CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY fNefNEERIiVfi UuNAhX Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004696575 IMPERIAL MINERAL RESOURCES BUREAU. THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. WAR PERIOD. TIN. (1913-1919.) LONDON : PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased through any Bookseller or directly from H M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses : Imperial House, Kihgswat, London, W.C.2, and 28, Abingdon Street, London, S.W.I; 37, Peter Street, Manchester; 1, St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff; 23, Forth Street, Edinburgh; or from EASON St SON, Ltd., 40 & 41. Lower Sackville Street, Dubliv. 1922. Price 3s. Od. Net. Gt /Sen JTnPerei^ t- TnST/tuic. ) LoKlhod, 7V cUU PEEFACE. The following digest of statistical and technical information relative to the production, consumption and value of Tin will form a part of the volume or volumes on the Mineral Resources of the British Empire and Foreign Countries constituting the Annual Mineral Conspectus of the Bureau. In this, the first year of publication, an effort has been made to fill in, as far as possible, the hiatus due to the war in the publications relating to mining and metallurgical statistics. Labour, health and safety statistics have been omitted owing to the difficulty involved in procuring reliable information for the war period, but in future issues these statistics will be included in respect of each year. The weights are expressed in long tons, that is to say, the British statute ton of 2,240 lb., and values in pounds, shillings and pence at par rates of exchange. Professor Thomas Turner, a Governor of the Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau, is Chairman of the Advisory Technical Committee which has dealt with Tin. The Bureau is indebted to Messrs. W. E. Moulsdale and R. A. Thomas for assistance in the preparation of this digest. (Signed) R. A. S. Redmayne, Chairman of the Governors. 2, Queen Anne's Gate Buildings, London, S.W.I. December, 1921. 36347 A 2 CONTENTS PAGE. GENERAL 5 Properties of the metal ... ... ••■ ■•• ■•• ••• ° Ore minerals ••• ■■• ••• „ Occurrence Mexico . Bolivia French Indo-China Siam Dutch East Indies Uses 6 Note on tin-smelting ... ... ... • • ■ • ■ • • • • • • • < "Valuation of tin ores ... ... ... • • • • • ■ • • • • ■ • 10 BRANDS OF TIN 12 PRICES 12 WORLD'S PRODUCTION 14 BRITISH EMPIRE 16 United Kingdom ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 17 Gold Coast 28 Nigeria ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 28 Rhodesia ... ... ... ... ... ... 31 Swaziland ... ... ... ... ... 31 Union of South Africa : Transvaal ... ... ... ... ... ... 32 Cape Province ... ... ... ... ... 32 Natal ... 32 South- West Africa Territory 32 Canada... ... ... ... ... ... ... 35 Hong Kong ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 41 India 42 Straits Settlements ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 48 The Federated Malay States 50 The Unfederated Malay States 54 Australia : New South Wales 56 Victoria 57 Queensland ... ... ... .. ... ... ... 57 Western Australia ... 58 Tasmania ... ... 58 Northern Territory ... ... ... ... ... ... 60 New Zealand 63 FOREIGN COUNTRIES : France ... ... ... g4 Germany and Bohemia ... ... ... ... ... ... g5 Italy "'. "'. 66 Netherlands ... 57 Portugal ... ... ... ... £7 Russia ... gg Spain "" g 9 Belgian Congo ... ... ... ... 70 70 United States ... ... ... ... ... 71 77 China ... ... ... ... gQ 82 Japan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... go 84 84 REFERENCES TO TECHNICAL LITERATURE g 7 GENEEAL. Properties of the Metal. Tin (Sn) is a white, highly malleable and very ductile metal. When cast in blocks it has a marked tendency to crystallize, and the well-known " cry " of the metal when bent is due to the crystals rubbing against one another. It is dimorphous — crystal- lizing at ordinary temperatures in the tetragonal system but changing at 200°C. to the rhombic form which is brittle, thus accounting for the brittleness which the metal exhibits at this temperature. The atomic weight of tin is 119, the specific gravity 7'5, the melting point 227° to 235°C, and the boiling point about 2100°C. At 1600°C., it burns in air, forming the oxide SnO*. At low temperatures it may change to an allotropic form and break down to a grey, granular powder. This change takes place at 18°C. and lower, and is known as " tin pest." Once the change has commenced, it continues even though the metal be again subjected to ordinary temperatures. The common impurities in commercial tin are iron, arsenic, sulphur, antimony, bismuth, lead and copper. Their effect is to diminish the ductility and lustre of the metal, and to render it harder and greyer. The ordinary tin of commerce contains 98'7 to 9996 per cent, pure tin. The purer brands are produced from pure alluvial ores, and to a less extent electrolytically. Ore Minerals. There is only one important ore of tin, namely, cassiterite, the oxide (Sn0 2 ). The sulphide ore of tin, stannite (Cu 2 S. FeS. SnSa), has, however, been mined in Bolivia, Tasmania and New South Wales. Cassiterite is found in various forms, and has been given many different names according to its appearance or mode of occurrence. The most usual is the black or dark brown variety with an adamantine lustre, often found in crystals belonging to the tetra- gonal system, and known as black tin or tinstone. Other varieties are sparable, needle, wood, toad's eye, rosin and ruby tin. The term ' ' stream tin ' ' is applied to any of the foregoing occurring in alluvial deposits. The specific gravity of cassiterite is 7, and its hardness is 6' 5. The large deposits of alluvial ore owe their preservation to its extreme insolubility and- hardness and its consequent resistance to weathering agents. Cassiterite may be recognized by its density, hardness, and, generally, the pale brown colour of its powder. 36347 A 3 Stannite, known also as tin-pyrites or bell-metal ore, is usually granular or massive. It is a steel-grey mineral with a m ^ tal ^ ic lustre and yields a black streak. The hardness is 4 and the specific gravity 4'4. It fuses readily to a magnetic globule. Occurrence. By far the greater portion of the world's production is now obtained from alluvial deposits. In these deposits the tinstone is associated with the other durable constituents of the veins and rocks, such as quartz, ilmenite, tourmaline and topaz. The occurrences of cassiterite in veins and lodes, from which alluvial deposits have been derived, are invariably associated with highly acid igneous rocks. With the exception of a few localities, which have not been fully studied, and are of little economic import- ance, all primary tin-bearing deposits are closely connected with granite intrusions, and occur either in the granite itself, or in near proximity to it in the overlying rocks, or in pegmatitic modifications of the granite, including greisen.* Quartz is almost universally the chief constituent of cassiterite veins, other common accessories being lithia mica, fluorspar, tour- maline, topaz, apatite, and wolframite, together with sulphides of iron, copper, and arsenic. Cassiterite is occasionally found in a matrix of calcite, as in the Federated Malay States. Uses. The uses of tin are numerous and highly important. Some of its chief uses are in the manufacture of tin- and terne-plates and in the making of various alloys, tinning, and tin-lined pipes. A comparatively small amount is used in the manufacture of tin- foil, collapsible tubes, and certain compounds. Founded on British ores and British smelters, the tin-plate industry of South Wales at one time practically supplied the world with tin- and terne-plates. Tin-plates consist of thin steel sheets coated with metallic tin to the extent of approximately 1£ per cent, of the product. Terne plates are coated with a lead-tin alloy. The chief manufacturing countries to-day are the United States and Great Britain. Small quantities of tin-plates are made in Germany, Italy, France, Spain and Eussia. Tin is of primary importance as an alloy metal. There is a large number of these alloys, but the more important groups are the bronzes, including gun-metal, lead alloys or solders, fusible alloys, Babbit metal and other bearing metals, type metal and pewter. ' * Greisen is an altered granite, consisting of a mixture of quartz and mica usually with some topaz ; cassiterite, wolframite, fluorspar, tourmaline and other minerals are sometimes present. ' Numerous compounds of tin are used principally as mordants in dyeing and calico-printing. Various colours also have a tin base, and the enamel and pottery trades use tin compounds. Stannic chloride (SnCL,) is used for weighting silk before dyeing. During the war scarcity of supplies and high prices led to search for efficient substitutes for the metal. Cardboard was successfully used for containers for certain foodstuffs, &c, but cannot be expected permanently to supersede tin-plate to any serious extent. A substitute for tin-foil for certain purposes is aluminium-foil. At high prices for tin there may be an advantage on the side of aluminium, since, on account of its lower specific gravity, an equal weight of sheets of equal thickness gives three times the superficial area as compared with tin. Aluminium foil in now manufactured in sheets giving up to 37,200 square inches of superficial area per pound. Tin-foil is obtainable giving up to 18,000 square inches per lb. Even should this prove a permanent substitution, it is probable that the increasing use of tin in alloys will more than offset the loss of demand for tin-foil. Note on Tin-Smelting. Tin is produced on a commercial scale in the largest tin smel- teries by the reduction of cassiterite (Sn0 2 ) in open-hearth furnaces, with the addition of anthracite or coal as reduction material. Shaft furnaces of varying types — from the primitive native furnaces in tin mining districts to the modern water- jacketed blast furnaces — have long been in use, but the world's supply of tin is mainly the product of the reverberatory furnace reducing tin oxide to metal. Such furnaces are direct-fired with coal or oil, or they utilize producer gas. Direct-fired furnaces often utilize waste heat in heating the air-draft, or in waste heat boilers. Gas-fired furnaces usually have single direction re- cuperators, or reversible regenerators attached for utilizing the 'waste heat and cooling the furnace gases. The air-draft alone is heated by the waste heat ; the producer gas is not preheated. The flue gases from reverberatory tin-smelting furnaces usually contain a considerable quantity of tin oxide in the form of volati- lized fume or very finely divided ore, and the recovery of such fume and dust is an important and necessary part of the smelting operation. This recovery is effected by wet mechanical methods, by dry processes, including filtration in bag houses, and by elec- tric precipitation. For all such processes a pre-cooling of the flue gases is imperative or desirable. The recovered material in the form of dust or slime is resmelted with the ore charges. Tin is a metal that is often required in commerce in a very pure state free from metallic impurities. It is an expensive and difficult operation to remove metallic contaminations from the smelted tin, so that attention is directed to the removal of the deleterious metals in preliminary concentration or metal- lurgical processes before smelting. Some tin ores contain 35347 A 4 products of value which are recoverable at a profit. The pre- liminary metallurgical treatment is principally by roasting in suitable furnaces, with a plain oxidizing, a sulphatizing <> r a chloridizing roast, according to the end desired, followed by leaching in water or in a chemical solution. Tin containing metallic impurities may be refined by electro- lytic methods resulting in a tin metal of high purity, and the separation of metals which in some cases are valuable and pay for recovery. The expense of electrolytic tin-refindng is high, and it is not yet certain that this method of refining is commercially competitive with the older method, although good progress has been made and the results are encouraging. An obvious advantage of electrolytic refining will be in the use of low-grade impure metal for the anodes, by which the ex- pensive preliminary treatment necessary for impure ores may be avoided. In such cases the shaft furnace may be more largely employed, especially if the fume recovery, by electrostatic or other means, is efficient. The quantities of anthracite and other coal required for the reduction and smelting of a 70 per cent, tin ore, are variable in amount according to the class of coal used and the efficiency of the smelting methods employed. For reduction purposes the anthracite will vary from 16 to 20 per cent, of the weight of ore. For smelting, the bituminous coal usually used will vary from 40 to as much as 100 per cent, of the weight of ore, according to whether direct-fired or producer gas furnaces are employed. Fuel consumption, too, both of coal and oil, may be materially in- fluenced by the efficiency of the waste heat recovery system employed. -*» o 3 ° r* (N 00 CO — t~lO -H O OO <-< a ■- a g qOOOOOOOOOOOOOO g g gooo _&. 03 saa© » = -^ 3 2-* SoHMosao " 3-1 qfaaogaoaSgogcoooanoggo GO •-W ' -*=> -U * *3 * * * ' • +3 -t* • d o •^TIC^O-^ SOOOi-Hi-i gooo — <■> ©o »^ *-t -*» ' 0) 00eC«lMiCMN(DI>ONOON«0D>0C0a5(N(N*^ ft. HN^iOCOINfN^OTliOINiOOQO^^iDOiOCOO ft. o o OOOOOO— «OOO^hOO'-hO"^ , OOCOO'-"»-h J d. Bismui CO *C O iO ^ O t* h t> O O t~- J *3 -*» * * -+3 * * -*3 ' * * i— ( co 'a S covocoos^ot>*or^c> a O 00 HoiHrHOHto^OHH^xNt-o^iNeoeoco 00 J3ooooOHwnOH>ofl5HOOHOom J '■+3 a "** 05io»ioco(NaiC^r*corHOOTfiHeow(N CTjwJC~--iJ301ClC505050)0)03C100fliff>OS0101GlCO»0 OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS Ci OS OS OS OS OS OS CTj OS OV OS -- _ - OS dodo *; fc Jz; fc fc H(NM :::::::« s s = = :: : : riWM d <-> oftftft »a iz; fzi » - ::::::: e> ::::*.- r 9 _ . S a S s " = "'"' °* m 9 °^ H o M ojgMa a ■3-3 w ^|3|»is^ = * = =8. - -So g. 10 Valuation of Orbs. The sale price of tin ores is dependent upon the amount of tin contained in, or recoverable from, the ore. The tin content of pure dioxide of tin is 78"82 per cent. , and cassiterite from certain alluvial deposits has been found to contain over 76 per cent. Tin ore from lodes, veins, &c, is more difficult to concentrate than alluvial ores, and usually contains a much lower percentage of tin, as well as a larger proportion, of metallic impurities. The commonest metallic impurities are copper, lead, zinc, tungsten, iron, antimony, bismuth, arsenic, and sulphur. These must be removed from the tin in the process of refining in order to produce metal of the required standard of purity. Con- sequently, the value of the ore depends not only on the tin con- tent, but upon the extent and character of the metallic impurities. The tin content of the ore is ascertained by assay, usually by a method agreed between buyer and seller. The whole of the tin in the ore is, of course, not recovered, aa certain losses result from volatilization, oxidation, retention in slags, and other causes. The recoverable percentage of the actual tin contents is dependent upon the grade of the ore, and the recovery falls off rapidly with the lower grades. The basis price paid for the tin ore is usually the market price of tin ruling at a specified time, which may be the date of sale, sampling or delivery, or the average of a stated number of market days. The usual markets accepted .as a basis are the Singapore market for Straits tin, and the London Metal Exchange market for Standard tin. The London Metal Exchange Standard tin includes Straits, Australian, Banka, Billiton or English refined tin of good merchantable quality, and other refined tin, assaying not less than 99" 75 per cent., of good merchantable quality. From the value of tin in the ore are deducted the cost of recovering and marketing the metal, and the profits on the operation. The tin lost, or unrecovered in smelting, must be estimated, agreed, and deducted from the percentage of tin in the ore. It may be paid for as a unitary deduction, in kind, or as part of the smelting or returning charge, in cash. The deduction in units from the assay value depends upon the tin contents of the ore, and unitary deduction increases as the percentage of tin in the ore falls. From the value of the remain- ing units, calculated at the value of Standard or Straits tin at the agreed date, the returning charge is deducted. If no unitary deduction is made, the value of the units not recoverable is paid for in cash by an addition to the returning charge. The return- ing charge proper consists of : — (1) The cost of smelting. (2) The smelter's profits. 11 (3) Cost of transport of ore to smeltery and metal to market, according to the position of the smeltery, and cost of getting the smelted metal to market, in addition to the value of smelting loss if not deducted in units of tin. The returning charge before the war on a 65 per cent. Cornish ore was about £10 per ton of ore, including allowance for smelting loss. For a 60 per cent. Bolivian ore it was about £6 per ton of ore , with a deduction of four units from the assay value ; for alluvial ores assaying 70 per cent., about £6 per ton of ore, with a deduction of two to two and a half units. Further penal- ties are imposed for metallic impurities above the tolerated amounts, and these are usually on an agreed schedule. The above prices are for ore placed free on rail at English port by the seller. Tin ores are also bought for delivery at the mine, or ship- ping port, and advances of cash are frequently made by the smelter on shipment. In such cases the expense of transport by land and sea must be added to the returning charge, and also costs of finance, interest, exchange, insurance, and the like. The amount received by the seller for tin ores is influenced mainly by the market value of tin and by the tin contents of the ore. As the smelting costs vary according to the same factors, it is usual to fix a basis for the price of tin and the assay value of the ore and to provide a sliding scale to adjust the differences. By such a scale, when the market value of tin rises, or assay content falls, the smelter receives an addition to the basic prices, usually Qd. to Is. extra for every £1 increase in value of the metal, and 5s. per unit decrease of tin in assay. The seller receives similar concessions when the market value of tin falls, or the tin percentage in ore increases. Tin ores containing about 50 per cent, tin and upwards are mainly used in tin smelting, but there are certain complex ores in which the tin exists in the form of oxide in low percentages, associated with other metals of value that call for special metal- lurgical treatment. These are not numerous or important, the combination of cassiterite with tungsten (in the form of wolframite and scheelite) being the most common. In the extraordinary conditions caused by the war, smelting costs were abnormally high owing to increased costs of fuel, labour, and materials. At the present time the outlook is un- certain. The decrease in consumptive demand for tin results in lower prices, which in turn react upon production, so that mines can no longer be profitably worked. Exchange fluctuations have, under certain conditions, made business difficult or impossible. The tin industry shares the general uncertainty of the inter- national situation in the future in respect of exchange stability, costs of fuel, wages, and industrial demand. 12 Brands of Tin. The following is the official list of the various brands and descriptions of Standard tin, deliverable in fulfilment of contracts, issued by the Committee of the London Metal Exhange :— English.— Refined in ingots of about 28 lb. or slabs of about 100 lb. each. Common in ingots of about 28 lb. each. Straits. Australian. German. — Refined in ingots of about 28 lb., or slabs of about 100 lb. each. Common in ingots of about 28 lb. each. American. Banka. Billiton. Chinese. — In slabs of not less than 56 lb. and not more than 120 lb. Prices. It is difficult to summarize the outstanding features of the period under review owing to the variation in the effect of war conditions in different parts of the world. Statistics covering a period of years show that the general trend of prices has been upward. The extreme fluctuations in price and the initiation of Govern- ment control in different countries at different times produced abnormal results, as shown by the difference between London and Straits prices for tin in the following table. Comparison of the average Straits price with the average London three-months quotation (per long ton).* Year. London Price. Straits Price. Difference. Remarks. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ *. d. 1913 201 10 4 195 3 2 6 7 2 Last normal 1914 150 11 143 8 10 7 2 2 War declared 4th August. 1915 163 19 6 153 4 3 10 15 3 1916 182 3 5 171 11 2 10 12 3 1917 237 11 6 213 2 7 24 8 11 1918 327 12 10 295 4 4 32 8 6 Control April to December. 1919 254 14 6 238 9 10 16 4 8 It may be stated that, in the early part of the war, the price of tin kept pace with the rise in cost of production. Later, how- ever, the position was reversed, and the year 1919 was disastrous to all the fields. At the date of the Armistice large stocks existed in the Straits Settlements, Dutch Indies, China and the United States. F.M.8. Mines Report, 1919, p. 5. o CO t GRAPH SHOWING AVERAGE PRICE OF TIN PER TON FOR THE YEARS 1780 - 1919. in o CO 03 CD Is O O CO in o CO o CM CO in N CO o CO CO in CO CO CD in <* CO o 00 lO in CO o CO CO O CO CO o CO CO 00 co a en 433. 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From 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Nigeria 3,880 6,453 5,849 7,430 8,756 8,323 5 33 7,682 British South Africa . 880 903 1,456 54 54 43 Straits Settlements and 91 25 23 16 25 26 Dependencies, in- cluding Labuan Australia 607 219 244 112 34 — 12 Other British Posses- 278 148 196 388 21 150 134 sions Total from British Possessions Belgium 5,736 7,748 7,768 8,000 8,890 8,311 7,897 145 59 — — — — * France 1,183 518 153 221 78 29 40 Germany 1,084 501 — — — — — Netherlands ... 95 30 — — 9 — 39 Portugal 194 351 456 496 554 132 192 Sp.iin ... 667 339 348 252 49 3 55 United States 195 67 15 75 2 — — Argentina 153 138 26 7 16 — 44 Bolivia 20,663 16,049 8,827 7,028 14,048 15,992 20,288 Chile 3,819 5,603 25,360 17,158 16,944 7,528 6,571 Peru ... 167 752 1,554 394 311 28 334 Other Foreign Coun- 491 243 241 281 307 307 277 tries Total from Foreign 28,856 24,650 36,980 25,912 32,318 24,019 27,840 Countries Total 34,592 32,398 44,748 33,912 41,208 32,330 35,737 T«Uie (£) Nigeria British South Africa . Straits Settlements and Dependencies, in- cluding Labuan Australia Other British Posses- sions Total from British Possessions Belgium France Germany Netherlands ... Portugal Spain ... United States... Argentina Bolivia Chile Peru Other Foreign Coun- tries Total from Foreign Countries Total 427,018 117,944 8,357 23,530 27,381 604,230 6,525 75,488 58,815 3,584 12,901 33,422 17,875 18,007 2,082,598 347,982 16,323 31,183 673,505 101,704 2,055 14,469 11,786 803,519 2,704,703 3,844 29,806 35,981 890 29,336 11,592 3,077 8,043 1,488,515 484,348 69,926 12,596 591,415 120,731 2,006 18,063 10,395 742,610 8,535 750,732 5,613 1,585 12,194 29,613 799,737 38,670 44,930 24,343 18,784 1,050 6,770 2,865 570 720,417 601,299 2,069,161 1,624,372 153,919 39,824 16,141 12,575 2,177,954 3,035,101 10,761 1,026,343 6,557 2,995 4,291 1,101 1,041,287 2,981,473 3,777,711 2,359,885 3,159,622 1,263 1,340 62,630 3,643 85 1,310 1,579,030 1,959,481 34,314 26,551 1,391,581 578 4,840 10,815 1,407,814 3,669,647 4,710,934 2,809 18,406 62 2,399,527 1,258,401 3,650 53,763 1,007,545 7,100 4,100 1,560 16,737 1,037,042 3,736,018 5,144,432 1,605 1,708 23,808 5,640 4,400 2,594,787 865,991 46,020 27,241 3,571,200 ,608,242 23 Imports of Tin, i n Blocks Ingots, Bars and Slabs, into the United Kingdom Quantity (long tons) From 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Hong Kong ... 907 939 1,799 1,076 853 25 British India 130 50 6 1 . Straits Settlements and 40,090 37,783 30,200 25,642 25,571 12,366 18,307 Dependencies, in- cluding Labuan Australia 2,251 1,463 2,312 2,607 323 853 Other British Posses- sions 5 1 15 10 — — 153 Total from British 43,383 40,186 34,376 29,341 26,748 12,366 1'. 1,338 Possessions France... 27 57 _ _ 20 Germany 367 51 — German Possessions in 75 the Pacific (including German leased terri- tories in China) Netherlands 2011 __ Dutch Possessions in 1,141 324 3,7*1 4,266 277 18 2,5*0 the Indian Seas United States 200 10 8 1 2 Bolivia 306 154 470 — 116 156 41*7 Chile — 39 31 1 1 250 China (exclusive of 30 90 194 — — 25 — Hong Kong, Macao and leased territories) Other Foreign Coun- tries 11) 24 26 — 1 — 214 Total from Foreign 2,299 776 4,520 4,305 395 201 3,563 ( ynnntriAR Total 45,0*2 40,961 3K,K9f, 33,646 27,143 12,567 22,901 Value (£) Hong Kong ... 192,337 157,118 288,377 197,277 197,806 7,399 British India... 23,920 — 7,975 1,162 215 — — Straits Settlements and 8,103,460 5,840,806 4,911,363 4,683,791 5,857,109 4,002,142 4,750,638 Dependencies, in- cluding Labuan Australia 449,364 235,306 373,605 473,865 64,873 — 212,845 Other British Posses- 1,125 265 2,313 1,800 — 39 34,080 sions Total from Britith 8,770,206 6,233,495 5,583,633 5,357,895 6,120,003 4,002,181 5,004,962 Possessions France 5,817 8,598 4,680 Germany 73,736 8,538 — — — — — German Possessions in — 10,238 — — — — — the Pacific (including German leased terri- tories in China ) Netherlands ... 43,830 — — — — — — Dutch Possessions in 254,375 55,817 609,742 785,547 50,640 5,030 712,779 the Indian Seas United States 38,650 — 1,750 1,340 — 134 300 Bolivia 55,572 24,112 70,312 — 27,262 42,300 112,104 Chile — — 5,564 4,708 220 330 52,440 China (exclusive of 6,140 14,609 29,076 — — 6,250 — Hong Kong, Macflo aud leased territories) Other Foreign Coun- tries Total from Foreign 3,678 3,738 4,469 — 118 — 65,315 481,798 125,650 720,913 791,595 78,240 54,044 947,61* Countries - 6.304,546 6,149.490 6,198,243 4,056,225 5,952,5*0 24 Exports of Tin Ore from the United Kingdom (Colonial and Foreign Produce) To Quantity (long tons). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Straits Settlements and Dependencies (including La- buan). Other British Pos- sessions. — — . 214 813 11 Total to British Possessions. — , — 214 824 — — — Austria-Hungary ... Belgium France Germany ... Other Foreign Countries. 326 431 298 2,498 12 343 2,483 75 2 — — 617 1 Total to Foreign Countries. 3,565 2,901 2 — — — 618 Total 3,565 2,901 216 824 618 Value (£). Straits Settlements and Dependencies (including La- buan). Other British Pos- sessions. — — 15,900 73,900 400 : Total to British Possessions. — — • 15,900 74,300 — — — Austria-Hungary ... Belgium France Germany ... Other Foreign Countries. 38,777 25,934 31,408 218,039 318 21,116 187,523 8,103 55 11 — 23 — 74,832 121 Total to Foreign ; Countries. 114,476 S 16,742 66 — 23 — 74,953 Total ... ; 14,476 2 16,742 15,966 74,300 23 ~ 74,953 25 Exports of Unwrought Tin from the United Kingdom (Domestic Produce) Quantity (long tons). To 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Egypt* 221 214 283 98 501 Cape of Good Hope 118 109 89 170 98 26 12 Natal ., 55 103 139 167 89 8 12 Canada tt 847 712 927 950 1,136 1,077 1,124 British India... 327 112 214 69 29 24 31 Other British Posses- 109 166 74 84 77 18 50 sions. Total to British 1,456 1,202 1,664 1,654 1,712 1.251 1,730 Possessions. Belgium 75 136 _ _ 387 Bulgaria 95 74 — — — — — Denmark (including 98 161 227 258 175 5 241 Faroe Islands). Egyptf 155 116 — — — — — France 774 1,454 888 3,976 2,585 2,864 1 % 871 Germany t , 70 61 — — — — 78 Greece — — 50 56 4 11 195 Italy ... Netherlands 36 367 541 324 287 190 176 66 179 187 1 1 — 43 Norway 100 205 765 167 34 2 147 Portugal 473 379 535 453 420 184 754 Russia 1,415 2,234 1,635 1,767 4,743 — 150 Spain ... 484 440 595 628 538 114 903 Sweden 672 1,337 1,880 813 153 3 743 TnrkeyJ United States 264 280 64 3 25 19 614 4,082 4,006 3,713 6,633 6,903 6,936 5,091 Argentina 454 264 742 655 1,305 2,413 576 Brazil •" 251 94 180 245 146 245 284 Chile ... 86 65 82 49 25 16 37 Uruguay 46 178 181 116 832 301 Other Foreign Coun- 407 299 241 153 93 153 308 tries. Total to Foreign 10,057 12,197 12,503 16,368 17,553 13,987 12,899 Countries. Total •• •• 11,513 13,399 14,167 18,022 19,265 15,238 14,629 • Included in Foreign Countries prior to 1915. f Including Anglo-Egyptian Sudan prior to 1914. X Exported to ports or places in territory formerly Turkish but now occupied by other Powers, e.g., Cr«te, Dedeagatch, Salonica, etc. 26 Exports of Unwrought Tin from the United Kingdom {Domestic Produce) — cont. Value (f ). To 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Egypt* Cape of Good Hope ... 35,411 37,716 66,117 31,127 119,015 25,754 17,787 15,615 33,094 22,932 7,681 3,198 Natal 11,136 16,319 22,797 15,246 19,191 2,240 2,760 Canada 175,549 112,413 155,379 172,397 256,050 372,811 293,671 British India 69,672 18,708 36,087 12,275 6,009 7,177 8,534 Other British Posses- sions. 23,983 26,391 13,521 16,378 18,841 6,293 14,951 Total to British Pos- 306,094 191,618 278,810 287,106 389,140 427,329 442,129 sessions. Belgium 17,478 20,755 _ _ 101,174 Bulgaria 18,142 12,262 — — — — — Denmark (including 20,484 23,977 36,871 47,839 39,074 1,779 63,153 Faroe Islands). Egyptf 34,002 18,917 — — — — — Prance 164,358 220,053 134,723 714,671 556,921 926,771 515,190 Germany 14,539 9,785 — • — — — 20,356 Greece... — — 8,743 9,979 750 2,480 49,227 Italy 7,533 51,793 81,317 57,656 61,765 62,999 43,877 Netherlands 13,931 26.906 33,056 156 110 — 11,066 Norway 21,525 32.164 127,730 30,447 6,699 528 38,498 Portugal 100,632 58,589 88 024 82,589 91,374 55,113 195,353 Russia 295,038 341,572 273,051 322,612 1,010,156 — 40,422 Spain ... 100,005 66.820 97,679 105,642 115,823 30,433 225,192 Sweden 140,245 204^72 301,379 149,835 29,829 774 196,680 Turkey:j: 54,043 46,107 9,972 503 5,914 5,339 150,569 United States 864,693 608,276 607,833 1,201,064 1,527,966 2,237,M5 1,331,531 Argentina 97,164 40,649 123,654 124,690 299,866 801,416 167,799 Brazil 55,018 18,129 30,717 46,222 35,119 80,025 75,669 Chile 19,452 11,148 13,972 9,206 5,411 4,730 10,323 Uruguay — 7,639 29,617 32,989 26,611 273,317 77,671 Other Foreign Coun- 88,689 49,793 41,602 30,918 21,976 49,373 83,926 tries. Total to Foreign 2,126,971 1,869,406 2,039,940 2,967,018 3,835,364 4,532,322 3,397,676 Countries. Total 2,433,065 2,061,024 2,318,750 3,254,124 4,224,504 4,959,651 3,839,805 * Included in Foreign Countries prior to 1915. f Including Anglo-Egyptian Sudan prior to 1914. % Exported to ports or places in territory formerly Turkish, but now occupied by other Powers, e.g., Crete, Dedeagatch, Salonica, etc. 27 Exports of Tin, in Blocks, Ingots, Bars and Slabs, from the United Kingdom (.Colonial and Foreign Produce) To Quantity (long tons) 1913 1914 1915 155 1916 523 1917 469 1918 393 1919 Canada 10 5 T'.U Other British PosseB- 122 33 27 7 6 15 ' Total to British 132 38 182 530 475 408 798 Possessions Belgium 114 France 62 715 271 508 2,377 1 ,542 1,23K Germany 1,351 1,985 — — — — — Italy 5 730 1,777 213 1,307 653 1,2110 Netherlands ... 3,039 2,075 1,628 — — — 735 Russia 338 631 2,698 20 178 — — Spain... 8 180 397 297 445 81 iso Sweden fi 59 1,574 126 10 — 1 1 United StateB 25,065 24,197 13,903 15,039 11,089 1,321 4,:V.a Argentina — 7 250 370 939 20 60 Uruguay — — 14 111 378 116 106 Other Foreign Coun- tries. Total to Foreign 230 226 670 280 126 48 504 30,104 30,805 23,182 16,964 17,649 3,781 9,066 Countries. Total 30,236 «80,843 23,364 17,494 18,124 4,189 9,864 Value (£) Canada 2,328 973 25,905 96,507 101,881 114,365 211,883 Other British Posses- 22,408 5,199 4,208 1,312 1,180 5,319 1,591 Total to British 24,736 6,172 30,113 97,819 103,061 119,684 213,474 Possessions Belgium — — 103.7S0 France 12,743 104,136 42,202 92,705 538,306 465,118 320,148 Germany 275,214 319,499 — — — — — Italy 1,004 100,478 285,283 38,918 286,608 192,498 307,127 Netherlands ... 623,539 323,806 282,033 — • — — 212,64* Russia 70,620 93,143 459,439 3,649 36,066 — 246 Spain... 1,470 27,545 69,302 53,698 99,928 21,209 46,657 Sweden 1,375 8,679 256,025 22,476 1,848 — 17,144 United States 5,089,450 3,736,547 2,352,897 2,788,028 2,619,458 351,257 l,258,3t'.l Argentina — 1,085 42,524 66,531 203,720 5.810 15,597 Uruguay — ' 2,343 19,629 88,493 34,869 26,365 Other Foreign Coun- tries. Total to Foreign Countries Total 47,040 35,822 110,224 53,345 28,386 14,061 132,910 6,122,455 4,750,740 3,902,272 3,138,979 3,902,813 1,084,822 2,440,983 6,147,191 4,756,912 3,932,385 3,236,798 4,005,874 1,204,506 2,654,457 28 Gold Coast* In 1914 the Director of the Geological Survey reported the occurrence of cassiterite at Mamkwadi, five miles west 01 Winnebah, in alluvial deposits derived from the ju de J nu ^ a ^? n /1 ^ pegmatite dykes. A similar deposit was also noted at ADaazi Point, Kormantin. The country rock is a hornblende schist overlying a granite intrusion and intersected by pegmatite dykes which contain cassiterite. The associated minerals of the pegmatite are cas- siterite, scheelife, gold, molybdenite, galena, hornblende, tour- maline and arsenical pyrites. The alluvial deposits also contain gold in small quantities. Nigeria! Metallic tin was known in the native markets of Nigeria long before the source of the ore was discovered. In 1903 the Niger Company's officials found cassiterite in the gravels of the Delime Eiver near Jos on the Bauchi plateau, Northern Provinces. It was not, however, until 1910 that outside capital became strongly attracted to the field, and the rapid expansion began which con- tinued throughout the period under review. The Bauchi plateau lies at an elevation of about 4,000 feet and in consequence is much healthier than the rest of the country. In the neighbourhood of the plateau, northern Nassarawa, northern Bauchi and the high plains of Zaria have all yielded tinstone from gravels. The pegmatite and greisen lodes of Jemaa in Nassarawa have also been found to contain cassiterite. In the Bri district of Eastern Ilorin tinstone occurs in pegmatite dykes and also in surface alluvium. In the province of Calabar a small production was obtained in 1916 , but work was subsequently abandoned. Although an area of 9,000 square miles is known to contain tin-bearing gravels, distributed sporadically, much of this area is still unproved, and only about one- fifth has been the subject of detailed geological exploration. The tin ore is derived from the denudation of large masses of granite which were intruded into ancient gneisses and schists. The outer skin of the granite and probably also the contact portions of the overlying rocks were highly mineralized, and yielded the cassiterite which is now being won. During a long period of erosion which followed the intrusion of the granite, the tinstone was concentrated in channels or near the granite bosses, and became buried under alluvial, eluvial and volcanic * Gold Coast Geological Survey Reports. Gold Coast Mines Dept. Reports. Mining Magazine, Vol. XXI, pp. 265-267. West Africa Market Handbook. f Geological Survey of Nigeria, Bulletin No. 1, by J. D. Falconer. Colonial Reports, Northern Nigeria and Southern Nigeria ; Annual and Misc. No. 79. Reports of the Mines Department, Northern Provinces (Annual). 29 accumulations to which the name ' ' Fluvio- Volcanic ' ' series has been given. The uplift resulting in the plateau then took place and renewed erosion gave rise to a re-concentration of much of the tinstone along the present stream lines. Eecent flows of basaltic lava have in places covered up the older deposits and caused a local re-arrangement of the drainage. The " deep leads " which have lately been exploited on the plateau belong in part to the ancient Fluvio-Volcanic series, and in part to the re-concentrated deposits beneath the recent lavas. So complex has been the history of the present surface that numerous types of deposit have been formed. They may be divided into two main groups, viz. : — those related to the present drainage system and those which are not so related. The deposits are so varied that, according to the Director of the Geological Survey, there is hardly a square yard of ground that is not worth prospecting to bedrock. Payable deposits have been found only in alluvial or detrital form. Veins containing small quantities of cassiterite have been tested, but hitherto without success. The cassiterite occurs mostly as the ordinary water-worn black variety, but wood tin, ruby tin and other shades are common. More rarely, well-shaped large crystals are found, as at Ropp, where very large massive pieces of tinstone have also been re- covered. The common associates in the alluvial deposits are topaz, ilmenite, magnetite, rutile, zircon, monazite and garnet. Occasionally columbite, wolframite, corundum and gold occur. The Nigerian concentrates are particularly clean and assay 70 to 75 per cent, metallic tin. The chief difficulty experienced in concentration is in those cases where there is much ilmenite. All methods of alluvial mining are employed. The smaller deposits are worked by the " calabashing " or panning of rich wash. Larger deposits are either dredged, or worked by means of monitors and gravel pumps, or simply ground-sluiced. In all cases a rough concentrate is first obtained, containing up to >60 per cent, of tin. This is brought up to shipping grade in a Willoughby machine or small concentrating plant. During the war small amounts of wolframite were obtained in the neighbourhood of Bukuru, but there are no other by- products of the tin deposits which are of economic value. The tin output of Nigeria is about 4 per cent, of the world's total, and there was a material increase during the war. In 1919 its output was nearly three times that of 1912. This advance, despite the many difficulties caused by the war, was due to the introduction of machinery which enabled a greater output to be obtained although the labour supply diminished. At the same time a large increase in the cost of production took place. The Chief Inspector of Mines has estimated the cost, including all realization charges, of a ton of 70 per cent, concentrates to have been £80 in 1913 and £125 in 1919. 30 The number of companies or individuals operating fell slightly in 1915 but increased thereafter, as is shown below. Companies or individuals winning tin Year Number 1913 53 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 56 51 56 67 81 78 The Bauchi Light Eailway, connecting with the main Kano- Baro line at Zaria, was completed as far as Bukuru in 1915. This assisted the mines in many ways, more especially in releasing much labour from transport to productive work. In 1916, severe con- gestion prevailed at the terminal ports and on the railway, with the result that over 1,000 tons of that year's output could not be shipped. This caused considerable financial embarrassment to the mines, but, by the grant of preference to tin ore over all other traffic by both Eailway and Steamship Companies in 1917, the position was restored. Increasing competition for labour and water resulted in the extended use of all kinds of hydraulicing machinery. Hopes that coal would shortly be available from the Udi coalfield were dis- appointed, with the result that power had to be generated from oil. The increased cost of oil led to various proposals for central power stations being discussed, and the installation of a large hydro-electric plant was commenced. This is designed to utilize the 700 feet fall of N'Gell Biver at Kwall and to develop 21,000 electric H.P. The current will be transmitted 15 miles at a pressure of 22,000 volts to the " deep leads," which it will be used to exploit. At this point 15,000 "E. H.P. will be available at 525 volts. In the early days of the field the smelter product of the Niger Company was an impure metal, which was refined in England. After 1913, however, no metal was exported, the whole of the concentrates produced being sent to English smelters, who appreciate them on account of their purity. Production and Exports of Tin Concentrates in and from Northern Nigeria* Production Exports Year Quantity Approximate Quantity Approximate (long tons' 1 . Value (£). (long tons). Value (£). 1913 5,531 801,441 4,139 567,959 1914 6,143 657,915 6,152 706,988 1915 6,910 773,700 6,507 723,180 1916 8,187 1,022,975 7,054 859,603 1917 8,314 1,273,115 9,941 1,485,887 1918 8,434 1 ,032,033 8,294 1,770,003 1919 8,169 1,391,801 7,685 1,324,074 * Containing 70 per cent, metal. 31 Rhodesia* Although rich deposits of tin occur in the Belgian Congo just over the northern boundary, and much prospecting work has been done in various parts of Ehodesia, the result has been dis- appointing. The only production of tin recorded is 7-58 tons, of which 363 tons were obtained in 1916 and the balance in 1919. Cassiterite is found near Umtali, and in the Wankie district, in quartz reefs associated with tourmaline and iron-pyrites. It is also reported to occur on the edge of the Matopo granite near Manila, where it is associated with wolframite. Imports of tin (bar, block and ingot) into Southern Rhodesia during the period under review averaged about 12 tons per annum and about £2,850 in value. Swaziland t Alluvial tin has been worked along the course of the Mbabane River, where it is derived from pegmatitic portions of the adjoin- ing granite. Some miles farther north at Forbes Reef, on the east side of the Imgwenya Range, cassiterite occurs associated with granite and schists both in alluvial deposits and in veins. The production during the period appears to have been very regular, and has come principally from the Swazi Tin Company, Limited, at Mbabane. The deposits are worked by the well-known alluvial methods, power being furnished for the machinery from a central hydro- electric generating station. The material treated usually con- tains about 1 lb. of black tin per cubic yard together with some monazite, iron ores, euxenite (niobate and titanate of yttrium, uranium, etc.), corundum and tourmaline. The Swaziland tin ores are pure and of high grade, and are usually shipped to Singapore for smelting. Production of Tin Ore in Sivaz Hand. Fiscal years ending March 31 Quantity Value Year (long tons) (£) 1913 385 37,946 1914 492 51,220 1915 496 43,256 1916 584 56,067 1917 459 46,732 1918 511 60,221 1919 480 76,870 * Mineral Resources of Rhodesia, by F. P. MeDnell. Annuul Reports of the Rhodesia Chamber of MineB. Geological Survey Reports. Annual Statements of Trade and Shipping of the Union of South Africa and of Southern and Northern Rhodesia. f Colonial Reports, (Annual). Official Year Book of the Union of South Africa. Trans. Inst. Min. & Met., 1917, XXVI, pp. 137-174. 32 Union of South Africa* Transvaal— A considerable output has been obtained from the Waterberg-Eustenberg district in the north-west Transvaal, but during the period under review there has been a regular annual decline. The cassiterite occurs in pipes and veins spread over a very large area where the Bushveld granite is overlain by relates, shales and qua.rtzites belonging to the Waterberg system. The occurrence is in many cases distinctly unusual, as the pipe-like ore-bodies appear to replace the granite itself. They appear to mark the position of old gas vents and are most irregular, both in section and direction. The most productive mines have been those working on these pipe deposits, but considerable quantities of tin have also been obtained from veins in quartzite. The cassiterite may be associated with any or all of the following minerals : — Arsenopyrite , pyrite, scheelite, wolframite, chalco- pyrite, magnetite, molybdenite, haematite, galena, zinc-blende, bismuthinite, fluorspar, calcite, gypsum, and tourmaline. The concentrates are obtained by ordinary crushing and dressing operations, followed by calcination for elimination of arsenic and sulphur, and subsequent re-concentration. During the war the two chief producing mines, the Leeuw poort and Zaaiplaats, erected smelters for dealing with the whole of their output. This was sold locally, principally to the South African railway companies. A small tonnage of alluvial tin was recovered annually in the Transvaal, but the alluvial deposits are of minor importance. Cape Province. — In the neighbourhood of Kuils Eiver, 16 miles from Capetown, cassiterite is found associated with quartz and wolframite in lodes traversing granite near its junction with the Malmesbury slates. The lodes have not proved economically pro- ductive, but a small output was obtained from alluvial deposits derived from their denudation. Natal. — Prospecting was in progress in 1914 in the Emfuli district, but no profitable occurrence has been reported. South-West Africa Territory. — In 1900, German prospectors first discovered tin ore in the Erongo Mountains, which are situated about 150 miles to the north-east of Swakopmund. The area over which cassiterite has been found is extensive, but the tin-bearing lodes and veins so far discovered appear to be very limited in character. The mean average rainfall of Damaraland is 15 inches ; consequently the water available for hydraulic methods of mining is scanty, and only comparatively rich alluvial deposits can be worked at a profit. * Reports of the Government Mining Engineer of the Union of South Africa (Annual). The Base Metal Resources of South Africa, W. Versfeld. Official Year Book of the Union of South Africa 1910-18. Transvaal Geo], Surv. Mem. The Geology of the Waterberg Tinfields. Annual Statements of the Trade and Shipping of the Union of South Africa and of Southern and Northern Rhodesia. Union of South Africa, Geol. Surv. Mem. No. 7. Dept. Overseas Trade, Report on the Conditions and Prospects of Trade in the Protectorate of South- West Africa. South-West Africa Territory, Report of Administrator, 1920 33 The main geological features of the area are a mass of granite underlying schists and quartzites, into which pegmatite dykes and quartz-pegmatite veins are intruded. The cassiterite is associated with tourmaline, muscovite, garnet, magnetite and apatite, and occasionally with beryl, wolframite, monazite, columbite, molybdenite and lepidolite. At Dawib a piece of massive crystalline cassiterite weighing 500 lb. was found in pegmatite. Stanniferous gravels at Chaputz and other localities occasionally contain well-worn nuggets of gold. The production of tin ore during 1913 was valued at £31, 568 , while 200 tons valued at £34,500 were exported. No information is available for the period 1914 to 1917, but in 1918 the output and export ar<> stated to have been 65 tons of concentrates containing 68 per cent. tin. Tn 1920, 200 tons of concentrates were produced and 166 tons exported. Productic n of Tin Ore in the Union of South Africa Province. Ore treated (long tons). Marketa Quantity (long tons'). ale Product. Percentage of pure metal. Quantity (long ton). Sales. Year. Percentage of pure metal. Value (£)■ 1913 Transvaal... Cape Total ... Transvaal... Cape Total ... Transvaal... Cape Total ... Transvaal... Cape Total ... Transvaal... Cape Total ... Transvaal... Cape Total ... Transvaal... Cape Total ... 93,948 3,239 65 68-51 71-39 3,215 63 68-57 74-14 427,863 8,687 93,948 3,304 — 3,278 68-68 436,550 1914 115,515 3,143 44 66-25 72-26 3,024 38 66-04 71-36 307,282 4,109 115,515 3,187 — 3,062 66-10 311,391 1915 150,535 Alluvial 3,131 34 67-18 75-26 3,037 35 66-85 74-60 327,188 4,232 150,535 3,165 — 3,072 66-94 331,420 1916 112,966 2,821 24 65-95 75-47 2,888 26 66-08 74-51 336,135 3,436 112,966 2,845 — 2,914 66-16 339,571 1917 104,684 699 2,551 35 65-88 71-47 2,358 34 66-73 71-60 340,324 5,692 105,383 2,586 — 2,392 66-80 346,016 1918 79,600 1,037 1,844 15 73-28 69-09 1,956 14 72-18 69-01 438,132 2,863 80,637 1,859 — 1,970 72-16 440,995 1919 74,134 917 1,693 29 74-57 68-05 1,427 28 76-35 70-92 272,918 5,007 75,051 1,722 — 1,455 76-24 277,925 35347 u Imports of. Tin and Tinware into the Union of South Africa i Other Manufac- Bar, block and ingot. tures. Year. Quantity (long tons). Value (£). Value (£). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 57 62 62 84 135 22 29 12,797 10,294 11,179 16,771 35,074 6,987 8,590 43,928 29,513 38,324 51,945 30,073 19,398 45,011 ■ ._ , Chiefly from the United Kingdom. Exports of Tin Ore and Concentrates from the Union of South Africa (Domestic Produce) To Quantity (long tons). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. i 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom ... India Straits Settlements Australia 910 1,571 1,192 20 2,518 1,129 45 2,250 31 2,233 27 2,327 9 1,888 27 32 1,168 Total 2,481 3,730 3,424 2,264 2,354 1,924 1,200 Value (£). United Kingdom ... India Straits Settlements Australia 101,064 279,978 119,318 2,828 335,769 10 126,412 4,500 254,989 1,775 234,595 2,843 271,646 1,391 239,926 3,600 4,586 140,491 Total 381,042 457,925 385,901 236,370 274,489 244,917 145,077 35 Exports of Tin in bars, blocks and ingots from the Union of South Africa {Domestic Produce) To Quantity (cwt.). Value (£). 1917. 1918. 1919. i 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom South West Africa Protectorate... — 4 2,699 2 81 29,70(1 33 Total to British Possessions — 4 2,701 — 81 29,733 Belgian Congo Madagascar Portuguese East Africa Japan Argentina 4 516 2 1,197 35 178 21 71 9,345 20 20,700 510' 3,700 295 Total to Foreign Countries 4 1,715 234 71 30,065 4,505 Total 4 1,719 2,935 71 30,146 34,238 Canada* The occurrence of tin ore has been reported from several localities in British Columbia and from New Ross, Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia. No production, however, appears to have been recorded, although 13 tons of cassiterite valued at £1,031 are shown in the United States returns as imported from Canada in 1913-14. The Electro Tin Products Company of Brantford, Ontario ,. has erected a smelter with a daily capacity of two tons of metal. Bolivian ore is to be treated. There is a large import of tin and tin-plate into Canada, and it is stated that tinplate is now to be manufactured by the Baldwin Corporation of Canada. • Canada Year Book, 1916-17. Iron and Coal Trades Review, 6th Feb., 1920, Annual Reports on the Mineral Production of Canada. Annual Reports on the Trade of Canada. 85347 B 2 36 c a. ft a H PQ O 3 0) O a H opq -i 3 .S * a 3 -^ Of ^5 sjo. 3 w -+=> 3 U3 ° e3 00 o a ©> o -43 3 "43 o S* C3 so 3 3 o'.s 2 I CO id io H CO 1-H T-H (M oa OS ,-H 00 fM o cs r- ~tf e>j i— i * ,_, (M (B OS (M OS CO rs!W. CM CO of CO o CO O CO~ CO CD »a" >o CO CD CO CO oo »o CM OO OS CO rt CO ■* (M to CO o" o o o t- t-H O © II fl t-t CI O «H ro *-< y a> O ja S 03 s 3 T3 a 3 J- 73 O _ *"S © eg ■+= (Ul _, ClO r O o ® rt ** "S a> ^ aft o-T3 0> 3 ■5 1 a '3 37 Imports of Tin in blocks, pigs and bars into Canada Fiscal yearn ending March 31 From Quantity (long tons). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom ... Hong Kong Straits Settlements Australia ... 943 316 783 18 340 543 40 84 1,101 15 5 1,373 5 1,488 28 99 974 114 18 10 Total from British Possessions. 1,259 1,141 667 1,121 1,378 1,615 1,116 Belgium Germany United States China Japan Dutch East Jndies 1,017 15 6 903 7 5 641 341 217 112 88 22 26 Total from Foreign Countries. 1,032 916 646 341 217 112 136 Total 2,291 2,057 1,313 1,462 1,595 1,727 1,252 Value* (£). United Kingdom ... Hong Kong Straits Settlements Australia ... 204,988 55,226 151,795 3,273 70,467 83,874 6,673 13,664 183,128 2,149 876 259,744 879 382.590 7,409 20,311 324,414 42,802 6,202 3,762 Total from British Possessions. 260,214 225,525 104,211 186,153 260,623 410,310 377,180 Belgium Germany ... United States China Japan Dutch East Indies 213,183 2,882 28 1,001 180,420 1,347 817 104,097 57,097 42,456 29,491 30,070 17 8,988 7,603 Total from Foreign Countries. 216,065 182,796 104,914 57,097 42,456 29,491 46,678 • Total 476,279 408,321 209,125 243,250 303,079 439,801 423,858 • Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar = 4s. 2d. 35347 B3 38 Imports of Tin Foil into Canada Fiscal Years ending March 31 From Quantity (cwt.). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. ' United Kingdom ... 109 67 82 104 39 18 741 Belgium ... France ' Germany -—. . ... Netherlands Norway United States Japan 35S 5 10,788 13 267 65 20 9,845 6 39 7 9,923 4 10,904 1 12,473 8,290 2,189 77 Total from Foreign Countries. 11,149 10,210 9,975 10,908 12,474 8,290 2,266 Total 11,258 10,277 10,057 H,012 12,513 8,308 3,007 Value * (£). United Kingdom ... 955 675 663 709 740 246 10,375 Belgium France Germany Netherlands Norway United States Japan 3,965 68 35,472 116 2,716 741 220 34,474 17 418 76 31,173 66 41,200 3 11 63,180 51,352 13,425 966 Total from Foreign Countries. 39,505 38,267 31,684 41,269 63,191 51,352 14,391 Total 40,460 38,942 32,347 41,978 63,931 51,598 24,766 * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar = 4s. 2d. ;{:• Value of Imports of Tinware, etc., into Canada Fiscal Years ending March 31 From Value * (£). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom ... Egypt and Sudan ... Newfoundland Hong Kong India 26,384 4 4 27,911 3 26 24,391 3 19,133 3 2 6 10,791 5 11 5,330 2 5 36 9,681 7 Total from British Possessions 26,392 27,940 24,394 19,144 10,807' 5,373 9,688 Austria-Hungary ... Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Russia Sweden Switzerland United States China Japan 29 13 47 . 212 1,497 17 31 91,614 7 57 93,524 117 15 1 258 2,382 18 34 2 106,579 3 65 109,474 10 50 393 1,086 15 9 4 97,288 1 45 92 25 2 2 ,90,693 29 71 18 1 419,384 118 908 3 604,270 88 54 342,802 25 113 Total from Foreign Countries 98,901 90,843 419,592 605,269 342,994 Total 119,916' 137,414 123,295 109,987 430,399 610,642 352,682 * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar=4s. 2d. 35347 i; i 40 Value of Exports of Tin Manufactures from Canada {Domestic Produce) Fiscal years ending March 31 To Value* (£). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom ... 604 378 16,611 16,371 2,010 704 British South Africa — — 2 32 29 555 24,022 British Uuiana — — — 41 — — 317 Newfoundland 1,295 971 1,070 2,717 844 1,911 1,837 .British West Indies 29 22 124 66 24 81 4,467 Straits Settlements 15 Australia 126 16 74 22 8 208 2,430 Fiji — 42 New Zealand 162 110 77 46 68 2,672 6,910 Total to British 2,216 1,497 17,958 19,295 2,983 5,427 40,744 Possessions Netherlands 1 , _. _ , Cuba — — — — 2,306 . United States 10,678 9,661 2,636 773 4,468 11,964 502- Argentina ... 30 4 — — 26 — China — — ■ 6 73 French West Indies 81 St. Pierre and 13 22 3 38 9 44 Miquelon Total to Foreign 10,721 9,687 2,640 779 4,532 11,973 3,006 Countries 17,400 Total 12,937 11,184 20,598 20,074 7,515 43,750 * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar = 4s. 2d. 41 Value of Exports of Tin Manufactures from Canada (Foreign Produce) Fiscal years ending March 31 To Value* (£) 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 19J7. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom ... British Guiana Newfoundland 66 412 141 69 124 65 16 130 221 568 277 27 Total to British Possessions. 478 210 189 146 221 568 304 Mexico United States Japan St. Pierre and Miquelon 36,171 256 38,590 23 20,451 5 14,507 13 11,346 3,217 11 43,611 13 10 6,192 515 3 Total to Foreign Countries. 36,427 38,613 20,456 14,520 14,574 43,624 6,720 Total 36,905 38,823 20,645 14,666 14,795 44,192 7,024 Hong Kongt Although there is no production of tin ore in Hong Kong and no smelter, there are six refineries which receive crude tin from Yunnan and Kwangsi. The refined metal is exported to Japan, ■China, Europe and America. The loss in refining is estimated at 2 to 3 per cent. The following figures, taken from the Colonial Reports, are Approximate only : — Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 The increased trade in 1917 was due to the demand from Europe and America. Imports . Exports (long tons) (long tons) 6,153 5,734 6,741 5,267 8,000 7,500 4,000 3,500 . 11,200 14,600 13,200 12,300 9,320 5,350 • Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar = 4s. 2d. t Blue Book. Trade and Shipping Returns. Colonial Reports (Annual). 42 In 1918, 500 tons of tin were imported from Java, In 191 9 > 320 tons were imported from Java and 2,000 tons from the Straits Settlements. India* Occurrences of tinstone have been reported from Dharwar, Palanpur, and Eewa Kantha in Bombay, and attempts have been made to work deposits of cassiterite-granulite in Bihar and Orissa, but the only deposits in India yet proved to be of economic importance are situated in Burma. Burma. — The deposits, of Burma and of the Federated Malay States are closely associated with the granite ranges of the Indo- Malayan system, which pass through western Siam, where tin ores are also found. The principal occurrences from north to south are at Mawchi in Karenni, and in the Thaton, Amherst, Tavoy, and Mergui districts. In all cases the cassiterite is closely associated with wolframite, often being subsidiary to it. No production of importance took place in the Amherst district, but all the others mentioned have been profitably exploited. At the Mawchi mine a series of veins in granite is worked. Cassiterite and wolframite predominate in the veins and are associated with scheelite, arsenopyrite, iron-pyrites, chalcopyrite and black tourmaline in a quartz gangue. In the lower levels of the mine cassiterite occurs without wolfram. The ore extracted is concentrated in a modern mill, and the concentrates are treated in the usual way for elimination of sulphur and iron and recovery of arsenic. The tinstone and wolframite are separated magnetically. In the Thaton district the only deposits of economic value yet worked are alluvial or detrital. They result from the breaking down of veins and stringers in the sedimentary rocks and granite of the neighbourhood. In the Amherst district alluvial cassiterite has been worked in several localities, the most important being Sankangyi. Although noted more for its production of wolframite, Tavoy has produced a considerable quantity of tin ore from the earliest times. It is recorded as having supplied the requirements in metallic tin of the whole of India at one time. A large amount of the wolframite concentrates exported contains tin in varying proportions, but statistics of the latter were not kept separately^ It is probable, however, that the ores exported during the period under review contained more than 3,000 tons of metallic tin. The increased export of tin during the Inst two years is- * T T H ;. D - La ToucheBiWiogmphy of Indian Geology, etc. Records Geol Surv. India, Vols. XL VI, XLIX, and L. Bull. Inst. Min. Met No 1S8 May, 1920. Annual Statements of Sea-borne Trade of British India! 43 due to a certain amount of selective mining being carried on due to the changed relative values of tin and wolfram. The cassiterite occurs in simple quartz veins traversing granite or the overlying sedimentaries ; in pegmatite veins; in detrital deposits in the neighbourhood of veins ; in true alluvials in the stream beds and flats ; and in lacustrine deposits. Asso- ciated minerals in the veins are wolframite, mica, sulphides of iron, copper, molybdenum, lead, bismuth and zinc, and, occasionally, fluorspar. The relative quantities of wolframite and cassiterite in the veins are exceedingly variable, but the veins in granite as a general rule contain a larger proportion of cassiterite than those in the sedimentary rocks. The vein walls are often greisenized, and the greisen is often impregnated with cassiterite and wolframite. In the true alluvial deposits wolfram is not found. The common accessory minerals are quartz, topaz, ilmenite, magnetite, garnet, zircon and monazitr Ordinary methods of underground mining are adopted in the case of many veins, but the initial stage in the exploitation of such deposits is often to work the veins open-cast by the hydraulic method. In this way the values of detrital deposits in the vicinity are recovered by streaming, and the veins exposed are broken down, crushed and sluiced separately. The purely detrital or alluvial deposits are treated by all the well-known methods of alluvial mining. The cassiterite occurring in the Mergui district is found in veins or alluvium, as in Tavoy, and the geological conditions also are similar. The mineral associations are different, tourmaline, arsenopyrite and native bismuth being found in addition to the minerals mentioned under Tavoy. It is understood that impor- tant deposits of alluvial tin have recently been developed in this district. Most of the tin production of Burma used to be smelted locally in native or Chinese furnaces, but this practice was discontinued during the period under review, except in Mergui where more primitive methods of working were still in vogue. The concen- trates are exported to England or the Straits Settlements for extraction of their metallic contents. 44 1 •S CO o e o T3 o a U B H a » HO b h (D hS b o d d « HO B HO ^ . « a o -a B^ HO M . ° a o .a pqH a o> HO I I NQOOHO COO^# CD *0 i-Tco"cToVr IS I I I l> i-f C73 CO t> i— t t— O *C *C CO •<# CD^O^t-^ IS I I I CCHOOlNt- i-Todhh" I I O C- b- CD CD CD CO 1> t^ CO_ I CO I I y-t t- o o o CN a i CO 1 CO COOS 1 ^* OD -^ "=« a f. a^ScoHH II BB 3 E* O H be a < E-i O H J3 W o CO J3 &0~ O -^ a ft a f- * a « 5 ce -q <4ScoHH «! C H SJ a KB Imports of Unwrought Tin (blocks, ingots, bars and slabs) into India Fiscal years ending March 31 From Quantity (long tonB). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. | 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom ... Ceylon Hong Kong Straits Settlements (including La- buan). Federated Malay States. 240 1 2 1,332 208 1 2 1,855 221 1 1,654 8 126 1 1,258 18 71 2 1,275 35 38 1 1,181 20 53 10 1,317 13 Total from British Possessions. 1,575 2,066 1,884 1,403 1,383 1,240 1,393 China (exclusive of Hong Kong and Macao). Japan Other Foreign Countries. 2 3 2 2 3 5 3 10 2 7 i 7 5 4 10 1 Total from Foreign Countries 2 5 10 15 15 9 11 Total 1,577 2,071 1,894 1,418 1,398 1,249 1,404 1 falue (£). United Kingdom ... Ceylon Hong Kong Straits Settlements (including La- buan). Federated Malay States. 52,111 86 403 282,705 5 43,323 243 405 378,364 4 33,872 61 1 278,051 1,199 22,414 136 215,125 3,123 13,896 318 23:">, 124 6,674 8,777 247 260,055 4,141 3,493 3,009 362,634 3,332 Total from British Possessions. 335,310 422,339 313,184 240,798 256,012 273,220 372,468 China (exclusive of Hong Kong and Macao). Japan Other Foreign Countries. 423 543 400 345 538 540 598 1.820 305 1.492 250 1,249 1,252 745 8 1,357 115 Total from Foreign Countries. 423 943 1,423 2,723 2,991 2,005 1,472 Total 335,733 423,282 314,607 243,521 259,003 275,225 373,940 46 Imports of Wrought Tin, including plates or sheets not being tinned iron, into India Fiscal years ending March 31 Quantity (long tons). From 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918 1919. United Kingdom ... Straits Settlements (including La- buan). Ceylon 170 5 1 8 17 14 — 9 13 Total from British Possessions. 170 6 8 17 14 9 13 Germany ... Japan Other Foreign Countries. 27 5 49 1 8 20 3 2 2 6 21 8 7 30 Total from Foreign Countries. 32 58 23 4 27 15 30 Total 202 64 31 21 41 24 43 Value (£). United Kingdom ... Straits Settlements (including La- buan). Ceylon 3,159 1,229 178 1,322 1,544 3,269 1,205 3 1 1,407 Total from British Possessions. 3,159 1,407 1,322 1,544 3,269 1,209 1,407 Germany Japan Other Foreign Countries. 4,879 1,040 8,701 102 1,884 3,042 37 698 403 236 662 1,550 797 669 4,073 Total from Foreign Countries. 5,919 10,687 3,777 639 2,212 1,466 4,073 Total 9,078 12,094 5,099 2,183 5,481 2,675 5,480 K. i ports of Tin Ore from India (Domestic Produce) Fiscal years ending March *31 To Quantity (long tons). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom ... Straits Settlements (including La- buan). Federated Malay States. 35 178 38 167 2 28 86 9 78 12 202 4 296 18 353 Total to British Possessions. 213 207 114 87 214 300 371 Germany 1 3 1 — — — — Total 214 210 115 H7 214 300 371 "\ r alue (£ . United Kingdom ... Straits Settlements (including La- buan). Federated Malay States. 1,191 19,570 4,821 19,051 204 3,179 9,625 884 7,931 8,815 1,223 22,225 588 41,808 2,968 59,269 Total to British Possessions. 20,761 24,076 12,804 23,448 42,396 82,237 Germany ... 166 297 130 — — — — Total 20,927 24,373 12,934 8,815 23,448 42,396 62 237 Exports of Unwrought Tin (blocks, ingots, bars and slabs) from India (Foreign produce) Fiscal years ending March 31 Quantity (long tons). Value (£). Year. British Foreign British Foreign t Pos- Coun- Total. Pos- Coun- Total. sessions. tries. sessions. tries. 1913 8 132 140 1,662 19,203 20,865 1914 7 199 206 1,398 34,837 36,235 1915 4 67 71 914 14.246 15,160 1916 5 43 48 791 7,947 8,738 1917 3 85 88 725 15,081 15,806 1918 34 53 87 7,047 10,980 18,027 1919 8 <;• 83 2,042 19,354 21,396 48 . Straits Settlements* The actual production of tin ore in the Straits Settlements is unimportant, but the tin-smelting and refining capacity ot worJss at Singapore and Penang is very large. During the war tnese smelters received tin' ore for treatment from the Malay btates, Banka, Bilhton, Siam, China, Burma, Australia, South Africa, and the United States. Although, therefore, the supply ot tin ore from the Malay States declined steadily during the period, the amount of tin metal exported from the Peninsula remained practically constant. Malacca was the only producer of tin ore, which was chiefly derived from beach deposits resulting from the erosion of tin- bearing quartz veins in the schist along the coast-. Production of Tin Ore in Malacca Quantity t Value t Year (long tons). (£). 1913 10 2,005 1914 7 927 1915 42 7,544 1916 20 3,386 1917 10 1,542 1918 32 7,978 1919 4 996 Imports o f Tin Ore into the Straits Settlements From Quantity (long tons) 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 United Kingdom ... South Africa Hong Kong India Malay States Australia Other British Pos- sessions. 2,622 12 148 63,128 3,679 2,700 2 113 63,568 2,680 213 2,155 4 83 63,693 2,102 931 2,639 60 137 58,187 2,075 3,202 80 301 49,729 1,214 1,817 26 356 46,198 5 266 1,484 1 412 40,821 Total from British Possessions. 69,589 69,063 68,250 64,029 54,526 48,668 42,718 Siam Netherlands Indies United States 8,059 3,273 66 7,842 4,213 26 10,386 6,476 197 11,602 6,781 66 11,367 7,900 49 11,399 2,997 12,327 6,705 Total from Foreign Countries. 11,398 12,081 17,059 18,449 19,316 14,396 19,032 Total 80,987 81,144 85,309 82,478 73,842 03,064 61,750 * Trade Returns (Annual). Colonial Reports (Annual). Straits Settlements Blue Book (Annual). •f Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 F.M.S. dollar = 2s. 4rf. 49 Imparts of Tin into the Straits Settlements Quantity (long tons) 1919. 1 1913. 1 1914. 1915. 1916. | 1917. 1918. Hong Kong ... Malay States 5,978 2 10 ' — — 4,823 1 4,940 5,47i; [5,893 4,643 7,916 Total from British Posses- sions. 5,978 4,825 4,950 5.476 5,893 4,613 7,916 Siam ... Netherland Indies Other Foreign Countries ... 894 6 558 i 695 — 1,.07H 536 476 416 357 2,262 119 Total from Foreign Coun- tries. 900 558 2,273 536 476 416 2,738 Total 6,878 5,383 7,223 6,012 6,369 5,059 10,654 Exports of Tin from the Straits Settlements Quantity (long tons). To 1 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917 1918. 1919. United Kingdom ... 35,215 35,504 22,723 25.073 26,785 10,416 19,285 Ceylon 29 48 57 4« — — — Hong Kong- 336 164 60 541 — — — India 1,815 1,642 1,357 1,384 — — — Malaya 9 — 1 1 — — — Canada 256 75 130 40 — — — Other British Posses- 11 32 17 21 — — — sions. Total to British 37,671 37,4li5 24,345 27. IDS 26.785 10,416 19,285 Possessions. Austria-Hungary ... 1,537 936 — — — — — Belgium 10 375 — — — — — France 4,841 3,979 4,697 4,248 — — — Germany 640 1,274 — — — — — Italy... ... 1,489 1,579 1,938 2,063 — — — Bn»sia 496 165 4,148 1,713 — — — United States 17,735 19,350 32,285 28,099 23,333 34,404 27,023 China 176 93 129 16 — — — Japan 78T 803 '.149 1,225 — — — Siam 43 112 64 96 — — — Netherlands Indies... 59 15 37 5 — — — Other Foreign Coun- 265 85 194 656 13,928 10,238 13,036 tries. Total to Foreign 28,078 28,766 44,441 38,121 37,261 44,642 40,059 Uoun tries. Total 65,749 J 66,231 68,786 65,229 64,046 55,058 59,344 50 Exports of Tin from the Straits Settlements — continued Value* (£). To 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom ... 7,039,338 5,273,306 3,543,369 4,434,260 5,794,250 3,199,583 4,823,816 Ceylon 5,871 7,552 9,422 8,395 — — — ~ Hong Kong 64,465 26,176 8,786 91,249 — — India 372,760 253,933 211,862 242,922 — — Malaya 1,697 — 253 121 — — — Oanada 54,660 12,521 19,462 6,723 — — — Other British Posses- sions. 2,161 4,417 2,586 3,594 Total to British 7,540,952 5,577,905 3,795,740 4,787,264 5,794,250 3,199,583 4,823,816 Possessions. Austria-Hungary ... 308,512 152,890 — — — — Belgium 1,813 54,238 — — — — — France 985,796 625,725 719,792 740,266 — — — Germany 122,717 217,559 — — — — — Italy 289,622 249,197 299,995 357,429 — — — Russia 97,663 26,034 647,335 290,358 — — — United States] 3,565,612 2,914,577 5,009,048 4,872,947 5,056,100 10,493,467 6,991,600 China 26,544 14,563 19,989 2,758 — — — Japan 155,932 117,809 149,305 207,960 — — — Siam 8,050 17,823 9,835 16,473 — — — Netherlands Indies 11,560 2,191 5,757 899 — — — Other Foreign Conn- 56,790 13,095 30,017 115,847 2,895,433 3,062,383 3,201,917 tries. Total to Foreign 5,630,611 4,405,701 6,891,073 6,604,937 7,951,533 13,555,850 10,193,517 Countries. Total 13,171,563 9,983,606 10,686,813 11,392,201 13,745,783 16,755,433 15,017,333 * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 F.M.S. dollar = It. id. The Federated Malay States I The Federated Malay States are the largest producers of -tin ore in the world, and contribute about 35 per cent, of the world's output. Of the four States, Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan and Pahang, the first produces more than the other three com- bined. The rich and easily worked deposits of the Kinta valley largely account for this predominance. The main geological feature of these States is a central granite range, with subsidiary granite ranges and off-shoots, underlying limestones, clays, schists and quartzites. The central range extends from Burma in the north to the borders of Malacca and Negri Sembilan in the south, where there is a break until the f F.M.S. Chief Secretary's and Mines Reports (Annual). Mining in Malaya, Malay States Information Agency. Geological History of the Malay Peninsula, J. B. Scrivenor, Quart. Journ Geol. Soc, 1913, Vol. 69. The Tin deposits of the Malay Peninsula, by R. A. F. Penrose, jun. ; Journ. of Geology, Chicago", Vol. II, 1903. Mineralization in Malaya, by W. R. Jones ; Mining Mag Vol XIII, 1915, pp. 195, 322 ; Mining Mag., Nov. 1918, p. 254. Reports on the Administration of the Mines Department and on the Mining Industry (Annual). 51 granite reappears in the islands of Banka and Billiton. The quartzites have not yet proved to contain any deposits of econo- mic importance, but veins of great productivity are being worked in the schists and a variety of deposits of great interest, both economic and scientific, are worked in the limestone. By far the greater part of the tin ore won, however, is alluvial, the material won from lodes or veins in 1919 being only about 7 per cent, of the total production in that year. The granite itself contains cassiterite, and the last si ages of igneous action appear to have been accompanied by intense mineralization, which affected the overlying rocks. The denuda- tion of these and of the granite core has given rise in many places to true alluvial deposits, also to other deposits as to the origin of which there has been much controversy. The cassiterite usually occurs in fairly coarse particles, i.e., easily concentrated by ordinary streaming methods, and sometimes in massive form in pieces weighing several hundred pounds. Associated with the alluvial tinstone are tourmaline, ilmenite, magnetite, topaz, corundum, rutile, and many other heavy minerals. In the vein and pipe deposits the associated minerals may be pyrite, arseno- pyrite, and galena with quartz, calcito, tourmaline or fluorspar. The depth to which the schists and granite have been decom- posed is very remarkable, more than 100 feet of decomposed granite often being found in situ. This is washed down by monitors and the residual tin recovered in the usual way. Alluvial deposits to a depth of 300 feet are being worked by open-cast methods. In the Federated Malay States every known method of alluvial mining is employed, from the most primitive to the most elaborate. There are so many types of deposit that it is probably necessary that this should be the case. About 70 per cent, of the output is obtained from mines under Chinese management. On many of these the most primitive appliances are found, but some Chinese mines are worked on modern lines with the aid of machinery. There were 18 dredges operating in 1919 and they produced about 9 per cent, of the output. With the exception of concentrates from some of the veins and pipes, which contain metallic sulphides, the ores won are usually very pure and assay from 72 to 73 per cent. tin. When sulphides are present, the ores are roasted and re-dressed. One lode-mining company has recovered a large quantity of arsenic as a by-product. Other by-products recovered were wolframite and scheelite, the outputs of which are shown in the following table : 52 Production of Wolframite and Scheelite Ores in the Federated Malay States. Year 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 By far the greater pari of these ores came from Selangor. During the period under review there was a steady decline in production despite the appeals and efforts made to obtain an increase during the war. This was due to many conflicting causes, but the principal reason was doubtless a falling offjin the labour supply, which fell 50 per cent, between 1913 and 1919. The decline would have been greater still had it not been for the increased use of machinery and the rising price of tin after the first fall due to the outbreak of war. Rising costs, however, largely discounted the rise in price, and in fact towards the end of the period more than offset any advantage in the selling price of metal. The following table shows the relation of output to labour supply and prices : dframite Scheelite lg tons) (long tons) •207 — 232 29 234 57 311 204 422 340 244 111 207 228 Tin exported Average price of Total labour Year. from F.M.S. Straits tin . employed in (long tons). (£). F.M.S. 1913 50,125 195 225,405 1914 49,041 144 171,689 1915 46,765 153 164,457 1916 43,869 172 139,143 1917 39,832 213 123,340 1918 37,369 295 144,621 1919 36,935 238 113,107 Early in 1919 the low price of tin compelled a number of mines to shut down. The rapid decline in the labour supply was due partly to the increased demand from the rubber estates, but more particularly to the fact that the lower price of metal resulted in lower earnings for tributers. Moreover, the adverse rate of exchange with China practically resulted in a cessation of the regular stream of immigration of Chinese labour in 1918. The Federated Malay States have reached a transitional stage as regards tin-mining. The most productive and easily worked shallow ground is nearing exhaustion, and future output will 53 depend more upon new discoveries a ad the introduction of machinery for the exploitation of less easily worked or poorer deposits. During the war there was a check to the introduction of new capital, but the present tendency is indicated by the tact that whereas only one bucket dredge was at work in 1913 there were 18 at work in 191'9. Considerable improvements in rapacity and ore-saving were noted on the latest dredge in- stalled. While there is undoubtedly a vast quantity of alluvial tin still to be won in the Federated Malay States, the vein deposits will have to be worked ultimately. Increasing attention is bein<* paid to such occurrences with conspicuous success in at least one case, in the Ulu Kuantan district of Pahang, where veins m schist are being worked by one of the largest tin-lode mining concerns in the world. The decline in output has led to a consideration of the question of conHerving the tin resources in the interests of the Federated Malay States and of the Empire. On the outbreak of war a serious condition of the industry immediately developed owing to the inability of the miners to obtain a market for their ore. The Government of the Feder- ated Malay States, in collaboration with the smelting companies, arranged to purchase the ore for four months, at the end of which time a market was re-established. A similar situation arose shortly after the Armistice and was met in a similar way, by Government purchases from January 6th to April -26th, 191'). A eomm)i8sion was appointed in 1918 to enquire into the state of the industry, in view of widespread complaints against the Government and Mining Administration. The report, published in 1919, stated that these complaints were unfounded, and made recommendaliions with regard to various matters, particu- larly for the collection of detailed observations to enable the question of the silting up of water-courses to be dealt with. The enormous accumulations of tailings have become an increas- ing source of embarrassment in recent years, and it has even been necessary to withhold grants of rights over mining land where the working of such land would appear likely to cause difficul- ties of this kind. Enactments were made during the period, dealing with machinery and electricity on mines, and regulations regarding tailings dams were introduced. In the early part of 191 8 special arrangements were made in the effort to increase output for war requirements, and many rules and regulations were relaxed. Forest and other closed areas were opened and proprietary mining leases granted over agricultural land. These privileges were withdrawn after the Armistice. In 1915, coal was first raised from' a Malayan colliery, and thus obviated a serious shortage of this class of fuel, which would have otherwise occurred and seriously interfered with the output of tin. In the same year the manufacture of cement was 54 commenced in Selangor, a factor of great importance to the tin mines in connection with the construction of dams and hydraulic installations. Smelting charges on ore and deductions on account of local costs rose durting the period, the maximum increase amounting to 80 per cent. This was due almost entirely to the increased costs of all kinds, particularly of freights to Europe on refined metal. A considerable reduction of the smelting charges was made in 1919. About 16 per cent, of the metallic contents of the ore won in China during 1919 was smelted at the mimes by the Chinese before sending to the Straits for refining, an operation which is also carried out by the Chinese to some extent. Exports of Tin from the Federated Malay States* State Quantity (long tons) 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Perak Selangor ... Negri Sembilan Pahang ... 29,402 15,406 1,884 3,433 28,556 15,103 1,697 3,685 27,775 13,938 1,244 3,808 27,241 12,241 907 3,480 24,642 10,960 734 3,496 22,983 10,744 625 3,017 21,909 11,319 544 3,163 Total... 50,125 49,041 46,765 43,869 39,832 37,369 36(935 Exported: — as Block Tin as Tin in Ore 5,089 45,036 3,642 45,399 4,369 42,396 4,776 39,093 5,414 34,418 4,449 32,920 5,137 31,798 Valuef (£ 1 Perak Selangor ...' Negri Sembilan Pahang ... 5,738,167 3,006,645 367,762 670,023 4,110,530 2,174,000 244,292 ,530,433 4,255,604 2,135,236 189,698 584,430 4,675,379 2,099,072 155,887 596,228 5,264,215 2,323,541 ■157,346 744,508 6,794,987 3,171,762 181,969 883,517 5,185,094 2,678,919 124,842 747,619 Total... 9,782,597 7,059,255 7,164,968 7,526,566 8,489,610 11,032,235 8,736,474 * Metallic tin = 72 per cent, of ore. f Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 F.M.S. dollar = 2s. id. The above figures give the export of tin as recorded by the Customs from each State. Unfederated Malay States* These comprise Johore, Kelantan, Trengganu, Kedah and Perlis. Their total output in 1919 was 3,290 tons of tin ore, of which Johore supplied more than half and Kelantan practically none. Owing to the undeveloped state of means of communica- Eeports of British Advisers to Protected States (Annual). 5."» tiun and transport and to dense jungle and deep soil in many parts, comparatively little is yet known of the mineral resources of these States. From what is known of their geological forma- tions there is reason to hope that further discoveries may be made. The deposits in Perlis, though unimportant, are interesting as occurring in underground streams in limestone caves. These have been followed for about five miles underground and at depths of 600 feet below the surface. Such deposits, which have furnished about 80 per cent, of the total output of Perlis, can be worked only on a small scale owing to the difficulty of dealing with large quantities of water in the rainy season. In Kedah the principal producing districts were Kubang Pasu, Kuala Muda, Baling and Kulim. At Sintok, in north Kedah, the largest wolfram mine in Malaya is situated. This is a lode formation where wolfram and cassiterite occur together in the proportion of approximately two of wolframite to one of cassiterite. The principal sources of tin in this State are alluvial deposits. The output of Johore was only 461 tons of ore in 11)13, but rose to 3,408 tons in 1916, falling again to 1,843 tons in lOl'.l. The Kota Tinggi district furnished most of the 1913 production, but in 1915 valuable discoveries were made in the valley of the Jemaluang in the Mersing district on the east coast, and accounted for two-thirds of the production in that year. In Kelantan great hopes were entertained in 1914 of the valley of the Nenggiri, owing to the discovery of rich pockets of tin ore, but expectations were not realized owing to the sporadic nature of the deposits. The mountainous nature of the interior and the lack of transport facilities have thus far prevented any scientific prospecting. The production of tin ore in Trengganu increased steadily throughout the period under review, and amounted to 630 tons in 1919. The principal workings are in the vicinity of the Kemaman, Paka, Dungun and Trengganu rivers, where lodes and alluvial deposits have been found. The tin ore won has been obtained almost entirely from lodes, in which it is usually accom- panied by wolframite. Export* of Tin Ore from the Unfederated Mali iy States Quantity (long tons). State. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Johore Kedah Kelantan ... Perlis Trengganu ... 461 864 7 110 331 1,773 844 861 9 186 379 2,842 868 6 229 398 3,408 679 209 475 3,272 476 196 431 2,346 ; 1,843 778 . 702 ' 2 154 113 607 630 Total 2,279 4,343 4,771 4,375 3,S85 '■ 3,290 i 56 Australia* The total tin output of the Commonwealth in 1919 was about 3 J per cent, of the world's total. With the exception of Victoria, all the States were producing less in 1919 than at the commencement of the period under review. In addition to rising costs during the war, many States suffered from insufficiency of rainfall, and all were short of men. No new deposits of impor- tance were developed during the period, and any improvement in output would appear to depend upon further discoveries. Tin is widely distributed throughout the continent and Tasmania, and large areas yet remain to be prospected. It is, therefore, reasonable to expect that other deposits will be found. Attempts have been made to develop the tin smelting industry in New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, but the uncer- tainty of ore supplies, and high costs, have made competition with the Singapore smelters very difficult. All the States of the Commonwealth give considerable assist- ance to mining enterprise. This usually takes the form of advances to prospectors and struggling mines, or the provision of equipment for the treatment of crude ore in central parts of new districts. During the war, in periods of crisis, advances were made on security of ore won. New South Wales A — Tin is widely distributed throughout this State, but deposits of economic importance have as -yet been vorked only in the northern and southern parts. The principal tinfields are in the Emmaville, Tinga and Ardlethan divisions. Subsidiary producing divisions are Glen Innes, Deepwater, Wilson's Downfall, Torrington, Bendemeer and Inverell. All are in the north-eastern part of the State except Ardlethan, which is in the south on the Lachlan River. The modes of occurrence vary widely, but in all cases the cassiterite is associated with an acid granite which has been greatly denuded. On Vegetable Creek in the Emmaville dis- trict, and on Cope's Creek in the Tinga district, tinstone occurs m cemented gravels of Tertiary age which have been covered by basalt flows. These " deep leads " are worked by under- ground mining methods, and the cemented gravels extracted are crushed by stamps to release the cassiterite prior to con- centration. In cases where the older deposits have been cut through by the present streams, re-concentration has given rise to recent alluvials which a-re largely worked by means of gravel pumps and dredges. * Official Year Book Statistical Report of the Australian Metal Exchange Irade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia ^ -A.nnu 3,1 j . t Official Year Book. Mines Dept. Annual Reports. The Tin-minim? Industry Mmeral Resources Publication No. 14. The Ardlethan Tinfleld Mineral Resources Publication No. 20. ' 57 A number of lodes occurring in granite are also worked in these districts and furnish a small proportion of the output. At the Conrad mine, Howell, in the Inverell district, a rich shoot of ore was mined containing over 2 per cent, of tin in the form of stan i lite, associated with chaloopyrite and argentiferous galena. In the Ardlethan field, lodes occur in joints and fissures in granite and schist. The cassiterite is associated with tourmaline, topaz, wolframite and sulphides of iron, arsenic, bismuth, molybdenum, copper, lead and zinc. Very rich shoots of ore occur sporadically. The systematic working of all the deposits in New South Wales is hindered by the uncertain and inadequate water supply. During the period a large portion of the concentrates produced was smelted at Sydney. Victoria* — The production of tin in Victoria was small throughout the period, varying from 38 tons in 1913 to 74 tons in 1919. The lai'gest amount came from Beechworth and Eldorado in the north-east, towards the New South Wales border, but a small amount came from the Toora district in southern Gippsland. Most of the ore is won by dredging. The cassiterite is usually associated with gold. The company operating at Eldorado in 1917 recovered 105 tons of tin concentrates and 7,290 oz. of gold by pump-sluicing. A very small quantity is won from tin- bearing lodes by " fossicking " parties. Qumi.sland.i — The production of Queensland is now less than that of Tasmania and New South Wales, but its recently as 1912 this State was second only to Tasmania. The Herberton (or Walsh and Tinaroo), C'hillagoe, Stanthorpe, Cooktown and Kangaroo Hills are the principal tinfields. With the exception of Stanthorpe, which is in the south, all the tinfields are in the northern part of the State. At Herberton the cassiterite occurs in rich but very irregular deposits in granite, which is intruded into slates, schists, "and quartzites. The tin-bearing veins range from an altered granite to greisen or chloritic material, and generally merge gradually into the country rock. The associated minerals arc topaz, fluorite, tourmaline, wolframite, bismuthinite, sribnite, galena, chalcopvrite and magnetite. The Herberton district produced more than half the output of Queensland during the period but also shared fully in the general decline. At Stanthorpe some lodes are mined, but the principal pro- duction is from alluvial deposits, which are worked largely by dredges. These alluvial deposits result from the erosion of cassiterite-bearing quartz or greisen in the granite. Tn the Cooktown district, which comprises the Annan and Bloomfield rivers, cassiterite is worked in both lode and alluvial • Annual Reports of the Secretary for Mines. f Mines Reports (Annual). Queensland Mineral Index. 58 formations. A greisenized granite at Lode Hill on the Bloom- field River is sufficiently decomposed to yield its tin contents to hydraulic treatment. At Currumbin Creek traces of tinstone are found in the sands of the coast associated with gold, platinum, and tourmaline. Deposits of concentrated material are found on the beaches after storms. Western Australia.* — The only producing fields in Western Australia during the period were Greenbushes, in the extreme south-west, and Pilbara, Marble Bar district, in the north-west. The former has produced by far the most tin, and its development was favoured by the existence of ample timber supplies and a comparatively abundant rainfall. In 1913, insignificant amounts were produced in the Cue district of the Murchison goldfield and in the Coolgardie district. At Greenbushes the cassiterite occurs in shear zones in the granite itself, in pegmatite dykes and in quartz-tourmaline veins. Only a small proportion of the output is obtained from these primary deposits, the greater part being won from the residual and alluvial deposits which are largely worked by dredges. In the Marble Bar district the primary deposits are pegmatite dykes in granite. Tin ore is won from these, in small quantity, but mostly from alluvial deposits. The production suffered a heavy fall in 1914 owing to the fall in price and the uncertainty of war conditions. A slight recovery followed in 1915, but in 1919 the output was only about 60 per cent, of the pre-war figure. It would appear, however, that the decline was due to the exhaustion of existing fields and- that any future increase must be looked for from new discoveries. There are no* tin-smelting works in the State and the ore is exported to Singapore or Sydney. Tasmania. + — Tin mining has been one of the most important industries of Tasmania for many years. The value of the tin exported between 1880 and 1919 amounted to £13,631,872. The most important tinfields are in the north-west and north- east of the island, but small productions have been obtained from the south and east coast districts. Occurrences have, however, been reported from many other localties. * Mines Dept. Reports (Annual). Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 30, 1907 ; the distri- bution and occurrence of the baser metals in Western Australia. f Secretary of Mines Reports (Annual). Geol. Surv. Annual Reports. Report on the investigation of the tin-bearing ores of the Renison Bell district by Joseph H. Levings, Govt. Mining Engineer, 1921. The tinfields of North Dundas, by Hartwell Conder ; Geol. Dept. Bull. No. 26. The South Heemskirk Tinfield, by L. Lawry Waterhouse ; Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 21. The ore bodies of the Zeehan field, by W. H. Twelvetrees and L. Keith Ward ; Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 8. Economic Geology, Vol. Til, p. 271, 1912. Mining Mag., Sept. 1910, pp. 195-202. 5!» In the north-west there is a well-defined mineralized belt passing through Mount Heemskirk, Zeehan, and Mount Rose- bery, in which similar deposits occur, connected with a granite mass intruded into sedimentary rocks, which are extensively metamorphosed at and near the contact. The veins are in schist and granite, and the principal filling matter is quartz. Asso- ciated with the cassiterite are tourmaline, fluorspar, topaz, chal* copyrite, arsenopyrite , wolframite, bismuthinite, magnetite and rutile. The veins are often greisenized. At Heemskirk, pipe deposits occur which appear to be at the intersections of fissures that have been enlarged and subse- quently filled with cassiterite-bearing materials by pneumato- lytic action. At Zeehan, tin occurs in veins in the form of stannite, which is associated with pyrite, chalcopyrite and smaller quantities of bismuthinite, tetrahedrite, wolframite, galena and antimonial lead ore. The vein-filling consists of quartz and siderite with occasional fluorspar. Near North Dundas, in the Renison Bell district, very large ore- bodies have been worked in the " gossan," or oxidized zone, down to the sulphides beneath. The large quantities of sulphide ores available are awaiting solution of the treatment problem. The chief tin-mine in Tasmania is the Mount Bischoff, where deposits of a unique kind are worked on the open-cast system. The basal rocks of Mount Bischoff are schists and slates, into which are intruded quartz-porphyry dykes connected with a granite magma. The dykes have undergone intense mineraliza- tion within the area of the mountain, during which process the cassiterite was introduced. The upper and richer portions of the deposits are residual concentrations resulting from the weathering of the upper parts of the porphyry. On the north- ern slopes and lower flanks of the mountain, lode and alluvial deposits are also worked by the same company. In 1919, 102,187 tons of ore were crushed, from which an average recovery of 0"257 per cent, of metallic tin was obtained. In the north-eastern part of the island the most important mines are the Pioneer and Briseis, on the Ringarooma River. These are working on " deep leads," or old river-gravels, which have been covered by basaltic flows. At Gladstone the cassiterite is frequently associated with gold botli in veins and in alluvials. The former occur in granite and slates, whilst the alluvials appear to have been re-concen- trated from old gravels by marine action during a period of submergence. ,.,.,, At the Anchor mine in the Blue Tier district, decomposed granite was worked by hydraulic methods, the value running as high as 0'5 per cent, of stannic oxide. The production of Tasmania suffered a considerable fall in 1914 but thereafter remained fairly uniform throughout the period under review. The concentrates obtained were nearly all smelted by the Mount Bischoff Company at Launceston. Owing 60 to the complex nature of many of the custom ores received, the plant comprises roasting furnaces for separation of arsenic and removal of sulphur. There is also a leaching plant for recover- ing the copper from roasted ores. Wolframite is recovered by means of magnetic separators. The non-magnetic product from some ores contains bismuth, and such material is shipped to England for treatment. Refined tin is produced at the smelters, and much of it was exported to the United States during the war. Northern Territory.* — Owing to the difficult climatic condi- tions and lack of water in the Northern Territory, exploration work is exceedingly difficult. Consequently the main discover- ies of cassiterite have been made in the neighbourhood of the railway, which runs south from Port Darwin to the Katherine Eiver. Hitherto, the production has been small. Nearly all the tin ore recovered has been obtained from veins in granite or related rocks, but small quantities of alluvial tin have been won. The chief producing localities during the period were West Arm and Bynoe Harbour, at the entrance to Port Darwin, Mount Wells near Burrundie Station, and the Maranboy district, some 40 miles farther south, on Beswick and Providence Creeks. The tin lodes of the Maranboy field were very favourably reported on in 1918 by the Director of Mines in regard to size, permanency and value. Tin Content of Ores and Concentrates produced in Australia (long tons) — 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917 1918. 1919. New South Wales . . . 2,385 1,817 1,789 1,763 1,781 1,698 1,776 Queensland 2,240 1,402 1,489 1,197 824 917 596 Victoria 38 36 64 78 93 88 74 Western Australia. . . 340 255 300 324 266 270 207 Tasmania ... 2,609 1,784 2,103 2,219 1,846 1,579 1,580 Northern Territory 168 107 91 111 130 195 98 Total 7,780 5,401 5,836 5,692 4,940 • 4,747 4,331 Production of Refined Tin in Australia Quantity Year (long tons) 1913 1914 3,066 1915 4,242 1916 3,879 1917 3,990 1918 4,582 1919 4,102 * Annual Reports of the Administrator. 61 Exports of Tin from Australia (Domestic Produce) Quantity (long tons). Year. Refined Tin. Tin in Ore and I Concentrates exported. ; Total. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 2,890 2,240 1,463 1,459 847 6.309 ^026 4,270 4,756 4,204 3,425 3,346 Exports of Tin Ore and Concentrates from Australia (Domestic Produce) Fiscal years endincj June 30 To Quantity (long tons). 1913.* 1914-f 1915. 179 1,963 1916. 1017. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom Straits Settlements ... 530 3,879 70 2,001 227 2,177 2,404 79 1,918 190 — Total to British Pos- sessions. 4,409 2,131 2,142 1,997 190 — Austria-Hungary France ... Germany Japan ... 34 11 15 — z 2 - — — Total to Foreign Countries 60 4,469 — — 2 — — — Total 2,131 2,142 2,406 1,997 190 — Metallic content 2,890 1,466 1,641 1,368 130 — Value (£). 9,125 222,463 United Kingdom Straits Settlements ... 30,373 485,047 16,292 181,787 18,813 239,457 28,385 — Total to British Pos- sessions. 515,420 198,079 258,270 1231,588 i i 28,385 — Austria-Hungary France ... Germany Japan ... 3,148 1,529 1,376 198 — — — Total to Foreign Countries 6,053 521,473 198 — — — Total 198,079 258,468 231.588 28,385 — * Calendar year. f Fo • first s x montl 8 only ; values r ot stat id. 62 Exports of Tin Ingots from Australia (.Domestic Produce) Fiscal years ending June 30 To Quantity (long tons). 1913.*- 1914-f 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom ... 2,255 951 1,183 2,948 1,246 20 735 Egypt 124 — ' Canada 74 70 New Zealand 154 120 151 162 132 160 182 Other British Pos- 1 22 10 1 — 2 81 sessions. Total to British Pos- 2,410 1,093 1,344 3,111 1,378 380 1,068 sessions. Belgium 275 10 — — — France — — — 10 95 — — Germany 560 162 54 — — — — Italy 50 35 — — 10 — — Bussia — — — 100 — — — United States 120 80 96 210 1,564 3,272 1,906 China — — — 3 5 5 13& Japan 80 Foreign Pacific Pos- 4 1 1 1 2 3 13 sessions. Total to Foreign 1,009 288 151 324 1,676 3,280 2,134 Countries Total 3,419 1,381 1,495 3,435 3,054 3,660 3,202- > 1 Value (£ )■ - United Kingdom ... 454,059 179,092 492,036 215,975 3,190 169,821 Egypt — — — " — 30,800 — Canada — — — — 27,148 16.23& New Zealand 28,501 23,570 28,506 21,928 43,844 56,492 Other British Pos- 101 1,391 119 78 471 18,250' sessions. Total to British Pos- 482,661 204,053 520,661 237,981 105,453 260,801 sessions. Belgium 58,233 France — — 1,788 15,915 — — Germany 114,334 7,429 — — — — - Italy • 9,268 — — 1,730 — — Russia — — 15,920 — United States 24,829 14,611 37,890 314,409 957,196 664,703- China — — 560 910 1,255 31,241 Japan — ■ — — — 23,110: Foreign Pacific Pos- 880 87 164 408 759 3,944 sessions. Total to Foreign 207,544 22,127 56,322 333,372 959,210 722,998 Countries. Total 690,205 226,180 576,983 571,353 1,064,663 983,799- * Calendar year. f For first six months only ; values not stated. 63 New Zealand* Cassiterite associated with wolframite was discovered at Stewart Island at the foot of the Remarkables Mountain, and a '' rush " took place there in 1889-90. Nothing of economic importance developed. The mountain consists of granite flanked by schistose rocks, and contains small cassiterite veins. Occurrences of alluvial cassiterite have been reported from a number of localities in the Westport division of the South Island, but none of economic importance has yet been dis- covered. Granitic rocks cover a considerable area in this division, and it is possible, therefore, that discoveries of importance may be made. Imports of Tin, in Ingots, Pigs, Bars and Blocks, into • New Zealand From Quantity (long tons). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916.1 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom Australia 63 126 100 151 1 48 1 24 1 13 114! 127 | 135 3 196 3 165 Total 189 251 162 151 148 199 168 Value (£). United Kingdom Australia 13,735 27,807 15,489 24,911 6,757 19,550 4,594 , 2,789 25,328 134,181 811 76,820 789 47,466 Total from British Posses- sions. 41,542 40,400 25,307 29,922 36,970 77,631 48,255 Oermanyt United Statesf 28 50 58 — — = ! ~50 Total 41,570 40,450 26,365 29,922 36,970 77,631 48,305 * Mining Handbook. Shipping and Trade of New Zealand (Annual). Geol. Snrv. Bull. No. 17, p. 122. ■f- Under one ton m each case. 64 Imports of Tin foil into New Zealand Quantity (long tons). Value (£). Year. From Total. From Total. British Foreign British Foreign Possessions. Countries. Possessions. Countries. 1913 5 5 10 1,434 1,160 2,594 1914 8 5 13 1,541 1,228 2,769 1915 10 4 14 2,017 942 2,959 1916 8 4 12 2,284 1,161 3,445 1917 6 2 8 2,108 529 2,637 1918 7 6 13 2,863 2,789 5,652 1919 3 1 4 1,684 632 2,316 FOREIGN COUNTRIES France* In the department of Marbihan, Brittany, a large granite intrusion into schists and sandstones, which have been greatly metamorphosed near the contact, contains cassiterite veins which pass directly from the granite into the schists. These deposits have been worked in the past, but are not now of economic importance. Associated minerals are pyrite and arsenopyrite, zinc-blende, galena, apatite, fluorspar, molybde- nite, topaz and occasionally tourmaline. Wolframite and chalco- pyrite appear to be absent. The veins are so numerous in places as to resemble stockworks. In the Central Plateau cassiterite veins, which are of tea auriferous, occur in connection with large granite intrusions. Cassiterite is also found in small quantities in the granite itself and in pegmatites. Cassiterite veins occur at Montebras, Vaulry, Cieux, Chante- loube, Meymac, Puy ies Vignes and Charrier. Production of Tin Ore in France (long tons) Distriet. 1916. Vaulry and Cieux ... 11 Charrier ... ' ... — Total 11 1917. 24 2 26 1918. 7 10 17 At Vaulry and Cieux in Haute Vienne, the cassiterite is associated with chalcopyrite and argentiferous lead^ore. At Charrier in AUier it is associated with wolframite. * Statisiique de l'lndustrie Mine>ale en France et en Algerie, 1914 — 18. Rapport Gen^rale sur l'lndustrie Francaise, 1919. Le Commerce de la France (Annual). I>.) Before the war three ucre small smelting works at j»,v,. s and Havre, but in 11)16 only 263 tons of tin were produced by the one smelter in operation. The metal was derived as follows : u -d ,• • (long tons), brom Bolivian ores 154 ,, Indo-China ores ... ... 79 ,, French ores ... ... 5 Slags and residues 26 Totu, •Jii:; There is also a small industry at Lyons, treating tin sera,.. •The consumption of tin in France in 1913 was 8,500 ton* divided as follows : — Castings Tinplate Solders Railways General tinning Silk manufacture Munitions Various (tons) 1,700 1,500 1,50(1 1 ,000 1,00(1 1,000 :-'<•, pp. 163-5. Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XL VI P^l Estadistica Minera de Espaiia (Annual). Estadistica General T J '".„.. . :- Murcia produced 5,000 tons of 2 per cent, ore, and the i In 1912 a mine in Murcia i»™»'™^ 1JM3 output was probably of this low grade. 35347 70 Belgian Congo* Although the production of tin from the Belgian Congo has hitherto been small, it is probable that the interruption of pro- specting due to the war and the proximity of the tinfields to a war area prevented any expansion. There i& a belt of tin-bearing country in Katanga, to the north of the copper belt. The stanniferous area runs for a distance of about 250 miles, from the Kilbara Hills and the Lukussi and Niemba Eivers in a south-westerly direction to the Bia Hills and the Lualaba Eiver. The cassiterite occurs in quartz and pegma- tite veins, and also in detrital and alluvial deposits. The country rocks are quartzites, schists and gneisses intruded by pegmatite and granite. The veins occur in all these rocks. The most important deposits are the alluvials of the Lukussi Eiver and the veins and alluvials of Muika. The latter were closed down in 1914, but restarted in 1917 when they were pro- ducing 10 tons of concentrates per month. In the north- eastern part, of the area small quantities of wolframite are found. Figures of production during the period under review do not appear to be very reliable, but it is probable that up to 1917 very little ore was obtained. Difficulties of transport and high taxa- tion are said to have prevented exploitation of the poorer deposits. Mexico t Cassiterite is widely distributed in Mexico and was won and smelted by the Indians before the advent of the Spaniards. The production, however, has never been of any importance; the maximum recorded in any one year being 40 tons. The primary ores of cassiterite occur in joint-planes and fissures of rhyolites and rhyolite-tuffs. Tin deposits occur in the States of Durango, Jalisco, Guanajuata, San Luis Potosi, Queretaro, Aguascalientes and Sonora. The cassiterite, which is often in the form of wood tin or coloured varieties, occurs in an irregular manner, but is usually coarse, very large pieces of the mineral being found in some of the veins. Wolframite, hssmatite and topaz are among the associated minerals. A considerable percentage of antimony is often present in the smelted metal, although antimony minerals have not been identified in the ore. The crude metal also often contains notable quantities of arsenic. In addition to the primary occurrences mentioned, there also occur alluvial and detrital deposits. The concentrates obtained from the stream beds are much purer than those obtained from the veins, and are used to raise the average grade of ore smelted. * Report of the Colonial Minister to Belgian Parliament for 1918. Foreign Office Handbook, Belgian Congo, 1920. Mining Mag., July, 1914. Mining Journ., July 5, 1919. Renseignements de l'Office Colonial. Zeits. f. prakt. Geol. 1919, vol. 27, pp. 19-22. h Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XXV, p. 146 ; Vol. XXVn, p. 428 ; Vol. XXIX, p. 502. Iron Age, 1920, May 27, p. 1556. Mining Mag., Sept. 1913, p. 199. 71 The quantity of alluvial ore is small, owing to the narrowness of the stream beds and the torrential nature of the streams at certain seasons. Shortage of water during most of the year also militates against any large production being obtained from such deposits. The ore is all smelted in native furnaces and the resulting tin sold locally. The total recorded production for the three years 1917 to 1919 was only 23 tons. United States* The production of tin ore in the United States is practically negligible, but the consumption of the metal is equal to more than 40 per cent, of the world's total output. A number of occurrences are known and have been worked, but deposits of economic importance have been found only in Alaska. At Lost Biver, in Alaska, there is a granite-porphyry dyke intersected by stringers of eassiterite, wolframite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, zinc-blende and galena. The main sources of pro- duction, however, are Buck and Grouse creeks, where stanni- ferous gravels are worked by means of dredges. Owing to the fact that the open season lasts for only about 100 days per annum, the output of each dredge is small. Some concentrates are also recovered in the Hot Springs district as a by-product in sluicing tailings from placer gold mines. The concentrates were formerly all exported to Singapore, but in 1917 part of the output was smelted in the United States. During the period under review notable developments in con- nection with tin-smelting took place. A previous attempt had been made to establish this industry and to secure the ores of the Malay States. The imposition of a heavy export duty on ores prevented the success of the scheme. In view, however, of the increased production of Bolivia, renewed efforts were made to establish the industry in the United States, based on supplies from that source. Tin-smelting plants of large capacity were erected m the vicinity of New York harbour, and smaller works elsewhere in the United States. These plants were using Bolivian ores, and, during abnormal conditions of the world war, when metal and ores were under Government control, the tin smelteries in the United States made a valuable contribution to the large tin requirements of that country. The business does not appear to have been financially successful during that period, and owing to the difficulty in competing with foreign smelters the United States tin smelters are asking for a protective duty on metallic tin A dutv of 2 cents per lb. on imported metallic tin was included in the first proposals of the Fordney Tariff Bill, 1921 (which has not ye t become law), while tin ores were . „. nR^i7i™iroFthe Unitel States (Annual) Mineral Resources of • Mineral »»»""« * Seward Peninsu \ a , U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 714-F., Alaska (Annual). *H° 8 t , ■ Great Brjtain and the Uuited Statea during K Wo3lW« fJtoS i Litman, 1920. Foreign Commerce and NavigatioS of the United States (Annual;. D 3 35347 72 exempt. The industry of tin-smelting thus appears to need a protective duty to enable it to be established in the United States. The principal smelters in the United States have interests in Bolivian mines or with mine-owners intended to facilitate ore supplies. In 1918 there were four plants producing metallic tin with a combined output of 9,182 tons. Although the reduction of tin ores is a new development in the United States, the recovery of tin from scrap and waste metals had already become of some, importance. It was esti- mated that the metal so made available in 1919 was 21,458 tons. Part of this was in the metallic form and part as compounds such as chloride and oxide. Practically the whole of the tin imported is for domestic con- sumption. The quantity of tin imported increased rapidly during the war, reaching a maximum of 64,279 tons in the year ending June, 1916. After the Armistice, however, the demand fell rapidly and the figures for 1919 were about the same as for 1913, not taking into account the metal now produced in the country from imported ores. The following analysis* of the con- sumption of tin in the United States for the year 1917 is of interest : — Quantity (long tons) Tin- and Teme-plates 24,643 Solder 15,179 Babbit and bearing metal ... 9,643 Brass and bronze 4,286 Foil 3,571 Collapsible tubes 1,875 White metal 1,575 Miscellaneous 7,315 Total 68,087 The tin-plate industry has reached enormous dimensions and surpasses that of the United Kingdom, as is shown in the following table : — Output of Tin-plates and T erne-plates t Quantity (long tons) Year United Kingdom United States 1913 + + 823,719 1914 + + 931,241 1915 603,386 1,055,936 1916 576,787 1,235,000 1917 345,990 1,512,146 1918 416,559 1,473,939 1919 619,316 1,150,898 # The War Industries Board, Report of the Sub-Committee on Tin. t Statistical Report of the American Iron and Steel Institute. % Figures not available. 73 Canada is the largest customer, taking about 50,000 tons annually. Average prices of tin in New York during the period were :— Cents * ear per lb. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 449* 31-1* 391* 434 61-8 88' 7 63-2 The general course of prices was the same as in London, but in 1918 an abnormal situation developed owing to control of prices by agreement among the allied Governments. The result appeared in a difference of between £60 and £70 per ton in the New York price over the London price. Consequently it paid producers to send their ores to the United States for smelting. Such action was soon stopped by the placing of an embargo on imports of concentrates. During control, prices fell steadily and •continued to fall after removal of control to the end of the period. United States Production and Imports of Tin Tin obtain- able from Domestic Smelter Output of Tin. Imports. Ore. Ore t ! Mi- al. Year. Quantity 1 Quantity Quantity Valued Quantity Value* (long tons). (long tons). (long tons). (£). (long tons). (£). 1913 45 _ 46,722 9,776,503 1914 93 — 42,437 6,850,337 1915 91 — 51,600 8,070,189 1916 125 2,019§ 8,307 841,004 61,638 10,792,132 1917 98 5,415 8,084 988,146 • 64,434 13,304,237 1918 61 9,182 16.423 2,384,250 63,620 19,405,045 1919 54 10,925 17,139 2,473,322 : 40,044 10,602,087 * Average for month of July t Not reported prior to 1916. + Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar=4s. 2d. I Smelting of important quantities of tin-bearing concentrates tes first begun. 35347 74 Production of Secondary Tin in the United States.. Year. Quantity Value* (long tons) (£) 1913 12,659 2,618,204 . 1914 11,113 1,851,491 1915 12,187 2,198,787 1916 15,536 3,152,300 1917 17,321 4,983,375 1918 21,283 8,621,042 1919 21,458 6,222,542 Imports of Tin' Ore into the United States t Fiscal years ending June 30 From Quantity (long tons). 1916. 1917. 1918. 19194 United KiDgdom Hong Kong — — 1 3 Total from British Possessions — — — 4 Panama Bolivia ... Chile§ .., Peru Uruguay Other Foreign Countries 2 5.213 201 1 4,945 41 120 14 559 12,918 1,335 4 32 1,850 14,813 369 71 Total from Foreign Countries 5,417 5,120 14,816 17,135 Total 5,417 5,120 14,816 17,139 Value 1 (£)• United Kingdom Hong Kong — — — 103 292 Total from British Possessions — — — 395 Panama ... ... ... Bolivia ... Chile Peru Uruguay Other Foreign Countries 73 554,695 17,112 19 564,244 3,774 14,600 1,817 83,176 1,920,129 140,240 468 4,133 212.358 2,190,213 54,706 11,517 Total from Foreign Countries 571,899 584,435 2,144,013 2,472,927 Total 571,899 584,435 2,144,013 2,473,322 * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar = 4s. 2d. f Not recorded prior to 1916. % Calendar year. § Bolivian ores. || Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar = 4s. 2d. 75 Imports of Tin in Bars, Blocks, Pigs, Grain or Granulated, into the United States. Fiscal years ending June 30. From Quantity (long tons). 1914. 1915. 1916. 1 1 1917. 1918. 1919. t United Kingdom Canada Hong Kong... India Straits Settlements Anstralia 23,674 32 1,014 17,481 130 20,495 144 329 19,265 117 18,630 39 1,830 36,432 150 18,726 104 2,264 25 25,098 1,334 13,211 276 6,038 327 25,084 3,255 ■ 9,484 736 93 25,706 1,471 Total from British Pos- 42,331 40,350 57,081 47,551 48,191 37,490 France Germany Italy Netherlands Mexico Chile Peru Bhina Japan Dutch East Indies Other Foreign Countries . . . 113 1,834 25 369 25 25 224 130 4 12 10 1,620 71 4 59 2 606 105 6,351 7 31 11 1,936 325 11,557 8 127 116 1,651 468 10,385 i 197 25 28 2,254 50 Total from Foreign Coun- 2,391 2,000 7,198 13,867 12,755 2,554 tries. Total 44,722 42,350 64,279 61,418 60,946 ! 40,044 Yalue* (£). United Kingdom Canada ;Newf oundland and Labrador! Hong Kong adia traits Settlements Anstralia Total from British Posses- sions. Anstria-Hungary % Prance krmany Italy ffetherlands Hexico Panamaf ihile •eru jhina apan tatch East Indies Ihw Foreign Countries ... Total from Foreign Coun- tries. Total 4,375,653 5,445 178,292 3,201,119 23,309 3,194,987 25,454 62 45,478 2,820,713 17,724 3,273,769 7,553 269,544 5,868,342 26,945 3,660,609 20,320 431,439 4,177 4,538,948 259,707 3,683,634 81,072 1,618,596 74,630 6,111,412 892,259 2,493,822 196,313 24,902 6,879,975 410,381 7,783,818 6,104,418 9,446,153 8,915,200 12,461,603 10,005,393 28 20,700 328,251 4,797 66,664 4,366 18 4,374 31,936 21,342 647 1,797 1,688 10 250,165 11,854 479 9,273 259 90,615 16,685 1,024,036 333 3 5,084 1,393 411,370 59,607 2,064,530 1,175 29,097 20,522 464,893 150,787 2,401,716 46,581 7,220 9,086 521,000 12,807 429,198 307,585 1,153,201 2,542,320 3,068,190 596,694 8,213,016 6,412,003 10,599,354 11,457.520 15,529,793 10,602,087 i.j i , t t the rate ol E 1 dollar= 4s. 2d. ' Values converwju i^ *< 0—-—0 -- --- - f Calendar year. t Under one ton in each case. 76 Imports of Tin Scrap into the United States Fiscal years ending June 30 Quantity (long tons). 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919.* United Kingdom Canada Hong Kong 2,678 4,581 5,387 5,453 1,885 5,384 199 1,454 6,428 5,256 Total from British Possessions 7,259 10,840 7,468 7,882 5,256 France ... Portugal Cuba Mexico ... 12 55 213 15 ' 107 206 55 32 — Total from Foreign Countries 67 335 261 32 — Total 7,326 11,175 7,729 7,914 5,256 T r aluef (£ )■ United Kingdom Canada Hong Kong 5,440 10,798 14,311 15,157 4 5,273 15,872 561 5,553 18,475 19,131 Total from British Possessions 16,238 29,472 21,706 24,028 19,131 France , Portugal Cuba Mexico ... ; Panama J 29 267 430 26 417 3,297 238 8 54 27 — Total from Foreign Countries 296 873 3,543 81 — Total 16,534 30,345 25,249 24,109- 19,131 * Calendar year. f Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar = 4s. 2d. % Under one ton. 77 Exports of Tin in Pigs, and Oxide of Tin from the United States (Domestic Produce) Fiscal years ending June 30 To Quantity (long tons). 1915. 1916. 1917. 12 105 1 1918. 1919-f United Kingdom Canada Other British Possessions 59 70 1 88 1 45 1 57 2 Total to British Possessions ... 129 90 118 46 59 "Cuba Mexico ... Brazil 'Other Foreign Countries 4 1 ] 14 4 6 6 12 27 193 3 3 6 35 5 36 10 163 Total to Foreign Countries ... 5 25 238 47 214 Total 134 115 356 93 273 Value* (£). United Kingdom British Guiana J Canada ... Other British Possessions 8,490 6,765 103 4 17,218 280 2,049 6 '24,101 158 22 12,237 187 16,253 754 Total to British Possessions... 15,255 17,605 26,314 12,446 17,007 Cuba Mexico ... Brazil ... Other Foreign Countries 630 320 267 2,291 956 1,415 1,264 2,810 6,039 52,679 «71 1,015 2,068 10,3(19 1,771 10,536 3,906 53,430 Total to Foreign Countries . . . 950 4,929 62.792 14.1158 j 69,643 Total 16,205 22,534 89.106 26,504 86,650 Bolivia § The output of tin ore in Bolivia is second only to that of the Federated Malay States and, as the production is almost entirely from primary ores, it is possible there will be a great expansion in the future. The lodes are of exceptional richness and the * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 3 dollar =s -is. 2d. f Calendar year. Tin in pigs only. % Under 1 ton. § La Bolivie et ses mines, by Paul Walle. Economic Geology, Vol. IV p 321 ; VII, pp. 210 and 271 ; XV, p. 463. Mining Mag , Dec., 1914, and May, 1915. Eng. Min. Journ., April 3 and Nov. 20, 1920. Mineral Industry. Comercio Especial de Bolivia (Annual). 78 stanniferous area is so large that this field is likely to figure still more prominently as a producer in the future. Recognition of this fact has resulted in keen competition to secure the output of the mines for new smelting establishments which have been' erected in Bolivia itself, in Chile and in the United States. This has led to a further step whereby some smelters, in order to secure their supplies, have taken mine-owners into partnership or have themselves acquired large concessions. American interests have •secured large properties in the Quimza Cruz district. Tin-bearing lodes have now been discovered for a distance Of over 400 miles along the Eastern range (Cordillera Eeal) of the Andes. The tin belt stretches from Illampu near the south-east corner of Lake Titicaca in the north to Chorolque, some 100 miles south of the famous Cerro' Rico of Potosi. As might be expected in a mineralized area of this extent, the mode of occurrence varies considerably, and this variation has led to numerous theories being advanced to explain different modes of occurrence, but these are now regarded as merely' phases of the same general type. Granite is at present known over a considerable area in the La Paz region, but small patches have been found as far south as Potosi, and the probability is that it forms the core of the mineralized belt and is at no great distance from any of the main deposits of tin. In the neigh- bourhood of the granite the tin occurs as cassiterite and is asso- ciated with quartz, tourmaline, pyrite, wolframite, bismuthinite,. etc. The veins classed as belonging to an intermediate zone of temperature and pressure contain some cassiterite, but most of the tin is in the form of stannite and is associated with different combinations of quartz and various sulphides, including tetra- hedrite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, jamesonite, zinc-blende and proustite. The older mines were worked originally for silver only, though much tin has been won from the waste dumps and stope-fillings then rejected. The proportion of silver is greater in the mines in the southern part of the belt, and seems to mark lower tempera- ture conditions of deposition. In the mines near or at the granite contact, silver is absent. The rocks in which tin lodes are found are granite, slates, schists and quartzites. The principal producing mines are those of Uncia and Llallagua which contribute 40 per cent, of the total output. Most of the mines are at high altitudes, i.e., from 12,000 to 17,000 feet above sea-level. Those of the Berenguela district are at about 9,000 feet, and the milder climate results in the wages paid in this district being appreciably lower than elsewhere. The lodes of this district, however, are reported to be less rich. The Bolivian ores as mined average about 6 per cent. tin. Many of the lodes are oxidized for a considerable depth when the tin occurs in a friable " gossan." Wood tin is often found in such cases and is believed to be the result of the oxidation of stannite. The ores are crushed in native stone mills and con- centrated by ordinary streaming methods ; or. on the up-to-date 79 mines, of which there are many, are treated in modern crushing and concentrating mills, driven by Diesel engines or hydro- electric power. The concentrate or ' ' barilla ' ' usually assays about 60 per cent, tin but this is further improved in some plants by magnetic separators. As a rule, Bolivian concentrates are comparatively low in tin owing to the number of heavy metallic minerals which occur. Efforts are being made to improve the grade by flotation methods. The principal by-products are silver and bismuth, both of which occur chiefly in ores from the southern area. Bolivian tin concentrates were exported before the war mainly to Liverpool and to Germany. On the outbreak of the war in 1914, the absence of shipping facilities to Germany led to increasing shipments of tin ore to Liverpool. These were re- ceived in excess of the requirements of British smelters, and shipments of tin ore were made from accumulated stocks to Singapore and the United States. Owing to control of tin supplies in England, the United States had difficulty in obtaining the tin required for its industries — particularly the tin-plate industry — and to meet the difficulty tin-smelting works were established in the United States, where Bolivian ores were used. These ores were shipped direct from Chilian ports to New York. The competition of the new smelters in the United States and the introduction of a large amount of American capital to the Bolivian tin-mining industry gave further confidence, especially as the U.S. Government was reported to be supporting the estab- lishment of the new industry of smelting Bolivian ores in the United States. The output, therefore, rose gradually to a record figure in 1918 but fell again slightly in 1919 in sympathy with the price of the metal. Until 1917 practically the whole output was exported as " barilla," but in that year smelting operations were begun in Bolivia at La Paz by means of an electric furnace, and sub- sequently at Arica on the Chilian coast. The operations were not successful. Native smelters at Potosi make small shipments of metal. The bulk of the ore has been exported since the war to the United States and to England. A French company, operating the mines of Huayna-Potosi, ships concentrates con- taining bismuth to Havre. Owing to instability and rapid fluctuations in exchange values and the collapse in the market price of tin, the mining industry has suffered severely. Many Bolivian mines have had to close down being unable to produce ore at a profit owing to high costs of transport, labour and material. The high rate of the U S sterling exchange is unfavourable to American smelters, •is their smelting costs are usually payable by the Bolivian miners in sterling, and consequently the smelters receive less dollars for their returning charge when exchange rates are high. The Bolivian tin-mining industry is now sharing the general industrial collapse, and its future prosperity depends upon the 80 world's economic reconstruction, or the return to normal trade conditions. The rapid increase in the production of tin ore has taken place despite the enormous difficulties of transport in such mountainous regions. Bolivia has, however, extended its railway system very rapidly and is exceptionally -well served in this respect con- sidering the great engineering difficulties which have to be sur- mounted and the necessarily high cost of construction. It was largely due to the development of transport facilities that the mining industry developed so favourably during the period under review. Exports of Tin from Bolivia Concentrates.* Ingots. Year. Quantity Valuef Quantity Valuef (long tons). (£). (long tons). (£). 1913 43,878 5,422,750 1914 36,661 3,398,387 — — 1915 35,906 3,590,836 — — 1916 34,971 3,412,181 — — 1917 45,316 6,749,356 368 71,322 1918 47,280 10,156,049 736 212,842 1919 47,436 7,941,716 283 52,239 China* About 7 per cent, of the world's tin is produced in China. Cassiterite is reported to occur in the provinces of Hunan, Yunnan, Kwangsi, Kwangtung and Fukien, but 90 per cent, of the whole output comes from the Kochiu district of Yunnan in southern China. Hunan and Kwangsi also export a little tin, that from Kwangsi being of much better grade than the Yunnan tin and valued accordingly by the Hong Kong refiners for raising the quality of their products. The production of tin in Yunnan is an old industry, and it is remarkable that the output has been so well maintained from such a comparatively small area considering the crude methods which are employed. During the period under review the pro- duction showed a capacity for expansion despite many conditions which might have been expected to exercise a restraint, e.g., violent fluctuations of exchange, increase in brigandage, revolu- tion, artificial control of the tin markets by the Allies, boycott * Barilla (tinstone concentrates) containing 60 per cent, metallic tin. t Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 12'5 bolivianos = £1. X Chinese Year Book 1919. Commercial Handbook of China, 1920. Mari- time Customs Reports (Annual). Memoirs Geol. Surv. India, Vol. XLVtl, Pt. I. Trans. Inst. Min. Met., Vol. XIX, p. 187. Mining Journ., May 22nd, 1920, p. 384. Mineral Enterprise in China, by W. F. Collins ; London, 1918. 81 of Japanese goods, difficulties of transport, fluctuations in price of tin, famine and drought. Favourable conditions of rainfall occurred in 1915 and 1917, and high prices ruling in the latter year resulted in the record output of 11,809 tons. The cassi- tente occurs in alluvial deposits derived from veins which are also worked. The stanniferous area is only about 25 miles by '20 mues in extent. The veins occur in limestones and are associa- ted with tourmaline pegmatites. Oxidation has taken place to considerable depths, and the cassiterite i« found embedded in a red clay with large quantities of haematite and some magnetite. The disposal of concentrates and crude metal, and in fact the whole industry, is in Chinese hands, and the introduction of foreign capital for the purchase of ores by foreigners has been keenly resented. In 1913 a German smelting works was erected at Kochiu but proved a failure. Subsequently the plant was taken over by Chinese interests and is reported to be opera- ting. In 1920 a narrow gauge railway was in process of con- struction to connect the mines with the French Yunnan Bailway at Pichichai. A French company was also installing a large pumping station to supply water to the mines. These develop- ments should lead to further enterprise in the region. The Fuchuan mines in F>astein Kwangsi are alluvial, and are scattered over granite mountains for a length of 30 miles. The granite is flanked by limestones altered to marble in places. Cassiterite is found in detBiital deposits filling cup-like depressions in the limestone. The ores obtained were all smelted in crude native furnaces which produce an impure metal assaying about 84 per cent, of tin. This was exported to Hong Kong and there refined. There has been much competition among smelters to secure supplies of Chinese ore, but the progress of the tin industry has been seriously hampered by the revolution and other local diffi- culties which have exercised an obstructive effect on enterprise. Tin is still going to Hong Kong to be refined, and the revolution has made progress impossible. Chinese Production And Exports of Tin Production* Exports t Quantity Quantity Year (long tons) (long tons) 1913 8,108 *,255 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 7,268 7,097 7,995 7,880 7,645 7,502 11,809 11,686 8,730 8,679 8,742 8,692 * This production is as given by Rudolf Wolff & Co. j it appears to comprise metal and metal contained in concentrates, f The exports are tin slabs. 82 French Indo-China* Tin has been worked by the Chinese from ancient times in the provinces of Tonkin and Laos, where the deposits are similar to those of Yunnan and Burma. Only those in Tonkin have been worked successfully by Europeans. In the neighbourhood of the granulite massif of Pia-Ouac the cassiterite occurs in veins in the granulite and also in the over- lying schist. Alluvial and detrital deposits resulting from the disintegration of the veins are also worked. The tinstone is almost invariably associated with wolframite and in the veins ia usually subordinate to it. Accessory minerals in the veins are magnetite, haematite, rutile, zircon, sphene and tourmaline. The principal output is obtained by one company which worked about twenty veins in addition to alluvial and detrital deposits. A hydro-electric power station was erected to drive the con- centrating plant, magnetic separators, rock drills, etc. Ore free from wolfram was smelted at Haiphong. Mixed concentrates and wolframite were exported. Owing to the very high prices ruling for wolfram during the war, production increased very largely, being 194 tons in 1913 and 590 tons in 1918. Probably, however, only 30 per cent, of these figures represent tin, the balance being wolfram. Development has been undertaken recently at the Saint Adele mine, north of Pia-Ouac, in the neighbourhood of Thien-T'uc, where there are reported to be extensive deposits of alluvial tin containing some wolframite. It is proposed to smelt the tin concentrates locally. Production and Exports of Tin and Tungsten Ores in Indo-China Production. Exports. Year. Quantity (long tons). Valuet (£).' Quantity (long tons). Valuet (£). 1913 ... 1914 ... 1915 ... 1916 ... 1917 ... 1918 ... 1919 ... . 194 305 416 425 511 590 13,520 29,780 59,200 71,440 111,200 179 195 374 422 455 12,880 19,560 54,320 71,040 113,040 * MiDerais et mineraux du Tonkin by G. Dupouy, 1909. Etudes Mineralo- giques sur l'lndochine Francaise, idem, 1913. Statistiques de l'industrie miniere dans les colonies franeaises (Annual). Mining Mag., Vol. 22, pp. 113 and 246. L'Echo des Mines, Nov.' 2nd, 1919. f Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 francs=£l. 83 Japan* The production of tin in Japan is insignificant as compared with her requirements, which are satisfied from Singapore and, to a lesser extent, from Hong Kong. In 1913 the output was d« tons of metal and 502 tons of ore containing 52 per cent, of tin, but has since diminished and was less than 100 tons in 1919. Both detrital and vein deposits occur in the main island in the district of Hyogo, and in the south in the island of Kyushu. -The concentrates are smelted in the country, and the whole out- put of the Satsuma province of Kyushu is used for manufacture of the tin utensils for which the province is famous. The principal outputs in recent years were from the Suzuyama and Mitate mines, in the Kagoshima and Hyuga districts of Kyushu, and the Akenobe mine in the Hyogo district, Tajima province, of Honshu. At the Suzuyama mine there are a number of veins in shales and sandstones and also detrital deposits. The Mitate mines are in the tin-bearing area on the boundaries of Hyuga and Bungo provinces. The cassiterite occurs at the junction of altered limestones and sandstones, or in either of these rocks, which have been intruded by a granite magma. In the lower portions of the veins the cassiterite is associated with pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, galena, and small quantities of chalcopyrite, pyrite and zinc-blende. The Akenobe mine is a branch of the Ikuno copper mine. The cassiterite occurs in veins in Palaeozoic slates and is asso- ciated with chalcopyrite, bornite, wolframite and zinc-blende in a quartz gangue. Production and Imports of Tin in Japan Production. Imports. Tear. Quantity Valuet Quantity Valuef (long tons). (£). (long tons). (£). 1913 38 8,211 1,153 232,031 1914 95 15,022 1,287 206,311 1915 336 53,148 1,172 182,887 1916 248 4(5,456 1,084 179,654 1917 208 47,303 1,990 378,077 1918 165 56,931 2,802 827,130 1919 99 23,555 2.961 695,360 * Statistical Reports of Dept. of Agriculture and Commerce (Annual). Bull. Imp. Geol. Surv. of Japan, Vol. XXV, No. 3, 1918. Mining Industry in Japan, Imp. Bur. Mines, 1914. Mining in Japan, Past and Present, Imp. Bur. Mines, 1909 t Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 10 Yen=£l. In 1913 and 1914, 502 tons and 284 tons of ore were produced. 84 Siam* The absence of roads and the density of the jungle make prospecting exceedingly difficult in Siam. Claims to great resources in tin have not yet been substantiated, but there has been a considerable production. The principal deposits are on the island of Puket and at Renong on the west coast, from which side by far the greater part of the production is obtained. Other deposits of smaller size are worked on the east coast, and on the Nam Sak River and other localities in the northern part of the Kingdom. Most of the output is won by Chinese from detrital and alluvial deposits in the neighbourhood of the main granite range of the Malay Peninsula . About one-third of the output is obtained by dredging notably at Tongkah Harbour and Eenong. Siam has been the scene of the most successful tin dredging enterprises known to date. The concentrates were formerly smelted in native furnaces to crude metal, but the Singapore smelters have now a buying agency at Puket, and it is reported that American smelting interests have also been making strenuous efforts to obtain ore supplies from Siam. The concentrates are now mostly exported in the crude state to Singapore. Production of Tin in Siam Fiscal years ending March 31 Quantity Year (long tons) 1914 6,747 1915 6,591 1916 8,998 1917 8,765 1918 9,153 1919 8,835 Dutch East Indies! The important deposits of tin ore in these islands are a con- tinuation of those of the Malay Peninsula and resemble them very closely. The principal producing centres are the islands Banka, Billiton and Singkep. At Siak and on the river Indragiri, in Sumatra, and on the Karimon islands, some tin is won by native methods. Banka is the chief source of the metal at the present time, the mines being owned and worked by the Dutch Govern- ment. The Billiton deposits are owned by a Dutch company * Report on the commercial situation in Siam at the, close of 1919, Dept. of Overseas Trade ; Cmd. 795. f Year Book of the Netherlands Bast Indies, 1920. ^Manual of Netherlands India, Foreign Office, London, 1920. 85 ""ufL a P 0110688 * 011 from the Government which receives five- eighths of the profits. At Singkep another Dutch company owns concessions on the island from the Sultan of Lingga and also a Government concession to work the submarine deposits within territorial waters. On the ore won by dredging in the Govern- ment concession 4 per cent, of the gross profits are paid to the Government. On Banka, only alluvial and residual detrital deposits are worked. A number of lodes are known, but these are not of a payable nature. The methods employed are thoroughly modern, and similar to those of the Malay States. On Billiton the deposits worked are of the same type as those on Banka, but, in addition, there are a number of lodes suffi- ciently rich to work. Bich detrital deposits are found on the hillsides. On Singkep similar deposits occur. Residual deposits on the hillsides are worked by underground methods. The chief source of profit, however, is the submarine gravels. In the Dutch islands the cassiterite is often associated with tourmaline, magnetite, topaz, monazite, gold, wolframite, and other minerals. Owing to the large interest in the industry owned by the Dutch Government, valuable financial support is available in times of low prices, so that the average price received by producers in these fields is probably appreciably higher than that received by producers in other fields. That this is so is borne out by the following table which shows the large quantities held bark in some years and realized in others. Production and Sales of Banka Tin Excess or Auctioned Sold in Total deficit of Year. Production in Dutch disposed amount (long tons). Holland East Indies of sold against (long tons). (long tons). (long tons). production (long tons). 1913 15,499 15,143 __ 15,143 — 356 1914 14 244 9,699 2,241 11,940 — 2,304 1915 13,280 2,435 11,665 14,100 + 820 1916 14,570 1,130 20,129 21,259 + 6,699 1917 13,556 842 11,342 12,184 — 1,372 1918 11,861 36 10,758 10,794 — 1,068 Previous to 1914 all the Banka tin was sold by auction in Amsterdam or Rotterdam, but the action of the Allies, in rationing supplies to Holland, resulted in practically the whole being sold in Batavia, as shown in the foregoing table. Although a small quantity is still sold and exported direct from Batavia the pre-war custom has been re-adopted in the main. 86 During the period under review the production suffered a decline but not to the extent experienced by other similar fields. This difference was largely due to the advantages in financial support already mentioned. Production of Tin in Dutch East Indies Quantity (long tons). Banka. Billiton. Singkep. Total. 1913 ... 15,499 4,381 661 20,541 1914 ... 14,244 4,540 821 19,605 1915 ... 13,280 5,172 803 • 19,255 1916 ... 14,570 5,858 830 21,258 1917 ... 13,556 6,388 758 20,702 1918 ... 11,861 6,8 :« 506 19,200 1919 ... 11,850 7,000* 500* 19,350* Estimated. 87 REFERENCES TO TECHNICAL LITERATURE. GENERAL. Annual review; Eng. Min. Journ., New York. Caesiterite in soil, by G. E. Brown ; Mining Mag., 1913, 8, 359-363. Das Metallhiittenwesen : Ziun, by B. Neumann; Gliickauf, 1913, 49, 1723- 1724; 1915, 51, 60-61; 1916, 52,633-636; 1918, 54, 36-39. Electro-deposition of tin from tin salts of mineral acids, by F. C. Mathers and B. W. Cockrum; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc., 1914, 26, 133-135. Electro-deposition of tin, by F. C. Mathers and B. W. Cockrum; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc., 1916, 29, 405. Chemical methods of tin extraction, by 0. J. Stannard; Mining Mag., 1916, 15, 15-19, with bibliography. Concentration of tin gravels, by W. W. Richardson; Mining Mag., 1917, 17, 167-170. Neill jig tests for tin dredging, by L. H. Eddy; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 106, 78-79. Electrolytic refining of tin, bv E. F. Kern; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc., 1918, 33, 155-168. Tin ores, by G. M. Davies; Monographs on mineral resources with special reference to the British Empire. Imperial Institute, London, 1919, 99 pp. with bibliography. Extraction of tin from ores, by J. J. Collins; Mining Mag., 1920, 23, 285-288. . Tin : its political and commercial control, by J. M. Hill; Eng. Min. Journ., 1920, 109, 1011-1020. Tin and tungsten deposits : the economic significance of their relative temperatures of formation, by W. R. Jones; Bull. Inst. Min. Met., No. 186, 1920, 27 pp. Electrolytic refining of tin, by E. F. Kern ; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc., 1920, 38, 187-206. Die Elektrometallurgie und Elektrochemie des Zinns in den letzten Jahren, hy F. Peters; Gliickauf, 1920, 56, 1019-1022. See also Gliickauf, 1917, passim. Die Vorkommen von Zinnerzen, by F. Peters; Gliickauf, 1921, 57, 607-611. 662-667. ASSAYING AND SAMPLING Notes on the direct volumetric determination of tin, by H. J. B. Rawlins; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1912-1913, 22, 229-237. The assay of tin ores, by H. W. Hutchin ; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1913- 1914, 23, 269-279. The assay of tin ores and concentrates: the Pearce-Low method, by E. A. Wraight and P. Litherland Teed; Trans. Inst. Min Met., 1913-1914, 23, 280-380. Weighing alluvial-tin samples, by E. J. Vallentine; Mining Mag., 1913, Separation of' wolfram from tin, by M. T. Taylor; Mining Mag., 1915, The vo'lumetric'determination of tin, by R. L. Hallett; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1916, 35, 1087-1089. The wet assav of tin concentrate, by H. W. Hutchin; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1916-1917, 26, 85-136. Improved method of separating tin arsenic and antimony by J M. Welch nil H C P Weber; Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1916, 38, 101. bhort abstr. Journ'. Inst. Metals, 1916 16, 267. ■to.- 3 assav of low-grade tin ores : (a comparative study of methods), by W W Hutehin; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1917-1918, 27, 348-353 _, a \ . ' . . _ „ r t : n ; n hieh-grade wolfram ores and the use of lead as Th % e red m ucin K agent in ' Pearce'fassay, by A. R. Powell; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1918, 37, 285T-288T. 88 American tin-slag analysis: results of tests made by M. G. F. Sohnlein; Eng. Min. Journ., 1919, 107, 576. Electrolytic estimation of tin, by G. P. Baxter and H. W. Starkweather; Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc, 1920, 42, 905. Short abstr. Journ. Inst. Metals, 1920, 24, 477. Some sources of error in alluvial boring, by E. J> Pryor; Bull. Inst. Min. Met., No. 195, 1920, 9 pp. ALLOYS On the effect of tin on the zinc-copper alloys, by O. F. Hudson; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1914, 12, 99-100. The constitution of the alloys of copper with tin, by J. L. Haughton; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1915, 13, 222-248. Tin-cadmium and tin-bismuth alloys, by A. Bucher; Zeits. f. anorg. Chemie, 1916, 98, 97-127. Some tin-aluminium-copper alloys, by A. A. Read and R. H. Greaves; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1916, 15, 264-276. Note on lead-tin-antimony alloys, by 0. W. Ellis; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1918, 19, 151-154. Alloys of copper, tin and zinc, by F. Johnson; Paper before the Birming- ham Metallurgical Society. Metal Industry, 1918, 12, 268-273. Constitution of tin bronzes, by S. L. Hoyt; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., 1919, 60, 198-205. Some notes on the constitution and metallurgy of Britannia-metal, by F. C. Thompson and F. Orme; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1919, 22, 203-216,. The ternary alloys of tin-antimony-arsenic, by J. E. Stead, with notes by L. J. Spencer; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1919, 22, 127-144. The constitution and structure of certain tin-antimony-oopper alloys, by O. F. Hudson and J. H. Darley ; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1920, 24, 361-371. Tin-phosphorus alloys, by A. C. Vivian; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1920, 23, 325-366 with bibliography. TIN-PLATE INDUSTRY. Recent improvements in tinplate rolling, by J. Diether; Stahl u. Eisen, 1913, 33, 775-777. Recent developments in the tinplate industry, by H. S. Thomas; Proc. S. Wales Inst. Eng., 1913, 29, 36-102. Short abstr. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1913, 87, 654. Recovery of tin from tinplate, by F. Marre; Genie Civil, 1913, 63, 189-190. Short abstr. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1913, 88, 649. Practice in manufacture of tinplate at the new works of the N. and G. Taylor Company, Cumberland, Maryland; Iron Age, 1914, 94, 73-78. Short abstr. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1914, 90, 350. Method for the accurate sampling and analysing of tin and terne plates to ascertain the weight of the coating, by J. A. Aupperle; Paper before Amer. Soc. for Testing Materials. Iron Age, 1914, 94, 206-207. Methods of improving Welsh tinplate rolling-mill practice, by J. Williams; Proc. S. Wales Inst. Eng., 1915, 31, 151-170. The tinplate manufacturing plant of the McKeesport Tinplate Company, Pennsylvania; Iron Tr. Rev., 1916, 58, 53-56. Short abstr. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1916, 93, 356. De-tinning of scrap tinplate; Engineer, 1917, 123, 442-443. A short history of the de-tinning industry, by C. E. Nesbitt and M. L. Bell; Abstr. Met. Chem. Eng., 1917, 17, 187-189. Manufacture of tinplate, by T. L. Bailey; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind , 1918 37, 113T-116T. Manufacture of tinplate in a, modern plant ' in the United States, by C. F. Poppleton; Iron Age, 1918, 101, 30-35, 127-128. Short abstr. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1918, 97, 520. 89 BRITISH EMPIRE United Kingdom On the dressing of tin ores in Cornwall, by W. Fischer Wilkinson; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1912-1913, 22, 215-228. The nature of Cornish tin ores, by H. W. Hutchin; Mining Mag., 1913, $, 284-288. The treatment of tin ores in Cornwall : a description of the Geevor Mill, by H. G. Nichols; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1913-1914, 23, 85-142. Coarse crushing at South Crofty, by J. Paull; Paper before Cornish Inst. Min. Eng. ; abstr. Mining Mag., 1913, 8, 454-457. Losses in tin dressing, by W. Thomas; Paper before the Cornish Inst. Min. Eng.; abstr. Mining Mag., 1913, 8, 376-377. The physical condition of cassiterite in Cornish mill products, by J. J. Beringer; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1914-1915, 24, 407-477. The geological history of Cornish tin lodes, by C. F. Hall; Paper before Cornish Inst. Min. Eng.; abstr. Min. Journ., 1914, 105, 336. Tin dressing at Goevor, by M. G. F. Sohnlein; Mining Mag., 1914, 10, 424-426. Tin deposits at St. Agnes, Cornwall, by J. S. Whitworth; Paper before Cornish Inst. Eng.; abstr. Mining Mag., 1914, 10, 456-457. Tin and tungsten in the West of England, by J. H. Collins ; Mining Mag., 1915, 13, 207-210. East Pool dressing practice; Mining Mag., 1917, 17, 281-282. The geology of the East Pool mine at Camborne, Cornwall, by M. Maolaren; Mining Mag., 1917, 16, 245-249. The Taylor concentrator for tin slime, by J. W. Partington; Mining Mag., 1917, 17, 273-280. Losses in treatment oi" Cornish tin ores, by W. Thomas; Paper before the Cornish Inst. Min. Eng.; Metal Industry, 1917, 11, 540-542. Giew Mill test : elutriation of the crushed products, by S. J. Triuscott; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1917-1918, 27, 341-347. Slime treatment on Cornish frames : with particular reference to the effect of surface, by S. J. Truscott; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1917-1918, 27, 3-70. Recovery and losses of tin at Giew Mill, by the Cornish Sub-Committee of the Tin and Tungsten Research Committee; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1917-1918, 27, 330-340. The roasting of tin ores; discussion «at the Cornish Institute of Engineers. Abstr. Mining Mag., 1918, 18, 214. Report on the development of mineral resources in the United Kingdom; Ministry of Munitions, 1918. The comparison of concentration results with special reference to the Cornish method of concentrating cassiterite, by E. Edser; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1918-1919, 28, 89-113. Slime treatment on Cornish frames: supplements, by S. J. Truscott; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1918-1919. 28, 46-88. Fffect of heatin^ and heating and quenching Cornish tin ores before crushing, by A. Yntes ; Trans. Inst. Min. Met.. 1918-1919, 28, 41-45. Notes on Cornish mining practice, by W. F. McBryde Brown ; Proc. Austr. Inst. Min. Met., Melbourne, No. 34, New Series, 1919, pp. 27-31. Report of the Departmental Committee appointed by the Board of Trade to investigate and report upon the Non-Ferrous mining industry; Stationery Office, London, 1920, Cmd. 652, 42 pp. PWicter of some Cornish veinstones, by E. H. T>avison; Paper before Cornish Inst Eng. ; abstr. Mining World, 1920, 99, 269-270. Tho St. Agnes mining district, by J. B. Fern; Mining Mag., 1920, 23, Theexaminntion of mill flow-sheets, by P. T. Hancock: Mining Mag., 1920, The Levant Mine, Cornwall, by F. F. Oate; Mining Mag., 1920. 22, 148-151. 90 The Hemerdon wolfram-tin mine, by E. Terrell; Mining Mag., 1920, 22, 75-87. Dolcoath's future, reports by R. A. Tbomas and by Messrs. Bewick, Moreing and Co. ; Mining Mag., 1921, 24, 21-26. Gold Coast Report of the Director of the Geological Survey; Government of the Gold . Coast, Accra, 1913-1914. The tin discovery in West Africa (Mankwadi, near Winnebah), by D. J. MacDonald; Mining Mag., 1919, 21, 265-267. Nigeria Nigeria, Colonial Reports; Stationery Office, London (Annual). Notes on the valuation of Nigerian tin concentrate, by R. T. Hancock; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1912-1913, 22, 238-325. A pioneer bucket dredge in Northern Nigeria, by H. E. Nicholfa; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1915-1916, 25, 349-365. Prospecting for alluvial tin in Nigeria, by G. Stewart Paterson; Mining Mag., 1915, 12, 33-41. The nature of Nigerian tin deposits, by H. E. Nicholls; Mining Mag., 1916, 14, 321-323. The alluvial tin properties belonging to the Northern Nigeria (Bauchi) Tin Mines, Ltd., by A. R. Canning; Mining Mag., 1918, 18, 176-183. Tin deposite in Nassarawa, Nigeria, by W. E. Thomas; Mining Mag., 1918, 19, 240-242. Geologv of the Ningi Hills, Northern Nigeria, by G. W. Williams; Geol. Mag., 1920, 57, 434-437. The geology of the Plateau tin fields, by J. D. Falconer; Geol. Surv. Nigeria, Bull. No. 1, 1921, 55 pp., with maps. Rhodesia The mineral resources of Rhodesia, by F. P. Mennell; S. Afr. Journ. Ind., 1918, 1, 1307-1308. The geology of the Enterprise mineral belt, by H. B. Maufe; S. Rhodesia Geol. Surv., Salisbury, Bull. No. 7, 1920, pp. 43-46. * South- West Africa Territory The geology and mineral industry of South-West Africa, by P. A. Wagner; Dept. Mines and Industries, Pretoria, U. of S. Africa, Geol. Surv. Mem. 7, 1916, pp. 112-114. Tin in the South-West Africa Protectorate; Board of Trade Journ., 1920, 104, (New Series), 337. Report on the conditions and prospects of trade in the Protectorate of South-West Africa, by J. L. Wilson Goode; Stationery Office, London, 1920, Cmd. 842, p. 30. Mining activities in South-West Africa; S. Afr. Min. Eng. Journ., 1921, 30, 501-504. Tin in South-West Africa, by 0. Letcher; abstr. S. Afr. Min. Eng. Journ. 1921, 32, 1151-1155. Swaziland Swaziland, Colonial Reports; Stationery Office, London (Annual). Notes on the tin deposits of Embabaan and Forbes Reef in Swaziland, by A. L. Hall; Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Africa, 1913, 16, 142-146. Hydraulic tin mining in Swaziland, by J. J. Garrard; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1916-1917, 26, 137-174. Syphoning gravel, by J. J. Garrard; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1917-1918 27, 170-183. 91 Union of South Africa Report of the Government Mining Engineer; Pretoria, Union of S. Africa (Annual). The basf metal resources of the Union of South Africa, by W. Versfeld; Dept. Mines and Industries, Pretoria, U. of 8. Africa, 1919, pp. 73-89. The cassiterite deposits of Leeuwpoort : the paragenesis of the lode-forming minerals, by D. P. McDonald; Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Africa, 1913, 16, 107-139. Tin deposits near Cape Town, by E. M. Weston; Eng. Min. Journ., 1914, 97, 987-988. Tin-dressing at Rooiberg; S. Afr. Min. Journ., 1913, April 19. Short abstr. Mining Mag., 1913, 8, 451. Transvaal tin deposits, letter by G. H. Blenkinsop; Mining Mag., 1913, 8, 370-371. See also 1913, 9, 41-42, 213, 294-295. Note on the red felspar of the Bushveld tin deposits, by D. P. McDonald; Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Africa, 1914, 17, 57-59. Hydraulic prospecting at the Rooiberg tin mines, Transvaal, by E. R. Schoch; Journ. S. Afr. Inst. Eng., Johannesburg, 1918, 7, 61-68. Ancient tin mines of the Transvaal, by M. Baumann; Journ. Chem. Met. Min. Soc. S. Africa, 1918-1919, 19, 120-131. The geology of the Barberton gold mining district, by A. L. Hall; Dept. Mines and Industries, Pretoria, U. of S. Africa, Geol. Surv., Mem. 9, 1918, pp. 152, 238, 302-309. Tin occurrence of the Cape Peninsula and adjoining districts, by G. H. Blenkinsop; S. Afr. Min. Eng. Journ., 1920, 29, 16. The Mutue Fides-Stavoren tin fields, by P. A. Wagner; Dept. Mines and Industries, Pretoria, U. of S. Africa, Geol. Surv. Mem. 16, 1921, 179 PP- Canada Report on the mineral production of Canada; Mines Branch, Ottawa (Annual). Report of the Minister of Mines; Victoria, British Columbia, 1914, pp. 271-272. An occurrence of tin near the Ontario-Manitoba boundary, by J. 8. De Lury; Can. Min. Joura., 1920, 41, 520-521. Hong Kong Hong Kong, Colonial Reports; Stationery Office, London (Annual). India Records of the Geological Survey of India; Calcutta (Annual). Note on the mineral production of Burma; Rangoon (Annual). On some occurrences of wolframite lodes and deposits in the Tavoy district of Lower Burma, by A. W. G. Bleeck; Rec. Geol. Surv. India, 1913, 43, Pt. 1, 68 and 73. „ Wolframite mining in the Tavoy district, Lower Burma, by E. Maxwell- Lefroy; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1915-1916, 25, 83-120. Lectures delivered at Tavoy under the auspices of the Mining Advisory Board, 1918 and 1919; Superintendent, Government Printing, The cas^fterite deposits of Tavoy, by J. Coggin Brown; Rec. Geol. Surv. India, 1918, 49, Pt. 1, 23-33. The distribution of ores of tungsten and tin in Burma by J^ Coggm Brown and A. M. Heron; Rec. Geol. Surv. India, 1919, 50, Pt. 2, The ore" minerals of Tavoy, by J. Morrow Campbell; Mining Mag., 1919, Mining in Tavov. 1920, by E. Maxwell-Lefroy ; address to Tavoy Chamber o° M°n« mi! January. Abstr. Min. Journ., 1921, 132, 154-155. Malay States Dredging for tin in the Malay States, by A. Oolledge; Mining Mag., 1913, 9, 57-60. Tin resources of Malaya and India; Bull. Imp. Inst., 1914, April-June, pp. 278-290. Prospecting tin land in Malaya, bv W. B. Middleton; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1914-1915, 24, 300-328. Mining in the Malay States, by M. Park; Mining Mag., 1914, 10, 205-216. Prospecting in the eastern tropics, by G. B. Brown; Mining Mag., 1915, 13, 28-32. Mineralization in Malaya, by W. R. Jones; Mining Mag., 1915, 13, 195-202, 322-330. Mineralization in Malaya, letter by J. B. Scrivenor; Mining Mag., 1916, 14, 94-95. Geologist's Report, Federated Malay States; Government Press, Kuala Lumpur (Annual). Report on the administration of the Mines Department and on the mining industries, Federated Malay States; Government Press, Kuala Lumpur (Annual). i The Chief Secretary's report; Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States (Annual). Bucket dredging for tin in the Federated Malay States, by H. D. Griffiths; Mining Mag., 1916, 15, 327-336;- 1917, 16, 26-33. 79-86, 137-144. Tin dredging in the Federated Malay States, by A. C. Perkins; paper before the F.M.S. Chamber of Mines. Abstr. Mining Mag., 1917, 16, 52-54, see also remarks and abstracts of repts. by J. M. Newman; 16, 169-170, 17, 297-298. Electricity in tin mining, by D. M. W. Hutchison and W. J. Wayte; Journ. Inst. Electr. Bng., 1920, 58, 171-197. Administration report, Negri Sembilan, Federated Malay States; Kuala Lumpur (Annual). Administration report, Pahang, Federated Malay States; Kuala Lumpur (Annual). Tin dredging in the East (Siam and Pahang), by C. T. Nicholson; Mining Mag., 1918, 18, 183-185. Administration report, Perak, Federated Malay States; Kuala Lumpur (Annual). The geology and mining industry of the Kinta district, Perak, by J. B. Scrivenor; F.M.S. Govt. Printing Office, Kuala Lumpur, 1913, pp. 52-79. Tin lodes in Kinta Valley, by J. B. Scrivenor; paper before F.M.S. Chamber of Mines. Abstr. Mining Mag., 1914, 11, 264-265. Origin of the secondary stanniferous deposits of the Kinta district, Perak, Federated Malay States, by W. R. Jones; Quarterly Journ. Geol. Soc., London, 1916, 72, Pt. 3, 165-197. Gopeng Consolidated Tin Mines, Perak; F.M.S. Chamber of Mines Mag., Tpoh, Perak, 1917, June. The geology of South Perak, North Selangor and the Dindings, by J. B. Scrivenor and W. R. Jones; F.M.S. Govt. Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1919, pp. 32-37, 82-170, 177-178 with bibliography. See also, The topaz-bearing rocks of Gunong Bakau, by J. B. Scrivenor; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1914, 70, 363-381. Administration report, Selangor, Federated Malay States; Kuala Lumpur (Annual). Reports on the Unfederated Malay States under British . Protection ; Stationery Office, London (Annual), Kelantan and its natural resources, by V. F. S. Low; Mining Mag., 1921, 24, 11-20. Mining in Trengganu, by H. Brelich; Mining Mag., 1915, 13, 263-266. m Australia Australian tin Inde* and tin mills, by H. Herman; Proc. Austr. Inst. Min. En K ., No. 14, New Series, 1914, pp. 277-402. New South Wales Report of the Department of Mines; Sydney, New South Wales (Annual). Report upon the Ardlethan tinfield, by J. R. Godfrey; X.S.W. Geol. Surv., Sydney, Mineral Resources No. 20, 1915, 77 pp. Report on recent discovery of alluvial tin near Boro, by L. F. Harper; Dept. Mines, Sydney, N.S.W., Ann. Rept. for 1915, pp. 187-188. Butler's tin mine, Torrington, New South Wales; Chem. Eng. Min. Rev., 1918, 10, 265-266. Geology and mining developments of the Ardlethan tin field, by L. F. Harper; N.S.W. Geol. Surv., Sydney, Mineral Resources No. 29, 1919, 32 pp. Victoria Report of the Secretary for Mines : Melbourne, Victoria (Annual). The Mitta Mitta tin and gold field, by O. A. L. Whitelaw, J. P. L. Kenny and J. G. Easton; Geol. Surv. Victoria, Melbourne, Bull. No. 37, 1915, 23 pp. Wilson's Promontory tinfield; Ind. Austr. Min. Stand., 1920, 64, 893. Royal George tin mine, Mitta Mitta, by J. P. L. Kenny; Reo. Geol. Surv. Victoria, Melbourne, 1920, 4, Part 2, 160. Queensland Report of the Under Secretary for Mines ; Brisbane, Queensland (Annual). Tin-mining operations in 1913, with an epitome of the general geology and physiography, by E. C. Saint-Smith; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1913, 14, 637-647; 1914, 15, 6-17. Tintarplo mineral lease No. 195, by E. J. Laun; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1914, 15, 494. Geology and mineral resources of the Stanthorpe, Ballandean and Wallangarra districts (with notes on the Silver Spur mine, Texas), Southern Queensland, 1913, by E. C. Saint-Smith; Queens. Geol. Surv., Brisbane, Publ. 243, 1914, 165 pp. Alluvial tin sluicing on Mount Spurgeon, by L. C. Ball; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1915, 16, 58. Annan River tinfield, Cooktown district, North Queensland, by E. C. Saint-Smith; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1915, 16, 376-390, 432-447, 488-502, 553-562. Tin mining at China Camp, Bloomfield district, Cooktown, 1914, by E. C. Saint-Smith; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1915, 16, 160-167, with map. The Comet mine, Sundown, Ballandean, by J. H. Reid; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1916, 17, 258-260. Sundown tin and copper mine, Ballandean, by J. H. Reid; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1916, 17, 260-261. Boulder West mine, Gurrumbah, by E. C. Saint-Smith ; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1916, 17, 55-57. Malvern tin mine, Gurrumbah, North Queensland, by E. C. Saint-Smith; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1916, 17, 367-368. Robson's lodes of wolfram, tin, etc., Tinaroo, North Queensland, by E. C. Saint-Smith; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1916, 17, 368-370. Kangaroo Hills mineral field, North Queensland, by E. C. Saint-Smith; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1916, 17, 534-539. Tammy Burns tin mine, Sunnymount, Chillagoe mineral field, by L. C. Ball; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1917, 18, 601-602. I.-vinebank milling and smelting works; Queera. Govt. Min. Journ., 1919, 20, 462-464. 1,'oport on Knngaroo Hills tin field, by E. J. Laun; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ.. 1919. 20 319-320. 94 The Sardine tin mine, by J. Lennox; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1919, 20, 497. Pikedale tin discovery, by J. H. Reid; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1926, 21, 412-413. Green and Marvell's tin properties, Emuford, by E. C. Saint-Smith.; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1920, 21, 413-419. West Australia Report of the Department of Mines; Perth, Western Australia (Annual). Mineral resources of the north-west division (the Wodgina tinfield), by T. Blatchford; Geol. Surv., Perth, W. Australia, Bull. 52, 1913, pp. 61-77. The King's Sound tin mine, West Kimberley, by T. Blatchford; Geol. Surv., Perth, W. Australia, Bull. 59, Misc. Repts. 33-51, 1914, pp. 232-239. Petrographical notes on some specimens from Greenbueb.es, by R. A. Farquharson; Geol. Surv., Perth, W. Australia, Bull. 59, Misc. Repts. 33-51, 1914, pp. 168-175. The ore occurrences of the Kapanga mine, Greenbushes tinfield, by F. R. Feldtmann; Geol. Surv., Perth, W. Australia, Bull. 59, Misc. Repts. 33-51, 1914, pp. 156-167. A geological reconnaissance of a portion of the Murchison goldfield (the Poona tinfield) by H. P. Woodward; Geol. Surv., Perth, W. Australia, Bull. 57, 1914, pp. 54-59. Tasmania Report of the Secretary for Mines; Hobart, Tasmania (Annual). The Middlesex and Mount Claude mining field, by W. H. Twelvetrees; Dept. Mines, Hobart, Tasmania, Geol. Surv. Bull. 14, 1913, pp. 1-97. The Stanley River tin field, by L. L. Waterhouse; Dept. Mines, Hobart, Tasmania, Geol. Surv. Bull. 15, 1914, 207 pp. Notes on the treatment of stannite ore at Zeehan, Tasmania, by J. H. Levings; Proc. Austr. Inst. Min. Eng., No. 19, 1915, pp. 183-188. The Gladstone mineral district, by W. H. Twelvetrees; Dept. Mines, Hobart, Tasmania, Geol. Surv. Bull. 25, 1916, pp. 45-47. The South Heemskirk tin field, by L. L. Waterhouse; Dept. Mines, Hobart, Tasmania, Geol. Surv. Bull. 21, 1916, 431 pp. The tin-wolfram mine at Storey's Creek, Tasmania, by J. Miller; Chem. Eng. Min. Rev., 1917, December. Abstr. Mining Mag., 1918, 18, 264-266. The tin field of North Dundas, by H. Conder; Dept. Mines, Hobart, Tasmania, Geol. Surv. Bull. 26, 1918, 96 pp. The Giblin tin lode of Tasmania, by C. W. Gudgeon; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1918-1919, 28, 123-134. Notes on the S. and M. mine and on treatment of bismuth, tin and wolfram ores, by W. E. Hitchcock and J. R. Pound; Proc. Austr. Inst. Min. Met., No. 35, 1919, pp. 33-73. The mining fields of Moina, Mt. Claude and Lorinna, by A. M. Reid; Dept. Mines, Hobart, Tasmania, Geol. Surv. Bull 29, 1919, pp. 44-126. The Mount Pelion mineral district, by A. M. Reid; Dept. Mines, Hobart, Tasmania, Geol. Surv. Bull. 30, 1919, pp. 39-58. Report on the investigations of the tin-bearing ores of the Renison Bell district, by J. H. Levings; Dept. Mines, Hobart, Tasmania, 1921, 15 pp. Northern Territory Report of the Administrator ; Darwin, Northern Territory (Annual). Report on the Maranboy tinfield, by G. J. Gray and H. I. Jensen; Bull, of the Northern Territory of Australia, Melbourne, No. 11, 1915, 32 pp. The Mount Wells tin mine, Northern Territory, by G. Mclntyre; Chem. Eng. Min. Rev., 1919, 11, 367. Maranboy: a federal tinfield in the Northern Territory; Ind. Austr. Min. Stand., 1920, 64, 1143. 95 New Zealand The geology and mineral resources of the Buller-Mokihinui sub-division, Westport division, by P. G. Morgan and J. A. Bartrum; Geol. Surv., Wellington, N.Z., Bull. 17, (New Series), 1915, p. 122. The geology and mineral resources of the Reefton sub-division, Westport and North Westland divisions, by J. Henderson; Geol. Burr., Wellington, N.Z., Bull. 18, (New Series), 1917, p. 224. FOREIGN COUNTRIES Czechoslovakia Die Wolframit- und Zinnerzlagerstatten bei Schonfeld-Schlaggenwald, ein Beispiel des Erzgehaltes anstehender Gange und alter Halden im bohmischen Wolframit-Zinnerzgebiet, by P. Krusch; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1916, 24, 147-157 with bibliography. Die Zinn- und Wolframbergbaue von Schonfeld und Schlaggenwald in Bohmen, by E. Kudielka; Montan. Runds., 1919, 11, 400-403, 479-483. Also article by A. Frieser; Berg- u. Hiittenmannisches Jahrb., Wien, 1916, 64, 71. Fbanoe Le gisement stannifere dans le departement de la Loire, by P. L. Burthe; Bull. Soc. de I'lnd. Minerale, St. Etienne, 1916, Pt. 4, pp. 309-314. Germany Zwitterstockwerk zu Geyer im Erzgebirge, bv A. Dittmann; Metall u. En, 1913, 10, 778-787, 807-818. Die Zinnerzgange und der alte Zinnerzbergbau im sachsischen Bereich dee Eibenstocker Granitmassivs unter Beriicksichtigung der Moglichkeit der Wiederaufnahme des Bergbaues, by L. Rose; Gliickauf, 1914, 50, 1065-1074, 1109-1119, 1156-1166. Uber die Veranderlichkeit der Form der Erzlagerstatten : die Blei- Zinnerz-Provinz in der Gegend von Aachen und am Nordrande der Eifel, by F. Beyschlag; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1919, 27, 53-61. Italy Rivista del Servizio Minerario; Ministero d'Agricoltura, Ispettorato Oentrale Teonico delle Miniere, Rome, 1913, p. 84, 1914, p. 74. Spadj and Pobtugal Estadfstica Minora de Espafia; Ministerio de Fomento, Madrid (Annual). La peninsule iberique (Espagne), by R. Douville; Handb. d. reg. Geol., 3, No. 7, p. 153. Uber einige Zinnerzlagerstatten in Spanien und Portugal, by H. Preis- werk; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1913, 21, 74-81. Zinnerzlagerstatten des atlantischen Randgebirges der iberischen Halbinsel, by W. T. Dorpinghaus; Metall u. Erz, 1914, pp. 297-304, Tin and tungsten in Portugal, by T. A. Down; Mining Mag., 1916, 14, 19 24 Tin dredging in Portugal, by F. W. Foote and R. S. Ransom; Eng. Min. Journ., 1917, 104, 1109-1110. Mineral industry of Portugal (copper, iron, tungsten, tin), by F. W. Foote and R. S. Ransom ; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 106, 47-53. The tin and tungsten deposits of the Iberian Peninsula, by E. Halse; Min. Journ., 1920, 128, 163-165. 96 Belgian Congo and Portuguese East AmiCA Economic geology of the Belgian Congo, Central Africa, by 8. H. Ball and M. K. Shaler; Econ. Geol., 1914, 9, 640-642. Mineral resources of the Belgian Congo, by 8. H. Ball and M. K. Shaler; Mining Mag., 1914, 11, 54-61. Die Zinnerzvorkommen des Kongostaates, by F. Behrend; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1919, 27, 19-22. The Marne Syndicate: some account of a Manicaland enterprise; S. Afr. Min. Eng. Journ., 1921, 31, 828. Mexico Tin mining in Mexico, by G. C. Master; Mining Mag., 1913, 9, 199-203. Apuntes acerca de criaderos eetaniferos en Mexico; Secretaria de Industria y Comercio, Mexico, Boletin Minero, 1917, 4, No. 6, 605-616. United States The mineral resources of the United States; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C. (Annual). Prospects for tin in the United States, by H. Foster Bain; Mining Mag., 1915, 13, 146-150. Our mineral supplies; tin, by F. L. Hess; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 666> 1919, pp. 134-135 and bibliography. Mineral resources of Alaska, report on investigations; U.S. Geol. Surv. (Annual). Dredging for tin in Alaska; Eng. Min. Journ., 1913, 95, 264. Reconnaissance of a part of the Rampart quadrangle, Alaska, by H. M. Eakin; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 535, 1913, pp. 28-38, passim. Tin mining in Alaska, by H. M. Eakin; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 622, 1915, pp. 81-94 with bibliography. Tin deposits of the Ruby district, by T. Chapin; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 692, 1919, p. 337. Tin mining in Seward peninsula, by G. L. Harrington; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 692, 1919, pp. 353-361. Cassiterite in San Diego county, California, by W. T. Schaller; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 620, 1916, pp. 351-354. Wood tin in the tertiary rhyolites of northern Nevada, by A. Knopf; Econ. Geol., 1916, 11, 652-661. Tin ore in northern Lander county, Nevada, by A. Knopf; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 640, 1917, pp. 125-138. Tin smelting at Perth Amboy, N.J., by R. H. Vail; Eng. Min. Journ., 1916, 101, 927-929. Tin resources of the Kings Mountain district, North Carolina and South Carolina, by A. Keith and D. B. Sterrett; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 660, 1918, pp. 123-146. Tin in South Dakota, by J. Bland; Min. Sci. Press, 1917, 114, 441-444. Tin deposits of Irish Creek, Virginia, by H. G. Ferguson; Virginia Geol. Surv., Charlottesville, Bull. 15-A, 1918, 19 pp., Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 105, 5-7. Argentina Los yacimientos de casiterita y wolframita de Mazan en la Provincia de La Rioja, Repiiblica Argentina, by J. Keidel and W. Schiller; Revista del Museo de La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1913, 20, (7, Second Series), 124-152. Informe sobre el dietrito minero de Tinogasta, Provincia de Catamarca, by J. F. Barnabe; Direccion General de Minas, Geol6gia e Hidro- logia, Anales del Ministerio de Agricultura, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 19] 5, 10, No. 4, 40, 42-43. 97 Los yacinuentos de los minerales de wolfram en la Republica Argentina, by H. Beder; Direccion General de Minas, Geologia e Hidrologi'a, Buenos Airea, Argentina, Bull. No. 12, Series B, 1916, pp. 20-24. Los yaciniientos de minerales y rocas de aplicacion en la Republics, Argentina, by It. Stappenbeck; Direccion General de Minas, Geologia e Hidrologi'a, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Bull. No. 19, Series B, 1918, pp. 63-65. Bolivia La Bolivie et ses mines, by P. Walle (Charge de Missions du Ministere du Commerce) ; Librairie Orientale et Americaine, Paris, pp. 338-356. The tin situation in Bolivia, by H. Bancroft; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., (1913), 47, 173-189 with bibliography. The Berenguela tin district, by H. A. Lewis; Mining Mag., 1914, 11, 369-377. See also 1915, 12, 228. Tin mining in Bolivia, by G. W. Wepfer; Min. Sci. Press, 1914, 108, 251-255. Sale contract for Bolivian tin concentrate; Min. Sci. Press, 1915, July 31, p. 175. Abstr. Mining Mag., 1915, 13, 166. Hydro-electric plant at a Bolivian tin-mine, by M. R. Lamb; Eng. Min. Journ., 1915, 99, 7-9. Milluni tin-mining district, Bolivia, by F. C. Lincoln; Min. Sci. Press, 1915, 110, 470-473. Quimsa Cruz tin district, Bolivia, by F. C. Lincoln; Min. Sci. Press, 1915, 110, 721-724. The Potosi tin-mining district, Bolivia, by F. C. Lincoln; Min. Sci. Press, 1915, 111, 127-129. Tin mining in Bolivia, by M. G. F. Soehnlein; Eng. Min. Journ., 1915, 99, 143-145. Bolivian tin industry, by H. Bancroft; Min. Sci. Press, 1916, 113, 119-125. The Patino tin mines, Bolivia, by B. L. Miller and J. T. Singewald; Eng. Min. Journ., 1916, 102, 451-455. The Huayni-Potosi bismuth-tin mines of Bolivia, by B. L. Miller and J. T. Singewald; Eng. Min. Journ., 1916, 102, 1065-1067. Silver-tin mining in Bolivia (the Oruro district), by J. T. Singewald and B. L. Miller; Eng. Min. Journ., 1916, 102, 533-535. Metallurgy of tin ores in Bolivia, by S. E. Hollister; Proc. Second Pan- Amer. Sci. Congress, Washington, 1917, 8, 291-294. Comparative concentration tests on wood and fluted glass surfaces at Pprco, Bolivia, by H. A. Lewis; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 1917-1918, 27, 71-126. The Pazfia tin-mining district, Bolivia, by F. C. Lincoln ; Min. Sci. Press, 1917, 114, 774-775. Oruro tin-silver district, Bolivia, by F. C. Lincoln; Min. Sci. Press, 1917, 115, 57-58. New developments in the Porco tin district, Bolivia, by J. T. Singewald and B. L. Miller; Eng. Min. Journ., 1917, 103, 329-333. Ore deposition in the Bolivian tin-silver deposits, by W. M. Davy; Econ. Geol., 1920, 15, 463-496. The mining industry of Bolivia, by G. W. Schneider and B. L. Miller; Eng. Min. Journ., 1920, 109, 788-789. Revival of the Colquechaca silver-tin district in Bolivia, by J. T. Singe- wald; (G. H. Williams Memorial Publication No. 4). Eng. Min. Journ., 1920, 110, 763-767. Tin mines of the Quimsa Cruz range in Bolivia, by J. T. Singewald; (G. H. Williams Memorial Publication No. 2). Eng. Min. Journ., 1920, 110, 986-990. Roasting and chloridizing of Bolivian silver-tin ores, by M. G. F. Sohn- lein; Paper before Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., 1920. Abstr. Min. Sci Pn-«s, 1920, 121, 384-386. Die Wolframit-Zinnerzlagerstatten des Kami (Bolivian), by H. Brehm, Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1921, 29, 33-38. Among Bolivia's highest tin mines, by J. T. Singewald; (G. H. Williams Memorial Publication No. 17). Bull. Pan. Amer. Union, 1921, 52, No. 3, 217-235. China Tin and coal deposits of the Fu Chuan district, China, by M. B. Yung; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., (1914), 50, 689-697. Visiting the Hunan tinfields, by G. E. Brown; Mining Mag., 1915, 13, 141-145. Export of Yunnan tin from Hong Kong, by G. E. Anderson; U.S. Commerce Repts., 1919, January 9. Abstr. Eng. Min. Journ., 1919, 107, 445. The tin industry in Yunnan; Chinese Maritime Customs Report. Abstr. Min. Journ., 1920, 128, 215-216. The mines and mineral resources of Yunnan, with short accounts of its agricultural products and trade, by J. Coggin Brown; (Extract of article by W. F. Collins; Trans. Inst. Min. Met., London, 1909-1910, 19, 187-211). Mem. Geol. Surv. India, Calcutta, 1920, 47, Part 1, 140-141. Tin mining in China in 1919; Min. Journ., 1921, 133, 332-333. Japan The pyrrhotite tin vein of the Mitate mine, Higen Province, Japan, by T. Kato; Journ. Geol. Soc. Tokyo, 1914, 21, No. 247. Tin deposits of the Mitate mine, Kyushu, Japan, by S. Notomi; Bull. Imp. Geol. Surv. Japan, 1918, 25, 75-77. SlAM Tin dredge for Siam; Engineer, 1914, February. Abstr. Mining Mag., 1914, 10, 221. Tin dredging in the East, by C. T. Nicolson; Mining Mag., 1918, 18, 183-185. Dutch East Indies Lode tin in Billiton, by C. W. A. Lely; Mine and Quarry, 1917, August. Short abstr. Mining Mag., 1917, 17, 245. Tin ores in Dutch East Indies, by N. W. Easton; Ingenieur, 1919, March 22, pp. 209-210. Eenige merkwaardige Gesteenten van Billiton, by C. T. Groothoff; Geol. Mijnbouwk. Genootsch. Geolog. 3. Die primaire Tinertsafzettingen van Billiton, by C. T. Groothoff; Dissert., Delft, 1916. Short abstr. Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1919, 27, 131. Yearbook of the Netherlands East Indies, compiled by Dept. Agric. Ind. and Commerce; Buitenzorg, Java, 1920, pp. 148-151. Ontstaan der alluviale tinertsafzettingen van Banka en Billiton, by J. Rueb; De Ingenieur, 1920, Jan. 10. (36347) Wt. 26596-91/1022 1250 3/22 H.St. (T.S.Ps.564) Q. 36 IMPERIAL MINERAL RESOURCES BUREAU., , The following is a list of the Official Publications (all prices are net, and those in parentheses include postage) :— reports on the mineral industry of the british empire and Foreign Countries. (War Periop, 1913-19,) Aluminium and Bauxite ...(1921) Price ! 9d. (10Jd.) Antimony " .(1921) >> Is. (Is. lid.) Arsenic (1920) >> u. m.y Asbestos (1921) t y Is. (Is. l\d.) Barium Minerals (1921) yy 9d. (10£d.) Bismuth (1920) t y U. (7d.) - Borates ... ... ... (1920) ft 9d. (10id.) •Coal, Coke and By-Products Part I ... ... ... (1921) y y 3s . 6> (in the press.) Felspar ... (1920) y 3 6d. (Id.) Fluorspar (1921) 1 y 9d. (10£d.) Fuller's Earth ... .... (1920) j y 6d. (74.) Gold ... ■:... (1922) 3 3 (in the press.) Industrial Lead Poisoning... 3 3 5s. (5s. 3id) Iron Ore Resources of the World. Parts I, II, III, IV and V ... ■ 93 (in the press.) Lead ...••■ (1922) ?'" - 3s. (3s. 2d.) Magnesite (1920) * 3 Is . 3d. (Is. 4Jd.) Manganese ... (1921) 33 3s . 6d. (3s. 8|d.) Mica (1921) 3 ) 9d. (10id.) Monazite ... ... .... (1920) 3 3 U. . (Id.) Nitrates ... (1920) 3 3 9d. -XlOJd.) Phosphates ... . (1921) 3 3 2s. (2s. lid.) Platinum and Allied Metals (1922) 3 3 2s. (2s. lid.). Sulphur and Iron-Pyrites ... (1922) 3 3 Is. 6d. (Is. 7|d.) Talc ... (1921) M 9d. (lOid.) Tin ,. ( . --;;, ... ...(1922) 3 3 (in the press.) Tungsten ... (1921) 3 3 Is. (Is. lid.) — ) 3 3 3s . 6d. (3s. 8d.) dtaOiSCiCai Oiiffiiliary u iuuuwiuiJ Imports and Exports) (1913-20-. „ 3s. (3s. 2d.) The Mining Laws of the British Empire and of Foreign Countries. Volume I, Nigeria , (1920) Volume II, West Africa (The Gold Coast, Ashanti, The Northern Territories, and Sierra Leone) (1920) Volume III, The Transvaal Volume IV, British Columbia Price 15s. (15s. 6id.) 15s. (15s. Id.) (in the press.) (in the press.)