853, with the low revenue-tariff duty of 34 per cent, and no domes- 
 tic manufactures, an assorted crate of white ware sold at $95.30; in 1890, 
 with the 55-per-cent. duty and domestic competition, with large potteries, 
 which are the pride of the country, employing labor and capital at home, 
 buying our own raw material, the .same assw'ted crate is selling for $46.30. 
 
 ' ' We liave recommended an increase of duties upon glassware. Since the 
 tariff act of 1883, by which duties were reduced, importations from the other 
 side have been constantly increasing, and our own workmen have not been 
 employed at full time as a result. Our sharjaest competition comes from 
 Belgium, where the labor, skilled and unskilled, is much lower than in the 
 United States. There they work seven days in every week. 
 
 ' ' It will appear that the cost of labor in Germany may be set down at one- 
 third of the cost in the United States; that of Great Britain at five-eighths, 
 and that of France at a medium between Germany and Great Britain. The 
 American Fliut-Glass Workers' Union, through their president, stated before 
 the committee that this large difference in the cost of labor between foreign 
 countries and the United States makes it impossible for the home product to 
 compete with the foreign-made goods in the market of the United States un- 
 der the present duty, and that to maintain the present rates of wages an in- 
 crease of duty is demanded. 
 
 " The agricultural condition of the country has received the careful atten- 
 tion of the committee, and every remedy which was believed to be within 
 the power of tariff legislation to give has been granted by this bill. The de- 
 pression in agriculture is not confined to the United States. The reports of 
 tlie Agricultural Department indicate that this distress is general; that Great 
 Britain, France, and Germany are suffering in a larger degree than the farm- 
 ers of the United States. Mr. Dodge — statistician of the department — says, 
 in his report of March, 1890, that the depression in agriculture in Great 
 Britain has been probably more severe than that of any other nation, which 
 would indicate that it is greater even in a country whose economic system 
 differs from ours, and that this ccmdition is inseparable from any fiscal sys- 
 tem, and less under the protective than the revenue-tariff system. 
 
 "It has been asserted in the views of the minority that the duty put upon 
 wheat and other agricultural products would be of no vahie to the agricul- 
 turists of the United States. The committee, believing differently, have ad- 
 vanced the duty upon these products. As we are the greatest wheat-pro- 
 ducing country of the world, it is habitually asserted and believed by many 
 that this product is safe from foreign competition. We do not appreciate 
 that while the United States last year raised 490,000,000 bushels of wheat, 
 France raised 316,000,000 bushels; Italy raised 103,000,000 bushels; Russia, 
 189,000,000 bushels; and India, 343,000,000 bushels; and that the total pro- 
 duction of Asia, including Asia Minor, Persia, and Syria, amounted to over 
 315,000,000 bushels. Our sharpest competition comes from Russia and India, 
 and the increased product of other nations only serves to increase the world's 
 
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THE MciaNLEY BILL. 403 
 
 supply and diminish proportionately the demand for oiirs; and if we will 
 only reflect on the difference between the cost of labor in producing wheat 
 in the United States and in competing countries we will readily perceive 
 how near we are, if we have not quite reached the danger-line, so far even 
 as our own markets are concerned. 
 
 "The cost of farm labor in Great Britain, estimated by the statistician 
 of the Agricultural Department, is $150 per annum; in France, $125; in 
 Holland and Austria, $100; in Germany, $90; in Kussia, $60; in Italy, $50; 
 and in India, $30; while the same labor costs in this country $320. The 
 farmers of the Uruted States have therefore come to appreciate that with the 
 wonderful wheat development in India and Russia, with the vast sums of 
 money which have been expended on irrigation and in railroads for trans- 
 porting this wheat, taken in connection with their cheap labor, the time is 
 already here when the American farmer must sell his product in the markets 
 of the world in competition with the wheat produced by the lowest-priced 
 labor of other countries, and that his care and concern must in the future be 
 to preserve his home market, for he must, of necessity, be driven from the 
 foreign one, unless by diminishing the cost of his production he can success- 
 fully compete with the unequal conditions I have described. Now as to 
 other products of agriculture. 
 
 ' ' During the last year Canada exported to the United States eggs to the 
 value of $2,159,725; horses, $3,113,782; sheep, $918,384; poultry, $110,793; 
 wool, $216,918; barley, $6,454,603; beans, $435,634; hay, $832,381; malt, 
 $105,183; potatoes, $192,576; planks and boards, $7,187,101. There were 
 exported of fish of various kinds, lumber, and other commodities to the 
 amount of at least $20,000,000 more. 
 
 " The increase of importations in agricultural products has risen from 
 $40,000,000 in 1850, to $256,000,000 in 1889. 
 
 "We imported in the last ten years more than $60,000,000 worth of hors- 
 es, cattle, and sheep. We imported tobacco from the Netherlands for the 
 six months ending Dec. 31, 1889, to the value of $5,000,000. 
 
 "The present rate of duty on flrst-class wool is 10 cents per pound, and 
 upon second-class 13 cents per pound. We have recommended in this bill that 
 the duty on first-class wool shall be iacreased from 10 cents to 11 cents a pound 
 and that the duty now fixed on second-class wools shall remain as at present. 
 On third-class wool the present rate of duty is 23^ cents per pound upon all 
 wool costing imder 12 cents, and 5 cents a pound on wools costing above 13 
 cents. 
 
 " The Committee on Ways and Means will offer an amendment when 
 this schedule is reached, providing that on carpet wools the dividing line 
 shall be changed from 12 to 13 cents, and that the duty on wool under 13 
 cents, commonly known as carpet wool, shall be 33 per cent, ad valorem, 
 and above 13 cents per pound shall be 50 per cent, ad valorem. It will be 
 noted that we make on first-class wool an increase of 1 cent a pound, and 
 that the existing rate on second-class wool shall be maintained, and the pro- 
 posed ad valorem rate will raise the duty on carpet wools 'of certain grades 
 according to their value. 
 
 " If there is any one industry which appeals with more force than an- 
 other for defensive duties it is this, and to no class of our citizens should this 
 House more cheerfully lend legislative assistance, where it can properly be 
 done, than to the million farmers who own sheep in the United States. We 
 can not afford as a nation to permit this industry to be longer crippled. 
 
 " It is also to be noted, Mr. Chairman, that having increased the duties on 
 wools we have also increased the duties on the product— the manufactures 
 of wool— to compensate for the increased duty on the raw product. 
 
 "In the metal schedule, which is probably the schedule m which the 
 country is as deeply interested as any other—in the metal schedule, starting 
 
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404 APPENDIX. 
 
 out at tlie very foundation, iron ore, we have left the duty on that precisely 
 as it exists under the present law, namely, 75 cents per ton, and we left it at 
 the same duty which was proposed by my distinguished friend from Texas 
 (Mr. Mills) in the bill which he presented to the last Congress. The same is 
 also true of coal. 
 
 "Pyrites or sulphuret of iron containing in excess of 35 per cent, of sul- 
 phur has been put upon the free list. Pig iron, scrap iron, and steel we 
 have left at $6.73 a ton, the present duty, while the Mills bill made it $6 
 per ton. On bar iron the difference between the proposed bill and the Mills 
 bill is one tenth of 1 cent per pound. On round iron not less than three- 
 fourths of an inch in diameter the jpresent duty is 1 cent per pound; the 
 Mills bill retained it at that rate, and the present bill reduces the duty to 
 nine-tenths of 1 cent per pound. On cast iron pipe the existing law is 1 cent 
 per pound; we have reduced it to nine-tenths of 1 cent per pound, and the 
 Mills bill reduced it to six-tenths of 1 cent per pound. The existing tariff 
 presents the anomaly of placing a higher duty upon the sheet iron and steel, 
 which constitute the chief element in the production of tin-plate, than upon 
 the tin-plate itself, which is a manifest wrong demanding correction, inde- 
 pendent of the question of encouraging the manufacture of tin-plate in the 
 United States. 
 
 "The duty recommended in the bill is not alone to correct this inequality, 
 but to make the duty on foreign tin-plate high enough to insure its manufac- 
 ture in this country to the extent of our home consumption. The only rea- 
 son we are not doing it now and have not been able to do it in the past is 
 inadequate duties. We have demonstrated our ability to malie it here as 
 successfully as in Wales. We have already made it here. Two factories 
 were engaged in producing tin plate in the years 1873, 1874, and 1875, but 
 no sooner had they got fairly under way than the foreign manufacturer re- 
 duced his price to a point which made it impossible for our manufacturers 
 to continue. 
 
 "When our people embarked in the business foreign tin-plate was selling 
 for $12 per box, and to crush them out before they were firmly established 
 the price was brought down to $4.50 per box; but it did not remain there. 
 When the fires were put out in the American mills, and the manufacturing 
 thought by the foreigners to be abandoned, the price advanced, until in 1879 
 it was selling for $9 and $10 a box. 
 
 "Our people again tried it, and again the prices were depressed, and 
 again our people abandoned temporarily the enterprise, and as a gentleman 
 stated before the committee, twice they have lost their whole investment 
 through the combination of the foreign manufacturers in striking down the 
 prices, not for the benefit of the consumer, but to drive our manufacturers 
 I from the business; and this would be followed by an advance within six 
 mouths after our mills were shut down. 
 
 "We proposed this advanced duty to protect our manufacturers and con- 
 sumers against the British moDopoly, in the belief that it will defend our 
 capital and labor in the production of tin-plate until they shall establish an 
 industry which the English will recognize has come to stay, and then com- 
 petition will insure regular and reasonable prices to consumers. It may add 
 a little temporarily to the cost of tin-plate to the consumer, but vrill eventuate 
 in steadier and more satisfactory prices. At the present prices for foreign 
 tin-plate, the proposed duty would not add anything to the cost of the heav- 
 ier grade of tins to the consumer. If the entire duty was added to the cost 
 of the can it would not advance it more than one-third or one-half of 1 cent; 
 on a dozen fruit cans the addition would only be about 3 cents. 
 
 "Now, Mr. Chairman, the important part of the metal schedule, and 
 that which will probably be most harshly assailed, is that proposed in con- 
 nection with the duty on tin plate. 
 
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THE McKINLEY BILL. 405 
 
 "The bill proposes to advance tlie duty from 1 cent per pound, the pres- 
 ent rate, to 1.85 and 2.15 cents per pound, varying according to gauge. 
 
 "We have increased the duty, as I have already said, upon carpet wools, 
 and that has necessitated an increase of the duty upon carpets themselves. 
 The committee beUeved that this increased duty would be doing even justice 
 not only to the wool grower, but also to the carpet maker and to the con- 
 sumers of the United States. There is no industry in this country which so 
 splendidly illustrates the value of a protective tariff as the carpet industry, 
 which has had such marvellous growth in the last twenty -three years. 
 
 "In 1810 the entire product of carpets in this country was about 10,000 
 yards. The tariff of 1828 gave some encouragement, and in 1834 there were 
 twenty carpet factories in the country, operating 511 hand looms producing 
 annually about 1,000,000 yards of carpet. In 1860, under the low tariff, 
 there were only 8,000,000 pounds of wool consumed in making carpets in the 
 United States, and only 13,000,000 yards of carpet were produced, valued at 
 a little over $7,000,000. Six thousand six hundred and eighty-one hands 
 were employed, and the wages paid were less than a million and a half dollars 
 annually. The value of the plants in 1860 was less than $5,000,000. Under 
 the tariff of 1867, that first protective tariff law so far as wool and the manu- 
 factures of wool were concerned, this industry grew and prospered, and in 
 1870 there were 215 factories in the United States, valued at over $13,500,- 
 000, consuming more than 33,000,000 pounds of wool, employing 13,000 
 hands, and paying in wages $4,681,000 annually, and producing 23,000,000 
 yards of carpet every twelve months. 
 
 "One- fourth of our total consumption was imported from England in 
 1873. In that year there were 170 looms manufacturing body Brussels; in 
 1880 the manufacture had risen to 590 looms. In 1872 our product in Brus- 
 sels was 1,275,000 yards; in 1880 we produced over 7,000,000 yards of Bnis- 
 sels carpet. In 1873 we imported 1,500,000 yards of body Brussels; in 1880 
 'we imported only 80,000 yards. We doubled the looms for manufacturing 
 Wiltons between 1870 and 1880. 
 
 "Now take tapestry Brussels — the poor man's carpet, if you please. In 
 1873 we had 143 looms; in 1880 we had increased to 1,073 looms. In 1873 
 we produced 1,500,000 yards of tapestry Bi-ussels; in 1880 we produced 16,- 
 950,000 yards of tapestry Brussels. In 1872 we imported 3,670,000 yards of 
 tapestry Brussels from England; in 1880 we imported only 100,000 yards of 
 tapestry Brussels from England. All this time prices were being reduced. 
 In 1873 the price of body Brussels by the wholesale was over $2 per yard; in 
 1880 the wholesale price had gone below $1.50 a yard, and to-day you can 
 buy them for 93 cents a yard. 
 
 "In 1872 tapestry carpets averaged $1.46 per yard; in 1880 the price had 
 gone down to 90 cents per yard, and to-day you can buy the best quality for 
 65 cents per yard. The extra super ingrain carpet which in 1873 sold for 
 $1.30 can be bought to-day for 45 cents per yard, all wool and a yard wide. 
 The total production of carpets in the United States (estimated) in 1880 was 
 39,973,000 yards; capital invested, $31,486,000; operatives employed, 30, 371; 
 paid out in wages, $6,435,000. It is estimated that to-day there are 204 car- 
 pet factories in this country, running 11,500 looms (of which 7,597 are power 
 looms), employing 48,000 hands, in 1889 consuming over 90,000,000 pounds 
 of wool and turning out 76,880,000 yards of carpet. 
 
 "Why sir in the city of Philadelphia alone there was produced 30, 000,- 
 000 yards of carpet annually— 16,000,000 less than the entire output of the 
 United Kingdom of Great Britain. And all the while the price of carpet had 
 gone down But the ad valorem has gone up; and that is what troubles the 
 gentlemen on the other side. It is the" high ad valorems that you gentlemen 
 advocatmg tariff reform keep before your eyes. You shut your eyes to the 
 diminishing prices. The favorite assault of the Democratic free trader or 
 
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406 APPENDIX. 
 
 revenue-tariff reformer is to parade these high percentages and ad valorem 
 equivalents to show the enormous burdens of taxation that we impose upon 
 the people of the United States. 
 
 " Now, let us look at this for a moment while we are passing. When steel 
 rails were $100 a ton we had a duty on them of $28 a ton. What would he 
 the equivalent ad valorem? Twenty-eight per cent. That is not enormous. 
 My friend from Texas even would not hold that as too high an ad valorem 
 equivalent. But the very instant we reduced the price of steel rails to $50 a 
 ton, because of that duty of $28, which encouraged our own producers to 
 engage in this business — when the price went down to $50 a ton the ad val- 
 orem equivalent went up to 56 per cent. ; for $28 a ton duty, with steel rails 
 at $50 a ton, would be equivalent to 56 per cent. They are troubled about 
 the ad valorem equivalent. They look to percentages; we look at prices. We 
 would rather have steel rails at $50 a ton and an ad valorem equivalent of 50 
 per cent, than to have steel rails at $100 a ton and an ad valorem equivalent 
 of only 28 per cent. They pursue a shadow ; we enjoy the substance. What 
 do we care about ad valorems? But you will hear of high ad valorems in 
 this debate from its beginning to its close. 
 
 "Why, sir, when you bought a crate of ware in 1855 at $96, the ad val- 
 orem was only 24 per cent. You buy the same crate of ware to-day for $46, 
 but the ad valorem has gone up to 55 per cent. Which would you rather 
 have, low ad valorem equivalents and high-priced goods, or high ad valorem 
 equivalents and low-priced goods. 
 
 "What is the nature of the complaint against this bill? That it shuts us 
 out of a foreign market? No, for whatever that is worth to our citizens will 
 be just as accessible under this bill as under the present law. We place no 
 tax or burden or restraint upon American products going out of the country. 
 They are as free to seek the best market as the products of any rival com- 
 mercial power, and as free to go out as though we had absolute free trade. 
 Statistics show that protective tariffs have not interrupted our export trade, 
 but that it has increased under them. 
 
 "In the year 1843, being the first year after the protective tariff of 1842 
 went into operation, our exports exceeded our imports $40,392,229, and in the 
 following year they exceeded our imports $3,141,226. In the two years fol- 
 lowing, the excess of imports over exports was $15,475,000. The last year 
 under the tariff the excess of exports over imports was $34,317,249. So dur- 
 ing the five years of the tariff of 1842 the excess of exports over imports was 
 $62,375,000. Under the low tariff of 1846 this was reversed, and, with the 
 single exception of 1858, the imports exceeded the exports (covering a period 
 of fourteen years) $465,553,625. 
 
 "During the war and down to 1875 the imports with two exceptions ex- 
 ceeded the exports. From 1876 down to 1889 inclusive (covering a period of 
 fourteen years) there were only two years when our imports exceeded our ex- 
 ports, and the total excess of exports over imports was $1,581,906,871 of the 
 products of our own people more than we brought into the United States. The 
 balance of trade has been almost uninterruptedly in our favor during the pro- 
 tective-tariff periods of our history, and against us with few exceptions dur- 
 ing revenue-tariff periods. This would seem to indicate a healthful business 
 condition with the outside world, resulting from the Repubhcan economic 
 system, and an unhealthful condition, where we had to send money out of 
 the country to pay our balances under the Democratic system. The chief 
 complaint against this bill comes from importers and consignees here, on the 
 one hand, and the foreign merchants and consignors abroad. Why do they 
 complain? Manifestly because in some way this bill will check their busi- 
 ness here and increase the business of our own manufacturers and producers; 
 it will diminish the importation of competing foreign goods, and increase the 
 consumption of our home-made goods. This may be a good reason to in- 
 
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THE Mckinley bill. 407 
 
 fluence the foreigner to oppose its passage, but is hardly a sound reason why 
 Americans should oppose it. 
 
 "If the bill checks foreign importations of goods competing with ours, it 
 will increase our production and necessarily increase the demand for labor 
 at home. This may be a good reason why the cheap labor of other countries 
 should be unfriendly to this bill, but furnishes the best of reasons why the 
 workmen of the United States should favor it as they do. We do not conceal 
 the purpose of this bill — we want our own countrymen and all mankind to 
 know it. It is to increase production here, diversify our productive enter- 
 prises, enlarge the field, and increase the demand for American workmen. 
 
 " What American can oppose these worthy and patriotic objects? Others, 
 not Americans, may find justification for doing so. This bill is an American 
 bill. It is made for the American people and American interests. 
 
 "The press of other countries have denounced the bill with unmeasured 
 severity, the legislative assemblies of more than one distant country have 
 given it attention in no friendly spirit. It has received the censure of diplo- 
 mates and foreign powei's — for all of which there is manifest reason — it may 
 pinch them, but no American citizen surely can object to it on that account. 
 We are not legislating for any nation but our own; for our people and for no 
 other people are we charged with the duties of legislation. We say to our 
 foreign brethren: 'We will not interfere in your domestic legislation; we ad- 
 monish you to keep your hands off of ours.' 
 
 " Contrast the imports and exports of the United Kingdom under free 
 trade and um-estrained commerce with the imports and exports of the United 
 States. In 1870 the total value of imports and exports of the United King- 
 dom was $2, 663, 630, 718 ; in 1888 it was $3, 336, 087, 844, an increase in eighteen 
 years of $673,467,126, equivalent to 25.25 per cent. 
 
 "The total value of the imports and exports of the United States in 1870 
 was 1917,794,431; in 1889, $1,487,533,037, an increase of $569,738,606, or 
 an equivalent of 63 per cent., so that it will be observed that tinder the rev- 
 enue-tariff system of Great Britaiu her imports and exports between 1870 and 
 1888 increased but 35.35 per cent., while under the protective system of the 
 United States, which is characterized by our opponents as exclusive and re- 
 strictive and like a Chinese wall, the imports and exports of the United States 
 increased between 1870 and 1889 63.8 per cent., a gain over Great Britain of 
 nearly 37 per cent., and we sent out in those years more than we brought in. 
 
 "Notwithstanding the complaint that is made about the decadence of our 
 foreign commerce Mulhall informs us that Great Britain's proportion in the 
 foreign commerce in 1830 was 37.2 per cent, of the commerce of the world; 
 but in 1870 it had fallen to 24.5 per cent., and in 1880 Great Bntam's propor- 
 portion was but 31.3 per cent. In 1830 the United States had but 3.7 per 
 cent, of the commerce of the world; in 1870 it had risen to 9.2 per cent., and 
 in 1880 she had 11.5 per cent of the foreign commerce of the world. 
 
 " While Great Britain lost, between 1870 and 1880, 13 per cent, of her trade, 
 the United States gained 33 per cent. ; and if the United States would give 
 the same encouragement to her merchant marine and her steamship hues as 
 is given by other nations, this commerce on the seas under the American flag 
 would increase and multiply. When the United States will expend from her 
 treasury from five to six millions a year, as do Prance and Great Britain, to 
 mamtain their steamship liaes, our ships will plow every sea in _ sdccesstul 
 competition with the ships of the world. Will you, gentlemen, ]om us m en- 
 couraging our merchant marine? 
 
 "But Mr Chairman, in the presence of our magnificent domestic com- 
 merce, the commerce along our inland seas, our lakes and rivers and great 
 railroad lines, why need we vex ourselves about foreign commerce? The 
 domestic trade of the United States is 95 per cent, of the whole of our trade 
 Nowhere is the progress of the country so manifest as in this wonderful 
 
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408 APPENDIX. 
 
 growth and development. Our coasting trade more than doubled our foreign 
 trade in 1880. Thirty-four million tons as against 16,000,000 of foreign in- 
 cluding all our exports and imports, carried in all the ships of the world m 
 1880. Our inland water tonnage was 35,000,000, our foreign 16,000,000. 
 
 "The water carriage of the United States along its coasts and its rivers is 
 five times greater than the foreign commerce of the United States. 
 
 "Why, the movement of tonnage through the Detroit river in 1889 was 
 10,000,000 tons more than the total registered entries and clearances at all 
 the seaports of the United States, and it was 3,000,000 tons in excess of the 
 combined foreign and coastwise registered tonnage of the ports of Liverpool 
 and London. What higher testimony do we want of the growth of our in- 
 ternal commerce? 
 
 "We try nations as they appear on the balance sheet of the world. We 
 try systems by results; we are too practical a people for theory. We know 
 what we have done and are doing under the economic system we advocate. 
 We know that almost every month the balance of trade in our favor is in ex- 
 cess of $20,000,000. We know the manufactures of the United States in 1880 
 amounted to $1,136,000,000, as against $816,000,000 of Great Britain. 
 
 "We know that in 1887 we manufactured 3,339,000 tons of steel rails, and 
 that the manufacturers of 'England turned out only 3,170,000. We know 
 that the United States in 1887 produced 3,308,000 tons of iron and England 
 1,711,000 tons. On the Atlantic seaboard there will be produced this year 
 100,000 tons of steel shipping built in our own ports from our own material. 
 " Our railroad mileage and tpnnage further illustrate the growth and ex- 
 tent of our domestic trade and commerce. In 1865 the number of miles of 
 railroad in operation in this country was 35,085; in 1887 it equaled 150,000 
 miles. We now have one-half of the railroads of the world. Estimating the 
 cost of road and equipment at $35,000 per mile, the amoimt expended in 
 twenty-two years equaled $4,037,495,000, a yearly expenditure of over $183, 
 000, 000. According to Poor's ' ' Manual, " the total tonnage for 1883 was 860, - 
 490,375 tons; for 1883, 400,453,439 tons; for 1884, 399,074,749 tons; for 1885, 
 437,040,099 tons; for 1886, 483,345,354 tons; for 1887, 553,074,753 tons. 
 
 " According to the statement of Mr. Poor, the tonnage of the Pennsylva- 
 nia Railroad for 1865 was 3,555,706 tons; in 1887, 30,147,635 tons, the in- 
 crease equaling 37,591,939 tons; the rate of increase in the twenty -two 
 years being nearly 1,100 per cent. The tonnage of the New York Central 
 Railroad increased from 1,767,059 in 1865 to 14,636,951 in 1887, the rate of 
 increase being over 700 per cent. The tonnage of the Erie Railroad in 1865 
 was 3,234,350, and in 1887 13,549,360, the rate of increase being over 500 
 per cent. The tonnage of the three roads in 1865 equaled 6,557,115; in 1887, 
 58,323,848 tons, the increase equaling 51,766,733, the rate of increase being 
 very nearly 800 per cent. 
 
 " Mr. Poor estimates that the net tonnage of 1887 of all the railroads in 
 the country equaled 413,500,000. The number of gross tons moved in 1887 
 on all the railroads of the United States per head of population equaled 9 
 tons. In 1865 the gross tonnage moved equaled only 3 tons per head. The 
 same authority estimates that the value of the total net tonnage of the rail- 
 roads of the United States is equal to the sum of $13,337,830,000, and at this 
 estimate the value of the tonnage moved in 1887 equaled $333 per head of the 
 population of the country. 
 
 "The increase in value of the railroad tonnage of the country in 1887 
 equaled $1,660,000,000, or $960,000,000 in excess of the value of the exports 
 for the same year. Could all this have been secured under your economic sys- 
 tem ? Would they have been possible under any other than the protective 
 system ? 
 
 ' ' We have now enjoyed twenty-nine years continuously of protective tarifE 
 laws — the longest uninterrupted period in which that policy has prevailed 
 
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THE MoKINLEY -BILL. 409 
 
 since the formation of the Federal Government— and we find ourselves at the 
 end of that period in a condition of independence and prosperity the like of 
 which has never been witnessed at any other period in the history of our 
 country, and the like of which has no parallel in the recorded history of the 
 woi'ld. 
 
 "In all that goes to make a nation great and strong and independent we 
 have made extraordinary strides. In arts, in science, in literature, in manu- 
 factures, in invention, in scientific principles applied to manufacture and ag- 
 riculture, in wealth and credit and national honor, we are at the very front, 
 abreast with the best and behind none. 
 
 " In 1860, after fourteen years of a revenue tariff, just the kind of a tariff 
 that our political adversaries are advocating to-day, the business of the co\m- 
 try was prostrated, agriculture was deplorably depressed, manufacturing was 
 on the decline, and the poverty of the government itself made this nation a 
 by-word in the financial centers of the world. 
 
 " We neither had money nor credit. Both are essential; a nation can get 
 on if it has abundant revenues, but if it has none it must have credit. We 
 had neither, as the legacy of tlie Democratic revenue tariff. We have both 
 now. We have a surplus revenue and a spotless credit. I need not state 
 what is so fresh in our minds, so recent in our history, as to be known to ev- 
 ery gentleman who hears me, that from the inauguration of the protective 
 tariff laws of 1861, the old Morrill tariff — ^which has brought to that veteran 
 statesman the highest honor and will give to him his proudest monument — 
 this condition changed. Confidence was restored, courage was inspired, the 
 government started upon a progressive era under a system thoroughly Amer- 
 ican. 
 
 "With a great war on our hands, with an army to enlist and prepare for 
 service, with untold millions of money to supply, the protective tariff never 
 failed us in a single emergency, and while money was flowing into our Treas- 
 ury to save the government, industries were sprmging up all over the land — 
 the foundation and corner-stone of our prosperity and glory. 
 
 " With a debt of over $2,050,000,000 when the war terminated, holding 
 on to the protective laws against Democratic opposition, we have reduced 
 that debt at an average rate of more than $62,000,000 each year, $174,000 ev- 
 ery twenty-four hours of the last twenty-five years, and what looked to be a 
 burden almost impossible to bear has been removed under the Republican 
 fiscal system until now it is $1,020,000,000, and with the paymentof this vast 
 sum of money the nation has not been impoverished. The individual citizen 
 has not been burdened or bankrupted. National and individual prosperity 
 have gone steadily on until our wealth is so great as to be almost incompre- 
 hensible when put into figures. 
 
 "The accumulations of the laborers of the country have increased, and the 
 working classes of no nation in the world have such splendid deposits in sav- 
 ings banks as the working classes of the United States. 
 
 " Listen to its own story. The deposits of all the savings banks of New 
 England in 1886 equaled $554,532,434. The deposits in the savings banks of 
 New York in 1886 were $482,686,730. The deposits in the savings banks of 
 Massachusetts for the year 1887 were $302,948,634, and the number of depos- 
 itors was 944,778, or $330.67 for each depositor. The savings banks of nme 
 States have in nineteen years increased their deposits $628,000,000. The Eng- 
 lish savings banks have in thirty-four years increased theirs $350,000,000. 
 Our operatives deposit $7 to the English operative's $1 . These vast sums rep- 
 resent the savings of the men whose labor has been employed under the pro- 
 tective policy which gives, as experience has shown, the largest possible re- 
 
 " There is no one thing standing alone that so surely tests the wisdom of 
 a national financial policy as the national credit, what it costs to maintam it, 
 39b 
 
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410 'appendix. 
 
 and the burden it imposes upon the citizeu. It is a fact which every Ameri- 
 can should contemplate with pride, that the public debt of the United States 
 per capita is less than that of any other great nation of the world. Let me 
 call the roll: Belgium's public debt, , per capita, is $73.18; France, $318.37; 
 Germany, $43.10; Great Britain, $100.09; Italy, $74.25; Peru, $140.06; Por- 
 tugal, $104.18; Russia, $35.41; Spain, $73.34; United States, $33.93 on a 
 population of 50,000,000; and now, with our increased population, the per 
 capita would be under $35. England increased her rate of taxation between 
 1870 and 1880 over 34 per cent., while the United States diminished nearly 
 10 per cent. 
 
 ' ' We lead all nations in agriculture, we lead all nations in mining, and we 
 lead all nations in manufacturing. These are the trophies which we bring 
 after twenty-nine years of a protective tariff. Can any other system furnish 
 such evidences of prosperity ? Yet in the presence of such a showing of prog- 
 ress there are men everywhere found who talk about the restraints we put 
 upon trade and the burdens we put upon the enterprise and energy of our 
 people. There is no country in the world where individual enterprise has 
 such wide and varied range and where the inventive genius of man has such 
 encouragement. 
 
 "There is no nation in the world, under any system, where the same re- 
 ward is given to the labor of men's hands and the work of their brains as in 
 the United States. We have widened the sphere of human endeavor and 
 given to every man a fair chance in the race of life and in the attainment of 
 the highest possibilities of human destiny. 
 
 ' ' To reverse this system means to .stop the progress of the Republic and re- 
 duce the masses to small rewards for their labor, to longer hours and less pay, 
 to the simple question of bread and butter. It means to turn them from am- 
 bition, courage, and hope, to dependence, degradation and despair. No sane 
 man will give up what he has got, what he is in possession of, what he can 
 count on for himself and his children, for what is promised by your theories. 
 
 " Free trade, or, as you are pleased to call it, ' revenue tariff,' means the 
 opening up of this market, which is admitted to be the best in the world, to 
 the free entry of the products of the world. It means more — it means that 
 the labor of this country is to be remitted to its earlier condition, and that the 
 condition of our people is to be leveled down to the condition of rival coun- 
 tries; because under it every element of cost, every item of production, in- 
 cluding wages, must be brought down to the level of the lowest paid labor of 
 the world. No other result can follow, and no other result is anticipated or 
 expected by those who intelligently advocate a revenue tariff. We can not 
 )naintain ourselves against unequal conditions without the tarUI, and no man 
 of affau's believes we can. 
 
 "Under the system of unrestricted trade which you gentlemen recom- 
 mend, we will have to reduce every element of cost down to or below that of 
 our commercial rivals, or surrender to them our own market. No one will 
 dispute that statement^ and to go into the domestic market of our rivals would 
 mean that production here must be so reduced that with transportation 
 added we could undersell them in their own market, and to meet them in 
 neutral markets and divide the trade with them would mean that we could 
 profitably sell side by side with them at their minimum price. 
 
 "First, then, to retain our own market under the Bemocratic system of 
 raising revenue by removing all protection would require our producers to 
 sell at as low a price and upon as favorable terms as our foreign competitors. 
 How could that be done ? In one way only — by producing as cheaply as 
 those who would seek our markets. What would that entail ? An entire 
 revolution in the methods and condition and conduct of business here, a lev- 
 eling down through every channel to the lowest line of our competitors; our 
 habits of living would have to be changed, our wage cut down 50 per cent., 
 
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THE McKINLEY BILL. 4ll 
 
 or upward, our comfortable homes exchanged for hovels, our independence 
 yielded up, our citizenship demoralized. 
 
 "These are conditions inseparable to free trade; these would be necessary 
 if we would command our own market among our own people, and if we 
 would invade the world's markets harsher conditions and greater sacrilnces 
 would be demanded of the masses. Talk about depression, we would then 
 have it in its fullness. We would revel in unrestrained trade. Everything 
 would indeed be cheap, but how costly when measured by the degradation 
 which would ensue I When merchandise is the cheapest, men are the poor- 
 est, and the most distressing experiences in the history of our country — ay, 
 in all human history — ^have been when everything was the lowest and cheap- 
 est measured by gold, for everything was the highest and the dearest meas- 
 ured by labor. We want no return of cheap times in our own country. 
 We have no wish to adopt the conditions of other nations. Experience 
 has demonstrated that for us and ours and for the present and the future the 
 protective system meets our wants, our conditions, promotes the national de- 
 sign, and will work out our destiny better than any other." 
 
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ME. CARLISLE'S VIEWS OM" THE TARIFF. 
 
 EXTRACTS PEOM A SPEECH MADE IN A DEBATE ON THE MILLS BILL, 
 
 MAY 19, 1888. 
 
 " It appears from the last official statement that there was in the Treasury 
 at the close of the last month, including subsidiary and minor coins, the sum 
 of $136,143,357.95 over and above all the current liabilities of the govern- 
 ment. This was $56,676,662.65 more than the surplus on hand on the 1st 
 day of December, 1887, and shows that there has been since that date an av- 
 erage monthly increase of $11,335,332.15. The surplus accumulation each 
 month imder the existing system of taxation is more than the total cost of the 
 government during the first two years of Washington's administration, while 
 the aggregate sum is considerably in excess of the whole expenditure of the 
 government dviring the first eighteen years of its existence under the Consti- 
 tution, including civil and miscellaneous expenses, war, navy, Indians, pen- 
 sions, and interest on the public debt. 
 
 "Every dollar of this enormous sum has been taken bylaw from the pro- 
 ductive industries and commercial pursuits of the people at a time when it 
 was sorely needed for the successful prosecution of their business, and under 
 circumstances which afford no excuse whatever for the exaction. There is 
 not a monarchical government in the world, however absolute its form or how- 
 ever arbitrary its power, that would dare to extort such a tribute from its 
 subjects in excess of the proper requirements of the public service; and the 
 question which Congress is now compelled to determine is whether such a 
 policy can be longer continued here in this country, where the people are 
 supposed to govern in their own right and in their own interest. 
 
 "On the 17th day of last month the Secretary of the Treasury, in pursu 
 ance of authority conferred upon him by the law of March, 1881, as inter- 
 preted by the two Houses of Congress, issued a circular inviting proposals 
 for the sale of bonds to the government. The first purchase was made under 
 this invitation on the 18th day of April, and between that date and the close 
 of business yesterday, a period of one month, he has purchased on account 
 of the government 4 per cent, bonds to the amount of $13,456,500, upon 
 which interest had accrued at the date of the purchase to the amount of 
 $53,172.07. For these bonds he was compelled to pay the sum of $17,046,- 
 136.06, which was $3,536,464 more than the principal and accrued interest, 
 or a premium of 26 X per cent. During the same time and under the same 
 authoritj^ he purchased 43^ per cent, bonds to the amount of $13,404,450, 
 upon which interest had accrued to the amount of $108,086.55. For these 
 bonds he paid the sum of $13,379,188.37, which was $866,652.37 in excess of 
 the principal and interest. The premium paid upon this class of bonds was 
 nearly 7 per cent. 
 
 "This is the situation into which the government has been forced by the 
 failure of Congress in past years to make provision for a reduction of taxa- 
 tion. Millions of dollars which ought to have remained in the hands of the 
 people who earned the money by their labor and by their skill in the prose- 
 cution of business have been taken away from them by law to be paid out to 
 the bondholders in excess of their legal demands against the government. 
 And, sir, if the present Congress shall adjourn without applying a remedy, 
 this unjust process must go on for an indefinite length of time. In the pres- 
 ence of such a situation we cannot afford to quarrel about trivial details. A 
 reduction of the revenue— not by increasing taxation, as some propose, but 
 by diminishing taxation in such manner as will afford the largest measure of 
 relief to the people and their industries— should be the great and controlling 
 object to which everything else should be subordinated. I do not mean that 
 every interest, however small and insignificant, should not be carefully con- 
 sidered in a friendly spirit, but I do mean that the general interests of the 
 many should not be subordinated to the special interests of the tew. 
 
 412 
 
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MR. CARLISLE'S VIEWS ON THE TARIFF. 413 
 
 " Althougli the question now presented is purely a practical one, it neces- 
 sarily involves, to some extent, a discussion of the conflicting theories of 
 taxation which have divided the people of this country ever since the organi- 
 zation of the government. There is a fundamental and irreconcilahle difEer- 
 ence of opinion hetween those who believe that the power of taxation should 
 be used for public purposes only, and that the burdens of taxation should be 
 equally distributed among all the people according to their ability to bear 
 them, and those who believe that it is the right and duty of the government 
 to promote certain private enterprises and increase the profits of those engaged 
 in them by the imposition of higher rates than are necessary to raise revenue 
 for the proper administration of public affairs; and so long as this difference 
 exists, or at least so long as the policy of the government is not permanently 
 settled and acquiesced in, these conflicting opinions will continue to embar- 
 rass the representatives of the people in their efforts either to increase or re- 
 duce taxation. 
 
 ' ' While no man in public life would venture to advocate excessive taxation 
 merely for the purpose of raising excessive revenue, many will advocate it, or 
 at least excuse it, when the rates are so adjusted or the objects of taxation are 
 so selected as to secure advantages, or supposed advantages, to some parts of 
 the country or to some classes of industries over other parts and other classes; 
 and this, Mr. Chairman, is the sole cause of the difficulties we are now en- 
 countering in our efforts to relieve the people and reduce the surplus. It is 
 the sole cause of the unfortunate delay that has already occurred in the re- 
 vision of our revenue laws, and if the pending bill shall be defeated, and dis- 
 aster in any form shall come upon the country by reason of overtaxation and 
 an accumulation of money in the Treasury, this unjust feature in our present 
 system will be responsible for it. 
 
 "Whenever an attempt is made to emancipate labor from the servitude 
 which an unequal system of taxation imposes upon it, whenever it is pro- 
 posed to secure as far as possible to each individual citizen the full fi-uits of 
 his own earnings, subject only to the actual necessities of the government, 
 and whenever a measure is presented for the removal of unnecessary re- 
 strictions from domestic industries and international commerce, so as to per- 
 mit freer production and freer exchanges, the alarm is sounded and all the 
 cohorts of monopoly are assembled to hear their heralds proclaim the imme- 
 diate and irretrievable ruin of the country. 
 
 "Mr. Chairman, it has been stubbornly contended all through this debate 
 that high rates of duty upon imported goods are beneficial to the great body 
 of consumers, because such duties, mstead of increasing the price of the do- 
 mestic articles of the same kind, actually reduce the prices. If this be true, 
 all the other arguments in support of the existing system are not only super- 
 fluous but manifestly unsound. The proposition that a high tariff enables 
 the producer to 'pay higher wages for his labor, and the proposition that it 
 also reduces the prices of the articles he has to sell, which are the products ot 
 that labor, are utterly inconsistent with each other, and no ingenuity ot the 
 casuist can possibly reconcile them. Labor is paid out of its own product, 
 and unless that product can be sold for a price which will enable the em- 
 plover to realize a reasonable profit and pay the estahhshed rates of wages, 
 the business must cease or the rates of wages must be reduced. When the 
 price of the finished product is reduced by reason of the increased efficiency 
 of labor, or by reason of the reduced cost of the raw material, the employer 
 may continue to pay the same or even a higher rate of wages and still make 
 his usual profits. But the tariff neither increases the efficiency of labor nor 
 reduces the cost of the raw material. , ^ „ , . ., , , f... ,„.,^., 
 "I do not deny that prices have greatly fallen dunng the last fifty year,-., 
 not only in this country, but all over the civilized world-m free-trade coun- 
 tries as well as in protectionist countries. Nor do I deny that dui-mg the 
 
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414 APPENDIX. 
 
 same time the general tendency has been toward an increase in the rates of 
 wages; and this is true also of all civilized countries, free-trade and protec- 
 tion alike. It is not possible for me now to enumerate, much less discuss, all 
 the causes that have contributed to these results. One of the most efficient 
 causes, in fact the most efficient cause, is the combination of skilled labor 
 with machinery in the production of commodities. The introduction and use 
 of improved machinery has wrought a complete revolution in nearly all our 
 manufacturing industries, and in many cases has enabled one man to do the 
 work which it required one hundred men to do before. Here is a statement 
 furnished by the United States Commissioner of Labor to the chairman of 
 the Committee on "Ways and Moans, showing the value of the product of a 
 week's labor in spinning cotton yarn by hand and the value of the product of 
 a week's labor combined with machinery in the same industry: In 1813, one 
 man working sixty hours by hand could turn out three pounds of cotton 
 yarn, worth $2.25, or seventy -five cents per pound; now the same man, if he 
 were living, could turn out in sixty hours with the use of machinery 3,000 
 pounds of cotton yarn of the same character, worth. $450, or fifteen cents 
 per pound. The cotton-spinner now receives as wages for his week's work 
 more than three times as much as the total value of the product of a week's 
 work, including the value of the material, in 1818; and yet labor is far 
 cheaper to the employer now than it was then. Although the employer now 
 receives only one-fifth as much per pound for his cotton yarn as he did in 
 1813, he realizes from the sale of the products of a week's labor just two 
 hundred times as much as he did then. 
 
 ' ' I have also a statement prepared by the same official, showing the rela- 
 tive production and value of product of a weaver using hand and power ma- 
 chinery, from which it appears that a weaver by hand turned out, in seventy- 
 two hours in 1813, 45 yards of cotton goods (shirting), worth |17.91, while a 
 weaver now, using machinery, turns out in sixty hours 1,440 yards, worth 
 $108. Substantially the same exhibit could be made in regard to a very large 
 number of our manufacturing industries. 
 
 " Is it strange, Mr. Chairman, in view of these facts, that the prices of 
 manufactured goods have fallen or that the wages of the laborers who pro- 
 duce them have risen? Is it not, on the contrary, remarkable that there has 
 not been a greater fall in prices and a greater increase in wages? . Undoubt- 
 edly there would have been a greater reduction in prices and a greater in- 
 crease in wages if there had been a wider market for the products and a lower 
 cost for the material. 
 
 " The^ tremendous productive forces at work all over the world in these 
 modern times, and the small cost of maual labor in comparison with the value 
 of the products of these combined forces, can not be realized from any general 
 statement upon the subject. In order to form some idea of the magnitude of 
 these natural and mechanical forces, and the efficiency of manual labor and 
 skill when connected with them, let us look at the situation in six of our own 
 manufacturing industries. In the manufacture of cotton goods, woolen 
 goods, iron and steel, sawed lumber, paper, and in our flouring and grist 
 mills, there were employed, according to the latest statistics, 517,299 persons, 
 not all men, but many of them women and children. This labor was sup- 
 plemented by steam and water power equal to 2,496,299 horse-power. This 
 is equal to the power of 14,977,794 men; and thus we find that a little over 
 517,000 persons 9f all ages and sexes are performing, in connection with 
 steam and water power, the work of 15,495,093 adult and healthy men. 
 
 "The railroad, the steam-vessel, the telegraph, the improved facilities for 
 the conduct of financial transactions, and many other conveniences intro- 
 duced into our modern systems of production and distribution and exchange 
 have all contributed their share toward the reduction of prices, and it would 
 be interesting to inquire what their influence has been, but I can not pursue 
 this particular subject further without occupying too much time." 
 
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THE CENTENNIAL MESSAGE. 
 
 EXTKACT FROM PRESIDENT CLEVELAND'S MESSAGE TO THE FIF- 
 TIETH CONGRESS, SENT DECEMBER 3, 1888. 
 
 The second session of the Fiftieth Congress convened on Monday, Dec. 
 3, 1888; and the President sent in his fourth aimual message, as follows: 
 
 To the Congress of the United States: 
 
 As you assemble for the discharge of the duties you have assumed as the 
 representatives of a free and generous people, your meeting is marked by an 
 interesting and impressive incident. With the expiration of the present ses- 
 sion of the Congress the first century of our constitutional existence as a 
 nation will be completed. 
 
 Our survival for one hundred years is not sufficient to assure us that we 
 no longer have dangers to fear in the maintenance, with all its promised 
 blessings, of a government founded upon the freedom of the people. The 
 time rather admonishes us to soberly inquire whether in the past we have 
 always closely kept in the course of safety, and whether we have before us 
 a way plain and clear which leads to happiness and perpetuity. 
 
 When the experiment of our government was undertaken, the chart 
 adopted for our guidance was the Constitution. Departure from the lines 
 there laid down is failure. It is only by a strict adherence to the direction 
 they indicate and by restraint within the limitations they fix that we can 
 furnish proof to the world of the fitness of the American people for self- 
 government. 
 
 The equal and exact justice of which we boast as the underlying principle 
 of our institutions should not be confined to the relations of our citizens to 
 each other. The government itself is under bond to the American people 
 that in the exercise of its functions and powers it will deal with the body of 
 our citizens in a manner scrupulously honest and fair and absolutely just. 
 It has agreed that American citizenship shall be the only credential necessary 
 to justify the claim of equality before the law, and that no condition in life 
 shall give rise to discrimination in the treatment of the people by their 
 government. 
 
 The citizen of our republic in its early days rigidly insisted upon full 
 compliance with the letter of this bond, and saw stretchmg out before him a 
 clear field for individual endeavor. His tribute to the support of his gov- 
 ernment was measured bv the cost of its economical maintenance, and he 
 was secure in the enjoyment of the remaining recompense of his steady and 
 contented toil. In those days the frugality of the people was stamped upon 
 their government, and was enforced by the free, thoughtful, and intelligent 
 suffrage of the citizen. Combinations, monopolies, and aggregations of cap- 
 ital were either avoided or sternly regulated and restrained. The pomp and 
 glitter of governments less free offered no temptation and presented no delu- 
 sion to the plain people who, side by side, in friendly competition wrought 
 for the ennoblement and dignity of man, for the solution of the problem ot 
 free government, and for the achievement of the grand destiny awaitmg the 
 land which God had given them. ,,. j 
 
 A century has passed. Our cities are the abidmg-places ot wealth ana 
 luxury our manufactories yield fortunes never dreamed of by the fathers of 
 the republic; our business men are madly striving in the race for riches, and 
 
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416 APPENDIX. 
 
 immense aggregations of capital outrun the imagination in the magnitude of 
 their undertakings. 
 
 We view with pride and satisfaction this bright picture of our country's 
 growth and prosperity, while only axloser scrutiny develops a somber shad- 
 ing. Upon more careful inspection we find the wealth and luxury of our 
 cities mingled with poverty and wretchedness and unremunerative toil. A 
 crowded and constantly increasing urban population suggests the impover- 
 ishment of rural sections and discontent with agricultural pursuits. The 
 farmer's son, not satisfied with his father's simple and laborious life, joins 
 the eager chase for easily acquired wealth. 
 
 We discover that the fortunes realized by our manufacturers are no lon- 
 ger solely the reward of sturdy industry and enlightened foresight, but that 
 they result from the discriminating favor of the government, and are largely 
 built upon undue exactions from the masses of our people. The gulf be- 
 tween employers and the employed is constantly widening and classes are 
 rapidly forming, one comprising the very rich and powerful, while in an- 
 other are found the toiling poor. 
 
 As we view tlie achievements of aggregated capital, we discover the ex- 
 istence of trusts, combinations, and monopohes, while the citizen is struggling 
 far in the rear or is trampled to death beneath an iron heel. Corporations, 
 which sliould be the carefully restrained creatures of the law and the ser- 
 vants of the people, are fast becoming the people's masters. 
 
 Still, congratulating ourselves upon the wealth and prosperity of our 
 country, and complacently contemplating every incident of change insepar- 
 able from these conditions, it is our duty as patriotic citizens to inquire, at 
 the present stage of our progress, how the bond of the government made 
 with the iDcople has been kept and performed. 
 
 Instead of limiting the tribute drawn from our citizens to the necessities 
 of its economical administration, the government persists in exacting, from 
 the substance of the people, millions which, unapplied and useless, lie dor- 
 mant in its Treasury. This flagrant injustice, and this breach of faith and 
 obligation, add to extortion the danger attending the diversion of the cur- 
 rency-of the country from the legitimate channels of business. 
 
 Under the same laws by which these results are produced, the govern- 
 ment permits many millions more to be added to the cost of the living of our 
 people and to be taken from our consumers, which unreasonably swell the 
 profits of a small but powerful minority. 
 
 The people must still be taxed for the support of the government under 
 the operation of tariff laws. But to the extent that the mass of our citizens 
 are inordinately burdened beyond any useful public purpose, and for the 
 benefit of a favored few, the government, under pretext of an exercise of its 
 taxing power, enters gratuitously into partnership vrith these favorites to 
 their advantage and to the injury of a vast majority of our people. 
 
 This is not equality before the law. 
 
 The existing situation is injurious to the health of our entire body politic. 
 It .stifles, in tho.se for whose benefit it is permitted, all jiatriotic love of coun- 
 try, and substitutes in its place selfish greed and grasping avarice. Devotion 
 to American citizenship for its own sake and for what it should accomplish 
 as a motive to our nation's advancement and the happiness of all our people 
 is displaced by the assumption that the government, instead of being the 
 embodiment of equality, is but an instrumentality through which especial 
 and individual advantages are to be gained. 
 
 The arrogance of this assumption is unconcealed. It appears in the sor- 
 did disregard of aU but personal interests, in the refusal to abate for the ben- 
 efit of others one iota of selfish advantage, and in combinations to perpetuate 
 such advantages through efforts to control legislation and improperly influ- 
 ence the suffrages of the people. 
 
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THE CENTENNIAL MESSAGE. 417 
 
 «ripT^wi£n^?r^' °v *^°'^ -n"* '"f ""led within the circle of these benefici- 
 aries, when fully reahzed, will surely arouse irritation and discontent. Our 
 farmers, long-sufeering and patient, struggling in the race of life with the 
 hardest and most_ imrepaitting toil, will not fail to see, in spite of mirepre 
 sentations and misleading fallacies, that they are obliged to accept such 
 prices for their products as arc fixed in foreign markets Ihere they compete 
 with the farmers of the world; that their lands are declining in va^ue whle 
 their debts increase; and that without compensating favor they are forced bv 
 the action of the government to pay for the benefit of others such enhanced 
 prices for the thmgs they need that the scanty returns of theTr laboi Si to 
 furnish tneir support, or leave no margin for accumulation 
 
 Our workingmen, enfranchised from all delusions, and no longer frieht- 
 tT^ffV^ ''•^f "'''"''^^I'^^Ses are endangered by a just revision of our 
 tanff laws, will reasonably demand through such revision steadier emplov- 
 ment, cheaper means of living in their homes, freedom for themselves and 
 their children from the doom of perpetual servitude, and an open door to 
 their advancement beyond the limits of a laboring class. Others of our citi- 
 ^T'«'^^°?'' comforts and expenditures are measured by moderate salaries 
 and hxed incomes, will insist upon the fairness and justice of cheapening- the 
 cost of necessanes for themselves and their families. 
 
 When to the selfishness of the beneficiaries of unjust discrimination under 
 our laws there shall be added the discontent of those who suffer from such 
 discrimination, we will realize the fact that the beneficent purposes of our 
 government, dependent upon the patriotism and contentment of our peoule 
 are endangered. ' 
 
 Communism is a hateful thing, and a menace to peace and organized 
 government. But the communism of combined wealth and capital, the out- 
 growth of overweening cupidity and selfishness, which insidiously under- 
 mines the justice and integrity of free institutions, is not less dangerous than 
 the communism of oppressed poverty and toil which, exasperated by injustice 
 and discontent, attacks with wild disorder the citadel of rule. 
 
 He mocks the people who proposes that the government shall protect the 
 rich and that they in turn will care for the laboring poor. Any intermediary 
 between the people and their government, or the least delegation of the care 
 and protection the government owes to the humblest citizen in the land, 
 makes the boast of free institutions a glittering delusion, and the pretended 
 boon of American citizenship a shameless imposition. 
 
 A just and sensible revision of our tariff laws should be made for the re- 
 lief of those of our countrymen who suffer under present conditions. Such 
 a revision should receive the support of all who love that justice and equality 
 due to American citizenship, of all who realize that in this justice and equal- 
 ity our government finds its strength and its power to protect the citizen and 
 his property, of all who believe that the contented competence and comfort 
 of many accord better with the spirit of our institutions than colossal fortunes 
 unfairly gathered in the hands of a few, of all who appreciate that the for- 
 bearance and fraternity among our people which recognize the value of every 
 American interest, are the surest guarantee of our national progress, and of 
 all who desire to see the products of American skill and ingenuity in every 
 market of the world with a resulting restoration of American commerce. 
 
 The necessity of the reduction of our revenue is so apparent as to be gen- 
 erally conceded. But the means by which this end shall be accomplished 
 and the sum of direct benefit which shall result to our citizens present a con- 
 troversy of the utmost importance. There should be no scheme accepted as 
 satisfactory by which the burdens of the people are only apparently removed. 
 Extravagant appropriations of public money, with all their demoralizing 
 consequences, should not be tolerated, either as a means of relieving the 
 Treasury of its present suiplus or as furnishing pretext for resisting a proper 
 
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418 APPENDIX. 
 
 reduction in tarifE rates. Existing evils and injustice should be honestly rec- 
 ognized, boldly met, and effectively remedied. There should be no cessa- 
 tion of the' struggle until a plan is perfected, fair and conservative toward 
 existing industries, but vrhich will reduce the cost to consumers of the neces- 
 saries of life, while it provides for our manufacturers the advantage of freer 
 raw materials and permits no injury to the interests of American labor. 
 
 The cause for which the battle is waged is comprised within lines clearly 
 and distinctly defined. It should never be compromised. It is the people's 
 cause. 
 
 It can not be denied that the selfish and private interests which are so 
 persistently heard, when efforts are made to deal in a just and comprehensive 
 manner with our tariff laws, are related to, if they are not responsible for, 
 the sentiment largely prevailing among the people that the general govern- 
 ment is the foundation of individual and private aid; that it may be expected 
 to relieve with paternal care the distress of citizens and communities, and 
 from the fullness of its Treasury it should, upon the slightest possible pre- 
 text of promoting the general good, apply public funds to the benefit of lo- 
 calities and individuals. Nor can it be denied that there is a growing as- 
 sumption that, as against the government and in favor of private claims and 
 interests, the usual rules and limitations of business principles and 'just deal- 
 ing should be waived. 
 
 These ideas have been unhappily much encouraged by legislative acqui- 
 escence. Relief from contracts made with the government is too easily 
 accorded in favor of the citizen; the faihire to support claims against the 
 government by proof is often supplied by no better consideration than the 
 wealth of the government and the poverty of the claimant; gratuities in the 
 form of pensions are granted upon no other real ground than the needy con- 
 dition of the applicant or for reasons less valid; and large sums are expended 
 for public buildings and other improvements, upon representations scarcely 
 claimed to be related to public needs and necessities. 
 
 The extent to which the consideration of such matters subordinates and 
 postpones action upon subjects of great public importance, but involving no 
 special, private, or partisan interest, should arrest attention and lead . to 
 reformation. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CONGRESSIOTfAL ELECTIONS. 
 
 PLURALITIES OR MAJORITIES, REPUBLICAN, DEMOCRATIC, PEOPLE'S PARTY, 
 LABOR PARTY OR INDEPENDENT, RECORDED AT THE CONGRESSIONAL 
 ELECTIONS OF 1886, 1888 AND 1890, IN EVERY DISTRICT OF THE UNITED 
 STATES AND THE TERRITORIES. 
 
 State 
 
 Alabama . 
 
 Arizona . . 
 Arkansas . 
 
 California.. 
 
 Idaho.. 
 lUiuois. 
 
 Colorado . . . 
 Connecticut 
 
 Delaware 
 Florida . . . 
 
 Gteorgia.. 
 
 Plurality or Majority 
 
 1886 
 
 4,240 
 5,659 
 4,660 
 11,887 
 4,783 
 3,569 
 8,941 
 3,045 
 1,883 
 6,092 
 4,282 
 4,740 
 3,237 
 4,1 
 
 973 
 
 1,073 
 
 2,624 
 
 1,559 
 
 119 
 
 55 
 
 803 
 
 446 
 
 1,328 
 
 648 
 
 321 
 
 5,444 
 
 7,104 
 
 3,129 
 
 2,044 
 
 2,411 
 
 1,704 
 
 2,579 
 
 2,999 
 
 1,722 
 
 8,056 
 
 2,267 
 
 2,344 
 
 1,944 
 
 16 
 
 4,667 
 7,973 
 4,456 
 4,865 
 2,934 
 3,120 
 29 
 
 970 
 2,402 
 
 10,478 
 13,153 
 5,736 
 8,672 
 8,439 
 4,321 
 3,834 
 1,348 
 846 
 6,498 
 5,515 
 10,645 
 
 1, 
 
 5,280 
 
 593 
 
 51 
 
 5,961 
 
 12,895 
 
 682 
 
 3,581 
 
 993 
 
 956 
 
 3,451 
 
 10,107 
 
 3,196 
 
 6,620 
 
 11,000 
 
 6,124 
 
 5,673 
 
 5,930 
 
 5,847 
 5,182 
 1,4S0 
 5,780 
 1,747 
 3,856 
 6,082 
 2,376 
 2,618 
 10. — 
 6;236 
 
 1890 
 
 7,930 
 
 9,138 
 
 4,664 
 
 5,548 
 
 8,720 
 
 3,999 
 
 4,746 
 
 1,196 
 
 603 
 
 876 
 
 12,824 
 
 6,272 
 
 7,734 
 
 181 
 
 159 
 
 4,8-37 
 
 1,105 
 
 2,972 
 
 4,618 
 
 3,631 
 992 
 956 
 
 3,143 
 
 2,881 
 
 8,658 
 
 2,077 
 
 5,310 
 
 2,914P 
 
 1,830|R 
 
 9,052 
 
 4."'" 
 
 7;778 
 
 6,413 
 
 6,790 
 
 6,171 
 
 5,080 
 
 2,860 
 
 2,571 
 
 3,405 
 
 6,228 
 
 4. — 
 
 2,104 
 
 431 
 
 6,750 
 
 8,136 
 
 862 
 
 6,181 
 
 511 
 
 2,678 
 
 702 
 
 947 
 
 618 
 
 1 
 
 State 
 
 Illinois — 
 
 Continued. 
 
 Jndiana. 
 
 Iowa, 
 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 R 
 R 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 R 
 R 
 R 
 D 
 D 
 R 
 D 
 , D 
 5,006P 
 1,222|D 
 
 Kansas . 
 
 Kentucky. . 
 
 Louisiana . 
 
 Plurality or Majority 
 
 1,426|R 
 860P 
 D 
 
 i;i68 
 
 4,844 
 1,172 
 1,357 
 1,209 
 2,604 
 
 532 
 
 8,144 
 
 1,874 
 
 1,097 
 
 3,416 
 
 2,073 
 
 408 
 
 2,484 
 
 1,018 
 
 937 
 
 6,707 
 
 2,929 
 
 1, — 
 
 '738 
 
 618 
 
 926 
 
 8,225 
 
 2,206 
 
 3,899R 
 
 4,437 
 3,515 
 8,619 
 3,739 
 6,256 
 6,417 
 8,348 
 9,445 
 1,254 
 8,020 
 1,007 
 8,120 
 140 
 825 
 4,791 
 4,163 
 188 
 746 
 1,546 
 9,701 
 1,393 
 3,090 
 6,736 
 13,123 
 
 2,293 
 
 705 
 
 4,610 
 
 16 
 
 2,471 
 
 1,819 
 
 20 
 
 1,884 
 
 3,076 
 
 729 
 
 704 
 
 9,122 
 
 1,727 
 
 69 
 
 4,450 
 
 1,156 
 
 475 
 
 1,311 
 
 355 
 
 874 
 
 5,038 
 
 4,586 
 
 8,822 
 
 2,610 
 
 828 
 
 6,397 
 
 996 
 
 3,684 
 
 6,a 
 
 6,2 
 
 6,243 
 
 9,663 
 
 12,769 
 
 14,515 
 
 8,301 
 
 11,136 
 
 14,318 
 
 5,346 
 
 8,461 
 
 1,736 
 
 4,456 
 
 3,027 
 
 6,020 
 
 5,655 
 
 1,549 
 
 379 
 
 478 
 
 1,1 
 
 4,052 
 174 
 12,503 
 16,339 
 80,184 
 
 1890 
 
 883 
 
 516 
 6,9.39 
 
 760 
 4,797 
 1,307 
 
 856 
 8,701 
 3,940 
 1,740 
 2,695 
 6,249 
 5,313 
 
 1,813 
 4,050 
 2,704 
 1,061 
 9,010 
 207 
 1,949 
 
 520 
 
 2,545 
 
 116 
 
 1,! 
 1,811 
 907 
 1,380 
 5,440 
 4,431 
 4,999 
 5,484 
 8,644 
 7,422 
 6,006 
 3,.391 
 4,223 
 4,046 
 5,104 
 4,609 
 6,704 
 7,036 
 5,823 
 1,587 
 3,648 
 4,669 
 4,636 
 11,270 
 8,030 
 11,116 
 
 419 
 
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CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS— Continued. 
 
 
 ■8 
 
 Plurality or Majority 
 
 
 4J 
 O 
 
 Plurality or Majority 
 
 State 
 
 •s 
 
 
 State 
 
 ■s 
 
 
 
 Q 
 6 
 
 1886 
 
 1888 
 
 1890 
 
 
 8 
 
 1886 
 
 1888 
 
 1890 
 
 Louisiana, Con. 
 
 9,850|D 
 
 7,764 
 
 D 
 
 6,611 
 
 D 
 
 ■New Jersey — 
 
 637 
 
 R 
 
 3,593 D 
 
 4,518 
 
 D 
 
 Maine 
 
 1 
 
 1,336 
 6,439 
 
 R 
 
 3,433 
 5,462 
 
 R 
 
 4,827 
 4,818 
 
 R 
 
 Continued. 
 
 4 
 
 123 
 
 D 
 
 73 D 
 
 4,684 
 1,356 
 
 D 
 
 
 2 
 
 R 
 
 R 
 
 R 
 
 
 5 
 
 2,836 
 
 R 
 
 1,073 R 
 
 D 
 
 
 3 
 
 4,991 
 
 R 
 
 6,681 
 
 R 
 
 8,515 
 
 R 
 
 
 6 
 
 1,773 
 
 R 
 
 774;R 
 
 1,810 
 
 D 
 
 
 4 
 
 3,574 
 
 R 
 
 4,346 
 
 R 
 
 4,593 
 
 R 
 
 
 7 
 
 4,253 
 
 D 
 
 6,074 'D 
 
 5,114 
 
 D 
 
 Maryland 
 
 1 
 
 1,151 
 
 D 
 
 482 
 
 D 
 
 3,380 
 
 D 
 
 New Mexico... 
 
 1 
 
 3,888 
 
 D 
 
 1,650 
 
 D 
 
 2,064 
 
 D 
 
 
 3 
 
 3,654 
 
 D 
 
 1,882 
 
 D 
 
 5,610 
 
 D 
 
 New York 
 
 1 
 
 936 
 
 D 
 
 1,668 
 
 D 
 
 4,914 
 
 D 
 
 
 3 
 
 10,384 
 
 D 
 
 5,389 
 
 D 
 
 5,641 
 
 D 
 
 
 2 
 
 11,099 
 
 D 
 
 5,873 
 
 D 
 
 6,581 
 
 D 
 
 
 4 
 
 7,624 
 
 D 
 
 80 
 
 R 
 
 6,634 
 
 D 
 
 
 8 
 
 172 
 
 R 
 
 2,871 
 
 R 
 
 18 
 
 D 
 
 
 6 
 
 2,739 
 
 D 
 
 181 
 
 D 
 
 1,618 
 
 D 
 
 
 4 
 
 3,638 
 
 D 
 
 6,937 
 
 D 
 
 9,762 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 413 
 
 R 
 
 1,634 
 
 R 
 
 165 
 
 D 
 
 
 5 
 
 473 
 
 D 
 
 2,144lD 
 
 5,656 
 
 D 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 1 
 
 8,648 
 
 R 
 
 9,485 
 
 R 
 
 9,485 
 
 R 
 
 
 6 
 
 13,433 
 
 D 
 
 3,246 jD 
 
 4,596 
 
 D 
 
 
 2 
 
 1,833 
 
 R 
 
 3,684 
 
 R 
 
 3,684 
 
 R 
 
 
 7 
 
 5,933 
 
 D 
 
 1,914 
 
 D 
 
 6,604 
 
 D 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,761 
 
 D 
 
 1,568 
 
 D 
 
 1,5,58 
 
 D 
 
 
 8 
 
 380 
 
 D 
 
 5,049 
 
 D 
 
 12,118 
 
 D 
 
 
 4 
 
 7,372 
 
 D 
 
 8,031 
 
 D 
 
 8,031 
 
 D 
 
 
 9 
 
 5,495 
 
 D 
 
 10,947 
 
 D 
 
 9,790 
 
 D 
 
 
 5 
 
 3,358 
 
 R 
 
 1,464 
 
 R 
 
 1,464 
 
 R 
 
 
 10 
 
 587 
 
 D 
 
 1,738 
 
 D 
 
 8,596 
 
 D 
 
 
 6 
 
 738 
 
 R 
 
 5,294 
 
 R 
 
 5,294 
 
 R 
 
 
 11 
 
 24,301 
 
 D 
 
 4,454 
 
 D 
 
 8,183 
 
 D 
 
 
 7 
 
 1,374 
 
 R 
 
 4,573 
 
 R 
 
 4,572 
 
 R 
 
 
 13 
 
 6,806 
 
 D 
 
 13,OT3 
 
 D 
 
 12,073 
 
 D 
 
 
 8 
 
 5M 
 
 R 
 
 3,320 
 
 R 
 
 454 
 
 D 
 
 
 18 
 
 3,673 
 
 R 
 
 9,168 D 
 
 16,448 
 
 D 
 
 
 9 
 
 311 
 
 D 
 
 3,036 
 
 R 
 
 131 
 
 D 
 
 
 14 
 
 3,436 
 
 D 
 
 4,129 D 
 
 6,180 D 
 
 
 10 
 
 751 
 
 D 
 
 1,915 
 
 R 
 
 700 
 
 e 
 
 
 15 
 
 461 
 
 D 
 
 74 R 
 
 1,579,D 
 
 
 11 
 
 4,563 
 
 R 
 
 3,816 
 
 R 
 
 150 
 
 C 
 
 
 16 
 
 4,003 
 
 R 
 
 12,548 R 
 
 9,0461R 
 
 
 13 
 
 815 
 
 R 
 
 2,027 
 
 R 
 
 383 
 
 D 
 
 
 17 
 
 3,488 
 
 R 
 
 1,609,R 
 
 2,010 ID 
 
 Michigan 
 
 1 
 
 1,566 
 
 D 
 
 8,103 
 
 D 
 
 6,930 
 
 D 
 
 
 18 
 
 1,268 
 
 D 
 
 8,922 R 
 
 1,346R 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,033 
 
 R 
 
 1,564 
 
 R 
 
 1,903 
 
 D 
 
 
 19 
 
 167 
 
 D 
 
 2,806 
 
 D 
 
 6,079|D 
 
 
 3 
 
 4,716 
 
 R 
 
 6,603 
 
 R 
 
 3,363 
 
 R 
 
 
 80 
 
 6,304 
 
 R 
 
 3,301 
 
 R 
 
 1,581 
 
 R 
 
 
 4 
 
 2,513 
 
 R 
 
 4,185 
 
 R 
 
 394 
 
 R 
 
 
 21 
 
 9,337 
 
 R 
 
 20,298 
 
 R 
 
 8,494 
 
 R 
 
 
 5 
 
 447 
 
 D 
 
 2,667 
 
 R 
 
 3,398 
 
 D 
 
 
 23 
 
 5,330 
 
 R 
 
 10,737 
 
 R 
 
 4,747 
 
 R 
 
 
 6 
 
 1,886 
 
 R 
 
 307 
 
 R 
 
 681 
 
 D 
 
 
 23 
 
 1,484 
 
 R 
 
 1,733 
 
 R 
 
 614 
 
 D 
 
 
 7 
 
 813 
 
 D 
 
 406 
 
 D 
 
 1,987 
 
 D 
 
 
 24 
 
 1,765 
 
 R 
 
 1,859 
 
 R 
 
 198 
 
 D 
 
 
 8 
 
 688 
 
 D 
 
 2,085 
 
 R 
 
 76 
 
 D 
 
 
 35 
 
 4,589 
 
 R 
 
 17,981 
 
 R 
 
 5,888 
 
 R 
 
 
 9 
 
 3,033 
 
 R 
 
 4,3rJ 
 
 R 
 
 60 
 
 D 
 
 
 36 
 
 6,793 
 
 R 
 
 7,313 
 
 R 
 
 8,402 
 
 R 
 
 
 10 
 
 2,147 
 
 D 
 
 115 
 
 R 
 
 66 
 
 D 
 
 
 27 
 
 9,786 
 
 R 
 
 9,534 
 
 R 
 
 1,992 
 
 R 
 
 
 11 
 
 3,343 
 
 R 
 
 3,358 
 
 R 
 
 2,118 
 
 R 
 
 
 28 
 
 8,313 
 
 R 
 
 1,858 
 
 R 
 
 89 
 
 D 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 1 
 
 3,888 
 
 D 
 
 1,844 
 
 R 
 
 3,383 
 
 D 
 
 
 89 
 
 14,0.38 
 
 R 
 
 4,825 
 
 R 
 
 1,358 
 
 R 
 
 
 2 
 
 9,684 
 
 R 
 
 9,219 
 
 R 
 
 483 
 
 R 
 
 
 30 
 
 3,661 
 
 R 
 
 6,704 
 
 R 
 
 851 D 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,305 
 
 D 
 
 2,868 
 
 R 
 
 4,633 
 
 D 
 
 
 31 
 
 4,589 
 
 R 
 
 5,434 
 
 R 
 
 11,440IR 
 4,973D 
 
 
 4 
 
 5,12.T 
 
 D 
 
 10,006 
 
 R 
 
 6,728 
 
 D 
 
 
 83 
 
 8,833 
 
 R 
 
 1,609 
 
 R 
 
 
 5 
 
 42,698 
 
 R 
 
 7,519 
 
 R 
 
 3,142 
 
 P 
 
 
 83 
 
 1,133 
 
 R 
 
 664 
 
 D 
 
 1,798,D 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 1 
 
 3,113 
 
 D 
 
 9,621 
 
 D 
 
 3,501 
 
 D 
 
 
 34 
 
 7,661 
 
 R 
 
 15,436 
 
 R 
 
 5,726 R 
 
 
 2 
 
 3,066 
 
 D 
 
 8,161 
 
 D 
 
 4,814 
 
 D 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 1 
 
 3,7.55 
 
 D 
 
 1,158 
 
 D 
 
 3,758 D 
 
 
 3 
 
 2,136 
 
 D 
 
 7,010 
 
 D 
 
 5,972 
 
 D 
 
 
 2 
 
 3,098 
 
 D 
 
 458 
 
 R 
 
 1,230 R 
 
 
 4 
 
 3,842 
 
 D 
 
 10,469 
 
 D 
 
 5,181 
 
 D 
 
 
 3 
 
 5,395 
 
 D 
 
 8,984 
 
 D 
 
 8,807|D 
 
 
 5 
 
 4,362 
 
 D 
 
 12,255 
 
 D 
 
 6,306 
 
 D 
 
 
 4 
 
 1,488 
 
 R 
 
 2,6.58 
 
 D 
 
 6,578 D 
 
 
 6 
 
 4,459 
 
 D 
 
 6,116 
 
 D 
 
 6,578 
 
 D 
 
 
 5 
 
 1,680 
 
 R 
 
 675 
 
 R 
 
 1,939. D 
 
 
 7 
 
 i'S^ 
 
 D 
 
 8,390 
 
 D 
 
 4,356 
 
 D 
 
 
 6 
 
 6,603 
 
 D 
 
 5,705 
 
 D 
 
 8,396 D 
 
 Missouri 
 
 1 
 
 3,868 
 
 D 
 
 ^Al°r. 
 
 D 
 
 5,154 
 
 D 
 
 
 7 
 
 9,164 
 
 D 
 
 2,997 
 
 D 
 
 3,966 |D 
 
 
 2 
 
 730 
 
 D 
 
 4,669 
 
 D 
 
 7,389 
 
 D 
 
 
 8 
 
 4,673 
 
 D 
 
 3,108 
 
 D 
 
 743 D 
 
 
 3 
 
 i'?i^ 
 
 D 
 
 3,671 
 
 D 
 
 7,456 
 
 D 
 
 
 9 
 
 4,740 
 
 D 
 
 518 
 
 R 
 
 1,128 D 
 
 
 4 
 
 2,087 
 
 D 
 
 3,137 
 
 D 
 
 3,309 
 
 d1 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 9,509 
 
 R 
 
 6,5.35!R 
 
 
 5 
 
 785 K 
 
 2,186 
 
 D 
 
 5,882 
 
 D 
 
 Ohio 
 
 1 
 
 2,366 
 
 R 
 
 1,899 
 
 R 
 
 2,288, R 
 7,730 |R 
 
 
 6 
 
 2,880 
 
 D 
 
 3,880 
 
 D 
 
 7,662 
 
 D 
 
 
 2 
 
 1,799 
 
 R 
 
 1,696 
 
 R 
 
 
 7 
 
 3,077 
 
 D 
 
 1,963 
 
 D 
 
 4,980 
 
 D 
 
 
 8 
 
 1,133 
 
 R 
 
 415 
 
 R 
 
 2,631 Id 
 
 
 8 
 
 1,364 
 
 D 
 
 1,816 
 
 R 
 
 3,068 
 
 D 
 
 
 4 
 
 6,306 
 
 D 
 
 7,796 
 
 D 
 
 1,410 D 
 
 
 9 
 
 100 
 
 D 
 
 3,450 
 
 R 
 
 3,614 
 
 D, 
 
 
 5 
 
 11,973 
 
 D 
 
 5,994 
 
 D 
 
 4,206 D 
 
 
 10 
 
 1,048 
 
 D 
 
 3,094 
 
 R 
 
 1,649 
 
 D 
 
 
 6 
 
 1,377 
 
 R 
 
 95 
 
 R 
 
 1,713 D 
 
 
 11 
 
 3,598 
 
 D 
 
 2,859 
 
 D 
 
 4,106 
 
 d; 
 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 D 
 
 858 
 
 R 
 
 3,056,0 
 
 
 12 
 
 3,665 
 
 D 
 
 4,683 
 
 D 
 
 7,116 
 
 °i 
 
 
 8 
 
 1,388 
 
 R 
 
 3,370 
 
 R 
 
 194. D 
 
 
 13 
 
 1,968 
 
 R 
 
 3,879 
 
 R 
 
 3,760 
 
 Dl 
 
 
 9 
 
 1,869 
 
 R 
 
 3,384 
 
 R 
 
 2,138, D 
 
 
 14 
 
 7,866 
 
 D 
 
 5,739 
 
 D 
 
 6,875 
 
 D 
 
 
 10 
 
 1,688 
 
 R 
 
 1,141 
 
 D 
 
 3,784 R 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nebraslta 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 3,718 
 7,033 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 5,136 
 3,407 
 
 R 
 
 R 
 
 283 
 6,713 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 
 11 
 12 
 
 4,.348 
 1,258 
 
 R 
 R 
 
 4,986 
 680 
 
 R 
 R 
 
 3,9,53 D 
 7,037 R 
 
 
 2 
 
 5,0.58 
 
 R 
 
 9,757 
 
 R 
 
 14,338 
 
 D 
 
 
 13 
 
 2,580 
 
 D 
 
 2,571 
 
 D 
 
 1,466 D 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hamps'ire 
 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 
 7,774 
 
 1,0.30 
 
 205 
 
 R 
 R 
 D 
 
 11,070 
 
 1,2.39 
 
 859 
 
 R 
 R 
 R 
 
 6,391 
 
 874 
 
 1,138 
 
 I 
 R 
 
 D 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 1,071 
 1,470 
 3,974 
 
 R 
 R 
 D 
 
 962 
 2,807 
 4,635 
 
 R 
 R 
 D 
 
 8,420 D 
 
 3,748 D 
 
 303 D 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1,166 
 3,a34 
 
 R 
 
 R 
 
 977 
 5,486 
 
 R 
 R 
 
 .364 
 3,710 
 
 D 
 R 
 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 3,613 
 2,5.59 
 
 R 
 R 
 
 5,004 
 4,099 
 
 R 
 R 
 
 704 'D 
 5,310. R 
 
 
 2 
 
 3,703 
 
 R 
 
 3,303 
 
 R 
 
 1,163 
 
 R 
 
 
 19 
 
 9,876 
 
 R 
 
 11,900 
 
 R 
 
 7,447 
 
 B 
 
 430 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS— Continued. 
 
 
 1 
 u 
 
 Plurality or Majority 
 
 
 
 Plurality or Majority 
 
 State 
 
 ■s 
 
 
 State 
 
 
 
 
 
 £3 
 Q 
 
 30 
 
 1886 
 
 1888 
 
 1890 
 
 
 .2 
 « 
 
 5 
 
 1886 
 
 1888 
 
 1890 
 
 Ohio- 
 
 877 
 
 E 
 
 3,098 
 
 R 
 
 7,934 
 
 R 
 
 Tennessee- 
 
 7,546 D 
 
 9,358 D 
 
 8,550 
 
 J) 
 
 Continued. 
 
 81 
 
 1,433 
 
 D 
 
 616 
 
 R 
 
 3,390 
 
 D 
 
 Continued. 
 
 6 
 
 5,701 
 
 D 
 
 6,379 
 
 D 
 
 8,948 
 
 D 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 3,033 
 
 R 
 
 
 7 
 
 8,724 
 
 D 
 
 3,855 
 
 D 
 
 4,998 
 
 D 
 
 Oregon.. . 
 
 1 
 
 1,635 
 
 R 
 
 7,407 
 
 R 
 
 9,913 
 
 R 
 
 
 8 
 
 2,697 
 
 D 
 
 2,480 
 
 D 
 
 7,975 
 
 D 
 
 Pennsylvania.. 
 
 1 
 
 6,399 
 
 R 
 
 5,685 
 
 R 
 
 7,669 
 
 E 
 
 
 9 
 
 4,338 
 
 D 
 
 7,090 
 
 D 
 
 8,2.32 
 
 D 
 
 
 8 
 
 5,633 
 
 R 
 
 4,408 
 
 R 
 
 6,539 
 
 R 
 
 
 10 
 
 3,996 
 
 D 
 
 8,419 
 
 D 
 
 6,146 
 
 D 
 
 
 3 
 
 11,330 
 11,509 
 
 D 
 
 17,530 
 9,639 
 
 D 
 
 3,084 
 18,365 
 
 D 
 
 Texas 
 
 1 
 
 6,500 
 15,733 
 
 D 
 
 4,996 
 9,554 
 
 D 
 
 8,045 
 12,917 
 
 D 
 
 
 4 
 
 R 
 
 R 
 
 R 
 
 
 8 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 
 6 
 
 11,188 
 
 I 
 
 6,685 
 
 R 
 
 11,403 
 
 R 
 
 
 3 
 
 9,336 
 
 D 
 
 10,883 
 
 D 
 
 11,369 
 
 D 
 
 
 6 
 
 1,318 
 
 R 
 
 6,500 
 
 R 
 
 4,105 
 
 R 
 
 
 4 
 
 18,538 
 
 D 
 
 24,300 
 
 D 
 
 11,451 
 
 D 
 
 
 7 
 
 8,135 
 
 R 
 
 1,011 
 
 E 
 
 187 
 
 D 
 
 
 5 
 
 3,469 
 
 D 
 
 23,524 
 
 D 
 
 20,866 
 
 D 
 
 
 8 
 
 4,815 
 
 D 
 
 6,340 
 
 D 
 
 6,875 
 
 D 
 
 
 6 
 
 7,389 
 
 D 
 
 14,689 
 
 D 
 
 34,971 
 
 D 
 
 
 9 
 
 9,634 
 
 R 
 
 9,659 
 
 D 
 
 11,193 
 
 D 
 
 
 7 
 
 17,218 
 
 D 
 
 3,547 
 
 D 
 
 9,479 
 
 D 
 
 
 10 
 
 80,671 
 
 D 
 
 11,174 
 
 R 
 
 9,768 
 
 R 
 
 
 8 
 
 20,996 
 
 D 
 
 12,760 
 
 D 
 
 13,267 
 
 D 
 
 
 11 
 
 17,560 
 
 D 
 
 1,686 
 
 R 
 
 303 
 
 D 
 
 9 
 
 5,823 
 
 D 
 
 5,385 
 
 D 
 
 16,340 
 
 D 
 
 
 12 
 
 eso 
 
 D 
 
 1,499 
 
 R 
 
 1,484 
 
 R 
 
 
 10 
 
 19,817 
 
 D 
 
 11,828 
 
 D 
 
 29,763 
 
 D 
 
 
 13 
 
 774 
 
 R 
 
 688 
 
 D 
 
 1,480 
 
 D 
 
 
 11 
 
 14,336 
 
 D 
 
 33,331 
 
 D 
 
 87,470 
 
 D 
 
 
 14 
 
 8,631 
 
 R 
 
 6,363 
 
 E 
 
 3,487 
 
 R 
 
 Utaii 
 
 1 
 
 19,673 
 
 D 
 
 6,648 
 
 D 
 
 9,441 
 
 D 
 
 
 15 
 
 5,660 
 
 R 
 
 6,339 
 
 E 
 
 3,333 
 
 E 
 
 Vermont 
 
 1 
 
 9,977 
 
 R 
 
 14,146 
 
 R 
 
 8,581 
 
 R 
 
 
 16 
 
 4,836 
 
 E 
 
 8,654 
 
 R 
 
 51 
 
 E 
 
 
 8 
 
 10,509 
 
 R 
 
 14,614 
 
 E 
 
 9,132 
 
 E 
 
 
 17 
 
 899 
 
 E 
 
 3,656 
 
 D 
 
 5,941 
 
 D 
 
 Virginia 
 
 1 
 
 1,895 
 
 E 
 
 414 
 
 E 
 
 8,468 
 
 D 
 
 
 18 
 
 3,247 
 
 E 
 
 4,716 
 
 E 
 
 609 
 
 R 
 
 
 2 
 
 5,434 
 
 R 
 
 6,096 
 
 E 
 
 1,167 
 
 D 
 
 
 19 
 
 3,946 
 
 D 
 
 4,579 
 
 D 
 
 7,109 
 
 D 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,452 
 
 D 
 
 861 
 
 D 
 
 13,937 
 
 D 
 
 
 20 
 
 153 
 
 E 
 
 4,381 
 
 E 
 
 526 
 
 E 
 
 
 4 
 
 8,475 
 
 E 
 
 642 
 
 D 
 
 3,3.34 
 
 D 
 
 
 31 
 
 855 
 
 E 
 
 5,831 
 
 R 
 
 1,498 
 
 E 
 
 
 5 
 
 3,159 
 
 R 
 
 1,.363 
 
 D 
 
 9,209 
 
 D 
 
 
 38 
 
 4,005 
 
 R 
 
 8,905 
 
 R 
 
 7,905 
 
 R 
 
 
 6 
 
 450 
 
 L 
 
 8,730 
 
 D 
 
 10,714 
 
 D 
 
 
 33 
 
 5,039 
 
 R 
 
 7,288 
 
 R 
 
 7,116 
 
 R 
 
 
 7 
 
 764 
 
 D 
 
 ?'?^ 
 
 D 
 
 8,943 
 
 D 
 
 
 24 
 
 4,440 
 
 E 
 
 4,338 
 
 R 
 
 133 
 
 R 
 
 
 8 
 
 2,563 
 
 D 
 
 1,123 
 
 D 
 
 3,818 
 
 D 
 
 
 36 
 
 1,683 
 
 E 
 
 7,155 
 
 R 
 
 3,161 
 
 D 
 
 
 9 
 
 WJH 
 
 R 
 
 478 
 
 D 
 
 3,347 
 
 D 
 
 
 36 
 
 531 
 
 E 
 
 3,073 
 
 R 
 
 888 
 
 R 
 
 
 10 
 
 1,654 
 
 R 
 
 683 
 
 D 
 
 8,779 
 
 D 
 
 
 37 
 
 1,213 
 
 D 
 
 4,318 
 
 E 
 
 3,313 
 
 R 
 
 Wasliington . . . 
 
 1 
 
 3,198 
 
 D 
 
 7,371 
 
 E 
 
 6,882 
 
 E 
 
 
 38 
 
 — 
 
 
 3,689 
 
 D 
 
 4,698 
 
 D 
 
 West Virginia. 
 
 1 
 
 827 
 
 R 
 
 19 
 
 D 
 
 648 
 
 D 
 
 Rhode Island . . 
 
 1 
 
 1,145 
 
 E 
 
 3,090 
 
 E 
 
 1,008 
 
 D 
 
 
 2 
 
 90 
 
 D 
 
 378 
 
 D 
 
 2,066 
 
 D 
 
 
 3 
 
 577 
 
 D 
 
 3,891 
 
 E 
 
 16 
 
 D 
 
 • 
 
 3 
 
 895 
 
 D 
 
 1,318 
 
 D 
 
 4,656 
 
 D 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 1 
 
 3,315 
 
 D 
 
 7,344 
 
 D 
 
 5,900 
 
 D 
 
 
 4 
 
 747 
 
 D 
 
 3 
 
 D 
 
 1,926 
 
 D 
 
 
 2 
 
 5,313 
 
 D 
 
 9,399 
 
 D 
 
 8,285 
 
 D 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 1 
 
 578 
 
 R 
 
 4,314 
 
 E 
 
 328 
 
 D 
 
 
 8 
 
 4,403 
 
 D 
 
 8,758 
 
 D 
 
 8,139 
 
 D 
 
 
 2 
 
 4,828 
 
 R 
 
 ^''•^ 
 
 D 
 
 8,660 
 
 D 
 
 
 4 
 
 4,470 
 
 D 
 
 11,410 
 
 D 
 
 8,114 
 
 D 
 
 
 8 
 
 3,510 
 
 R 
 
 ?'?S 
 
 E 
 
 1,003 
 
 D 
 
 
 5 
 
 4,696 
 
 D 
 
 4,533 
 
 D 
 
 8,111 
 
 D 
 
 
 4 
 
 3,710 
 
 L 
 
 1,537 
 
 E 
 
 7,074 
 
 D 
 
 
 6 
 
 4,411 
 
 D 
 
 8,886 
 
 D 
 
 6,670 
 
 D 
 
 
 5 
 
 5,548 
 
 D 
 
 4,226 
 
 D 
 
 9,616 
 
 D 
 
 
 7 
 
 5,961 
 
 R 
 
 1,355 
 
 D 
 
 476 
 
 D 
 
 
 6 
 
 4,457 
 
 R 
 
 3,764 
 
 R 
 
 2,164 
 
 D 
 
 South Dakota. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 19,860 
 
 R 
 
 3,087 
 
 R 
 
 
 7 
 
 A'T. 
 
 R 
 
 4,485 
 
 R 
 
 2,008 
 
 D 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 1 
 
 5,440 
 
 R 
 
 7,171 
 
 R 
 
 747 
 
 R 
 
 
 8 
 
 10,435 
 
 R 
 
 12,007 
 
 R 
 
 8,348 
 
 R 
 
 
 3 
 
 8,057 
 
 R 
 
 13,584 
 
 E 
 
 5,388 
 
 R 
 
 
 9 
 
 8,763 
 
 R 
 
 4,763 
 
 R 
 
 6,380 
 
 D 
 
 
 3 
 
 347 
 
 D 
 
 288 
 
 E 
 
 583 
 
 D 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 1 
 
 7,141 
 
 R 
 
 3,894 
 
 R 
 
 2,869 
 
 E 
 
 
 4 
 
 4,649 
 
 D 
 
 8,094 
 
 D 
 
 6,884 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 431 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
VOTE OF CITIES. 
 
 City 
 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 Boston, Mass 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y 
 
 Burlington, Vt 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo 
 
 Chicago, 111 
 
 Cincinnati, O 
 
 Hartford, Conn 
 
 Lewiston, Me 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis 
 
 Nashville, Tenn 
 
 New Orleans, La 
 
 New York, N. Y 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 Providence, R. I 
 
 Richmond, Va 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 
 
 San Francisco (County), Cal 
 
 Seattle, Wash 
 
 Trenton, N. J 
 
 Wilmington, Del . . 
 
 President, 1888. 
 
 
 Governor, 1889-1892. 
 
 Total 
 
 Plurality 
 
 ^ 
 
 Total 
 
 Plurality 
 
 ^ 
 
 Year 
 
 Vote 
 
 
 f^ 
 
 Vote 
 
 
 (U 
 
 
 85,415 
 
 5,046 
 
 D 
 
 73,250 
 
 17,587 
 
 D 
 
 1891 
 
 65,169 
 
 8,858 
 
 L) 
 
 60,995 
 
 13,568 
 
 O 
 
 1891 
 
 147,561 
 
 13,336 
 
 i) 
 
 143,866 
 
 17,642 
 
 D 
 
 1891 
 
 2,ai2 
 
 503 
 
 K 
 
 1,284 
 
 44 
 
 K 
 
 1890 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2,316 
 
 326 
 
 H 
 
 1890 
 
 125,497 
 
 3,604 
 
 i> 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 54,816 
 
 4,216 
 
 H 
 
 1891 
 
 11,361 
 
 323 
 
 JJ 
 
 9,875 
 
 735 
 
 U 
 
 1890 
 
 2,918 
 
 468 
 
 K 
 
 2,882 
 
 9 
 
 U 
 
 1890 
 
 37,057 
 
 3,644 
 
 R 
 
 37,764 
 
 5,299 
 
 i) 
 
 1890 
 
 6,917 
 
 89 
 
 D 
 
 2,971 
 
 386 
 
 i> 
 
 1890 
 
 33,286 
 
 7,760 
 
 D 
 
 37,989 
 
 7,073 
 
 u 
 
 1892 
 
 269,204 
 
 57,174 
 
 \J 
 
 239,108 
 
 69,502 
 
 D 
 
 1891 
 
 206,444 
 
 18,572 
 
 R 
 
 191,973 
 
 20,888 
 
 R 
 
 1890 
 
 13,954 
 
 493 
 
 K 
 
 20,584 
 
 669 
 
 \) 
 
 1892 
 
 14,474 
 
 1,988 
 
 U 
 
 14,235 
 
 5,446 
 
 D 
 
 1889 
 
 62,856 
 
 6,255 
 
 li 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 54,407 
 
 2,991 
 
 D 
 
 55,266 
 
 211 
 
 D 
 
 1890 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,463 
 
 711 
 
 K, 
 
 1890 
 
 12,434 
 
 590 
 
 K 
 
 11,670 
 
 350 
 
 T) 
 
 1889 
 
 8,428 
 
 1,708 
 
 D 
 
 11,228 
 
 419 
 
 R 
 
 1890 
 
 433 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
ADDENDA. 
 
 FARMERS' ALLIANCE. 
 
 There have been several meetings in States where the Alliance is best 
 represented; but there is nothing of vital importance to record beyond what 
 IS stated elsewhere. 
 
 THE AUSTRALIAN BALLOT. 
 
 Steps are being taken in several States to reform the voting system now 
 in operation. 
 
 THE NATIONAL COMMITTEES. 
 
 The names of National Committeemen appointed at the Convention are 
 mentioned in Part I. 
 
 THE TARIFF. 
 
 Legislation under this heading is now pending in the Fifty-second Con- 
 gress. 
 
 RECIPROCITY. 
 A treaty has been signed with Austria-Himgai-y. 
 
 THE SILVER QUESTION. 
 
 Legislation under this heading is now pending in the Fifty-second Con- 
 gress. 
 
 STATE AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS, 1892-93. 
 
 Indiana. — Governor Alvin P. Hovey (R.) died November 33, 1891; succeeded 
 by Lieutenant-Governor Ira J. Chase (R. ). 
 
 Nebraska. — Governor John M. Thayer (R.) was succeeded on January 8, 
 1891, by. James E. Boyd (D.), who was removed from office 
 May 5, 1891, by decree of the State Supreme Court, and John 
 M. Thayer again assumed the functions of Governor, continuing 
 in office until January, 1893. 
 
 Wyoming. — Governor, Amos W. Barber (acting). 
 
 STATE AND TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURES, 1892-93. 
 
 Mississippi. — At the State election, November, 1891, 45 Senators and 133 
 Assemblymen were elected; all regular Democrats, except 3 
 Republicans, 1 Greenbacker and 7 Independents. 
 
 Nevada. — No figures available at this time. 
 
 New .Jfesico.— Apportionment by the Governor not yet made available. 
 
 Texas. — No figures available at this time. 
 
 JTtoA.— Council, 8 Democrats, 4 Liberals; House, 16 Democrats and 8 Lib- 
 erals. 
 
 433 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
,24 ADBENDS.. 
 
 CHANGES IN THE FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS. 
 
 SENATE. 
 
 State. Name. DM. Successor. 
 
 Kansas Preston B. Plumlo. . . .Dec. 20, 1891. . . .Bishop W. Perkins. 
 
 Vii-ginia John S. Barbour May 14, 1892. . . .Gen. Eppa Hmton. 
 
 HOUSE. 
 
 District Name. Died. Successor. 
 
 10th New York. .Francis B. Spinola. ...Apr. 13, 1891. .W. BourkeCockran. 
 5th Michigan. . . . Melbourne H. Ford. . .Apr. 20, 1891 .. Charles K Belknap. 
 
 2d Tennessee Leonidas C. Houk. . . .May 25, 1891 . .John C. Houk. 
 
 South Dakota. . . .John R. Gamble Aug 14, 1891. ..lohn L Jolley. 
 
 8th Viro-inia Wm. H. F. Lee Oct. 15, 1891 . .Ehsha E. Meredith. 
 
 10th Kentucky. . .John W. Kendall. . . .March 7, 1892.. Joseph M. Kendall. 
 
 No successor has been appointed to Roger Q. Mills, who represented the 
 9th Texas district, and who was appointed to the Senate. 
 
 THE NEW APPORTIONMENT. 
 
 Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 9 in all. 
 
 1. Counties of Marengo, Choctaw, Clarke, Monroe, "Washington and 
 
 Mobile. ^ , 
 
 3. Counties of Montgomery, Pike, Crenshaw, Covmgton, Butler, Cone- 
 cuh, Escambia, IBaldwin and Wilcox. 
 
 3. Counties of Lee, Ru,ssell, Bullock, Barbour, Dale, Henry, Coffee and 
 Geneva. 
 
 4. Counties of Dallas, Chilton, Shelby, Talladega, Calhoun and Cle- 
 burne. 
 
 5. Counties of Lowndes, Autauga, Tallapoosa, Elmore, Macon, Coosa, 
 Chambers, Randolph and Clay. 
 
 6. Counties of Sumter, Pickens, Greene, Tuscaloosa, Lamar, Fayette, 
 Marian and Walker. 
 
 7. Counties of DeKalb, Marshall, Etowah, Cullman, St. Clair, Winston, 
 Cherokee and Franklin. 
 
 8. Counties of Jackson, Madison, Limestone, Morgan, Lauderdale, Law- 
 rence and Colbert. 
 
 9. Counties of Jefferson, Bibb, Hale, Perry and Blount. 
 
 AEKANSAS. 
 
 Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 6 in all. 
 
 1. Counties of Clay, Craighead, Crittenden, Cross, Greene, Jackson, 
 Lawrence, Lee, Mississippi, Phillips, Poinset, Randolph, St. Francis, Sharp 
 and WoodrufE. 
 
 3. Counties of Bradley, Cleveland, Dallas, Drew, Garland, Grant, Hot 
 Springs, Jefferson, Lincoln, Montgomery, Polk, Saline, Scott and Sebastian. 
 
 3. Counties of Ashley, Calhoun, Clark, Columbia, Hempstead, Howard, 
 Lafayette, Little River, Miller, Nevada, Ouachita, Pike, Sevier and Union. 
 
 4. Counties of Franklin, Johnson, Logan, Perry, Pulaski, Pope and Yell. 
 
 5. Counties of Benton, Boone, Carroll, Conway, Faulkner, Madison, 
 Newton, Searcy, Van Bureu and Washington. 
 
 6. Counties of Arkansas, Baxter, Cleburne, Fulton, Independence, Izard, 
 Lonoke, Marlon, Monroe, Prairie, Stone and White, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
ADDENDA. 435 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Entitled to one additional representative or 7 in all 
 
 1. Counties of Del Norte, Siskiyou, Modoc, Humboldt, Trinity, Shasta, 
 Lassen, Tehama, Plumas, Sierra, Mendocino, Sonoma, Napa and Marin 
 
 2. Counties of Butte, Sutter, Yuba, Nevada, Placer, El Dorado Amador 
 Calaveras, Mono, Inyo, Alpine, Tuolumne, Mariposa, San Joaquin and Sac- 
 ramento. 
 
 3. Counties of Colusa, Yolo, Lake, Solano, Contra Costa and Alameda. 
 
 4. County of San Francisco (part). 
 
 5. Counties of San Francisco (part), San Mateo and Santa Clara. 
 
 6. Counties of Santa Cruz, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, 
 Ventura and Los Angeles. 
 
 7. Counties of Stanislaus, Merced, San Benito, Fresno, Tulare, Kern, San 
 Bernardino, Orange and San Diego. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 2 in all. 
 
 1. Counties of Arapahoe, Boulder, Jefferson, Lake, Larimer, Logan, 
 Morgan, Park, Philips, Sedgwick, Washington, Weld and Yuma. 
 
 2. Counties of Archuleta, Baca, Bent, Chaffee, Cheyenne, Clear Creek, 
 Conejos, Costilla, Custer, Delta, Dolores, Douglas, Eagle, Elbert, El Paso, 
 Fremont, Gai-fleld, Gilpin, Grand, Gunnison, Hinsdale, Huerfano, Kiovi^a, 
 Kit Carson, La Plata, Las Animas, Lincoln,, Mesa, Montezuma, Montrose, 
 Otero, Ouray, Pitkin, Prowers, Pueblo, Rio Blanco, Rio Grande, Routt, 
 Saguache, San Juan, San Miguel, Summit and Weld. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 11 in all. 
 
 1. Counties of Chatham, Burke, Screven, Emanuel, Bulloch, Effingham, 
 Bryan, Tatnall, Liberty and Mcintosh. 
 
 2. Counties of Quitman, Clay, Randolph, Terrell, Calhoun, Dougherty, 
 Worth, Early, Baker, Miller, Mitchell, Colquitt, Berrien, Decatur and 
 Thomas. 
 
 3. Counties of Stewart, Webster, Sumter, Lee, Dooly, Wilcox, Schley, 
 Pulaski, Twiggs, Houston, Mason, Taylor and Crawford. 
 
 4. Coimties of Muscogee, l^arion, Talbot, Harris, Meriwether, Troup, 
 Coweta, Heard, Carroll and Chattahoochee. 
 
 5. Counties of Fulton, Douglas, Campbell, Clayton, DeKalb, Rockdale, 
 Newton and Walton. 
 
 6. Counties of Bibb, Baldwin, Jones, Monroe, Upson, Pike, Spalding, 
 Fayette, Henry and Butts. 
 
 7. Counties of Haralson, Paulding, Cobb, Polk, Floyd, Bartow, Chat- 
 tooga, Gordon, Walker, Dade, Catoosa, Whitfield and Murray. 
 
 8. Counties of Jasper, Putnam, Morgan, Greene, Oconee, Clark, Ogle- 
 thorpe, Madison, Elbert, Hart, Franklin and Wilkes. 
 
 9. Counties of Fannin, Union, Towns, Rabun, Habersham, White, 
 Lumpkin, Dawson, Gilmer, Pickens, Cherokee, Forsyth, Milton, Gwinnett, 
 Jackson, Hall and Banks. 
 
 10. Counties of Richmond, Columbia, Lincoln, Jefferson, Glascock, Mc- 
 Duffle, Warren, Taliaferro, Washington, Wilkinson and Hancock. 
 
 11.' Counties of Glynn, Johnson, Laurens, Montgomery, Dodge, Telfair, 
 Irwin, Coffee, Appling, Wayne, Pierce, Ware, Echols, Lowndes. Brooks, 
 Charlton, Camden and Clinch. 
 30b 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
436 ADDENDA. 
 
 Entitled to 3 additional representatives, or 23 in all. 
 The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, so that the twoad di- 
 tional representatives will be voted for at large at the next election. 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 i Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 8 in all. 
 
 The last legislature did not redistrict the State, so that the additional 
 representative will he voted for at large at the next election. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 13 in all. 
 
 1. Counties of Berkshire, Franklin (part), Hampshire (part) and Hamp- 
 den (part). 
 
 3. Counties of Franklin (part), Hiftnpshire (part), Hampden (part) and 
 AVorcester (part). 
 
 3. Counties of Worcester (part) and Middlesex (part). 
 
 4. Counties of Worcester (part), Middlesex (part) and Norfolk (part). 
 .5. Counties of Essex (part) and Middlesex (part). 
 
 6. County of Essex (part). 
 
 7. Counties of Essex (part), Middlesex (part) and SufEolk (part). 
 
 8. Counties of Middlesex (part) and Suffolk (part). 
 
 9. County of Suffolk (part). 
 
 10. Counties of Suffolk (part) and Norfolk (part). 
 
 11. Counties of Suffolk (part), Middlesex (part) and Worcester (part). 
 
 12. Counties of Norfolk (part), Plymouth (part) and Bristol (part). 
 
 13. Counties of Barnstable, Dukes, Nantucket, Plymouth (part) and Bris- 
 tol (part). 
 
 MICHIG.4.N. 
 
 Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 13 in all. 
 
 I. Thirteen wards of Detroit, Wayne County. 
 
 3. Counties of Lenawee, Monroe, Jackson, Washtenaw, and Wayne 
 (part). 
 
 3. Counties of Branch, Kalamazoo, Calhoun and Eaton. 
 
 4. Counties of St. Joseph, Cass, Berrien, Van Buren, Allegan and Barry. 
 
 5. Counties of Ottawa, Kent and Ionia. 
 
 6. Counties of Oakland, Genesee, Livingston, Ingham and Wayne (part). 
 
 7. Counties of Macomb, Lapeer, St. Clair, Sanilac, Huron and Wayne 
 (part). ■' 
 
 8. Counties of Clinton, Schiawassee and Tuscola. 
 
 9. Counties of Muskegon, Oceana, Newaygo, Mason, Lake, Manistee, 
 AV'exford, Benzie, Leelanaw and Manitou. 
 
 10. Counties of Bay, Midland, Gladwin, Arenac, Ogemaw, lasco, Alcona, 
 Oscoda, Crawford, Montmorency, Alpena, Presque Isle, Otsego, Chebovean 
 and Emmet. " & .rs 
 
 II. Counties of Montcalm, Gratiot, Isabella, Mecosta, Oxala, Clare, Ros- 
 common, Missaukee, Kalkaska, Grand Traverse, Antrim and Charlevoix. 
 
 13. Counties of Delta, Schoolcraft, Chippewa, Mackinac, Ontonagon, 
 ^larquette, Menominee, Dickinson, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, Isle 
 Royal, Alger, Luce, Iron, Cass and Gogebic. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Entitled to 2 additional representatives, or 7 in all. 
 1. Counties of Houston, Fillmore, Mower, Freeborn, Waseca Steele 
 Dodge, Olmsted, Winona and Wabasha. ' 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
ADDENDA. 427 
 
 2. Counties of Faribault, Martin, Jackson, Nobles, Rock, Pipestone 
 Murray, Watonwan, Blue Earth, Nicollet, Brown, Redwood, Lyon, Lincoln' 
 1 ellow Medicine, Lac qui Parte, Chippewa and Cottonwood. 
 ,^ ?■ Counties of Goodhue, Dakota, Rice, Scott, Le Sueur, Sibley, Carver 
 McLeod, Renville and Meeker. 
 
 4. Counties of Ramsey, "Washington, Chisago, Ic;,nti and Kanabec 
 
 0. County of Hennepin. 
 
 6. Counties of Cook, Lake, St. Louis, Itasca, Carlton, Aitkin, Crow 
 Wing, Pme, Mille Lacs, Anoka, Sherburne, Wright, Stearns, Benton Mor- 
 rison, Todd, Cass, Wadena, Hubbard and Beltrami. 
 
 7. Counties of Kittson, Marshall, Polk, Norman, Clay, Wilkin, Traverse 
 Big Stone, Swift, Kandiyohi, Stevens, Pope, Douglas, Grant, Otter Tail 
 and Becker. 
 
 Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 15 in all. 
 The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, so that the additional 
 representative will be voted for at large at the next election. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 Entitled to 3 additional representative.?, or 6 in all. 
 1. Counties of Cass, Johnson, Lancaster, Lincoln, Otoe, Pawnee, Rich- 
 ardson and Wehama. 
 
 3. Counties of Douglas, Sarpy and Washington. 
 
 3. Counties of Antelope, Boone, Burt, Cedar, Colfax, Cuming, Dakota, 
 Dixon, Dodge, Knox, Madison, Merrick, Nance, Pierce, Platte, Stanton, 
 Thurston and Wayne. 
 
 4. Counties of JButler, Gage, Fillmore, Hamilton, Jefferson, Polk, Saline, 
 Saunders, Seward, Thayer and York. 
 
 5. Counties of Adams, Chase, Clay, Dundy, Franklin, Frontier, Furnas, 
 Gosper, Hall, Harlan, IJayes, Hitchcock, Kearney, Nuckolls, Perkins, 
 Phelps, Red Willow and Webster. 
 
 6. Counties of Arthur, Banner, Blaine, Box Butte, Brown, Buffalo, Chey- 
 enne, Cherry, Custer, Dawes, Dawson, Deuel, Garfield, Greeley, Holt, 
 Hooper, Howard. Keya Paha, Keith, Kimball, Lincoln, Logan, Loup, Mc- 
 Pherson, Rock, Scott's Bluff, Sheridan, Sherman, Sioux, Thomas, Valley 
 and Wheeler. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 8 in all. 
 
 1. Counties of Camden, Cumberland, Cape May, Gloucester and Salem. 
 
 2. Counties of Atlantic, Mercer, Burlington and Ocean. 
 
 3. Counties of Somerset, Middlesex and Monmouth. 
 
 4. Counties of Sussex, Warren, Hunterdon, Morris and Essex (part). 
 
 5. Counties of Bergen, Passaic and Hudson (part). 
 
 6. City of Newark, in the county of Essex. 
 
 7. Cities of Jersey City and Hoboken, and the townships of Harrison and 
 Kearney, county of Hudson. 
 
 8. The counties of Union, Essex (part) and Hudson (part). 
 
 The redistricting of Ohio by the State Legislature may be seen on map of 
 Ohio, p. 384, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
438 ADDENDA. 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 2 m all. , , , t 
 
 1 Counties of Benton, Clackamas, Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson, Jos- 
 ephine, Klamath, Lake, Linn. Lane, Marion, Polk, Tillamook, Washmgton 
 
 and Yamhill. „ , „.„. ^ j tt 
 
 2 Counties of Baker, Clatsop, Columbia, Crook, Gilham, Grand, Har- 
 ney, Malheur, Morrow, Multnomah, Sherman, Umatilla, Union, Wallowa 
 and Wasco. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Entitled to 2 additional representatives, or 30 in all. 
 The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, and the two additional 
 representatives will be voted for at large at the next election. 
 
 Entitled to 2 additional representatives, or 13 in all. 
 The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, and the two additional 
 representatives will be voted for at large at the next election. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 2 in all. 
 
 The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, and the additional repre- 
 sentative will be voted for at large at the next election. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 10 in all. 
 
 1. Counties of Eacine, Kenosha, Walworth, Rock, Green and Lafayette. 
 
 2. Counties of Jefferson, Dodge, Dane and Columbia. 
 
 3. Counties of Adams, Juneau, Vernon, Sauk, Richland, Crawford, 
 Grant and Iowa. 
 
 4. County of Milwaukee (part). 
 
 5. Counties of Sheboygan, Ozaukee, Washington, Waukesha and Mil- 
 waukee (part). 
 
 6. Counties of Waushara, Marquette, Green Lake, Fond du Lac, Winne- 
 bago, Calumet and Manitowoc. 
 
 7. Counties of Pepin, Eau Claire, Buffalo, Trempealeau, Jackson, Mon- 
 roe and La Crosse. 
 
 8. Counties of Wood, Portage, Waupaca, Outagamie, Brown, Kewau- 
 nee and Door. 
 
 9. Counties of Clark, Taylor, Price, Ashland, Oneida, Lincoln, Mara 
 thon, Shawnee, Langlade, Forest, Florence, Marinette and Oconto. 
 
 10. Counties of Bajrfield, Douglas, Burnett, Sawyer, Washburn, Polk 
 Barron, Chippewa, St. Croix, Dunn and Pierce. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
ADDENDA. 
 
 429 
 
 CONDITION OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY IN 1893, WHEN VESSELS NOW 
 BUILDINa ARE COMPLETED. 
 
 Type 
 
 Unfit 
 for sea 
 service 
 
 Avail- 
 able 
 
 Armored : 
 
 Battle ships 
 
 Cruisers 
 
 Old Monitors 
 
 Modified monitors . . . 
 Harbor-defense ram. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Unarmored : 
 
 Protected cruisers 
 
 Partially protected cruisers. 
 
 Torpedo vessel 
 
 Despatch vessel 
 
 Dynamite cruiser 
 
 Practice cruiser 
 
 Total. 
 
 Iron and wooden steam vessels of obsolete type and little value 
 
 Sailing vessels 
 
 Hullcs 
 
 Tugs 
 
 Total. 
 
 Summary . 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 2 
 13 
 
 10 
 12 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 RANK OP THE U. S. NAVY. 
 
 Bank of the navies 
 of the world when 
 vessels for U. S. 
 Navy now building 
 are completed. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 France. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 tfnited States. 
 
 Austria. 
 
 China. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 Sweden and Norway. 
 
 Turkey. 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 Greece. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 Argentina. 
 
 Chile. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 Peru. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 In 1886 the United 
 States ranked th\is : 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 France. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Austria. 
 
 China. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 Sweden and Norway. 
 
 Turkey. 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 Greece. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 Argentina, 
 
 Chile. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 United States. 
 
 Peru. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 In 1860 the United 
 States ranked after 
 tlie following nations 
 and aliead of all the 
 rest ; 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 France. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Sweden and Norway 
 
 United States. 
 
 If 9 battle ships and 
 _0 torpedo boats are 
 added to U. S. Navy, 
 eliminating the ques- 
 tion of organization 
 and personnel in 
 which Germany is 
 much superior, we 
 will rank 
 
 Great Britain. 
 France. 
 Italy. 
 Russia. 
 
 United States. 
 Germany, etc. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
430 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 PERSONNEL U. S. NAVY, 1860 AND 1892. 
 (Active list, exclusive of Marine Corps.) 
 
 Ranks. 
 
 1860 
 
 1892 
 
 No. 
 
 Total 
 
 No. 
 
 Total 
 
 Officers of the line : 
 
 80 
 114 
 
 194 
 
 409 
 148 
 64 ■ 
 174 
 
 .14 
 175 
 
 288 
 
 6 
 10 
 45' 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Commanders 
 
 — 
 
 Total number having command or Hag rank 
 
 385 
 34 
 
 50 
 
 74 
 250 
 
 76 
 173 
 
 140 
 
 
 
 
 Masters 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Midsbipmen (graduates). 
 
 
 
 
 Total number in subordinate grades . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 573 
 
 
 104 
 
 
 94 
 
 Officers of the engineer branch 
 
 19S 
 
 Chaplains, professors, naval constructors, and civil 
 engineers 
 
 70 
 
 Warrant officers 
 
 138 
 
 
 28 
 
 Midshipmen on probation 
 
 
 
 318 
 
 
 
 
 1,436 
 
 1,717 
 
 
 
 Enlisted men 
 
 7,600 
 
 *8,850 
 
 
 *Number allowed by law ; the actual number is 100 to aOO less, varying; from month 
 to month. 
 
 INCREASE OF THE NAVY.— ACT OF 1892. 
 
 " That for the purpose of further increasing the Naval Establishment of 
 the United States, the President is hereby authorized to have constructed, 
 by contract, one armored cruiser of about eight thousand tons displacement 
 of the general type of armored cruiser numbered two (New York), to cost, 
 exclusive of ai-mament, not more than three million five hundred thousand 
 dollars, excluding any premium that may be paid for increased speed and 
 the cost of armament. The contract for the construction of said cruiser shall 
 contain provisions to the effect that the contractor guarantees that when 
 completed and tested for speed, under conditions to be prescribed by the 
 Navy Department, it shall exhibit a speed of at least twenty knots per hour; 
 and for every quarter knot of speed so exhibited above said guaranteed 
 speed, the contractor shall receive a premium over and above the contract 
 price of fifty thousand dollars; and for every quarter knot that such vessel 
 fails of reaching said guaranteed speed, there shall be deducted from the 
 contract price the sum of fifty thousand dollars. In the construction of said 
 vessel all the provisions of the act of August third, eighteen hundred and 
 eighty-six, entitled " An act to increase the Naval Establishment," as to ma- 
 terial for said vessel, its engines, boilers, and machinery, the contract under 
 which it is built, the notice of and proposals for the same, the plans, draw- 
 ings, specifications therefor, and the metliod of executing said contract, shall 
 be observed and followed, and said ves.sel shall be built in compliance with 
 the terms of said act, save that in all its parts said vessel shall be of domestic 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
ADDENDA. 431 
 
 manufacture. If the Secretarjr of the Navy shall he unable to contract at 
 reasonable prices for the building of said vessel, then he may build such ves- 
 sel in such navy -yard as he may disignate. 
 
 (34) Also one sea-going coast-line battle ship, designed to carry the /waviest 
 armor and most powerful ordnance, with a displacement of about nine thou- 
 sand tons, to ham the higliest practicable speed for vessels of its class, and to 
 cost, exclusive of a/rmament and of any premiums that may be paid fo^- in- 
 creased speed, not exceeding four million dollars; one harbor-defense double- 
 turret ship of the monitor type, with a displacement of about seven thousand 
 five hundred tons, to have the higliest practicable speed for vessels of its class, 
 and to cost, exclusive of armament and of any premiums tJtat may be paid for 
 increased speed, not exceeding three million dollars; and if said ship is built on 
 tlie Pacific Coast the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to allow three per 
 centum on tlie cost tliereofto the contractor, in addition to the contract price, to 
 cover the cost of the transportation of material used in the construction thereof; 
 four light-draft gunboats of from eight hundred to one thousand two Jmndred 
 tons displacement, with the highest practicable speed for vessels of their class, 
 and to cost, exclusive of armament and of any premiums that may be paid for 
 increased speed, not exceeding four hundred and fifty thousand dollars each; 
 and six torpedo boats, at a cost of not exceeding one hundred and ten thousand 
 dollars each; and not nwre than two of said torpedo boats shall be built at one 
 establishment. 
 
 (35) In tlie construction of all said vessels, following tlie provision for tlie 
 construction of the one armored cruiser of about eight thousand tons displace- 
 ment, ths provisions of the act of August third, eighteen hundred and eighty- 
 six, entitled " An act to increase the Naval Establishment," shall be observed 
 and followed in the same manner that the provisions of said act are applied to the 
 construction of said armored cruiser; and in the contracts for the construction 
 of each of said vessels, besides the armored cruiser before named, such provis- 
 ions for minimum speed and for premiums for increased .speed and penalties 
 for deficient speed may be made, subject to the terms of this act, as in the dis- 
 cretion of the Secretary of the Navy may be deemed advisable. 
 
 UNDEB THE BUREAU OF ORDNANCE. 
 
 Armament and Armok: Toward the armament and armor of domestic 
 manufacture for the vessels authorized by the act of August third, eighteen 
 hundred and eighty-six; of the vessels authorized by section three of the act 
 approved March third, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven; of the vessels 
 authorized by the act approved September seventh, eighteen hundred and 
 eighty-eight ; of the vessels authorized by the act of March second, eighteen 
 hundred and eighty-nine; of those authorized by the acts of June thirtieth,, 
 eighteen hundred and ninety, March second, eighteen hundred and ninety- 
 one, and this act (36), two million (37) one hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 (38) For the purchase and installation of new machinery for tlie breech- 
 mechanism sliop at the navy-yard, Washington, District of Columbia, one hun- 
 dred thousand dollars. 
 
 (39) For torpedo outfits for the Atlanta, Boston and Chicago, eighty-two 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 UNDER THE BUREAU OF EQUIPMENT. 
 
 EquiFMBNT OP New Vessels of the Navy: Toward the completion 
 of the equipment outfit of the new vessels heretofore authorized by Congress, 
 four hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 UNDER THE BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS. 
 
 Tbavbling Cranes: For one traveling crane of forty tons capacity, for 
 dry doclis at Mare Island, California, navy-yard, sixty thousand dollars. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
432 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 Construction and Steam Machinery: Toward the construction and 
 completion of the new vessels heretofore and herein authorized by Congress, 
 with their engines, boilers and machinery, and for the payment of premiums 
 for increased speed or horse-power under contracts now existing, and to be 
 made under this and other acts for the increase of the Navy, seven million 
 (id) four hundred thousand dollars: Promded, That no contract for the pur- 
 chase of gun steel or armor for the Kavy shall hereafter be made until the 
 subject-matter of the same shall have been submitted to public competition 
 by the Department by advertising. 
 
 Passed the Senate, with amendments, May 18, 1893. 
 
 Anson G. McCook, 
 
 GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. 
 
 New Department Commanders have been elected, but a complete list is 
 not yet available. 
 
 COAST DEFENCE. 
 
 A Coast Defence bill is pending in the present Congress. 
 THE CHILIAN CONTROVERSY. 
 
 Suits aggregating $1,000,000 have been entered against the Chilian gov- 
 ernment for the killing and wounding of the thirty-seven sailors of the 
 cruiser Baltimore. 
 
 THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. 
 
 This has been practically settled, for the time being, by the Senate's ap- 
 proval in executive session of Lord Salisbury's last communication, offering 
 a solution of the difficulty on an equitable basis of protection and defence for 
 both parties. 
 
 APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR— REVISED. 
 
 Arizona $30,000 
 
 California 300,000 
 
 Colorado 100,000 
 
 Delaware 10,000 
 
 Idaho ... 20,000 
 
 Illinois 800,000 
 
 Indiana 75,000 
 
 Iowa 175,000 
 
 Maine 40,000 
 
 Maryland 60,000 
 
 Massachusetts 150,000 
 
 Michigan 100,000 
 
 Minnesota 50,000 
 
 Missouri 150,000 
 
 Montana 50,000 
 
 Nebraska 50,000 
 
 New Hampshire 25,000 
 
 New Jersey 70,000 
 
 New Mexico 25,000 
 
 New York 300,000 
 
 North Carolina 35,000 
 
 North Dakota 35,000 
 
 Ohio 100,000 
 
 Pennsylvania 800,000 
 
 Rhode Island 35,000 
 
 Vermont 30,000 
 
 Washington 100,000 
 
 West Virginia 40,000 
 
 Wisconsin 65,000 
 
 Wyoming 30,000 
 
 Fifty-nine thousand dollars have been appropriated for the World's Fair 
 during the present session of Congress in the Sundry Civil bill. 
 
 Argentine Republic $100,000 
 
 Austria 147,000 
 
 Bolivia 150,000 
 
 Brazil 550,000 
 
 Chili 100,000 
 
 Colombia 100,000 
 
 Costa Rica 100,000 
 
 Ecuador 135,000 
 
 France 400,000 
 
 Germany 350,000 
 
 Great Britain 135,000 
 
 Guatemala 130,000 
 
 Honduras 30,000 
 
 Japan 500,000 
 
 Mexico 750,000 
 
 Nicaragua 50,000 
 
 Norway 60,000 
 
 Peru 100,000 
 
 Salvador 30,000 
 
 British Guiana 30,000 
 
 British Honduras 7,000 
 
 Dutch West Indies. ; 10,000 
 
 Dutch Guiana 6,000 
 
 Danish West Indies 10,000 
 
 Ceylon 40,000 
 
 NORTH ARLINGTON 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Note.— For informatioa given concerning each of the States, aluhabetically or in 
 geographical groups, see index under States. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Adams, John, life of, III., 20-31 
 Adams, John Quincy, life of, III., 86-27 
 Admmistration Building, World's Fair 
 
 (lUus.) 
 Agriculture, Department, officers of, III 
 
 61. 
 
 Alabama, map and political analysis of, 
 
 Alhance, Farmers', history of the, II 5-6 
 Amendments, Constitutional, III., 15-It' 
 America, Central, imports and exports, 
 
 U. S., 1889-1891, lit, 163. 
 America, South, imports and exports, 
 
 U. S., 1889-1891, in., 162. 
 American Federation of Labor, member- 
 ship of, n., 13. 
 An Interesting Document, III., 142-153 
 Apportionment, the New, States Eedis- 
 
 tricted. III., 94-99. 
 Apportionment of Eepresentatives, 1789- 
 
 1893, in., 93-93. 
 Appropriations by Congress, 1883-1892, 
 
 in., 136. 
 Arizona, map of, in., 314. 
 Arkansas, map and political analysis of, 
 
 III., 324-326. 
 Army, Grand, of the Republic, In., 190- 
 
 191. 
 Army Legislation, in., 179-180. 
 Army of the United States, in,, 177-180. 
 Arthur, Chester Allan, life of, in., 37. 
 Australian Ballot, the, n., 24. 
 Ballot, the Australian, n., 24. 
 Baltimore, the U. S. war vessel. (Dlus.) 
 Behring Sea Controversy, the. III., 199- 
 
 207. 
 Blaine Eeport on Reciprocity, (A) 381-385. 
 Blood will tell. (Cartoon.) 
 Boston, the U. S. cruiser. (Dlus.) 
 Buchanan, James, life of, ni., 30*31. 
 California, map and political analysis of, 
 
 ni., 226-327. 
 Central America, Imports and Exports 
 
 U. S., 1889-1891, III, 163. 
 Chicago, the U. S. flag ship. (Illus.) 
 Chilean Controversy, the, in., 195-198. 
 Civil Service Rules, ni., 187-189. 
 Cleveland, Grover, life of, in., 37-38. 
 Coast Defenses, concerning, in., 192-194. 
 Colorado, map and political analysis of, 
 
 ni., 228-229. 
 Columbian Exposition, the World's, III., 
 
 208-213. 
 Columbus, birthplace of. (Illus.) 
 Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army, 
 
 nL, 191. 
 Committee, People's Party National, II., 
 
 23. 
 Committee, Prohibition National, n., 23. 
 Committees, Democratic National and 
 
 State, n., 20-31. 
 Committees, Republican National and 
 State, n., 16-17. 
 
 Congress, Appropriations by, 1882-1892, 
 
 in., 136. 
 
 Congress, Fifty-flrst, rules of. III., 100- 
 
 Congress, Fifty - second, rules of, III., 
 
 102-119. 
 Connecticut, map and political analysis 
 
 of. III., 330-231. 
 Constitution of the United States, III., 
 
 5-17. 
 Constitutional Amendments, ni., 15-17. 
 Convention, the National, 1892, proceed- 
 ings of, 1., 
 Cornwallis, the surrender of. (Illus.) 
 Customs Duties, United States, old and 
 
 new, n., 80-34. 
 Customs, Receipts and Expenditures, by 
 
 States, 1891, m., 155. 
 Debt, Public, principal of, 1791-1891, III., 
 
 126. 
 Declaration of Independence, III,, 1-4. 
 Defenses, Coast, concerning, in., 192-194. 
 Delaware, map and political analysis of, 
 
 III., 233-383. 
 Democratic Clubs, National Association 
 
 of, II., 21. 
 Democratic National State Committees, 
 
 n., 20-21. 
 Department of Agriculture, ofBcers of, 
 
 nL, 61. 
 Department of Justice, ofBcers of. III,, 
 
 61. 
 Department of State, officers of, ni., 54. 
 Departments at the National Capital, 
 
 ni., 51-53. 
 Departments of the Grand Army, in., 
 
 190. 
 District of Columbia, map of, ni., 318. 
 Document, an Interesting, III., 143-153. 
 Duties, Customs, United States, old and 
 
 new, II., 30-34. 
 Electoral College, proceedings of the, 
 
 ni., 40. 
 Electoral College, vote of the, 1892, III., 
 
 43. 
 Electoral Vote, by States, 1789-1888, in,, 
 
 41-42. 
 Electoral Vote, new apportionment, 1893, 
 
 ni., 44. 
 Encampments of the Grand Army, in., 
 
 191. 
 Executive Department, officers of, m,, 
 
 S4, 
 Expenditures, Net revenue and, with 
 
 per capitas, 1887-1891, III., 154. 
 Expenditures, Receipts and, U. S., 1791- 
 
 1891, III,, 128-135. 
 Expenditures, Receipts and, U. S., in de- 
 tail, 1891-1892, nX, 137-141. 
 Exports, Imports and, 1888-1891, ni., 166- 
 
 163. 
 Exposition, the World's Columbian, III,, 
 308-318. 
 
 43^ 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
436 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Farmers' Alliance, history of the, II., 5-6. 
 Farmers' Alliance, Ocala Platform of, 
 
 II., 7. 
 Federal Government, officers of the, 1893, 
 
 in., 64-62. 
 Federation of Labor, American, member- 
 ship of, n., 12. 
 Fifty-First Congress, rules of. III., 100- 
 
 101. 
 Fifty-Second Congress, rules of. III., 103- 
 
 119, 
 Financial Condition and Population of 
 
 States and Territories, 1890, III., 79- 
 
 81. 
 First Political Parties, formation of, III., 
 
 21-23. 
 Florida, map and political analysis of, 
 
 ni., 234-235. 
 Formation of the Republican Party, HI., 
 
 33-33. 
 Garfield, James Abram, life of, HI., 37. 
 Genoa, harbor of. (Illus.) 
 Georgia, map and political analysis of, 
 
 m., 236-237. 
 Gerrymandering, concerningj n., 25. 
 Governors of States and Territories, 1892- 
 
 1893, ni., 65. 
 Government, Federal, officers of the, 
 
 1892, in., 54-62. 
 Grand Army of the Republic, III., 190-191. 
 Grant, Ulysses S., life of, HI., 35-36. 
 Great Exhibition of 1860, the. (Cartoon.) 
 Harrison, Benjamin, life of, m., 38. 
 Harrison, William Henry, life of, IH., 29. 
 Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, life of. III., 
 
 36. 
 History of Tariff Legislation, II., 26-39. 
 History of the Party, H., 1-4. 
 Honest Abe taking them on the half- 
 shell. (Cartoon.) 
 House of Representatives, members of, 
 
 alphabetically. III., 89-91. 
 House of Representatives, members of, 
 
 by States, III., 85-88. 
 Idaho, map and political analysis of, in.. 
 
 Illinois, map and political analysis of, 
 III., 340-241. 
 
 Imports and Exports, 1888-1891, m., 156- 
 168. 
 
 Increase of the Navy, concerning the, 
 m., 184^185. 
 
 Independence, Declaration of, m., 1-4. 
 
 Independent Departments at Washing- 
 ton, m., 63. 
 
 Indiana, map and political analysis of, 
 m., 242-243. 
 
 Interesting Document, an, IH., 142-153. 
 
 Interior Department, officers of, HI., 60- 
 61. 
 
 Internal Revenue, Receipts and Expendi- 
 tures, by States, 1891, m., 155. 
 
 Iowa, map and political analysis of. III., 
 244-345. 
 
 Data, the Chilian Insurgent Vessel. (HIus.) 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, life of. III., 37-38. 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas, life of, HI., 23-24. 
 
 Johnson, Andrew, life of, IH., 34r-a5. 
 
 Justice, Department of, officers. III., 61. 
 
 ICansas, map and political analysis of, 
 m. 246-247. 
 
 Kentucky, map and political analysis of, 
 m., 248-249. 
 
 Labor, American Federation of, mem- 
 bership, II., 13. 
 
 Labor Party, history of the, II., 11. 
 Labor Vote, State Elections, 1889-1891, 
 
 IL, 12, 
 League, Republican, of the United States, 
 
 fl., 18-19. 
 Legislation, Tariff, histoiT of, 11., 36-39. 
 Legislatures, State and Territorial, 1898- 
 
 1893, HI., 78. 
 Lincoln; Abraham, life of. III., 33-34. 
 Louisiana, map and political analysis of, 
 
 m., 250-251. 
 McKinley Bill, text of the, (A) 388-380. 
 McKinley, William, Jr., speech of, on his 
 
 tariff measure, (A) 894-406. 
 Machinery Building and Canal, World's 
 
 Fair. (Illus.) 
 Madison, James, life of, IH., 24-25. 
 Maine, map and political analysis of, 
 
 m., 252-853. 
 Maryland, map and political analysis of, 
 
 in., 254-255. 
 Massachusetts, map and political anal- 
 ysis of, in., 256-257. 
 Mexico, Imports and Exports, U. S., 
 
 1889-1891, in., 162. 
 Michigan, map and political analysis of, 
 
 ni, 268-259. 
 Military Establishment, U. S., cost of, 
 
 1891, ni., 179. 
 Minnesota, map and political analysis of, 
 
 m., 260-261. 
 Mississippi, map and political analysis 
 
 of, m., 262-263. 
 Missouri, map and political analysis of, 
 
 in., 264-365. 
 Monroe, James, life of, in., 25-26. 
 Montana, map and political analysis of, 
 
 in., 266-367. 
 National and State committees. Republi- 
 can, II., 16-17. 
 National Association of Democratic 
 
 Clubs, n., 31. 
 National committee. People's Party, II., 
 
 83. 
 National committee, Prohibition, II., 32. 
 National Convention, the, 1892, proceed- 
 ings of, I., 
 National State committees, Democratic, 
 
 n., 20-21. 
 Naturalization Law, the. III., 214. 
 Naval Academy, Annapolis, concerning 
 
 the, ni., 188-184. 
 Naval establishment, U. S., cost of the, 
 
 1891, ni., 184. 
 Naval officers, pay of, by ranks, m., 183- 
 
 183. 
 Navy, concerning increase of the, IH., 
 
 184-185. 
 Navy Department, officers of, ni., 57-59. 
 Navy, U. S., list of new vessels in, 1891, 
 
 m., 181. 
 Nebraska, map and political analysis of, 
 
 in., 268-269. 
 Net revenue and expenditures, with per 
 
 capital, 1837-1891, in., 154. 
 Nevada, map and political analysis of, 
 
 in., 370-271. 
 New Hampshire, map and political anal- 
 ysis of. III., 872-273. 
 New Jersey, map and political analysis 
 
 of, ni., 274-275. 
 New Mexico, map of, HI., 315. 
 New Navy of the U. S., list of vessels in 
 
 the, 1891, m., 181. 
 New States, Party Tendency in, in., 82-83. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX. 
 
 437 
 
 New York, map and political analysis of, 
 lU., 276-379. 
 
 Nominee, the Presidential, 1802, life and 
 record of, I. 
 
 Nominee, Vice-Presidential, the, 1898 life 
 and record of, 1., 
 
 North Bend Farmer, the, and his visitors 
 (Cartoon.) 
 
 North Carolina, map and political analy- 
 sis of, m., S80-281. 
 
 North Dakota, map and political analy- 
 sis of, m., 283-283. 
 
 Ocala Platform, Farmers' Alliance, II 7 
 
 Officers, Army, pay of, by ranks, in., 178 
 
 Officers, State and Territorial, 1892-1893 
 III., 66-77. ' 
 
 Officers, U.S. Nayy, pay of, by ranks, III., 
 183—183. 
 
 Ohio, map and political analysis of. III., 
 
 Oklahoma, map of. III., 316. 
 
 Oregon, map and political analysis of. 
 
 Origin of States and Territories, m., 63. 
 Our Pensioners, concerning, III., 163-177. 
 Parties, First Political, formation of, TTT 
 
 21-28. ' 
 
 Party, history of the, H., 1-4. 
 Party Tendency in the New States, III., 
 
 QO_QQ ' 
 
 Pennsylvania, map and political analysis 
 of, in., 288-289. 
 
 Pension Agencies, payments at, 1891, 
 m., 164. 
 
 Pension Claims Admitted and Rejected, 
 1881-1891, in., 172-175. 
 
 Pension Claims, filed and allowed, 1861- 
 1891, in., 170. 
 
 Pension Claims, increase in number al- 
 lowed, 1862-1891, m., 174-175. 
 
 Pension Laws, recent, ni., 165-169. 
 
 Pension Hates, 1891, 176. 
 
 Pensioners, number of, by States and 
 Countries, 1891, in., 170. 
 
 Pensioners, Our, concerning, m., 163-177. 
 
 Pensions, total amounts paid for, 1861- 
 
 1891, m., 171. 
 
 Pensions, total number of, 1861-1891, ni., 
 
 171. 
 People's Party National Committee, n.. 
 
 Pierce, Franklin, life of, m., 31-32. 
 Political parties, first formation of, TTT 
 
 21-23. 
 Polk, James Knox, life of, m., 80. 
 Popular Vote, by States, 1824-1888, ni., 
 
 46-50 
 Popular Vote, U. S., 1789-1888, in., 45. 
 Population and Financial Condition of 
 
 States and Territories, 1890, in., 
 
 79-81. 
 Population, Net Revenue and Expendi- 
 tures, with^er capitas, 1837-1891, HI., 
 
 154. 
 Post-Office Department, officers of, m., 
 
 59-60. 
 Presidential Nominee, the, 1892, life and 
 
 record of, I.^ 
 Presidential Succession, the, ni., 39-40. 
 Presidents and Vice-Presidents, III., 18. 
 Proceedings of the National Convention, 
 
 1892, I., 
 
 Prohibition Movement, history of the, H., 
 
 18. 
 Prohibition National Committee, II., 22. 
 
 Public Debt, analysis of, 1866-1891, in., 
 Publie Debt, principal of, 1791-1891, III., 
 
 Qualifications, Voting by States, In., 
 1*15— 319. 
 
 Radical Party, the, on a heavy grade 
 (Cartoon.) 
 
 Receipts and Expenditures, U. S . 1791- 
 1891, in., 128-185. a, '»! 
 
 Receipts and Expenditures, U. S., in de- 
 tail, 1891-1892, m., 137-141. 
 
 Reciprocity, concerning, n., 36-38. 
 
 Reciprocity, text of provisions for, 1890, 
 
 Reciprocity, the Blaine Report on, (A) 
 
 881-385. 
 Redistricting of States, 1890-1891, III., 94- 
 
 99. 
 Registration of Voters, in., 220. 
 Representatives, Apportionment of, 1789- 
 
 1893, m., 92-93. 
 Republic, Grand Army of the, m., 190- 
 
 191. 
 Republican League of the United States, 
 
 n. 18-19. 
 Republican National and State commit- 
 tees, II., 16-17. 
 Republican Party, formation of, ni., 33- 
 
 38. 
 Revenue, Net, and Expenditures, with 
 
 per capital, 1837-1891, in, 154. 
 Rhode Island, map and political analysis 
 
 of, in., 290-291. 
 Rules, Civil Service, in., 187-189. 
 Rules of the Fifty-first Congress, in., 
 
 100-101. 
 Rules of the Fifty-second Congress, TTT . 
 
 103-119. 
 Rules, Supreme Court Decision, on, HI., 
 
 120^125. 
 San Diego, California, harbor of. (Dlus.) 
 Senate, Members of, alphabetically, ni. 
 
 Senate, Members of, by States, in., 84-85. 
 
 Settlement of States and Territories, in., 
 64. 
 
 Silver Bill of 1890, the, (A) 386-887. 
 
 Silver Question, the, n., 39^0. 
 
 Single Tax Theory, the, n., 41-42. 
 
 South America, Imports and Exports, 
 U. S., 1889-1891, m., 163. 
 
 South Carolina, map and political analy- 
 sis of, m., 293-393. 
 
 South Dakota, map and political analy- 
 sis of, III., 294-295. 
 
 State and National committees. Demo- 
 cratic, n., 20-31. 
 
 State and National committees. Republi- 
 can, II., 16-17. 
 
 State Department, officers of. III., 54. 
 
 States, Apportionment of, 1789-1893, III., 
 98. 
 Assessed valuation of property in, 
 
 in., 79-81. 
 Congressional Districts in, III., 222- 
 
 818. 
 Congressional pluralities in. Addenda. 
 CJounties, number of, HI., 223-818. 
 County map of, ni., 322-318. 
 County Vote, variations in, in., 223- 
 
 818. 
 Customs duties, receipts and expendi- 
 tures from, III., 155. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
438 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 States, Debt of, 1890, IH., 79-81. 
 
 Electoral Vote, 1789-1888, □!., 41^2. 
 
 Electoral Vote, 1893, HI., 43. 
 
 Electoral Vote, synopsis of, 1872-1888, 
 m., 223-318. 
 
 Einancial condition of, III., 79-81. 
 
 G. A. R., Membership in. III., 190. 
 
 Governors of, 1892-1893, HI., 65. 
 
 Internal Revenue and expenditures 
 of, m., 155. 
 
 Legislature of. Party strength in, III., 
 78. 
 
 Members of Congress for, III., 85-88. 
 
 New Apportionment, III., 92. 
 
 New Counties in, HI., 223-318. 
 
 Otacers, 1892-1893, HI., 66-77. 
 
 Origin of. III., 63. 
 
 Pensioners in, m., 170. 
 
 Pluralities, Congressional, in, Ad- 
 denda. 
 
 Pluralities, Presidential, 1872-1888, 
 ni., 223-318. 
 
 Popular Vote, 1824-1888, III., 46-60. 
 
 Popular Vote, increase in the. III., 
 ^3—318 
 
 Popular Vote, synopsis of, 1872-1888, 
 III.. 223-318. 
 
 Population of, HI., 79-81. 
 
 Receipts and expenditures of. III., 
 79-81. 
 
 Redistricting of, III., 95-98. 
 
 Registration of Voters hy^ III., 220. 
 
 Resources of, 1890, III., 79-81. 
 
 Settlement of, III., 64. 
 
 Sinking fund of, 1890, HI., 79-81. 
 
 V. S. Senators for, III., 84-85. 
 
 Votes of Cities in. Addenda. 
 
 Voting Qualifloations in. III., 215-219. 
 
 Contribution of, to AVorld^s Fair, 
 Addenda. 
 States and Territories, Origin of. III., 
 
 68. 
 States and Territories, settlement of, 
 
 ni., 64. 
 States, Redistricting of, 1890-1891, III., 
 
 94-99. 
 Storming the Castle, (Cartoon.) 
 Sub-Treasury Warehouse scheme, the, 
 
 n., 8-10. 
 Succession, The Presidential, III., 39-40. 
 Supreme Court Decision, on Rules, III., 
 
 120-125. 
 Surrender of Cornwallis, the. (lUus.) 
 Tariff Legislation, history of, II., 26-29. 
 Tariff Reform Votes in Congress, by 
 
 States. 1865-1890, U., 35. 
 Tariff, 1890, compared with 188:3, II., 30-34. 
 Taylor, Zachary, life of. III., 33. 
 
 Tax, Single, theory of, the, II., 41-43. 
 Tennessee, map and political analysis of, 
 
 m., 396-297. 
 Texas, map and political analysis of, 
 
 ni, 298-301. 
 The North Bend Farmer and his visitors. 
 
 (Cartoon.) 
 Treasury Department, officers of. III., 
 
 54-55. 
 Tyler, John, life of, III., 29. 
 United States, Constitution of, III., 5-17. 
 United States, Customs Duties, old and 
 
 new, II., 30-34. 
 Utah, map of, lU., 317. 
 Van Buren, Martin, life of, HI., 28-29. 
 Vermont, map and political analj'sis of, 
 
 in., 302-303. 
 Vessels, New, in the U. S. Navy, 1891, III., 
 
 181. 
 Veto power, concerning exercise of, by 
 
 the Presidents, III., 186. 
 Vice-Presidential Nominee, the, 1892, life 
 
 and record of, I., 
 Virginia, map and political analysis of, 
 
 III., 304r-305. 
 Vote, Electoral, by States, 1789-1888, III., 
 
 41-43. 
 Vote, Labor, State Elections, 1889-1891, 
 
 II., 12. 
 Vote, Popular, by States, 1834-1888, III., 
 
 46-50. 
 Vote, Popular, U. S., 1789-1888, III., 45. 
 Voters, Registration of, III., 230. 
 Votes, Tariff Reform, in Congress, 1865- 
 
 1890, by States, II., 35. 
 Voting Qualifications, by States, III., 315- 
 
 319. 
 War Department, officers of, III., 56-57. 
 Washington, George, life of. III., 19-20. 
 Washington, map and political analysis 
 
 of. III., 306-307. 
 West Indies, imports and exports, U. S., 
 
 1889-1891, ni., 163. 
 West Virginia, map and political analy- 
 sis of, ni., 308-309. 
 Wisconsin, map and political analysis of, 
 
 ni., 310-311. 
 Woman Suffrage, facts concerning, II., 
 
 14-15. 
 World's Columbian Exposition, III., 308- 
 
 218. 
 World's Fair, Administration Building in. 
 
 (Dlus.) 
 World's Fair, Machinery Building in. (II- 
 
 lus.) 
 Wyoming, map and political analysis of, 
 
 III., 312-313. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Text of the Mills Bill, 319-881. 
 
 Text of the McKinley Bill, 833-380. 
 
 The Blaine Report on Reciprocity, 381-885. 
 
 The Silver Bill of 1890, 386-887. 
 
 Speech of Mr. Mills on his Tariff Measure, 
 
 Tariff Message of President Cleveland, 
 391-396. 
 
 Speech of Mr. McKinley on his Tariff 
 Measure, 397-898. 
 
 Speech of Mr.Carlisle on the Tariff ,399-401. 
 
 The President's Centennial Message, De- 
 cember, 1888, 403-405. 
 
 Congressional Pluralities by States, 406- 
 408. 
 
 Presidential and other Votes of Cities, 409. 
 
 ADDEI^DA. 
 
 Most recent (acts, under various headings, up to the moment of going to press. 
 
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