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ANALYSIS OK LECTURES ON GREEK HISTORY, BY P. V. N. MYERS, FOR THE ACADEIvIIC YEAR 1881-2, UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, CINCINNATI. »f)>i>^ifgf mottaa- auiULii A uo.,piis.,ouioiHNAn hiSlklS' Syllabus of Lectures on Greek History. I. The Geography of Greece. 1. The core of historical Hellas: Greece proper, the Aegean Islands, and the western coast of Asia Minor — the com- mon physical characteristics of these lands. 2. Connection between Greek geography and Greek his- tory : (a) in what degree History may be regarded as a geo- graphical product — cf. plant and animal life ; (b) influence of the physical features of Greece on the political development of the Hellenes — cf. Switzerland, Egypt ; (c) on their industrial and commercial life — cf. Phoenicia ; (d) on their artistic and intel- lectual development ; (e) particular examples of the influence of physical environment — the Boeotians, the Arcadians. II. Greek Mythology. 1. The Mythopoeic Age in general — its personifying instinct — it mterprets all phenomena in terms of human motives and activities — the myth-making age in Greece. 2. Different theories of interpretation of the Greek legends : (a) literal interpretation— the popular Greek view ; (b) allegorical theory — deals chiefly with the legends of the gods — allegorized moral truths in the myths of Heracles and Prometheus; (c) mythical theory — Cox's effort to resolve the legends into pure nature-myths, particularly into solar-myths ; (d) eclectic or semi- historical method — Curtius's view respecting the historical mate- rial that may be extracted from the legends, — historical elements in the legend of Heracles — in the legend of Dionysus — in the legend of Theseus — in the legend of Cadmus — in the legend of the Argonauts— in the legend of the Trojan War ; (e) agnostic theory — Grote's view that it is impossible to separate the histori- cal from the mythical and fabulous elements in the legends — his comparison between the mythology of the Greeks and that of the modern European peoples — legends of the Saints and of the heroes of chivalry. 3. The student of Greek history must place himself at the Greek point of view. 4. The relation of Greek mythology to Greek religion — its influence in keeping alive rehgious feeling — cf. mythology of mediaeval times. III. The Greek City-State. I. The factors of the Greek social, religious, and political system^the household, the clan, the tribe, the city — the im- portance of having clear ideas respecting these primitive ele- ments of ancient society. 2 The Greek City-State contrasted with the Country-State. 3. Aristotle's conception of the ideal city: its end, and the material and ethical conditions of its existence. 4. Relations between the Greek cities : (a) public relations — cf. relations between modern European states ; (b) private political relations — granting of citizenship to foreigners — cf. Roman practice ; (c) social relations — marriage, property, busi- ness. 5. Opposition between city and country life in ancient Greece not the same as with us — the. country a part of the city — Greek love of rural life. 6. In what degree the Greek city realized the ends of the State. IV. The Great Dorian Migration : the Transition Age. 1. The legend of the Return of the Herachdse mythical in its details, yet it represents an actual prehistoric movement among the Hellenic tribes — cf. return of the children of Israel to Palestine (Ranke) — the movement marks the beginning of a new age. 2. Wachsmuth's comparison between the Dorian and the German Migration : each a secular or age-long movement ; each overthrew an existing civilization ; each brought in a new aristocracy — compare Greek (Dorian) and medieeval feudal aris- The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028272023 tocracy; each contributed to form a new servile class — compare Spartan Helotism and mediaeval serfdom; each brought in a principal of division — compare Dorian and Ionian, Teuton and Roman. 3. The resulting migrations to Asia Minor — Aeolian, Ionian, Dorian. V. The Grounds of Hellenic Unity. I. The divisive effects of the opposed Ionian and Dorian tendencies and of the narrow local patriotism (city autonomy) of the Greeks counteracted in part by various circumstances and institutions : (a) unity of race and language — common political feelings, moral sentiments, and intellectual aptitudes — cf. con- sciousness of Christian mediaeval Europe over against the rest of the world; (b) a common literature and art — influence of the Homeric poems in creating a feeling of nationality — cf. German literature and art ; (c) interstate religious festivals, particularly the Olympian games — their influence in creating Panhellenic senti- ments; (d) religious unions, especially the Delphian Amphic- tyony; (e) the Delphian oracle and the Apollonian cult, — but to this a separate lecture. VI. The Coming of Apollo: the Delphian Oracle. 1. While bringing in an element of division, the Dorians also introduced or gave new strength to a principle of unity in the worship of Apollo — relation of the Dorian migration to the spread of the Apollonian cult. 2. Significance for Greek history of the coming of Apollo — the Light of Hellas — Apollo as prophet, teacher, adviser and healer. 3. Comparison between the Delphian oracle and the mediae- val Papacy. 4. The services of the oracle to Greek civilization (Curtius): (a) its influence on the political liberties of the Greek cities — Apollo the sanctifier of constitutions — the opposer of self-willed Tyrants — cf. services of Roman bishops in times of feudel an- archy and violence; (b) its influence on Greek colonization — Apollo the "founder of cities" — cf. med. papal missions; (c) its influence on Greek unity — cf. med. Papacy; (d) its influence on the intellectual life of the Greeks — relation of the oracle to poets and philosophers; (e) its influence on Greek morality — Apollo as the god of moral healing and purification — the Greek confessional — Apollo's ban, — cf. papal excommunication ; (f) its influence on religious life and doctrine. 5. Decline in early historical times of the influence of the oracle — causes of this decline : (a) aristocratic tendencies of the Delphian college; (b) intellectual advance of the Greeks; (c) the venaHty of the oracle, at once cause and effect. VII. Sparta's Advance to Supremacy in the Pelopon- nesus. 1. The Peloponnesus after the great Migration — the cen- tres of Dorian population and authority. 2. The early supremacy of Argos — King Pheidon : the sig- nificance of his coinage of copper and silver money and his introduction of the Babylonian standard of weights. 3. Sparta — the Lycurgean constitution. 4. The gradual growth of Sparta's power in the Peloponne- sus : (a) the conquest of Messenia; (b) the conquest of Southern Argolis;*(c) the conquest of Southern Arcadia and the impor- tant alliance with Tegea; (d) Sparta's relations to the Olympian games. VIII. The Age of the Tyrants. 1. Aristocratic and democratic elements in Greek cities — aristocratic tendency strengthened by the incoming of the Dori- ans, the democratic by the advance in well-being of the trading classes ; conflict between these two principles leads to anarchy, anarchy leads to tyranny — cf. absolute monarchy in modern Europe as the outgrowth of feudal anarchy. 2. Typical tyrants : Periander, Poly crates. 3. Sparta's opposition to the Tyrants. 4. Benefits conferred by the tyrants : (a) fostered interna- tional relations between the Greek cities and foreign kings; (b) gave encouragement to literature and art; (c) by depressing the aristocracy and lifting the people, produced equality, and thus paved the way for democracy — cf. effect of absolute monarchy in modern Europe. IX. Aristotle on the Athenian Constitution. 1. Some remarks on the discovery of the lost work of Aristotle on the Constitution of Athens. 2. The Pre- Draconian Constitution: (a) the constitutional machinery — the executive board filling the place of the old Homeric king — the aristocratic court of the Areopagus, the real power in the state — the Ecclesia (?) ; (b) the opjiressed and bur- dened condition of the people — slavery for debt; (c) the at- tempted revolution by Cylon — this hitherto placed after the legis- lation of Draco. 3. TJie Draconian Constitution : (a) changes in the mode of election of magistrates ; (b) the Areopagus divested of a part of its functions ; (c) a place in the Ecclesia given to all capable of providing themselves with military equipment — the first import- ant step in the democratizing of the Athenian Constitution — Draco not simply a codifier of laws but the first of the con- stitutional reformers of Athens ; (d) creation by Draco of the Council of Four Hundred (401) — the establishment of this Council hitherto ascribed to Solon ; (e) the defect of Draco's legislation — no economic reform. 4. The Solonian Constitution : (a) economic reforms — the can- cellation of all debts public and private, and the prohibition of the practice of securing debts on the body of the debtor — re- forms in weights and measures and in the monetary system — no connection between these measures as hitherto supposed; (b) constitutional changes — the Ecclesia is opened to all members of the four property classes (these classes not created by Solon) — the Council of Four Hundred reorganized — the power of the dicasteries or citizen jury-courts greatly increased; (c) some special regulations ; (d) appreciation of the reforms of Solon. 5. The Cleisthenean Constitution : (a) the measures of Solon, particularly the discharge of all debts, creates much discontent, and this paves the way for the usurpation of Pisistratus — the new work of Aristotle makes neccessary no very essential changes in the story of the Tyranny — the episode of the Tyranny leads to the reforms of Cleisthenes; (b) creation by Cleisthenes of ten new tribes in place of the four old ones — the Attic demes — the Council of Four Hundred becomes a Council of Five Hundred — the powers of all the democratic constitutional bodies increased and those of the aristocratic bodies diminished — the device of ostracism. 6. Analogies between the democratizing of the Athenian constitution and the popularizing of the Roman and the Eng- lish constitution. X. The Greek Colonies. 1. Causes of the colonization movement: (a) overpopula- tion of the cities of the mother-land; (b) the Greek spirit of enterprise and adventure ; (c) the aggressions of Sparta in the Peloponnesus ; (d) the oppressive rule of the Tyrants and of the oligarchies — cf. motives of modern colonization. 2. The favorable state of the Mediterranean world : (a) the decline of the Phoenician influence through the Assyrian con- quest of Phoenicia ; (b) the unoccupied state of the shores of the Mediterranean, the great kingdoms lying inland upon the rivers, and, equally with the barbarian tribes, indifferent respecting the coast lands (Ciirtiiii) — advantages of the city-settlement in bar- barous countries. 3. Comparison between the Greek colonization of the Medi- terranean shores, and the English colonization of the New World. 4. Services of the Delphian oracle in the establishment of the colonies. 5. Relation of the Greek colony to its mother-city. XI. The Greek Colonies {Concluded). I. The colonization of particular shores; "spheres of in- fluence " of different cities : (a) the Black Sea — basis of com- mercial activity of the Greeks in this region — Sinope — persist- ence here of Greek civilization; (b) the Hellespont and the Bosphorus — Byzantium — substratum of Greek population in these parts to-day ; (c) the Thracian shores — importance of the Chalcidic cities— Olynthus, Potidaea— spread of Hellenic culture into Macedonia; (d) the Ionian Islands and the neighboring shores— the colonies here are the half-way station between Greece and Italy — Corcyra; (e) Southern Italy — Sybaris, Croton, Taras — influence of the cities of Magna Graecia upon Rome; (f ) Sicily — Syracuse — contests of the Greeks with the barbarians and the Carthaginians; (g) Gaul — Massalia — Hellenic culture in Gaul; (h) North Africa — Cyrene ; (i) Egypt — Naucratis — relation of the Greek settlement in Egypt to the social and po- litical revolution under Psammetichus. 2. Colonies of a special character — cleruchies — cf. Roman colonies. 3. Influence of the colonies upon the common affairs of Hellas : (a) the freer conditions of life in the colonies hasten their social and political development; they react favorably upon the cities of the home-land — cf. England and her Ameri- can colonies ; (b) colonial interests and rivalries are the sources of many disputes and wars involving both the mother-cities and their daughter-colonies — cf. modern European colonies. XII. The Asiatic Greeks and the Lydian Kings. 1. The account given by Herodotus of the beginning of the antagonism between the Greeks and the Barbarians. 2. Curtius's presentation : the Oriental kingdoms and Rome at first inland powers (see Lee. X.); the Phoenicians and Greeks as sea-peoples held the shores; as the empires in their rear pushed out to the sea, the Phoenician and Greek cities alike were swept away or absorbed, — the cities of Phoenicia by As- syria, the cities of Magna Graecia by Rome, the cities of Asia Minor first by Lydia and then by Persia, the cities of Chalcidice by Macedonia. 3. The conflict between the Greeks and the Oriental Bar- barians given its proper place in the cycle of events marking the history-long conflict between Europe and Asia, between the East and the West — the " Eternal Eastern question." 4. The growth of Lydia— jCrcesus. 5. The Aeolian, Ionian, and Dorian cities of the Asiatic coast, disunited among themselves, torn by internal factions, fall an easy prey to the Lydian kings ; but their subjugation is de- layed by the Cimmerian invasion. 6. .The great alliance of Lydia, Sparta, Babylonia, and Egypt against the rising power of Persia. 7. The fall of Lydia — the significance of this event for Greek history. 8. Croesus and the Delphian oracle. XIII. Hellas Overshadowed by the Rise of the Persian Power. 1. Persia the Rome of Asia: the Persian Empire the reser- voir into which pours all the streams of Oriental history. 2. Each advance of the Persian power gave a check to Greek expansion: (a) the conquest of Lydia by Cyrus brought alongside Greece a power hostile to Greek gods and Greek cul- ture ; (b) the conquest of Egypt by the Persians was a similar misfortune for the Greeks ; (c) the Scythian expedition of Darius arid his conquests in Europe gave a check to Greek activity on all the shores north of the Aegean; (d) the fall of Polycrates and the destruction of his sea-power, opened the Aegean to the Persian advance — the rising splendor of Hellenic culture threat- ened with total eclipse. 3. The Behistun Inscription and its significance for Greek history (Curtius). XIV. The Greek Doctrine of Divine Envy as it appears in Herodotus. {Seminary.') XV. A Study from Herodotus: the Expedition of Xerxes against Greece — to the Review^ at Doriscus. I. The situation of Greek affairs about 490 B. C. : the Ionian revolt of 500 B. C. had been suppressed; the Mardonian expedition against Greece had met with disaster at Mt. Athos ; and the second attack by Datis and Artaphernes had been warded off at Marathon. 2. Xerxes calls a council to consider the advisability of another expedition against the Greeks : speeches of Xerxes, Mardonius, and Artabanus; the visions to Xerxes (VII. 8-19) — criticism of these passages. 3. Preparations for the enterprise : the canal at Mt. Athos and the double bridge over the Hellespont (VII. 20-25, 33~36) — comments upon these works. 4. The enumeration and review of the Persian army on the plain of Doriscus (VII. 59-100) — some remarks applicable to all figures and estimates of Herodotus relative to the Persian armament. XVI. A Study from Herodotus : the Expedition of Xerxes against Greece — from the Review at Doriscus to the Battle of Plataea. 1. The splendid conduct of the Athenians; they consult the Delphian oracle; their noble resolve (VII. 139-144). 2. The Council of the Greek cities at Corinth and the em- bassies to Argos, to Gelon of Syracuse, to the Corcyraans, and to the Cretans (VII. 145-169). 3. The Greeks occupy the Defile of Tempe (VII. 172,173). 4. They fall back upon and defend the Pass of Ther- mopylae (VII. 175-233). 5. The naval battle of Artemisium (VIII. 1-23). 6. The attack on Delphi (VIII. 35-39). 7. The naval battle of Salamis (VIII. 40-96). 8. The battles of Plataea and Mycale and the chief matters connected therewith (VIII. 97-144; IX. 1-122). XVII. Themistocles as the Leader of the Radical Party at Athens. (Seminary.) XVIII. Aristides as the Leader of the Conservative Party at Athens. {Seminary.) XIX. The Making of the Athenian Empire (479- 431 B. C. I. The situation in Greece after the battle of Plataea — the Greeks, under the leadership of Athens, assuming the offensive. attack the Persians with a view of restoring things as they were before, the rise of the Persian monarchy. 2. The organization of the Confederacy of Delos — the mutual relations of the allies. 3. The manner in which the Athenians use their presidency of the League gradually to convert it into an Empire. 4. The relation of the subject cities to Athens. 5. Comparison between the policy of the Athenians in dealing with their allies of the Confederacy and that of the Romans in dealing with the members of the Latin Confederacy — incorporation vs. enslavement — the effects upon the Roman Republic of the battle of Canns contrasted with the effects upon the Athenian Empire of the battle of Aegospotami. 6. Under the leadership of Pericles (451-431. B. C.) the Athenian Empire reaches its greatest expansion — Pericles the inheritor of the naval policy of Themistocles — the Long Walls — the Conquest of Aegina (450 B. C.) — the attempt of Pericles to extend the dominions of Athens in Greece proper, hindered by Sparta and the aristocratical party of the Boeotian cities — the use of the Delian funds by the Athenians for adorning their city. XX, Cimon the Hero of the later Persian Wars. {^Seminary. ) XXL The Democratization of the Athenian Con- stitution during the Period bet-ween the Persian Wars and the Outbreak of the Peloponnesian \A^ar. 1. Aristides, Ephialtes, and Pericles continue the work of Draco, Solon, and Cleisthenes. 2. The Areopagus the stronghold of the aristocratic party — Ephialtes leads the attack upon the Council — it is stripped of almost all its power, and its functions are conferred upon the citizen jury-courts, the Ecclesia, and the Council of Five Hun- dred — the constitutional importance of this change — the Athe- nian democracy now supreme — its incapacity to direct the fortunes of the Empire. 3- The development of the dicasteries or great citizen jury- courts — a description of these tribunals — they formed one of the most characteristic features of the later Athenian constitution. 4. The opening of the archonship to the third class (the Zeugitse) — cf. the admission of the plebeians to the consulship at Rome. 5. Pericles secures the enactment of a law limiting citizen- ship to those of pure Attic descent. 6. The introduction by Pericles of the practice of payment for jury services. 7. The Theoricon — cf. free distribution of corn at Rome. XXII. A Study from Thucydides : the Causes of the Peloponnesian War. 1. Character of the speeches in Thucydides and their value to the historical student. 2. The Council at Sparta (I. 66, 67). 3. The speech of the Corinthian envoys (68-71). 4. The rejoinder of the Athenians (72-78). 5. The speech of the Spartan king Archidamus (79-85). 6. The speech of the Spartan Ephor Sthenelaidas (86). '7. The decision (87). XXIII. The Funeral Oration of Pericles. {Seminary.) XXIV. The Principal Events of the Pelopennesian W^ar up to the Sicilian Expedition. 1. The plan of campaign of the Peloponnesians — inroads into Attica; plan of campaign of the Athenians' — descents upon the shores of the Peloponnesus. 2. The Pestilence at Athens — death of Pericles — Athenian democracy without a Leader. 3. The revolt of the Mityleneans ; importance of the Thucyd- idean speeches in connection with this affair. 4. The destruction of Plataea by the Thebans. 5. The seizure of Pylos by the Athenians — the affair of Sphacteria and the loss of Spartan prestige. 13 6. The battle of Delium (424 B. C.)- 7. Brasidas in Thrace — his death. The Peace of Nicias (421 B. C). XXV. The Story of a Greek City — Plataea. {Seminary.') XXVI. The Sicilian Expedition. 1. Dorian and Ionian colonists introduce into Sicily the dissensions of the mother-land. 2. The Athenians debate respecting an expedition against Syracuse; speech of Nicias against the proposed enterprise {Thiicyd. VI. 9-14) — speech of Alcibiades urging the Athenians to the undertaking {ib. 16-18) — rejoinder by Nicias {ib. 20-23) — the decision (Jb. 24-26). 3. The mutilation of the Hermae. 4. The departure of the expedition. 5. The situation of things in Sicily — more Thucydidean speeches (VI. 33-41). 6. The Athenian fleet reaches Sicily via Rhegium. 7. The recall of Alcibiades. 8. Operations of the Athenians in Sicily. 9. Alcibiades at Sparta : his traitorous advice to the Spar- tans. 10. The Athenians lay siege to Syracuse — the Spartan gen- eral Gylippus brings aid to the Syracusans — his arrival marks the turning-point in the war. 11. The Athenians, after heavy losses before the city, resolve to retreat — the eclipse — the fatal delay of Nicias — the end of the tragedy. XXVII. The Peloponnesian War from the Sicilian Expedition to the End of the Struggle. 1. Immediate effects of the Sicilian disaster upon Athens and her empire — revolt of the subject cities. 2. Decisive influence upon the war of the occupation of Decelea by the Lacedemonians. 14 3- Fatal dissensions at Athens— the activity of the oHgar- chical party — the Council of Four Hundred. 4. Alcibiades on invitation joins the Athenian army at Samos. 5. The oligarchical party at Athens overthrown. 6. Alcibiades gains some important victories over the Pel- oponnesians, but is finally dismissed by the Athenians, and disappears in exile. 7. The decisive battle of Aegospotami — Athens is taken and dismantled. 8. The consequences for Hellas of the war. XXVIII. Agesilaus. {Seminary.') XXIX. The Spartan Hegemony (404-371 B. C). 1. The period of Spartan supremacy a period of violent re- action against democracy — establishment of oligarchical govern- ments in the cities of the old Athenian empire — the Thirty at Athens — Spartan Haf mosts : cf. Roman proconsuls. 2. The expedition of the Ten Thousand — chief significance of this enterprise. 3. The condemnation of Socrates — the relation of this event to Athenian politics — criticism of the system of popular jury-courts. ■ 4. Circumstances leading up to the Corinthian War (395- 387 B. C.) and the Peace of Antalcidas — the influence of the terms of this peace on subsequent events in Greece. 5. Sparta plays the Tyrant — seizure of the citadel at Thebes — the universal feeling against Sparta as the enslaver of the Greek cities. 6. Thebes is freed by a band of Theban exiles led by Pelopidas — appreciation of this revolution. 7. Athens profits by the revolution and forms a new con- federacy, resting at first on principles of just equality. 8. Epaminondas. 9. Revival of the Boeotian League : Platsea. 10. The Congress at Sparta, 371 B. C. 11. The battle of Leuctra : Sparta's loss of prestige. 15 XXX. The Theban Hegemony (371-362 B. C). 1. Athens, jealous of the growing power of Thebes, tries to gather the fruit of the Theban victory at Leuctra, and extends her new confederacy. 2. Epaminondas marches into the Peloponnesus — the con- solidation of forty Arcadian townships into a great city (Mega- lopolis) — the founding of Messene, and the Hberation of the Messenians — these measures change the map of Greece. 3. The humbled Spartans suitors for help at Athens — the Athenians form an alliance with them — Thebes seeks aid in Persia. 4. Epaminondas makes his third expedition into the Pelopon- nesus — the battle of Mantinea and the death of Epaminondas. 5. The general state of Greece after the battle of Mantinea — the failure of the Greek cities to form a union based on the principle of the autonomy of each city — the virtual close in Hellas of the age of free city-states. , XXXI. The New Tyrants. 1. The social and political conditions that produced the early Tyrants {see Lee. VIII.) are reproduced during the fourth and third centuries B. C. throughout the Greek world with the consequent emergence of a new race of Tyrants — cf. Age of the Despots in the mediaeval Italian cities. 2. Dionysius the Elder of Syracuse as a type of the later Tyrants — comparison between the Old and the New Tyrants. 3. Tyrannicide — not strange that it should come to be re- garded as a virtue. 4. Timoleon the Liberator of Syracuse from Dionysius the Younger — the vices of the Tyrant form the background for the display of the transcendent virtues of the most admirable char- acter in Greek history — the golden age of Sicily. 5. The exiles : the many revolutions in the Greek cities re- sult in the banishment of a large part of their best citizens — these exiles an element of danger and disturbance — cf. history of Italian city-republics. 6. The mercenaries : logical outcome of the custom of ex- i6 iling citizens en masse — cf. Italian condottieri of the 14th and iSth centuries. 7. Comparison between Greece just before she fell a prey to Macedonia and Italy on the eve of her foreign subjugation at the close of the mediaeval period. XXXII. Philip II. of Macedonia and Demosthenes. 1. Mahaffy's comparison between Macedonia and Russia. 2. Philip II. — his youth. 3. He destroys Olynthus and all the cities of Chalcidice — the Olynthiacs of Demosthenes — the burden of the four orations. 4. Philip's continual encroachments — the Philippics of De- mosthenes. 5. The Sacred War. 6. The battle of Chaeronea — Macedonia supreme through- out Greece. 7. The oration of Demosthenes On the Crown : a defense by the orator of his entire policy of opposition to Macedonia although it has issued so unfortunately for Athens. 7. Mahaffy's comparison between the Greek and the Irish Home Rule Party. 8. The mission of Philip was to unite the Macedonian monarchical system and Hellenicc ulture — the significance of this union for universal history — cf. the fusion of German and Roman elements in the mediaeval period. XXXIII. The Results of Alexander's Conquests. 1. Political results: (a) the parceling out of the Orient among several semi-Hellenic kingdoms ; (b) a resulting period of dynastic rivalries, confusion and wars. 2. Industrial and social results: (a) transference of Hellenic commercial activity from the Occident to the Orient — the great migration into Asia and the new foundations, Alexandria, Seleucia, Antioch, etc. — decay of the cities of Old Hellas; (b) city life is fostered at the expense of country life — cf. growing preponder- ance of city life at the present time {Mahaffy); (c) Greek social morality is lowered — proximate causes of this social degener- acy — moral dangers in periods of transition. 17 3- Intellectual results : (a) Philosophy — -ferment in the phil- osophical world as the result of contact between Oriental and Occidental systems of thought — Neo-Platonism — Stoicism — Christianity ; (b) Literature — its transplanted and artificial growth in the Hellenistic cities of the East — diffusion of the Greek language as the medium of literary expression^the Sep- tuagint, the New Testament. XXXIV. Alexandria. {Seminary^) XXXV. The Greek Confederations. 1. The Amphictyonic League — a religious association. 2. The Ionian League. 3. The Boeotian League. 4. The Peloponnesian League. 5. The Olynthian League. 6. The Arcadian League. 7. The Aetolian League. 8. The Achaean League — Aratus — Philopoemen, "the last of the Greeks " — Polybius the historian — relations of the League with Rome — once more Imperialism vs. Home Rule — the de- struction of Corinth. 9. Analogies between the federal system of the Greeks and our own Federal Government. XXXVI. Pergamum. {Seminary.') XXXVII. Greek Art in its Relations to Greek Social and Political History. 1. The development of Greek art fostered by the political system of the city-state — Greek art had a public rather than a private aim — cf. art in the Free Cities of mediaeval Europe. 2. Influence upon Greek art of early contact with the East — the Aeginetan marbles — the two periods of Oriental influence upon the Greeks. 3. Influence of Greek mythology upon Greek art — temple- building in the Greek age of faith — cf. Legends of the Saints and mediaeval art, and cathedral-building in the mediaeval age of faith. 4. Influence upon Greek sculpture of the Panhellenic re- ligious games, and of Greek gymnastics. 5. The Persian Wars in Greek art. 6. Impression left on Greek art by the terror of the Cim- merian invasion — the Dying Gaul, Apollo Belvidere and the Pergamene Sculptures. 7. Effect upon Greek art of the loss of political liberty. 8. The reaction of Hellenic art upon Hellenic feelings — art as a bond of Panhellenic union — cf. influence upon Italian sen- timent of the Italian Renaissance. XXXVIII. Greek Slavery. {Seminary.) XXXIX. Pausanias and his Travels in Greece. 1. Pausanias the "Greek Baedeker" — his guide book for Greece. 2. What he saw most interesting in the various districts of Greece : (a) in Attica ; (b) in the Corinthian region ; (c) in Laconia; (d) in Messenia; (e) in Elis — Olympia; (f) in Achaia; (g) in Arcadia ; (h) in Boeotia, (i) in Phocls — Delphi. , XL. Hellenism and Christianity. 1. Roman Imperialism stifled the failing political life of Hellas ; Christianity suppressed or diverted to itself its intellectual activity. 2. Principles of affiliation and of antagonism between Hel- lenism and Christianity. Principles of affiliation : (a) the demo- cratic element in both — the church (ecclesia) as the transformed Greek popular assembly (Felton); (b) the same honorable promi- nence given the family (iU) ; (c) the common reliance upon persuasion — Greek and Christian oratory — the/;^^//the successor of the dema ; (d) agreement in some leading doctrines — the be- lief in immortality-^the doctrine of expiation — the doctrine of God-likeness. Principles of antagonism : (a) the two opposing intellectual standpoints — reason vs. faith ; (b) the contrariety in Greek and Christian conceptions of what constitutes good life — different ethical ideals. 19 3- Impress of the Greek spirit upon the Greek church of the East, and of Greek philosophy upon the Latin church of the West. 4. The emergence of Hellenism in the Italian Renaissance of the 14th and 15th centuries. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. *,/■' The following bibliography includes only the most important and easily obtained books on the topics covered by the foregoing lectures. It does not include works on Greek Poetry, Philosophy, or Art. A fuller bibliography of the authorities on Greek history will be found in Adams's Manual of Historical Literature, pp. 94-119. This work should be in the handsof every historical student. Hall's Methods of Teaching and Studying History, Part III, by Prof. Wm. F. Allen, contains a short list of books. Wood's Topics in Ancient History, a serviceable little pamphlet for teachers, cites au- thorities in connection with different periods and subjects, usually by volume and page. Andrews's Institutes of General History has some valuable references. The foot-notes in Grote's history indicate all the original sources. Original Souvces, RawUnsoiis Herodotus, 4 vols.; has valuable notes and appendices: Joweit's Thucydides, 2 vols.; this is the best edition ; Xenophon, Anabasis and Helknica ; the Hel- lenica begins where Thucydides' history breaks off and carries on the account of Greek political affairs to the battle of Mantinea : Aristotle, Politics and Athenian Constitution ; the latter throws much new light upon the constitutional history of Athens : De- mosthenes, Olynthiacs, Philippics, and On the Crown : Plutarch, Parallel Lives and Morals : Polybius, Histories : Pausanias, De- scription of Greece. Modern Authorities classified by Periods and Subjects. Geogvaphy . Freeman, Historical Geography of Europe, part on Greece ; contains suggestive paragraphs : Bunbury, History of Ancietii Geography, 2 vols. : Tozer, Lectures on the Geography of Greece ; somewhat discursive : Leake, Travels in Norther7i Greece, 4 vols.; valuable for consultation on special topographical points : Kiepert, Manual of Ancient Geography, pp. 138-179. In all the general and extended histories of Greece, Smith's, Grote's, Cur tins' s, Oman's, Cox's, Thirlwall's, etc., will be found special chapters on the geography of the country. Mythology and the Heroic Age. Cox, Mythology of the Aryan Nations, 2 vols.; indispensable : KeightUy, Mythology of Ancient Greece aud Rome : Gladstone, Juventus Mundi, and Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, 3 vols. : Schliemann, Troy and its Remains, Mycence, Tiryns, //wj-; all well known works of the highest archaeological interest and value : Benjamin, Troy : its Legends, History, and Literature ; in Epochs of Ancient History series: Symonds, The Greek Poets, vol. I., eh. II.: Grote, History of Greece, vol. I. , particularly chaps. XVI. and XVII. Short General Sistories. Smith, History of Greece: Cox, History of Greece : Keightley, History of Greece : Oman, History of Greece — these are all one-volume histories : Smith's is the fullest and best, Oman's the latest and most interesting : Felton, Lectures on Ancient and Modern Greece, 2 vols.; a work of great popularity, dealing chiefly with literature, social life and political institutions: Timayenis, History of Greece, 2 vols.; a spirited narrative : Harrison, The Story of Greece, in the Story of the Nations series: Ranke, Universal LListory, vol. I., pp. 116- 469 ; valuable for its broad generalizations and profound insight : Laurent, Etudes sur I'Histoire de I'Humanite, vol. II.; philosoph- ical and suggestive: Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History, Part II. : Fisher, Universal History, ch. on Greece : Myers, Ancient History, Parti., pp. 152-359. Extended Histories. Grote, History of Greece, ed. of 1888, 10 vols.; the best extended history, sympathies strongly democratic : Thirlwall, History of Greece, ed. of 1845, 8 vols.; written from the aristocratic point of view : Mitford, History of Greece, seventh ed., 8 vols.; old, and deformed by Tory preju- dices: Curtius, Griechische Geschichte, sixth ed., 1887 (the Eng- lish translation of this work is from an earlier and less complete edition); the large and comprehensive surveys of the author makes his work the most suggestive of all the histories on Greece ; the author's views, however, on the earlier history of Hellas can hardly be accepted without considerable reserve : Duncker, History of Greece, Abbott's trans., 4 vols. Special Periods of the historical Af/e. Cox, The Greek and the Persian and The Athenian Empire, Sankey, The Spartan and Theban Supremacies, Curieis, The Macedonian Empire are found in the Epochs of Ancient History series ; they afford good summaries of the periods that they respectively cover: Lloyd, The Age of Pericles, 2 vols.; a scholarly work: Abbott, Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens, in the Heroes of the Nations series; a popular sketch by a'jmaster; Mahaffy, The Story of Alexander' s Empire; special chapters possess great in- terest : Torr, Rhodes in Ancient Times : Finley, Greece under the Romans ; carries on the story of Greece from 146 B. C. to 717 A. D. : Plass, Die Tyrannis in ihren beiden Perioden bei den alien Griechen. Social Life and Meligious System. Mahaffy, Rambles and Studies in Greece, Social Life in Greece, Greek Life and Thoiight, The Greek World under Roman Sway ; all these works are as scholarly as they are inspiring and entertaining : Dyer, Studies of the Gods in Greece ; gives the results of the most recent explorations on the sites of old Greek temples: Becker, Charicles; an historical novel — the notes are the most valuable part of the work : Felton, Lectures on Ancient and Modern Greece, 2d course, "Life of Greece ": St. John, The Hellenes: The His- tory of the Manners of the Ancient Greeks, 3 vols.: Guhl and Koiier, The Life of the Greeks and Romans : Wallon, Histoire de I'Esclavage dans I'Antiquite, vol. I.: Abbott, Hellenica : a collec- tion of scholarly monographs on different subjects. Finance and Politics. Boeckh, The Public Econ- omy of the Athenians ; the acknowledged authority on the finan- cial history of Athens : Coulange, The Ancient City ; a standard work on the institutions of primitive classical society : Midler, History and Antiquities of the Doric Race, 2 \o\%. ; indispensable for the study of Dorian institutions : Freeman, History of Federal Govermnent ; deals with the attempts at federation among the Greeks — is the best authority on the subject : Wilson, The State, pp. 33-94 ; these few pages on the government of Greece give an excellent resume of Greek political institutions : Schomann, The Antiquities of Greece, vol. I. on "The State," and The Athe- nian Constitution; the first of these treats chiefly of Greek poli- tical institutions — both are works of first importance : Heeren, Historical Researches, vol. VI.: Hart, Introduction to the study of Federal Government ; on page 28 will be found a good bibli- ography on Greek confederations. Cornell University Library DF 216.M99 3 1924 028 272 023 'ymM*»t^ m^^m^im im.