iilia, i|!pi|iiil»lfi'^« Corn CU. UT3. ell XDiniv( agriculture U/mi 8I0I Xibrar^ OF THE State Colleae of t4=^ — Cornell University Library QD 85.S43 Tables of properties of over fifteen hun 3 1924 003 685 736 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003685736 TABLES OF PROPERTIES OF OVER FIFTEEN HUNDRED COMMON INORGANIC SUBSTANCES WILHELM SEGERBLOM, A.B. INSTBTJCTOR IN CHEMISTRY AT THE PHILLIPS EXETER ACADEMY SECOND EDITION, REVISED N.I- PROCRESSVS REVEliTlONE EXETER, N. H. EXETER BOOK PUBLISHING CO. 1916 Copyright, 1909 and 1916 By WiLHELM Seqerblom The News-Letter Press Exeter, N. H. To A. M. S. without whose help this work had not been completed this little book is affectionately and gratefully dedicated PREFACE When the author was studying Qualitative Analysis in college he felt the great need of a complete list of inorganic substances, giving such properties as would enable him to corroborate the results given by the tests in salt analysis. Looking up the desired information in the larger reference books consumed much time and was often unsatisfactory. Dur- ing several years' teaching of the subject he has felt the need of such a work more and more; therefore, about five years ago he compiled a tem- porary manuscript list of about six hundred salts and laid it out for the general use of the class in QuaUtative Analysis. The copy was used con- siderably by the students, — simply to corroborate the tests, never to re- place the actual systematic testing at the laboratory desk. The results were so satisfactory that he decided to revise and enlarge the Ust, partic- ularly as it was early seen that all chemists would find it a helpful ref- erence work; hence the appearance of this little book. The tables on the following pages give the principal properties of such substances as may reasonably be looked for in a course in Qualitative Analysis. No attempt is made to record every known salt of every metal. Consequently, only the metals of the six groups usually studied are in- cluded, together with their oxides, hydroxides and more common salts. To increase the value of the book for general reference, tables are added covering the acids, non-metals and rare metals. The grouping of the metals used in these pages is that employed by Fresenius, viz., Group I Na, K, Li, NH4 Group II Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg Group III Al, Cr Group IV Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn Group V Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi Group VI As, Sb, Sn The following substances are included under each group of bases. 1. The metal 2. Acetate 3. Arsenate 4. Arsenite 5. Borate 6. Bromate 7. Bromide 8. Carbonate 9. Chlorate 10. Chloride 11. Chromate 12. Cyanide 13. Ferrocyanide 14. Ferricyanide 15. Fluoride 16. Hydroxide 17. Hypophosphite 18. lodate 19. Iodide 20. Manganate 21. Molybdate 22. Nitrate 23. Nitrite 24. Oxalate 25. Oxide 26. Phosphate 27. Phosphite 28. Silicate 29. Silicofluoride 30. Sulphate 31. Sulphide 32. Sulphite 33. Sulphocyanide 34. Tartrate 35. Thiosulphate 36. Tungstate The properties given include state, color, luster, crystaUine form, de- liquescence, efflorescence, stability in air, action on test paper, melting point, behavior when heated, solubility in water, alcohol and acids, and any other properties that are characteristic of the substance in hand. For convenience, the formulae, the chemical names and the common names are all given. To find the properties of a salt look first in the upper outside corner of the page for the group to which the metal in the salt belongs. Under each group the metals come first, and then the salts are arranged in al- phabetical order, the name of the acid radical being placed in small heavy-faced type in the outside margin of each page. Opposite these marginal names will be found the formulae and names of the correspond- ing salts of the several members of the group. Acid salts and basic salts are put directly after the normal salts. Hence, to find acid sodium sul- phate, find Sulphate in the margin under the Na, K, Li, NH Group, and in the compartment opposite Sulphate, and under Sodium, will be found, first NazS04, and then NaHS04. Double salts are put with the normal salt of the more prominent metal in the double salt; hence, to find nickel-ammonium sulphate, find Sulphate in the margin under the Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn Group, and in the compartment opposite Sulphate, and under Nickel will be found, first NiS04, and then Ni(NH4)2(S04)2.6HiO. A cross reference is usually put in the proper place under the less important metal of the double salt. In the case of iron, mercury and copper, separate columns contain the ous and the ic compounds. In the few other cases where ous and ic com- pounds exist, both will be found in the same compartment. With the exception of iron, mercury and copper, each metal that forms more than one oxide has all the oxides in the compartment opposite the marginal heading Oxide. For ease in classification, acid andydrides are consid- ered as oxides of the metal. Since dichromates and permanganates are few in number, they are put with the chromates and manganates re- spectively. VI For much of the material in these pages the author is indebted to such standard works of reference as Watts' Dictionary of Chemistry, Dam- mer's Handbuch der Anorganischen Cheraie, Comey's Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities, and the Chemiker-Kalender. For the arrange- ment of the material the author himself is responsible, and perhaps he will be pardoned for saying that he considers the separation into the six groups of bases better than arranging all the salts in one alphabetical list, or grouping all the salts of each acid together. With the arrange- ment used in these pages it is possible, not only to find all the salts of any one metal together, but also to compare any salt of the metal in question with the corresponding salt of each of the other members of the group to which the metal in question belongs. With very Uttle trou- ble it is possible to compare the salts of any one group with the corre- sponding salts in the other five groups. Atomic weights are taken from the Report of the International Com- mittee on Atomic Weights for 1909 as published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society for January, 1909; other numerical data are taken from the most reliable sources obtainable. All temperatures are recorded in centigrade degrees. The page numbers are put at the bottom of the pages because they are of httle use in reference. The quickest way is to look up, as has been described, first the group at the top of the page and then the name of the salt in the margin. The section on acids is valuable not only on account of the description of the free acid, but also for the condensed statements relating to the salts of each acid. The section on non-metals and rare metals treats of such substances as do not fit into the tables of the six regular groups of bases. The index at the end of the book will be found useful in finding a salt when only its common name is known. Any corrections or sug- gestions will be most gratefully received. W. S. Exeter, N. H.^ 1909. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The plan and scope of the second edition follows closely that of the first edition. The atomic weights have been revised to correspond with the Report of the International Committee on Atomic weights for 1916. Other minor changes have been made to bring the book to date. W. S. Exeter, N. H., 1916. vu CONTENTS (The figures indicate the pages, and page numbers are at the bottom of each page.) Abreviations X Group I. Na, K, Li, NH4 1 Group II. Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg 19 Groups III and IV. Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn 33 Group V. Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi 65 Group VI. As,.Sb, Sn 105 Acids 117 Non-Met ALS and Rare Metals 125 Index 137 ABBREVIATIONS abs. = absolute. amorph. = amorphous. Aq. = water of solution or dilution. At. Wt. = atomic weight. B. P. = boiling point. c. = about. cone. = concentrated. cryst. = crystals, crystalline, crystallizes. decomp. = decomposes, decomposed, decomposition. deliq. = deliquescent, deliquesces. dil. = dilute. efflor. = efflorescent, effloresces. insol. = insoluble. M' = a univalent metal. M" = a bivalent metal. Mol. Wt. , = molecular weight. M. P. = melting point. ppt. = precipitate. pptd. = precipitated. ppts. = precipitates. q. V. = which see. repptd. = reprecipitated. reppts. = reprecipitates. si. = slightly, slight. Sp. Gv. = specific gravity. sol. = soluble. t° = temperature in centigrade degrees. temp. = temperature. V. = see. val. = valence. GROUP I Sodium Na Potassium K Lithium Li Ammonium NH4 | The three metals of this group are univalent, grayish, very soft, and lighter than water, which they decompose at ordinary temperature, with evolution of hydrogen and formation of strongly alkaline-reacting hydroxides; for this reason they are often spoken of as the alkali metals. The radical NH4 is not known in the free state. The pure oxides (M'aO) are difficult to prepare, cautious heating of the metal in the air form- ing peroxides (M'zO^) at the same time. The salts of these metals, as well as of ammonium, are generally colorless crystals or white powders; they are all soluble in water, except Li^COs, Li2HP04, and NazHzSbzO/, which are very sparingly soluble. Many salts of Na and K are volatile at high heat; all NH4 salts volatilize, — some of them with decomposi- tion. Li salts color the Bunsen flame red, Na yellow, and K violet. Alkaline reaction is imparted to test paper by aqueous solutions of the carbonates, the secondary and the tertiary phosphates, the cyanides and the borates. Na, K, Li, NH4 GROUP Sodium Potassium Lithium Ammonium Na, sodium. Light, soft, malleable, ductile metal; occa- sionally'/lustroTfs , white, quadratic octahedra; silver- white'and ]very l\is- troustwhen freshly- cut, but oxidizes easily on 'exposure to air, becoming dull gray; evolves H2 rapidly from cold water, leaving NaOH in solution, but the H2 general- ly does not catch fire; burns in air with a yellow flame, the oxide formed being a mixture of NajO and Na202; must be kept in air- tight cans or under a liquid, free from O2, such as naph- tha; fairly hard at —20°, ductile at 0°, soft as wax at or- dinary temp., pasty at o. 50°, melts at 96°, and boils at c. 750°; vapor is col- orless or violet; sol. in liquid NH3; de- comp. alcohol vio- lently; insol. in hy- drocarbons; reacts violently with acids, forming sol. salts; the metal may be heated to melting or even higher temp, with- out catching fire; combines with the halogens when heated; all Na salts color the Bunsen flame yellow; Na is sometimes obtain- able as small cryst. At. Wt. 23.00; Mol. Wt. probably the same; Val. 1; Sp.Gv.0.97; M.P. 95.6°; B. P. 742°. NaCzHsOj-SHaO, so- dium acetate. Col- orless, monoclinic cryst.; efflor. on ex- posure; sol. in wa- ter; melts below 100°. K, potassium. Light, soft, mallea- ble, ductile metal; occasionally quad- ratic octahedra; bluish white and highly lustrous on freshly cut surface, but oxidizes easily and rapidly on ex- posure to air, be- coming dull, bluish gray; evolves H2 rapidly from cold water, leaving KOH in solution, enough heat being gener- ated to set fire to the H2, which bums with a violet flame; the metal itself burns with an in- tense violet light, the oxide left being a mixture of K2O and K2O4; must be kept in air-tight cans, or under a liquid free from, O2, such as naphtha; brittle at 0°, soft as wax at ordinary temp., and melts easily at c. 60°, or when pressed be- tween the fingers; vapor is green; sol. in liquid NH3; de- comp. alcohol vio- lently; insol. in hy- drocarbons; reacts violently with acids forming sol. salts; the metal combines with the halogens when heated; K salts generally col- or the Bunsen flame violet; the metal is sometimes obtainable as small cryst. At. Wt. 39.10; Mol. Wt. probably the same; Val. 1; Sp. Gv. 0.87; M. P. 62.5°; B. P. 720°. Li, lithium,. Silver- white, somewhat ductile, not very tenacious metal; it is the lightest known metal, being less than two- thirds as heavy as water; very soft, but hard- er than Na or K; has yellowish tinge when freshly cut; oxidizes readily on exposure to air; evolves H2 from cold water, leaving LiOH in solution, but the H2 does not catch fire, nor does the metal melt as Na does; when heated in air it burns with an in- tense, white light, forming Li20; the metal does not va- porize at red heat; sol. in liquid NH3; insol. in hydrocar- bons; reacts easily with acids, forming sol. salts; combines with the halogens when heated; all Li salts color the Bun- sen flame red. At. Wt. 6.94; Mol. Wt. probably the same; Val. 1; Sp. Gv. 0.59; M. P. 180°. KC2H3O2, potassium acetate. White, very deliq., cryst. powder, or scaly masses with satiny luster; saline taste; extremely sol. in LiC2H^302.2H20, lithiuml acetate. Col- orless, rhombic prisms; extremely sol. in water; sol. in alcohol. HH4, amm,onium. A radical that acts like an atom of a univalent metal; it has never been iso- lated, and is known only in combina- tion with acid radi- cals in ammonium salts, which give no flame coloration. NH4C2H3O2, ammo- nium acetate. Large, odorless, ide- liq. needles; cryst. with difficulty; de- comp. when its so- lution is evapor- Na, K, Li, NH4 GROUP Sodium NaH(C2H302)2i acid sodium, acetate. Cu- bic cryst.; sol. in water. NasAs04.12H20, so- dium arsenate, nor- mal sodium arsevr- ate, trisodium arsen- ate, sodium arsenv- ate. White powder; permanent in dry air; alkaline reac- tion; sol. in water. Na2HAs04.12H20, acid sodium arsen- ate, disodium arserir- ate. Large, clear, colorless, monoclin- ic prisms; mild, al- kaline taste; sol in water; insol. in al- cohol; efflor. quick- ly, leaving Na2HAs04.7H20. NaH2As04.H20, acid sodium arsenate, monosodium arsen- ate. White powder; more sol. in water than the other two Na arsenates. Potassium water; cryst. with difficulty; sol. in al- cohol; insol. in ether. KH(C2H302)2, acid potassium acetate. Very deliq. needles, laminae or long flattened prisms; decomp. when heatea; sol. in wa- ter. K3ASO4, potassium, arsenate, normal po- tassium arsenate, tripotassium orsen- ate, potassium ar- seniate. Colorless, deliq. cryst.; sol. in water. K2HASO4, acid po- tassium arsenate, dipotassium ar- senate. White pow- der; sol. in water. Lithium LiH(C2H302)2i acid lithium acetate. Sol. in water. NaAs02(?), sodium arsenite. Never ob- tained pure; gray- ish white powder; absorbs CO2; sol. in water. Na2B204.4H20, sodi- um metaborate. Large, monoclinic prisms; si. efflor.; sol. in water; melts at 67°. Na2B4O7.10H2O, so- dium borate, sodium tetraborate, sodium pyroborate, borax. Large, hard, mono- clinic prisms; some- times whitish. KH2ASO4, add po- tassium arsenate, monopotassium ar- senate. Stable, oc- tahedral cryst.; sol. in water; solution has acid reaction; insol. in alcohol. KAs02.HgAs03, add potassium arsenite. White powder; sol. in water; insol. in alcohol. K2B2O4, potassium metaborate. Mono- clinic cryst.; sol. in water; caustic, al- kaline taste. K2B4O7.SH2O, potas- sium borate, potassi- um tetraborate, po- tassium pyroborate. White powder; al- kaline taste; very sol. in water. 2Li3As04.E20, lithi- um arsenate, nor- mal lithium arserir- ate, trilithium arsen- ate, lithium arseni- ate. White powder; sparingly sol. in wa- ter; sol. in dil. acids and in HC2H3O2 + Aq. Unknown. Ammonium ated; extremely sol. in water. NH4H(C2H302)2, add ammonium ace- tate. Cryst. pow- der; sol. in water. 2LiH2As04.3H20, add lithium arserir- ate, monolithium ar- senate. Rhombic prisms; sol. in wa- ter. Unknown. Unknown. Li2B407.5H20, lithi- um borate, lithium tetraborate, lithium pyroborate. White cryst. powder; sol. in ^^ water; insol. in alcohol. (NH4)3As04.3H20, ammonium arsen- ate, normal ammo- nium arsenate, tir- ammonium arsen- ate, ammonium ar- seniate. White, ef- flor cryst.; sol. in water with difficul- ty. (NH4)2HAs04, add ammonium arsen^ ate, diammonium arsenate. Quadrat- ic prisms; efflor., giving off NH3; more sol. in water than the normal ar- senate. NH4H2ASO4, add ammonium arsen- ate, monoammoni- um arsenate. Not efflor.; very sol. in water. NH4MgAs04 V. Mg arsenate. NH4ASO21 ammonia um arsenite. White powder or lustrous prisms; very sol. in water. 2NH4HB2O4.3H2O, add ammonium metaborate. Semi- transparent, rhom- bic or octahedral, efflor. cryst.; alka- line reaction and taste; sol. in water. (NH4)2B407.4H20, ammonium borate, ammonium tetrabo- rate, ammonium py- roborate. Tetragon- alXcryst. that are generally found in Acetate Cont. Arsenate Aisenite Borate Na, K, Li, NH4 GROUP Borate Cont. Bromate Bromide Carbonate Sodium Potasslum Lithium Ammonium sometimes clear and colorless; si. ef- flor.; loses all its cryst. water when heated; sol, in wa- ter; solution ab- sorbs some CO2 from the air on standing; insol. in alcohol; sweet, cooling taste; M. P. 75.5°. NajBiO;, anhydrous sodium borate, sodi- um borate, borax, burnt borax. Fine, white, amorph. powder or masses; sweetish, alkaline taste; alkaline re- action; sol. in wa- ter; melts at red heat to glass-like mass that dissolves many metallic ox- ides and salts, form- ing fusible double salts that are often colored. E2B4Q7, anhydrous potassium tetrabo- rate. Very sol. in water. LijB^O,, Anhydrous lithium tetraborate. Deliq.; easily sol. in water. turbid masses and smell strongly of NH3; decomp. by heat; sol. in water. Unknown. NaBrOs, sodium bro- mate. Small, shiny, eflBor. needles or cryst. powder; sol. in water. ECBrOj, potassium bromate. Cryst. powder, sometimes needles; sol. in hot water; si. sol. in al- cohol; melts at 350° and decomp. &st slowly, then rapid- ly and explosively, giving off O2 and LiBrOs, lithium bro- mate. Deliq. nee- dles; sol. in water. NH^BrOs, ammoni- um bromaie. Color- less needles, with pungent taste; un- stable; explodes on short exposure; sol. in water. NaBr, sodium bro- mide. Colorless or white, lustrous cubes; saline, feebly bitter or alkaline taste; not deliq. but absorbs moisture from air; sol. in wa^ ter; neutral re- action; very "si. sol. in alcohol. KBr, potassium bro- mide. Colorless or white, granular powder, or very lus- trous, medium- sized, cubical cryst. that are sometimes elongated to prisms and sometimes flat- ened to plates; pun- gent, saline taste; crackles on heating; easily sol. in water with lowering , of temp.; si. sol. in al- cohol. LiBr, lithium bro- mide. White, de- liq., si. bitter gran- ules or masses; sol. in water. NH4Br, ammoni- um bromide. White, cryst. powder, or colorless, prismatic cryst.; pungent, sa- line taste; sublimes without decomp.; sol. in water with lowering of temp.; si. sol. in alcohol or ether; the aqueous solution gives off NH3; the salt tiu:ns yellow when ex- posed to moist air and acquires an acid reaction. Na2CO3.10H2O, so- dium carbonate, sal soda, washing soda, soda, alkali. Large, colorless, monoclin- ic cryst.; strong al- K2CO3, potassium carbonate, pearlash, salt of tartar, potash. White, very deliq., cryst. powder; strong al- Li2C03, lithium car- bonate. Light, white^powder, small prisms, or cryst. crusts; alka^ line reaction; not (NH4)2C03.H20,am- monium carbonate, normal ammonium carbonate. White, hard, translucent, striated masses or Na, K, Li, NH4 GROUP Sodium' kaline taste and re- action; efflor.; de- comp. by acids, with evolution of CO.-; sol. in water; insol. in alcohol; si. sol. in abs. alcohol; M. P. 34°. NajCOs, anhydrous sodium carbonate, dry soda. Loose, white powder; other properties the same as of sal soda. NaHCOs, acid sodi- um carbonate, sodi- um bicarbonate, sal- eratus, baking soda, cooking soda, soda. White, amorph. powder; cooling, mildly alkaline taste; mildly alka^ line reaction; sol. in water; M P. 1098°. NaClOg, sodium chlorate. Colorless ciyst.; cooling, sa- line taste; decomp. by heat or by strong acids; good oxidizing agent; sol. in water; sol. in cold alcohol, more easily in hot; M. P. 302°. NaCl, sodium chlo- ride, salt, table salt, cooking salt, sea salt, rock salt, common salt. Colorless, Potassium kaline reaction; de- comp. by acids, with evolution of CO2; sol in water; sol. in alcohol; in- sol. in abs. alcohol; M. P. 83°. KHCOg,' acid potas- sium carbonate, po- tassium bicarbon- ate, saleratus. Col- orless, transparent or translucent cryst.; si. alkaline, saline taste; sol. in water; insol. in al- cohol. KCIO3, potassium chlorate, potash. Transparent, color- less, shiny prisms or monoclinie plates; pearly lus- ter; cooling saline taste; a good oxi- dizing agent; de- comp. with evolu- tion of O2, when heated to 362°; de- comp. by strong acids, often with explosive violence; sol. in water, with absorption of heat; sol. in alcohol; in- sol. in abs. alcohol. M. P. 334°. KClfpotassium chlo- ride. White, cubi- cal cryst.; saline taste; stable in air;i decrepitates when Lithium decomp. by heat; melts at low, red heat; decomp. by acids, with evolu- tion of CO^; si. sol. in water; more sol. in carbonic acid water; sol. in solu- tions of NH4 salts; insol. in alcohol. LiHCOs, add lithi- um carbonate, lithi- um bicarbonate. Sol. in water. LiClOa.HjO, lithium chlorate. Very de- liq., octahedra, or needles; decomp. when heated to 140°; melts at 50° in its cryst. water; M. P. of anhydrous salt is 124°; sol. in water; very easily sol. in alcohol. LiCl, lithium chh- ride. Colorless, very deliq., octahe- dral cryst.; proba- bly the most deliq. Ammonium plates; strong NH3 odor; sharp, saline taste; efHor., first losing its cryst. wa^ ter, and then de- comp. on standing in air to the acid carbonate and NH3; decomp. at 85° to NHg, CO2 and H2O; sol. in wa- ter, the solution al- ways having an odor of NH3;'sol. in dil. NHiOH; insol. in alcohol; the com- mercial salt is gen- erally contaminat- ed with the acid carbonate, NH4HCO3, and with ammonium carbamate, NH4NHjC03. NH4HCO3, acid awr- monium carbonate, ammonium bicar- bonate. Large, transparent, tri- metric cryst. or fine, dry, white"^ powder; cooling, saline taste; strong NH3 odor; decomp. when heated into NH3, CO J and H2O; sol. in water; insol. in alcohol. NH4CIO3, ammoni- um chlorate. Fine colorless needles or prisms; pungent taste; good oxidiz- ing agent; sublimes somewhat above 100°; decomp. at 102°, with explos- ive violence to CI2, N2O and H2O; detonates when mixed and ground with combustible bodies; easily de- comp. by strong acids; sol. in water; less sol. in alcohol; very si. sol. in abs. alcohol. NH4CI, ammonium- chloride, sal ammo- niac. White, odor- less, octahedral or cubical cryst. , cryst. Carbonate Cont. Chlorate Chloride Na, K, Li, NH4 GROUP Chloride Cord. Chromate Cyanide Sodium Potassium Lithium Ammonium transparent, cubic cryst., white, cryst. powder, or trans- ucent to opaque lumps; pure, saline taste; neutral reac- tion; generally si. deliq. on account of impurities; the pure salt is only si. hygroscopic; crac- kles when heated; sol. in water, with si. lowering of temp.; sol. in alco- hol, the solubility increasing with the temp.; insol. in ether; very si. sol. in ether — absolute alcohol; M. P. 776°; volatile at higher temp. heated; sol. in wa- ter; sol. in alcohol; insol. in abs. alco- hol; very si. sol. in- ether — absolute al cohol; M. P. 730°; volatile at higher temp. salt known; sharp, saline taste, very similar to that of NaCl; melts at dark red heat to a clear liquid; volatile at white heat; very easily sol. in water; sol. in abs. alcohol, ether, and ether — alcohol. powder or translu- cent, fibrous, cryst; masses; pungent, salty taste; neutral reaction; sublimes completely and eas- ily without melting at red heat; easily and quickly sol. in water, with lower- ing of temp.; sol. in alcohol; very sL sol. in abs. alconol; in- sol. in ether. Na2CrO4.10H2O, so- dium chromate. Cit- ron-yellow, trans- parent, eflElor. or de- iq., monoclinic, prismatic cryst.; al- kaline reaction; melts in its cryst. water at 23°; easily sol. in water; si. sol. in alcohol. Na2Cr207.2H20, sodi^ um bichromate, sodi- um dichromate. Thin, hyacinth-red, deliq., triclinic prisms; sol. in war- ier, more so than Na2Cr04; loses its cryst. water at 110°, melts at 320° and decomp. at 400°. K2Cr04, potassium chromate. Pale lem- on-yellow, chunky, double, six-sided, trimetric pyramids; alkaline reaction; bitter, cooling, me- tallic taste; melts without change at red heat; easily sol. in water; insol. in alcohol. £2^1207, potassium bichromate, potassi- um dichromate, di- chromate of potash. Large, orange-red, translucent, four- sided, triclinic plates or prisms; stable in air; acid reaction; bitter, metallic taste; de- crepitates when heated; melts near red heat, and de- comp. at white heat; sol. m water, less so than K2Cr04; insol. in alcohol. Li2Cr04.2H20, lithi- um chromate. Red- brown, trimetric, prismatic cryst.; very easily sol. in water. Li2Cr207.2H20, lithi- um bichromate, li- thium dichromate. Dark bluish gray or brownish black, deliq., finely cryst. powder; sol. in wa^ ter. (NH4)2Cr04, ammo- nium chromate. Long, citron-yellow needles; emits odor of NH3 in air; leaves CrjOj when heated; very sol. in water; insol. in alco- hol. (llH4)2Cr207, ammo- nium bichromate, ammonium dichro- mate. Orange or red, monoclinic prisms; decomp. at red heat, with ex- plosive violence, eaving CrzOj; sol. in water, less so than the normal chromate. NaCN, sodium cya- nide. White dehq., cryst., poisonous powder; cryst. with difficulty; sol. in wa^ ter. KCN, potassium cya- nide. White, opaque, amorph., deliq. lumps or pow- der, occasionally, small, white cubes or octahedra; very poisonous; alkaline reaction; melts eas- ily, and volatilizes Unknown. NH4CN, ammonium cyanide. Colorless cubes; alkaline re- action; very pois- onous; volatilizes at 36°, with dissocia- tion into HCN and NH.,; vapor is in- flammable in air; decomp. easily in Na, K, Li, NH4 GROUP Sodium Potassium Lithium Ammonium at red heat; emits odor of HON; sol. in water; some- what sol. in alcohol; less sol. in abs. alco- hol. air to brownish mass; easily sol. in water; easily sol. in alcohol. Na4Fe(CN)o.l2H20, sodium ferrocyanide. Pale yellow, trans- parent, efflor., mon- oclinic prisms; sol. in water, less so than K4Fe(CN)6; insol. in alcohol. K4Fe(CN)e.3H20, potassium ferrocya- nide, yellow prussi- ate of potash. Lem- on yellow to am- ber-yellow, efflor., monoclinic, tabu- lar cryst.; seldom separate, usually massed together ir- regularly; pearly luster; loses all its cryst. water at 60° to 80°; decomp. when heated to a higher temp.; sol. in water to yellow solution that de- composes in sun- light, with format tion of Prussian blue; more sol. in hot than in cold water; insol. in al- cohol. Li4Fe(CN)e.9H20, lithium ferrocyanide. Deliq. cryst.; very sol. in water. (NH4)4Fe(CN)e. 3H2O, ammonium ferrocyanide. White or greenish cryst. that turn blue in the air or when heated with format tion of Fe(CN)2 (7) and NH4CN; easily sol. in water; insol. in alcohol. NaeFe2(CN)i2.2H20, sodium ferricyanide. Ruby-colored, de- liq. prisms; sol. in cold water to a yel- lowish solution; very easily sol. in hot water; insol. in alcohol. KeFe2(CN)i2, potas- sium ferricyanide, red prussiate of pot- ash. Large, red, monoclinic prisms or needles, which when crushed give a yellow powder; easily sol. in water to a greenish solu- tion; insol. in abs. alcohol; si. sol. in dil. alcohol. Unknown. (NH4)eFe2(CN)i2. 3H2O, ammonium ferricyanide. Ruby red, shiny, mono- clinic prisms or tab- lets; stable in air; when heated it loses some of its cryst." water, and then de- comp. with format tion of HCN; sol. in water; probably sol. in alcohol. NaF, sodium flvxi- ride. Clear, color- less, lustrous, some- times opalescent, cubical cryst.; alka- line reaction; more bitter taste than KF; decrepitates when heated; very si. sol. in cold wa- ter; heating does not increase solu- bility; almost insol. in alcohol; M. P. 902°. NaHF2, acid sodium fluoride. Small, col- orless, rhombohe- KF, potassium fluo- ride. White, deliq., alkaline, cryst. pow- der or cubes; sharp, saline taste; sol. in water; solution etches glass; insol. in alcohol; M. P. 789°. KHF2, acid potassi- um fluoride. White cubes or four-sided LiF, lithium fluo- ride. White pow- der or small cryst. tablets; very diffi- cultly sol. in wa- ter; melts at red heat. LiHFj, add lithium fluoride. Small cryst.; very sour NH4F, ammonium fluoride. Small, col- orless, hexagonal, flat or prismatic cryst.; generally stable in air, tho sometimes deliq.; etches glass; strong saline taste; sub- limes unchanged with previous melt- ing, and more eas- ily than NH4CI; easily sol. in water; si. sol. in alcohol. NH4HF2, add am- monium fluoride. Colorless, si. deliq. Cyanide Cont. Ferro- cyanide Ferri- cyanide Fluoride Na, K., Li, NH4 GROUP Fluoride Conl. Hydroxide Hypo- phosphite lodate Sodium dral cryst.; sharp, acid taste; decomp. by heat into NaF and HF; si. sol. in cold water, more in hot. NaOH, sodium hy- drate, sodium hy- droxide, caustic soda, soda, caustic. White, hard, brit- tle, very deliq. sticks or amorph. powder; strong, al- kaline reaction; ab- sorbs CO2 from the air; dissolves in wa- ter, with evolution of great heat; easily sol. in alcohol, wood spirit or gly- cerine; somewhat sol. in ether; melts below red heat; vol- atilizes at very bright red heat or higher than KOH. Potassium tablets; decomp. by heat into KF and HF; easily sol. in water; sol. in dil. al- cohol, but insol. in abg. alcohol. NaHzPOz-HzO, sodi- um hypophosphite. Small, colorless, pearly, rectangular plates or white, granular powder; very deliq.; bitter- ish sweet, saline taste; evaporation of an aqueous solu- tion is often attend- ed with explosions; sol. in water, less so than the K salt; easily sol. in abs. alcohol. NalOs, sodium io- date. Opaque, silky needles that some- times contain wa- ter of cryst., the amount depending upon the temp, at wnich the cryst. were formed; melts when heated; de- comp. at a higher temp.; sol. in wa- tery insol. in alcohol KOH, potassium hy- drate, potassium hy- droxide, caustic pot- ash, potash. White, hard, brittle, very deliq. sticks or amorph. powder; sticks often show fibrous or radiated structure; absorbs CO2 from the air; strongly alkaline re- action; si. nauseous odor; strongly ac- rid taste; a strong potential cautery; easily sol. in water, giving great heat; easily sol. in alco- hol, wood spirit and glycerine; si. sol. in ether; melts below red heat; volatilizes at bright red heat to white, pungent vapor; decomp, at white heat. Lithium Ammonium taste; deeonip. by heat into LiF and HF; difficultly sol. in water, but more easily sol. than LiF. LiOH, lithium hy- drate, lithium hy- droxide. White, transparent, si. de- liq., amorph. pow- der or cryst. mass- es; strongly alka- line reaction; ab- sorbs CO2 from the air; melts when heated without de- comp.; sol. in wa^ ter, but less so than NaOH or KOH; si. sol. in alcohol. KH2PO2, potassium, hypophosphite. White, granular powder or opaque, white, hexagonal tablets; very deliq.; pungent, saline taste; decomp. with explosive violence when crushed; bums with a yellow flame; easily sol. in water or alcohol. KIO3, potassium io- date. Small, hard, white, lustrous, cu- bical cryst.; de- comp. at a higher temp, than KCIOg; melts at 560° with partial decomp.; sol. in water; sol. in warm, dil. H2SO4; insol. in alcohol. chunky or prismat- ic cryst.; volatilizes easily to acrid va- por; easily sol. in water. NH4OH, ammonium hydrate, ammonium hydroxide, a^ua am- monia, spirits of hartshcrrn. Known only in solution; colorless; very al- kaline; has pungent, characteristic odor. LiHaPOj^HjO, lithi- um, hypophosphite. Colorless, transpar- ent, monoclinic cryst.; sol. in wa- ter. 2LiI03.H20, lithium iodate. Cryst., crusts or deliq. nee- dles with pearly lus- ter; easily sol. in water; insol. in al- cohol. NH^HjPOjt ammo- nium hypophosphite. Irregular, hexagon- al scales; less deliq. than the K salt; de- comp. when heat- ed; sol. in water; easily sol. in alco- hol; M. P. 200°. NH4IO3, ammonium iodate. Colorless prisms or cryst. powder; decomp. with hissing, when heated to 150°; si. sol. in water. Na, K, Li, NH4 GROUP Sodium Potassium Lithium Ammonium Kal, sodium iodide. White, cubic cryst. or white, fibrous masses with pearly luster; si. bitter taste; deliq. in moist air, becoming rose-colored with separation of some I2 and formation of someNa2COa;M.P. 628°; volatilizes less readily than KI but at a lower temp, than NaCl; sol. m water; from an aqueous solution NaI.2H20 usually separates out below 65° and Nal above 65°; sol in alcohol. KI, potassium io- dide. Colorless, transparent or trans ucent, hard, cubical cryst. or white, granular powder; pungent, saline taste; stable in dry air; deliq. only in very moist air; veiy sol. in wa- ter, with considera- ble lowering of temp.; sol. in alco- hol; M. P. 623°. Lil, lithium iodide. White to colorless prisms or white to brownish, deliq. powder, which turns yellow or brown on standing, on account of sep- aration of some free I2; sol. in water; M. P. 72°. KH4I, ammonium iodide. Colorless cubes or white, hy- groscopic, odorless, cryst. powder; sharp, saline taste; deliq. in moist air and becomes yellow thru separation of I2 and loss of NH3; in absence of air it sublimes un- changed and with- out melting; de- comp. when heated in arr; easily sol. in water or alcohol. Na2MnO4.10H2O,so- dium numganaie. Cryst.; colorless when pure, but gen- erally dark green; sol. in water with partial decomp. to form a green solu- tion. NaMn04.3H20, sodi- um permanganate. Black deliq., gran- ular powder; cryst. with difficulty on account of great sol- ubility in water. K2Mn04, potassium manganate, chamele- on mineral. Dark green, rhombic cryst. with metallic luster; turns dull and black in air; de- comp. when heated to a nigh temp.; sol. in water, with de- comp.to KMnOi and MnOj; sol. in KOH -f Aq. from which it may be cryst. KMnOi, potassium permanganate. Dark purple-red, almost black, slen- der, opaque prisms; blue metallic reflec- tion; sweet taste, with astringent, bitter after-taste; decomp. at high heat; sol. in water; aqueous solution is violet to purple when dil., dark red to nearly black when cone; de- comp. immediately by alcohol. Unknown. LiMn04.3H20, lithi- um permanganate. Stable cryst.; sol. in water. Unknown. NH4Mn04, ammoni- um permanganate. Slender prisms; sol. in water. IIa2Mo04.2H2O, so- dium molybdate, normal sodium mo- lybdate. Small tab- lets, with mother of pearl luster; alka- line reaction; sol. in water. K2M0O4, potassium molybdate. White, finely cryst. pow- der; deliq.; very sol. in water; insol. in alcohol; melts at red heat. SLi2Mo04.2H20, lithium molybdate, normal lithium mo- lybdate. Thin prisms or cryst. warts; sol. in wa- ter. (NH4)3Mo04, am- monium molybdate. Small, four-sided, colorless prisms that efflor. in air by loss of NH3; de- comp. by water in- to an acid molyb- date; sol. in dil. NH4C1-|-Aq. Iodide Manganate Molybdate Na, K, Li, NH4 GROUP Molybate Cont. Nitrate Nitrite Oxalate Oxide Sodium Potassium Lithium Ammonium (NH4)3P04.12Mo03, (?) ammonium phosphomolybdate. Yellow powder of variable composi- tion; si. sol. in wa- ter; sol. in alkalis. NaNOj, sodium ni- trate. Chili saltpe- ter, cubic saltpeter, cubic niter. Color- less, si. deliq. , trans- parent, rhombohe- dral cryst-, that are nearly cubical; sa- line, si. bitter taste; sol. in water, with lowering of temp.; sol. in solutions of several salts of al- kali metals; sol. in alcohol; M. P. 316°. KNO3, potassium ni- trate, saltpeter, ni- ter. Colorless, transparent, six- . sided prisms or a white, cryst. pow- der; cooling, saline, pungent taste; sol. in water, with low- ering of temp.; in- sol. in abs. alcohol; in dil. alcohol it dis- solves proportional- ly to the amount of water present; M. P. 339°; decomp. at white heat. LiNOs, lithium ni- trate. Transparent, very deliq. cryst., sometimes needles; taste resembles that of KNO3; melts at 264° to a clear liq- uid; sol. in water or in strong alcohol. NH4NO3, ammoni- um nitrate. Color- less deliq., odorless, cryst.; usually long, thin, rhombic prisms; sharp, bit- ter taste; deliq. in air, losing NH3 and acquiring an acid reaction; melts at c. 152°; decomp. begins at c. 210°, and becomes ex- plosive at c. 300°; products are H2O and N2O, but part of the salt volatil- izes; sol. in water with lowering of temp. ; sol. in alcohol. NaN02, sodium ni- trite. Colorless, transparent, hexag- onal cryst.; less de- liq. than KNO2; mildly saline taste; alkaline reaction; very sol. in water, more so than NaNOa; insol. in abs. alcohol. KNO2, potassium nitrite. White to yellowish white, amorph., deliq. sticks or lumps, re- sembling KOH; or colorless, microsco- pic, prismatic cryst. ; very sol. in water, more so than KNO3; insol. in abs. alcohol. Co(H02)3.3KN02 V. Co nitrite. 2LiN02.H20, lithi- um nitrite. Deliq., si. alkaline, cryst. masses; easily sol. in water and in al- cohol. NH4NO2, ammonium nitrite. Tough, elas- tic, cryst. masses, indistinct cryst., or clear yellow iquid; peculiar characteris- ticodor; very deliq.; decomp. by heat; sometimes decomp. simply on standing; detonates at 60° or under sudden blows; sol. m water. Ha2C204, sodium ox- alate. Fine, white powder; si. sol. in water, with neutral reaction. NaHC204, acid sodi- um oxalate. Mono- clinic, cryst. with acid reaction on lit- mus. ' KJC2O4, potassium oxalate. Small, col- orless, transparent, monoolinic cryst.; sol. in water. KHC2O4, acid potas- sium oxalate, salt of sorrel. Monoclinic cryst.; sol. in water. LijCjO^, lithium ox- alate. Small, white cryst.; sol. in wa^ ter. LiHC204. 0'<^d lithi- um oxalate. Sol. in water. (NH4)2C204.H,0, ammonium oxalate. Long, shiny, rhom- bic, prismatic cryst.; sol. in water. HH4HC2O4, arid am- monium oomlate. Prismatic cryst. Na20, sodium oxide, sodium monoxide. Grayish white, amorph. powder; probably always contaminated with Na202; very deliq.; sol. in water, with evolution of heat and formation of NaOH; melts at strong heat. K2O, potassium ox- ide, potassium mon- oxide. Grayish white, brittle, non- lustrous, solid with concoidal fracture; often contaminated with K2O4; sol. in water, with evolu- tion of much heat and formation of KOH; melts at full Li20, lithium oxide, lithium monoxide. White, cryst. solid; deliq. more slowly than NaOH; slowly sol. in water, with formation of LiOH; melts with decomp. Unknown. 10 Na, K, Li, NH4 GROUP Sodium Na202, sodium di- oxide, sodium per- oxide. Yellowish white, amorph. powder; deliq. gradually in air and absorbs CO2, form- ing solid Na2C03; easily sol. in water, with evolution of much heat and for- mation of NaOH; a good oxidizing agent; evolves Oj when heated. Na3P04.12H20, so- dium phosphate, normal sodium phosphate, neutral sodium phosphate, trisodium ortho- phosphate, tertiary sodium phosphate. Clear, colorless, six- sided cryst., prisms or pyramids; cool- ing, saline taste; sol. in water; M. P. 77° Ka2HP04.12H20,so- dium phosphate, acid sodium phos- phate, disodium orthophosphate, sec- ondary sodium phos- phate, ordinary so- dium phosphate. Colorless, translu- cent, monoclinic prisms or white, cryst. powder; cooling, saline taste; efflor. in air, losing 5H2O; all the cryst. water goes off at 100°; sol. in water; insol. in al- cohol; melts in its cryst. water at 35°. NaH2P04.H20, sodi- um phosphate, add Potassium red heat; volatil- izes at very high temp. K2O4, potassium tet- roxide, potassium superoxide, potassi- um peroxide. Dark yellow, amorph. powder, resembling PbCr04 in color; deliq. in moist air, giving off O2; sol. in water, with evolu- tion of much heat and formation of KOH and H2O2; softens at 280°; melts at red heat to a black transparent fluid, that deposits leaflets on cooling; decomp. at white heat. K3PO4, potassium phosphate, normal potassium phos- phate, neutral potas- sium phosphate, tri- potassium, ortho- phosphate, tertiary potassium phosphate. White solid, small needles or cryst. powder; not deliq.; somewhat sol. in cold water, more sol. in hot; insol. in alcohol; melts at red heat; decomp. at white heat. K2HPO4, potassium phosphate, acid po- tassium phosphate, dipotassium ortho- phosphate, second- ary potassium phos- phate. White, amorph. or si. cryst., deliq. pow- der; sour taste; acid reaction; very sol. in water or al- cohol; decomp. when heated. Lithium Li202i lithium di- oxide, lithium per- oxide Yellow pow- der; sol. in water, with evolution of heat and formation of LiOH. KH2PO4, potassium phosphate, add po- 2Li3P04.H20, lithi- um phosphate, nor- mal lithium phos- phate, neutral lithi- um phosphate, tri- lithium orthophos- phate, tertiary lithi- um phosphate. Heavy, white, granular, cryst. powder; very si. sol. in water; more sol. in solutions of NH4 salts; easily sol. in acids; does not melt even at white heat. Li2HP04, lithium phosphate, add lithi- um phosphate , dilith- ium orthophosphate, secondary lithium phosphate. Nearly insol. in water. LiH2P04, lithium phosphate, acid lilh- Ammonium Unknown (NH4)3P04.3H20, ammonium phos- phate, normal am- monium phosphate, neutral ammonium phosphate, iriammo- nium orthophos- phate, tertiary am,- monium phosphate. Semi-solid, cryst. masses or short, prismatic needles; changes rapidly to (NH4)2HP04; sol. with difficulty in water; less soL than (NH4)2HP04; insol. in solutions of al- kalis. (NH4)2HP04, ammo- nium phosphate, add ammonium, phosphate, diammo- nium orthophos- phate, secondary ammonium phos- phate. Colorless, odorless, translu- cent, monoclinic prisms; cooling, sa- line taste; efilor. in air, leaving NH4H2PO4; easily sol. in water; insol. in alcohol; aqueous solution is alkaline and loses NH3 when boiled. NH4H2PO4, ammo- nium phosphate, Oxide Cont. Phosphate 11 Na, K, Li, NH4 GROUP Phosphate Coni. Phosphite Sodium sodium •phosphate, monosodium ortho- phosphate, primary sodium, phosphate. Cryst. powder; cryst. sometimes rhombic, some- times monoclinic; acid reaction; very sol. in water; insol. in alcohol; decomp. at 200°. NaPOs, sodium met- aphosphaie, mono- sodium metaphos- phate. Clear, glassy, transparent, color- less sticks or pow- der; sparingly sol. in water; M. P. 617°. KaiPzOj.lOHaO, so- dium pyrophos- phate. Colorless, monoclinic cryst.; sol. in water; insol. in alcohol. NaNH4HP04.4H20, sodiumrammonium phosphate, sodium^ ammonium-hydro- gen phosphate, mi- crocosmic salt, salt of phosphorus. Transparent, color- less, efflor,, mono- clinic cryst.; easily sol. in water; insol. in alcohol; aqueous solution gives off NH3, especially if hot; when salt is heated H2O and NH3 go off, leaving NaPOa; fused salt is easily colored by metallic oxides. Potassium NazHPOs-SHjO, so- dium phosphite, nor- mal sodium phos- phite. White, cryst. powder; very de- iiq.; very sol. in wa- ter; insol. in alco- hol; M. P. 53°. 2NaH2P03.5H20, acid sodium phos- phite. Monoclinic prisms; very sol. in water; M. P. 42°; loses most of its tassium phosphaie, monopotassium or- thophosphate, prim,- ary potassium phos- phate. Colorless, transparent, tet- ragonal cryst.; sour taste; acid reaction; deliq. ; easily sol. in water; insol. in al- cohol; changes above 204° to KPO, and then melts. KPO3, potassium metaphosphate, monopotassium met- aphosphate. Cryst. powder; sparingly sol. in water. K4P2O7.3H2O, potas- sium pyrophosphate. White, very deliq., radiating masses; easily sol. in water; insol. in alcohol. Lithium K2HPO3, potassium phosphite, normal potassium phos- phite. White, semi- cryst., syruplike mass, with small- cryst.; very deliq.; easily sol. in wa- ter; insol. in alcohol. KH2PO3, add potas- sium, phosphite. Monoclinic prisms; sol. in water ium phosphate, motv- olithium orthophos- phate, primary lith- ium phosphate. De- liq. cryst., with acid reaction; very sol. in water. Unknown. LiiPjOj-iHaO, lithi- um pyrophosphate. Sparingly sol. in water. Ammonium Unknown LiH2P03, add lithi- um phosphite. Small crj^st.; very sol. in water; stable at 100°; decomp. at higher temp. acid ammonium, phosphate, mono- ammonium ortho- phosphate, primary ammonium phos- phate. Tetragonal cryst., that do not emor.; sol. in wa- ter, less so than (NH,)2HP0,. NH4PO3, ammonium metaphosphate, monoammonium metaphosphate. In- sol. in cold water; sol. in hot water. (NH4)4p207, ammo- nium pyrophosphate, Cryst. tablets; alka- line reaction; easily sol. in water; insol. in alcohol. NH4MgP04.6H20, ammoniunMnagne- dum phosphate. Colorless, rhombic cryst. or white, cryst. powder; al- kaline reaction; loses NH3 in air; si. sol. in water; sol. in dil. acids; insol. in water containing ammonium phos- phate or sodium- ammonium phos- phate; decomp. when heated. (KH4)2HPOs.fl20, ammonium phos- . phite, normal am^ monium phosphite Colorless, yeiy de- liq^., foiu--sidea, prismatic cryst.; sol. in water; insol. in alcohol; loses HjOandNHsatlOO". NH4H2PO3, add am- monium phosphite. Very deliq., mono- clinic prisms; sol. in water; absorbs NHj at 80° to 100° 12 Na, K, Li, NH4 GROUP Sodium eryst. water at 100°; decomp. above 130°. NajSiOs + Aq, sodi- um silicate, sodium metasilicate, soda water glass, water glass, soluble glass. White to grayish white or bluish white, hard, cryst. lumps or flat pieces, with glassy luster; sometimes occurs as a syrup or jelly- like mass; sol. in water. Potassium NajSiFe, sodium sili- CO fluoride, sodium, fluostilicale. White, gelatinous ppt. or granular cryst. powder; more sol. in water than the K salt; insol. in al- cohol; melts at red heat.'giving off SiF^ KjSiOa, potassium, silicate, potassium, metasilicate, water glass, potash water glass, soluble glass. Translucent to transparent, si. de- liq., glass-like lumps; sometimes occurs as a color- less si. turbid, syr- upy, alkaline, odor- less liquid; sol. in water. Lithium Ammonium LijSiOs, lithium sili- cate, lithium meta- silicate. Colorless and transparent; sol. in water. KjSiFg, potassium silicofluoride , potas- sium fluosilicate. Fine, white pow- der; or microscopic, rhombohedral or hexagonal, tessel- lated, prismatic needles; very sol. in water; easily sol. in hot water; insol. in alcohol; melts at low red heat, and then decomp. into SiFi and KF. Na2SO4.10HjO, so- dium sulphate, nor- mal sodium sul- phate, Glauber's salt. Large, color- less to white, stri- ated, si. efflor. , mon- oclinic prisms; sol. in water; insol. in abs. alcohol; some- what sol. in dil. al- cohol; melts at 34°, separating into a saturated solution and the anhydrous salt. Na^SO^, anhydrous sodium sulphate. Colorless, octahe- dral, rhombic cryst. or white, amorph. powder; sol. in wa- ter; M. P. 865°. NaHS04, add sodi- um, sulphate, sodi- um bisidphate. Large, long, color- less, four-sided tri- clrnic cryst. or grayish masses; sol. K2SO4, potassium sulphate, normal po- tassium sulphate. Small, hard, color- less, transparent, rhombic, six-sided pyramids or prisms; or white, hard, four-sided, trimet- ric prisms; or white powder; saline taste; sol. in wa- ter; insol. in alco- hol; M. P. 1073°; volatilizes on long heating to a white, non-alkaline vapor. Li2SiFa.2H20, lithi- um silicofluoride, lithium fluosilicate. Large, transparent, somewhat lustrous, deliq., monoclinic, prismatic cryst.; sol. in water, giving an acid solution; sol. in alcohol; loses its cryst. water at 100°; melts at low red heat and then decomp., giving SiF^. forming the normal phosphite; melts at 123°; decomp. above 150°. Unknown. (NH4)2SiF6, ammo- nium silicofluoride, ammonium fluosili- cate. White, cryst. powder; sol. in wa- ter; decrepitates and sublimes when heated. Phosphite Cont. Silicate Silico- fluoride KHSO4, acid potas- sium sulphate, po- tassium bisulphate. Colorless or white, more or less moist, rhombohedral plates; efflor.; Li2S04.H20, lithium sulphate, normal lithium sulphate. Stable or si. efflor., white powder or small, thin, mono- clinic plates; saline taste; decrepitates when heated, and loses its cryst. wa- ter at 130°; sol. in water. Li2S04, anhydrous lithium sulphate. White, si. hygro- scopic masses; sa- line taste; more sol. in cold than in hot water; sol. in alco- hol; M. P. 818°; LiHS04, add lithi- um sulphate, lithi- um bisulphate. De- liq., prismatic cryst.; sol. in wa- ter, with partial de- comp.; M. P. 120°. (NH4)2S04, ammoni- um sulphate, nor- mal ammonium sul- phate. Small, color- less, transparent, rhombic cryst. or cryst. powder; sharp, bitter taste; sol. in water, with absorption of heat; insol. in abs. alco- hol; M. P. 140°; de- comp. above 280° Sulphate NH4HSO4, add am- monium sulphate, ammonium bisul- phate. Long, deliq., rhombic pri sm s so in water; very si. sol. in alcohol. 13 Na, K, Li, NH4 GROUP ! I Sulphate ! :i Cont. Sulphide Sodium in water, with de- comp.; decomp. by alcohol; M. P. above 315°; decomp. at white heat. Na2Al2(SO,)4.24 H2O V Al sulphate. NajCrgC 304)4.24 H2O V. Cr sulphate. Na2Fe(S04)2.4H20 V. Fe(ous) sulphate. Na2Mn(S04)2.2H20 V. Mn sulphate. Na2Zn(S04')2.4H20 V. Zn sulphate. Na2S, sodium sul- phide, sodium m,ono- sulphide. Amorph., flesh-colored deliq., solid with a strong- ly alkaline reac- tion; turns yellow on standing in air, with formation of polysulphides; eas- ily sol. in water to a clear solution if pure; much less sol. in alcohol than in water; very easily decomp. by acids, even by CO2, with evolution of H2S. Na2S.9H20, hydrated sodium monosul- phide. Transparent, colorless or reddish tetragonal cryst.; taste hepatic at first, then alkaline and bitter; decomp. easily by CO2; oxi- dizes to Na2S04 on standing in air; sol. in water, with low- ering of temp.; much less sol. in al- Potassium strong, acid taste and reaction; sol. in water; alcohol dis- solves out the H2SO4; M. P. 197°; decomp. at white heat. K2Al2(S04)4.24H20 V. Al sulphate. K2Cr2(S04\.24H20 V. Cr sulphate. K2Fe(S04)2.6H20 V. Fe(ous) sulphate. K2Fe2(S04)4.24H20 V. Fe(ic) sulphate. K2Co(S04)2.6H20 V. Co sulphate. K2CO2(S04)4.24H20 V. Co sulphate. K2Ni(S04)2.6H20 V. Ni sulphate. K2Mn(S04)2.4H20 V. Mn sulphate. K2Mn2(S04)4.24H20 V. Mn sulphate. K2Zn(S04)2.6H20 V. Zn sulphate. K2Cu(S04)2.6H20 V. Cu(ic) sulphate. K2S, potassium sul- phide, potassium monosulphide. Usu- ally a flesh-colored to bright vermilion, cryst., delic). solid; colorless, crystT sol- id when pure; brown when im- pure; sol. in water, with production of much heat and for- mation of KSH and KOH; solution is strongly alkaline and caustic, color- less at first, but ra^ pidly turning yel- low when exposed to air, H2S being evolved; sol. in al- cohol; volatilizes at red heat. K2S.5H2O, hydrated potassium monosul- phide. Bright red, deliq., rhombic prisms. Several polysul- phides are said to exist, — K2S2, K2S3, K2S4, K2S5; they are Lithium Li2S, lithium sul- phide, lithium, m,on- osulphide. Yellow mass; sol. in water and in alcohol; more sol. than LiOH; aqueous so- lution is generally yellow. Some polysul- phides probably ex- ist. Ammonium (NH4)2Al2(S04)4.24 H2O V. Al sulphate. (NH4)2Cr2(S04)4.24 H2O V. Cr sulphate. (NH4)2Fe(S04)2.6 HjO V. Fe(ous) sul- phate. (NH4)2Fe2(S04)4.24 H2O V. Fe(ic) sul- phate. (NH4)2CO(S04)2.6 HjO V. Co sulphate. (NH4),C02(S04)4.24 H2O V. Co sulphate. (NH4)2Ni(S04)2.6 H2O V. Ni sulphate. (KH4)2Mn(S04)2.6 H2O V. Mn sulphate. (NH4)2Mn2(S04)4.24 H2O V. Mn sulphate. (NH4)2Zn(S04)2.6 H2O V. Zn sulphate. (NH4)2Pb(S04)2V. Pb sulphate. (NH4)2Hg3(SO,)4.2 H2O V. Hg sul- phate. (NH4)2CU(S04)2.6 H2O V. Cu(ic) sul- phate. (NH4)2Cd(S04)2.6 H2O V. Cd sulphate. (NH4)2S, ammoni- um, sulphide, ammo- nium, m,onosulphide. Generally found as a colorless, alkaline, aqueous solution, probably purest when the odors of both NH3 and H2S are recognizable; the water-free com- pound is said to be white, lustrous cryst. that dis- solve easily in wai- ter; the aqueous so- lution turns yellow rapidly on standing, with formation of NH4 polysulphides. Several polysul- phides exist, — (NH,)2S2, (NH4)284, (NH4)2S5 and (NH4)2S7; they are all sol. in water; the solution is clear, va- rying from yellow to dark brown, with the amount of S present; they are decomp. by dil. 14 Na, K, Li, NH, GROUP Sodium cohol than in water. Several polysul- phides are said to exist, — NajS2, NajSs, Na2S4 and NajSj. Soda liver of sul- phur is a brown sol- id, a mixture of Na polysulphides with other S compounds of Na. Potassium better known than the corresponding Na salts, and are sol. in water in al- cohol; the aqueous solution is generally yellowish brown, the depth of color increasing with the amount of sulphur. Liver of sulphur; brown solid; a mix- ture of K polysul- phides with other S compounds of K. NaaSOs-THjO, sodi- um sulphite, nor- mal sodium, suU phite. Colorless, monoclinic prisms; sahne, sulphurous taste; alkaline re- action; efHor. and partially oxidizes in air; sol. in water; loses all its cryst. water at 150°, with- out melting; melts at higher temp., with decomp. to a yellow liquid. Na2S03, anhydrous sodium sulphite. White, amorph. powder; other prop- erties the same as those of the hydrat- ed salt. NaHSOj, acid sodi- um sulphite, sodi- um bisulphite. Opaque prisms or granular powder; faint, sulphurous odor; disagreeable taste; acid reaction; sol. in water with some difficulty; less sol. than NaHCOs or Na^SOa-THzO; gives off SO2 on stand- ing in air; decomp. by heat to Na2S04, S, SO2 and HzO. NaSCN, sodium suU phocyanide, sodium, sulphocyanate, sodi- um thiocyanate. Clear, colorless, very deliq., rhom- bic plates or white powder; very sol. in water or alcohol. K2SO3.2H2O, potas- sium sulphite, nor- mal potassium sul- phite. Large, color- less, deliq., oblique, rhombic octahedra; strong, alkaline re- action; bitter taste; sol. in cold water, less sol. in hot; very si. sol. in alco- hol. K2SO3, anhydrous potassium sulphite. Small, colorless, de- liq., hexagonal prisms; decomp. when heated above 450°; other proper- ties the same as those of the hy- drated salt. KHSO3, add potas- sium sulphite, po- tassium bisulphite. White, nfonoclinic, prismatic needles or cryst. masses; neutral reaction; sulphurous acid odor and taste; evolves SO2 on standing; sol. in water; insol. in abs. alcohol; decomp. at 190°. Lithium Ammonium Li2S03.H20, lithium, sulphite, normal lithium sulphite. Colorless, transpar- ent, lustrous nee- dles or white pow- der; oxidizes in moist air; sol. in water; si. sol. in al- cohol; loses its cryst. water when heated, and melts at dull, red heat to a transparent liq- uid. Unknown . acids, with forma- tion of H2S, pptd. S and an NH4 salt. Volatile liver of sulphur or fuming liquor of Boyle is a dark yellow, strong- ly smelling, strong- ly fuming, aqueous solution of NH4 polysulphides. KSCN, potassium sulphocyanide, po- tassium sulphocya- nate, potassium thi- ocyanate. Long, white, striated prisms resembling niter; sometimes colorless scales; LiSCN, lithium sul- phocyanide, lithium sulphocyanate, lith- ium thiocyanate. White, very deliq., tabular cryst.; sol. in water or alcohol. (NH4)2S03, ammoni- um sulphite, normal ammonium sul- phite. Colorless, non-deliq., cryst. powder or white, monoclinic leaflets, which are not de- liq., but oxidize gradually to the sulphate; acrid, sul- phurous taste; strongly alkaline reaction; sol. in cold water, more sol. in hot, with evolution of NH3; si. sol. in abs. alco- hol; when heated H2O is given off, then NH3, and the rest sublimes as the acid salt. NH4HSO3, acid amr- monium sulphite, ammonium bisul- phite. White, cryst. powder; sol. in wa- ter. NH4SCN, ammoni- um sulphocyanide, ammonium sulpho- cyanate, ammonium thiocyanate. Large, colorless or grayish white, very deliq., cryst. plates or leaf- lets; easily sol. in Sulphide Cont. Sulphite Sulpho- cyanide 16 Na, K, Li, NH4 GROUP Sulpho- cyanide Cont. Tartrate Thio- sulphate Tungstate Sodium Potassium Lithium Ammonium very sol. in water, with lowering of temp.; sol. in alco- hol; melts at 161°, the fluid salt turn- ing brown at first, then green, finally indigo blue, but re- turning to a white solid on cooling. water, with lower- ing of temp.; easily sol. in alcohol; M. P. 159°; decomp. at 180° to 190°. Na2C4H408.2H20, so- dium tartrate, nor- mal sodium tartrate. White needles or rhombic, monoclin- ic prisms or cryst. powder; sol. in cold water, very sol. in hot water; insol. in alcohol. NaHC^HiOa-HaO, and sodium tartrate, sodium bitartrate. White, cryst. pow- der; sol. in water; insol. in alcohol. NaKC4H408.4H20, sodium potassium tartrate, Rochelle salt, Seignette salt. White, cryst. pow- der or large, nearly transparent, tri- metric prisms, with hemihedral facets; sol. in water; melts at 70° to 80° in its cryst. water; be- comes anhydrous at 215°. 2K2C4H4O8.H2O, po- tassium tartrate, normal potassium tartrate, soluble tar- tar. Colorless, transparent, mono- clinic cryst.; sol. in water; very si. sol. in hot alcohol. KHC4H4O8, acid po- tassium tartrate, po- tassium bitartrate, cream of tartar. Colorless or si. opaque, trimetric cryst. or cryst. pow- der; pleasant acid taste; sparingly sol. in water; insol. in alcohol. K(SbO)C4H,0„ tar- tar emetic v. Sb tar- trate. Li2C4H408.H20, lith- ium tartrate, nor- mal lithium tartrate. Small, white, de- liq. cryst.; sol. in water. 2LiHC4H408..?H20, add lithium tartrate, lithium bitartrate. Small cryst.; very sol. in water. (NH4)2C4H40e, am- monium tartrate, normal ammonium tartrate. Clear, col- orless, efflor., mono- clinic eiyst.; very sol. in water; gives off NH, in air. NH4HC4H4O8, acid ammonium tartrate, ammonium bitar- trate. Minute lami- nae or white, cryst., acid powder; si. sol. in cold water. Na2S203.SH20, sodi- um thiosulphate, so- dium hyposulphite, "Hypo." Large, white or transpar- ent, monoclinic prisms or fine, long needles; cooling, al- kaline, somewhat sulphurous taste, with bitter after- taste; neutral re- action; sol. in wa- ter, with lowering of temp.; insol. in alcohol; efflor. at 33°; melts at 45° in its cryst. water; de- comp. at 220°. 3K2S2O3.H2O, potas- sium thiosulphate, potassium hyposul- phite. Large, thin, transparent, four- sided, monoclinic, prismatic cryst.; cooling taste, with bitter after-taste; very deliq.; veiy sol. in water, with absorption of heat; insol. in alcohol; loses all its cryst. water at c. 200°- Li2S20g.3H20, lithi- um thiosulphate, lithium hyposul- phite. Colorless, very deliq. cryst.; sol. in water or abs. alcohol; loses its cryst. water when heated, and de- comp. at higher temp. (NH4)2SjOs ammo- nium thiosulphate, ammonium hypo- sulphite. Very de- liq., prismatic cryst.; sol. in wa- ter; insol. in alco- hol. Na2W04.2H20, sodi- um tungstate, sodi- um orthotungstate. K2WO4, potassium tungstate, potassium orthotungstate, po- Li2W04, lithium tungstate, lithium orthotungstate, lithi- (NH4)2W04, ammo- nium tungstate, am- monium orthotung- 16 Na, K, Li, NH4 GROUP Sodium sodium wolframate. Colorless, transpar- ent, thin, rhombic prisms or tablets; bitter taste; efflor. in dry air; loses all its cryst. water at 100°; sol. in water; insol. in alcohol. Potassium tassium, wolframate. White, deliq., tri- clinic needles; de- crepitates when heated; melts at red heat; easily sol. in water; insol. in alcohol. Lithium um wolframate. Rhombic prisms or octahedra; alkaline reaction; sol. in wa- ter. Ammonium state, ammonium wolframate. Known only in solution. (NH4)xWyOz, ordi- nary ammonium tungstate. Fine, white, needles or cryst. powder of va ■ riable composition; sol. in water. Tungstate Conl. 17 GROUP II Barium Ba Strontium Sr Calcium Ca Magnesium Mg The four metals of this group are bivalent, grayish, of medium hard- ness, and heavier than water; the first three decompose water slowly at ordinary temperatures, with evolution of hydrogen and formation of difficultly soluble hydroxides of strong alkaline reaction; for this rea- son they are often spoken of as the alkaline-earth metals; Mg decom- poses water only very slowly. The common oxides have the general formula M"0 and react with water to form the hydrates. Peroxides of the general formula M"02 are known; on treatment with acids they yield hydrogen peroxide and the salt of the metal that corresponds with the acid used. The salts of these metals are generally colorless crystals or white powders. Most of the salts are insoluble in water; those soluble in water are the halogen compounds, the nitrites, nitrates, chlorates and acetates of the four metals, together with the sulphate of Mg; the other salts are generally insoluble. The halogen salts only are volatile; they impart characteristic colors to the Bunsen flame, — Ba yellowish green, Sr red, Ca orange. Other salts of these metals also give the flame coloration but not so prominently. The carbonates are decomposed by heat into COz and the oxide of the metal. At times Mg acts as if it did not belong to this group; the other three members are noted for the similarity of their compounds and for a remarkable gradation of properties that is well illustrated by the absolute insolu- bility of barium sulphate, the slight solubility of strontium sulphate and the appreciable solubility of calcium sulphate. 19 Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg GROUP Metal Acetate Arsenate Barium Strontium Calcium Magnesium Ba, barium. Prob- ably never ob- tained pure; said to be a yellow pow- der or a yellow, si. lustrous, some- what malleable, somewhat metallic element; oxidizes easily in air; de- comp. cold water, with evolution of H2; fusible Ba salts color the Bunsen flame yellowish green. At. Wt. 137.37; Mol. Wt. unknown; Val. 2; Sp. Gv. 3.5 to 4; melts at red heat, higher than cast iron, but can- not be distilled; burns in the oxy- hydrogen flame. Sr, strontium. Prob- ably never ob- tained pure; said to be a yellowish white, malleable, ductile, metallic element; some- what harder than Ca or Pb; can be beaten into thin leaves; oxidizes eas- ily on exposure to air; decomp. cold water, with evolu- tion of H2; fusible Sr salts color the Bunsen flame red, somewhat similar to the Li red. At. Wt. 87.63; Mol. Wt. unknown; Val. 2; Sp. Gv. 2.5; melts at red heat; volatile only at ex- tremely high temp. Ca, caWMOT. Better known than Ba or Sr; lustrous, clear, yellowish' white, malleable, ductile, metallic element; brittle when ham- mered out; gener- ally small lumps; dark gray on the outside, lustrous yellow or gray on the inside; oxidizes easily; decomp. wa^ ter, with evolution of II2; fusible Ca salts color the Bun- sen flame orange. At. Wt. 40.07; Mol. Wt. imknown; Val. 2; Sp. Gv. 1.57; melts at red heat, and then burns with a yellow flame. Mg, magnesium. Silver-white, very lustrous, ductile, malleable, not very tenacious, moder- ately hard metal in lumps, ribbon, wire or powder; occa- sionally has some cryst. structure; unchanged in dry air; oxidizes super- ficially, very slow- ly in ordinary air; when heated it bums with an in- tense white light; insol. in water, and does not decomp. it at ordinary temp., but forms MgOjHj slowly at higher temp.; sol. in dil. acids, with evolu- tion of H2; not act- ed upon by alkaline hydrate solutions. At. Wt. 24.32; Mol. Wt. probably the same; Val. 2; Sp. Gv. 1.76; M. P. 700° to 800°; B. P. c. 1100°. Ba(C2H302)2.H20, barium acetate. White, flattened or monoclinic prisms; very easily sol. in water; insol. in al- cohol; the anhy- drous salt is a white powder. BaH(C2H302)3 acid barium acetate. (?) 2Sr(CA02)2.H20, strontium acetate. White, cryst. pow- der; sol. in water. SrH(C2H302)3, add strontium acetate. (?) Ca(C2H302)2.H20, calcium acetate. Small, efflor. nee- dles or white, amorph. powder; very sol. in water; si. sol. in alcohol. CaH(C2H302)3, acid calcium acetate. (?) Mg(C2H302)2.4H20, magnesium acetate. Deliq., white gran- ules or monoclinic ciyst.; very sol. in water and in alco- hol. Unknown. Ba3(As04)2, barium arsenate, normal ba- rium arsenate, bari- um arseniate. White powder; in- sol. in water; sol. in dil. HCl, HNOs and HC2H3O2. 2BaHAs04.3H20, acid barium arsen- ate. Cryst.; very si. sol. in water, but decomp. thereby in- to Ba,(As04)2 and Sr3(As04)2, stronti- um arsenate, nor- mal strontium ar- senate, strontium ar- seniate. Insol. in water; easily sol. in dil. acids. 2SrHAs04.3H20, acid strontium ar- senate. Insol. in cold, but decomp. by hot water. Ca3(As04)2.3H20, calcium arsenate, normal calcium ar- senate, calcium ar- seniate. White powder or fine, white prisms; insol. in water; sol. in dil. HCl, HNO3, HC2H302 and H3ASO4 -1- Aq. 2CaHAs04.H20, acid calcium arsen- ate. Cryst.; insol. in water. Mg3(As04)2, magne- sium arsenate, nor- mal magnesium ar- senate, magnesium arseniate. White powder; insol. in water. MgHAs04.5H20, amd magnesium ar- senate. Colorless cryst.; insol. in wa- ter. 20 Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg GROUP Barium Strontium Calcium Magnesium BaH4(As04)2;,sl. sol. in cold acids. MgNH4As04.6H20, magnesium ammo- nium arsenate. Small cryst.; si. sol. in water; si. sol. in acids. Ba(As02)2i barium arsenite. White powder; gelatinous and easily sol. in water when freshly pptd.; granular and nsol. in water when dry; sol. in dil.HCl,HNOsand HCjHaOj; si. sol. in HsAs04 + Aq. Sr(As02)2.4H20, strontium arsenite. White, cryst. pow- der; quite easily sol. in water; si. sol. in HsAsO. + Aq; very si. sol. in alco- hol. Ca3(As03)2 (?), cal- cium arsenite. White, granular powder of variable composition; insol. in water; sol. in dil. HCl, HNO3 and HC2H3O2. MgHAsOa, (?) Mag- nesium arsenite. White powder of variable composi- tion; insol. in water. BaB2O4.10H2O,ban- um borate, barium metaborate. White, light masses; si. sol. in cold, more readi- ly in hot water, es- pecially in the pres- ence of NH4 salts; insol. in wood alco- hol. BaB407, barium tet- raborate. Insol. in water; slowly sol. in warm dil. HNO3. SrB204, strontium borate, strontium metaborate. Short, thick cryst. SrB407, strontium tetraborate. SI. sol. in water; sol. in cold, dil. HNO3; easily sol. in solu- tions of NH4 salts. CaB204.2H20, calci'- um borate, calcium metaborate. Very light, white pow- der or needles; si. sol. in water; sol in CaCl2 + Aq; also in cold or hot solu- tions of NH4 salts, especially NH4NO3; easily sol. in dil. mineral acids; in- sol. in HC2H3O2. CaB407, calcium tet- raborate. Decomp. by water. MgB204.8H20, mag- nesium borate, mag- nesium metaborate. Fine, colorless, mi- croscopic needle cryst.; insol. in hot or cold water; easi- ly sol. in dil. HCl; decomp. by cone. HCl. MgBiOj.SHjO, mag- nesium tetraborate. Of doubtful exist- ence. Ba(Br03)2.H20, bar- ium bromate. White, cryst. pow- der or colorless, prismatic, mono- clinic cryst.; si. sol. in cold water; sol. in hot water; de- comp. by HCl or H2SO4; loses its cryst. water at c. 200°; decomp. at c. 260°, evolving O2. Sr(Br03)2.H20, strontium bromate. Small, colorless, lustrous, very hy- groscopic, mono- clinic, prismatic cryst.; sol. in wa- ter, less so than SrBrj; loses its cryst. water at c. 120°; decomp. at 240°, evolving some O2. Ca(Br03)2.H20, cal- cium bromate. Col- orless, monoclinic, prismatic cryst. or plates; sol. in wa- ter; loses its cryst. water at 180°; de- comp. at higher temp., giving O2 and CaBr2. Mg(Br03)2.6H20, magnesium bromate. Large, colorless, efilor., octahedral cryst.; melts in its cryst. water, which it loses above 200°; decomp. when heated to a higher temp.; sol. in water. BaBr2.2H20, barium bromide. Colorless or white, rhombic, trimetrio plates or cryst. tab ets; per- manent in air; sol. in water; very sol. in abs. alcohol; loses one HjO at 75°, the other at 100°, and decomp. at higher temp. SrBr2.6H20, stronti- um bromide. Long, deliq., colorless or white needles; bit- ter, saline taste; sol. in water; si. sol. in abs. alcohol; melts in its cryst. water; absorbs NH3. SrBr2, anhydrous strontium bromide. White or colorless, hygroscopic pow- CaBr2, calcium bro- mide. White, very deliq. lumps or nee- dles; silky luster; sharp, saline taste; very sol. in water or alcohol; absorbs NH3. MgBr2.6H20, mag- nesium bromide. Colorless, very de- liq. cryst.; bitter taste; sol. in water; the water solution when heated to dry- ness yields MgO and HBr. MgBr2, anhydrous magnesium bromide. White, very deliq., wax-like, cryst. Arsenate Cont. Arsenite Borate Bromate Bromide 21 Br, Sr, Ca, Mg GROUP Bromide C, saline taste; easily sol. in water; sol. in alcohol; de- comp. by heat to ZnO and I2; M. P. 0. 446°; B. P. c. 624°. Unknown. Unknown. Unknown. Unknown. Unknown. Unknown Unknown. Zn(MnO,)2.6H20, ^, zin^ permanganatem Violet-brown or al- most black, hygro- scopic, cryst. gran- ules; resembles KMnOi; sol. in wa- ter. C0M0O4, cohalt mo- lybdate, cohaltous molybdate. Small, indefinite, grayish green cryst.; insol. in water; decomp. by alkalis or strong acids. NiMoOj, (?) nickel molybdate, nickelous molybdate. Green prisms of doubtful composition; si. sol. in water. MnMoO^.HaO, man- ganese molybdate, manganous molyb- date. Heavy, white powder or microscopic, pris- matic tablets; sometimes dirty yellow, cryst. mass- es; sol. in water and in dil. acids" de- comp. by alkalis. ZnMo04.H20, zinc molybdate. Micro- scopic needles; si. sol. in water; easily sol. in dil. acids. Hypo- phosphite Cont. Iodate Iodide Manganate Molybdate 47 Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn GROUP Nitrate Nitrite Oxalate Oxide Aluminium Chromium Iron(ferrous) Iron(ferric) A1(N03)3.9H20, alu- minium nitrate. Light, very deliq., broad, oblique, prismatic cryst.; decomp. at 150°; easily sol. in water, alcohol and HNO3; melts in its cryst. water at c. 70°. 2A1203.3NA-3H20, basic aluminium ni- trate. SI. sol. in wa- ter. Cr(N03)3.9H20, chromium nitrate, chromic nitrate. Bluish green solu- tion or dark purple, almost black, oblique, rhombic prisms; very sol. in water or alcohol; melts in its cryst. water at 37° to a green liquid which boils at 125°. Cr(H03)20H and CrH03(0H)j, bade chromic nitrates. Green, amorph. powders; sol. in wa- ter. Fe(N03)2.6H20, iron nitrate, ferrous ni- trate. Cryst. that are stable when kept in mother liq- uor; sol. in water; the solution de- comp. when heated. Fe(NOs)3.9H20, iron nitrate, ferric ni- trate. Nearly color- less, si. deliq., mon- oclinic cryst.; very sol. in water or al- cohol; very si. sol. in cold or cone. HNO3; melts at 47° in its cryst. water; acid begins to come off at 100°; boils at 125°; completely decomp. at red heat. Fe(N03)3.6H20, fer- ric nitrate. Color- less or pale violet- blue, deliq., cubi- cal cryst.; sol. in water. Fe(N03)3.Fe03H3, bade ferric nitrate. Brown powder of variable composi- tion; nearly insol. in water. Unknown. Unknown. Unknown. Unknown. Al2(C204)3-4H20, aluminium oxalate. White powder; in- sol. in water; sol. in acids. Cr2(C204)3.4H30, chromium oxalate, chromic oxalate. Green scales; spar- ingly sol. in water; readily sol. in acids. FeC204.2H20, iron oxalate, ferrous ox- alate. Pale yellow, odorless, cryst. powder; insol. in water; sol. in cold HCl or in hot, dil. HNO,. Fe2(C204)3, iron ox- alate, ferric oxalate. Light green scales; permanent in the dark, but change to yellow ferrous oxa- late on exposure to light; insol. in wa- ter; sol. in acids. AI2O3, aluminium oxide, alumina, co- rundum, emery, sap- phire, ruby, topaz, emerald, amethyst. White, soft, amorph. powder; cakes when strong- Cr203, chromium ox- ide, chromic oxide, green oxide of chro- mium, chrome green. Bright green, amorph. powder; turns brown when heated; the color FeO, iron oxide, fer- rous oxide. Black powder; insol. in water; easily sol. in HCl or HNO3; less easily sol. in H2SO4; oxidizes to higher oxides when heated. Fe203, iron oxide, ferric oxide, brown oxide of iron, hem- atite, rust. Steel- gray or black, cryst. masses or dense, red-brown powder; insol. in wa,ter; 48 Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, 2n GROUP Cobalt Co(NOs)2.6H20, co- balt nitrate, cobaU- ous nitrate. Red, prismatic or mono- clinic, tabular, de- lict, cryst.; easily sol. in water or al- cohol; melts in its cryst. water at 50°, the liquid becom- ing thick and green when heated, and decomp. at higher temp., giving H2O, N oxides and black C08O4. Basic cobaltous ni- trate. Blue, amorph. powder of variable composition; turns green or yellow in air; insol. in water; sol. in HNOs. Co(N02)2, (?) cobalt nitrite, cobaltous ni- trite. Known only in solution. Co(N02)2.3KNOs, cobaltic potassium nitrite, cobalt yellow. Bright yellow pow- der, consisting of small four-sided prisms; very si. sol. in water; msol. in alcohol; decomp. by HCl and KOH -j-Aq; si. sol. in free HCaHjOj, but insol. in presence of much cone. KN02+Aq. CoC204 2H2O, cobalt oxalate, cobaltous oxalate. Light pink powder; insol. in water; sol. in acids. CoO, cobalt oxide, cobaltous oxide, co- balt monoxide. Yel- low-green or green- ish brown, si. hy- groscopic powder; not magnetic; in- sol. in water or Nickel Ni(NO,)2.6H20, nickel nitrate, nick- elous nitrate. Emer- ald-^reen, mono- clinic prisms; deliq. in moist air; easily sol. in water; sol. in NH4OH or dil. al- cohol; insol. in abs. alcohol; melts at 57°; boils at 137°, remaining clear un- til half the cryst. water is gone, when acid fumes are evolved, and a yel- lowish green mix- ture of NiO and an insol. basic salt is left. Basic nickel nitrate. Whitish amorph. powder of variable composition; insol. in water. Ni(H02) 2, nickel ni- trite, nickekyas ni- trite. Reddish yel- low, cryst. crusts; stable in air; sol. in water to a green so- lution, which de- comp. when heated; sol. in alcohol. THiCiOi.2'B.iO,nickel oxalate, nickelous oxalate. Light green powder; in- sol. in water; sol. in acids. NiO, nickel oxide, nickelous oxide, nickel monoxide. Green, amorph. powder or grayish green, microscopic, regular, octahedral cryst.; turns yellow Manganese Mn(N08)2.6H20, manganese nitrate, manganous nitrate. Small, monocUnic, colorless or white, deliq. cryst.; easily sol. in water or al- cohol; melts in its cryst. water at 26°; boils at 130°; de- comp. at high temp., giving Mn oxides. Basic manganous nitrate. Sol. in wa- ter. Mn(N02)2, (?) man- ganese nitrite, man- ganous nitrite. Known only in sol- lution. MnC204.2H20, man- ganese oxalate, man- ganous oxalate. White, cryst. pow- der; sparingly sol. in water; readily sol. in acids; de- comp. at 150° into Co, CO2 and MnO. MnO, manganese oxide, manganous oxide, manganese monoxide. Grass- green powder or lustrous, diamond- like, green, regular octahedra; insol. in Zinc Zn(N03)2 eHjO.zinc nitrate. Colorless, four-sided, deliq. prisms; very sol. in water or alcohol; melts in its cryst. water at 36°; boils atl31°;Zn(N03)2-h Aq when heated soon decomp., with formation of an in- sol. basic Zn ni- trate. Zn(N02)2.3H20, zinc nitrite. Deliq., indefinite cryst., which decomp. at 100°; sol. in water or alcohol. ZnC204.2H20, zinc oxalate. White powder; insol. in water; sol. in acids ZnO, zinc oxide, flowers of zinc, zinc white, philosopher's wool. Ordinarily a white, amorph. powder that turns yellow when heat- ed, but turns white Nitrate Nitrite Oxalate Oxide 49 Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Hi, Mn, Zn GROUP Oxide Cont. Aluminium ly heated, and be- comes nearly as hard as corundum; insol. in water; sol. in acids; heating renders it more in- sol.; infusible ex- cept in the oxyhy- drogen blow-pipe. The cryst. variety occurs native in small rhombohe- dra or hexagonal prisms, colorless when pure, but oft- en beautifully col- ored by impurities and then suitable for gems; nearly as hard as diamond; insol. in acids. Chromium varies with the method of preparsr- tion; cryst. Cr203 consists of very dark green, lus- trous, hexagonal cryst., as hard as corundum; amorph. CrzOs is insol. in water and sol. in acids; the ignited or cryst. oxide is nearly insol. in acids, but dis- solves in HjSOi by long boiling. CrOj, chromium ox- ide, chromium di- oieide, chromium tetroxide, brown ox- ide of chromium, chrom,aie of chromi- um. Dark gray, al- most black, amorph. powder; very hygroscopic; insol. in water, but decomp. thereby into CrOs and Cr20s; easily sol. in dil. acids, if freshly pptd.; loses O2 at 300°. CrOs, chromium ox- ide, chromium iri- oxide, chromic anhy- dride, red oxide of chromium, "chromic acid." Long, red, nondeliq., caustic, astringent, very lus- trous needles; dark red, flaky, cryst. powder; easily sol. in water to an acid reacting solution, containing H2Cr04; darkens when heat- ed; M. P. c. 190°; strong oxidizing agent, yielding Cr salts and free oxy- gen; sol. in H2SO4; de6omp. alcohol. Iron(ferrous) Iron (ferric) slowly sol. in acids; sol. with consider- able difficulty, if the oxide has been heated; HCl is the best solvent. Fe304, iron oxide, ferroso-ferric oxide, black oxide of iron, magnetic ojcide of iron, magnetite. Iron-black, cryst. masses or brownish black powder; magnetic; insol. in water or HNO3; sol. in HCl. 50 Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn GROUP . Cobalt NHiOH; easily sol. in dil. or cone. HCl or HNO3; dil. HCl gives a rose-red so- lution, cone, a deep blue; HNO3 gives a rose-red solution; slowly sol. in cold, but easily sol. in hot, dil. H2SO4 to a rose-red solution; sol. in hot, cone. H2S04 to a deep blue solution; sol. in dil. HCjHaOj or hot NaOH+Aq; unchanged in air, but oxidizes to CosOi when strong- ly heated. C02O3, cobalt oxide, cobaltic oxide, co- balt peroxide. Steel gray to brownish black mass or a blue powder; in- sol. in water; sol. in most acids, even in the cold, cobalt- ous salts being formed; oxidizes to C03O4 when heated. C03O4, cobalt oxide, cobalto-cobaltic ox- ide, black oxide of cobalt. Lustrous, metal-Uke, grayish black, microscopic octahedra or black amorph., hygro- scropic powder; in- sol. in hot cone. HCl, HNO 3 or aqua regia;f slowly sol. in hot, cone. HaSOi. Nickel when heated; insol. in water; the amorph. form is easily sol. in strong acids; the cryst. form is barely at- tacked by aeids; insol. in HC2H3O2 or NaOH-l-Aq; slowly sol. in NHjOH to a violet solution; heated to c. 400° it oxidizes to NijOs. Ni208, nickel oxide, nickelic oxide, nick- el peroxide. Gray- ish black powder; insol. in water; sol. in HCl, with evolu- tion of CI2 and in H2SO4 or HNO3, with evolution of Os^ niokelous salts bemg formed; sol. LnNHiOH; de- eomp. to NiO at 0. 600°. NiaO^, nickel oxide, nickelo-^ickelic ox- ide. Gray, metal- like, non-magnetic solid; insol. in wa- ter; sol. in acids. Manganese Zinc water; easily sol. in acids or NH4CI-I- Aq; oxidizes to Mn304, when heat- ed in air; melts at white heat in ab- sence of air. Mn203, manganese oxide, manganic ox- ide. Black powder; occasionally brown- ish black, very hard, lustrous, quadratic, octahe- dra; insol. in water or NH4C1-1-Aq; sol. in cold HCl to a brown solution and in hot, dil. or cone. H2SO4 to a reddish solution; decomp. by hot HNO3 to MnO, which dissolves, and MnO 2, which ppts. ; manganous salts are generally formed; decomp. by heat to O2 and Mn304; sol. in cone, acids. Mn304, manganese oxide, mangano- manganic oxide, red oxide of manganese. Reddish brown powder or brown, tetragonal cryst. ; insol. in water; sol. in hot, dil. or in cold, cone. HCl, CI2 being evolved in the latter case; sol. in H2SO4; with hot, dil. HNO J sol. Mn(N03)2 and in- sol. MnO 2 are formed. Mn02, manganese oxide, manganese peroxide, manganese dioxide, black oxide of manganese, pyro- ludte. Steel-gray lumps with metallic luster or brownish black to black pow- der, sometimes hard, _ and cryst., sometimes soft, fine and amorph.; occa- sionally brittle, rhombic prisms; in- sol. in'water or NHiCl-f-Aq; in- again when cooled; occasionally found as very lustrous, white, hexagonal pyramids that change color like the amorph. form when heated; ab- sorbs CO2 from the air; is not decomp. at c. 1750°; insol. in water; easily sol. in dil. acids, even after ignition; sol. even in H2SO3 and in H2CO3; sol. in hot NHiCl-f-Aq; in KOH-t-Aq, NaOH +Aq and NH4qH it dissolves easily when moist, less easily after ignition. Oxide Cont. 51 Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Hi, Mn, Zn GROUP Oxide CojU. Phosphate Aluminium Al2(P04)2.xH20, alvr- minium phosphate, normal aluminium phosphate, neutral aluminium phos- phate, trialumini- um orthophosphate, tertiary aluminium phosphate. White, loose, amorph. powder or hexag- onal prisms; does not fuse even at white heat; the cryst. is insol. in cone. HCl or HNO3, and si. attacked by hot, cone. H2SO4; the amorph. varie- ty is easily sol. in mineral acids, in- sol. in HC2H3O2, easily sol. in NH40H[orKOH-f Aq, but is repptd. from the latter by NH4Ci;-|-Aq; sol. in fused Na^COs- Chromium Unknown. Iron(ferrous) Cr3(P04)2.H20, chro- mium phosphate, chromous phosphate. Blue, amorph. pow- der that quickly turns green in air; easily sol. in acids. Cr2(P04)2, chromi- um phosphate, chro- mic phosphate, nor- mal chromic phos- phate, neutral chro- mic phosphate, tri- chromic orthophos- phate, tertiary chro- mic phosphate. Two forms are known. Cr2(P04)2.12H20, violet form. Volu- minous, Violet, amorph. powder that becomes cryst on standing; is turned green by cone. H2SO4 or HNO3; very si. sol. in hot water; loses 7H2O at 100°, be- coming green. Cr2(P04)2.6H20, green form. Green, amorph. powder; very si. sol. in wa- ter; insol. in HC^sOz; easily sol. in mineral acids and in NaOH -\- Aq or KOiH -I- Aq. Cr2H2(HP04)4.16 H2O, chromium phosphate, add chro- mium phosphate, di- chromium ortho- phosphate, seconds ary chromium phos- phate. Cryst.; sol. in water. Fe3(P04)2.8H20, iron phosphate, fer- rous phosphate, nor- mal ferrous phos- phate, neutral fer- rous phosphate, tri- ferrous orthophos- phate, tertiary fer- rous phosphate. Small, indigo blue, lustrous, monoclin- ic cryst. origrayish to bluish, amorph. powder; sometimes white at first, but rapidly turns blue in air; insol. in wa^ ter; sol. in acids. Iron(ferrio) Fe2(P04)2.8H20, iron phosphate, fer- ric phosphate, nor- mal ferric phosphate, neutral ferric phos- phate, triferric or- thophosphate, terti- ary ferric phosphate. Yellowish white, amorph. or grayish white, cryst. pow- der; insol. in wat«r, H3PO4 or HC2H3q2; easily sol. in dil. mineral acids. FeHP04.H20, iron phosphate, acid fer- rous phosphate, di- ferrous orthophos- phate, secondary ferrous phosphate. Small, colorless needles. Unknown. 52 Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn GROUP Cobalt C03(P04)2.2H20,"C0- baU phosphate ^co- baltouslphosphate , normal cobaltous:'^ phosphate, neutral cabaltous phosphate, tricobaltous ortho- phosphate, tertiary cobaUous phosphate. Pink or violet-blue, amorph. powder or rose-red ootahedra; insol. in water; sol. in mineral acids, even H3PO4; also sol. in NH4OH and in solutions of Co salts. C0HPO4.3H2O, co- balt phosphate, acid cobaUous phosphate, dicobaltous ortho- ' phosphate, second- ary cobaltous phos- phate. Violet-red masses or cryst. tablets; insol. in water; sol. in H3PO4 + Aq. Nickel Ni3(P04)2.7H20, nickel^phosphate, nickelous'phosphate, normal nickelous phosphate, neutral nickelous phosphate, trCnickelous ortho- phosphate, tertiary nickelous phosphate. Apple-green, amorph. powder or dark green cryst. powder; insol. in water; sol. in acids and in solutions of Ni salts; when heat- ed it turns yellow, then brown. Unknown. Manganese sol. in dil., but si. sol. in cold, cone. HCl; very slowly sol. in cone. HjSO,, with evolution of O2; sol. in aqua re- gia; changes to Mn208 at red heat, to Mns04 at white heat. Mn3(P04)2.7H20, manganese phos- phate, manganous phosphate, normal manganous phos- phate, neutral man- ganoiis phosphate, trimanganous ortho- phosphate, tertiary manganous phos- phate. White lumps or amorph. powder; very si. sol. in water or alcohol; easily sol. in miner- al acids and in HC2H3O2. MnP04.H20, marv- ganese phosphate, manganic phos- phate, normal man- ganic phosphate, neutral manganic phosphate, triman- ganic orfhophos- phate, tertiary man- ganic phosphate. Greenish gray, amorph. powder; insol. in water; sol. in acids. MnHP04.3H20, manganese phos- phate, add mangor- nous phosphate, di- manganous ortho- phosphate, second- artfkrwmgarums phosphatet Pale red, rhombic, six- sided tablets, with glassy luster; si. sol. in water'or HC2H3O2; easily Fsol. in fconc. mineral acids; de- comp. at red heat. Zinc Zn3(P04)2.4H20, zinc phosphate, nor- mal zinc phosphate, neutral zinc phos- phate, trizinc ortho- phosphate, tertiary zinc phosphate. White, amorph. powder or colorless, prismatic cryst.; insol. in water; eas- ily sol. in acids, NH4OH and in so- lutions of NH4 salts; melts at strong red heat. ZnHP04.H20, zinc phosphate, acid zinc phosphate, dizinc or- thophosphate, sec- ondary zinc phos- phate. Insol. in wa^ ter; sol. in H3PO4 -\- Aq. Oxide Cont. Phosphate S3 Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn GROUP Phosphate Cont. Phosphite Silicate Aluminium AlCjHjPO,)^, alu- minium phosphate, acid aluminium phosphate, m,ono- aluminium ortho- phosphate, primary alum/inium phos- phate. Deliq.; com- pletely sol. in a lit- tle cold water; a dil. aqueous solu- tion, when boiled ppts. Al^CPOJj, which re-dissolves on cooling. Al2(P03)6i olumini- um metaphospkate. Insol. in water or cone, acids. Al,(P3O,)3.10HjO, aluminium pyro- phosphate. White, amorph. powder; insol. in water or HC2H3O2; sol. in mineral acids, NajPjO, -I- Aq, KOH -I- Aq or NHjOH. xAl2O3.yP2O5.zH2O, basic aluminium phosphate. White powder of variable composition; insol. in water. Chromium Unknown. A1P03(?) alumini- um phosphite. White, amorph. powder; si. sol. in water. Al2(Si03)3, alumini- um silicate, alumi- nium metasilicate, kaolin, clay. Oc- curs extensively na^ tive as clay and Cr2(P03),, chromic metaphosphate. Green powder or transparent, ortho- rhombic cryst.; in- sol. in water or cone, acids. Cr^(P20,)j, chromic pyrophosphate. Reddish green, amorph. powder; insol. in water or acids. Unknown. CrP03, (?) chromic phosphite. Almost msol. in water. Unknown. Iron(ferrous) Fe(H,P04)2.2H20, iron phosphate, acid ferrous phosphate, mbnqferrous ortho- phosphate, primary ferrous phosphate. White, cryst. meal; oxidizes easily in air; easily sol. in water; not changed by alcohol. Fe(P03)2, (?) fer- rous metaphosphate. SI. sol. in cold, more in hot water; sol. in HCl. Fe2p20„ (?) ferrous pyrophosphate. White, amorph. powder of uncer- tain composition; in the air it turns rapidly to green, then brown; insol. in water; sol. in ex- cess of Na^PjO, -f AqorFeSO, -1- Aq. xFeO.yP2Os.zH2O, basic ferrous phos- phate. Sol. in dil. HCl or H2S04; de- comp.by hot NaOH + Aq. FeHP03.xH20, iron phosphite, ferrous phosphite. White to greenish white, amorph. powder; nearly insol. in wa- ter. Fe2Si04, iron sili- cate, ferrous ortho- silicate. Red- brown powder; in- sol. in water; gel- atinous silicic acid Iron (ferric) Fe2(H2P04)e, iron phosphate, acid fer- ric phosphate, morv- oferric orthophos- phate, primary fer- ric phosphate. White powder, red- dish, cryst. meal or rhombic tablets; deliq. in moist air, with darkening of red color. Fe2(P03)e,/em> metaphosphate. White powder or transparent, pale yellow, long, ortho- rhombic prisms; in- sol. in water or dil. acids; sol. in cone. HjSO^. Fe«(PjO,)3.9H20, ferric pyrophos- phate. Yellowish white powder; in- sol. in water; sol. in acids, Na4P20, -1- Aq or FeCl3 -|- Aq; a second insol. va- riety is said to ex- ist. xFe2O3.yP2Oj.zH2O, basic ferric phos- phate. Red-brown powder; insol. in water; sol. in acids. Fe2(HP03)3.9H20, iron phosphite, fer- ric phosphite. White powder that turns yellow when dried; insol. in wa- ter. Fe2(Si03)„ iron sili- cate, ferric metasHi- cate. Occurs native and with other bases, but with va- rying composition; 54 Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn GROUP Cobalt Co(HjP04)j, cobalt phosphate, add co- baltous phosphate, monocobaltous or- thophosphate, prim- ary cobaltous phos- phate. Sol. in wa^ ter. CoCPOj);,, cobaltous metaphosphate. Blue amorph. mass- es; insol. in cold, cone. HjSOii sol. in water only when the salt has been previously treated with HjSOi; sol. in cone. NHjOH. COjPjO,, cobaltous pyrophosphate. Amorph. powder; sol. in NH4OH or Na4P207 + Aq. Unknown. Nickel Unknown. C0HPO3.2H2O, co- balt phosphite, co- baltous phosphite. Pale red, amorph. powder; turns blue when heated to 250°, losing its cryst. water; insol. in water. Co2Si04, cobalt sili- cate, cobaltous ortho- silicate. Violet-col- ored, gelatinous ppt.; amorph. pow- der when dry; in- NiCPOj)^, nickelous metaphosphate. Greenish yellow, amorph. masses; in- sol. in water and dil. acids; sol. in cone. H2SO4. Ki2P20,.6H20, nick- elous pyrophos- phate. Bright green, amorph. or cryst. powder; insol. in water; sol. in min- eral acids, Na^PjO, + Aq or NHjOH; decomp'. by water at 300°. Unknown. Manganese 2NiHP03.7H20, nickel phosphite, nickelous phosphite. Green, amorph. powder; insol. in water. cate, nickelous or- thosilicate. Bluish gelatinous ppt.; amorph. powder when dry; insol. in Mn(H2P04)2.2H20, manganese phos- phate, acid manga- nous phosphate, monomanganous or- thophosphate, prim- ary manganous phosphate. Four- sided, delicj. prisms; easily sol. in water, with decomp. to MnHPO^; loses one HjO at 100°, the other at red heat. Mn(P03)2, manga- nous metaphosphate. Reddish white, amorph. powder; insol. in water or dil. acids; sol. in cone. H2SO4; melts with difficulty. Mn(P03)3, manga- nic metaphosphate. Insol. in water pr acids; decomp. by alkalis. Mn2P20,.3H20, manganous pyro- phosphate. White, amorph. powder; insol. in water; sol. in Na4P207 -|- Aq. MnHP^O,, manga- nic pyrophosphate. Insol. in water; sol. in cone. H4SO4; very si. sol. in dil., easily in cone. HCl. Unknown. Zinc 2MnHP03.H20, manganese phos- phite, manganous phosphite. Reddish white, loose pow- der; si. sol. in wa- ter; sol. in MnCl2 -f Aq orMnSOi-l- Aq; loses its cryst. wa^ ter at 200°. Zn(H2P04)2.2H20, zinc phosphate, acid zinc phosphate, mon- ozinc orthophos- phate, primary zinc phosphate. Large, trichnic cryst.; nearly insol. in wa^ ter, but decomp. thereby. MugSiOj, manganese silicate, manganous orthosilicate. Red- dish gray, rhombic cryst. or yellow powder; insol. in Zn(P03)2.4H20, zinc metaphosphate. Small, colorless, transparent cryst.; insol. in water; de- comp. by boiling water or hot acids; loses its cryst. wa- ter at red heat. Zn2P20,, zinc pyro- phosphate. White powder, sometimes voluminous, some- times cryst.; insol. in water; sol. in acids, NH4OH, KOH -f Aq or NaiPjO, -I- Aq. xZnO.yP2OB.zH2O, basic zinc phosphate. White, amorph. powder; insol. in water. 2ZnHP03.SH20, zinc phosphite. Granular, cryst. powder; sol. in cold water, less easily in hot; loses its cryst. water at 280°; de- comp. at red heat. Zn2Si04.3H20, zinc silicate, zinc ortho- silicate. White, amorph. powder or transparent, whit- ish, rhombic cryst., Phosphate Cant. Phosphite Silicate 55 Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn GROUP Silicate Cont. Silico- fluoride Sulphate Aluminium rocks of varying composition; kao- lin is nearly pure; white masses or amorph. powder; insol. in water, dil. HCl or HNO3; si. sol. in hot dil. H2SO4; easily sol. inH2SiFe; decomp. by boiling with KOH+Aq or NajCOa+Aq. Al2(SiFj)3, alumini- um silicofluoride, aluminium fluosili- cate. White pow- der; easily sol. in water; slowly sol. if the salt has been ignited. Al2(SOi),.18HiiO, aluminium sul- phate, normal alu- minium sulphate. Thin, white, six- sided plates, with pearly luster; in scales or granules, with soapy feeling; sometimes white or yellowish, cryst. lumps or powder, with sweet, astrin- gent taste; all forms are sol. in water; insol. in al- cohol or cone. H2SO4; melts in its cryst. water when heated and decomp. at red heat to SO a and AI2O3. Al2(S04)3, anhy- drous aluminium sulphate. White, amorph. powder or porous lumps; slowly sol. bx wa- ter. Chromium Cr2(SiFe)3, chromi- um silicofluoride, chromic silicofluor- ide, chromic fluosili- cale. Sol. in water. CrS04.7H20, chro- mium, sulphate, chromous sulphate. Blue cryst. that absorb O2 rapidly from the air; strong reducing agent; sol. in water; si. sol. in alcohol. Cr2(S04)3.18H20, chromium sulphate, chromic sulphate, normal chromic sul- phate, violet chro- mic sulphate. Reg- ular octahedra; red-violet in reflect- ed light, garnet-red in transmitted light; loses I2H2O and turns green at 100°; insol. in alco- hol; sol. in water to a violet solution which turns green when heated to 65° or 70°, or when treated with cold H2SO4 or HNO3. Cr2(S04)3.6H20. chromium sulphate, green chromic sul- phate. Green, amorph. masses; easily sol. in alco- hol or cone. H2S04; sol. in water to a green solution, _ which turns violet Iron (ferrous) separates when boiled with HCl. FeSiFe.eHaO, irrni silicofluoride, fer- rous silicofluoride, ferrous fluosilicate. Blue-green cryst. or yellowish white, cryst. powder; eas- ily sol. in water. FeS04.7H20, iron sulphate, ferrous sul- phate, normal fer- rous sulphate, salt of colcothar, copperas, green vitriol, iron vitriol. Large, blu- ish green, efHor., odorless, monoclin- io or rhombic cryst.; often dirty and . rusty from efflor. and oxidation to basic ferric sul- phate; saline, as- tringent taste; sol. in water; insol. in alcohol; melts in its cryst. water when heated; loses 6H2O at 100°, the last molecule at c. 300° and at si. higher temp, decomp. to SO2, O2 and FeaOa; the aqueous solu- tion absorbs NO. FeSO,, anhydrous ferrous sulphate. Grayish white pow- der; sol. in water to a green solution. Iron (ferric) gelatinous sihcic acid separates when boiled with HCl. Fe2(SiF8)3, iron sili- cofluoride, ferric sil- icofluoride, ferric fluosilicate. Sol. in water. Fe2(S04)8, iron sul- phate, ferric sul- phate, normal ferric sulphate. Peach- blossom-colored, rhombic, tabular octahedra or a grayish white pow- der, that dehq. to a brown liquid; slowly sol. in wateV to a yellowish brown solution; rapidly sol. in wa- ter, containing a trace of FeS04; in- sol. in cone. H2S0i. 56 AI, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn GROUP Cobalt sol. in water; hot HCl separates gel- atinous silicic acid. CoSiFj.eHjO, cobalt baltous silicofluor- ide, cohaltous fluo- silicate. Easily sol. in water. Nickel water; easily de- comp. by acids. NiSiFs.eHjO, nickel silicofluoride, nickel- ous silicofluoride, nickelous fluosili- cate. Green, rhom- bic cryst. or hexag- onal prisms; easily sol. in water; de- comp. at red heat to NiFj and SiFi. Manganese water; decomp. by HCl, with separa- tion of gelatinous sjlicic acid. C0SO4.7H2O, cobalt sulphate, cobaUous sulphate, normal co- baUous sulphate, co- halt vitriol, ordinary cobalt sulphate. Red, monoclinic, rhombic prisms; metallic, si. bitter taste; stable in air; sol. in water; insol. in alcohol; loses all its cryst. water when heated. C0SO4, anhydrous cobaltous sulphate. Reddish, hexagon- al prisms or pow- der; not easily de- comp. by heat. 002(804)3. I8H2O, cobalt sulphate, co- baltic sulphate, nor- mal cobaltic sul- phate. Blue, cryst. powder or small, thin needles with silky luster; fairly stable in moist air; in dry air it de- comp. rapidly, los- ing water and turn- ing to a brown, then red powder; easily sol. in water, with decomp. and evolution of O2; sol. in cone. HNO3, HC2H3O2 and dil. NiSOj.VHjO, nickel sulphate, nickelous sulphate, normal nickelous sulphate, nickel vitriol, ordi- nary nickel sulphate. Emerald green, rhombic prisms; sweet, astringent taste; sol. in water insol. in alcohol M.P. 98° to 100° loses 6H2O at 103° becomes anhydrous at, 279° and turns greenish yellow at c. 300°. NiS04.6H20,nicfcei- ous sulphate. Blu- ish, tetragonal i)yr- amids or greenish, monochnic cryst.; sol. in water. NiS04, anhydrous nickelous sulphate. Clear, yellow pow- der or citron-yel- low, regular octa- hedra; absorbs wa- ter from the air and becomes green; de- comp. when heated. MnSiFj.eHjO, man- ganese silicofluoride j manganous silico- fluoride, mangtmous fluosilicate. Hex- agonal cryst.; sol. in water; loses cryst. water when heated, and then decomp. to MnF2 and SiF4. Zinc with pearly luster; insol. in water; sol. in HC2H3O2 or KOH+Aq; de- comp. by acids, with separation of gelatinous siUcic acid. MnS04.7H20, man- ganese sulphate, manganous sul- phate, normal man- ganous sulphate. Nearly transparent, very pale rose-col- ored, efflor., mono- clinic prisms; bit- terish, astringent taste; very sol. in water; insol. in abs. alcohol; M. P. 19°. MnS04.4H20, man- ganous sulphate. Large cryst.; close- ly resembles MnS04.7H20; com- mercial manganese sulphate is proba- bly a mixture of the two. MnSOj, anhydrous manganese sulphate. White or faintly reddish yellow pow- der; bitter, metal- Uc taste; sol. in wa- ter; absorbs water from the air and forms MnS04.4H20; stable at low heat; decomp. at full red heat to SO2, O2 and MnaOj. Mn2(S04)3, manga- nese sulphate, man- ganic sulphate, nor- mal manganic suU ZnSiFB.6H20, zinc silicofluoride, zinc fluosilicate. White hexagonal plates; very easily sol. in water. ZnS04.7H2O, zinc sulphate, normal zinc sulphate, white vitriol, zinc vitriol. Colorless or white, right rhombic cryst. or white, cryst. powder: as- trmgent, metalUc taste; slowly efflor. in dry air; acid re- action; sol. in wa- ter; insol. in alco- hol or HC2H8O2; M. P. 50°; loses 6 H2O at 100° and the last molecule at low red heat, above which the anhydrous salt de- comp. ZnS04, anhydrous zinc sulphate. Fine, white powder; sol. in water, with evo- lution of heat; de- comp. at 400° to ZnO, O2 and SO2. Silicate Cont. Silico- fluoride Sulphate 57 Al, Cr, Ff, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn GROUP Sulphate Cont. Aluminium xAl2O3.ySO3.zH3O, basic aluminium sulphate. White, amorph. powder of varying composi- tion; insol. m wa- ter; easily sol. in HC2H3O2 or cold dil. mineral acids. Unknown. Al2Na.j(S04)4.24H20,f aluminium, sodium, sulphate, soda alum. Transparent, color- less octahedra; efflor. in dry air and loses all its oryst. water at 40° to 60°; sol. in wa^ ter; insol. in abs. alcohol. Al2K2(S04)4.24H20, aluminium potassi- um, sulphate, potash alum, alum, ordir- nary alum. Trans- parent, colorless, regular octahedra, or large, glassy, ir- regular lumps, or whitish cryst.fpow- der; occasionally cube-like crys : si. sweetish, astr ngent taste; acid reaction; Chromium after standing 3 to 4 weeks. 012(804)3, anhy- drous chromic sul- phate. Insol. in wa- ter, NH4OH, H2SO4, HNO3, HCl or aqua regia; de- comp. by boiling caustic alkalis. xCr2O3.ySO3.zH2O, basic chromic sul- phate. Insol. in wa^ ter; sol. in acids; slowly decomp. by KOBf.. Aq. 2Cr2(S04)3.H2S04, acid chromic sul- phate. Reddish powder; insol. in water or acids. Cr2Na2(S04)4.24H20, chromium sodium sulphate, chromic sodium sulphate, soda chrome alum. Indefinite oryst.; more efflor. than the K or NH4 salt; sol. in water; loses I8H2O at 100°. Cr2K2(S04)4.24H20, chromium potassi- um sulphate, chro- mic potassium sul- phate, potash chrome alum, chrome alum. Large, violet to dark purple, efflor. octahedra; sol. in water; insol. in al- cohol; aqueous so- lution is violet; be- comes green, pasty and non-crystalh- zable when heated Iron(ferrous) Unknown. FeSO4.H2SO4.6H2O, add ferrous sul- phate. Colorless tablets. FeNa2(S04)2.4H20, iron sodium sidr- phate, ferrous sodi- um sulphate. Blue- green, monoclinic tablets; sol. in wa- FeE:3(S04)2.6H20, iron potassium swt- phate, ferrous potas- sium sulphate. Blue-green, mono- clinic cryst.; sol. in Fe(NH4)2(S04)2.6 H2O, iron ammcrrvi- um sulphate, ferrous am/monium, sulphate. Clear, bluish-green, monoclinicjcryst. ; sol. in water. Iron(ferric) xFe2O3.ySO3.zH2O, basic ferric sulphate, Monrel's salt. Yellowish brown powder; insol. in water. Unknown. Fe2K2(S04)4.24H20, iron potassium swJ- phate, ferric potas- sium sulphate, pot- ash iron alum, iron alum. Colorless or pale violet, octahe- dral cryst.; sol. in water; decomp. slowly in air to a yellowish white powder; melts in its cryst. water; at 80° it breaks down into H2SO4, Fe2(S04)3 and a ba^ sic ferric potassium sulphate. Fe2(KH4)2(S04)4 .24 H2O, iron ammoni- um sulphate, ferric ammmiium sul- phate, ammonia iron alum, iron alum. Colorless oc- 58 Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn GROUP Cobalt or cone. H2SO4; sol. in HCl, with evolu- tion of CI2. xCoO.ySO3.zH2O, basic cobaltoiis sul- phate. Bluish pow- der, sometimes gel- atinous, sometimes cry St.; insol. in wa- ter. Unknown. Nickel Manganese Zinc CoKaCSOOz.eHjO, cobalt potassium svl phate, cobaltous po- tassium sulphate. Red, monoclinic, tabiilar cryst.; sol. in water, but less so than CoSO/. Co(NH4)2(S04)2.6 H2O, cobalt ammo- nium sulphate, co- baltous ammmiium sulphate. Red, monoclinic, tabular cryst.; sol. in' wa- ter; insol. ia alco- hol. C02K2(SO4)4.24H2O, cobalt potassium sul- phate, cobaltic po- tassium sulphate, cobalt potassium alum. Regiilar oc- tahedra; sol. in wa- ter with decomp. xNiO.ySO3.zE2O, basic nickelous sul- phate. Green or yellowish green, amorph. powder; or microscopic nee- dles; very si. sol. in water. Unknown. NiK2(S04)2.6HjO, nickel potassium sulphate, nickelous potassium, sulphate. Bluish green, mon- oclinic, prismatic cryst. ; sol.in water ; turns yellow when dried; melts to. a brown hquid, which sohdifies to a yel- low, cryst. mass. NiCNHi) 2(304) 2.6 H2O, nickel ammo- nium sulphate, nickelous ammxmi- um sulphate. Blu- ish green, mono- clinic cryst.; gen- erally prismatic; occasionally tabu- lar; sol. in water; nearly insol. in dil. (NH4)2S04 -I- Aq. phate. Dark green, amorph. powder; deliq. very easily to a violet hquid; sol. in water, with evo- lution of heat and decomp. into a ba- sic sulphate; de- comp. by dil. acids or abs. alcohol; sol. in cone. HCl; insol. in cone. HNO3 or H2SO4; stable even at 160 ; decomp. above 160°. 3MnO.2SO3.3H2O,* basic manganous sulphate. Rose-red cryst. powder; in- sol. in water, but slowly decomp. thereby. Mn(HS04)2.H20, acid manganous sul- phate. Thin tab- lets with pearly lus- ter; sol. in water with decomp. Mn2H2(S04)4.8H20, acid manganic sul- phate. Reddish brown, deliq. cryst.; decomp. by water; sol. in dil. H2SO4; decomp. by heat to Mn2(S04)3, H2SO4 and H2O. MnNa2(S04)2.2H20, manganese sodium sulphate, manga- nous sodium sul- phate. Pale yellow, oblique, triclinic, rhombic prisms; de- liq. in moist air; sol. in water. MnK2(S04)2.4H20, manganese potassi- um sulphate, man- ganous potassium sulphate. Pale red, monoclinic, right- angled tablets; sol. in water. Mn(NH4)2(SO 4)2.6 H2O, manganese am- monium sulphate, manganous ammo- nium sulphate. Pale rose-red, deliq. monocliniCjSt cryst. ; easily sol. in;^water. xZnO.ySO3.zH2O, basic zinc sulphate. Loose, white, amorph powder; absorbs CO2 from the air; insol. in war ter. Zn(S04)2.8H20, acid zinc sulphate. Monoclinic cryst. ; sol. with difficulty in cold, easily in hot water; decomp. when meltel into ZnO, SO2 and H2O. ZnNa2(S04)2-4H20, zinc sodium sul- phate. Monoclinic cryst.; dehq. in moist air; sol. in water; melts at red heat and loses its cryst. water. ZnK2(S04)2.6H20, zinc potassium, sul- phate. Monoclinic cryst. ; sol. in water. Zn(NH4)2(SO 4)2.6 H2O, zinc ammoni- um sulphate. Clear, monoclinic cryst. ; sol. in water. Sulphate Cont. 59 Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn GROUP Sulphate Cont. Sulphide Sulphite Aluminium Chromium Iron (ferrous) Iron (ferric very si. efHor.; sol. in water, with ab- sorption of heat; insol. in alcohol; melts at 92° in its cryst. water; loses 23 H2O at 190° and then decomp. Al2(NH,)2(SO,),.24 H2O, aluminium ammonium sul- phate, ammonia alum. Transparent, colorless octahedra; acid reaction; sol. in water; insol. in alcohol; loses 23 H2O at 190° and some NH3 at 193°. to 70° or 80°, but turns back to vio- let after standing several weeks. Cr2(NH4)2(S04),.24 H2O, chromium am^ monium sulphate, chromic ammonium sulphate, ammwiia chrome alum. Ruby- red octahedra; slowly efflor. in air; sol. in water; insol. in alcohol; acts like the K salt when in solution; loses 18 H2O at c. 100°. tahedra or white powder; sol. in wa- ter; loses 23H2O at 150°, the last mole- cule at 230°. AI2S3, aluminium sulphide, alumini- umitrisulphide. Yellowl cryst. with bitter taste; some- times black, amorph. masses; decomp. by water, with evolution of H2S and formation of hydrated AI2O3; decomp. similarly in moist air; melts with difficulty; burns in air to j AI2O3 and SO2. CrS, chromium sul- phide, chromous sul- phide, chromium monosulphide. Black powder; in- sol. in water or K2S -|-Aq; sol. in acids; decomp. when heat- ed in air. Cr2S3, chromium sul- phide, chromic sul- phide, chromium trisulphide. Gray- ish green to black, cryst. tablets or brown amorph. powder; insol. in H2O or alkahne sul- phide solutions; not attacked by acids, except HNOs and aqua regia, which dissolve it; heated in air it gives SO 2 and Cr203. CrsS,, chromous chromic sulphide, chromium tetrasul- phide. Grayish black powder; in- sol. in water, HCl or dil. H2SO4 easily sol. in cone. HNO3. FeS, iron sulphide, ferrous sulphide, iron monosulphide. Yellow-brown, lus- trous, metal-hke solid, hexagonal prisms, or amorph. greenish black pow- der; non-magnetic; freshly ■ pptd. FeS oxidizes easily to FeSOi on exposure to air or by gentle heating; itisol. in water; dil. HCl or H2SO1 evolves H2S and forms FeCU or FeSO.; oxidized by HNO3. Fe2Sa, iron sulphide, ferric sulphide. Gray powder with greenish or yellow- ish tinge; non-mag- netic; insol. in wa- ter; decomp. by dil. HCl or H2S04 to H2S, insol. FeSa and sol. FeCU or FeSOi. xFeS.yFezSa, fer- roso-ferric sulphide, magnetic sulphide ojf iron. Hexagonal cryst. or amorph. powder; color va- ries from gray to brown; magnetic; decomp. by acids. FeS2, iron disuU phide, iron pyrites, pyrites, fool's gold. Bulky, dark yellow powder or brassy yellow, lustrous cubes or octahedra; non-magneticjinsol. in water, dil. HCl or H2SO4; sol. in cone. HCl; decomp. by HNOa or aqua re- gia, with separa- tion of S. Alz(S03)3, alumini- um sulphite, normal aluminium sul- phite. Giimmy masses that oxidize to a basic salt when exposed to air; in- sol. in water. CrSOs, chromium sulphite, chromous sulphite. Reddish powder; insol. in water. Cr2(S03) SfChromium sulphite, chromic sulphite, normal 2FeSOs.5H20, iron sulphite, ferrous sul- phite, normal fer- rous sulphite. Very si. sol. in water; easily sol. in H2SO a; insol. in alcohol; loses H2O and SO2 Fe2(S0a)a, iron sul- phite, ferric sul- phite, normal ferric sulphite. Known only in solution. xFe203yS02.zH20, basic ferric sulphite. Yellowish powder; 6C Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn GROUP Cobalt Nickel COjCNHJsCSO 4)4.24 H2O, cobalt ammo- nium sulphate, co- baltic ammonium sulphate, cobalt am- monia alum. Deep blue, regular octa- hedra; sol. in wa- ter, with decomp. CoS, cobalt sulphide, cobaltous sulphide, cobalt monosulphide. Black, amorph. powder or bronze- colored, lustrous needles; non-mag- netic; insol. in wa- ter; sol. in cone, acids; and in dil. acids except HCl. C02S3, cobalt sul- phide, cobaltic sul- phide. Black, amorph. powder or graphite-hke cryst.; decomp. partially by HCl, entirely by HNO3. The polysulphides, CoS 2, C03S4 and C01S3, are definitely known; black or gray powders; de- comp. by acids. NiS, nickel sulphide, nickeUms sulphide, nickel monosul- phide. Dark gray or black, amorph. powder, brownish black ppt., or yel- low, brittle, cryst. sohd; insol. in wa- ter or dil. acids; sol. in cone, acids; when freshly pptd. it is insol. in HC2H3O2, but oxi- dizes slowly to NiSOi; markedly sol. in NH4OH with brown color. The polysulphides, NiaS, NiS2 and NisS,, are definitely known; gray or yel- low powders; slow- ly decomp. by acids. Manganese Mn2K2(SOj4.24 H2O, manganese po- tassium sulphate, manganic potassium, sulphate, manganese potassium, alum. Dark violet octahe- dra; decomp. by water, Mn2(NH4)2(S04)4. 24H2O, manganese ammonium sul- phate, manganic ammonium sul- phate, manganese ammonia alum. Dark red cryst.; decomp. by water. Zinc C0SO3.5IL2O, cobalt sulphite, cobaltous sulphite, normal co- baltous sulphite. Red, granular pow- der; insol. in water; sol. in H2SO3; xCoO.ySO2.zH2O, MnS, manganese sulphide, manga- nous sulphide, man- ganese monosul- phide. Yellowish green, hexagonal prisms when na- tive; ordinarily a rose or flesh-col- ored ppt. ; occa- sionally a greenish ppt., a solid, or small, eight-sided plates; flesh-col- ored MnS oxidizes easily in air to MnSOi; insol. in water; sol. in dil. acids even HC2H3O2; heated in air SO2 and Mn304 are formed. MnSj, manganese sulphide, manga- nic sulphide, man- ganese disulphide. Large, brown- black, lustrous, reg- ular octahedra or red, amorph. pow- der; stable in air; insol. in water; de- comp. by acids. The polysulphide, MnsSi, is said to ex- ist. ZnS, zinc sulphide, zinc monosulphide, spalerite, zinc blend, black jack. Gray to black, cryst. solid when native; white or yellowish white, amorph. ppt.; the former is slowly at- tacked by acids; pptd. ZnS is insol. in water, NH4OH or alkaline hydrate solutions; easily sol. in dil. HCl, HNO3 or H2SO4; insol. in HC2H3O2. The polysulphide, ZnSs, is said to ex- ist. NiS03.6H20, mcfceZ sulphite, nickelous sulphite, normal nickelous sulphite. Cryst. crusts or green tetrahedral cryst.; insol. in wa- ter; sol. in H2SO3. MnS03.SH20, man- ganese sulphite, manganous sulphite, normal manganous sulphite. Reddish white, cryst. pow- der; si. sol. in wa- ter; easily sol. in Sulphate Cant, Sulphide ZnS03.5H20, zinc sulphite, normal zinc sulphite. Small, lustrous, monoclinic prisms that absorb O2 from the air readily ; pungent taste; Sulphite 61 Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn GROUP Sulphite Coni. Sulpho- cyanide Tartrate Thio- sulphate Tungstate Alixminium Chromium Iron (ferrous) Iron( ferric) Al203.S02.4H20,ba- sic aluminium sul- phite. White pow- der; insol. in water; sol. in HzSOs; loses H2O and SO2 when heated. chromic sulphite. Greenish white, amorph. powder; insol. in water; sol. in acids; found mostly m solution. 2Cr2O3.3SO2.I6 H2O, basic chromic sulphite. Pale green, amorph. powder; insol. in water. at 250°; the moist salt oxidizes easily in air. insol. in water; sol. in acids. A1(SCN)3, alumini- um sulphocyanide, aluminium sulpho- cyanate, aluminium thiocyanate. White, deliq., cryst. solid; sol. in water; usu- ally found only in solution, which de- comp. when heated. Cr(SCN)3, chromi- um sulphocijanide, chromic sulphocya- nide, chromic sul- phocyanate, chro- mic thiocyanate. Dark green or gray, dehq., amorph. powder; sol. in wa- ter to a greenish violet solution, the green color being intensified by heat- ing; reduced to Cr203 by heat. Fe(SCN)2, iron sul- phocyanide, ferrous sulphocyanide, fer- rous sulphocyanate, ferrous thiocyanate. Large, greenish, oblique, rhombic prisms; turns red in the air; easily sol. in water or alcohol; decomp. by heat. Fe(SCN)3.3H20, iron sulphocyanide, ferric sulphocya- nide, ferric sulpho- cyanate, ferric thio- cyanate. Small, brown to dark brown or blackish red, deliq., cubic cryst.; easily sol. in water to an intense- ly blood-red solu- tion; easily sol. in alcohol. Al2(C4H40e)3, oJm- minium tartrate. White powder; sol. in water. Cr2(C4H406)3, chro- mium tartrate, chro- mic tartrate. Violet flakes; sol. in water. FeC4H408, ironter- trate, ferrous tar- trate. Greenish, mi- croscopic, cryst. powder; very si. sol. in water. Fe2(C4H40e)3, irrni tartrate, ferric tar- trate. Brown scales; sol. in water. Unknown. Unknown. FeSjOj-SHjO, iron thiosulphate, ferrous thiosulphate, ferrous hyposulphite. Greenish blue, very hygroscopic cryst. or cryst. masses; oxidizes easily in air; very sol. in wa- ter or alcohol. Unknown. Al2(W04)3.8H20, aluminium tung- state, aluminium orthotungstate, alu- minium wolframate. cheese-hkeppt.; insol. in water; eas- ily sol. in H3PO4, H2C2O4 or H2C4H40„+Aq. Cr2(WO4)3.20H2O, chromium tung- state, chromic tung- state, chromic ortho- tungstate, chromic wolframate. Bright green, amorph. powder; insol. in water; sol. in CrCl3+Aq, H3PO4, H2C2O4 or H2C4H40e-|-Aq; loses I3H2O at 100°. FeW04.3H20, iron tungstate, ferrous tungstate, ferrous orthotungstate, fer- rous wolframate. Bright brown, amorph. powder; insol. in water; sol. in cold H2SO4, HCl or HNO3; decomp. by boiling acids, with separation of canary-yellow WO 3; sol. in boiling H3PO4 or warm H2C204-f-Aq. FeWOj, anhydrous ferrous tungstate. Opaque cryst. Fe2O3.4WOs.4HjO, iron tungstate, fer- ric tungstate, ferric orthotungstate, fer- ric wolframate. Sol. in water^ without decomp. 62 AI, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn GROUP Cobalt Nickel Manganese Zinc basic cobaltous sul- phite. Powder; de- comp. by water. H2SO8; decomp. by mineral acids; in- sol. in alcohol. very si. sol. in wa- ter' easily sol. in HjSOs; sol. in HN4OH; insol. in alcohol; decomp, by boiling water to a basic salt, xZnS03.yZn02H2; decomp. at 200° to SO2, S and ZnO. 2Co(SCN)2.H20, co- bait sulphocyanide, cobaltous sulphocya- nide, cobaltous sul- phocyanate, cobalt- ous thiocyanate. Deep blue, deUq. cryst. ; sol. in water to a rose-red solu- tion when dil., but deep blue when cone. ; sol. in alcohol. 2Ni(SCN)2.H20, nickel sulphocya- nide, nickelous sul- phocyanide, nickel- ous sulphocyanate, nickelous thiocya- nate. Yellowish, cryst. powder; sol. in water or alcohol; loses its cryst. wa- ter at 150°. Mn(SCN)2.3H20, manganese sulpho- cyanide, manganous sulphocyanide, man- ganous sulphocya- nate, manganous thiocyanate. Cryst.; easily sol. in water or alcohol; loses its cryst. water at 160° to 170°. Zn(SCN)2, zinc sul- phocyanide, zinc sul- phocyanate, zinc thi- ocyanate. White powder or cryst. ; sol. in water or al- cohol. C0C4H4O e, cobalt tar- trate, cobaltous tar- trate. Pink pow- der; sol. in water. NiC4H40,.5H20, nickel tartrate, nick- elous tartrate. Light green powder; in- sol. in water; sol. in acids. MnC4H40e, manga- nese tartrate, man- ganous tartrate. White powder; sparingly sol. in water. ZnC4H40„.2H20, zinc tartrate. White powder; insol. in water; sol. in acids. C0S2O3.6H2O, cobalt thiosulphate, cobalt- ous thiosulphate, co- baltous hyposul- phite. Bluish mass- es; sol. in water; decomp. by heat. NiS203.6H20, nickel thiosulphate, nickel- ous thiosulphate, nickelous hyposul- phite. Green or yel- lowish green cryst.; permanent in air; sol. in water; de- comp. byjheat. MnSzO 3, manganese thiosulphate, man- ganous thiosulphate, manganous hypo- sulphite. Not very well known; sol. in water. ZnS203.xH20, zinc thiosulphate, zinc hyposulphite. De- hq., unstable mass- es; very easily sol. in water or alcohol. C0WO4.2H2O, cobait tungstate, cobaltous tungstate, cobaltous orthotungstate, co- baltous wolframate. Violet powder; in- sol. in water or cold HNO3; si. sol. in H2C204-|-Aq; en- tirely sol. in warm HaP04,HC2H302 or NH4OH. NiW04.6H20,mcA;eZ tungstate, nickelous tungstate, nickelous orthotungstate, nick- elous wolframate. Clear green, amorph. powder; insol. in water or H2C204-|-Aq; sol. in hot H3PO4, HC2H3O2 or warm NH4OH. m NiW04, anhydrous nickelous tungstate. Brown,';lustrous cryst. MnW04.2H20,ma»- ganese tungstate, manganous tung- state, manganous or- thotungstate, manga- nous wolframate. _ Brown needles; in- sol. in water or cold HCl; si. sol. in HC2H3O2; sol. in warm H3PO4 or H2C204-t-Aq. MnW04, anhydrous manganous tung- state. Garnet- brown, lustrous, rhombic cryst. ZnW04, zinc tung- state, zinc orthotung- state, zinc wolfram- ate. Colorless prisms or tablets; insol. in water. Sulphite Cont. Sulpho- cyanide Tartrate Thio- sulphate Tungstate 63 GROUP V Silver Ag Lead Pb Mercury Hg Copper Cu Cadmium Cd Bismuth Bi The members of this group are generally hard, heavy, lustrous met- als, all solid except Hg, which is liquid. Cu is ^reddish yellow; Bi is gray with a reddish tinge; the rest are gray. They are generally stable in air and unaffected by water; they generally dissolve in acids, tho not so readily as the metals of Group IV. Ag has a valence of 1; Bi has 3 or 5; the rest have a valence of 2 for the most part. No general formulae can be given for the oxides, because many members form sev- eral oxides. The ous and ic states are prominent in Hg and Cu; in the other members but one state is commonly present. The salts of this group are generally insoluble in water, tho the nitrates, chlorates, and acetates are soluble in water; also, some of the sulphates and some of the halogen salts are soluble in water. The tendency to form colored salts is less prominent than in Groups III and IV. Cu salts are usually green or blue when crystalHzed, but white or yellow when anhydrous. The salts of the other metals are usually colorless or white, tho there is a fair sprinkling of colored ones- 65 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Silver Lead Mercury Ag, silver. White or light gray, very lus- trous, malleable, ductile, exceeding- ly tenacious metal; harder than Au, but softer than Cu; powdered Ag is a dark gray, or near- ly black, non-lus- trous powder that becomes white and lustrous when pressed or rubbed with a piece of iron; occasionally found as small cubical or octahedral cryst.; occurs in ingots, sheets, foil, wire and powder; re- flects light and heat strongly; best con- ductor of heat and electricity; not act- ed on by water; does not oxidize in air, but is tarnished by the formation of a coating of Ag2S; insol. in HCl or HC2H3O,; dil. HNO3 dissolves it easily, giving off N oxides, probably NjO and NO; cone. HNO3 dissolves it with difficulty or not at all; si. sol. in dil H2SO4; sol. in hot, cone. H2SO4, with evolution of SO2, but if a little Pe2(S04)3 is added, the Ag goes into solution without heating; readily sol. in KCN -t- Aq; pure molten Ag ab- sorbs c. 20 times its volume of O2 from the air, but as it cools it "spits," and gives off the O2; pptd. as amorph. lumpy powder from Ag solutions by metallic Fe, Zn or Cu; unites with the halogens and S easily. Mot*m*unkJo^; Val. 1; Sp. Gv. 10.47; M. P. 960°; does not volatilize under ordinary conditions! but may be distilled as a blue vapor m the oxyhydrogen blow- pipe flame in a block of burnt marble. Pb, had. Bluish gray, very mallear ble, somewhat duc- tile, si. sonorous, not very tenacious metal; so soft it can easily be cut with a knife; has high lus- ter on freshly cut surface, but oxi- dizes easily in air, forming a film of Pb20; occasionally found as regular, octahedral cryst.; physical properties are much affected by small amounts of PbO or of metal- lic impurities; eas- ily changed to PbO by heating in air or O2; nearly insol. in cold, cone. HCl; at- tacked only si. by hot, cone. HCl, in contact with air, not at all by cold, dil. HCl; easily sol. in HSO3, more eas- ily in dil. than in cone; sol. in aqua regia, but insol. in a mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4; insol. in dil. H2SO4; very slowly attacked by cone. H2SO4 at or- dinary temp., but suddenly and rap- idly at nigh temp., with evolution of SO2 and H2 and formation of PbS04 which usually sep- arates as a white ppt., but some- times dissolves in the excess of hot H^Oi: sol. in HC2H3O2, if in con- tact with air; com- bines with the hal- ogens and S; forms alloys easily with other metals; pptd. in powdered form Hg, mercury, quicksilver. Heavy, silver- gray or nearly white, highly lustrous, very cohesive and mobile liquid metal; below -39° it forms a tin-white, ductile mass of octahedral or needle cryst. that may be cut with a knife; has high sur- face tension, and always takes on a spher- ical form when in small quantities or finely divided; does not adhere to glass when pure; stable in air at ordinary temp., but oxidizes slowly to red HgO whenSheated near the B. P. for some time; "not attacked by water; insol. in hot, cone. HCl or dil. H2SO4; hot, cone. H2SO4 evolves SO2 and forms Hg2S04 or HgS04 according as Hg or H2SO4 is in excess; easily sol. in HNO3; cold, dil. HNO3, with excess of Hg forms mer- curous nitrate, HgNOs; Hg with excess of hot HNO3 forms mercuric nitrate, Hg(N03)2, with a tendency towards ba- sic salts at the same time; sol. in aqua regia, forming HgCl2; combines with the halogens and S at ordinary temp.; with most metals it forms amalgams, i. e., alloys that are liquid or solid according as Hg or the other metal is in excess; amalgams may be considered solutions of metals in Hg. At. Wt. 200.6; Mol. Wt. the same; Val. 1 and 2; Sp. Gv. 13.59; M. P. -39.38°; boils at 357.25°, but volatilizes very eas- ily; si. volatile even at ordinary temp. from Pb solutions by metallic Fe, Sn or Zn. At. Wt. 207.20; Mol. Wt. not known with oertamty, but probably same as the At. Wt.; Val. usually 2, sometimes 4; Sp. Gv. 11.4; M. P. 327°; B. P. c. 1470°. 66 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper Cu, copper. Reddish yellow, very duo- tile, malleable, elastic, sonorous, some- what tenacious metal; takes a good pol- ish, but does not keep it; rather hard, but may be cut with a knife; transmits green light in thin leaflets; sometimes occurs as cubes or ootahedra; usually foimd in ingots, sheets, leaf, wire or powder; finely divided Cu may readily be hammered and pressed into masses; expands when solidifying from molten condition; stable in dry air, but turns dull; in moist air it gradually becomes coated with a green basic Cu carbonate; forms black CuO when heated in air or O2; decomp. water only at bright red heat, and then only slowly; very si. sol. in HCl; slowly sol. in dil. HjSO^; hot cone. H2SO4 dissolves Cu, evolving SOj and leaving CUSO4; very cone. HNO3 renders Cu passive; dil. HNO3 dissolves it readily to Cu(N03)2, evolving NO; si. sol. in HC2H3O2 and other organic acids; si. acted on by food juices in the pres- ence of air; slowly sol. in NH4OH to a blue liquid contaming Cu oxide-ammo- nia; combines directly with the halogens and S; alloys itself easily with other metals; pptd. from aqueous Cu solu- tions by Fe or Zn as dark brown, non- lustrous powder; Cu compounds color the borax or salt of phosphorus bead greenish blue in the oxidizing flame, but red and opaque in the reducing flame. At. Wt. 63.57; Mol. Wt. unknown, perhaps 127.14; Val. 2; Sp. Gv. 8.86 to 8.94; M P. 1098°; vaporizes at white heat. Cadmium Cd, cadmium. Sil- ver-white, blue- tinged, highly lus- trous, tenacious, very malleable, ductile, flexible metal; si. harder than Zn; more te- nacious than Sn; cryst. easily in oc- tahedra; occurs in bars, sheets, ribbon and powder; vapor is yellow; oxidizes slowly and super- ficially- in air to brown CdO; does not decomp. wa- ter; sol. with diffi- culty in dil. HCl or H2SO4; easily sol. in HNO3; sol. in HC2H3O2; com- bines directly with the halogens and S; forms an amal- gam "With Hg and alloys with many other metals. At. Wt. 112.40; Mol. Wt. the same; Val. 2; Sp. Gv. 8.55-8.67; M. P. 315°; B. P. 860°. Bismuth Bi, bismuth. Gray- ish white metal with reddish tinge; hard, highly lus- trous, brittle; cryst. very easily; ex- pands as it solidi- fies; forms with other metals nu- merous alloys that melt at lower temp, than Bi and ex- pand when solidi- fying; occurs in lumps or powder; may be distilled above 1100° in an atmosphere of H2; very superficially oxidized in ordi- nary air; burns at high temp, in air or O2 to Bi203; de- comp. steam at red heat; not affected by water; very si. acted on by HCl, dil. or cone, hot or cold; insol. in dil. H2SO4; acted'on by hot, cone. H2SO4, with formation of SO2 and a basic Bi sulphate; easily sol. in dil. or cone. HNO3, forming Bi(N03)s; sol- 'n aqua regia to B1CI3; unites with the halogens and S. At. Wt. 208.0; Mol. Wt. probably the same; Val. 3 and 5; Sp. Gv. 9.9; M. P. 270°; B. P. between 1090° and 1450°; vaporizes easily at 1700°. Metal 67 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Acet|.te Arsenate Arsenite Silver Lead AgC2Ha02, silver acetate. Small, flat needles, flexible laminsB, or micro- scopic, cry St. pow- der; mother-of- pearl luster; sol. in boiling water. AgsAsO^, silver ar- senate, silver arsen- iate. Black, opaque, lustrous, regular cryst. or dark reddish brown ppt.; insol. in wa- ter; sol. in NH4OH, (NH4)2C08-|-Aq, HNO, and HCjHsOa; decomp. by HCl; melts to a .brownish red mass. AgjAsOs, silver ar- senite. Fine, yellow powder; decomp. by heat; darkens in the light; insol. in water; sol. in NH^OHandHNOa- Pb(C2H302)2.3H20, lead acetate, normal plumbic acetate, sii- gar of lead, salt of Saturn. Colorless, shiny, transparent, monoclinic prisms, flat cryst. or white powder; acetous odor; sweet metallic taste; easily sol. in water and ordinary alcohol; insol. in cold, abs. alcohol but completely dehydrated by long boihng with abs. alcohol; the aqueous solution is partially decomp. by the CO2 in the air, PbCOs being pptd.; melts at 75°; begins to give off its cryst. water and some HC2Ha02 at a'Uttle above 100°; is com- pletely dehydrated at 280° and decomp. above 280°, leav- ing very finely di- vided and highly combustible Pb. Pb(C2H302)2.2PbO, basic had acetate. White, lustrouSj silky microscopic needles or white powder; sol. in wa^ ter; insol. in abs. alcohol. Two other basic ac- etates said to exist. PbsCAsOi)!, lead ar- senate, lead asseni- ate. White, fusible powder; turns yel- low when heated; insol. in water, NH4OH and NHi salt solutions; sol. in acids. Mercury (ous) Hg2(C2H302)2, mer- cury acetate, mer- curous acetate. White powder or micaceous scales; darkens on expos- ure; si. sol. in wa- ter. Mercury(ic) Hg(C2H302)2, mer- cury acetate, mer- curic acetate. White powder or lustrous, micaceous scales; acetic acid odor; sol. in water. Pb3(As03)2, lead ar- senite. White ppt. first granular, then voluminous; dark- ens in the light; sparingly sol. in water; easily sol. HgsAsOi, (?) mer- cury arsenate, mer- curous arsenate, mercury arseniate. Yellowish white ppt. that changes to orange-red on standing; insol. in water; sol. in HNO 3; decomp. by HCl. Hg3As03, (?) mer- cury arsenite, mer- curous arsenite. Unstable, white or grayish yellow pow- der; sol. in HNO3. Hg3(As04)2, (?) mer- cury arsenate, mer- curic arsenate, mer- cury arseniate. Brownish yellow to dirty, red-brown powder; insol. in water; sparingly sol. in HNO3; easily sol. in HCl. Hg3(As03)2,(?) mer- cury/ arsenite, mer- curic arsenite. White powder; sol. in HNO 8 or in solu- tion of potassium arsenite. . , 68 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper(cuprous) CU2(C2H302)2, COJh per acetate, cuprous acetate. Soft, loose, white flakes with acid reaction and caustic, astringent taste; decomp. by water to CU2O and normal cupric ace- tate. Unknown. Unknown. Copper(cupric) Cu(C2H302)2.H20, copper acetate, cu- pric acetate, normal cupric acetate, crys- tallized verdigris. Large, dark green, monoclinic, efiior. cryst. or green, cryst. powder or warty masses; ace- tic acid odor; me- tallic taste; melts at 240° with de- comp.; sol. in wa- ter; si. sol. in alco- hol. Cu(C2H30j)2.CuO, basic copper acetate, dibasic cupric ace- tate, blue verdigris. Delicate, silky, blue, cryst. needles or scales; or very fine, light blue pow- der; metallic taste; sol. in water; loses its cryst. water at 60°, and then de- comp. to a green mass. 2Cu(C2H302)2.CuO. 6H2O, sesquibasic cupric acetate, green verdigris. Green, amorph. powder. Common verdigris is a mixture of the blue and green va- rieties. CU3(As04)2.4H20, copper arsenate, cw- prie arsenate, cop- per arseniate. Blue or green, amorph. powder; insol. in water; sol. in acids and NH4OH. CU3(AS04)2.5H20, cupric arsenate. Green needles with silky luster; easily sol inHCl. Cu3(As03)2, copper arsenite, cupric ar- senite, copper ortho- arsenite. Yellowish green powder; sol. in alkalis; si. sol. in water. Cadmium Cd(C2H302)2.3H20, cadmium acetate. Colorless, deliq., monoclinic, prisma- tic cryst.; very eas- ily sol. in water; cryst. with difficul- ty- Cd3(As04)2, cadmi- um arsenate, cad- mium arseniate. White, voluminous ppt. Unknown. Bismuth Bi(C2H302)3, bis- muth acetate. Mi- caceous laminse or white powder; loses acetic acid on ex- posure, especially when warm; sol. in HC2H3O2. Acetate 2BiAs04.H20, bis- muth arsenate, bis- muth arseniate. White, tasteless powder; insol. in water and HNO3; sol. in HGl; melts with difficulty. Unknown. Arsenate Arsenite 69 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Arsenite Cont. Borate Bromate Bromide Silver Lead Mercury(ous) Mercury(ic) in HNO3 and HCjHgOj. • 2AgB02.H.!0, silver borate. White to yellowish powder; si. sol. in water with deoomp.; eas- ily sol. in HNO3. Pb(B02)2.H30, lead borate. White pow- der; insol. in water; easily sol. in HNO3 or boiling HC2H3O2; decomp. by H2SO4 and HCl; also by boiling KOH or NaOH; insol. in al- cohol. Hg2B407, mercury borate, mercurous te- traborate, mercur- ous pyroborate. Brown powder. Unknown. AgBr03, silver bro- mate. Colorless, te- tragonal cryst. or heavy, white pow- der; decomp. by heat; insol. m wa^ ter and HNO3; sol. in NH4OH. Pb(Br03)2.H20, lead bromate. Small, lus- trous, monoclinic cryst. or white powder; somewhat sol. in water. Hg2(Br03)2, mercury bromate, mercurous bromate. White powder or small tablets; detonates when heated; boil- ing water forms a basic bromate; dif- ficultly sol. in HNO3; easily sol. in HCl. Hg(Br03)2.2H20, 1 mercury bromate, mercuric bromate. White powder or small prisms; de- comp. when heated; si. sol. in water; difficultly sol. in HNOs; sol. inlHCl, with decomp. AgBr, silver bro- mide. Yellow to olive-green, regu- lar, octahedral oryst.; or white or dark lemon-yellow ppt.; color changes very slowly to vio- let when exposed 'to light; insol. in water; not attacked by boiling HNO3; si. sol. in cone. HBr PbBr2, lead bromide. White, cryst. pow- der or white, lus- trous, rhombic nee- dles; si. sol. in cold, more easily sol. in hot water or in wa- ter containing a little HCl, HN63 or HC2H3O2; slowly sol. in cold, easihr sol. in warm NH4CI + AqorNH4N03 + Hg2Br2, mercury bromide, mercurous bromide. Fibrous masses; or long nee- dles, yellow when warm, white when cold; or white, te- tragonal leaflets, with mother-of- pearl luster or white powder; odorless and taste- less; insol. in water; HgBr2, mercury bro- mide, mercuric bro- mide. Slender, sil- very, lustrous, tet- ragonal leaflets or white needles; rhombic prisms or rhombic pyramids; acid reaction; sol. in water; decomp. by warm HNO3 or warm, dil. H2SO4; easily sol. in alco- 70 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper(cupTous) Unknown. Unknown. Copper(cupric) CuHAsOs, acid cop- per ar senile, Scheele's green. Pine, light green powder; insol. in water; sol. in HNO3 or NH4OH; also in KOH solution, with blue color; when heated decoinp. to HjO and oxides of arsenic and copper. 3Cu(As02)3. Cu(C2Hs02)2, cop- per cu:eto-ar senile, Schweinfwrth's green. Imperial green, Paris green. Emerald green, finely cryst. pow- der; very poison- ous; insol. in water; when boiled with water gives up ace- tic acid and be- comes brown; sol. in acids with de- comp. Cadmium Bismuth Cu(B02)2, (?) cop- per borate, cupric borate. Bluish green, cryst. pow- der of a variable composition; sol. in water. Cd(B02)2, cadmium borate. White pow- der; difficultly sol. in water. ,Cu2Br2, copper bro- mide, cuprous bro- mide. Molten, Jgrayish brown or greenish brown, .cryst. masses; translucent in thin pieces; or white powder; insol. in water; sol. in halo- gen acids, NH^OH, NaCl + Aq and Na2S20s-|-Aq; sol. Cu(Br03)2.6H20, copper bromate, cv^ pric bromate. In- definite blue-gray cryst. or greenish white powder; eas- ily sol. in water; loses its cryst. wa- ter completely and some Br, at 200°- CuBr2, copper bro- mide, cupric bro- mide. Black, deliq. cryst. resembling iodine, or black masses resembling graphite; very sol. in water. Cd(Br03)2.2H20, cadmium bromate. Transparent, rhom- bic prisms; some- what sol. in water; decomp. when heat- ed. CdBr2.4H20, cadmi- um bromide. Long, white or colorless needles that efflor. rapidly on expo- sure; loses all its cryst. water at 200°. CdBr2, anhydrous cadmium bromide. White, lustrous, non-hygroscopic, cryst. solid; or white leaflets with BiBOg, (?) bismuth borate. White pow- der; insol. in water; sol. in acids. 2Bi2O3.2Br2O5.6H2O, basic bismuth bro- mate. White, amorph. powder; loses its cryst. wa- ter at 150° to 160°; decomp. at higher temp, with great violence. BiBis, bismuth bro- mide, bismuth tri- bromide. Steel- gray, sulphur-yel- low or orange-yel- low, radiated, cryst. masses; or flat, yel- low, lustrous prisms; very deliq.; decomp. by water, with the formation of a yellowish white powder, bismuth Arsenite Cont. Borate Bromate Bromide 71 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Bromide Carbonate Chlorate Chloride Silver Lead Mercury (ous) Mercury(ic) or HCl; very si. sol. in dil., easily sol. in cone. NH4OH; slowly sol. in hot AgNOa solution; melts at 420° to a reddish liquid. Aq ; decomp. by H2SO4 or HNO3; M. P. 490°; after melting solidifies to a horn-like mass. sol. in H2SO4, with evolution of SO2; slowly sol. in hot HNO3; decomp. by hot HCl, di. or cone; decomp. by NHiOHorKOH-l- Aq; slowly decomp. by KUt + Aq; sol. in some NH4 salt solutions; M. P. 340° to 350°. hoi; melts and sub- limes at high temp. Ag2C03, silver car- bonate. White, curdy ppt. or amorph. powder, becoming yellow on washing and dark when exposed to light; or transpar- ent, lemon-ye low needles or rhombo- hedrons; un- changed by cold water, but decomp. by hot water, with formation of Ag20; sol. in HNOs, NH4OH, (NH4)2C03 H- Aq, and Na2S203 + Aq; decomp. by HCl and chloride solutions; insol. in alcohol; decomp. at 200° into COz and Ag20. PbC03, lead carbon- ate. Colorless, transparent, highly lustrous, rhombic or small, six-sided tablets; or white powder; nearly in- sol. m water; easily sol. in acids, even HC2H3O2; sol. in NH4GI -t- Aq or NH4C2H302-1-Aq; completely decomp. at 300°. 2PbC03.Pb(OH)2, basic lead carbonate, white lead. Perfect- ly white, heavy, amorph. masses or powder; insol. in water; sol. in HC2H302, dil. HNO, and cold, dil. NH4C1-1-Aq; de- comp. by heat. Hg2C03, mercury carbonate, mercur- ous carbonate. Yel- low powder that loses CO2 and turns dark on exposure; decomp. by not wa^ ter; sol. in acids with decomp.; sol. inhotNHiCl + Aq Normal salt un- known. 4HgO.C02, basic mercuric carbonate. Ochre-brown, amorph. powder; not affected by wa- ter. 3HgO.C02, basic mercuric carbonate. Dark brown, amorph. powder; insol. in water; sol. in NH4CI + Aq; somewhat sol. in H2C03orK2C03 + Aq. AgClOs, silver chlo- rate. Long, white, opaque, foirr-sided prisms; stable in air; somewhat sol. in cold, more sol. in hot water; si. sol. in alcohol; melts at 230°; decomp. at 270°. Pb(C103)2, lead chlo- rate. White, lus- trous scales or long, monoclinic prisms, which become dull and opaque in air; deliq.; easily sol. in water or alcohol; decomp. at 230°. Hg2(C103)2, mercury chlorate, mercurous chlorate. Beautiful, lustrous, inch-long, rhombic prisms when freshly made, rapidly becoming opaque in air; sol. in water or alcohol; explodes with com- bustible sub- stances; decomp. by heat. 2HgO.Cl2O5.H2O, mercury chlorate, mercuric chlorate. Small, rhombic needles or octahe- dra; deliq.; sol. in water; decomp. by heat. AgCl, silver chloride. Pearl gray, almost colorless, highly lustrous, translu- cent, flexible, reg- ular cryst.; or white, curdy ppt.; PbClj, lead chloride. White, lustrous, rhombic needles or scales; or white, cryst. powder; spar- ingly sol. in cold water; sol. in hot Hg2Cl2i mercury cfdoride, mercurous chloride, mercury monochloride, calo- mel. Colorless, quadratic or micro- scopic needles; or HgCl2, mercury chlo- ride, mercuric chlo- ride, mercury bi- chloride, corrosive svhlimate. White, heavy, transparent, fragile, cryst. mass- 72 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper(cuprous) in HNOs with de- comp.; insol. in boiling, cone. H2SO4 or in HC2H3O2; M. P. 604°. Unknown. Unknown. Copper(cupric) CU2CI2, copper chlo- ride, cuprous chlo- ride, copper mono- chloride. White, cryst. powder that consists of small, colorless tetrahe- Normal salt un- known. CuC03.Cu(OH)2, ba- sic cupric carbonate, malachite, mineral green. Grass-green, monoclinic eryst., fibrous masses or heavy, green pow- der; ppt. is greenish blue at first, but on standing in the liq- uid becomes dark green; insol. in wa^ ter; easily sol. in acids, even H2S0„; sol. in NH4OH and NH4 salt solutions; decomp. at 220°. 2CuC03.Cu(OH)2, basic cupric carbon- ate, azurite. Deep azure-blue, highly lustrous, monoclin- ic cryst. or com- pact, cryst. masses; insol. in water; sol. in NH4OH and m hot, cone. NaHCOs 4- Aq to a blue col- or; decomp. at 300°. Cadmium pearly luster; very sol. in water; sol. in HCl, HC2H3O2, and alcohol; M. P. 571°- CdCOj, cadmium, carbonate. White amorph. powder; insol. in water; eas- ily sol. in acids with decomp.; sol. in NH4 salt solu- tions and in KCN -|- Aq. Bismuth oxybromide, BiOBr; sol. in HCl or alcohol; melts at c. 210° to a red liq- uid. B)2Br4, bismuth bro- m,%de, bismuth di- bromide. Brown mass; not known in the pure state. Cu(C103)2.6H20, copper chlorate, cu^ pric chlorate. Beau- tiful green, regular octahedra; very de- liq.; easily sol. in water; acid reac- tion; easily sol. in alcohol; melts in its cryst. water at 66°; decomp. at higher temp. CUCI2.2H2O, copper chloride, cupric chlo- ride, copper bichlo- ride. Long, green needles; rhombic cryst. with prisma- tic habit; deliq. in Cd(C103)2.2H20, cadmium chlorate. Colorless, very de- liq., prismatic cryst.; easily sol. in water or alcohol; melts in its cryst. water at 80° with decomp. CdCl2.2H20, cadmi- um chloride. Long, transparent, right- angled prisms, which easily efflor. and sublime when heated; easily sol. Normal salt un- known. (BiO)2C03, basic bis- muth carbonate, bis- muth oxy carbonate, bismuth subcarbortr- ate. White, taste- less powder; insol. in water; sol. in acids with decomp. ; insol. in (NH4)2C03 + Aq. Bi(C103)3, (?) bis- muth chlorate. Known only in so- lution, which de- comp. on evapora- tion. ride, bismuthous chloride, bismuth di- chloride. Black, ex- tremely deliq., masses of earthy fracture; decomp. Bromide Conl. Carbonate Chlorate Chloride 73 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Chloride Cont. Chromate Silver or white, powder; both ppt. and pow- der darken when exposed to light; nearly insol. in wa- ter and dil. HNO3; sol. in cone. HCl; sol. in solutions of nitrates of alkali metals; easily sol. in Na^SzDs -i-Aq andiin KCN-f Aq; si. sol. in hot alco- holJtto which HCl has been added, but reppts. on cooling; M. P. c. 490°. Ag2Cr04, silver chro- mate. Dark red cryst. or brownish red, cryst. powder; insol. in water; sol. in acids, NH4OH, and in solutions of alkali chromates. AgjCrjOy, silver di- chromate, silver bi- chromate. Small, red, triclinic cryst.; sol. in water; easily sol. in HNO3 and in NH4OH; decomp. Lead water; sol. in cone. HCl; sol. in dil. HNO3, from which it is pptd. by HCl; easily and com- pletely decomp. by hot HNO3; sol. in KOH+Aq and in NajSaOs -|- Aq; eas- ily sol. in NH4NO3 + Aq; much more sol. in HgClj -|- Aq than in water; ia- sol. in abs., si. sol. in dil. alcohol; M.P. 485°. PbCrO^, lead chro- mate, chrome yellow, red-lead ore. Fine, lemon-yellow, amorph. powder; or brown powder, brownish black lumps or brown, radiated, cryst. masses when fused; insol. in water; sol. in dil. H2SO4; si. sol. in HNO3; eas- ily decomp. by hot HCl; insol. in Mercury(ous) white, impalpable, heavy powder or lumps; tasteless and odorless; dark- ens when exposed to sunlight, with separation of Hg; almost absolutely insol. in cold, but gradually si. de- comp. by boiling water; sol. in cone. HCl; sol. in cold HON -I-Aq, with separation of Hg; sol. in alkali chlo- ride solutions; de- comp. by NH4OH, NaOH -I- Aq, and KOH -I- Aq; insol. in alcohol; sublimes at 400° to 500° without melting. Hg2Cr04, mercury chromate, mercurous chromate. Beauti- ful red powder; very si. sol. in cold, more readily sol. in hot water; si. sol. in dil., more sol. in cone. HNO3; sol. in KCN + Aq; when heated decomp. to the beautiful green CrjOs, O2 and Hg. Mercury(ic) es; or colorless, lus- trous, rhombic cryst. or needles; or white powder; acrid, persistent, metallic taste; poi- sonous; sol. in wa- ter; sol. in hot, cone. HCl; sol. in H2SO4 or HNO3 without decomp.; easily sol. in alco- hol; melts at c. 288° to a colorless liquid; sublimes at c. 300°. HgCr04, mercury chromate, mercuric chromate. Dark red powder or dark gar- net-red prisms; de- comp. by water; sol. in acids, NH4CI + Aq and NH4NO3 + Aq. 74 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper(cuprous) drons; when moist changes in sunlight and air to yellow, then dirty violet, and finally to blue- black; insol. in wa- ter, H2SO4 and dil. HNO3; sol. in cone. HCl; insol. in alco- hol; melts at red heat; when cooled slowly solidifies to translucent, bright yellow, cryst. mass- es; when cooled rap- idly, solidifies to dark brown masses; when heated in air forms a white va- por. Unknown. Copper(cupric) moist air; sol. in water; the solution in a little water is dark brown, in somewhat more wa- ter emerald green, in much water pale blue; the blue solu- tion becomes green on boiling, and the green solution be- comes blue in a freezing mixture; H2SO4 withdraws the cryst. water without decomp. the salt; melts at moderate heat, los- ing its cryst. water. CuClj, anhydrous cupric chloride. Yellowish brown powder or brown sublimate; deliq.; easily sol. in water; sol. in alcohol. CuCl2.3CuO.4H2O, cupric oxychloride, Brunswick green. Emerald-green, grass-green or greenish black, translucent, highly lustrous, rhombic cryst.; or loose, pale green powder; insol. in cold water; decomp. by boiling water; sol. in acids and NH4OH. CuCl2.3CuO, anhy- drous cupric oxy- chloride. Brown powder; other prop- erties similar to the hydroiis salt. Two other' oxy- chlorides are said to exist. Cadmium in water; insol. in HCl; readily sol. in alcohol. CdCl2, anhydrous cadmium chloride. Transparent mass- es with pearly lus- ter; or micaceous scales, which change to white powder when ex- posed t» air; very sol. in water; insol. in cone. HCl; M. P. 541°; B. P. 861° to 954°. Bismuth by water, dil. acids or cone. NH4CI -\- Aq, with formation of BiOCl; decomp. to BiClg and Bi when heated to 300°. BiCls, bismuth chlo- ride, bismuthic chlo- ride, bismuth tri- chloride, butter of bismuth. White, cryst. masses or beautiful cryst. ; very deliq. in moist air; sol. in a small quantity of water, in dil. HCl, and in alcohol; much wa- ter produces BiOCI; not decomp. by water in pres- ence of citrates; volatilizes easily; M. P. c. 227°; sub- limes at c. 428° BiOCl, bismuth oxy- chloride, bismuthyl chloride, pearl white. White, lus- trous, cryst. pow- der; insol. in water and in dil. acids; sol. in cone. HCl and in cone. HNO3; melts at red heat without decomp. Normal salt un- known. CuCrO4.2CuO.2H2O, basic cupric chro- mate. Light, choc- olate-brown pow- der or yellowish brown ppt.; insol. in water; easily sol. in dil. HNO3 and in NH4OH; decomp. by KOH; loses its cryst. water at 260° and takes it up again in moist air. Normal salt un- known. 2CdO.CrO3.H2O, 6a- sic cadmium chro- mate. Fine, yellow powder; very si. sol. in water; very slow- ly sol. in NH4OH; sol. in acids. Normal salt un- known. xBi203.yCr03, basic bismuth chromate. Several are known; generally yellow to red, heavy, cryst. or amorph. pow- ders; IdsoI. in wa^ ter; sol. in HCl or HNO3; slowly de- comp. by hot acids. Chloride Chromate 75 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Chromate Cord. Cyanide Ferro- cyanide Silver by boiling with wa- ter into CrOs and Ag2Cr04. Lead AgCN, silver cya- rMe. White, curdy ppt. or white, odor- less, tasteless pow- der, or fine, needle cryst.; insol. in wa- ter and dil. acids; decomp. by cone, acids; sol. in KCN -I- Aq, NH4OH, Na-AOs + Aq, K4Fe(CN)e + Aq, NH4 salt solutions and in solutions of the chlorides and cyanides of the al- kali and alkaline- earth metals; de- comp. when heated to Ag and (CN)2. HC2H3O2; sol. in NaOH, KOH and K2Cr207 + Aq; melts to a brown liquid when heated. PbCr04.PbO, hade lead chromate, chrome red, chrome orange. Red cryst. or fine, red, cryst. powder; insol. in water; sol. in KOH + Aq. PbCr207, lead di- chromate, lead bi- chromate. Brick- red, cryst. powder; decomp. by water. Pb(CN)2, lead cya- nide. Heavy, white ppt. or powder; nearly insol. in wa- ter; sol. in HNO3; decomp. by H2SO4; sol. in KCN + Aq; partially sol. in NH40HandinNH4 salt solutions. Mercury(ous) Unknown. Ag4Fe(CN)8, silver ferrocyanide. White ppt. which turns blue in the air; insol. in water or dil. acids; insol. in NH4OH and in NH4 salt solutions; sol. in KCN -|- Aq; decomp. by warm NH4OH. Pb2Fe(CN)6.3H20, lead ferrocyanide. White ppt. or yel- lowish white pow- der; insol. in water, acids and NH4OH; si. sol. in cone. H2SO4, from which it is pptd. by H2O; loses all its cryst. water at moderate temp.; the dehy- drated salt is de- comp. when heated. Ferri- Ag6[Fe(CN)6]2, silver cyanide I ferricyanide, Pb3LFe(CN)a]2.16 Hg6[Fe(CN)e]2, (?) H2O, lead ferricyon mercury ferricyor- Mercury(ic) Hg4Fe(CN)e, (?) ^ mercury ferrocyor- nide, mercuroas fer- rocyanide. A ppt. of doubtful compo- sition is obtained when mercurous salts are added to K4Fe(GN)6. Hg(CN)2, mercury cyanide, mercuric cyanide. Long, col- orless, transparent prisms that darken on exposure to light; bitter metal- lic taste; poisonous; moderately sol. in cold, more sol. in hot water; sol. in HNO3 without de- comp.; sol. in KCN -j- Aq and in alka^ li chloride solu- tions; insol. in abs. alcohol; decomp. by hot, cone. H2SO4, by H2S, CI2, Br2 and I2; when heated decomp. to Hg, (CN)2 and par- acyanogen; Hg(CN)2 forms many double cya^ nides with other metals and many double compounds with other salts. Hg2Fe(CN)e, (?) mercury ferrocya- nide, mercuric ferro- cyanide. Bluish gray powder of doubtful composi- tion; insol. in wa- ter. Hg3[Fe(CN)e]2, (?) mercury Semcyor- 76 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper(cuprous) Copper(cupric) Cadmium Bismuth CuCr207.2H20, cop- per dichromate, cu- pric dichromate, copper bichromate. Reddish brown, brown, or brownish black, deliq. cryst.; very easily sol. in cold water, but de- comp. by boiling water; sol. in NH4OH or alcohol. Cu2(CN)2, copper cy- anide, cuprous cya^ nide. White to greenish white pow- der; insol. in water and dil. acids; sol. in NH4OH, in NH4 salt solutions, cone. HCl, warm dil. H2SO4 and KCN + Aq; decomp. by HNOs; melts at dull red heat; decomp. at bright red heat. Cu(CN)2, copper cy- anide, cupric cyor- nide. Yellow or brownish yellow ppt. ; very unsta- b e; insol. in water; decomp. at ordina^ ry temp. Cu(CN)2.Cu2(CN)2, copper cyanide, cu- pro-cupric cyanide. Glossy, green cryst. powder or long, transparent, lus- trous prisms; insol. in cold water, but decomp. by boiling water; sol. in cold, cone. HCl; sol. in NH4OH, (NH4)2C03 + Aq and in hot NH4 salt solutions; easily sol. in KCN -)-Aq; decomp. at 100° to white Cu2(CN)2, H2O and Cd(CN)2, cadmium cyanide. Small, white cryst. or fine, amorph. powder; si. sol. m water; easily sol. in acids; sol. in KCN + Aq, . and in warm NH4OH; decomp. above 200° in air. Unknown. Cu4Fe(CN)e, (?) cop- per ferrocyanide, cuprous ferrocya^ nide. A ppt. of doubtful composi- tion; insol. in wa- ter; sol. in NH4OH. Cu2Fe(CN)6, copper ferrocyanide, cupric ferrocyanide, Hatt- chett's brown. Brownish red ppt. or powder; insol. in water or acids; sol. inNH40H,KCN + Aq and (NH4)2C204 -f- Aq. Cd2Fe(CN)e, (?) cad- mium, ferrocyanide. White powder; in- sol. in water. Bi4[Fe(CN),]g, bis- muth ferrocyanide. Pale, greenish blue ppt. or almost col- orless salt; decomp. when moist, giving off HCN and form- ing Prussian blue; si. sol. in pure wa- ter. Cu8[Fe(CN)6]2, cop- per ferricyanide, cu- Cu3[Fe(CK)s]2, cop- per ferricyanide, cu- Cd3[Fe(CN)e]2, (?) cadmium ferricya- Bi3[Fe(CN)e]5, bis- muth ferricyanide. Chromate Cont. Cyanide Ferro- cyanide Ferri- cyanide 77 Ag, Pb, Hg Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Ferri- cyanide Cont. Fluoride Hydroxide Silver Orange-yellow powder; insol. in water and in acids; sol. in NH4OH or (NH4)2C03 + Aq. AgF, silver fluoride. Yellow, deliq., transparent, elastic solid or yellowish brown masses; eas- ily sol. in water; melts at 435° to a sparkling, jet-black liquid; when cooled slowly solidifies to black, hornlike, cryst. masses or to lustrous, some- what flexible, radi- ated masses. Lead nide. Red-brown powder or small, dark red cryst.; sparingly sol. in cold water, more sol. in hot water, but decomp. on boiling; sol. in acids. Silver hydrate prob- ably unknown; from silver solu- tions alkali hy- drates ppt. silver oxide. PbFj, lead fluoride. White, cryst. or amorph. powder; very si. sol. in wa- ter; somewhat sol. in HCl and in HNO3; decomp. by H2S04' at ordinary temp.; melts easily and then solidifies to a yellow mass. Mercury(ous) nide, mercurous fer- ricyanide. Yellow- ish powder of doubtful composi- tion. SPbO.HjO, lead hy- drate, lead hydrox- ide, hydrated oxide of lead, hydrated lead monoxide. White, cryst. pow- der consisting of microscopic, trans- parent, four-sided prisms or regular octahedrons; insol. in water; sol. in acids; insol. in NH4OH; sol. in NaOH -I- Aq or KOH -I- Aq; sol. in hot NHiCl-l-Aq, from which it is re- pptd. by NHjOH; loses some water at 130° and is com- pletely dehydrated at 145°. 2PbO.H20, hydrated lead monoxide. Beautiful, quadrat- ic cryst. with high luster and strong power of refracting light; sol. in NaOH -f- Aq and in KOH + Aq. Pb02.H20, lead per- hydroxide, hydrated Hg2F2, mercury flu- oride, mercurous flvxyride. Yellow, cryst. powder or yellow, apparently- regular cryst. which are massed togeth- er; blackens when moist if exposed to light; partly dis- solved and partly decomp. to HF and Hg20 by water; de- comp. by alkalis, with separation of HgjO; can be heat- ed to c. 260° with- out decomp.; above this temp. Hg sub- limes and the glass vessel is corroded. Mercury(ic) nide, mercuric ferri- cyanide. Yellow- ish powder of doubtful composi- tion. HgF2.2H20, mer- cury fluoride, mer- curic flux/ride. White, cryst. mass- es; decomp. by cold water, with separation of HgO; sol. in dil. HNO3 or HF; decomp. when heated. Hg2(OH)2, mercury hydrate, mercurous hydrate. Of doubt- ful existence; the yellow ppt. formed by adding KOH -f- Aq to Hg2(N03)2 -1- Aq is probably Hg20, which de- comp. easily into HgO and Hg. Hg(0H)2, mercury hydrate, mercuric hydrate. Probably does not exist; KOH -f- Aq ppts. from HgCl2 + Aq a yellow ppt., which IS probably HgO. 78 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper(cuprous) Copper(cupric) Cadmium Bismuth prous ferricyanide. Brownish red ppt.; sol. in NH4OH, but not in NH4 salt so- lutions. pric ferricyanide. Yellowish powder; insol. in water and in NH4 salt solu- tions; sol. in NHiOH and in (NH4)2C03+Aq. nide. Pale yellow powder of doubtful composition; insol. in water; sol. in NH4OH. Yellow, amorph. powder or brown- ish red ppt.; insol. in water; but de- comp. by boiling therewith. CU2F2, copper fluo- ride, cuprous fluo- ride. Red ppt. or molten ruby red cryst. masses; in- sol. in water and in HF; sol. in cone. HCI to a black liq- uid, from which it is repptd. by water as a white powder soon changing to a rose-red; insol. in alcohol; melts at high temp, to a black liquid, which becomes scarlet on cooling. CUF2.2H2O, copper fluoride, cupric fluo- ride. Small, trans- parent, blue cryst. or pale blue, cryst. powder; si. sol. in cold, decomp. by hot water. CuF2, anhydrous cu- pric fluoride. White, amorph. powder; takes up water easily, be- coming greenish blue; sol. in HCI, HNO3 and HF. CdFj, cadmium flu- oride. White pow- der, cryst. crusts or hard, white, cryst. masses; difficu tly sol. in water; easily sol. in HF; M. P. 520°. BiFs, bismuth fluo- ride, bismuth tri- fluoride. White )owder or gray, leavy, cryst. solid; insol. in water or alcohol. BiFg.SHF, acid bis- muth fluoride. Grayish white, de- liq. cryst. solid; de- comp. by boiling water, forming BiOF. BiOF, bismuth oxy- fluoride, bismuthyl, fluoride. Heavy, white, cryst. pow- der; insol. in water; sol. in HCI, HBr and HI. xCu20.yH20, copper hydrate, copper hy- droxide, cuprous hy- drate, hydrated cu- prous oxide. Yellow ppt. that oxidizes in air to cupric hy- drate; sol. in acids to form cupric salts; sol. in NH4OH, but insol. in NaOH + Aq and in KOH -f- Aq; sol. in (NH4)2C03 + Aq; also in Na2S203 -|- Aq to a colorless liquid, from which the orange-red CU2O separates out on heating; dehy- drated at 360°. Cu(0H)2, copper hy- drate, copper hydrox- ide, cupric hydrate, hydrated cupric ox- ide. Greenish blue or light blue, brittle pieces of conchoid- al fracture; or fine, blue needles; insol. in H2O, but con- verted into 3CuO. H2O when boiled therewith; very easily sol. in acids; sol. in NH4OH, 'in NH4 salt solutions, cold NaOH-fAq, KOH -1- Aq, and Na2S203 + Aq; eas- : ily dehydrated when heated. 3CUO.H2O, hydrated cupric oxide. Black or dark brown, amorph. powder; insol. in water, dil. alkalis and NH4OH; easily sol. in warm NH4CI -|-Aq; loses some water at 100°, but is not fully dehy- drated even at 300°. CUO2.H2O, hydrated Cd(0H)2, cadmium hydrate, cadmium hydroxide. White, amorph. powder or solid; insol. in wa- ter; sol. in acids; very sol. in NH4OH and some NH4 salt solutions; insol. in alkali hydrates; loses its water at 300° and takes up CO2 from the air. B1(0H)3, bismuth hydrate, bismuth hydroxide, bismuth- ous hydrate, bis- muth trihydrate. White, flocculent ppt. or white, amorph. powder; insol. in water; sol. in cone, acids, BI2O5.H2O, bismuth- ic hydrate, bismuthic acid. Beautiful red powder; gives no salts; insol. in water; easily de- comp. by acids; slowly but wholly dissolved by hot, cone. HNOs; de- comp. at 120° to BijOs, at higher temp, to Bi204 and then to Bi203. Ferri- cyanide Cont. Fluoride Hydroxide 79 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Hydroxide Conl. Hypo- phosphite lodate Iodide Silver Unknown. Lead lead 'peroxide. Brown ppt. or blue- black, lustrous sol- id; insol. in water: sol. in acids and cone, alkali hy- drates; solutions in acids are very un- stable, except when cone, and kept at a low temp.; dehy- drate at 230° to PbOj. Mercury (ous) Agio 3, silver iodate. \^ite powder or small, lustrous, right-angled prisms which seem nomo- clinic; not com- pletely insol. in wa- ter; sol. in NH4OH, HNO3 and cone. KI +Aq; decomp. by H2SO4; melts when heated with si. de- comp. and on cool- ing solidifies to a milky- white mass; decomp. at higher temp, to Agl and O2. Ph(U^02)2,leadhy- pophosphite. White, hygroscop- ic powder, cryst. scales or small rhombic prisms; si. acid reaction; diffi- cultly sol. in cold, more easily sol. in hot water; insol. in alcohol; decomp. at high temp. PbCIOs)!, lead io- date. White pow- der; very si. sol. in water; difficulty sol. in HNO3 and wholly insol. there- in when heated to 100°; decomp. by cone. HCl; decomp. when heated. Unknown. Mercury (ic) Unknown. Hg2(I03)2, mercury iodate, m^curous io- date. White pow- der with mother-of- pearl luster; insol. in boiling water or cold HNO3; easily sol. in dil. HCl with partial decomp.; decomp. at 250° to Hgl2, Hg and O2. Agl silver iodide., Hexagonal or quad- ratic cryst., which, when natural, are lemon-yellow to brownish and trans- lucent, when arti- ficial are brownish yellow to olive- green and highly Pbl2, lead iodide. Orange-yellow pow- der or golden-yel- low, flexible, six- sided scales or short prisms; dry Pbl2 is unchanged by light; when moist and ex- posed to direct sun- light, in contact Hg2l2, mercury io- dide, mercurous io- dide, green iodide of mercury. Green, dark green, or yel- lowish green pow- der; yellow, rather large, orthorhom- bic cryst.; yellow, highly lustrous, te- Hg(I03)2, mercury iodate, mercuric io- date. White, amorph. powder; nearly insol. in wa- ter; insol. in alco- hol; sparingly sol. in HNO3; easily sol. in HCl, HBr, HI and solutions of the alkaU chlorideSj bromides, iodides, cyanides and cya- nates; also in Na2S20s-f-Aq, dil. MnCla-i-Aq and ZnClj-(-Aq; insol. inNaOH+Aq, KOH-I-Aq, NH4OH and in so- lutions of the alka- fi chlorates, bro- mates and iodates. Hgl2, mercury io- dide, mercuric io- dide, mercury hinio- dide. Obtained by pptn. as a scarlet- colored, heavy, ciyst. powder; si. sol. in water; more sol. in hot alcohol; sol. in many acids 80 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper(cuprous) Copper(cupric) Cadmium Bismuth copper dioxide, hy- drated copper per- oxide. Olive-green )owder or ydlow- sh brown ppt., which, when moist, is very easily de- comp., with evolu- tion of O2; tasteless; neutral reaction; insol. in water; de- comp. by acids, with formation of a cupricfsalt and H2O2; decomp. at 180°, with forma- tion of CuO and evolution of O2. m Unknown. Cu(H2P02)2, copper hypophosphite, cit- pric hypophosphite: Small cryst., very sol. in water, but very easily decomp. on heating, giving CU2H2. Cd(H2P02)2, (?) cadmium, hypophos- phite. Small cryst.; sol. in water; de- comp. when heated. Unknown. Unknown. Cu(I03)2.H20, cop- per iodate, cupric iodate. White or greenish blue pow- der; or pale blue, voluminous ppt.; si. sol. in water; sol. in HCl with de- comp.; sol. in NH4OH to dark blue solution; loses its cryst. water at 240°; decomp. at higher temp., evolving I2 and O2, and leaving CuO. Cd(I03)2, cadmium iodate. White, cryst. powder; very si. sol. in water; easily sol. in HNO3 and NH4OH; de- comp. when heated to O2, I2, CdO and Cdl2. Bi (103)3, bismuth io- date. Heavy, white powder; insol. in water, H2SO4 and in alcohol; sol. in HNO3; easily sol. in HCl; decomp. when heated. Cu2l2, copper iodide, cuprous iodide. Wnite or brownish white, cryst. pow- der; insol. in water, alcohol and dil. acids; sol. in NH40H,Na2S203-|- Aq, KCN + Aq and KI-|-Aq; sol. CUI2, copper iodide, cupric iodide. Known only in so- lution; has not been isolated; immedi- atehr breaks up in- to CU2I2 and I2. Cdl2, cadmium io- dide. Large, trans- parent, six-sided tablets with metal- lic luster; stable in air; sol. in water, alcohol and warm NH4OH; melts eas- ily at 404°; boils at 708° to 719°. Bil3, bismuth iodide, bismuth triiodide. Black or brownish gray, lustrous scales or six-sided tablets; fine, green, glistening cryst. with metallic lus- ter; or brown, cryst. ppt.; not at- Hydroxide Cont. Hypo- phosphite Iodate Iodide 81 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Iodide Coni. Manganate Silver lustrous; the ppt. is curdy and yellow with an orange tint, or powdery and pale yellow; above ordinary temp. Agl exists in two forms, (1) under 116° it forms brittle, opaque, greenish gray cryst. masses; (2) between 116° and the M. P. 450°, tenacious, translu- cent, reddish, amorph. masses; odorless and taste- less; unchanged by light if pure; insol. in water or dil. HNO3; decomp. by hot, cone. HNO3 or H2SO4; easily sol. in cone. HI; sol. in cone. KI+Aq, frorn which it is re- pptd. by water; sol. in hot Hg(N0s)2-|- Aq, from which it cryst. on cooling; sol. in KCN-I-Aq; melts at low red heat to a yellow, red or reddish brown liquid, which sohdifies at 540° to a dirty yel- low, brittle, horn- like, opaque mass; sublimes at white heat. Unknown. AgMnOi, silver per- manganate. Dark Lead with air, it is slowly changed to PbCOa, and Pb02, with sep- aration of I2; insol. in cold water- slow- ly but wholly sol. in boiling water- in- sol. in cold, sol. in hot HCl with de- comp.; sol. in KOH +Aq; sol. in cone, solutions of the al- kali and alkaline earth iodides, from which it is repptd. by water; easily sol. in NazSaOa-i- Aq; si. sol. in alco- hol; when heated changes color to reddish yellow, then brick-red, and finally to brownish black; melts at c. 383° to a translu- cent, reddish brown liquid, which solidi- fies to a yellow mass ; boils between 861° and 954°. VbyinOi.2HiO,kad manganate. Ghoco- late-brown amorph. powder; insol. in water. Pb(Mn04)2, lead permanganate. Mercury(ous) tragonal scales; or yellow, flocculent ppt.; when moist is rapidly blackened by light; very si. sol. in water or al- cohol; sol. in Hg(N03)2-|-Aqj or KI-|-Aq; si. sol. in NH4OH; sol. in hot NH4C1-|-Aq; decomp. by alkali chlorides -|-Aq; when heated the yellow cryst. be- come dark yellow, then orange, and finally garnet-red, but become ■ yellow again on coohng; subUmation begins at c. 190°; softens at 220°; melts at 290° and boils at 310°; decomp. at higher temp. Unknown. Unknown. Mercury (ic) especially HCl and HI, but insol. in HC2H3O2; sol. in many NH4 salt so- lutions, in HgCU-f- Aq,Hg(N03)2-|-Aq, Na2S203+Aq, and in solutions of the sol. iodides. Hgl2 is dimor- phous; when heated the red modifica- tion which occurs as highly lustrous, tetragonal cryst. or quadratic octahe- drons, with green- ish reflection, changes to the yel- low modification; the change occurs at 126°, and is ac- companied by a sudden, then regu- lar, expansion; melts at c. 253° to a blood-red liquid; boils at c. 339° to 359°, and sublimes to yellow, rhombic tablets or scales; the yellow variety passes into the red at the ordinary temp, and the change is hastened by rubbing or scratching; if Hgia is allowed to form slowly from its solu- tions the cryst. ap- pear yellow for a moment, but they quickly change to red. Hglg, mercury per- iodide. Orange pow- der, brown, cryst. ppt. or large, rhom- bic cryst., which are contaminated with a little Hglj; sol. in KI-|-Aq; quickly decomp. by alcohol, slowly by water with formation of red Hgl2 Unknown. Hg(Mn04)2, m£r- cury permanganate, 82 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP in an alcoholic so- lution, of I,; sol. in hot, cone. HCl, but reppts. on adding water; decomp. by J cone. HNOa or 'HjS04; also by al- kalis and alkali car- bonates; melts at red heat, and then solidifies to a brown mass, which can be pulverized to a greenish powder; boils at 759° to 772°. Copper(cuprous) Unknown. Unknown. Copper(cupric) Unknown. Cu(Mn04)2.8H20, copper permangch Cadmium Unknown. Cd(Mn04)2.7HjO, cadmium perman- Bismuth tacked by cold, but decomp. by boiling water, with fonna- tion of BiOI; some- what sol. in alco- hol; sol. in HNO3 or HI, from which it is repptd. by wa- ter or alcohol; sol. in KOH + Aq or KI + Aq; M. P. 439°; forms a red- dish brown vapor at a higher temp. BiOI, bismuth oxy- iodide, bismuth sub- iodide, bismuthyl io- dide. Beautiful red or brownish red, odorless, tasteless powder; insol. in water; sol. in HCl; decomp. by HNOj. Unknown. Bi(Mn04)3, bismuth permanganate. Iodide Cant. Manganate 83 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Manganate Cont. Molybdate Nitrate Silver violet monoclinic cryst.; easily de- comp.; somewhat sol. in cold water, more in hot; solu- tion deoomp. when boiled. Ag2Mo04, silver mo- lybdate Yellow amorph. powder; melts to a yellow liquid when heated; insol. in water; sol. in HN03,NaOH + Aq or KCN + Aq. AgNOs, silver ni- trate, lunar caustic. Colorless, or whit- ish, odorless, rhom- bic, trimetric plates; bitter, caus- tic, metallic taste; not hygroscopic; stable in pure dry air; blackens in air, if organic matter is present; rapidly re- duced to Ag by or- ganic matter in the light; sol. in water to a neutral solu- tion; sol. in alco- hol; M. P. 198°; de- comp. at low red heat to Ag, O2, N2, and NOj. Lead Known only in so- lution; sol. m HNO3. PbMo04, lead mo- lybdate. White or yellow powder or tablets; insol. in water or HC2H3O2; sol. in HNO3 or NaOH 4- Aq, when moist, but not after heating; sol. in cone. HCl; decomp. by H2SO4. Mercury(ous) Unknown. Pb(K03)2, lead ni- trate, normal lead nitrate. Hard, lus- trous, milk-white, semi-cryst. lumps; or colorless to white, regular 00- tahedra, or mono- clinic cryst.; stable in air; sol. in water, with absorption of much heat; si. sol. in alcohol; insol. in cone. HNO3; de- comp. at low red heat to PbO, O2, and NO2. xPbO.yN2O5.zH2O, basic lead nitrate. Several are known; generally white powders and si. sol. in cold, more in hot water. Hg2Ho04, . mercury molybdate, mercur- ous molybdate. Flocculent ppt. that becomes cryst. on standing; insol. in water. Hg2(N03)2.2HjO, m£Tcury nitrate, meraurous nitrate, normal mercurous nitrate. Short, col- orless prisms, or monoclinic tablets; or striated hexag- onal prisms; si. efflor.; sol. in a little water; decomp. by much water to an insol. basic nitrate; sol. in very dil. HNO3; melts easily at 70°. Mercury(ic) mercuric permarir- ganate. Very un- stable; has not been obtained free. Unknown. xHg2O.yN2O5.zH2O, basic mercurous ni- trate. Several are known; generally yellowish white powders or color- less cryst.; insol. in water; sol. in HNO3. 2Hg(N03)2:H20, mercury nitrate, mercuric nitrate, normal mercuric ni- trate. White, deliq. powder; sharp, me- tallic taste; very sol. in a little war ter; dilution ppts. an insol. basic ni- trate; insol. in al- cohol; decomp. by heat to a basic ni- trate. Hg(NO.„)2-8H20, mercuric nitrate. Long, clear, color- less, rhombic tab- lets; sol. in water; melts at 6° in its cryst. water. xHgO.yN2O6.zH2O, basic mercuric ni- trate. Several are known; generally white cryst. pow- ders; insol. in wa- ter. 84 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper (cuprous) Unknown. Unknown. Unknown. Copper(cupric) nate, cupric per- manganate. Deliq. masses. CUM0O4, (?) copper molyhdate, cupric molyhdate. Heavy, green, amorph. powder; si. sol. in water; decomp. by acids and alkaline solutions. Cu(N03)2.6H20, copper nitrate, cu- pric nitrate, normal cupric nitrate. Blue tabular cryst. ; efflor. in air, losing 3H2O; sol. in water; melts in its cryst. water at 38°; de- comp. at 65°, form- ing a basic salt. Cu(N03)2.3H20,cit- pric nitrate. Blue, deliq., prismatic cryst.; very easily sol. in water or al- cohol; the aqueous sol. is green when cone, but pale blue when dil.; sol. in moderately cone. HNOa; melts in its cryst. water at 114.6° decomp. at 170°. Cu(N03)2, anhy- drous cupric ni- trate. Whitej dehq. powder; easily sol. in water, but re- pptd. by cone. HNO3; decomp. at red heat, evolving N oxides and leav- ing CuQ: decomp. by HCl. 4CuO.N2O5.3H2O, basic cupric nitrate. Green powder or greenish blue leaf- lets; insol. in wa- ter; easily sol. in acids; decomp. at high temp. Cadmium ganate. Fairly ble masses. CdMo04, cadium molyhdate. Heavy, granular powder, or yellow leaflets; in- sol. in water; sol. in acids, NH4OH, or KCN-I-Aq. Cd(N03)2, cadmium nitrate. White, prismatic, deliq. needles, or white, amorph. masses; very sol. in water; sol. in alcohol; nearly insol. in cone. HNO3; melts at 100° in its cryst. water;B.P.c.l32°; decomp. by HCl. 2CdO.N2O5.3H2O, basic cadium ni- trate. White, amorph. powder; insol. in water. Bismuth Black, bulky pow- der; sol. in dil. acids. Bi2(Mo04)3i bismuth molybdate. Yellow powder; somewhat sol. in water and in the stronger acids. Bi(NOs)3.SH20, bis- muth nitrate, nor- mal bismuth ni- trate. Large, lus- trous, clear, color- less, deliq., very caustic cryst.; acid taste; decomp. by a little water, with separation of a ba- sic nitrate; sol. in dil. HNO3; but re- pptd. therefrom by dilution with wa- ter; melts easily in its cryst. water; de- comp. at c. 75°, with formation of basic salts; decomp. by HCl, giving BiCl3. Manganate Cont. Molybate xBi2O3.yN2O5.zH2O, basic bismuth ni- trate, bismuth sub- nitrate. White, amorph. or cryst. powder of comj)o- sition that varies with the temp, and the amount of acid Nitrate 85 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Nitrate Cont. Nitrite Oxalate Oxide Silver Lead Mercury(ous) Mercury(ic) AgNOj, silver ni- trite. White, micro- scopic, cryst. pow- der; or colorless or yellow, rhombic, prismatic cryst.; the larger the cryst. the more yellow they are; si. sol. in cold, more easily in hot water; partly decomp. when boiled with water; insol. in alcohol; begins to decomp. at 140° to 150°. Unknown. Pb(N02)2.H20, lead nitrite, normal lead nitrite. Yellow leaf- lets or needles; de- comp. easily; very sol. in water. xPbO.yN2O3.zH2O, basic lead nitrite. Several are said to exist; generally white powders; si. sol. in water; sol. in HNOj. HgNOz, (?) mercury nitrite, mercurous nitrite. Not defi- nitely known. Unknown. Hg(II02)2, mercury nitrite, mercuric ni- trite. Known only in solution as a double salt with KNO2. Hg(N02)2.2HgO. H2O, basic mercuric nitrite. Amorph. powder. Ag2C204, sfilver oxa- late. White cryst. powder; insol. in water; sol. in 'HNO3; detonates when heated dry. PbC204, lead oxa- late. Heavy, white powder; insol. in water; sol. in HNOs. Hg2C204, mercury oxalate, mercurous oxalate. White to grayish white, amorph. powder; insol. in water; sol. in HNOj. HgC204, mercury oxalate, mercuric ox- alate. White to grayish white, amorph. powder; : insol. in water; sol. in HCl; explodes vi- olently on concus- sion. Ag40, silver oxide, sWoer suboxide, ar- gentous oxide. Of doubtful existence; '. a gray or black : powder; insol. in t water; decomp. by : acids; is probably a mixture of finely J divided Ag with AgjO. Ag20, silver oxide, argentic oxide. '. Heavy, brownish, or bluish black, amorph. powder; or brownish ppt.; odorless; disagree- able, metallic taste; si. sol. in water when freshly made, the solution turn- ing red litmus par [per blue; sol. in Pb20, lead oxide, lead suboxide. Black, lustrous jowder; decomp. jy water to PbO.xHjO; de- comp. by dil. HCl, H2S64, HNO3, HC2H3O2 or alkalis, into PbO, which dissolves and Pb, which dissolves or not, according to the reagent; sol. in dil.Pb(N03)2 + Aq; bums to PbO when heated in air. PbO, lead oxide, lead monoxide, plumbous oxide, litharge, massicot. Generally yellow to reddish yellow, heavy, amorph. Hg20, mercury ox- ide, . m^curous ox- ide, mercury subox- ide, black oxide of mercury. Black powder or masses; msol. in water, dil. HCl, HNO3, KOH -)- Aq, NaOH + Aq, and alcohol; sol. in warm, cone. HC2H3O2; with warm, dil. acids HgjO generally yields mercurous salts; very easily decomp. by light or heat, giving HgO and Hg; gives Hg and O2 when strongly heated. HgO, mercury ox- ide, mercuric oxide; | red oxide of mer- \ cury, red precipi- ' tate, or yellow oxide , of mercury, yellow precipitate accord- ing to the color. Heavy, dull, orange-red, amorph. powder, or red, cryst. scales; \ occasionally yel- low, bulky amorph. powder; meta lie taste; vio- lent poison; insol. in water, KOH-|- Aq, NaOH -|- Aq and alcohol; sol. in most acids, forming mercuric salts; de- comp. at red heat into Hg and O2; : 86 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper(cuprous) Copper(cupric) Cadmium Bismuth present; insol. in water; sol. in HNO3. Unknown. Unknown. Cu(N02)2, (?) cop- per nitrite, cupric nitrite. Fine, green powder of variable composition and very unstable; gen- erally found only in aqueous solution. 4CuO.H2O3.3H2O, basic cupric nitrite. Feathery groups of needle cryst.; sta^ ble in air; decomp. when boiled with water; very si. sol. in water or alcohol; easily sol. in NH4OH or dil. acids. Cd(H02)2.H20, cad- mium nitrite. Yel- low, deliq. cryst. masses; sol. in wa- ter. 2Cd0.N203, basic cadmium nitrite. White, amorph. powder; insol. in water. Unknown. Unknown. Unknown. 2CUC2O4.H2O, cop- per oxalate, cupric oxalate. Green, amorph. powder; insol. in water; sol. in acids. CdC204.3H20, cadmium oxalate. Fine, white, cryst. powder; very near- y insol. in water; sol. in acids. 2Bi2(C204)3.1SH20, bismuth oxalate. White, granular powder; insol. in water; sol. in acids. CU4O, copper oxide, copper suboxide. Olive-green, amorph. powder; stable under water, in absence of O2; rapidly oxidized in air to CU2O, and then to CuO; not attacked by water or NH4OH; de- coinp. by dil. HCl to CU2CI2 and Cu, by dil. H2SO4 to CUSO4 and Cu. CU2O, copper oxide, cuprous oxide, red OTide of copper. Dark-red or car- mine-red cryst. or granular powder; native as lustrous, red octahedra; in- sol. in water; sol. in CuO, copper oxide, cupric oxide, black oxide of copper, cop- per monoxide. Brownish-black, amorph. powder; metal-like, lustrous, monoclinic cryst. ; or coarse, black granules; insol. in water or NH4OH; insol. in dil., but sol. in warm cone. NaOH -1- Aq or K0H4-Aq; easily sol. in acids, with formation of cupric salts; melts at very high temp.; easily reduced to Cu by Hj, CO, C or C compounds. CuOj, copper oxide, copper dioxide, cop- Cd20, cadmium ox- ide, cadmium subox- ide, cadmous oxide. Green powder of doubtfu existence. CdO, cadmium ox- ide, cadmium morv- oxide. Dark brown, amorph., infusible powder; or blackish brown or dark red, very small, octahe- dral cryst. ; insol. in water, KOH + Aq or NaOH -\- Aq; sol. in NH4OH or acids; easily sol. in NH4CI -\- Aq. Other oxides of Cd are said to exist. Bi202, bismuth ox- ide, bismuth dioxide, bismuth suboxide, hypobismuthous ox- ide, black oxide of bismuth. Brownish gray, blackish gray, dark purple-brown, or black, fine, cryst. powder; insol. in water, but oxidizes easily in the air when moist to Bi203; sol. in cone. HNO3; decomp. by dil. HNO3, by strong acids, and by boiling KOH + Aq; begins to oxidize in air at c. 180°; oxi- dizes quickly at red heat to BizOs- Bi203, bismuth oxide, bismuth trioxide. Nitrate Cont. Nitrite Oxalate Oxide 87 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Oxide Cont. Phosphate Silver acids, NH4OH, or (NH4)2CO., + Aq; decomp. into Ag and02 when heated to 150°. A62O2, silver oxide, silver peroxide. Small, black, lus- trous octahedra, or prisms that are composed of octa- hedra; insol. in wa- ter; sol. in NH4OH, HNO3, or cone. H2SO4 without de- comp.; at c. 110° it decomp., evolving O2. AggPO^, silver phos- phate, normal silver phosphate, neutral silver phosphate, tri- silver orthophos- phate, tertiary silver phosphate. Yellow powder, or clear, yellow cryst.; in- sol. in water or NajHPOi-f-Aq; sol. in HNO3, H3PO4, HC2H3O2, NH4OH or (NH4)2C03 + Aq; darkened by light; turns red-brown when heated; melts at red heat to a Lead Mercury(ous) Mercury(ic) heated below the temp, of decomp. it tiirns black, but re- turns to its original color on cooling; slowly blackened and decomp. to Hg and O2 on standing by the action of light. or finely cryst. powder; sometimes sulphur-yellow, rhombic octahedra, of dark red tetrag- onal cryst.; nearly insol. in water; eas- ily sol. in acids; sol. inPb(C2H302)2-|- Aq, or in hot KOH + Aq or NaOH + Aq; oxidizes to PbaOi at 300° to 450°, but is deoxidized to PbO at higher temp.; melts at 585° to 630° to a clear dark red liquid. Pb203, lead oxide, lead sesquioxide, plumbo-plumbic oxide. Reddish yellow or greenish brown powder; insol. in water or KOH -|- Aq ; decomp. by cone, acids into Pb02 and the cor- responding salt of PbO; gives off O2 at c. 370°, leaving PbsOi; at c. 530° PbO is left. Pb304, sometimes written 2PbO.Pb02, lead oxide, diplumho- plumbic oxide, red lead, minium. Bright red, heavy, amorph. or finely cryst. powder; insol. in water; dil. acids convert it to corresponding salts of PbO, with separation of insol. Pb02; hot, cone. H2SO4 forms PbS04 and O2; sol. in cone. H3PO4 and in excess of glacial HC2H3O2; when heated in air it be- comes brighter red, then violet; decomp. at 500° to 530° to PbO and Oj. Pb02, lead oxide, plumbic oxide, lead dioxide, lead peroxide, brown oxide of lead. Dark puce-brown or black powder; when native, it forms metal-like, lustrous, iron-blacky hex- agonal cryst.; when heated it gives Pb304 and O2 easily; at higher temp. PbO and O2; gives up one-half its oxygen read- ily to easily oxidized bodies, either at ordinary temperature or by si. heating; when rubbed with P or S violent combus- tion occurs; when rubbed with organic substances, like sugar or tartaric acid, it oxidizes these rapidly, causing ignition; insol. in water; sol. in cone. KOH + Aq or NaOH -f Aq, decomp. by NH4OH; insol. in moderately cone. HNO3, H2S04 or HC2H3O2; hot, cone. H2S0, gives PbSOi and O2; cold, cone. HCl in excess dissolvesPb02, producing a yellow liquid, which probably contains PbCl, when cold, but evolves Clj when heated, and ppts. PbCl2; hot HCl forms CI2 and PbCl2 directly; Fb02 reacts as an acid oxide, with strongly basic oxides to form plumbates. Pb3(P04)2, lead phos- phate, normal lead phosphate, neutral lead phosphate, tri- lead orthophosphate, tertiary lead phos- phate. White pow- der; insol. in water or HC2H3O2; sol. in KOH + Aq or HNO3. Hg3P04, mercury phosphate, mercur- ous phosphate, nor- mal mercurous phos- phate, neutral mer- curous phosphate, trimercurous ortho- phosphate, tertiaryl mercurous phos- phate. White, amorph. powder; decomp. by boiling with water; sol. in HN03orHg2(N03)2 +Aq; insol. in H3PO4; decomp. by heat to mercuric phosphate. Hg3(P04)2, mercury phosphate, mercuric phosphate, normal mercuric phosphate, neutral mercuric phosphate, trimer- ■ curie orthophos- phate, tertiary mer- curic phosphate. White, cryst. pow- der; or small, lus- trous needle cryst.; insol. in cold, si. sol. in hot water; insol. in alcohol; easily sol. in HNO3; slowly sol. in cold dil., quickly in hot dil. or cold cone. 88 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper (cuprous) NH4OH to a color- less solution, which turns blue in air, and reacts as a strong, reducing agent; si. sol. in boiling KOH+Aq; sol. in HCl, forming CujCU; dil. H2SO4, HNO3, and HC2H3O2 produce Cu and cupric salts; cone. HNOa forms Cu(N03)j only; melts at red heat. Tertiary cuprous phosphate un- known. Copper(cupric) per peroxide. Gen- erally found as CuOj.HaO; a yel- lowish-brown; amorph. ppt.; tasteless; neutral reaction ; decomp . very easily, evolv- ing O2; when moist it decomp. at 6°, when dry it de- comp. at 108°, leav- ing CuO; insol. in water; sol. in acids, forming cupric saltsjjTand H2O2 or O2. Other oxides of Cu are said to ex- ist, but they are probably mixtures of the preceding ox- ides. Cu3(PO,)2.3H20, copper phosphate, cupric phosphate, normal cupric phos- phate, neutral cupric phosphate, tricupric orthophosphate, ter- tiary cupric phos- phate. Blue green or beautiful blue cryst. powder; in- sol. in water; sol. in NH4OH; easily sol. in acids, even HsPOi, HC2H3O2, orH2S03; turns brown when heated, with loss of cryst. water. Cadmium CdsCPOj) i,cadmium phosphate, normal cadmium phosphate, neutral cadmium phosphate, tricad- mium orthophos- phate, tertiary cad- mium phosphate. Amorph. ppt.; in- sol. in water; sol. in Cd salt solutions and in NH4 salt so- lutions. Bismuth bismuthous oxide. Heavy, pale lemon- yellow powder, or small, yellow, lus- trous needles; un- changed in air or O2; insol. in water; sol- in cone, acids; changes to red- brown at high temp., but becomes yellow when cooled ; melts at strong red heat, solidifying to a cryst. mass on cooling; vaporizes only at extremely high temp. Bi204,bismMi^ oxide, bismuth tetroxide, hypobismuthic ox- ide. Heavy, brown- ish yellow solid or powder; insol. in water; sol. in cone. HCl, with evolution of CI2; sol. in oxy- gen acids, with evo- lution of O2; less easily sol. in cone. H2S04thaninHNOs BijOs, bismuth oxide, bismuth pentoxide, bismuth peroxide, bismuthic oxide. Hea,vy, dark brown, or red powder; sol. in dil. acids; evolves O2 at 150°; changes to Bi204 at 225° and to BijOs at still higher temp.; combines with water to form bismuthic hydrate. BiPOj, bismuth phosphate, normal bismuth phosphate, neutral bismuth phosphate, tribis- muth orthophos- phate, tertiary bis- muth phosphate. White ppt.; insol. in water or HNO3; more sol. in HCl; sol. in NH4C1+Aq. Oxide Conl. Phosphate 89 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Phosphate Cont. Silver dark brown liquid, that turns yellow on cooling. Ag2HP04, silver ■phosphate, add sil- ver phosphate, di- silver orthophos- phate, secondary sil- ver phosphate. White, cryst. leaf- lets, hexagonal cryst., or cryst. powder; decomp. by water to H3PO3 and AgsPOa; sol. in H3PO3. Primary silver phosphate un- known. Ag2(P03)2, silver metaphosphate, di- silver metaphos- phate. Cryst. pow- der; insol. in wa- ter; melts at low red heat to a clear liquid. Ag4P207, silver pyro- phosphate. White powder; insol. in cold or hot water, Na4P207 -|- Aq or HC2H3O2; sol. in NH4OH or cold HNO3 without de- comp. ; hot HNO3 or H2SO4 decomp. it to silver ortho- phosphate; de- comp. by HCl to AgCl and HSPO4; turns red in the air; melts at a red heat to a dark brown liq- uid, which cools to a white, cryst. mass. Lead PbHP04, lead phos- phate, acid lead phosphate, dilead or- thophosphate, sec- ondary lead phos- phate. White, lus- trous, cryst. pow- der, consisting of microscopic leaf- lets; insol. in wa- ter or HC2H3O2; sol. inHNOs, NaOH-l- Aq or KOH + Aq; sol.inNH4Cl + Aq, but repptd. there- from by NH4OH; decomp. by H2SO4 or HCl; decomp. by heat. Primary lead phos- phate unknown. Pb(P03)2, lead metor- phosphate, dilead metaphosphate. Small cryst. or amorph. powder; insol. in water; sol. in HNOs; melts at red heat and cools to a trans- parent, glass-like solid. Pb2P207, lead pyro- phosphate. White, amorph. powder, or colorless, transpar- ent, rhombic prisms; insol. in cold water, but de- comp. when boiled; insol. in NH4OH or HC2H3O2; sol. in HNO3, NaiPjO, + Aq or KOH + Aq. Mercury (ous) Secondary mercur- ous phosphate un- known. Primary mercurous phosphate un- known. (Hg2)3(P03)6, mer- curous metaphos- phate, hexamercur- ous metaphosphate. White powder; in- sol. in water; very si. sol. in acids. Hg4P207.H20, mer- curous pyrophos- phate. Heavy, white powder; in- sol. in water; de- comp. by HCl; sol. in HNO3; sol. in Na4P207 + Aq, un- less heated to 100°. Mercury(ic) HCl; melts to a dark yellow liquid when heated. Secondary mercur- ic phosphate un- known. Primary mercuric phosphate un- known. Hg3(P03)8, mercuric metaphosphate, hex- amercuric metaphos- phate. White pow- der; si. sol. in water when freshly pptd.; more sol. in acids than the mercurous salt. Hg2P207, mercuric pyrophosphate. White ppt. that turns yellowish red; insol. in water; sol. in acids; insol. inNa4P207-|-Aq; decomp. by NaOH + Aq or KOH + Aq. 90 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper(cuprous) Copper(cupric) Cadmium Bismuth Secondary cuprous CUHPO4, copper CdHPOi, cadmium Secondary bismuth phosphate un- known. phosphate, acid cu- phosphate, acid cad- phosphate un- pnc phosphate, di- mium phosphate, di- known. cupric orthophos- cadmium orthophos- phate, secondary cii- phate, secondary pric phosphate. cadmium phosphate. Amorph. powder of White powder; in- doubtful composi- sol. in water; melts tion; insol. in wa- to a transparent, ter, or NH4CI + Aq; glass-like solid at sol. in H3PO4 or white heat. HCjHjOj. Primary cuprous Primary cupric Cd(H2P04)2, cadmi- Primary bismuth phosphate un- known. phosphate un- um phosphate, acid phosphate un- known. cadmium phosphate. known. monocadmium or- thophosphate, pri- mary cadmium phosphate. Gela- tinous masses; de- comp. by large ex- cess of water. Cuprous metaphos- Cu(P03)2, cupric Cd(P03)2, cadmium Bi(P03)3, bismuth phate unknown. metaphosphate, di- metaphosphate, di- metaphosphate. cupric metaphos- cadmium metaphos- White powder; in- phate. Bluish phate. White ppt.; sol. in water or white powder; in- insol. in water. NH4OH. sol in water; sol. in most cone, acids; also in alkalis, ex- cept NH4OH. Cuprous pyrophos- CU2P2O7, cupric py- Cd2P207.2H20, cad- Bi4(P207)3, bismuth phate unknown. rophosphate. mium pyrophos- pyrophosphate. Greenish white, phate. White pow- White ppt.; insol. amorph. powder der; insol in water in water or HN0;3 that becomes cryst. orKOH-f-Aq; sol. sol. in Na4P207 + when boiled in SO2 in NH4OH, Aq. -|-,Aq; turns blue Na4P207 -I- Aq or when heated dry to acids. 100°; insol. in wa- ter; sol. in NH4OH and mineral acids; sometimes cryst. with 2H2O. Phosphate Cont. 91 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Phosphite Silicate Silico- fiuoride Sulphate Silver Lead Mercury(ous) Mercury(ic) Unknown. PhKPOstlead phos-\ phite, normal lead phosphite. Loose, white powder; in- sol. in water; very- si. sol. in H3PO3-J- Aq; easily sol. in cold HNO3; reduces H2SO4 to SOj; de- comp. by heat. PbH2(HP0j)2, add lead phosphite. Beautiful cryst.; decomp. by water to PbHPOa, and H3PO, xPbO.yP2O3.zH2O, basic lead phosphite. White powder; in- sol. in water; sol. in warm, dil. H3PO3 + Aq. Unknown. HgHPOa, (?) mer- cury phosphite, mer- curic phosphite. White powder; de- comp. by heat, leaving some me- tallic Hg. Ag2Si03, silver sili- cate, silver metasilir- cate. Yellow mass- es or powder; insol. in water; sol. in NH4OH; decomp. by acids. PbSiOa, (?) lead sil- icate, lead metasilir- cate. White, cryst. powder or glass- ike solid; insol. in water; decomp. by acids. Hg2Si03, (?) mer- cury silicate, mer- curous silicate, mer- curous metasilicate. White powder of doubtful composi- tion; insol. in wa- ter. Unknown. Ag2SiF8.4H20, sil- ver silicofluoride, silver fluosilieate. White, deliq. octa- hedral cryst. or cryst. powder; eas- ily sol. in water; melts below 100°; loses its cryst. wa- ter with further de- comp. at higher iemp. PbSiFe.2H20, lead silicofluoride, lead fluosilieate. Mono- clinic prisms, or transparent, gelati- nous masses; de- liq.; easily sol. in water. PbSiFe.4H20, lead silicofluoride. Fair- ly large, monoclinic cryst.; sol. in wa- ter; melts below 100°; loses its cryst. water, with further decomp. at higher temp. Hg2SiFe.2H20, mer- cury silicofluoride, mercurous silicoflur- oride, mercurous flu- osilieate. Clear, prismatic cryst. ; si. sol. in water; more easily sol. in acidi- fied water, but pptd. by HCl. HgSiFe.6H20, raer- eury silicofluoride, mercuric silicoflun oride, mercuric fluo- silieate. Clear, col- orless, rhombohe- dral cryst.; some- times star shaped; very unstable; de- liq. in air; efflor. over H2SO4; easily sol. in water. Ag2S04, silver sul- phate, normal silver sulphate. Small, white, lustrous, rhombic or pris- matic cryst.; si. sol. in water; more sol. in dil. H2SO4 than in pure water; still more sol. in dil. HNO3 and still more in cone. H2SO4, from which it is pptd. by wa- ter; sol. in NH4OH or(NH4)2C03-|-Aq; PbSOi, lead sul- phate, normal lead sulphate. Heavy, white, amorph. powder, or small, rhombic cryst.; nearly insol. in wa- ter; insol. ' in dil. H2SO4 or alcohol; sol. in hot, oono. H2SO4, HCl, HNO3 orNaOH-l-Aq; sol. in warm NH4OH and in NH4C2H302-hAq; also in Hg2S04, mercury sulphate, mercurous sulphate, normal- mercurous sulphate. Heavy, white, cryst. powder, or small, monoclinic prisms that collect in tufts or cross- shaped masses; gray on exposure to light; si. sol. in water; easily sol. in dil HNO3, but re- pptd. therefrom by dil. H2SO4; some- HgS04, mercury sul- phate, mercuric sul- phate, normal mer- curic sulphate. White powder, or opaque masses, or lustrous leaflets in star-shaped groups; decomp. by water to an insol. basic salt and a sol. acid salt; sol. in acids or decomp. thereby; insol. in cone, alco- hol; becomes first yellow, then red 92 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper (cuprous) | Copper(cupric) Cadmium Bismuth Unknown. CUHPO3.2H2O, cop- per phosphite, cu- yric phosphite. 31uish white, floc- culent ppt. or cryst. powder; in- sol. in water. CdHP03.3H20,cad- mium phosphite. White powder; loses some cryst. water at c. 200°; decomp. at higher temp., leaving some metallic Cd. Bi(HP03)3, bismuth phosphite. White jpt.; decomp. when leated, sometimes evolving H2. Unknown. CuSiOs, copper sili- cate, cupric silicate, cupric metasilicate. Greenish blue ppt.; insol. in water; de- comp. by acids. 2CdSi03.3H20,cad- mium silicate, cad- mium metasilicate. Microscopic nee- dles; insol. in water; decomp. by acids, with separation of silicic acid. Bi2(Si03)3, (?) bis- muth silicate. Pow- der of doubtful composition; insol. in water; decomp. by HCl. Cu2SiF,, copper sili- cofluoride, cuprous silicofluoride, cu- prous fluosilicaie. Copper-red solid simi ar to CU2F2; in- sol. in water; melts at high temp , evolving SiF^. CuSiF8.6H20, cop- per silicofluoride, cupric silicofluoride, cupric fluosilicaie. Blue, transparent, hygroscopic, rhom- bohedral or pris- matic cryst.; sol. in water; loses 2H2O at 60° and becomes opaque; decomp. at 140°. CdSiFj, cadmium silicofluoride, cad- mium fluorsilicate. Long, deliq., pris- matic cryst.; very easily sol. in water. Unknown. Unknown. CuS04.SH20,coppe?-- sulphaie, cupric sul- phate, normal cupric sulphate, blue vitri- ol, blue stone, cop- per vitriol. Large, blue, transparent, tricUnic cryst.; su- perficially efflor. in dry air, giving off 2H2O; heated for some time at c. 100° it loses 4H2O, the last H2O going off ate. 230°; strongly metalKc 3CdS04.8H20,cad- mium sulphate, nor- mal cadmium sul- phate. Large, trans- parent, monoclinic, tabular cryst.; efflor. in air; sol. in water; insol. in al- cohol; loses all its cryst. water at low red heat. CdSOj, anhydrous cadmium sulphate. White, hygroscopic powder; sol. in wa^ ter. 312(804)3, bismuth sulphate, normal bismuth sulphate. Small, white, lus- trous, very deliq. needles, or amorph. powder; with wa- ter at 100° it forms Bi2(S04)3,3H20; de- comp. by boiling with water to a ba- sic Bi sulphate; sol. in HNO3. Phosphite Silicate Silico- fluoride Sulphate 93 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Sulphate Cont. Silver decrepitates at c. 300°; M. P. c. 645°; decomp. at very high temp., giving Ag, SO2 and O2. AgHS04, acid silver sulphate, silver bi- sulphate. Pale yel- low prisms; compo- sition varies with the amount of H2SO4 in the solu- tion from which the cryst. separate; decomp. by water; sol. in H2SO4. Basic silver sul- phate unknown. No double sul- phates are known. Lead (NH4)2CiH40e-|- Aq; melts at red heat without de- comp., but decomp. at white heat to PbO, SO2 and O2. Pb(HS04)2.H20, acid lead sulphate., lead bisulphate. White powder; de- comp. by water; sol. in dil. H2SO4. 2PhO.S03,basiclead sulphate. White, cryst. powder, con- sisting of clear, mi- croscopic needles, or narrow, serrated leaflets; not entire- ly insol. in water; decomp. by dil. acids, even HC2H3O2, with for- mation of PbSOi; melts when heated, becoming yellow, but turning white on cooling. Pb(NH4)2(S04)2, lead ammonium sul- phate. Small, clear cryst.; water dis- solves out the (NH4)S04; de- comp. at red heat. Mercury(ous) what sol. in cold, abundantly in hot, dil. H2SO4; melts at a low, red heat to a deep red brown liquid and cools to a white cryst. mass; decomp. at a higher temp., giving off SO2 and O2, and partially subliming; slowly changed by boiling water to an acid salt and a yel- low powder, which is probably a basic salt. Hg2(HS04)2, acid mercurous sulphate, mercurous bisul- phate. Said to be rhombic prisms. mercurous sulphate unknown. No double sul- phates are known. Mercury(ic) when heated; de- comp. at red heat without melting to Hg, O2, SO2 and Hg2S04. Hg(HS04)2, acid mercuric sulphate. Of doubtful exis- tence. 3HgO.SOs, basic mercuric sulphate, Turpeth mineral. Heavy, lemon-yel- low powder; odor- less; almost taste- less; nearly insol. in water; si. sol. in warm, dil. H2SO4; sol. in warm, cone. HCl; turns red when heated. 3HgS04.(NH4)2S04. 2H2O, mercury am- monium sulphate, mercuric ammoni- um sulphate. Large, monoclinic cryst.; turns dark in the light; diffi- culty sol. in water; easily sol. in NH4OH. 94 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper(cuprous) Acid cuprous sul- phate unknown. Basic cuprous sul- phate unknown. No double cuprous sulphates are known. Copper(cupric) taste; sol. in water; insol. in abs. alco- hol; sol. in HCl, with reduction of temp.; very si. sol. in cone. H2SO4; in- sol. in HC2H3O2. CUSO4, anhydrous copper sulphate, an- hydrous cupric sul- phate. White, or grayish white, amorph. or cryst. powder; sometimes white or colorless, prismatic cryst.; absorbs water from the air; sol. in wa- ter, with great evo- lution of heat; de- comp., partly at red neat, wholly at white heat to SO2, O2 and CuO. Acid cupric sul- phate unknown. 8CUO.SO3.I2H2O, basic copper sul- phate, basic cupric sulphate. Apple- green, amorph. powder that turns blue as it dries; in- sol. in water; sol. in mineral acids; loses 6H2O at 149°, the rest at 260° Many other basic copper sulphates are said to exist. CuK2(S04)2.6H20, copper potassium sulphate, cupric po- tassium sulphate Pale blue, mono- clinic cryst.; easily sol. in water; de- comp. into a basic salt by boiling; loses 3H2O at 100°, the rest at higher temp., leaving a colorless mass that Cadmium Acid cadmium sul- phate unknown. 2CdO.SO3.2H2O, 60- sic cadmium sul- phate. Cryst. scales; difficultly sol. in cold water; si. sol. in hot wa- ter. Cd(NH4)2(S04)2. 6H2O, cadmium am- monium sulphate. Small, monoclinic cryst.; stable in air; sol. in water; dries with difficulty, but efilor. over H2SO4; loses all its cryst. water at 100°; melts at higher temp, with decomp., leaving a basic Cd sulphate. Bismuth BiH(S04)2.3H20, add bismuth sul- phate, bismuth bi- sulphate. White powder; insol. in water; easily sol. in acids, especially HCI or HNO3. xBi3O3.ySO3.zH2O, basic bismuth sul- phate. White cryst. or amorph. pow- der; insol. in water; sol. in HjSOd or HNO3. No double sul- phates are known. Sulphate Cont. 95 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Sulphate Cord. Sulphide Silver Ag4S, silver sul- phide, argentous sul- phide, silver subsul- phide. Deep black, amorph. powder; insol. in water, but decomp. to Ag2S and Ag by standing under water, or by drying; easily sol. in warm, dil. HNOs, and in cone. H2SO4, without separation of S; sol. in cone. KCN + Aq. AgaS, silver sul- phide, argentic sul- phide. Heavy, black, amorph. ppt. ; native in dark gray cryst. with me- tallic luster; melts easily; when melt- ed out of air it sohdifies to a dark gray, lustrous mal- leable mass, that can be cut with a knife; when slowly heated in air it gives Ag and SO 2; insol. in water; sol. in hot, dil. or cone. HNO3, with sepa^ ration of S and evo- lution of NO; de- comp. by hot, cone. HCl, forming AgCl and H2S; cone. H2SO4 gives AgaSOi and SO2. Lead PbS, lead sulphide, lead monosulphide, plumbous sulphide, galena. Brownish black amorph. pow- der when pptd.; lead-gray cryst. solid when made by fusion of Pb and S; blue-gray, lustrous, cubic or octahedral cryst. when native; melts at red heat out of contact with air, occasionally subliming; heated in air it evolves SO2 and forms Pb and SO 2 and some PbO; heated with PbO it forms Pb and SO2; heated with Fe it gives Pb and FeS; insol. in water, cold, dil. acids, alkaUs, and alkaline sul- phides; hot, dil. HNO3 forms Pb(N0a)2, S and NO; cone. HNOs forms PbS04 and S; sol. in cone. HCl, forming PbCU and H2S; aqua regia forms PbCl2 and PbSOi. PbSg, lead sulphide, lead persulphide. Blood-red, amorph. ppt. ; unstable in air or water. PbiS and PbaS, lead subsvlphides. Of doubtful existence. Mercury (ous) Hg2S, mercury sul- phide, mercurous sulphide. Black, amorjjh. pow- that is considered by many as only a varying mixture of HgS and Hg; easily decomp. by heat to HgS and Hg; insol. in water, dil. HNO3, hot NH4OH or (NH4)2S-|-Aq; sol. in KOH-HAq, with separation of Hg; hot, cone,, or cold, fuming HNO3 converts it partly to white, insol. 2HgS.Hg(NOs)2 and partly to sol. Hg(N03)2. Mercury(ic) HgS, mercury sul- phide, mercuric sul- phide, cinnabar, vermilion. Occurs in two forms: black, amorph. powder and red cryst. Amorph. HgS. Heavy, black, amorph. powder; insol. in water or (NH4)2S-FAq; not affected by oil. acids; si. decono^. by hot, cone. HCl; sol. in cold aqua regia; cone. HNOs gives Hg(N0s)2, mixed with HgSOi; continued boiling with cono. HNOs gives white insol. 2HgS. Hg(N0s)2; sub- limes to red HgS when heated in a closed tube; when heated in air £[^ sublimes and SO] is formed; reduced to Hg and a metallic sulphide when heat- ed with Fe, Sn, Sb, Cu or Zn. Cryst. HgS. Cochineal-red to brown, hexagonal, rhombohedral cryst.; metallic lus- ter; scarlet-red when powdered; blackens on expos- ure to hght; insol. in water, alcohol, or dil. acids; decomp. by hot, dil. HNOs, with separation of 96 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper( cuprous) Cu^S, copper sul- phide, cuprous sul- phide, copper glance, chalcodte. Grayish- blue amorph. pow- der or solid; or reg- ular octahedra; or rhombic cryst; in- sol. in water or (NH4)2S-|-Aq; si. sol. in hot, cone. HCl, forming CuCU; cold HNOa forms CuS and Cu(N03)2; hot HNO3 forms Cu(N03)2, with sep- aration of S and evolution of NO ; decomp. by cone. H2SO4, forming CuS, CUSO4 and SO2;. melts more easily than Cu; heated in air gives CuO, SO 2 and CuSOi; heated out of contact with air it gives Cu and CuS; frequently found in nature in combination with other metallic sul- phides. Copper(cupric) melts at red heat. Cu(NH4)2(S04)2. 6H2O, copper am- monium sulphate, cupric ammonium sulphate. Clear, blue, monochnic cryst.; effior. in warm, dry air; eas- ily sol. in water; loses its cryst. wa- ter at 120*; melts at higher temp, to a green liquid, which at red heat decomp., leaving CuSO,. CuS, copper sul- phide, cupric sul- phide. Brownish- black, amorph. ppt. that becomes greenish-black when dried, and dark blue when melted; or lustrous, indigo blue or dark blue hexagonal tablets; stable in dry air when dry; oxidizes slowly to CUSO4, when moist and exposed to air; insol. in water; dif- ficultly sol. in hot, cone. HCl, forming CUCI2; easily sol. in hot HNO3, with formation of Cu(N03)2, S and NO; insol. in hot, dil. H2SO4; cone. H2SO4 forms CUSO4, S and SO2; sol. in KCN-I-Aq; frequently foimd native, combined with sulphides of As and Sb. Colloidal CuS. The aqueous solution of CuS is dark-colored, with si. greenish fluorescence; the CuS is pptd. by the addition of solu- tions of various salts, e.g. sulphates and nitrates. Cadmium CdS, cadmium sul- phide, cadmium yel- low or cadmium orange, according to the color. Amorph. powder or solid ; light yellow when freshly pptd; when dried and heated it turns orange-yellow, then brown, finally car- mine; sometimes hexagonal prisms; insol. in water or (NH4)2S-hAq; dif- ficultly sol. in hot, dil. HCl; easily sol. in cold, cone. HCl; sol. in hot, dil. H2SO4; HNO3 forms Cd(N03)2, S and NO; forms CdO when heated to a high temp. Colloidal CdS. Golden-yellow, flu- orescent, transpar- ent, aqueous solu- tion. CdSe, cadmium pentasulphide. Amorph. masses, light yellow when moist, orange yel- low when dry; may be simply a mix- ture of CdS and S. Bismuth Bi2S2.2H20, (?) bis- muth sulphide, bis- muth bisulphide. Dull, black, amorph, powder of doubtful composi- tion; becomes lus- trous by compres- sion; insol. in wa- ter; decomp. by HCl to Bi, BiCls and H2S; decomp. by heat to Bi and Bi2S3. Bi2S3, bismuth sul- phide, bismuth tri- sulphide. Black, amorph. ppt. or steel-gray cryst., lustrous solid; in- sol. in water or (NH4)2S+Aq; sol. in hot HCl, with separation of S; sol. in dil. HNO3, form- ing Bi(N03) 3, Sand NO ; melts when strongly heated and then decomp. into Bi and S. Sulphate Cont. Sulphide 97 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Sulphide Cont. Sulphite Silver 1 Lead Mercury(ous) Mercury(ic) S and sometimes leaving white, in- sol. 2HgS. Hg(N03)2; not de- comp. by HCl, but easily by aqua re- gia; hot H3SO4 gives HgS04 and SO2; becomes brownish when heated to a low temp., brown at c. 250'*, and black at higher temp., but returns to red on cooling; melts above 250° and then sublimes. Colloidal HgS. Sol. in water, forming a solution which is black and opaque when cone, but brown, with a green- ish tint by reflected light, when dilute. Ag2S03, silver sul- phite, normal silver sulphite. Small, white, lustrous cryst. or cryst. ppt.; darkens in air, be- coming first purple, then black; de- comp. when heated dry or with water, giving Ag2S04, Ag and SO2; very si. sol. in cold water; easily sol. in NH4OH or solu- tions of alkali sul- phites; insol. in &2S03-FAq; de- comp. by strong acids, but not by HC2H3O2. PbS03, lead sulphite, normal lead sulphite. White, amorph. or lumpy powder; in- sol. in water; sL sol. in H2SO3 -|- Aq; decomp. by acids; HCl gives SO2 and PbCl2; H2SO4 gives SO2 and PbS04; cone. HNO3 oxi- dizes it to PbS04; sol. in dil. HNO3; decomp. by heat to SO2, PbS and PbSO,. Basic lead sulphite is said to exist, but its formula is not known; white, amorph. powder; stable in air; insol. in water. Hg2S03, mercury sulphite, mercurous sulphite, hypomer- curosic sulphite.^"!) Yellow, amorph. Dowder; turns yel- owish brown when dried; turns white when heated in a closed tube; melts to a brownish red liquid that evolves SO2 and gives a sublimate of Hg and Hg2S04; insol. in cold water; de- comp. by water on standing at ordin- ary temp, or by heating to 100°, giv- ing Hg and Hg2S04; nearly insol. in HCl and H2SO4; cone. HCl evolves SOj and forms Hg2Cl2; HNO3 evolves red fumes. HgS03, mercury sul- phite, m,ercuric sul- phite, normal mer- curic sulphite. White, amorph. ppt.; seldom found pure; generally con- taminated with ba- sic sulphite; insol. in water; sometimes decomp. by water; boiling water gives Hg and HgjSOi; turns red in the light with decomp. 2HgO.S02, basic mercuric sulphite Heavy, white, cheese-like ppt.; in- sol. in water; sol. in HCl or solutions of alkali sulphites, with subsequent decomp. to a brownish ppt.; sol. inKCN + Aq. Hg(HS03)2, (?) acid mercuric sul- phite. Heavy, white, cryst. ppt. or microscopic cubes; decomp. be- low 100°, turning black from forma- tion of Hg; sol. in water, but decomp. by boiling. 98 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper (cuprous) CvLiSOs.'H.iO, copper sulphite, cuprous sulphite, normal cu- prous sulphite. Oc- curs in two forms: (a) white and (b) red. White. Heavy, white, cryst. ppt. or microscopic hex- agonal tablets with mother-of-pearl luster; insol. in wa- ter or alcohol; changed to the red variety by diges- tion with SO2. Bed. Rectangular, prismatic cryst. ; red in color, resem- bling brick dust or red lead; insol. in water or alcohol; sol. in NH4OH or dil. HCl to a color- less solution. Copper(cupric) Cadmium CdSOa, cadmium sulphite, normal cadmium sulphite. White, indistinctly cryst. masses or amorph. powder; difficijltly sol. in wa- ter; easily sol. in dil. acids; when heated it gives SO2, CdO, CdS and CdSO<. CdSOs.2H20, cad- mium sulphite. Small cryst. with silvery luster; diffi- cultly sol. in water; sol. in HjSOa-hAq or NHiOH; insol. in alcohol. Bismuth Normal salt un- known. 2Bi2O3.3SO2.SHO, basic bismuth sul- phite. Insol. in wa- ter or alcohol; si. sol. in H2S03+Aq. Normal cupric sul- phite unknown. xCuO.ySOz.zH2O, basic cupric sul- phite. Reddish yel- low, amorph. pow- der; si. sol. in wa- ter; decomp. by boiling water to CuSO^, with sep- aration of a brown powder, probably CuSOa, which de- comp. to CuO and SO2 by continued boiling; the dry salt is decomp. by heat. CU2SO3.CUSO3. 2H2O, cupro-cupric sulphite, dihydrated cupro-cupric sulphite. Translucent, lustrous, cochineal-red or dark garnet-red, scaly or octahedral cryst.; sometimes forms curious cross-like groups of miscroscopic needles; stable in air; oxidizes in air when moist to CuSOi and a basic salt; nearly insol. in cold water; decomp. by boiling water, giving S02, CU2O, CUSO4 and some CuS, but above 200 some metallic Cu is formed; NH4OH dissolves it with a deep blue color; very dil. HNO3 dissolves it with difficulty to a colorless solution, with- out evolving any gas; sol. in H2S03+Aq; sol. in HCl to a brown colored solution that turns green when diluted; decomp. when heated to a high temp. Cu2SO3.CuSO8.5H2O, cupro-cupric sulphite, pentahydrated cupro-cupric sulphite. Light, flocculent, yeUow ppt.; insol. in wa- ter; forms the red dihydrate when boiled with water; easily sol. in H2S04+Aq; sol. in HC2H3O2 to a greenish solution, in solutions of cupric salts to an emerald green solution, and in NH4OH to an intense blue solution; HCl decomp. it, forming S02,Cu2Cl2 and CuCU. 99 Sulphide Cont. Sulphite Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Silver Lead Mercury(ous) Mercury(ic) Sulpho- cyanide AgSCN, silver sul- phocyanide, silver sulphocyanate, sil- ver thiocyanate. White, cheese-like ppt.; darkens slow- y in air; insol. in water, and dil. acids; sol. in cone. H2SO4 or HNO3; insol. in dil., sol. in cone. NH4OH; sol. in KSCN -t-Aq; in- sol. in AgNOg -f Aq orNHiSCN-t-Aq. Pb(SCN)2, lead sul- phocyanide, lead sulphocyanate, lead thiocyanate. Yel- low, lustrous, mi- croscopic, mono- clinic cryst. ; very si. sol. in cold wa- ter; decomp. by boiling water; HNO3 oxidizes it to PbS04. Pb(SCN)2.PbO.H20, basic lead sulpho- cyanide. White, cheese-like ppt., which turns to a yellow powder when dried; insol. in water. Hg2(SCN)2, mercury sulphocyanide, mer- curous sulphocya- nide, mercurous sul- phocyanate, mercur- ous thiocyanate. White ppt.; insol. in water; slightly attacked by HNO3; sol. in hot HCl and inhotKSCN-l-Aq, with separation of Hg; decomp. by H2S, or aqua regia. Hg(SCN)2, mercury sulphocyanide, mer- curic sulphocyor- nide, mercuric sul- phocyanate, mercur- ic thiocyanate. White to grayish white powder or colorless needles with sharp, metal- lic taste; very si. sol. in cold, much more easily sol. in hot water; sol. in HgCl2 4-Aq, Hg(N03)2+ Aq, KSCN -1- Aq or NH4C1-|-Aq; mod- erately sol. in alco- hol; easily sol. in dil. HCl; when heat- ed it swells up, giving off Hg va^ pors, N3 and CS2, and leaving behind a yellowish gray or brownish gray mass like graphite; easily forms double sulphocyanides by dissolving in other sulphocyanides. Tartrate Ag2C4H40e, silver tartrate. Amorph., curdy ppt., or fine, white powder, or white scales; insol. in water; sol. in HNOaandNHiOH; the emulsion in wa^ ter deposits a mir- ror of Ag when heated; its ammo- niacal solution acts the same way. AgHC4H40„ add silver tartrate. Monoclinic tablets. PbC4H406, lead tar- trate. White, cryst. powder; insol. in water; very sol. in HNO3. Hg2C4H408, mercury tartrate, mercurous tartrate. White, cryst. powder; si. sol. in water; sol. in acids. HgC4H408, mercury tartrate, mercuric tartrate. White, cryst. powder that darkens on expos- ure to light; si. sol. in water; sol. in acids. Thio- sulphate Ag2S203, silver thio- sulphate, silver hy- posulphite. Gray- ish white, floccu- lent ppt. or snow- white, amorph. powder; sweet taste; when freshly pptd. it changes in color rapidly from white, thru yellow and brown to black, being decomp. by water to Ag2S and H2SO4; si. sol. in water, but easily PbS203, lead thio- sulphate, lead hypo- sulphite. White or gray powder or sol- id; blackens on standing in air; de- comp. when heated; nearly insol. in wa- ter; sol. in HNO3; sol. in solutions of alkali thiosul- shates, probably 'orming sol. double thiosulphates. HgaSjOg,' mercMrj/ thiosulphate, mer- curous thiosulphate, mercurous hyposul- phite. The normal salt has never been isolated; it is known only as a double salt in 3Hg2S203.5CU2S203, a brownish-red, amorph. powder, which is insol. in water, but sol. in HNO3 and decomp. when heated. HgS203, mercury thiosulphate, mer- curic thiosulphate, mercuric hyposul- phite. The normal salt has never been isolated; it is *» known only as dou- ble salts; the most common one is 3HgS203.5K2S203, fine, white needles that taste bitter, darken in air, de- comp. when heated, and dissolve in wa- 100 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Hi GROUP Copper(ciprous) Copper(cupric) Cadmium Bismuth CU2(SCK)2, copper sulphocyanide, cu^ prous sulphocya- nide, cuprous sulr- phocyanate, cuprous thiocyanate. White or grayish white amorph. powder; insol. in water or dil. acids; si. sol. in cold, easily in warm, cone. HCl; decomp. by cone. HNO3 or H2SO4; sol. with combina- tion in NH4OH, when freshly pptd.; insol. in KSCN -(- Aq; decomp. by heat. Cu(SCN)2, copper sulphocyanide, cu- pric sulphocyanide, cupric sulphocya- nate, cupric thiocya- nate. Ivory-black, cryst. powder; odorless when diy; decomp. by water, quickly when hot, to the cuprous salt, CU2(SCN)2 and HSCN, HCN and H2SO4; sol. in warm HCl, H2SO4 or HNO3; sol. in NH4OH; sol. in so- lutions of sulpho- cyanides, but the resulting solutions are decomp. by di- lution; decomp. by heating above 100 . Cd(SCN)2, cadmium sulphocyanide, cad- mium sulphocya- nate, cadmium thio- cyanate. White, lustrous cryst.; si. sol. in water; sol. in NH4OH, with com- bination. Bi(SCN)3, bismuth sulphocyanide, bis- muth sulphocyanate, bismuth thiocyanate. Dark orange-red powder; insol. or si. sol. in water or de- comp. thereby; sol. in HNO3, HCl or HSCN+Aq. Bi(SCH)3.2Bi203, basic bismuth sul- ihocyanide. Yel- ow powder; insol. in water, but when recently pptd. de- comp. by boiling therewith; insol. in HSCN + Aq. Cuprous salt un- known. CuCiHiOj.SHzO, copper tartrate, cu^ pric tartrate. Light blue or light green, amorph. powder; decomp. when heat- ed; si. sol. in water; readily sol. in tar- taric acid solution and in solutions of alkalis; sol. in acids. CdC4H40e.xH20, cadmium tartrate. Fine, white, cryst. powder; sparingly sol. in water; sol. in acid" Bi2(C4HA)3-6H20, bismuth tartrate. Small cryst.; insol. in water or decomp. thereby; sol. in acids. Normal salt not known. CU2H4(S208)3, cop- per thiosulphate, add cuprous thio- sulphate, add cu- prous hyposulphite. Microscopic needles with golden luster; decomp. on expos- ure to air or when heated; si. sol. in water; sol. without color in NH4OH, NH4CI 4- Aq or (NH4)2C03 + Aq, Unknown. CdS203.2H20, cad- mium thiosulphate, cadmium hyposul- phite. Cryst. mass- es or powder; deliq. in air; sol. in water; insol. in alcohol. Bi2( 8203)3, bismuth thiosulphate, bis- muth hyposulphite. The normal salt is known only in so- lution and is doubt-, ful at that; double salts with alkali thiosulphates are known; the most common is Bi2(S203)3.3K2S203. 2H2O, a canary- green, amorph. ppt.; sol. in water; insol. in alcohol. Sulpho- cyanide Tartrate Thio- sulphate 101 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Thio sulphate Cont. Tungstate Silver deoomp. thereby; sol. in NH4OH and in alkali thiosul- phate solutions. AgjW04, silver tung- state, silver ortho- tungstate, silver wol- framate. Pale yel- low, amorph. ppt.; melts below red heat, and becomes cryst. on cooling; nearly insol. in wa^ ter; easily sol. in NH4OH or HNO3. Lead PbW04, lead tung- state, lead orthotung- state, lead wolfranv- ate. White, amorph. ppt.; insol. in water or cold HNO3; decomp. by hot HNOs; sol. in KOH + Aq. Mercury(ous) Hg2W04, mercury tungstate, mercur- ous tungstate, mer- curous orthotung- state, mercurous wol- framate. Yellow ppt.; insol. in wa^ ter; impossible to obtain pure as it decomp. into a bas- ic salt; leaves WO2 when heated. Mercury(ic) ter, but not in alco- hol. HgW04, mercury tungstate, mercuric tungstate, mercuric orthotungstate, mer- curic wolframate. Amorph. ppt.; white, yellow, red or black; very un- stable; nearly in- sol. in water. 102 Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Bi GROUP Copper(cuprous) but the solutions turn blue on stand- ing; easily sol. in NajSjOs-l- Aq; sol. in acids, with sepa- ration of S. Unknown. Copper(cupric) PUWO4.2H2O, cop- per tungstate, cupric tungstate, cupric or- thotungstate, cupric wolframate. Bright green powder; melts at red heat and cools to choco- late-brown cryst. or masses contain- ing CUWO4; insol. in water; sol. in H3PO4, HCjHgOz or NH4OH; insol. in HAO4 -1- Aq. Cadmium CdW04.2H20, cad- mium tungstate, cad- mium orthotung- state, cadmium wol- framate. Yellowish amorph. ppt.; near- ly insol. in water. CdW04, anhydrous cadmium tungstate. Colorless, poorly formed cryst. or yellow, cryst. pow- der; insol. in water; sol. in KCN -|- Aq; sol. in hot H3PO4 -I- AqorH2C204-)-Aq; sol. in NH4OH. Bismuth Bi2(W04)3, (?) bis- muth tungstate, bis- muth orthotungstate, bismuth wolframate. White powder; eas- ily decomp.; very sol. in water with decomp.; pptd. by alcohol from aque- ous solutions. Thio- sulphate Cont. Tungstate 103 GROUP VI Arsenic As Antimony Sb Tin Sn The members of this group are generally gray, hard, heavy, lustrous, somewhat brittle metals or metal-like substances; stable in air; un- affected by water; soluble with considerable difficulty in acids. The valence is 2 and 4 in Sn, but 3 and 5 in each of the other two members. The ous and ic states are prominent in Sn and appear occasionally in As and Sb. Only a few salts are known; of these the halogen salts are sol- uble in water, the rest are generally insoluble in water. Most of the salts are white, but the sulphides are yellow or brown. All three ele- ments enter salts in the acid radical; a few stannates and antimonates are known; the arsenites and arsenates are more common and are often colored. lOS As, Sb, Sn GROUP Metal Arsenic Antimony As, arsenic. Oc- curs in two forms, (1) fine, heavy, black, amorph. powder, and (2) 1,in-white to steel- gray, very brittle, cryst. masses with metallic luster; cryst. by sublima- tion in hexagonal rhombohedra; sometimes forms regular octahedra; odorless and taste- less, stable in air, but the cryst. va- riety slowly changes to the amorph. variety; in moist air it be- comes covered with a coating of oxide; it volatilizes at a dark red heat without previous melting at ordinary pressures; vapor is citron-yellow; un- der increased pres- sure it melts at 500 ; at 180 it burns with a bluish flame to AszOa, giv- ing off a peculiar garlic-like odor; unites directly with many elements, particularly the halogens; in many of its physical prop- erties As is metallic, but in its chemical relations it is decid- edly non-metallic; unaffected by pure water; insol. in al- cohol; insol. in HCl in absence of air; si. sol. in HCl in presence of air, forming first AS2O3 and then AsCU; not attacked by dil. H2SO4; cone. nSO^ oxidizes it to As203, evolving SO2; dil. HNO3 does not act on As readily in the cold, in the hot it oxidizes the As to AS2O3 or to HjAsOa; cone. HNO3 or aqua regia oxidizes it to H3ASO4, giving also Tin Sb, antimony. Brit- tle, hard, silver- white, highly lus- trous, metal-iike masses, with scale- like cryst. struc- ture; or dark gray, si. lustrous, cryst. powder; can be pul- verized very easily; stable in air at or- dinary temp.; when heated it burns with a blue or blu- ish white flame to Sb203; melts at 425 ; vaporizes at bright, red heat, with formation of a little Sb203; insol. in water and does not decomp. it at ordinary temp.; at red heat Sb reduces steam, giving H2 and Sb oxide; Sb is more metallic than As both physically and chemically; in- sol. in dil. HCl; sol. in hot, cone. HCl to SbCla, if Sb is finely powdered ; contact with oxygen helps the reaction; the presence of a little HNO3 hastens the action; insol. in dil. or cold, cone. H2SO4; hot, cone. HjSOi forms SO2 and Sb2(S04)3; un- affected by dil. HNO3; cone. HNO3 does not dissolve it, but oxidizes it to Sb203 or Sb205, ac- cording to the strength of the acid; easily and completely sol. in aqua regia to SbCU; insol. in solutions of alkalis; heating with metallic ox- ides, e.g. PbO, HgO or Mn02, oxi- dizes it; combines directly with the halogens; forms alloys with many metals. At. Wt. 120.2; Mol. Wt. probably the same; Val. 3 Sn, tin. Lustrous metal; almost silver- white when pure, but with a yellowish tinge when commercial; found in bars, foil, powder and mossy; one of the least tenacious metals; very malleable and ductile; it can be beaten into very thin leaves (tin-foil) at ordinary temp., and at 100 it can be drawn into wire; mal- leable at ordinary temp., but malleabil- ity varies with the temj).; brittle above 200° and can be pulverized easily; has cryst. structure which can be shown by bending a bar and getting the "tin cry," which is said to be caused by the grating of the cryst. faces on each other, or by treating with HCl when frost-like etch- ings appear; great cold changes tin to a gray, brittle, amorph. powder, called "gray tin," said to be an allotropic form; it changes back to white tin above 20°; odorless at ordinary temp., but has a characteristic odor when warmed; Sn cryst. are rhombic and quadratic; Sn is metallic physically and in most of its chemical relations; commercial Sn often contains a little As, Cu, Fe and Pb ; stable in dry air; insol. in water and unaffected thereby when cold; at red heat Sn de- comp. water, giving SnO and H2; when heated in air or oxygen a film of SnO and SnO 2 forms on the surface; burns at white heat, with white light, forming SnO 2; very si. acted on by dil., cold HCl; sol. in hot, cone. HCl, forming H2 and stannous chloride, SnCl2; in the presence of Ft or a small amount of PtCU solu- tion in HCl takes place more rapidly and at a lower temp.; readily sol. in cold aqua regia to stannic chloride, SnCU; slowly sol. in hot, dil. HaSOi, giving off H2 and forming SnS04 if Sn is in excess, and mostly Sn(S04)2 if acid is in excess; cone. H2SO4 dissolves Sn, forming SnSOi or Sn(S04)2 according to the proportion of Sn to acid, and evolving H2S or SO2, or both, according to the temp, and the concentration of the acid; sometimes S separates; sol. in cold, dil. HNO3, form- ing Sn(N03)2 and NH4NO3 and evolving N2O, NO and N2; unaffected by pure, cone. HNO3; HNO3, depending upon the temp, and the concentration of the acid, forms stannous nitrate, Sn(N03)2, or sol- id stannic nitrate, Sn(N03)4, which sep- arates and is converted by the increasing dilution of the acid, or by hot water to a basic nitrate and stannic acid, SnOz. XH2O, or stannic oxide, SnO 2; slowly sol. in HC2H3O2, with evolution of H2; sol. in hot, cone. NaOH-|-Aq, forming NasSnOs and H2; KOH acts similarly; Sn unites directly with the halogens; forms numer- ous alloys with the other metals. At. Wt. 118.7; Mol. Wt. unknown; Val. 2 and 4; Sp. Gv. 7.3, but gray Sn 106 As, Sb, Sn GROUP Arsenic AsaOs and N oxides; insol. in NaOH+ Aq, KOH+Aq or NHiOH. At. Wt. 74.96, Mol. Wt. 300.0; Val. 3 and 5; Sp. Gv. cryst. 5.7, amorph. 4.7; B. P. 500° under pressure Unknown. Unknown. Unknown. Unknown. Unknown. Antimony and 5; Sp. Gv. 6.7; M. P. 425°; B.P. above 1300°. Unknown. SbAsOj, (?) anti- mony arsenate, anti- mony arseniale. Heavy, white pow- der; insol. in water; when fresh it is sol. in hot, cone. HCl and si. sol. in HNOs; insol. in acids aiter ignition. Tin (stannous) Tin (stannic) has 5.8; M. P. 220° to 235°; B. P. 1450° to 1600°. Sn(C2H302)2,imace- tate, stannous ace- tate. Small, color- less cryst.; sol. in water. SbAsOa, (?) anti- mony ar senile. . Fine, white ppt. or powder of doubtful composition; sol. in a little water, but insol. in much wa- ter; sol. in acids, and completely sol. in KOH-I-Aq. Unknown. 2SnHAs04.H20,.-! Amorphous carbon. Hard coal, soft coal, coke, gas-retort carbon, lamp-black, char- [coal. The form and color varies with the variety; generally amorph. C is a dense jblack, lusterless solid or powder; acted on slowly or not at all by reagents; elec- tric conductivity varies; charcoal absorbs large volumes of gases; amorph. C is sol. in KCIO3 and fuming HNO3; insol. in molten Fe at 1160°, but becomes sol. therein by heating to 1400°; Sp. Gv. c. 1.8. CO, carbon oxide, carbon monoxide, "carbonic oxide;" more correctly but less fre- quently, carbonous oxide, formic anhydride. Colorless, tasteless gas; si. odor; non- supporter of combustion; burns in air with blue flame to CO2; may be liquified at low temp, and great pressure to a colorless liquid that boils at — 190° and solidi- fies at — 199°; partly decomp. at c. 1300° to C and GO2; Sp. Gv. 0.97; si. sol. in wa- ter; reacts with moist KOH or NaOH to form an alkah formate, M'jC02; absorbed by Ba02H2 + Aq or Ca02H2 + Aq, more rapidly by ether and alcohol; sol. in HCN; large amounts of CO are absorbed by solutions of cuprous chloride in HCl, NH4OH or NH4 salt solutions; decomp. to C and alkali carbonate when heated to redness with Na or K. CO2, carbon oxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic anhydride, carbonic add gas; incorrectly sometimes simply carbonic add. Heavy, colorless, incombustible gas; non-support- er of combustion; reduced to C when heated with K or Na; sol. in water to form carbonic acid; the solution is unstable and decomp. on standing or on heating to CO2 and H2O; absorbed by moist alkalis and alkaline-earths, forming carbonates; Sp. Gv. 1.53; partly decomp. to GO and O2 at c. 1300°; may be condensed by low temp, and great pressure to a colorless, mobile, refractive liquid, that is a non- conductor of electricity, mixes with alcohol, ether and CS2, does not mix with wa- ter, but stays on its surface, and has a Sp. Gv. of 1.06; solid CO2 is, a white, loose, snow-like solid or powder, poor conductor of heat, evaporates slowly, may be com- pressed to a white solid, melts at c. — 70°, volatilizes rapidly and then dissolves when immersed in water, forms a semi-fluid paste with alcohol or ether, and burns the skin when pressed against it. Ce, cerium. Steel-gray, very lustrous, malleable, very ductile metal; stable in dry air, but is superficially oxidized in moist air; burns when heated in air, more easily than does Mg, forming oxide and producing heat and much light; bums in CI2, Br2, I2 vapors, S vapor and P vapor, forming compounds with these elements; decomp. cold water slowly, hot water quickly; not attacked by cold, cone. H2SO4 or red, fuming HNO3; sol. in dil. H2SO4, HNO3 and dil. or cone. HCl; At. Wt. 140.25; Mol. Wt. unknown; Val. 3 and 4; Sp. Gv. 6.6; M. P. considerably above that of Sb but below that of Ag. CejOs, cerium oxide, cerous oxide. Gray solid or powder; sol. in many acids, form- ing cerous salts; insol. in HCl after ignition. ;Ce02, cerium oxide, eerie oxide, cerium dioxide. Very pale yellow solid; sol. in cone. H2SO4; sol. in HNO3; less sol. in HCl. Other oxides are said to exist. CI, chlorine, dephlogisticated muriatic add gas. Greenish yellow gas, becoming darker in color when heated, but losing its color slowly on standing; very irritat- ing odor; poisonous; attacks mucous membrane vigorously; absorbed by charcoal; not combustible in O2; burns in H2, forming HCl; sol. in water with production of heat, forming "chlorine water," a greenish yellow liquid, with properties of gas- eous CI2; CI2 -f- Aq freezes at 0°, giving CI2.5H2O, white, octahedral cryst.; CI2 -f- Aq decomp. quickly in sunlight to HCl and O^; gaseous CI2 may be condensed under pressure to a dark yellow liquid of Sp. Gv. 1.3, B. P. — 33.6° and insol. in water; CI2 unites directly with all elements except O, N, C and F, but indirectly with O, N and C; At. Wt. 35.46; Mol. Wt. 70.92; Sp. Gv. of gas, 2.5; Val. 1. CI2O, chlorine monoxide, hypochlorous anhydride. Reddish yellow gas, with very irritating odor; unstable; condenses at c. ^20° to a blood red liquid that boils at c. — 17°; both gas and liquid are very easily decomp., often with explosive violence; sol. in water. CIO2, chlorine dioxide, chlorine tetroxide. Yellowish green gas; strong odor; con- 126 NON-METALS AND RARE METALS denses a little below 0° to a red-brown liquid, and solidifies at c. — 59° to hard, tie, red cryst.; both gas and liquid are frightfully explosive; sol. in water. Other oxides are said to exist. brit- Cb, columbium, niobium, (Nb). Steel-gray, lustrous metal; insol. in HCl, HNO3 or aqua regia; sol. in cone. H2SO4, easily on warming; burns to CbjOs when heated in air; At. Wt. 93.5; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 7.06; Val. 3 and 5. CbO, columbium monoxide. Black, lustrous, regular cryst.; insol. in water; sol. in cone. H2SO4 after long heating; sol. when moist in hot, dil. HCI; insol. in hot HNOs; less sol. in aqua regia than in HCL CbOj, columbium tetroxide. Black powder with blue reflection; msol. in water and acids; burns to Cb205 when heated. CbjOs, columbium pentoxide, columbic anhydride. White, amorph. powder; or tabular cryst.; turns yellow when heated, but turns back to white on cooling; insol. in water; si. sol. in hot HCl; sol. in hot, cone. H2SO4; the solution may be diluted without pptn., but on heating all the Cb205 is repptd. Another oxide is said to exist. Di, didymium. Said to be a compound of the two elements, neodymium and praseodyrnium; white or yellowish white, malleable, ductile metal; harder than Ce; oxidizes in air; burns when finely divided, producing much light; decomp. cold water slowly, hot water rapidly; insol. in cold, cone. H28O4; easily sol. in dil. H2SO4, HCl or HNO3; At. Wt. 142 (7); Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 6.5; M. P. above that of Ce and La. Di203, didymium oxide. White or grayish blue solid; insol. in water; sol. in acids Other oxides are said to exist. Dy, dysprosium. At. Wt. 162.5. DyjOa, dysprosium oxide. White powder. Er, erbium. Probably has not been isolated; the so-called element, "erbium," can be decomp. further into simpler substances; decomp. water; At. Wt. 167.7; Mol. Wt. unknown. Er203, erbium oxide. Pale rose-colored powder; infusible; sol. difficultly but com- pletely in warm HNO.,, H2SO4 or HCl. Eu, europium. At. Wt. 152. F, fluorine. Pale, yellowish green gas; unpleasant odor; decomp. water, form- ing ozone and HF; decomp. all organic solvents with great violence; unites directly with many non-metallic elements, and with all metals except Au and Pt; has been liquified to a liquid that does not possess the activity of gaseous fluorine; liquid F has a Sp. Gv. of 1.14 and boils at —187°; At. Wt. 19.0; Mol. Wt. 38; Val. 1. No oxide is known. Gd, gadolinium, (?). Of doubtful existence; At. Wt. 157.3. Gd203, gadolinium oxide (?). Sol. in acids. Ga, gallium. Gray, lustrous, fairly hard metal, with greenish blue reflection; quadratic octahedra or broad tablets; brittle, but may be hammered into thin plates, which can be bent without breaking; melts at 30° to a silver-white liquid, with faint, reddish reflection; remains in molten state below the melting point; unchanged in air at ordinary temp.; at higher temp, it is non-volatile, but is superficially oxi- dized; does not decomp. water at 100°; easily sol. in cold HCl; slowly sol. in warm, dil. HNO3; sol. in KOH -|- Aq; At. Wt. 69.9; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 6. GaO, gallium monoxide (?). Grayish blue mass; sol. in HNO3. H2SO4 and HCl. Ga203, gallium oxide. White solid; sol. in acids. Ge, germanium. Grayish white, lustrous, very brittle metal; melts at c 900° and cryst. in regular octahedra on cooling; stable in air at ordinary temp.; oxidized to GeOz when heated in powder form; insol. in HCl; easily sol. in aqua regia; decomp. by HNO3 to the oxide; sol. in cone. H2SO4 to the sulphate, evolving SO2; insol. in boiling KOH + Aq; At. Wt. 72.5; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 5.4. GeO, germanious oxide. Grayish black solid; si. sol. in water; insol. in H2SO4; easily sol. in HCl. Ge02, germanic oxide. White, gritty solid, or microscopic, rhombic cryst.; some- what sol. in water to a sour liquid. 127 Chlorine Coni. Columbium Didymium Dysprosium Erbium Europium Fluorine Gadolinium Gallium Germanium NON-METALS AND RARE METALS Glucinum Gold Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Gl, glucinum. See Beryllium. Au, gold {aurum). The only yellow metal; good luster; stable in air; very soft; most malleable and ductile metal; gold leaf is green by transmitted light; pptd. Au is lusterless, brownish yellow, or reddish powder; cryst. Au is almost octahe- dral; not acted on by water; insol. in HNO3, cone. HCl or H2SO4; easily sol.- in aqua regia, or any mixture evolving CI or Br; At. Wt. 197.2; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 19.3; Val. 1 and 3; M. P. c. 1200°. AujO, aurous oxide. Grayish violet solid; decomp. at c. 250° to Au and O2; in- sol. in water or alcohol; decomp. by hot HCl to Au and AuClj; sol. in cold aqua regia; insol. in HNO3, H2SO4 and HC2H3O2. AU2O3, auric oxide. Dark brown powder; gives off O2 at c. 110°; at 160° AuO remains, and at 250° Au remains. AuO, auTo-auricoxide. Dark olive-brown powder; very hygroscopic; sol. in cold HCl. He, helium. Colorless gas; may be liquified; its boiling point is very low, some- where near that of hydrogen; less sol. than A in water; Sp. Gv. 1.98; At. Wt. 4.0; Mol. Wt. probably the same; Val. 0; does not unite with other elements. Ho, holmium. At. wt. 163.5. H02O3, holmium oxide. Pale yellow powder. H, hydrogen. Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; lightest substance known; si. absorbed by water; burns in air with a blue flame to form water; may be liquified under 40 atmospheres pressure and a temp, of — 220° to a colorless liquid that boils at —253° and solidifies at 257°; At.Wt. 1.008; Mol. Wt. 2.016; Sp.Gv. 0.069; Val. 1. H2O, hydrogen oxide, water. Colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid; solidifies at 0°; vaporizes at 100°; Sp. Gv. 1 at 4°. H2O2, hydrogen peroxide. Known mostly in aqueous solution as a colorless liquid with harsh, bitter taste; decomp. easily to H2O and O2; sol. in water in all propor- tions; not stable in cone, solutions; miscible with alcohol and with ether. In, indium. Silver-white, lustrous, ductile metal; softer than Pb; non-cryst.; paper is blackened when rubbed with it; less volatile than Zn and Cd; stable in air at ordinary temp.; when strongly heated it burns to InjOj, with bluish violet flame and brownish fumes; does not decomp. hot water; sol. in acids with evolution of H2; insol. in HC2H3O2; At. Wt. 114.8; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 7.4; Val. 1 and 3; M. P. 176. InO, indium monoxide. Light, loose, black powder that oxidizes easily to In203; slowly sol. in acids. In203, indium oxide. Heavy, yellow powder; becomes brown when heated but turns yellow when cold; infusible and non-volatile; slowly sol. in cold, easily in hot acids. Other oxides are said to exist. I, iodine. Grayish black, soft solid with metallic luster; or rhombic, scale-like cryst.; only the thinnest plates are transparent; very easily vaporized to a violet vapor that attacks the skin and mucous membrane; si. sol. in water; easily sol. in alcohol, ether, chloroform arid CS2; solutions of I in CS2 and chloroform are violet, those in ether and alcohol are reddish brown; sol. in many other organic liquids; easily sol. in dil. HI + Aq; sol. in solutions of sol. iodides; sol. in H2SO3 with de- comp.; cone. H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, H3PO4 and HC2H3O2 dissolve I, but give it up to CS2 on shaking therewith; At. Wt. 126.92; Mol. Wt. 253.84; Sp. Gv. 4.9; Val. 1; M. P. 114°. I2O5, iodine pentoxide, iodic anhydride. White, cryst solid; melts at c. 300° with decomp. to I2 and O2; sol. in water to form HIO3; sol. in dil. alcohol; insol. in abs. alcohol, ether and CS2. Other oxides are said to exist. Ir, iridium. Gray powder; or spongy mass; or white, hard, lustrous masses re- sembling steel; brittle when cold, somewhat malleable at red heat; harder than Fe; insol. in water; insol. in all acids, including aqua regia, except when in finely divided state, as "iridium black," when it is sol. in aqua regia; does not oxidize when heated in air; At. Wt 193.1; Mol. Wt. unknown; Val. 2, 3 and 4; Sp. Gv. 21; M. P. 2500°. IrO, iridium monoxide, iridous oxide. Black powder. Ir02, iridium dioxide, iridic oxide. Black powder, or fine needles with metallic luster; very si. sol. in acids. Ir203, irido-iridic oxide. Hard, blue-black powder; decomp. at c. 1000° to Ir and O2; insol. in acids. 128 NON-METALS AND RARE METALS Kr, krypton. Gas; less volatile than A; At. Wt. 82.92; M. P. —169°; B. P. —152°. La, lanthanum. White or grayish, malleable, ductile metal; harder than Ce; oxidizes rapidly in dry air; but burns only at higher temp, than that at which Ce burns; decomp. cold water slowly, hot rapidly; sol. in dil. acids; easily attacked by cold, cone. HNOg; not acted on by cold, cone. H2SO4; At. Wt. 139.0; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 6.1; Val. 3; M. P. between that of Sb(450°) and that of Ag(950°). LajOa, lanthanum oxide- White, amorph., fusible powder, or rhombic prisms; easily sol. in acids. Another oxide is said to exist. Lu, lutecium. At. Wt. 175. Mo, molybdenum. Gray powder with metallic luster, or hard, silver-white met- al; unchanged in air at ordinary temp.; when heated it becomes brown, then blue, then white on the surface, and at high temp, it burns to M0O3; infusible at white heat; not attacked by HGl, HF or dil. H2SO4; sol. in cone. H2SO4; very easily sol. in aqua regia; oxidized by HNO3 either to Mo oxide, which dissolves in HNO3, or, if HNO3 is in excess, to molybdic acid, which remains insoluble; At. Wt. 96.0; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 8.6. M02O3, molybdenum oxide. Black solid; bvurns to M0O2 when heated in air; insol. in acids and alkalis. M0O2, molybdenum dioxide. Dark brown powder; or copper-red to grayish met- al-like, very lustrous prisms with violet reflection; oxidizes to M0O3 when heated in air; insol. in HCl or HP; si. sol. in cone. H2SO4; HNO3 oxidizes it to MoO. M0O3, m.olybdenum trioxide. White, light, porous solid, that separates into small, thin, lustrous scales when thrown into water; when heated it forms colorless or yellow, lustrous, rhombic needles; melts at red heat; sublimes at higher temp.; si. sol. in water to an acid, metallic tasting liquid; sol. in acids. Other oxides are said to exist. Nd, neodymium. One of the two elements said to compose didymium; At. Wt. 144.3. See Didymium. Nd203 is known. Other oxides are said to exist. Ne, neon. Gas; more volatile than A; At. Wt. 20.2; M. P. unknown; B. P. c. —240° Nt, niton. Radium emanation. At. Wt. 222.4. N, nitrogen. Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; does not burn nor support com- bustion; very inert; combines directly with only a very few elements; has been liquified at 35 atmospheres pressure and at — 146° to a colorless, transparent liq- uid that boils at — 194°, has a Sp. Gv. of 0.88, and solidifies to a snow-like mass; gaseous N2 is very si. sol. in water; At. Wt. 14.01; Mol. Wt. 28.02; Sp. Gv. 0.97; Val. 3 and 5. N2O, nitrogen monoxide, nitrous oxide, laughing gas. Colorless gas with a si. sweet- ish smell and taste; supports combustion almost as well as O2; produces temporary unconsciousness when inhaled; decomp. by heat, completely at c. 900° to N2 and O,; has been liquified to a colorless, very mobile liquid; sol. in cold water, insol. in hot; Sp. Gv. of gas is 1.5, of liquid is 0.9; M. P. —99°; B. P. —92°. NO, "nitrogen dioxide," nitric oxide. Colorless gas; combines with O immedi- ately on exposure to air, forming brown NO2; has been liquified under great pres- sure and cold to a colorless liquid that solidifies at — 167°; gaseous NO is decomp. to Nj and O2 at c. 1700°; si. sol. in water; very si. sol. in cone. H2SO4; less sol. in dil. H2SO4; sol. in cone. HNOj; absorbed by glacial HC2H3O2; very sol. m aqueous solutions of ferrous salts, particularly the sulphate; easily sol. in CS2. N2O3, nitrogen ti-ioride, nitrous anhydride. Pure, gaseous N2O3 is not known; it usually occurs as a liquid, deep blue at low temp., but yellowish green at ordmary temp.; decomp. to NO and NO2; sol. in water at 0°; if much water is present, the solution is quiite stable at ordinary temp.; sol. in HNO3, cone. H2SO4 or ether. NO2, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen tetroxide, nitrogen peroxide. Formula is probably NA at low, but NO2 at higher temp.; reddish brown gas; choking; stains skin yel- low; easily condensed to a liquid, which is colorless below 0°, yellow at to 10 , deeper yellow to nearly black as temp, rises; if water is present solution may be green, but becomes blue on dilution and then colorless; liquid NO2 solidifies below —10° to a white, cryst., deliq., solid; decomp. to NO and O2 at 180 to 200 ; sol. in cold water, forming HNO2 and HNO3; sol. in cone. HNO3, CS2 and chloroform. N«0„ nitrogen pentoxide, nitric anhydride. Very lustrous, colorless, translucent rhombic prisms, or cryst. masses; melts at c. 30° with partial decomp. to NO2 and 02- boils at c. 45°; cryst. are sometimes yellowish at c. 15°; decomp. slowly on stand- Krypton Lanthanum Lutecium Molyb- denum Neodymium Neon Niton Nitrogen 129 NON-METALS AND RARE METALS Nitrogen Cont. Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorous ing, rapidly in sunlight, giving NGj and O^; very deliq.; combines with water to form HNO3; combines with cone. HNO3 to form fuming nitric acid. Os, osmium. Lustrous, bluish white metal, resembling Sn, Ft and Zn; some- times dull grayish black powder; occasionally bluish cryst. harder than glass; in- fusible; oxidizes easily to OsOi, sometimes with flame; volatile at very high temp.; sol. in HNO3 when finely divided and not ignited to very high temp.; when ignited it is insol. in all acids; At. Wt. 190.9; Mol. Wt. unknown; Val. 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8. Sp. Gv. 22.6. OsO, osmium monoxide. Grayish black solid; insol. in water or acids. OsOj, osmium dioxide. Grayish black powder or reddish solid; insol. in water or acids. OS2O3, osmo-osmic oxide. Black powder; insol. in acids. OsO^, osmium tetroxide. White, cryst. masses, or long, colorless, translucent, monoclinic needles; melts under 100°, and boils a few degrees above its melting point; is very volatile; sublimes easily; very disagreeable odor; poisonous; slowly but abundantly sol. in water; the aqueous solution does not react acid; sol. in alco- hol and ether with gradual decomposition; sol. in NH4OH, but solution decomp. when heated. 0, oxygen; originally called pure air, vital air, dephlogisticated air. Colorless, tasteless, odorless gas; may be condensed at — 140° and a pressure of 300 atmos- pheres to a mobile liquid, that is colorless in small quantities but blue in thick layers; liquid boils at — 181°; has not been solidified; is absorbed by molten Ag or Pt, and given otf again as the metal solidifies; also absorbed by charcoal; combines directly with all elements except F, CI, Br, 1, Au and Pt; at least one binary com- pound of O with each element, except P and Br, is known; oxides of the positive elements as a class are basic, and those of the negative elements are acid; for further data regarding oxides, see oxides under the "Acids" group; very si. sol. in water; si. more sol. in alcohol; insol. in ether; At. Wt. 16.00; Mol. Wt. 32.00; Sp. Gv. of gas 1.1, of liquid 1.12; Val. 2. O3, ozone, an allotropic form of oxygen, is a colorless or bluish gas with charac- teristic odor; unstable, breaking down easily into molecular oxygen, Oj; may be con- densed at — 100° and under 125 atmospheres pressure to a deep blue, almost black liquid; not appreciably sol. in water, but imparts its taste and properties to water; usually occurs mixed with Oj; acts as a strong bleaching agent on vegetable col- ors; destroys India rubber quickly; Mol. Wt. 48; B. P. — 106°. Pd, palladium. Gray, metallic sponge that can be pressed together, more easily than Pt, to a compact mass; compact Pd may also be made by melting spongy Pd; Pd is a white, fairly malleable, ductile metal, similar to Ag and Pt; hard metal, but a little softer than Pt; can be polished and hammered into thin plates; occurs oc- casionally in cryst. form, octahedral or tabular; volatilizes in the oxy-hydrogen flame at c. 2000° to greenish vapors, which condense to a brownish sublimate, con- sisting of a mixture of the metal and the oxide; when heated in air or oxygen Pd is oxidized superficially to Pd20, but this oxide is reduced to Pd and Oj at higher temp.; when heated in an alcoholic flame "Pd black" absorbs much C and increases in volume; Pd absorbs much Hj at c. 100°, possibly with formation of a hydride; not attacked by water; more easily sol. in acids than the other Pt metals; si. sol. in dil. HCl, but Pd sponge or filings are easily sol. in warm HCl, access of air or CI2, giving PdCl2; easily sol. in HNO3, even when cold; easily sol. in aqua regia; sol. in hot, cone. H2SO4; si. sol. in cone, but insol. in dil. HI + Aq; sol. in HBr-|-Aq if a trace of HNO3 is present; At. Wt. 106.7; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 11.4; Val. 1, 2 and 4; M. P. between 1360° and 1380°. Pd20, palladium suboxide. Black powder; decomp. to Pd and Oj at red heat; decomp. by acids into palladous salts with separation of Pd. PdO, palladium monoxide, palladous oxide. Black powder; decomp. to Pd and O2 at red heat; slowly sol. in boiling acids. PdOj, palladium dioxide, palladic oxide. Black powder; decomp. to PdO and Oj at low red heat, but to Pd and O2 at full red heat; si. attacked by acids, most easily by HCl. PdjOe or 4PdO.Pd02, pallado-palladic oxide. Dull brown powder; decomp. to Pd and 62 at red heat; not attacked by aqua regia. P, phosphorus. Occurs in three allotropic forms, — ^yellow, red and cryst. Yellow phosphorus, ordinary phosphorus, octahedral phosphorus, stick phosphorus. Semi-transparent, colorless, cryst. solid; characteristic odor, due probably to ozone and P2OS; when melted and cooled quickly P is opaque, when cooled slowly it is 130 NON-METALS AND RARE METALS nearly as clear as water; melted in large quantity and allowed to cool slowly, fairly large octahedral or dodecahedral cryst. are formed; must be kept under water; if water is free from air the P remains transparent; in ordinary water the P is cov- ered with a whitish iilm or turns red; soft as wax at ordinary temp., but brittle when cooled; turns yellow, then red on surface when exposed to light; sublimes easily in a vacuum or an indifferent gas; melts at 44.5°, and often remains liquid many degrees below the M. P.; may be obtained in finely divided particles by melt- ing it under water, and shaking carefully till the P solidifies; insol. or only very si. sol. in water; si. sol. in alcohol, ether or hot, cone. HC2H3O2; decomp. by cone. HCl at 140° to PHj and H3PO3; easily sol. in CS2, from which alcohol reppts. the P; sol. with decomp. in hot, cone. HNO3; decomp. by boiling KOH -|- Aq or NaOH -|-Aq; volatilizes in water-vapor, even at ordinary temp.; when distilled in steam and the distillate is cooled rapidly the P is obtained as a white, snow-like mass; oxidizes very easily, slowly at low temp., more rapidly as the ignition temp., 60°, is approached; burns in air or O2 with intense white light, production of much heat, and formation of P2O5; is changed to red P by action of light, heat or electricity, the action of heat beginning at c. 215° at ordinary pressure and being complete at 260° in the air or at 300° in a sealed tube; At. Wt. 31.04; Mol. Wt. 62.08 or 124.16; probably the latter; Sp. Gv. 1.8; Val. 3 and 5; M. P. 44.3°; B. P. 290° Red phosphorus, amorphous phosphorus. Dull, dark carmine, odorless, tasteless powder; turns darker on heating, and black when boiled with KOH-|- Aq; brittle; no cryst. form; no luster; does not melt when heated to redness in a sealed tube, but some vapor is formed and this solidifies to the cryst. variety; may be distilled at c. 260°, becoming cryst.; catches fire at c. 250°-260°; bums actively at c. 300°; does not oxidize in dry air, but slowly in moist air; does not glow in air; is not poi- sonous; a mixture of red P and KCIO3 explodes when struck, but not as violently as yellow P and KCIO3; insol. in water, CS2, alcohol, ether, NH4OH, or boiling KOH -f- Aq; cone. H2SO4 does not act on it in the cold, but dissolves it easily when hot; more sol. than yellow P in HNO3; Sp. Gv. 2.1. Crystalline phosphorus, black phosphorus. Long, black, thin, rhombohedral cryst. which appear red in transmitted light; metallic luster; less volatile than amorjDh. P.; changed to ordinary P when heated in a sealed tube to c. 358°; sol. in CS2; in- sol. in HNO3 and not attacked thereby; Sp. Gv. 2.3. P4O, (?) phosphorus suboxide. Orange-red or scarlet-red powder; si. sol. in water; unchanged in dry, gradually oxidized in moist air; insol. in alcohol, ether and HCl; oxidized by HNO3 or H2SO4; two modifications seem to exist; the first is decomp. slowly by water or boiling alkali solutions; the second is not so decomp. P4O8, formerly P2O3, phosphorus trioxide, phosphorous oride, phosphorous anhy- dride. White, voluminous, snow-like masses, with odor somewhat resembling'that of P; when melted and cooled slowly it cryst. in long, thin prisms, probably mono- clinic; melts at 22.5° to a clear, colorless, very mobile liquid, which solidifies at 21°; boils at 173° in CO, or N2; oxidizes to P2O5 in the air; deliq.; very slowly sol. in cold water to form H3PO3; violently decomp. by hot water with various products; sol. without decomp. in ether or CS2. P2O4, phosphcyrus tetroxide. Colorless cryst., probably orthorhombic; venr deliq., forming HjPOa and H3PO4; does not melt at 100°; volatilizes at c. 180°; sol. in wa- ter, with evolution of heat. P2O6, phosphcyrus pentomde, phosphoric oxide, phosphoric anhydride. Amorph., white, odorless, powder or solid; melts at red heat; sublimes at higher temp.; ex- tremely deliq.; not only absorbs moisture from the air but withdraws O and H from many compounds in the proportions to form water; does not act on litmus when perfectly dry; sol. in water, with great evolution of heat and formation of H3PO1; reduces H2SO4 to SO3 and HNO3 to NjOj. Pt, platinum. Occurs in three forms, cryst., amorph. and ordinary solid; the cryst. form is regular octahedral or dodecahedral cryst.; the amorph. form, called platinum black, is a porous, heavy, very finely divided, black powder, which becomes metallic, gray and lustrous when rubbed, has a Sp. Gv. of 17, and absorbs large quantities of gases easily; ordinanr Pt is a white metal with a grayish tmge; very stable in air; softer than Ag and Cu; has no taste or odor; very malleable and duo- tile; takes good polish; has high permanent luster; most easily fused of Pt metals except Pd; melts at 1700° to 2000°, but becomes soft and workable much below its M. P.; occludes many times its own volume of H2; absorbs O2 y^enj fused and "spits" when cooled quickly; not acted on by water, pure H2SO4, HCl or HNO3; slowly sol. in aqua regia; sol. in various mixtures of acids; At. Wt. 195.2; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 21.5; Val. 2 and 4. ^ ' Phosphorous Cont. Platinum 131 NON-METALS AND RARE METALS Platinum Cont. Praseo- dymium Radium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenium PtO, platinum monoxide, platinous oxide. Violet or gray powder; reduced to Ft and O2 at red heat; sol. in cone. H2SO4; easily sol. in cone. HCl; sol. in molten KOH. PtOj, platinum dioxide, platinic oxide. Black powder; insol. in acids. PtjO,, platino-platinic oxide. Black powder; loses its O at red heat; insol. in acids; insol. even with long boiling with HCl, HNOj or aqua regia. Pr, praseodymium. One of the two elements said to compose didymium; At. Wt. 140.9; see Didymium. PrjOs, Pr407 and PrOz exist. Ra, radium. This element has not yet been isolated; so few of its compounds have been made that it is unsafe even to predict probable properties of Ra; salts of Ra give carmine fiame coloration; At. Wt. 226.0. Rh, rhodium. Very hard, white, lustrous metal with grayish blue tinge; similar to Al; about as malleable and ductile as A^; melts at a higher temp, than Pt with- out volatilizing; spits on cooling; superficially oxidized when strongly heated in air; insol. in all acids, even aqua regia, when compact; absorbs H2; Rh sponge, a black, porous solid or powder, is sol. in HNO3 or si. in HCl in presence of air; At. Wt. 102.9; Mol. Wt. unknown; Val. 3; Sp. Gv. 12.1. RhO, rhodium monoxide, rhodous oxide. Probably exists; insol. in acids. RhOz, rhodium dioxide, rhodic oxide. Brown solid; insol. in acids or boiling KOH + Aq. RhjO,, rhodo-rhodic oxide. Gray solid, or lustrous metal-like cryst.; insol. in wa^ ter, boiling KOH -|- Aq, and all acids, even aqua regia. Rb, rubidium. White, very lustrous metal, sometimes with a tinge of yellow; very similar to K; soft as wax, even at -10°; melts easily at 38.5°; distills to a blue vapor when heated out of O2 to near red heat; exposed to air it is covered at once with a grayish blue film, perhaps a suboxide; much heat is produced and the metal soon takes fire, burning to the oxide; decoinp. cold water violently and rap- idly, the Hj burning; insol. in hydrocarbons; sol. in liquid NH3; At. Wt. 85.45; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 1.5; Val. 1; M. P. 38.5°. RbzO, rubidium oxide. Sol. in water. Ru, ruthenium. White, hard, heavy, brittle, lustrous metal; sometimes white, spongy masses or grayish fragments; next to Os the most infusible metal; com- bines with O2 when heated in air; insol. in acids, except aqua regia, which dissolves it only very si.; At. Wt. 101.7; Mol. Wt. unknown; Val. 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8; Sp. Gv. 12.3; M. P. above 2000°. RuO, ruthenium monoxide, ruthenous oxide. Dark gray, metal-like solid or pow- der; insol. in acids. RUO2, ruthenium dioxide, ruthenic oxide. Indigo-blue or dark violet powder or quadratic cryst.; metallic luster; insol. in acids. RU2O3, rutheno-mthenic oxide. Blue-black powder; insol. in acids. RuO^, ruthenium tetroxide. Golden yellow, lustrous, rhombic prisms, that melt at 25° to 50° to an orange red liquid, which solidifies slowly to a vitreous solid; decomp. at 106° without boiling; difficultly sol. in water to a golden yellow solu- tion that decomp. on standing. Sm, samarium. The element has not been isolated; At. Wt. 150.4. Sm203, samarium oxide. Easily sol. in acids. Sm409, samarium peroxide. Ppt.; insol. in water. Sc, scandium. Element has not been isolated; At. Wt. 44.1; Mol. Wt. unknown. SC2O3, scandium oxide, scandia. Light, white powder, resembling MgO; sol. in hot, cone. H2SO4, HNO3 or HCl. Se, selenium. Several modifications exist, passing from one to another with change in temp.; amorph. Se is a dark red to black powder, of Sp. Gv. 4.3, and sol. in CSj, or black, vitreous, lustrous solid, appearing red in thin layers, of Sp. Gv. 4.3, sol. in CSj, with no fixed M. P., softening at 60° and becoming totally liquid at 250°; cryst. Se forms small, black, microscopic, glittering leaflets, of Sp. Gv. 4.8, and insol. in CSj, or small, red, thin, transparent, lustrous cryst., black and opaque in thick layers, of Sp. Gv. 4.5, M. P. 217°, insol. in CS2, and turning black when heat- ed; gray Se is a gray, lustrous, metal-like, granular solid, resembling pig iron, of Sp. Gv. 4.4, M. P. 217°, and insol. in CSj; Se resembles S and Te; may be distilled in vacuum or an indifferent gas; bxu-ns with a blue flame to Se02 when heated in air; bolls at c. 680° to dark yellow vapor; insol. in water; sol. in cone. H2SO4, evolv- 132 NON-METALS AND RARE METALS ^^ i?A ° ^r^^'^o?^ ^''^^' *?,'• }? f'i'^'^S HjSO^; hot, cone. HNO3 forms H^SeO. Selenium ™V* 1 «%'°®a'' '^ ^^'' •^°'- W'^*'' solutions, forming selenides; At. Wt. 79.2; Mol. Cont n t. iino P" ^'^- '*'^™® ^'^^ *^^ variety; Val. 2, 4 and 6; M. P. generally 217°; SeOj, selenium dioxide, selenious oxide, selenious anhydride. Long white lus- trous, four-sided needles, or dense, cryst. masses; deliq.; easily sol. in water, form- ing HjbeOs; easily sol. m alcohol; sol. in glacial HC2H3O2. SeO 3, selenium trioxide. Not known in free state, only in combination with wa- ter as ±±28604. Si, silicon. Exists in two forms, amorph. and cryst.; amorph. Si is a lustrous, brown powder; adheres readily to glass; heavier than cone. HjSO-; burns when heated in air or O2, but the SiOj formed soon stops further oxidation; insol. in wa- ter; sol. before Ignition in cold HF, forming SiF^ and Hj; insol. in other mineral Mids a,nd aqua regia; sol. in cone. KOH -j- Aq; after ignition Si is insol. in HF and f\P^+,-'^9; cn/s«. Si occurs as needles or opaque, very lustrous, metal-like, gray- ish black leaflets resembling graphite; both cryst. forms consist of regular octahe- dra; hard enough to scratch glass; is not changed when heated, even to whiteness, in Oj; nielts between 1100° and 1300°; insol. in all acids, except a mixture of HF and HNO3; sol. m KOH -|- Aq; At. Wt. 28.3; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 2.5; Val. 4. SiOj, silicon dioxide, silicic anhydride, sand, quartz; also as the main constituent of sandstones and many other minerals; occurs in two forms, amorph. and cryst.; arnm-ph. SiO^ is a loose, white, tasteless powder; Sp. Gv. 2.2; insol. in water and acids, except HF; sol. in hot, alkaU solutions, but less sol. if SiOj has been ignited; cryst. StOj occurs as colorless, transparent, hexagonal prisms; Sp. Gv. 2.6; insol. m water and acids except HF; insol. or nearly so in hot KOH-f Aq; SiOj may be fused in the oxy-hydrogen flame to a colorless glass that may be drawn into fine threads. S, sulphur, brimstone. Occurs in several modifications, — rhombic, prismatic, amorph., rubbery, and colloidal. Rhombic S is a pale yellow, tasteless, very brittle solid, or rhombic (octahedral) cryst. that show many modifications of the type ciyst.; highly lustrous; becomes darker yellow by heating, paler yellow by cooling; melts to a clear yellow liquid at 114°; at c. 150° the liquid begins to darken and thicken; between 170° and 200° it is black, and so viscous as not to run; at 330° to 340° the liquid becomes thin, but remains dark colored till it boils at c. 444°; burns in au- with a blue flame to SO2; vaporizes easily above its M. P. if air is ex- cluded to a yellow vapor, called flowers of sulphur; Sp. Gv. 2.07; insol. in water; sol. in alcohol and CS2. Prismatic S forms long, slender, transparent, yellow or yellowish brown needles that change gradually and crumble to rhombic cryst.; Sp. Gv. 1.96; insol. in water; sol. in CS2. Amorph. S forms yellow, lustrous, brittle, amorph. masses; Sp. Gv. 2.05; insol. in water; sol. in CS2. Rubbery S occurs as soft, yellow, brown or black, gummy strings or lumps that change to yellow amorph. S on standing in air; Sp. Gv. 1.9. Colloidal S is said to exist as a solution of S in water. Precipitated S is an extremely finely divided form of S, very pale yellow in color. At. Wt. of S is 32.06; Mol. Wt. 64.12; probably also 192.36 and 256.48; Val. 2, 4 and 6. SO2, sulphur dioxide, sulphurous oxide, sulphurous anhydride. Colorless gas, with strong, characteristic, suffocating odor; does not burn nor support combus- tion; extinguishes flame; when mixed with O2 and passed over hot Pt sponge it is changed to SO3; does not redden blue litmus when dry; with water forms sulphur- ous acid, a weak unstable acid; SO2 bleaches many vegetable colors, but the colors are generally restored by alkalis; may be condensed at c. — 10° and ordinary pres- siire to a colorless, mobile liquid that evaporates rapidly when exposed to air, some- times forming at the same time a white, woolly mass of solid SO2; Sp. Gv. of gas 2.3, of liquid 1.5; M. P. c. —76°; B. P. c. —10°. SOs, sulphur trioxide, sulphuric oxide, sulphuric anhydride. Colorless, mobile liquid, solidifying at c. 15° to long, prismatic, transparent cryst. which melt at 0. 15°; very acrid; chars organic matter; very hygroscopic; sol. in water with hiss- ing sound, production of much heat, and formation of H2SO4; does not redden blue litmus when dry; B. P. 0. 46°; Sp. Gv. 1.94. S2O and S2O7 are also said to exist. Ta, tantalum. Has not been obtained pure; impure Ta is a black powder with metallic luster; bums when heated in air; sol. in HF; insol. in other acids; At. Wt. 181.5; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 10.8 . 133 Silicon Sulphur Tantalum NON-METALS AND RARE METALS Tantalum Cont. Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Titaniimi Ta^iO^, tantalum letroxide. Brown powder; insol. in all acids. Ta205, tantalum pentoxide. all acids. White powder or prismatic cryst.; infusible; insol. in Te, tellurium. White, lustrous, very brittle, oryst. solid, or hexagonal, rhombo- hedral cryst.; stable in air; amorph.'Te is a brown powder that changes to the cryst. variety when heated; melts at c. 455° and boils at c. 1390°, forming a golden yellow vapor; when heated in air it burns with a brilliant, blue-green flame to white TeOj, sometimes accompanied by the rotten radish odor of Se compounds; sublimes at high temp.; insol. in water and HCI; si. sol. in hot, cone. H2SO4, but separates out on cooling; more sol. in boiling, cone. H2SO4, with evolution of SO^; easily oxidized by HNOa or aqua regia to H2Te03; sol. in cone, boiling KOH + Aq to a red liquid, but separates out on cooling; At. Wt. 127.5; Mol. Wt. probably 255; Val. 4 and 6; Sp. Gv. 6.3; M. P. c. 455°; B. P. c. 1390°- TeO, tellurium monoxide: Brownish black, amorph. solid; has graphite-like luster when pressed with a hard body; stable in air; burns to Te02 when heated; si. sol. in cold, dil. HCI or H2SO4; easily oxidized by HNO3 or aqua regia; only slowly decomp. by KOH + Aq. Te02, tellurium dioxide, tellurous oxide, tellurous anhydride. White, cryst. solid, or quadratic octahedra, or rhombic needles; melts at red heat to a transparent, yellow liquid, which cools to a white, cryst. mass that glows feebly; metal-like taste; does not redden litmus; very si. sol. in water; si. sol. in most acids, most in HCI; easily sol. in NaOH + Aq or KOH + Aq. TeOs, tellurium trioxide, telluric oxide, telluric anhydride. Orange-yellow cryst or cryst mass; decomp. to Te02 and O2 when heated; insol. in hot or cold water,' cold' HCI and hot or cold HNO3; insol. in dil., sol. in boiling cone. KOH + Aq. Tb, terbium. The metal has not been isolated; At. Wt. 159.2. Tb203, terbium oxide, ierbia. Orange-yellow, amorph. powder; sol. in dil. acids. Tl, thallium. White metal; very soft; can be scratched by Pb; less tenacious than Pb; can be squeezed, but not drawn, into wire; very inelastic; takes high pol- ish when rubbed under water; cryst. easily in octahedra; crackles like Sn when bent; tarnishes quickly in air, with coating of oxide that protects the rest of the metal; melts easily at c. 290° without becoming pasty; boils at white heat; vola^ tilizes at red heat; bums easily in air to TI2O; insol. in water; easily sol. in dil. H3SO4 or HNO3; difficultly sol. in HCI; At. Wt. 204.0; Mol. Wt. probably the same; Val. 1 and 3; Sp. Gv 11.8; M. P. c. 290°. TI2O, thallous oxide. Black powder; melts at c. 300° to a dark yellow liquid; deliq.; easily sol. in water to an alkaline solution; sol. in abs. alcohol. TI2O3, thallic oxide. Brownish black powder or hexagonal leaflets; melts at c. 760°; decomp. at high heat; insol. in water; insol. in cold, sol. in hot H2SO4; sol. in HCI; insol. in alkali solutions. Th, thorium. Grayish white, lustrous powder consisting of small, thin, hexagonal, cryst. leaflets; the larger cryst. are white and lustrous as Ag, the smaller ones are gray and less lustrous; somewhat brittle; unchanged in air up to 120°; at higher temp, it bums with white light to Th02; infusible; insol. in water; insol. in cold, sol. in warm, dil. H2SO4; sol. in HCI; si. sol. in HNO3; easily oxidized by aqua regia; At. Wt. 232.4; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 11. ThOj, thorium dioxide. Fine, white, or gray to grayish yellow powder; infusible; only si. sol. in acids; insol. inTalkali solutions. Other oxides are said to exist. Tm, thulium. Probably a mixture of two or more elements; At. Wt. 168.5. Tm203, (?) thulium oxide. Said to exist. Ti, titanium. Dark gray or black, lustrous, amorph. powder; perhaps also hard, steel colored, cubic cryst.; bums with brilliant white light to Ti02 in air or O2; burns in CI2; decomp. water at 100°, giving H2; easily sol. in HCI if warm; sol. in cold, dil. H2SO4, HNO3 or HCaHA; sol. immediately in HF; has not been fused; At. Wt. 48 1; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 3.6; Val. 2, 3 and 4. Ti208, titanous oxide Black, or copper-red powder; changed to Ti02 when heat- ed in air; insol. in water, NH4OH, HCI or HNOs; difficultly sol. in H2SO4. Ti02, titanic oxide, titanium dioxide, titanic anhydride. Occurs native as rutile, anatase andjbrookite, — prismatic or octahedral cryst., with all shades of color; _ NON-METALS AND RARE METALS amorpb. Ti02 is a white powder that turns yellow when heated: insol. in water, and in all acids except cone H2SO4; fusible in oxy-hydrogen flame. TiO and TiOs also exist; several other oxides are said to exist. W, tungsten, wolframium. Hard, brittle, cryst. powder, varying in color from gray to brownish black, resembling sometimes Sn, sometimes Fe; fusible in oxy- hydrogen flame, part of it burning to WO3, more easily if the metal is powdered; insol. in water; si. acted on by HCl, HjSO^ or alkali solutions; HNO3 oxidizes it to WO3.XH2O; At. Wt. 184.0; Mol. Wt unknown; Sp. Gv. 18.8; Val. 6. WO, tungsten monoxide. Insol. in water, KOH -|- Aq and all acids except HNO3, which converts it into WO 3. WO2, tungsten dioxide, brown oxide of tungsten. Brown powder, with si. violet reflection; when prepared in the dry way it is attacked only by aqua regia, which oxidizes it to WO3; when moist it is sol. in HCl, H2SO4 and KOH + Aq, but in- sol. in NH4OH. WO3, tungsten trioxide, tungstic anhydride. Heavy, canary-yellow powder, or wine-yellow, very lustrous, rhombic tablets, octahedra or prisms; becomes orange- yellow when heated; turns blue when heated with reducing agents; easily fusible before the blowpipe; not decomp. at 1750°; sometimes turns greenish in the light, owing to partial reduction; insol. in water or acids; si. sol. in dil., easily in hot, cone, solutions of KOH, NaOH, NajCOa, K2CO3 or NH4OH. Other oxides are said to exist. U, uranium. Grayish black powder, or lustrous, hard, silver- white, metallic masses; somewhat malleable, but cannot be hammered into thin plates; melts near white heat; becomes covered on standing in air with a steel blue film of oxide; the powder burns at 150° to 170° in the air; insol. in water; slowly decomp. by cold, dil. H2SO4, rapidly on warming; easily sol. in dil. or cone. HCl; fused U is si. sol. in cone. HNO3 or H2SO4, but amorph. is easily sol.; insol. in HC2H302i NH4OH, NaOH-l-Aq or KOH+Aq ; At. Wt. 238.2; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 18.7; Val. 4 and6. UO21 uranous oxide. Dark brown, pyrophoric powder; or copper-red, non-py- rophoric powder with metallic luster; or black, non-pyrophoric, octahedral cryst.; or microscopic, iron-gray needles; insol. in water, dil. HCl or H2SO4; sol. in cone. H2SO4, and easily in HNO3; oxidized to UjOg when heated in air. UO3, uranic oxide. Brick-red or chamois-yellow powder; decomp. to U3O1 and O2 when heated in air; si. volatile at very high temp.; insol. in water; sol. in HNO3. n30s, urano-uranic oxide. Dark, olive-green powder, sometimes almost black, but always showing a green streak when rubbed on imglazed porcelain; insol. in water; very slowly and si. sol. in dil. HCl or H2SO4, more easily when cone; com- pletely sol. in boiling H2SO4; easily sol. in HNO3. UO, UO4 and U2O1S are also said to exist. V, vanadium. Light gray, lustrous powder; the microscope shows it to be com- posed of silver-white, cryst. particles; does not become coherent when compressed; not magnetic; not oxidized in air at ordinary temp.; powder bums in Bimsen flame; solid, when heated in air, is oxidized, forming various oxides with their character- istic colors, — V20(brown), V202(gray), V208(black), V204(blue) and finally VjOj (red); insol. in water, HCl, dil. H2SO4 and cold. cone. H2SO4; sol. in hot, cone. H2SO4; slowly sol. in HF; easily sol. in dil. or cone. HNOj; insol. in NaOH -j- Aq and KOH -)- Aq; At. Wt. 51.0; Mol. Wt. unknown; Sp. Gv. 6.5; M. P. very high temp. V2O, vanadium monoxide. Brown powder. V2O2, vanadium, dioxide. Light gray, lustrous powder; or lustrous, metal-like, cryst. crust; very brittle; fuses at high temp., changing slowly to V2O5; insol. in water; easily sol. in dil. acids, giving lavender solutions which bleach strongly. VjOa vanadium trioxide. Black, graphite-like powder, or black, lustrous cryst.; infusible; changes to V2O5 when heated; oxidized by water and dissolves; easily sol. in HF; sol. in HNO3; insol. in HCl, H2SO4 and alkali solutions. V2O4, vanadium tetroxide. Blue, lustrous, cryst. powder, sometimes dark green and amorpb.; infusible; insol. in water; easily sol. in acids, forming bright blue so- lutions; easily sol. in alkali solutions. V2O6, vanadium pentoxide. Pale-yellow powder with reddish tinge, or yellow- ish red, cryst. needles, ruby red by transmitted light; odorless and tasteless; red- dens moist litmus paper; nearly insol. in water; sol. in acids and alkali hydrate and carbonate solutions; insol. in alcohol and glacial HC2H3O2. Xe, xenon. Gas; At. Wt. 130.2; M. P. -140°; B. P. — -109° Titanium Cont. Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon NON-METALS AND RARE METALS Ytterbitim Yttrium Zirconium Yb, ytt-erbiiim. Not isolated; At. Wt. 173.5. YbjOj, ytterbium oxide. Heaw, white, infusible powder; slowly sol. in cold acids, easily sol. at 100° to colorless solutions. Y, yttrium. Grayish-black powder; decomp. water si. at ordinary temp., rapidly on boiling, forming the oxide; oxidizes when heated in air or O2; easily sol. in dil. acids, even HCjHsOz; si. sol. in cone. H2SO4; decomp. hot KOH-f Aq; At. Wt. 88.7. Y2O3, yttrium oxide. Heavy, white powder; insol. in water; si. sol. in cold acids, more in hot; sol. in HC2H8O2; insol. in NH4OH and KOH + Aq. Zr, zirconium. Occurs in two forms, — amorph. and cryst. Amorph. Zr is a, black, porous, charcoal-like powder that may be compressed to graphite-like lam- inae; burns to Zr02 in air with white light; easily sol. in HF; slowly sol. in boiling aqua regia, H2SO4 or cone. HCl. Cryst. Zr is a grayish, brittle, very hard and lus- trous soHd, resembling Sb; oxidizes at white heat; sol. in cold, cone. HF; violently sol. in a mixture of HNO3 and HF; slowly sol. in hot, cone. HCl; At. Wt. 90.6; Mol. Wt. unknown; Val. 4; Sp. Gv. 4.2; M. P. higher than that of Si. Zr02, zirconium oxide. White, tasteless, odorless, amorph. powder, or transpar- ent, colorless, hard, prismatic cryst.; when ignited, is insol. in all acids except HF and H2SO4; si. sol. in HF and sol. in H2SO4 only when finely powdered. ZrOs, zirconium peroxide. Insol. in cold, dil. H2SO4. 136 INDEX (The Hgurea indicate the pages, and page numbers are at the bottom of each page.) Abbreviations, x Acetates, general remarks, 117 Acetic acid, 117 Acid, acetic, 117 antimonic, 110 antimonous, 110 arsenic, 110, 117 arsenioias, 110, 112, 117 boracic, 117 boric, 117 bromic, 118 carbonic, 118 chloric, 118 chromic, 50, 119 dinitric, 121 disulphuric, 123 fluosilicic, 122 hydriodic, 120 hydrobromic, 118 hydrochloric, 118 hydrocyanic, 119 hydroferricyanic, 119 hydroferrocyanic, 1 19 hydrofluoric, 120 hydrofluosilicic, 122 hydrosulphocyanic, 124 hydrosulphuric, 123 hypophosphorous, 120 hyposiilphurous, 124 iodic, 120 manganic, 121 metaboric, 117 metaphosphoric, 122 metarsenic, 117 metasilicic, 122 metatungstic, 124 molybdic, 121 muriatic, 118 nitric, 121 nitric, fuming, 121 nitrous, 121 orthoarsenic, 117 orthoboric, 117 orthophosphoric, 122 orthosilicic, 122 orthotungstic, 124 oxalic, 121 permanganic, 121 phosphoric, 122 phosphorous, 122 prussic, 119 pyroarsenic, 117 pyroboric, 117 pyrophosphoric, 122 pyrosulpuuric, 123 Acid, Cord. silicic, 122 silicofluorhydric, 122 sulphooyanic, 124 sulphuric, 123 sulphuric, fuming, 123 sulphuric, Nordhausen, 123 sulphurous, 123 sulphydric, 123 stannic, 110 tartaric, 124 tetraboric, 117 thiocyanic, 124 thiosulphuric, 124 tungstio, 124 Algoroth, powder of (antimony chlo- ride), 109 Alkali (sodium carbonate), 4 Alum (aluminium potassium sulphate), 58 ammonia (aluminium ammonium sul phate), 60 ammonia chrome (chromium ammon- ium sulphate), 60 ammonia iron (ferric ammonium sul- phate), 58 chrome (chromium potassium sul- phate) 58 cobalt ammonia (cobalt ammonium sul- phate), 61 cobalt potassium (cobalt potassium sul- phate), 59 manganese ammonia (manganese am- monimn sulphate), 61 manganese potassium (manganese po- tassium siilphate), 61 potash (aluminium potassiiun sul- phate), 58 potash chrome (chromium potassium sulphate), 58 potash iron (ferric potassiimi sul- phate), 58 soda (aluminium sodium sulphate), 58 soda chrome (chromimn spdium sul- phate), 58 Alumina (aluminium oxide), 48 Aluminium, compounds, 36-62 properties, 34 Amethyst (aluminium oxide), 48 Ammonia, alum (aluminium ammonium sulphate), 60 aqua, 8 chrome alum (chromium ammonium sulphate), 60 iron almn (ferric ammonium sul- phate), 58 Ammonium, compounds, 2-17 properties, 2 137 INDEX (The Agures indicate the pages, and page niunbers are at the bottom of each page.) Anhydride, boric (boron oxide), 125 carbonic (carbon dioxide), 126 nitric (nitrogen pentoxide), 129 nitrous (nitrogen trioxide), 129 phosphorous (phosphorus trioxide), 131 phosphoric (phosphorus pentoxide), 131 selenious (selenium dioxide), 133 siHcic (silicon dioxide), 133 sulphuric (sulphur trioxide), 133 sulphurous (sulphur dioxide), 133 telluric (tellurium trioxide), 134 tellurous (tellurium dioxide), 134 tungstic (tungsten trioxide), 135 Anhydrite (calcium sulphate), 30 Antimonic acid, 110 Antimonous acid, 110, 112 Antimony, bloom (antimony oxide), 112 butter of (antimony chloride), 108 compounds, 107-116 glance (antimony sulphide), 114 properties, 106 Antimonyl bromide, 108 chloride, 109 fluoride, 110 Aqua ammonia, 8 regia, 118 Aquafortis (nitric acid), 121 Aragonite (calcium carbonate), 22 Argon, 125 Arsenates, general remarks, 117 Arsenic, acid, 110, 117 bloom (arsenic oxide), 112 butter of (arsenic chloride), 108 caustic oil of (arsenic chloride), 108 compounds, 107-116 properties, 106 white (arsenic oxide), 112 Arsenious acid, 110, 117 Arsenites, general remarks, 117 Arsenyl, bromide, 108 chloride, 109 Azurite (copper carbonate), 73 B Baking soda (acid sodium carbonate), 5 Barite (barium sulphate), 29 Barium, compoimds, 20-32 properties, 20 Baryta (barium oxide), 27 caustic (barium hydrate), 24 Barytas (barium sulphate), 29 Beryllium, 125 oxide, 125 Bicarbonates, see the acid carbonates of the different metals Bichromates, see the chromates of the dif- ferent metals. Bismuth, butter of (bismuth chloride), 75 compounds, 69-103 properties, 67 Bismuthyl chloride, 75 fluoride, 79 iodide 83 Bisulphates, see the acid sulphates of the different metals. Bisulphites, see the acid sulphites of the different metals Bitartrates, see the acid tartrates of the different metals Bitter salt (magnesium sulphate), 29 Bloom, antimony (antimony oxide), 112 arsenic (arsenic oxide), 112 cobalt (cobalt arsenate), 37 Blue, Paris (ferric terrocyanide), 42 Prussian (ferric ferrocyanide), 42 stone (copper sulphate), 93 Turnbull's (ferrous ferricyanide), 42 verdigris (copper acetate), 69 vitriol (copper sulphate), 93 Bologna phosphorous (barium sulphide), 30 Boracic acid, 117 Borates, general remarks, 117 Borax (sodium borate), 3, 4 burnt (sodium borate), 4 Boric acid, 117 anhydride, 125 Boron, 125 oxide, 125 Brimstone, 133 Bromates, general remarks, 118 Bromic acid, 118 Bromides, general remarks, 118 Bromine, 125 Brown, Hattchett's (copper ferrocya- nide), 77 Brunswick green (copper chloride), 75 Brucite (magnesium hydrate), 24 Burnt borax (sodium borate), 4 lime (calcium oxide), 27 magnesia (magnesium oxide), 27 Butter of antimony (antimony chlo- ride), 108 of arsenic (arsenic chloride), 108 of bismuth (bismuth chloride), 75 of tin (tin chloride), 108 of zinc (zinc chloride), 41 Buttercup yellow (zinc chromate), 43 c Cadmium, compounds, 69-103 orange (cadmium sulphide), 97 properties, 67 yellow (cadmitun sulphide), 97 Caesium, 125 oxide, 126 Calcite (calciimi carbonate), 22 Calcium, compounds, 20-32 properties, 20 Calc-spar (calcium carbonate), 22 Calomel (mercury chloride), 72 Carbon, 125 dioxide, 126 gas-retort, 126 monoxide, 126 oxides, 126 Carbonates, general remarks, 118 Carbonic acid, 118 acid gas, 126 anhydride, 126 138 INDEX (The figures indicate the pages, and page numbers are at the bottom oJ each page.) Caustic (sodium hydrate), 8 baryta (barium hydrate), 24 lime (calcium oxide), 27 lime (calcium hydrate), 24 lunar (silver nitrate), 84 oil of arsenic (arsenic chloride), 108 potash (potassium hydrate), 8 soda (sodium hydrate), 8 Celestite (strontium sulphate), 29 Cerium, 126 oxides, 126 Chalcocite (copper sulphide), 97 Chalk (calcium carbonate), 22 Chameleon mineral (potassium mangan- ate), 9 Charcoal, 126 Chili saltpeter (sodium nitrate), 10 Chlorates, general remarks, 118 Chloric acid, 118 Chlorides, general remarks, 119 Chlorine, 126 oxides, 126 Chromates, general remarks, 119 Chrome alum (chromium potassium sul- phate), 58 _ alum, ammonia (chromium ammonium sulphate), 60 alum, potash (chromium potassium sulphate), 58 alum, soda (chromium sodium sul- phate); 58 green (chromium oxide), 48 orange (lead chromate), 76 red (lead chromate), 76 yellow (lead chromate), 74 Cluromic acid, 50, 119 Chromium, compounds, 36-62 properties, 34 Cinnabar (mercury sulphide), 96 Clay (aluminium silicate), 54 Coal, 126 Cobalt, ammonia alum (cobalt ammonium sulphate), 61 bloom (cobalt arsenate), 37 compotmds, 37-63 potassium alum (cobalt potassium sul- phate), 59 properties, 35 vitriol (cobalt sulphate), 57 yellow (cobalt potassium nitrite), 49 Colcoibar, salt of (iron sulphate), 66 Columbium, 127 oxides, 127 Coke, 126 Colloidal, antimony sulphide, 115 arsenic sulphide, 115 cadmium sulphide, 97 copper sulphide, 97 mercury sulphide, 98 silicic acid, 122 stannic arseniat«, 107 sulphur, 133 Common salt (sodium chloride), 5 Cooking salt (sodiimi chloride), 5 soda (acid sodivun carbonate), 5 Copper, compounds, 69-103 glance (copper sulphide), 97 properties, 67 vitriol (copper sulphate), 93 Copperas (iron sulphate), 56 Corrosive sublimate (mercury chloride), 72 Corundum (aluminium oxide), 48 Cream of tartar (acid potassium tar- trate), 16 Crystallized verdigris (copper acetate), 69 Cubic, niter (sodium nitrate), 10 saltpeter (sodium nitrate), 10 Cupric compounds, 69-103 Cuprous compounds, 69-103 Cyanides, general remarks, 119 D Diamond, 125 Dichromates, see the chromates of the dif- ferent metals. general remarks, 119 Didymium, 127 oxide, 127 Dinitric acid, 121 Disulphuric acid, 123 Dry soda (sodium carbonate), 5 Dysprosium, 127 oxide, 127 E Emerald (aluminium oxide), 48 Emery (aluminium oxide), 48 Emetic, tartar (antimony potassium tar- trate), 116 Epsom salts (magnesium sulphate), 29 Erbium, 127 oxide, 127 Europium, 127 F Ferric compounds, 36-62 Ferricyanides, general remarks, 120 Ferriprussiates, general remarks, 120 Ferrocyanides, general remarks, 119 Ferroprussiates, general remarks, 119 Ferrous compounds, 36-62 Flour, poison (arsenic oxide), 112 Flowers of tin (tin oxide), 112 of zinc (zinc oxide), 49 Fluorides, general remarks, 120 Fluorine, 127 Fluorite (calciimi fluoride), 24 Fluosilicates, see the silicofluorides of the different metals. general remarks, 122 Fluosilicic acid, 122 Fluorspar (calcitmi iJuoride), 24 Fool's gold (iron sulphide), 60 Fuming, nitric acid, 121 sulphm-ic acid, 123 Gadolinium, 127 oxide, 127 Galena (lead sulphide), 96 GalUum, 127 oxides, 127 139 INDEX (The figures indicate the pages, and page numbers are at the bottom ol each page.) Gas, carbonic acid, 126 laughing (nitrous oxide), 129 retort carbon, 126 Germanium, 127 oxides, 127 Glance, antimony (^antimony sulphide), 114 copper (copper, sulphide), 97 Glass, soluble (potassium silicate), 13 soluble (sodium silicate), 13 Glauber's salt (sodium sulphate), 13 Glucinum, 125, 128 oxide, 125 Gold, 128 fool's (iron sulphide), 60 mosaic (tin sulphide), 114 oxides, 128 Graphite, 126 Green, Brunswick (copper chloride), 75 chrome (chromium oxide), 48 Imperial (copper acetoarsenite), 71 mineral (copper carbonate), 73 Paris (copper acetoarsenite), 71 Scheele's (copper arsenite), 71 Sohweinfurth's (copper acetoarsen- ite), 71 verdigris (copper acetate), 69 vitriol (iron sulphate), 56 Group, I, compounds, 2-17 I, general remarks, 1 I, metals, 2 II, compounds, 20-32 II, general remarks, 19 II, metals, 20 III, compounds, 36-63 III, general remarks, 33 III, metals, 34 IV, compounds, 36-63 IV, general remarks, 33 IV, metals, 34, 35 V, compounds, 68-103 V, general remarks, 65 V, metals, 66, 67 VI, compounds, 107-116 VI, general remarks, 105 VI, metals, 106 Gypsum (calcium sulphate), 29 H Hard coal, 126 Hartshorn, spirits of (ammonium hy- drate), 8 Hattchett's brown (copper ferrooyan- ide), 77 Heavy spar (barium sulphate), 29 HeUum, 128 Hematite (iron oxide), 48 Holmium, 128 oxide, 128 Hydrates, general remarks, 120 Hydriodic acid, 120 Hydrobromic acid, 118 Hydrochloric acid, 118 Hydrocyanic acid, 119 Hydroferricyanic acid, 119 Hydroferrocyanic acid, 119 Hydrofluoric acid, 120 Hydrofluosilicic acid, 122 Hydrogen, 128 oxides, 128 peroxide, 128 persulphide, 123 sulphide, 123 sulphuretted, 123 Hydrosulphocyanic acid, 124 Hydrosulphuric acid, 123 Hypo (sodium thiosulphate), 16 Hypophospbites, general remarks, 120 Hypophosphorous acid, 120 Hyposulphites, see the thiosulphates of the different metals. general remarks, 120 Hyposulphurous acid, 124 I Iceland spar (calcium carbonate), 22 Imperial green (copper acetoarsenite), 71 Indium, 128 oxides, 128 lodates, general remarks, 120 Iodic acid, 120 Iodides, general remarks, 120 Iodine, 128 oxide, 128 Iridium, 128 oxides, 128 Iron alum, ammonia (ferric ammonium sulphate), 58 alum, potash (ferric potassium sul- phate), 58 compounds, 36-62 magnetic sulphide of (iron sulphide), 60 properties, 34 pyrites (iron sulphide), 61 vitriol (iron sulphate), 56 K Kaolin (aluminium silicate), 54 Kermes mineral (antimony stdphide), 114 Krypton, 129 L Lamp-black, 126 * Lanthanum, 129 oxide, 129 Laughing gas (nitrous oxide), 129 Lead, compoimds, 68-102 properties, 66 red (lead oxide), 88 sugar of (lead acetate), 68 white (lead carbonate), 72 Lime, (calcimn oxide), 27 (calcitmi hydrate), 24 burnt (calcium oxide), 27 caustic (calcium oxide), 27 caustic (calcimn hydrate), 24 quick (calcium oxide), 27 slaked (calciimi hydrate), 24 Limestone (calcium carbonate), 22 Litharge (lead oxide), 86 Lithium, compounds, 2-17 properties, 2 140 INDEX (The figures Indicate the pages, and page numbers are at the hottom of each page.) Liver, of sulphur (potassium sulphide), 15 of sulphur, soda (sodium sulphide), 15 of sulphur, volatile (ammonium sul- phide), 15 Lunar caustic (silver nitrate), 84 Lutecium, 129 M Magnesia, (magnesium oxide), 27 (magnesium hydrate), 24 (magnesium carbonate), 22 alba (magnesium carbonate), 22 burnt (magnesiimi oxide), 27 usta (magnesium oxide), 27 Magnesite (magnesium carbonate), 22 Magnesium, compounds, 20-32 properties, 20 Magnetic, oxide of iron (iron oxide), 50 , sulphide of iron (iron sulphide), 60 irfagnetite (iron oxide), 50 Malachite (copper carbonate), 73 Manganates, general remarks, 121 Manganese, ammonia alum (manganese ammonium sulphate), 61 compounds, 37-63 properties, 35 potassium alum (manganese potassium sulphate), 61 Manganic acid, 121 Marble (calcium carbonate), 22 Massicot (lead oxide), 86 Mercuric compounds, 68-102 Mercurous compounds, 68-102 Mercury, compounds, 68-102 properties, 66 Metaborates, see the borates of the differ- ent metals. Metaboric acid, 117 Metaphosphates, see the phosphates of the different metals. general remarks, 122 Metaphosphoric acid, 122 Metarsenic acid, 117 Metasilicates, see the silicates of the differ- ent metals Metasilicic acid, 122 Metatungstic acid, 124 Microcosmic salt (sodium ammonium phosphate), 12 Mineral, chameleon (potassium mangan- ate), 9 green (copper carbonate), 73 Kermes (antimony sulphide), 114 Turpeth (mercury sulphate), 94 Minium (lead oxide), 88 Molybdates, general remarks, 121 Molybdenum, 129 oxides, 129 Molybdic acid, 121 Monsel's salt (basic iron sulphate), 58 Mosaic gold (tin sulphide), 114 Muriatic acid, 118 N Neodymium, 129 oxide, 120 Neon, 129 Nickel, compounds,. 37-63 properties, 35 vitriol (nickel sulphate), 57 Niobium, 127 Niter (potassium nitrate), 10 cubic (sodium nitrate), 10 spirit of (nitric acid), 121 Niton, 129 Nitrates, general remarks, 121 Nitric, acid, 121 acid, fuming, 121 anhydride, 129 oxide, 129 Nitrites, general remarks, 121 Nitrogen, 129 dioxide, 129 monoxide, 129 oxides, 129 pentoxide, 129 peroxide, 129 tetroxide, 129 trioxide, 129 Nitrous acid, 121 anhydride, 129 oxide, 129 Non-Metals and rare metals, 125-136 Nordhausen sulphuric acid, 123 Norwegian saltpeter (calcium nitrate), 26 o Oil, of arsenic, caustic (arsenic chlo- ride), 108 of vitriol (sulphuric acid), 123 Orange, cadmium (cadmium sulphide), 97 chrome (lead chromate), 76 Ore, red-lead (lead oxide), 74 Orpiment, (arsenic sulphide), 115 Orthoarsenic acid, 117 Orthoboric acid, 117 Orthophosphates, see the phosphates of the different metals general remarks, 122 Orthophosphoric acid, 122 Orthosilicates, see the silicates of the dif- ferent metals. Orthosilicic acid, 122 Orthotungstic acid, 124 Osmium, 130 oxides, 130 Oxalates, general remarks, 121 Oxalic acid, 121 Oxides, general remarks, 122 Oxygen, 130 Ozone, 130 P Palladium, 130 oxides, 130 Paris, blue (ferric ferrocyanide), 42 green (copper acetoarsenite), 71 plaster (calcium sulphate), 30 Pearl white (bismuth oxychloride), 75 Pearlash (potassium carbonate), 4 Permanganates, see the manganates of the different metals. general remarks, 121 141 INDEX (The figures indicate the pages, and page numbers are at the bottom of each page.) Permanganic acid, 121 PersulpUdes, general remarks, 123 Pliilosopher's wool (zinc oxide), 49 Phosphates, general remarks, 122 Phosphites, general remarks, 122 Phosphoric acid, 122 anhydride, 131 Phosphorous acid, 122 anhydride, 131 Phosphorus, 130 Bologna (barium sulphide), 30 oxides, 131 pentoxide, 131 salt of (sodium ammonium phos- phate), 12 suboxide, 131 tetroxide, 131 trioxide, 131 Plaster of Paris (calcimn sulphate), 30 Platinum, 131 oxides, 132 Poison flour (arsenic oxide), 112 Potash, (jjotassium hydrate), 8 (potassium carbonate), 4 (potassium chlorate), 5 alinn (aluminium potassiimi sul- phate), 58 caustic (potassitmi hydrate), 8 chrome alum (chromium potassium sulphate), 58 iron alum (ferric potassium sulphate), 58 red prussiate of (potassium ferricyan- ide), 7 water glass (potassium silicate), 13 yellow prussiate of (potassium ferro- cyanide), 7 Potassium, compounds, 2-17 properties, 2 Powder of algoroth (basic antimony chlo- ride), 109 Praseodymium, 132 Precipitate, red (mercury oxide), 86 yellow (mercury oxide), 86 Prussian blue (ferric ferrocyanide), 42 Prussiate, of potash, red (potassium ferri- cyanide), 7 of potash, yellow (potassium ferrocy- anide), 7 Prussic acid, 119 Pyrites, iron (iron sulphide), 61 Pyroarsenic acid, 117 I^roboric acid, 117 Pyrolusite (manganese oxide), 51 Pyrophosphates, see the phosphates of the different metals, general remarks, 122 Pyrophosphoric acid, 122 Pyrosulphuric acid, 123 Quartz (silicon oxide), 133 Quick lime (calcium oxide), 27 Quicksilver (mercury), 66 Radium, 132 R Realgar (arsenic sulphide), 114 Red, chrome (lead chromate), 76 lead (lead oxide), 88 lead ore (lead chromate), 74 precipitate (mercury oxide), 86 prussiate of potash (potassium ferri- cyanide), 7 Rhodium, 132 oxides, 132 Rhodonides, 124 Rochelle salt (sodium potassium tar- trate), 16 Rock salt (sodium chloride), 5 Rubidium, 132 Ruby (aluminium oxide), 48 sulphur (arsenic sulphide), 114 Rust (iron oxide), 48 Ruthenium, 132 oxides, 132 Sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride), 5 Saleratus, (acid potassium carbonate), 5 (acid sodium carbonate), 5 Salsoda (sodium carbonate), 4 Salt, (sodium chloride), 5 bitter (magnesium sulphate), 29 common (sodium chloride), 5 cooking (sodium chloride), 5 Glauber's (sodium sulphate), 13 microcosmic (sodium ammonium phos- phate), 12 Monsel's (basic iron sulphate) 58 of Colcothar (iron sulphate), 56 of phosphorus (sodium ammonium phosphate), 12 of sorrel (potassium oxalate), 10 of tartar (potassium carbonate), 4 Rochelle (sodium potassium tartrate), 16 rock (sodium chloride), 5 sea (sodium chloride), 5 Seignette (sodium potassium tar- trate), 16 table (sodium chloride), 5 tin (tin chloride), 108, 109 Saltpeter, (potassium nitrate), 10 Chili (sodium nitrate), 10 cubic (sodium nitrate), 10 Norwegian (calcium nitrate), 26 Salts, Epsom (magnesium sulphate), 29 Sand (silicon oxide), 133 Samarium, 132 oxides, 132 Sapphire (aluminium oxide), 48 Scandium, 132 oxide, 132 Scheele's green (copper arsenite), 71 Schweinfurth's green (copper acetoarsen- ite), 71 Sea salt (sodium chloride), 5 Seignette salt (sodium potassium tar- trate), 16 Selenious anhydride, 133 Selenium, 132 oxides, 133 Siderite (iron carbonate), 38 142 INDEX (The figures Indicate tlie pages, and page numbers are at the bottom of each page.) Silicates, general remarks, 122 Silicic acid, 122 anhydride, 133 SiUcofluorhydric acid, 122 Silicofluorides, general remarks, 122 SiUcon, 133 dioxide, 133 Silver, compounds, 68-102 properties, 66 Slaked lime (calcium hydrate), 24 Soda, (acid sodium carbonate), 5 (sodium carbonate), 4 (sodium hydrate), 8 alum (aluminium sodium sulphate), 58 baking (acid sodium carbonate), 5 caustic (sodium hydrate), 8 chrome alum (chromium sodium sul- phate), 58 cooking (acid sodium carbonate), 5 dry (sodium carbonate), 5 liver of sulphur (sodium sulphide), 15 washing (sodium carbonate), 4 water glass (sodium silicate), 13 Sodium, compounds, 2-17 properties, 2 Soft coal, 126 Soluble, glass (potassium silicate), 13 glass (sodium silicate), 13 tartar (potassium tartrate), 16 Sorrel, salt of (potassium oxalate), 10 Spirit of niter (nitric acid), 121 Spirits of hartshorn (ammonium hy- drate), 8 Stannic acid, 110 compounds, 107-116 Stannous compounds, 107-116 Stibnite (antimony sulphide), 114 Stone, blue (copper sulphate), 93 tin (tin oxide), 112 Strontia (strontium oxide), 27 Strontianite (strontium carbonate), 22 Strontium, compounds, 20-32 properties, 20 Sublimate, corrosive (mercury chloride), 72 Sugar of lead (lead acetate), 68 Sulphates, general remarks, 123 Sulphide of hydrogen, 123 of iron, magnetic (iron sulphide), 60 Sulphides, general remarks, 123 Sulphites, general remarks, 123 Sulphocyanates, see the sulphocyanides of the different metals general remarks, 124 Sulphocyanic acid, 124 Sulphocyanides, general remarks, 124 Sulphur, 133 clioxide, 133 liver of (potassium sulphide), 15 oxides, 133 ruby (arsenic sulphide), 114 soda liver of (sodium sulphide), 15 trioxide, 133 volatile liver of (ammonium sulphide) , 15 Sulphuretted hydrogen, 123 Sulphuric acid, 123 ' acid, fuming, 123 Sulphuric acid, Cont. acid, Nordhausen, 123 anhydride, 133 Sulphurous acid, 123 anhydride, 133 Sulphydric acid, 123 Table salt (sodium chloride), 5 Tantalum, 133 oxides, 134 Tartar, cream of (acid potassium tar- trate), 16 emetic (antimony potassium tar- trate), 116 salt of (potassium carbonate), 4 soluble (potassium tartrate), 16 Tartaric acid, 124 Tartrates, general remarks, 124 Telluric anhydride, 134 Tellurium, 134 oxides, 134 TelluTous anhydride, 134 Terbium, 134 oxide, 134 Tetraborates, see the borates of the dif- ferent metals Tetraboric acid, 117 Thallium, 134 oxides, 134 Thiocyanates, see sulphocyanides of the different metals. general remarks, 124 Thiocyanic acid, 124 Thiosulphates, general remarks, 124 Thiosulphuric acid, 124 Thorium, 134 oxides, 134 ThuUum, 134 oxide, 134 Tin, butter of (tin chloride), 108 compounds, 107-116 flowers of (tin oxide), 112 properties, 106 salt (tin chloride), 108, 109 stone (tin oxide), 112 Titanic anhydride, 134 Titanium, 134 oxides, 134 Topaz (aluminium oxide), 48 Tungstates, general remarks, 124 Tungsten, 135 oxides, 135 Tungstic acid, 124 anhydride, 135 Tumbull's blue (ferrous ferricyanide), 42 Turpeth mineral (mercury sulphate), 94 Uranium, 135 oxides, 135 Vanadium, 135 oxides, 135 u V 143 INDEX (The figures indicate the pages, and page numhers are at the bottom of each page.) Verdigris, blue (copper acetate), 69 common, 69 crystallized (copper acetate), 69 green (copper acetate), 69 Vermillion (mercury sulphid^, 96 Vitriol, 123 blue (copper sulphate), 93 cobalt (cobalt sulphate), 67 copper (copper sulphate), 93 green (iron sulphate), 56 iron (iron sulphate), 56 nickel (nickel sulphate), 57 oil of (sulphuric acid), 123 white( zinc sulphate), 57 zinc (zinc sulphate), 57 Volatile hver of sulphur (ammonium sul- phide), 15 w Washing soda (sodium carbonate), 4 Water, 128 glass (potassium siUcate), 13 . glass (sodium silicate), 13 glass, potash (potassium siUcate), 13 glass, soda (sodium silicate), 13 White, arsenic (arsenic oxide), 112 lead (lead carbonate), 72 pearl (bismuth oxychloride), 75 vitriol (zinc sulphate), 57 zinc (zinc oxide), 49 Witherite (barium carbonate), 22 Wolframates, see tungstates of the differ- ent metals Wool, Philosopher's (zinc oxide), 49 Xenon, 135 X Y Yellow, buttercup (zinc chromate), 43 cadmium (cadmium sulphide), 97 chrome (lead chromate), 74 cobalt (cobalt potassium nitrite), 49 precipitate (mercury oxide), 86 prussiate of potash (potassium ferro- cyanide), 7 sulphide of arsenic, 115 zinc (zinc chromate), 43 Ytterbium, 136 oxide, 136 Yttrium, 136 oxide, 136 Zinc, butter of (zinc chloride), 41 compounds, 37-63 flowers of (zinc oxide), 49 properties, 35 vitriol (zinc sulphate), 57 white (zinc oxide), 49 yellow (zinc chromate), 43 Zirconium, 136 oxides, 136 144