JK 424- 693 f^rr,' '^^■-yv-' ^k< ~ .ir#"i?^^- .. Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030462620 Cornell University Library JK424 .G93 olin 3 1924 030 462 620 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN. 1919. No. 74 THE FEDERAL EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AS SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR LIBRARIES Compiled by EDITH GUERRIER SEPTEMBER I. 1919 OOlS^I UUlV'tH!;(TY- GOVl •ERAiwlENT^rattJT&K [G OFnCE 1919 To THE LaBEARIANS: I welcome this opportunity to send greetings to the librarians of the United States. The help you gave the Government during the war, in placing be- fore millions of people authentic Government messages, warrants the publication of a bulletin, which may serve as a guide to information' that the Federal Government is ready to place at your disposal. As duly appointed messengers to the people, you have the power of showing that while our Government may make mistakes, its works are open to the day and a knowledge of its purposes and of its acts is accessible to the humblest citizen. Sincerely youi's, J J 3 II y, Y:i.i8^13VlMU CONTENTS. Page. Letter from President Wilson to the Librarians 2 Foreword 5 jriie Library of Congress Letter from Librarian Putnam 7 Note on ttie library 8 The Department of State Letter from Secretary Lansing 9 Organization of the department 10 Editorial 11 Story of the department ^ 12 Brief index of matters handled by bureaus, ofhces, etc 19 The Department of the Treasury Letter from Secretary Glass '. 22 Organization of the department 23 Editorial— 24 Story of the department 26 Brief index of matters handled by bureaus, offices, etc 63 The Department of War '. ■_, . ' Letter from Secretary Baker 67 Organization of the department 68 Editorial 69 Story of the department 70 Brief index of matters handled by bureaus, offices, etc 95 The Department of Justice — : Letter from Attorney General Palmer 99 Note on the department ■ 100 The Post Office Department Letter from Postmaster General Burleson 103 Note on the department 104 The Department of the Navy Letter from Assistant Secretary Roosevelt 105 Organization of the department 100 Editorial—: 107 Story of the department 108 Brief index of matters handled by bureaus, offices, etc 124 The Department of the Interior , Letter from Secretary Lane 128 Organization of the department 129 Editorial ^ 130 Story of the department .. 131 Brief index of matters handled by bureaus, offices, etc 146 Tlie Department of Agriculture Letter from Assistant Secretary Ousley 149 Organization of the department 150 Editorial 151 Story of the department—^ 1 153 Brief index of matters handled by bureaus, offices, etc 165 (3) Page. The Department of Commerce Letter from Secretary Redfield 169 Organization of the department I'O Editorial _i__ 171 Story of the department 1T3 Brief index of matters handled by bureaus, offices, etc 185 The Department of Labor Letter from Secretary Wilson 188 Organization of the department 189 Editorial -. ; i. 190 Story of the department 191 Brief index of matters handled by bureaus, offices, etc - 202 FOREWOBD. Brief stories are given in the following pages of the functions and, in some instances, of the accomplishments of the various offices of the Federal Executive Departments which have printed matter of interest to libraries. With regard to the office of the Chief Executive, the President of the United States, the only publications distributed are the President's addresses to Congress and his other speeches, which may be obtained by addressing the Secretary to the President of the United States. Congressional printed matter can be obtained as follows : The Congressional Eecord through the good offices of your Con- gressman; each Senator has 89 and each Eepresentative 69 designa- tions. Each Senator has also the privilege of naming two libraries in his State which shall receive the Eecord. The subscription price is $4 for a short session; $8 for a long session. Current copies of bills, resolutions, and reports can be obtained from the Senate or House Document Eooms. The publication desired should be de- scribed as follows: Type of publication. Number. Congress. Session. Subject. H.E.Bill. 1000 66 I To create, etc. The independent establishments from which printed matter may be obtained are : Library of Congress. United States Tariff Commission. Government Printing Office, Superin-' United States Bureau of Efficiency. tendent of documents. Civil Service Commission. Smithsonian Institution : United States Board of Mediation United States National Museum. and Conciliation. Bureau of American Ethnology. Federal Board for Vocational Educa- Astrophysical Observatory. tion. National Academy of Sciences. International Joint Commission. American Historical Association. United States Geographic Board. Pan American Union. The Commission of Fine Arts. Interstate Commerce Commission. Board of Road Commissioners for Panama Canal. Alaska. Federal Trade Commission. American National Red Cross. A few Government documents are suggested for reference, as follows : Congress. — The Congressional Record, the Congressional Directory, Monthly Compendium of Legislation, Weekly Compendium of Legislation. Departments. — ^Annual reports of each department. State Department. — Register of the Department of State. Post Office.— Official Postal Guide. Justice. — Register of the Department of Justice and the United States courts. (5) Departments — Continued. Interior. — Educational directory. Commerce. — Annual and monthly lists of publications, Official Register of the United States, Statistical Abstract of the United States, Sta- tistical Atlas of the United States. Labor. — ^List of publications, the Monthly Labor Review. Agriculture. — Monthly list of publications, Geography of the World'.s Agri- culture, Program of Work, Agricultural Yearbook. Government Printing Office. — Latest report. Superintendent of documents. — Check List, Document Catalogue, Docu- ment Index, Monthly Catalogue United States Public Documents, Price List of Publications (complete set). Library of Congress. — Monthly list State publications. To THE LiBEAKIANS: Some time you will undoubtedly visit your National Library, which is your Washington headquarters. Pray come. But also, at all times, and in all relations, consider that you have a part interest in a library which, while having primary duties to the Government establishments at Washington, is maintained by the United States as a whole for a service truly national. w^m/uA^-^ 4/V.it-f^ Librarian, Library of Congress. (7) 8 THE LIBRABY OF CONGRESS. No study of the Federal executive departments, however brief, would be complete without a word about the Library of Congress, since much of the information given in Government publications is based on facts gleaned from the unequaled collections of that great library from which all the Government bureaus may draw books freely for official use. The Library of Congress, better known as our National Library, is the mecca of American librarians. No librarian with true pride in his profession can enter its doors without instinctively giving thanks that here is a comradeship which nothing can overthrow; here under one roof is the great thought of exchange of the world. Here in quiet one may read the differing opinions of the greatest men with regard to the vital issues of life and, free from temporary emotional appeals, one may make his own decisions and go forth with the conscious power that only knowledge can give. While the privilege of drawing books for home use is confined to Senators and Representatives, certain high officials of the Govern- ment, judges, and other persons designated by statute, the Librarian has the poVer of granting this privilege to scholars engaged in re- search, and he uses it freely, not merely within the District of Columbia, but (through interlibrary loans) throughout the United States. " The purpose of the administration is the freest possible use of the books consistent with their safety and the widest possible use consistent with the convenience of Congress." " The public has free access to a reference collection of over 15,000 volumes in the main reading room. Students are granted access to the shelves, and if the same books are needed day after day, a table is provided on which they may be reserved. Special alcove facilities are provided for research investigators employing stenographers and typewriters, and photo duplicates of books, newspapers, maps, etc., are furnished at a reasonable rate." "The library proper is strongest in bibliography, public docu- ments (especially those of foreign governments), American economics, political science, public law and legislation, the fine arts, genealogy, society publications, and newspapers. By virtue of the copyright laws, it has the most complete collection in exist-, ence of the products of the American press." The library has issued and continues to issue an invaluable series of bibliographies, a list of which may be obtained on application. To TPIE LiBRAKIANS OF THE UnITED StATES '. The exigencies of the great World War brought very impressively to the mind of the public the important function of the State Depart- ment in fulfilling its statutory duty to subserve the interests of the United States and its citizens in international affairs and in shaping the character of such intercourse to adapt it to the changed condi- tions necessarily following the obligatory participation of this country in the war against an aggressive and defiant European power to the end that future peace, when restored, should be permanently assured to the benefit of all. Hence it is fitting that the complex machinery of the State Department should be well understood in order that its operation for the advancement of our national interests may be intelligently appreciated and supported by our people. This publication is a step in the desired direction, and as such is most welcome. EoBEBT Lansing, Secretary of State. (9) THE DKPABTMENT OF STATE. [The bureaus and offices given page numbers are the ones selected as having matter of interest to librarians.- Appoiatment and disbursing offices and other divisions con- nected primarily with the administrative work of a department have been omitted.] Page. The Secretary Counselor Assistant Secretaries Director of the Consular Service Chief clerk Division of Foreign Intelligence 12 Division of Latin American AfEairs 12 Division of Western European AfCalrs 12 Divisioa of Near Eastern Affairs 12 Division of Far Eastern Affairs 12 Division of Mexican Affairs 12 Division of Passport Control 13 Passport Bureau, NevF York Passport Bureau, San Francisco Diplomatic Bureau! 14 Consular Bureau 14 Bureau of Appointments 15 Bureau of Indexes and Archives 17 Bureau of Accounts Bureau of Rolls and Library 18 Office of the Solicitor Office of the Foreign Trade Adviser 18 Office of the Adviser on Commercial Treaties Office of the law clerk Office of the translator (10) THE OLDEST DEPARTMENT. The great building, housing offices of the Departments of State, War, and Navy, is the only departmental structure which was con- structed for the purpose of housing other than one department under one roof. That part of the building occupied by the State Department is directly opposite the executive offices of the President, and the win-, dows of the chief clerk's office offer a comprehensive. view of the fine old trees and stretches of velvet lawn beyond the privet hedge which surrounds the White House grounds. On May 19, 1789 — that is, 19 days after Washington's inaugura- tion — the matter ot creating , executive departments of the new Government was taken up, and on June 27 the President signed the final act creating the first of the executive departments, the Depart- ment of Foreign Affairs, changed on September 15, 1789, by a further act to the Department of State. Of the Presidents, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Mon- rofe, John Quincy Adams, Martin Van Buren, and James Buchanan . served as Secretaries of State. The position of the Secretary of State is regarded of such conse- quence that in the event of the death of the President and the death or absence of the Vice President he would become acting President, of the United States. So far no Secretary of State has been called on to fill this place. As this department was created to manage, in addition to foreign affairs, such home affairs as did not fall under the other two depart- ments, War and Treasury, it had in the beginning bureaus now under Interior, Commerce, Labor, and Agriculture, among them the Patent Office. It has certain important functions relating to Presi- dential elections, such as receiving from the governors of the States certification of the appointment of presidential electors, the receipt and transmission to Congress of any challenge of the ballot as re- ported. It is the duty of the department to cause all acts of Con- gress to be printed in at least three papers of the United States, to transmit amendments of the Constitution to the governors of the States, and to act as the official medium for transacting business con- nected with international exhibitions. The, most, important diplo- matic function of the department is' that of making treaties. All treaties, other than Indian treaties, are made by the Secretary of State, who often conducts the negotiations in person, has interviews with foreign envoys, drafts his own notes, and often the treaty itself. One of the most dramatic episodes in connection with the Depart- ment of State occurred in the second year of the War of 1812. On August 20, 1814, Secretary of State James Monroe was commissioned by the President to see what advance the British were making toward (11) IZ the city. On the 20th he actually saw the British forces from a hilltop and at once dispatched a messenger with a note to his depart- ment to save the records. Messrs. Graham, Pleasanton,, and King, of the department, immediately packed in coarse linen bags the ^ aluable papers, including those of the Eevolutionary Government, the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution. Mr. Pleas- anton transported them by wagons to Leesburg, Va., 35 miles distant. Mr. Pleasanton writes: 6n the 26tli of August I returned to Washington and found the President's liouse and public offices still burning. Mr. Gaillard Hunt, in his History of the Department of State, writes : So far as the State Department is concerned, the vigilance of Monroe and of Pleasanton and his colleagues prevented any destruction of important irreplace- able archives. That they deserve public gratitude for this will be realized if the mind is permitted. to imagine the indelible shame which would have followed if they had been less loyal and resourceful and Cockburn and Ross had carried away with them, as trophies of their exploit, the original of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. One of the most historic signatures ever affixed to a document by a Secretary of State will be the signature which authenticates the Presi- dent's ratification by Congress of the treaty of peace at present before that body. The Senate agreeing that the treaty ought to be ratified, an attestation of the agreement and of any amendments it may have proposed is attached to the treaty, and it is sent back to the President, It is then signed by the President, this being the ratification, counter- signed by the Secretary of State, and the great seal affixed, a special warrant for the purpose having been made. The massive building, so glibly referred to as " State, War, and Navy," has for all patriotic Americans a nejv significance when one realizes that in the south wing of that massive pile in a big, quiet room on the third floor there is an iron box in which are kept the two great- est American documents, shortly to be joined by the third, a trio not to be surpassed in the world — the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the present treaty of peace. THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE. DIVISION OF rOREIGN INTELLIGENCE. This division collects, through clippings, information of foreign affairs and sends to the press in the United States and foreign coun- tries, with which we have relations digests in the form of news items explaining American policies and activities. It also furnishes texts of official documents needed for the better understanding of the for- eign policy of the United States. The Information Series (consisting of confidential political infor- mation on current subjects) and the Foreign Relations Series (cover- ing all diplomatic correspondence that it is deemed wise to print) are edited by this division. DIVISIONS or LATIN-AMERICAN AFFAIRS, AVESTERN EUROPEAN AFFAIRS NEAR EASTERN AFFAIRS, FAR EASTERN AFFAIRS, AND MEXICAN AFFAIItS. ' These divisions deal with diplomatic correspondence on matters other than of an administrative character relating to political con- ditions of the countries under their Jurisdiction. All correspondence regarding what may be called politico-geographic conditions is filed with the bureau under whose jurisdiction the country referred to is placed. '- ■ The Divifeion of Latin-American Affairs covers Central America, Panama, South America, and the West Indies; the Division of West- ern European Affairs covers Great Britain (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and British colonies not elsewhere enumerated), Portugal, Spain, France, Morocco, Belgium, the Kongo, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, Denmark, and Liberia; the Division of Near Eastern Affairs covers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Eussia, Roumania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Turkey, Greece, Italy ,_ Abyssinia, Persia, Egypt, and colonies belonging to countries of -this scries ; the Division of Far Eastern Affairs covers Japan, China, and leased territories, Siberia, Hongkong, French Indo- China, Siam, Straits Settlements, Borneo, East Indies, India, and, in general, the Far East ; the Division of Mexican Affairs deals with Mexico. These divisions issvie no publications. DIVISION OF PASSPORT CONTROL. Passports (documents attesting American citizenship) are issued •by the Department of State through its accredited officers over the •facsimile of the Secretary's signature. The highest duty of our American diplomat or consular officer is to protect citizens of the United States in lawful pursuit of their affairs in foreign countries. The first passport found in the files of the department is dated July 8, 1796, and reads as follows : To all to whom these, presents shall come, greeting: Tlic bearer hereof, Francis Maria Barrere, a citizen of the United States of America, having occasion to pass into foreign countries about his lawful affairs, these are to pray all whom it may concern to perniit the said Francis Maria Barrere (he demeaning himself well and peaceably) to pass where- soever his lawful pursuits may call him, freely and without let or molestation in going, staying, or returning, and to give him all friendly aid and protection, as these United States would do to their citizens in the like case. In faith whereof I have caused the seal of the Department of State for the said United States to bo hereunto affixed. Done at Philadelphia, this eighth day of July, in the year of our Lord 1796, and of the Independence of these States the twenty-first. Timothy Pickeuing, (Gratis.) Secretary of State. During normal times the traveler seldom goes through the form of obtaining a passport, but if conditions are disturbed a passport is vitally necessary. One miglit call the passport a barometer of for- eign political conditions. For instance, during the Spanish- Ameri- can War more passports were issued than during any like period of time. Again, during the Russian-Japanese War, the number rose to large, proportions. Under Secretary Lansing more than 180,000 passports have been issued during slightly more than four years. Librarians, on application to the Division of Passport Control, Department of State, Washington, D. C, may obtain sample forms 14 and rules governing the granting and issuing of passports in the United States. DIPLOMATIC BUREATT. The dldest subdivisions of the department are the Diplomatic > and Consular Bureaus. The duties of the Diplomatic Bureau briefly summed up are as follows. The adimnistration of the Diplomatic Service at large, its personnel, ceremonial matters, the formalities of treaty making, and miscellaneous correspondence relating- to for- eign affairs. The United. States has at present 44 diplomatic chiefs, togetlier with their staffs, serving in foreign countries. The chiefs bear titles as follows : Ambassadors (first class) or the personal representatives of the head of a State. They can negotiate with the head of a State per- sonally. Ministers plenipotentiary or envoys extraordinary (second class) are not considered personal representatives and therefore have not the privilege of treating personally with the head of a State j otherwise there is no difference between the first and second classes. Ministers resident (third class) do not enjoy the title of ex- cellency; otherwise there is no difference between them and min- isters plenipotentiary. Charges d'affaires (fourth class) differ from the other classes in so far as its members are accredited from foreign office to foreign office, whereas the members of other classes are accredited from head of State to head of State. A distinction is made between a charge d'affaires and a charge des affaires. The latter is a member of a legation whom the head of the legation delegates for the pur- pose of taking his place during his absence on leave. Such a charge des affaires ranks before the charges d'affaires. (Oppeixheim, Inter- national Law.) The Diplomatic Service issues no public documents. A circular of information regarding appointments and promotions in the Diplo- matic Service of the United States may be obtained on application to the Appointment Division, CONSULAR BTJREATT. Consular officers are expected to endeavor to maintain and pro- mote all the rightful interests of American citizens and to protect them in all privileges provided for by treaty or conceded by usage; to visa and, when so authorized, to. issue passports ; when permitted by treaty, law, or usage, to take charge of and settle the personal estates of Americans who may die abroad without legal or other representatives and remit the proceeds to the Treasury in case they are not called for by a legal representative within one year; to ship, discharge, and, under certain conditions, maintain and send Ameri- can seamen to the United States ; to settle disputes between masters and seamen of American vessels; to investigate charges of mutiny or insubordination on the high seas and send mutineers to the United States for trial; to render assistance in the case of wrecked or stranded American vessels and, m the absence of the msistei" or other qualified person, take charge of the wrecks and cargoes if permitted 15 to do so by the laws of the country ; to receive the papers of Ameri- can vessels arri\'ing at foreign ports and deliver them after the dis- charge of the obligations of the vessels toward the members of their crews, and upon the production of clearances from the proper for- eigti port ofticials; to certify to the correctness of the valuation of merchandise exported to the United States where the shipment amounts to more than $1G0; to act as official witnesses to marriages of American citizens abroad- to aid in the enforcement of the im- migration laws, and to certify to the correctness of the certificates issued by the Chinese and other officials to Chinese persons coming to the United States; to protect the health of our seaports by re- porting weekly the sanitary and health conditions of the ports at which they reside, and by issuing to vessels clearing for the United States bills of health describing the condition of the ports, the ves- sels, crews, passengers, and cai'goes; and to take depositions and perform otlier acts which notaries public in the United States are authorized or required to perform. A duty of prime importance is the promotion of American commerce by reporting available op- portunities for the introduction of our products, aiding in the es- tablishment of relations between American and foreign commercial houses, and lending assistance wherever practicable to the marketing of American merchandise abroad. In addition to the foregoing duties, consular officers in China, Tftirkey, Siam, Morocco, and a few other so-called non-Christi;m coiintries, are invested with judicial powers over American citizens in those countries. These powers are usuaEy defined by treaty, but generally include the trial of civil cases to which Americans are parties and in some instances extend to the trial of criminal cases. The' office of vice consul is a subordinate office except during the absence from duty of the principal oilicer at the post, in which case the vice consulship becomes temporarily a substitute office. A consular agent is an officer subordinate to a consul general or consul, exercising similar powers at a place different from that at which the consulate general or consulate is situated. There aio 40 consular assistants who are appointed by the Presi- dent and hold office during good behavior. They may be assigned, from time to time, to such consular offices and with such duties as the Secretary of State may direct. Provision is made for 10 student interpreters at tlie legation to China, six at the embassy to Japan, and 10 at the embassy to Turkey. Consular Service examinations are held in Washington only. They are not held at stated intervals, but occur from time to time as the needs of the service require. Two circulars of information are issued by the Bureau as fol- lows: Information Kegarding Appointments and Promotions in the Consular Service of the United States and Information Begird- ing Appointinents and Promotions in the StudenHnterpreter Corps of the United States in China, Japan, and Turkey. These may be obtained on application to the appointment division. THE BUKEATJ OF APPOIJJTMEXTS. This divisiOTi receives all applications for appointments in the Diplomatic and Consular Service abroad, and in the department at 16 Wasliington other than those positions not subject to civil-service rules and regulations; it also has charge of resignations, dismissals, and suspensions. . In the foreign service examinations are held for those who desire to become secretaries of embassy or legation and for those -who de- sire to enter the Consular service as consul, vice consul, consular assistant, or student-interpreter in China, Japan, or Turkey. Posts in the American Diplomatic service include embassies in Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Brazil, Chile, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Eussia, Spain, Turkey, and Peru; legations in Belgium, Bolivia, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czecho- slovakia, Denmark, Dominican Eepublic, Ecuador, Greece and Mon- tenegro, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Liberia, Netherlands and Luxemberg, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Persia, Peru, Poland, Portugal, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Roumania, Bulgaria, Salvador, Siam, Sweden, Switzerland, Uru- guay, and Venezuela ; agency and consulate general at Cairo ; agency and consulate general at Tangier. Diplomatic service examinations are not held at stated times, but only when the needs of the service require; these examinations are held in Washington only. Blank forms of application will be sent upon request addressed to the Secretary of State. No one may be examined who is not especially designated to take the examinatifln, and a letter, of designation is sent to those selected for examinaMoa. The letter of designation furnishes all information necessary as to date, iDlace, etc., of the examination. Traveling and other personal expenses connected with the taking of examinations must be borne by the candidates. The Appointment Division is also charged with the custody of the seal of the United States, sometimes called the Great Seal, which is the mark of the supreme authority of the United States. The seal is affixed to commissions of all Cabinet officers, diplomatic officers, consuls general and consuls, Avho are appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate ; to the envelopes con- taining ceremonial letters addressed to the heads of foreign Govern- ments ; to all treaties, conventions, and formal agreements with for- eign powers ; to all proclamations by the President ; to all exequaturs issued to foreign consular officers in the United States such as are appointed by the heads of the Governments which they represent ; to warrants issued by the President authorizing agents to take fugitives from the justice of the United States into custody under extradition treaties; and to miscellaneous commissions of certain civil officers appointed by the President whose commissions are not by law directed to be issued from other offices. The design for the present seal was adopted July 20, 1782. It is first found on a commission dated September 16, 1782, giving full authority to Gen. Washington to arrange for exchange with Great Britain for a number of prisoners of war. The design is clearly explained by Gaillard Hunt in the Depart-' ment of State as follows : The escutcheon is composed of the chief nnd pale, the two most honorable ordinaries. The pieces, paly, represent the several States all joined in one solid 17 compact entire, supporting a chief, wliicli unites the whole and represents Con- gress. The motto alludes to this Union. The pales in the arms are kept closely united by the chief and the chief depends on that Union and the strength re- sulting from It for its support, to denote this confederacy of the United States of America and the preservation of their Union through Congress. The colors are those used in the flag of the United States of America— white signifies purity and innocence; red, hardiness or valor; and blue, the color of the chief, sig- nifies vigilance, perseverance, and justice. The olive branch and arrows de- note the power of peace and war, which is exclusively vested in Congress. The constellation denotes a new State taking its place and name among other sov- ereign powers. The escutcheon Is borne on the breast of an American eagle without any other supporters, to denote that the United States of America ought to rely on their own virtue. Reverse. — The pyramid signifies strength and duration; the eye over it and the motto allude to the many signal interpositions of providence- in favor of the American cause. 'The date underneath is that of the Declaration of Independ- ence, and the words under it signify the beginning of the new American era, which commences from that date. On application to this division the following pamphlets will be "fur- nished to librarians who have use for them : Eegister of the Depart- ment of \ State'; Information Regarding Appointments and Promo- tions in the Diplomatic Service of the United States; Information Re- garding Appointments and Promotions in the Consular Service of the United States ; Information Regarding Appointments and Pro- motions in the Student-Interpreter Corps of the United States in China, Japan, and Turkey. BtTREATJ OF INDEXES AND ARCHIVES. This bureau receives, recoi'ds, indexes, and files the department's correspondence with the exception of requests for passports received f ro-m domestic sources, trade reports, and applications for publica- tions^, etc. It also has charge of all telegraph and code work. ■'■"■■ Cerrespondence is made of record in accordance with a subject classification and is distributed to the bureaus and divisions of the de- partment. "While under action a tally is kept of the movements from one office to another of every paper. Certified carbon copies of all out- going communications are sent to this bureau, where they are recorded and attached to the papers on which they^are based. The arrangement of the file itself serves the general purpose of the subject index, and the subject matter of a given paper determines the filing place and, therefore, the file number of the paper. The nine general subdivisions are as follows : Class O. — General. Class 1. — Administration, Government of the United States, Class 2.— Extradition. Class 3. — Protection of interests. Class 4.^Claims. Class 5. — International conferences and congresses; international treaties. Class 6. — Commerce; commercial relations. Class?. — Political relations of States. Class 8. — Internal affairs of States. 137339°— 19 2 18 By this method an individual paper is a compl^ie unit unto itself and can be produced separately, or, if necessary, the complete file can be withdrawn at once. This file was started in August 1910, BUREAU OF EOXLS AND LIBRARY. The library, which is a part of the Bureau of Eolls and Library, has probably tlie most valuable accumulation of books and docu- ments relating to international law and diplomacy in this country. It has also a fair collection of biographies of statesmen whose acts have been concerned with international affairs. Originals of impor- tant State papers and historic documents are carefully preserved. In a large safe in one. corner are tept the original Declaration of Independence and the original Constitution of the United Stat^. In a glass-covered case is a facsimile of the Declaration and the original draft made by Thomas Jefferson, with corrections. Jefferson's mar- ginal notes tell who made the corrections. ' The library issues no publications regularlj;^, for distribution, but will answer questions along the lines of international law and biog- raphy and foreign relations. rOREIGN TRADE ADVISER. The Foreign Trade Adviser is the connecting link between the Department of State and the other Government offices interested in economic, commercial, financial, and sociological (relating to labor conditions) features which it comes within the province of the diplo- matic and consular offices to report. His office furnishes advice and information to the Department of State on all economic and Com- mercial matters. It is divided into 12 regional sections, as follows: (1) China; (2) Japan and dependencies; (3) Central Aifterica; (4) South America; (5) Switzerland and Italy; (6) Germany and Aus- tria; (7) Near East; (8) France, Spain, Belgium, and Portugal; (9) United Kingdom; (10) British colonies; (11) Russia, Poland, Cau- casia ; (12) Scandinavia and Holland. The information coming from each one of these regions is studied by the regional economist to whom that region is assigned, and notes are made as to any measure which might be initiated, as the establishment of a steamship line or the advancing of a foreign loan. Consular and diplomatic communica- tions on such subjects, duly indexed and edited, are sent to the departnients of the Government with whom the conduct of American affairs in that particular rests. This matter, thus edited, is suib- mitted to the Department of Commerce to appear in the publications of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Weekly meetings are held in this office by economic liaison repre- sentatives from every department in the Government in any way interested in foreign trade. Problems are discussed with the idea of inducing unified action. Duplications and discords are thus avoided. The office issues no publications, but the facts which go from it to the other departments form the basis for the many pamphlets upon which American merchants and business men depend for Icnowledge of world conditions. " 19 THE DEPABTMENT OP STATE. Affairs: Affairs — Continued. Latin American Affairs, Di- Far Eastern Affairs, Divi- vision of — vision of — Continued. Central America. . French Indo-China. Panama. Siam. South America. Straits Settlements. West Indies. Borneo. Western European Affairs, East Indies. Division of — India. Great Britain (Canada Mexican Affairs, Division Australia, New Zea- of- land, and British col- Mexico. onies not elsewhere Appointment Division: enumerated). Allegiance, oath of, admin PortugaL istered. Spain. Arms of United States. France. Commissions prepared ; re- Morocco. corded. Belgium. Commissions validated by The Kongo. seal. Switzerland. Eecommendations for oiRce. Norway. Resignations. Sweden. Seal — custody of. .; The. Netherlands. Consular Bureau: Luxemburg. Applications. Denmark. Bills of health. , ;, , Liberia. Certificates — invoices, goods ;Near Eastern Affairs, Di- shipped to United States. ., vision of — Correspondence. Germany. Estates, settlement of Austria-Hungary. (Americans dying Eoumania. abroad). Serbia. Examinations. Bulgaria. Instructions — consular. Montenegro. Protection. Turkey. Eegulations — consular. Greece. Eelief — citizens and sea- Italy. men. Abyssinia. Sanitary reports. Persia. Diplomatic Bureau: Egypt. (Colonies belonging to Applications. Embassies in — countries of this se- Argentina. I'i^s.) Austria-Hungary. Far Eastern Affairs, Divi- Brazil. vision of — Chile. Japan. France. ,; . China and leased terri- Germany. , ,; tori^s. Great Britain. Siberia. Italy. Hongkong. Japan. 20 Diplomatic Bureau — Continued. Embassies in — Continued. Mexico. Eussia.. Spain. Turliey. Examinations. Legations in — Belgium. Bolivia. China. Colombia. Costa Rica. Cuba. Denmark. Dominican Eepublic. Ecuador. Greece and Montenegro. Guatemala. Haiti. Honduras. Liberia. Netherlands and Luxem- burg. Nicaragua. ^ Norway. Panama. Paraguay. Persia. Peru. Portugal. Roumania. Serbia and Bulgaria. Salvador. Siam. Sweden. Switzerland. Uruguay. Venezuela. Foreign Intelligence : Information. Newspaper notices. Foreign Trade Adviser: Commerce. Economics. Finance. Sociology (relating to labor conditions with regard to the following re- gions) : China. Japan and dependencies. Foreign Trade Adviser — Con. Sociology — Continued. Central America. South America. Switzerland and Italy. Germany and Austria. Near East; France. Spain. Belgium. Portugal. United Kingdom. British Colonies. Russia. Poland. Caucassia. Scandinavia. Holland. Indexes and Archives, Bureau of: Correspondence — General. Administration, Govern- ment of the United States. Extradition. Protection of interests. Claims. International confer- ences and congresses; international treaties. Commerce ; commercial relations. Political relations of States. Internal affairs of States. Files. Records. Passport Control: Applicatioiis. Authentication of citizen- ship. Protection of citizens. Registration. Travel regulations. Bolls and Library: Biography — American statesmen. Constitution (original). Declaration of Independence (original). International law. Peace treaty. 21 This space is intended for corrections and additions in order that the information in the foregoing pages may be kept up to date. To THE Librarians of the United States : As a result of the war, the Treasury has been brought into closer touch with the people of the country than ever before in our history. To-day Liberty bonds, Victory notes, or War Savings Stamps — one or ail— are in every home. More than 20,000,000 citizens have become investors in the securities of their Government. These in- vestments, of great assistance to the Nation in its period of trial and of great value to the holders, are serving to bring the people of the country and their Treasury into more intimate relationship and fuller understanding. This relationship has been further enhanced and increased by other activities of the Treasury of very great importance to the public welfare. The Treasury has become familiar to the people as the great collector of taxes to help pay the war bills. In performing this function it has been the aim of the department to be as helpful as possible to the tax-paying public in rendering returns and in facilitating understanding of the revenue laws. Then, again, our soldiers and sailors and their dependents have been drawn into close touch with the Treasury through the Bureau of War Eisk Insurance, through which payments of allotments and allowances, compensation and insurance are made to them. The Federal Farm Loan Bureau serves the farmer with long-term loans; the Public Health Service protects and promotes the health of the people of the entire Nation. The functions of these two last-named bureaus, like virtually all other bureaus of the Treasury, have been accentuated in importance to the people during the war. The great growth of the Treasury and its new individual relation- ship with so many millions of our citizens lead me to believe that there is an increased desire on the part of the public to know more of the operations and character of this great institution of their Government. The department welcomes an opportunity of closer relations with the librarians of the country, and through them with the public. Secretary of the Treasurv. (22) THE DEPARTMENT OF THE TBEASXJKY. ; IThe bureaus and ofilces giyen page numbers are the ones selected as having matter of interest to librarians. Appointment and disbursing offices and other divisions con- nected primarily with the administrative work of a department have been omitted.] Page. The Secretary Assistant secretaries > Customs 28 Internal Revenue 30 Fiscal bureaus : Auditors of the several departments 32 Comptroller of the Currency 32 Comptroller of the Treasury 33 Division of Bookkeeping and AVarra,nts 34 Division of Loans and Currency 3~> Division of Public Moneys : 35 Division of Secret Service 36 •J Federal Farm Loan Bureau 36 Mint 39 Register of the Treasury 40 Treasurer of the United States 40 Fofeigh Loans 4'2 Miscellaneous Divisions : Coast Guard: 44 Engraving and Printing Bureau 45 General Supply Committee 46 Public Health Service 4S Supervising Architect 50 International High Commission — United States Section 51 War Finance Corporation 53 War Risk Insurance 54 War Loan Organization 55 National Woman's Liberty Loan Committee 56 Savings Division 57 The Federal Reserve System 58 (23) THE PATRIOTISM OF PEACE. "A world is to be rebuilt ! Should we timidly pause and debate as to who should rebuild it? Not for an hour— the enterprise should be started right away. * * * It should spread in healthy progres- sion, to the uttermost parts of the land. The American people should supplement the patriotism of war by the patriotism of peace. * * * " These inspiring words of the Hon. Carter Glass, Secretary of the Treasury, were addressed to the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce. They apply to all Americans. The Secretary's words rang true when he said " to-day it takes a higher type of patriotism to serve the Nation than was required in the delirium of war." Long after the guns have stopped firing the war work of the tJnited States Treasury' inust go on, in addition to the great burden of re- pairing and rebuilding the structure of peace-time industry anjd prosperity, until the last' war obligation is met and every commit- ment of the Government is honorably discharged. The librarians of America, who have by their own efforts brought library service to a very high standard, will want to carry over iiito the times of peace that sense of unity and of cooperating effort wliicl^ all Americans had during the war, to the inestimable benefit of the country. The great possibilities of libraries as agents for the social and educational upbuilding of the Nation are almost limitless. They can put before the public, information and ideas to be utilized in molding the. new era. There is great need of some link between the work of the Federal departments and the citizen. To use the public libraries in each local- ity in this connection will produce a cooperative movement of such unity and strength as would take a long time to organize on an indi- vidual basis. Librarians are eminently fitted to be the message-bearers of the Government— they have the opportunity of reaching at least 60,000,000 people with authentic, current information which the Gov- ernment wishes to place before the citizens of the United States and they are able to open up channels of publicity which insure a closer touch with Government activities and perhaps a better understand-^ ing on the part of the general public of the energies that are' en- (24) 25 gaged and the aims that are sought. There was never a time when educational work was more, needed than now. There was never a time more ripe for the wide dissemination of information bearing upon the many constructive problems with which we are confronted. A world is to he rebuilt. Every citizen feels the burden of taxation in a personal way. In the following pages we are giving you the story of the work being- done by the various bureaus in the Department of the Treasury. The dissemination of this information will, in some measure, help the people to understand why this taxation is necessary, and how the citizens are in honor bound to bear their proportionate share of the Government obligations. From Alexander Hamilton to Carter Glass, each Secretary of the Treasury has striven by his financial policy to protect the integrity of the Nation and to insure its prosperity. Behind the integrity of the Nation is the integrity of the citizen, high or low, rich or poor, wise or ignorant. The library can help every child pondering over the tax on his ice-cream soda, and every man and woman struggling with the intricacies of the income tax regulations to an understanding of why the Government needs these personal contributions from even the clxildren, by putting in the Government information corner the pub- lications of the bureaus and divisions of the Treasury Department, and by placipg there for reference use some books dealing with this department of the Government. Volume,^' of The Works of Alexander Hamilton, edited by Henry Cabot Ldag^, containing the papers of the first Secretary of the Treasury on " Taxation and finance," " Public credit," the " Revenvie system," the " Public debt," and " Loans," gives the best idea of the; beginnings of our country as a Nation among the countries of the world. The Financial History of the United States, by David Rich Dewey, Ph. D., professor of economics and statistics at Massachu- setts Institute^ of Technology, is very comprehensive and also con- tains valuable bibliographies on relative subjects. Forty Years of American Finance (1865-1907), by A. D. Noyes; Public Finance, by Winthrop More Daniels; Financial History, by BoUes; Financial Mobilization for War, a collection of papers prepared for a joint conference'of the Western Economic Society and the City Club of Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1917, are also valuable works. The Bank and the Treasury, by Frederick A. Cleveland, Ph. D., of the School of Commerce, Accounts, and Finance, New York Univer- sity^' (1908), contains an analysis of panics, speculation, and other co^xfitibns which disturbed our business life before the establishment of the Federal reserve banking system. Price list No. 28, Anierican Finance, giving the Government publications relating to revenue, 26 taxation, banking, etc., may be obtained upon application to the Superintendent of Documents. Sober thrift and industry on the part of our people, loyalty and vision in our private and national business, backed by the intelligent understanding of all our people, will build the new world we hope for. The libraries have a great opportunity to help on the work. Aside from the 'money machinery of the Treasury Department, there are certain public-service bureaus under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Treasury. Valuable material is available from the Public Health Service, the Savings Division, the Internal Revenue, the Farm Loan Bureau, etc. An article on " the Federal Eeserve System " supplements the ac- count of the fiscal machinery of the Government by an authentic account of the banking system, although the Federal Eeserve System is an independent establishment of which the Secretary of the Treas- ury is ex officio chairman. The Government counts on the librarians to bring this information to the people and to help them to benefit from it. Forward to the now era! Bulletin-board suggestions for Treasury Day: While the observance of that good faith, which is the basis of public crotlit, is recommendecl by the strongest inducements of political expediency, it is enforced by considerations of still greater authority. There are arguments Ajr it which rest on the immediate principles of moral obligation, and in propor- tion as the mind is disposed to contemplate, in the order of Providence, an intimate connection between public virtue and public happiness, will be its repugnancy to a violation of those principles. This reflection derives additional strength from the nature of the de'bt of the United States. It was the price of liberty. The faith of America has been repeatedly pledged for it, and with solemnities that give peculiar force to the obligation. — Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury. The foremost obligation of which I can think is the duty of every American citizen, of humble station or high, to guard jealously the honor of the Nation ; to regard its commitments as his own and willingly to pledge his labor and his substance to a complete payment of the debt. — Carter Glass, Secretary of the Treasury, 1919. THE DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY. ~ The Secretary of the Treasury is charged by law with the man- agement of the national finances. He prepares plans for tho im- provement of the revenue and for the support of the public credir • superintends the collection of the revenue and directs the forms of keeping and rendering public accounts and of making returns ; o-rants warrants for all moneys drawn from the Treasury in pursuance of appropriations made by law, and for the payment of moneys into the Treasury ; and annually submits to Congress estimates of the prob- able revenues and disbursements of the Government. ■27 ■ He controls the construction and maintenance of public buildings; the coinage and printing of money ; the administration of the Coast Guard and the Public Health branches of the public service, and furnishes generally such information as may be required by either branch of Coi^ress on all matters pertaining to the foregoing. He is ex officio chairman of the Federal Keserve Board; of the Federal Farm Loan Board ; and he is president of the Central Execu- tive Council of the International High Commission, and chairman of the United States section of that commission. Five assistant secretaries have immediate supervision of the opera- tions of the Treasury as follows : To the Assistant Secretary in charge of fiscal bureaus is assigned the general supervision of all matters relating to the following bureaus, offices, and divisions : The Federal Farm Loan Board, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Office of the Treasurer of the United States, the Office of the Director of the Mint, the Office of the Comptroller of the Treasury, the auditors of the several depart- ments, the Eegister of the Treasury, the Division of Bookkeeping and Warrants, the Division of Loans and Currency, the Division of Public Moneys, the Secret Service Division, the Government Actuary, and the office of the disbursing clerk. To the Assistant Secretary iij. charge of customs is assigned the general supervision of the Division of Customs and of all matters pertaining to the customs service. To the Assistant Secretary in chaise of miscellaneous divisions of tl^e Treasury Department is assigned the general supervision of ma,tters relating to the following bureaus and divisions: Bureau of Eiigraving and Printing, Public Health Service, Supervising Archi- tect, the selection of sites for public buildings, Coast Guard, Appoint- ment Division, Division of Mail and Files, Division of Printing and St&,ti6nery, General Supply Committee, Section of Surety Bonds, and all unassi^ned business of the department. To the Assistant Secretary in charge of the Bureaus of Internal Eevenue and War Risk Insurance is assigned the general supervision of all matters pertaining to those bureaus. To the Assistant Secretary in charge of Foreign Loans is assigned the supervision of all matters pertaining thereto. The Department of the Treasury was established by act of the First Congress, passed September 2, 1789, providing for a Secretary of the Treasury and a Comptroller, Auditor, Treasurer, Register, and an assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury. Especially in the financial organization, of the country, the first hundred years of our national growth was largely experimental. The dramatic story of how Alexander Hamilton fought the stub- born opposition of the "State rights" men in the Constitutional Assembly of May, 1787, and won them over to the principle of na- tional credit to be maintained through a Federal bank, is a brilliant chapter in our national history, well told in the little book, Alexander Hainilton, the Constructive Statesman, by Henry Boutell Lewis. Alexander Hamilton's plan was finally adopted, practically as offered, ilii the legislation enacted at the third session of the First Congress, wheii the shaping of a national bank as part of the Government machinery was begun. Hamilton's letter of February 23, 1791, to President Washington in reply to the objections advanced by other 28 members of the Cabinet that the national bank was unconstitutional, is a classic in fundamental economics. Until 1840 the national-bank plan was a political issue in every campaign. The act of Congress of June 3, 1864, provided for bank- ing facilities under Federal supervision to fit the need of communi- ties of different sizes. Under the national-banking law, national- bank notes are secured by deposits of Government bonds. - The national-banking system was a great help to the commercial development of the country, but, in a few years, it was found that a more scientific banking system and more elastic currency system were necessary. December 23, 1913, the Federal Eeserve Act was approved. By this act the Federal Eeserve Board of seven members, of which the Secretary of the Treasury and the Comptroller of the Currency are ex officio members, was created and a system of twelve Federal re- serve districts was established. All national banks must be members of the Federal reserve banking system and qualified State banks and trust companies may also be admitted. Seasonal and local banking situations are easily handled under the Federal Eeserve System, elasticity in note issues being provided by a new form of currency, the Federal reserve notes, based on the rediscount of commercial paper and protected by an adequate gold reserve. These notes are automatically retired when the demands for which they vere issued are satisfied. The Government Mint for the coinage of gold and silver . was established under the act of Congress, April 2, 1792..,, The Bureau of Engraving and Printing, for the manufacture, of paper cuvreui^j, Government securities, etc., was established under act of Congress of July 11, 1862. .',,,;. ., , Other phases of the management of Government ap^gned to ithe Treasury Department were added from time to time by acts o;f Con- gress, and various changes have been made in the la^ys relating to customs and internal revenue, the issue of Government securities, find the general plan of financing the Government. THE CUSTOMS. The original purpose of the customs was to provide revenue for the Government and to prevent smugglers from cheating the Gov- ernment of its lawful due. The tariff laws havebeen the subject of constant revision since the year 1789, when the First Congress en- acted the first tariff law, down to the most recent act of October 3, 1913. The interpretation and enforcement of the tariff laws is under the immediate administrative supervision of the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in charge of customs. Eegulations are printed setting forth the procedure for the enforcement of the law. In case of dis- satisfaction with the duty laid by a customs official, the importer may protest within thirty days to the United States Board of Gen- eral Appraisers for a decision, and either the department or the im- porter may appeal to the Customs Court of Appeals, whose decisjdn is final. Besides the collection of the revenue, customs officers perform other duties. They have charge of the admeasurement and docu- 29 menting of vessels and the' recording of bills of sale, mortgage, and other documents affecting the title to vessels. They enter and grant clearance to all vessels in the foreign trade and to those in the coast- M'ise trade required by the navigation laws to enter and clear upon arrival and departure. They compile the statistics of imports and of exports and of shipments between the United States and its in- sular possessions and also prepare the statistics of traffic on the Great Lakes. The customs officers act for the Department of Commerce in the enforcement of the motor-boat and navigation laws, the collection of all navigation fees, fines, and penalties, and the accounting for the same to the Department of Commerce, for which department the customs officers also act as shipping commissioners at all ports for which no shipping commissioner has been appointed. For the De- partment of Labor they collect, refund, and account for the head tax of immigrants and immigration fines. They enforce the statutes relating- to the examination of imported teas in respect of their purity, quality, and fitness for consumption, and assist the Depart- ment of Agriculture in the enforcement of the food and drugs act and the meat-inspection laws. They also act as disbursing officers for the Coast Guard Service and as custodians of public buildings. War emergencies transformed the customs service from one pri- marily concerned in collecting the revenue to one for the control of shipping and seamen, with the assistance of the Coast Guard and the Navy. 'A plan was evolved at a conference of representatives of the v&ious departments interested in the control and anchorage and ntovenients of vessels and the supervision and control of seamen and travelers while in the territorial waters of the United States, for the ehforcenlen't of various statutes and Executive orders, including the " e^jJfinage ftct " and the " trading with the enemy act," relating to "the Wrtti'or'ahd supervision of vessels and their cargoes and the sea- men and travelers on them, and the customs division of the Treasury Department was chosen to act as a clearing house on those questions which might arise from overlapping or conflicting jurisdiction. De- tailed instructions were issued to the customs officers on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts outlining the procedure to be followed, which covered the following points: (1) The guarding of vessels arriving from and departing to foreign ports; (2) the search of vessels for prohibited articles and communications; (3) pr^autions to be taken to^ prevent illegal exportations of gold and currency ; (4) the exami- nation-^ of outgoing passengers and baggage ; (5) the vise of pass- ports; (6) the issuance of certificates of citizenship and identification cards to seamen; (7) the censorship of communications brought into or carried out of the United States otherwise than in the regular course of the mails. On account of the licensing of imports and exports by the War Trade Board, declarations for both imports and exports had to be checked by the customs officers, the total value of merchandise pass- ing" through their hands being,. in the fiscal year ending June 30, l91'6' 18,874,360,316, as against the total value of imports checked in the liscal year ending June 30, 1914, amounting to $1,893,925,657, about four times as great a value, no examination of exports bemg necessary at that time. 30 The statistical work relating to exports and imports was reorgan- ized in 1916, and by July, 1918, current reports were being sent every ten days to tke Department of Ck)mmerce, to the Shipping Board, and to the War Trade Board, all the statistics of imports and exports for the entire country being compiled by a force of eighty-six em- ployees of the Customs Statistical Bureau at New York. ■ ■< The following publications are issued by the Customs Service : The Treasury Decisions are issued weekly in pamphlet form, and contain the regulations and decisions in regard to customs laws and procedure. They are obtainable by subscription, $1.75 yearly, from the Superintendent of Documents. Eeappraisements of Merchandise, issued weekly, obtainable from t]ie Siiperintendent of Documents; 5 cents the copy, 60 cents yearly. THE BUKEAU OF INTEENAL EEVEKUE, In 1917 the whole plan of collecting internal revenue was changed to meet the war emergency. Previously, the chief sources of internal re\'enue were the excise taxes on distilled and fermented liquors, and tobacco, with which we have long been familiar as the background for romantic tales of adventure, courage, and danger, laid among tha hardy inhabitants of the mountains. The war revenue act of October 3, 1917, provided for lower ex- emptions and increased rates of tax on individual and corporation incomes, an excess-profits tax, an estate tax, and various excise and special taxes. This meant the collection of a personal income tax from a large portion of our earning population. In addition, war taxes to be collected by the Internal-Eevenue Service were imposed on railroad tickets, freight bills of lading, telephone and- telegraph messages, and other public utilities, insurance policies, dues, admis-c sions, and all sorts of personal conveniences and trades. j ' Under /ther "special tax" section, taxes were levied^on many kinds^ of business,! such as pawnbrokers, shooting galleries, and theaters, and upon busi- ness, papers, bonds, shares of stock, etc. The American spirit of "pay-as-you-go," as far as passible, in preference to a burdensome mortgage on future prosperity made it possible for the United States to raise vast sums of money by direct taxes, and it is greatly to the credit of our people that the collections from internal revenue for the fiscal year 1918 exceeded the estimate set by nearly $300,000,000, the estimate being $3,400,000,000 and the amount actually collected being $3,694,619,638.72. It is invariably the policy of the Internal Revenue Bureau to endeavor to be fair and equitable in administering the law, thereby gaining the confidence and cooperation of taxpayers in the collection of war funds. Business men, accountants, lawyers, and technical men in all lines of business have given and are giving their services as advisers in the collection of the income and excess-profits taxes. The revenue act of 1918, approved February 24, 1919, effected revi- sions in the law of 1917 in administrative procedure, extended the list of taxable articles, and increased the rates generally of those in the 1917 law. Title XII of this new law levies an additional tax, in addition to all other taxes, of 10 per cent of the net profits derived by employers of child labor under certain conditions. 31 The collection- of all these different taxes involves the exercise of certain police powers by the revenue officers. It is to them we owe the firm control of the sale of distilled spirits, naxxiotics, and drugs, and the suppression of the illicit traffic in these commodities, as well as the protection of children under the section of the law mentioned above. A comparison of the number of employees in the Internal Revenue Ser\ice in 1916 and in 1918, and the total collections and expenditures of the Internal Revenue for those years is the most vivid presentation of the tremendous increase of direct taxation made necessary by the war, and the additional burden placed on the Internal Kevenue Service in making the collections : Total munber of employees in Washlugton and in the field service May 15, 1919 13, 807 Total number of employees in Washington and in the field service .Tune 30, 1910 ^__' 4. 738 Total collectlous of tlie bureau for the fiscal year 1916 $512, 723, 287. 77 Total collections of the tmreau for the fiscal year 1918 3, 694, 619. 638. 72 Total eiiditures for the fiscal year 1916 7, 242, 501. 00 Total exiieuditures for the fiscal year 1918 . 12, 003, 214.07 Ooltections from income tax for tli« fiscal year 1916 124,916,315. 51 Collections from income and excess profits taxes for the fiscal year 1918 2, 838, 999, 894. 28 Clear and concise answers to questions relating to the application of the income-tax law of 1918 are given in the Income Tax Primer, of which two editions have been printed, one for the special use of business and professional people and the other to fit the needs of farmers. Copies may be obtained on application to the Commis- sioner of Internal Revenue, Washington, D. C. I iCopjes of the income-tax law and of the regulations covering vari- ous phases of its application may also be obtained from th« Commis- sioner on application. The following regulations are now available for distribution : 37 — Regulations Relating to Estate Tax. 41-^Part 1, Regulations Relating to Tax on Admissions. 43— Part 2, Regulations Relating to the Tax on Dues (Sees. 502, 801, 802, 1308, 1309, 1310 (a), 1316 (a), 1317). 45^Regulations Relating to the Tueome Tax and War Profits and Excess Profits Tax. 46 — Regulations Relating to Tax on Employment of CMld Labor (Sees. 1200- 1207 inclusive). 47 — ^Regulations Relating to Excise Taxes on Sales by the Manufacturer (.Sec. 900). 48 — Regulations Relating to Excise Taxes on Works of Art and Jewelry (Sees. 902 and 905). 49 — Regulations Relating to Collection of TSix on Transportation and Other Facilities (Sees. 500, 501, and 502). 50 — Regulations Relating to Capital Stock Tax (Sec 1000). 51 — Regulations Relating to Excise Taxes on Toilet and Medicinal Articles (See. 907). 52 — -Regulations Relating to Tax on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages Bot- tled (Sees. 620 and 629). 53. — Regulations Relating to Tax on Soft Drinks, Ice Cream, and Similar Articles of Food and Drirdi (Sec. 630), ; 54. — Regulations Relating to Excise Taxes on Sales by the Dealer, Wearing Apparel, etc. (See. 904). 5.V-Regulations Relating to Stamp Taxes (Sees. 1160-1107 Inclusive). 32 riSCAL BUEEAITS. THE SIX AUDITOKS FOR THE GOVERNMENT. All Government accounts, payable or receivable, and all claims relating to public money, must be audited. Appeal may be made to the Comptroller' of the Treasury for revision of settlements made by the auditors. The First Auditor recei^-es and settles all accounts of the Treasury Department. The Second Auditor receives and settles all accounts and claims of the War Department. The Third, the Interior Department. The Fourth, the Navy Department. The Fifth, the White House; the two Houses of Congress; the Supreme Court; the Department of State, including the expenses of the Diplomatic and Consular Service ; Justice, covering expenses of United States courts; Agriculture, including its field service; Com- merce ; Labor ; also the accounts of the following governmental estab- lishments: Government Printing Office; Interstate Commerce Com- mission; Smithsonian Institiition and National Museum; District of Columbia; Civil Service Commission; the Federal Reserve Board; the Federal Trade Commission; United States Shipping Board; Food and Fuel Administrations; Council of National Defense; Fed- eral Board for Vocational Education ; National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics; Eight-Hour Commission; United States Tariff Commission; United States Employees' Compensation CommissioB; War Trade Board; and Alien Property Custodian; and all boards, commissions, and establishments of the Government not under the administration of any executive department. The Sixth, the Post Office Department. THE COMPTEOLLER OF THE CURRENCY. The organization and supervision of our national banks, the re- sources of which were in March, 1919, $20,017,760,000; the appoint- ment, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, of national- bank examiners; the appointment of receivers of national banks; the issue of national bank and of Federal Eeserve notes, and the execution of all laws relating to the issue and regulations of the national currency are under the control of the office of the Comp- troller of the Currency. The comptroller is also ex officio mem- ber of the Federal Eeserve Board. By his order the national banks make reports to him not less than five times a year. Says the 1918 report of the Comptroller of the Currency: - The financial strain of tlie past two years would have wrecked and crumbled ajiy financial system not founded on sound economic laws and governed by conservative and established principles of finance; and no system however meritorious, could have survived such strain had not its component parts been operated and directed by men of character and experience, willing and able to rise to the supreme demands of the hour. But one national bank in nearly 8,000 failed in the calendar year 1918, 33 So soundly administered has been the banking business of the United States under the national bank and Federal Reserve acts that the growth in the assets of the natibnal banks in the last five years has been greater than the increase that took place in the pre- ceding 2'5 years. In the crisis of 1893 the proportion of liabilities of suspended national banks to the total liabilities of all active national banks in operation during that year was 2.39 per cent. In the crisis of 1907 the proportion was one-half of 1 per cent. But during the un- precedented financial strain from April 1, 1917, to April 1, 1918, the percentage of suspended national bank liabilities was only four- thousandths of 1 per cent. The ratio of liabilities of suspended na- tional banks in the crisis of 1893 to total liabilities of all national banks was 500 tmies greater than in tlie year following our entrance into the great war. The reports made by the national banks to the Comptroller of the Curi-ency show that the immunity from failure is steadily increasing. An earnest effort is being made by the Comptroller of the Currency to impress upon the officers and directors of national banks the ne- cessitiy of observing strictly the provisions of the national-bank act, and of conforming closely to. the I'ules and regulations prescribed by the office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and of keeping alive a keen sense of the moral and legal responsibility of the officers and directors of national banks for the correct management of the banks. This is done by direct communications from the comptroller's office and by conferences of the bank officers and directors (held at the times of the periodical examinations by national bank examiners). The increase in net earnings for the 12 months ended July 1, 1918, exceeded by $63,062,000 the net earnings for the 12 months ended July 1, 1914. The increase in net earnings in these four years, despite the abatement of excessive interest rates, the expenses attend- ant upon the sale of Liberty bonds, and other costs and losses of the war period? has been 42.2 per cent. The stock of money in the United States increased from $5,- 408,000,000 on June 30, 1917, to $6,741,000,000 on June 30, 1918, an increase during the year of $1,333,000,000, or 24.65 per cent. For the date nearest June 30, 1918, for which information is avail- able, coin and other money in national banks and other reporting banks (exclusive of those in the island possessions) aggregated $882,700,000, and cash in Federal Reserve banks amounted to $2,- 006,200,000. The total amount of cash in all banks in the United States was therefore $2,888,900,000, or 42.86 per cent of the total stock of money. The remaining $2,490,500,000, or 36.94 per cent, was out- -side of the Treasury and banks and presumably in the pockets of the people. The total amount of money in circulation, exclusive of coin and other money in the Treasury as assets, was $5,379,400,000, or $50.81 per capita. The monthly statement, April 1, 1919, of the Di- vision of Loans and Currency shows that the per capita distribution of money in circulation has increased to $54.56. COMPTKOLLER OF THE TKEASURY. The Comptroller of the Treasury renders the final decision in re- gard to the payment of claims against the United States. All war- 137339°— 19 3 34 rants issued by the Secretary of the Treasury must be countersig»ed by the Comptroller of the Treasury. There is no appeal from the decisions of this important officer, but in certain cases suits upon such claims may be maintained in the Court of Claims or district courts. Tlie heads of departments, when in doubt as to expenditures per- missible under their appropriations, or disbursing officers' who are doubtful about the payment of claims properly before them for paymeiit, may obtain an advance decision from the Comptroller of the Treasury before making the expenditure about which there is a doubt. The Auditors for the Treasury, War, Navy, Interior, and Post Office Departments, and the Auditor for the State and Other Depart- ments are bound by the decisions of the Comptroller of the Treas- ury, and settlements made by the auditors may be revised by him, upon application made within one year, as to an item or items of which payment has not been accepted. The interpretation by the auditors of the laws relating to the dis- bursement of tlie public money .is subject to the approval, disap- proval, or modification of the Comptroller of the Treasury. The collection of debts due to the United States, except those aris- ing under the Post Office Department, is under the supervision of the Comptroller of the Treasury. The responsibility of safeguarding the interests of the United States in money matters, even to countersigniM all warrants author- ized by the Secretary of the Treasury himself, is placed upon the comptroller so that every penny paid out of the Treasury of the United States must have his sanction and approval. The records of decisions are accessible to the public three days after the decision is rendered at the office of the Comptroller of the Treasury. Publications of the decisions of the Comptroller of the Treasury, including interpretations of the laws relating to the payment of money from the Treasury, are issued yearly, quarterly, and monthly, and they may be obtained from tlie Superintendent of Documents. THE DIVISION OF BOOKKEEPING AUD WABEANTS. This division of the Office of the Secretary of the Treasury attends to the issue of warrants for covering into the Treasury the receipts of the Government from customs, internal revenue, sales of public lands, and from miscellaneous sources, and of warrants for payments from the Treasury of claims and accounts settled and certified to the Secretary of the Treasury by the several auditors ; and of warrants in amounts covering requisitions made by the executive departments, etc., for appropriation funds to be placed to the credit of disbursitig officers and subject to their checks for ' discharge of Government obligations. Compiles, for submission by the Secretary of the Treasury to Con- gress, the Annual Book of Estimates of Appropriations, "and sup- plemental and deficiency estimates, including claims and judgments of district courts, and the Court of Claims; also makes compilation of an annual digest of the appropriations made by Congress. 35 Bookkeeping of receipts, appropriations, and disbursements, in- cluding advances to disbursing officers and the accounting therefor ; also of transactions relating to the public debt and sinking fund. Prepares reports of receipts and disbursements annually transmit- ted by the Secretary of the Treasury to Congress and miscellaneous statistical data for Congress and its committees as called for by reso- lution or otherwise. Eeports to the Court of Claims and the Attorney General on claims against the Governmeiit pending in court and acts on applications of attorneys and agents for admission to practice in claims before the Treasury Department. THE DIVISION OF LOANS AND CUBBENCY. The Division of Loans and Currency of the Office of the Secretary of the Treasury is principally concerned with the public debt issues and the currency of the United States. In this office details of all public-debt issues are conducted, including originial issues of United States bonds, notes, and certificates of indebtedness, and any sub- sequent transactions therein which may involve exchanges, transfers, and conversions. Interest on registered bonds is paid by the Secre- tary of the Treasury by cliecks drawn in this division. As regards United States currency, this division has charge of the ixiper mill where the distinctive paper is manufactured, and subse- quently has custody of such distinctive paper and of all other paper used by the Bureau of Engraving and Planting in the preparation of any kind of securities issued by the United States. After the United States paper currency is unfit for further circulation, it is redeemed by the Treasurer either at Washington or through one of the subtreasuries. All such unfit currency is received by the Division of Loans and Currency for examination and destruction. The following publications of the Division of Loans and Cur- rencj may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents: In- iormation Respecting United States Bonds, Paper Currency and Coin, Production of Precious Metals, etc.; A Compilation of the Principal Laws of the United States in Relation to Loans and Cur- rency; Regulations of the Treasury Department in Relation to United States BoncTs. The Monthly Statement of Circulation may be obtained upon application to the division. DIVISION 01'' PUBLIC MONEYS. The duties assigned to the Division of Public Moneys of the Sec- retary's Office are as follows : The supervision of the several Independent Treasury offices (As- sistant Treasurers of the United States) , the designation of natioijal banks and other United States depositaries and the obtaining from them of proper securities. The keeping of a general account of receipts into the Treasury, the classification of such receipts and the preparation of lists thereof on which to issue warrants covering their amounts into the Treasury. The direction of all public officers, except postmasters, as to the deposit of the public moneys collected by them. 36 The issue and enforcement of regulations governing Assistant Treasurers and national-bank depositaries and public disbursing officers in the safekeeping and disbursement of public moneys in- ti'usted to them. . ' The supervision of the business pertaining to "outstanding lia- bilities," the issue and payment of duplicate checks, the transpor- tation of public moneys and securities, and expenses thereof, and the expenses of Subtreasury offices- The care and final disposition of moneys deposited to the credit of the Secretary in special deposit accounts. The direction for special transfers' of public moneys and generally matters pertaining to the foregoing. THE SECRET SERVICE DIVISION. This division is the part of the Office of the Secretary of the Treas- ury having charge of the suppression of counterfeiting and the guarding of the person of the President. In addition, cases relating to stolen and forged Government checks, thefts of Government property, and violations of the laws relating to the Treasury Department are investigated by the Secret Service. In war time the Secret Service was useful in uncovering violations of the regulations of the Food Administration, and of the export regulations of the War Trade Board, under the trading with the enemy act, etc. No publications are issued by the Secret Service Division. THE FEDERAL FAEM LOAN BUREAU. Whether it is the farmer's wife who drops in at the library on market day ; or your fellow townsman who is looking for a good in- vestment for his savings ; or just an inquirer about the high cost of living there is information of interest for them in the literature issued by the Federal Farm Loan Bureau, which is a part of the United States Treasury Department. For the farmer the Federal Farm Loan Bureau means an oppor- tunity for easy, long-time credit through the National Farm Loan Association and the Federal Land Bank System ; for the small in- vestor it means a chance to buy farm loan bonds bearing 4J or 5 per cent backed by the collateral of his own locality; for the modest inquirer about the high cost of living it shows what the Government is doing to aid the food producers and, through making them pros- perous, to lower the price of food all over the country, and so to bal- ance the proportion between the nonfood-producing industrial work- ers and the food-producing farming class. A study of the facts gathered by the Federal Farm Loan Bureau in readable, chatty pam- phlets shows how the work of each class is necessary to the prosperity of all, and incidentally how intimately connected with daily living a branch of the Government may be. From the time the Farm Loan Bureau was established, August 7, 1916, to the granting of the first loan in May, 1917, was a period of honest, common-sense investigation into the financial needs of the tanner, through some fifty -three conferences in forty-four different 37 States. Local business men, bankers, and farmers got together and threshed out what needed to be done with members of the Federal Farm Loan Board appointed by the President, with the approval of the Senate. The Secretary of the Treasury is ex-oflScio member and cliairman; the other four members are Hon. George W. Norris, the farm loan commissioner; Hon. Charles E. Lobdell; Hon. W. S. A. Smith ; and Hon. Herbert Quick. It is a bipartisan board, whose first members serve for two, four, six, and eight- years, respectively, an(l after their terms expire the next appointees will serve for eight years. These men traveledsome 20,000 miles and talked over the farmer's financial problems right on the ground in every section of the United States. They found that the farmer needs easy, long-time credit to help him put farming on a comfortable paying basis, and they worked out a practical way to give it to him. The country was divided into twelve big agricultural districts, as a result of the information collected, taking all phases into considera- tion. A Federal land bank was established in each district. A land- bank registrar, appraisers, and bank examiners were appointed for each district by the Farm Loan Board. Each land bank had an ini- tial capital of $750,000 and for thirty days the subscription books were open at $5 a share. After that, the United States Government subscribed the balance of the capital stock. Pamphlets and other literature were prepared to explain the plan to both investors and borrowers. The Federal land banks loan up to 50 per cent of the appraised value of farm land being worked by the owner, or under his per- sonal supervision, and up to 20 per cent on buildings, improvements, and equipment, on first mortgages, for the purpose of purchasing land for agricultural purposes ; for purchasing equipment, fertilizers, stock necessary and reasonable for the efficient operation of the farm; to provide buildings for the efficient operation of the farm ; to provide buildings and improvements on farm lands; to liquidate the indebt- edness of the owner of the land mortgaged, existing at the time of the organization of the first national farm loan association in the county where the mortgaged land is situated, or for indebtedness subsequently incurred for purposes mentioned above. The land hanks issue bonds in denominations of $25, $50, $100, $500, and $1,000 on approval of the Federal Farm Loan Board. As a rule the farmers themselves are the best judges of the value of farm property, and therefore a provision was made whereby groups of cooperative borrowers, called national farm loan associa- • tions, were formed and membership in one of these associations is a requirement for obtaining a loan from the Federal land bank. Ten farmer borrowers are necessary to form a national farm loan asso- ciation, each farmer buying stock of the association to the amount of 5 per cent of the loan he requires, which may be any amount fi-om $100 to $10,000, the maximum loan permissible under the act. The aggregate of loans desired must be at least $20,000. The borrower is entitled to dividends on his association stock and receives back the sum invested in the association when the amount he borrows is paid up, thus automatically terminating his membership. The associations invest what they receive from the sale of their stock in the purchase of stock of the Federal land bank of their district. Loans are recom- mended to the land bank by the national farm loan association sub- 38 ject to the appraisement of tlio land bank appraiser and review bv the executive committee of the bank. The loan association guaran- tees the loans made to its members, and each member is responsible individually for his proportionate interest in the association. In localities where national farm loan association^ are not likely to be formed, the board has authority to permit Federal land banlcs to make loans to individual farmers through agents. The latter must be an incorporated bank,, trust or mortgage company, or savings bank chartered by the Slate in which it has its principal office. Loans made in this manner are subject to the same conditions and restrictions as if made through national farm loan associations. Every agent has to indorse its loans and become liable for their pay- ment or for defaults of the mortgagor. The amount of farm mort- gage loans made can not exceed ten times an agent's capital and surplus. There have been eight agents authorized who are mak- ing loans, all of them in the seventh Federal land bank district. The black shadow of the old back-breaking mortgage, which might be foreclosed at any time, is removed by the Federal farm loan sys- tem. Loans from the land banlcs are granted for a time period fixed by the borrower, and may run from five to forty years, fixed annual or semiannual payments being made which cover the interest and a percentage to be applied for the reduction of the principal, technic- ally called amortization, automatically wiping out the mortgage. Additional payments of $25, or multiples of $25, may be made on any regular installment date after five years to reduce the debt in less than the agreed time, if desired. Already the Federal farm loan plan has done much to stabilize interest rates on farm loans, the Government rate being fixed at 5^ per cent. Private banks under supervision of the Federal Farm Loan Board have also been estab- lished for farm loan business, charging 6 per cent. In the extending of relief to farmers in drouth stricken areas by the Treasury Department and the Department of Agriculture, the Federal land banks were designated as financial agents of the Gov- ernment for handling the sum of $5,000,000 set aside for this purpose. Since May, 1917, the Federal Fai-m Loan Board has approved loans amounting to about $212,000,000 at 5| per cent for the benefit of over 84,000 borrowers, actual farmers. In addition there are nine joint-stock loan banlcs which have placed farm loans amount- ing to over $25,000,000 at 6 per cent. There are in operation about 3,600 national farm loan associations of cooperative farmer bor- rowers. The capital of the twelve Federal land banks now amounts . to over $19,000,000. The land banks are now loaning money to farmer borrowers at the rate of from ten to twelve million dollars a month. In view of the fact that the total of farm loans in the United States is estimated at $4,000,000,000, the Federal Farm Loan Board has already made great strides toward furnishing reasonable credit for farmers, and has saved an appreciable sum in interest money, which, in itself, helps bring down the cost of living for all of us. This "outline indicates in a general way that the Federal farm loan system is unique in the history of farm mortgage credit. Its benefits are manifold and extend to the borrower, lender, investor, merchant, the country banker. To sum up — 39 When farmers borrow, they procure long-time loans at 5^ per cent interest with an easy method of repayment. The Federal and joint-stock land banks as money lenders receive a gross income of about 1 per cent on all their loans in the difference between their loaning rate and the rate that thev pay on their bonds. Investors secure a gilt-edge, tax-exempt security for their money Avhich pays them about 4^ or 5 per cent interest. The issue of bonds as security is under strict Government supervision and this func- tion on tlie part of the Government inspires confidence on the part of the inyesting public. Because farmers may borrow to procure farm implements and farm supplies, having cash to pay for them, country merchants have a quicker cash turnover than f^ormerly and benefit accordingly. Lastly, where farmers and merchants are rendered more prosper- ous because of this method of making loans, they will have more mone^y to deposit with their country banks. In these ways, the benefits of the Federal farm loan system are quite generally dis- tributed. Free circulai'S of information may be procured of the Federal Farm Loan Bureau, Washington, D. C. THE DIRECTOR OF THE MINT. The interesting business of manufacturing our money is taken care of by the Director of the Mint. Under his general supervifaon the United States mints and assay oiRces are operated. Besides keeping in touch with the business details through, daily reports, the Director of the Mint directs the coinage to be executed and has charge of the eight assay offices distributed throughout the country where gold and silver bullions are received^ melted, and tested, and forwarded to the mints to be used in coinage. His yearly report shows the en- tire production of precious metals in the United States and the world. On his authority the quarterly estimate of the value of the standard coins of foreign countries is published f6r the use of customhouses and other public purposes. Gold and silver are not found native in a state of purity, but very often they are mixed together in the ore, or they are found together with copper and other metals. The increase in the production of gold is not so much due to the opening of new mining fields as to the improvements in the methods of separating the metals in the re- fineries. Gold and silver leave the refinery in the- form of bullion made up into bars of standard weight, size, and fineness, ready for use in the industrial arts or for coinage. At the assay office bullion is tested for fineness. Ore is also tested to determine its value and the best means for refining it. The in- crease of business at the assay offices in the mining regions is proof of the public service rendered by the making of assays at a low cost. At the mint the bars of metal are flattened to requi^-ed and uniform thickness, and as "planchets" proceed to the next process where the disks ready for milling are cut out. The scraps are melted down and used again, much as the housewife treats her " cookie dough." The blanks are then pressed in the. dies, which are engraved with marvelous skill, and t3ie metal appears finally as coin. 40 Because of the extra demand for " small change " for war taxes, etc., during 1918 the three coinage mints at Philadelphia, San Fran- cisco, and Denver were kept running at full capacity, 16 and 24 hours a day. 714,000,000 pieces of United States coin were minted, and in addition, 33,000,000 pieces were coined for foreign Govern- ments. When it became necessary to ship silver bullion to help our allies in the war the melting furnaces at the mints reduced to bullion bars over 260,000,000 American silver dollars. For the first time platinum deposits were treated at the New York assay office for manufactures in connection with war work. The assay and refining of platinum were a special feature at the New York assay office for which special furnaces wei'e designed, and an original system oi treating the platinum group of metals was evolved. The annual report of the Director of the Mint contains much in- teresting information; it is free on application to the Director of the Mint. The quarterly circular, " Value of Foreign Coins," is distributed free through the Director of the Mint. The following publications are on sale by the Superintendent of Documents: Catalogue of Coins, Tokens and Medals in the Numis- matic Collection of the United States Mint at Philadelphia, $1; Guide to the Numismatic Collection of the United States Mint at Philadelphia, 10 cents ; the Monetarj- Systems of the Principal Coun- tries of the World, 10 cents. THE EEGISTEB OF THE TKEASUBT. The Kegister of the Treasury signs all bonds of the United States, the bonds of the District of Columbia, the Philippine Islands, the city of Manila, the city of Cebu, and the Porto Kican gold loans, and keeps records showing the daily outstanding balances thereof. He certifies to the Treasurer of the United States, the Auditor for the Treasury, and the Loans and Currency Division, Secretary's Office, the interest due on United States loans at interest periods. He ex- amines and approves for credit in the public debt account the Treas- urer's monthly report of paid ititerest coupons, redeemed and pur- chased securities ; certifies to and transmits such accounts to the Audi- tor for the Treasury. He examines, assorts, and records all such can- celed securities, and keeps records of the outstanding principal and .interest of the bonded indebtedness of the Government. THE TKEASUBEB OF THE rXlTEI) STATES. The Treasurer of the United States is charged with the receipt and disbursement of all public moneys that may be deposited in the Treasury at Washington and in the subtreasuries ; is redemption agent for national-bank notes, Federal reserve-bank notes and Fed- eral reserve notes; is trustee for bonds held to secure national-bank circulation and public deposits in national banks, and bonds held to secure postal savings in banks ; is custodian of miscellaneous trust funds; is fiscal agent for paying interest on the public debt and for paying the land-purchase bonds of the Philippine Islands, principal and interest ; is treasurer of the board of trustees of the postal savings 41 system ; and is ex officio commissioner of the sinking fund of the Dis- trict lof Columbia. - _ The functions of the Office of the Treasurer are administered by the Treasurer, Assistant Treasurer, Deputy Assistant Treasurer, and Chief Clerk. The cashier has custody of the active and reserve cash and trust funds, directs the shipment of currency in exchange for unfit money redeemed and makes payment of Government obligations and credits on account of revenue, transfer of funds, etc. The Division of Accounting clears all checks and warrants drawn by disbui-sing officers of the United States, and keeps the depository accounts of disbursing officers; prepares statements of checks paid, and proves and furnishes the figures for the accounts of depository banks, Federal Reserve and Treasury offices, and furnishes proved figures for the daily statement of the United States Treasury and the financial statement of the United States Government. Under the Division of General Accounts there are three sections : The warrant section, which keeps account of warrants issued by the Secretary of the Treasury, by classes, the dates of payment of same and the account of revenue and repay warrants covering the revenues into the Treasury ; the bookkeeping section, which receives the daily reports of revenues received and payments made by 791 active de- pository banks, 12 Federal reserve banks, 9 subtreasuries, the Treas- urer of the United States, and 10 mints and assay offices; the mis- cellaneous section, which has supervision of correspondence, charge of telegraphic transfers of funds to banks and others from sub- treasuries and Federal reserve banks, collection of interest on public deposits held by depository banks and the rendition to the Auditor of the Quarterly Account of Receipts and Expenditures of Warrants by the Treasurer of the United States. The Division of Securities has custody of all bonds to secure cir- culation. Government deposits, and postal savings funds, and also handles all payments made on account of the public debt, as well as having in custody various other special deposits and trust funds and handling the acounts of securities held to cover pdstal savings funds. The Division of Redemption receives from banks and individuals soiled and mutilated notes of United States currency, counting and assorting same and making returns in new notes or giving credit as required, laundering such notes as can be made fit for renewed circulation, and preparing the remainder for recount and finally for destruction. The Division of Issue has charge of the examination and proving by count of completed paper currency delivered to the Treasurer of the United States by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. The currency is delivered in straps of 100 notes each. After proven, it is pressed into packages of 4,000 notes each, wrapped, sealed with three Treasury seals and labeled with the denomination of the cur- rency and the amount. Daily deliveries are made to the Cash Divi- sion of the Treasurer's office. The National Bank Redemption Agency is also a division in the Office of the Treasurer of the United States. All national-bank notes and Federal reserve currency sent to the Treasury for redemp- tion are handled by this division. 42 The Sinking Fund Office of the District of Columbia, of which the Treasurer of the United States is ex officio Commissioner, has charge of all matters relating to the sinking fund and funded debt of the District of Columbia. The publications issued by the Office of the Treasurer : 1. Annual Eeport of the Treasurer of the United States. 2. Annual Eeport of the Treasurer of the United States on the Funded Debt and Sinlting Fund of the District of Co- lumbia. 3. Monthly Statement — Paper Currency of Each Denomina- tion Outstanding. Information circulars have been printed concerning " Issue, Ex- change, and Eedemption of Money ; " and the " Purchase of Uncur- rent Gold and Silver Coins and the Eedemption and Purchase of Minor Coins." A series of memoranda have also been issued — 1. As to gold coins of $3 and under. 2. Legal tender and nonlegal tender and qualities of coin and paper currency. 3. Trade dollars not exchangeable. - 4. As to State banks. 6. As to Continental currency. 6. As to premium on currency. 7. Mint marks. rOREIGN LOANS. By acts of Congress of April 24, 1917, September 24, 1917, April 4, 1918, and July 9, 1918, known, respectively, as the first, second, third, and fourth Liberty bond, acts, authoi'ity was vested in the Secretary of the Treasury on behalf of the United States, with the approval of the President, for the purpose of more effectively proT viding for the national security and defense and for prosecuting the war, to establish credits in favor of foreign Governments engaged in war with the enemies of the United States, and, to the extent of the credits so established, from time to time to purchase at par from such foreign Governments, respectively, their several obligations. A total appropriation of $10,000,000,000 was provided for this purpose. Credits have been established in favor of the Governments of Belgium, Cuba, Czecho-Slovak Eepublic, France, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Liberia, Eoumania, Eussia, and Serbia. The currencies needed in France, Great Britain, and Italy for our war expenditures in those countries have been provided by the respective foreign Governments imder arrangements whereby the dollar equivalents of the amounts so provided have been made avail- able to the respective foreign Govermnents for use to meet their war expenditures in the United States, and thus the needs of these Gov- ernments for advances from the United States have been reduced by a corresponding amount. Demand certificates of indebtedness signed by the duly author- ized representatives of the respective Governments are now held for all outstanding advances and substantially now all bear interest at 43 the rate of 5 per cent per annum. This rate has been fixed upon consideration of the rate of interest paid by the United States on Liberty bonds and certificates of indebtedness and of the loss of revenue resulting from the tax exemptions accorded to those issues, and other incidental expenses. On November 15, after the little more than 18^ months of active participation in the war, the total credits established in favor of foreign countries were $8,171,976,666. Credits established since the armistice brought the total as of May 8, 1919, to $9,288,829,124.27. The victory Liberty loan act of March 3, 1919, provided that until the expiration of 18 months after the termination of the war as fixed by the proclamation of the President, the Secretary of the Treasury with the approval of the President may, in addition to the credits authorized by the second Liberty bond act, as amended, establish credits with the United States for any foreign Government on March 3, 1919, engaged in war with the enemies of the United States, for the purpose only of providing for purchases of any prop- erty owned directly or indirectly by the United States, which is not needed by the United States, or of any wheat, the price of which has been or may be guaranteed by the United States. To the extent of the credits so established from time to time, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to make advances to or for the account of any such foreign Government, and to receive at par from such foreign Government for such advances its obligations at not less than 6 per cent interest, maturing not later than October 15, 1938, under terms and conditions prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. This act did not increase the. appropriation available for loans to foreign Governments, but merely extended the purposes for which such loans might be made out of the balance of the appropriation made in the previous Liberty bond acts. The Liberty bond acts contain provisions authorizing the Secre- tary of the Treasury to convert the short-time obligations of foreign Governments held by the United States into long-time obligations at interest rates not less than that borne by the short-time obligations and maturing witliin the periods provided by the acts. The Hon. E. C. Leffingwell, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in charge of fiscal bureaus, in his statement before the Committee on Ways and Means, comments on the obstacles arising out of war- fare, which interfered with the ordinary procedure of international trade, etc. " When England began to buy abroad, tliey found a curious physical barrier set up against the operation. Ordinarily, an adverse balance was settled iu gold. There were two factors which interefered with the successful operation of tliat means of settlement. One was the phy sisal barrier of the risks of the sea. It was no longer possible to ship gold from one country to another at the risk of submarine attack without a cost for the shipment and insurance which was almost prohibitive. The other factor was that the warring countries had so far inflated their currencies and their credit structures that they could not afford to let the gold go. To do so would have involved a risk of internal financial disturbance. There are only tlaree ways of paying for purchases abroad — in goods, in gold, or in credits. I mentioned the situation which In- terfered with the settlement in gold. The submarine factor, of course, op- erated to a certain extent to restrict settlements in commodities. But the controlling element which prevented settlements in commodities was the fact that those Governments had to have their whole productive energy devoted to war purposes. They could hot allow their people to make luxuries to sell to 44 America in exchange tor the wheat and munitions and other things they must have from America because all of their man power must be used in fighting the war and in producing the things needed to help fight the war. Credits only remained. The British Government pursued a course up to the time of our entrance into the war of the utmost bravery in making a settlement in gold where she could. Other Governments had not the gold to begin witli. All the Governments, about the time we entered the war, had reached the point where their exchange would not stand the strain of further purchases abroad,, and they actually would have had to stop fighting if they could not have obtained the things they needed to import with which to fight. "The credits you permitted the Treasury to establish solved that problem. They also made it possible for America to sell a stupendous quantity of goods and supplies at profitable prices. MISCELLANEOtrS DIVISIONS. THE OOAST 6UAED. The Coast Guard is normally engaged in humanitarian service, such as assisting vessels in distress, life-saving, giving medical aid to fishing fleets on the Grand Banks and in Alaskan waters, enforcing laws and regulations regarding navigation, quarantine, neutrality, customs, and in patrol duty to keep the seas free from derelicts, wrecks, or other floating dangers to ships, including the ice patrol in the North Atlantic, ^yhich was instituted after the loss of the Titanic. The game and seal of Alaska are also protected by the Coast Guard during the breeding season. In time of war, by operation of law, the Coast Guard is trans- ferred from the direction of the Treasury Department to the Navy and it is mobilized for active war service in addition to its normal peace-time work. At New London, Conn., the Coast Guard Academy, founded in 1874, trains cadets for the service on a plan similar to that fol- lowed at the Naval Academy at Annapolis. Three months' intensive training was given the extra personnel needed for war service, both on shore and on board a cruising cutter detailed as a training ship. The personnel was raised to a war strength of 229 commissioned officers, 438 warrant officers, and 6,106 enlisted men, the various units reporting to the divisional commanders of the Navy, generally those in which the ships were geographically situated. Six cutters were ordered to the war zone on patrol duty. Coast Guard officers were retained for duty at navy yards and' stations, naval aviation stations, and in three sections of the regular Coast Naval Division. The loss of life was proportionately heavier in the Coast Guard than in any branch of the naval service, as they were active not only in the submarine zone, but also supervised the loading of high explo- sives at the port of New York, over a thousand men being engaged in this work alone. Since America entered the war the important system of coastal comniunication by telephone and submarine cables between the coast stations, so that news of shipwrecks or the approach of enemies from, the sea can be reported in the briefest possible time, along our entire coast lines has been perfected. One station is also maintained at Nome, Alaska. The coastal communication service is invaluable in time of peace as well as in time of war. For more than 120 years, since Alexander Hamilton, the first Sec- retary of the Treasury, founded the Revenue Cutter Service which, 45 with the Life-Saving Service, was combined into the Coast Guard, January 28, 1915, through practical experience and traditions of steady drill, discipline, and traininfr, the present splendid service has been built up. The excessive naodesty of brave men is probably re- sponsible for the fact that the Coast Guard issues no publications for g-eneral distribution. Libraries may write to the Commodore -Com- mandant of the Coast Guard at Washington for a small blue book. The Annual Eeport of the Coast Guard, in which are packed in close statistical formation more true tales of heroism at sea and matter- of-fact devotion to duty than you will find on all the fiction shelves. Appointments to cadetships are made upon strictly competitive educational examinations, which are open to young men of the pre- scribed ages (18 to 24) having the necessary moral and physical qualifications. Examinations are held throughout the country from time to time, and the highest averages attained are alone the sureties for cadet appointments. Strict military and comprehensive techni- cal training, covering a course of three years, fit the cadet for hjs duties as an officer. Original appointment in the Engineer Corps is as cadet engineer, the maximum age limit being 25^ years. A collection of photographs and transparencies for exhibition pur- poses may be borrowed from the Coast Guard by special arrangement Avith the Commodoi'e Commandant of the Coast Guard, Washington, D. C. B"UEr;ATJ OF ENGEAVING AND ITtlNTING. This bureau is the Government factory for producing its paper money, bonds, revenue, postage and customs stamps, checks, drafts, and all Government securities printed from engraved plates. The Director's report for 1918 shows that 150,983,817 sheets of United States notes, bonds, national currency. Federal reserve notes, Federal reserve currency, and certificates of indebtedness were pre- pared and delivered during the fiscal year, valued at $31,482,991,950 ; 6,357,617,106 revenue stamps and 5,767,000 customs stamps were made. The United States Post Office Department required 13,200,- 109,567 postage stamps, the post service of the Philippines 21,710,000 stamps, and 33,518,971 sheets of checks, drafts, certin^cates, etc., were furnished to United States disbursing officers. The bureau employs the most expert designers, engravers, plate printers, and other artisans, besides a large force of female opera- tives counting and examining the printed securities, and printers' assistants who aid the printers in their respective lines, making the product of this bureau very difficult to counterfeit. The work of the engravers is specialized so that each man becomes exceptionally skilled in his particular branch of the art, such as portrait, script, square letter, and ornamental engraving. Designs for paper money, bonds, etc., are approved by the Secre- tary of the Treasury, while those for postage stamps are approved by the Postmaster General. The dies are engraved on steel, and by the transfer presses taken up upon rolls, and afterwards these in turn are taken up upon steel plates from which the securities are printed. The inks used in printing these securities are manufactured by the bureau from colors which are fast to varying degrees of light, and all colors before being made into inks are subjected to fading tests. 46 The workers in each room are responsible for the securiiies, stantps, etc., on which they are working. Before closing each day a final count is made, and it is the pride of the bureau that not even a post^ age s.tamp is missing at the end of each day's work which, can not be finally accounted for,^ although none of the employees are bonded. As too much time would be lost in countiing tl^ securities before' the lunch hour, the employees do not leave the building during the day. Therefore,, in erecting and equipping the new buDding for the Bureau af Engraving and Printing, opened in the early spring of 1914, the Government strove to furnish the employees witii surround- ings as comfortable and attracti^'e as possible. It is in every way a model factory building,, equipped with a cooperative luuch. room, emergency hospital with special wards for men and women, every convenience for the health and well-being of the workers. From the gallery of the high, airy room where the big presses hum, the writer looked down on the men and women, singing in the sun- light as they printed the new -victory bonds. The song was " The Long, Long Trail," to the accompaniment of the undertone of great machines, and in the contentment of the workers one caught a sym- bolic glimpse of the spirit of labor in the future toward which the world must surely advance. The annual report of the Director of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing can be obtained on application to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office. THE OENBBAL SUPPLY COMMITTEE. This committee was created hj act of Congress of June 17, 1&10, and is composed of officers from each of the Executive Departments, designated by the head thereof. The Superintendent of Supplies, appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury, is ex officio secretary of the General Supply Committee, and he conducts all correspond- ence, supervises the prepai-ation of all contracts, and performs such other duties as the Secretary of the Treasury may direct. The General Supply Committee is required to 'make an annual schedule of articles needed by the Government offices in the Dis- trict of Columbia, with the exception of the field service of th& Army and Navy, standiirdizing such supplies and eliminating un- necessary grades and varieties. Manufacturers are invited to bid on the articles scheduled, the successful bidder receiving the total orders, many or few, for his product during, one year. The General Supply Committee is not empowered to make the purchases, but after the contracts arc made the purchasing officers of the various Govern- ment establishments, etc., order goods as needed from time to time from the contractors listed in the General Schedule of Supplies. Previous to the organization of the General Supply Committee, for instance, there were more than 50 separate schedules. Each department and establishment pursued its own system without ref- erence to the othei'S, and, in a number of instances, there was a decided lack of uniformity in the methods practiced by the different services of the same department. Each Executive Department, inde- pendent establishment, and oftentimes a number of bureau's and offices therein, made its purchases independently. One of the in- evitable results of these methods was an extensive duplication of 47 work and expeoosB, wliich has now been simplified by tbe issuance of one Goyemmemt schedule covering the entire Government service and effecting standardization as to price and quality. An idea of the immense amount of purchases made under contracts negotiated by the General Supply Committee is given by the total for 1918, which is approximately $12,000,000. Under the present system, subcommittees, composed of experts as- signed from the different departmental bureaus and Government establishments, consider the bids submitted and examine the samples applying thereto. Their recommendations are presented to the Gen- eral Supply Committee, which meets at regular intervals, and upon adoption by said committee abstracts of all bids received, accom- panied by the recommendations of the subcommittee, are forwarded to the Secretary of the Treasury for award of contract. Awaiting the inspection and recommendation of the various sub- committees, the writer saw stacks of saucepans, bottles of ink, hos- pital equipment, test tube racks, typewriter ribbons, pens, desks, chairs, tables, rugs^ typewriter paper, leather goods, and merchan- dise of every description, which were submitted by bidders upon specifications issued by the committee. These samples must all be ex- amined and passed upon with a view to selecting the types of pencils, pins, desks, waste baskets, etc., that will best serve the purposes of the Government offices. The Secretary of the Treasury in his report for 1916 recom- mended that the General Supply Committee be enlarged and that the committee be given power to contract for and to purchase all supplies of the Government, stating further that this would neces^ sarily involve a warehousing system, making Government purchas- ing a wholesale rather than a retail proposition, as it is at present, and consequently lowering the prices at which manufacturers can afford to bid for contracts. The plan is under consideration. Tbe Property Transfer Division of the General Supply Com- mittee was organized under the provisions of Executive order of December 3, 1918, and the Treasury Department regulations of De- cember 10, 1918, to take charge of surplus furniture, equipment, and supplies by transfer or sale. It was pointed out that when the Government offices engaged in war work should be demobilized, a great quantity of merchandise of every kind would be thrown into disuse. The estimate is ap- proximately $6,000,000 worth of second-hand merchandise and un- der the method of- handling by transfer from war organizations to permanent offices of the Government, as requisitioned by their sup- ply officers, and the allowance of a depreciation of not more than 25 per cent for previous use, the saving to the Government is enor- mous, compared with prices that could be expected to be realized from the former plan of disposal of surplus material, whereby the different departments handled such matters individually, generally by sale at public auction. The Executive order of December 3, 1918, provides tliat all requisi- tions for material for Government use in the District of Columbia, excepting the field service of the Army and Navy, must pass through the General Supply Committee and must be filled from the stocks on hand if possible. 48 The 48 buildings formerly occupied by tlie Motor Transport Corps in East Potomac Park, Washington, have been placed at the disposal of the General Supply Committee. Up till May 15, 1919, about $1,000,000 worth of furniture, equipment, and supplies had been collected from demobilized Government offices, and about $500,- 000 has been reissued to other departments in lieu of the purchase of new material. Furniture is repaired and refinished; typewriters are put in con- dition, cleaned, and set in orderly rows ; every kind of merchandise is classified, ticketed, and credited to the department from which it was taken. Pins, automobiles, desks, tables, etc., are reissued and meet the requirements of the service almost as satisfactorily as new ma- terial. X Deliveries are prompt, which is an advantage over the time ordi- narily required by the contractors. A requisition for 400 desks, 400 chairs, and 100 costumers was filled from the improvised warehouses of the General Supply Committee within three days. Six trucks are kept busy, collecting furniture, etc., and redelivering it to new users. The salvage of war material is a big job, but the details entrusted to the General Supply Committee are being handled in an efficient manner. 3,500 typewriters, 5,000 desks, 10,000 chairs, 3,500 tables-^ the approximate numbers of large articles received for storage and reissue up to May 10, give some idea of the problem. Citizens who want efficient business methods in the Government will find, nothing to complain of in the work of the General Supply Committee. THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. I'he United States Public Health Service was established 120 years ago and is maintained as a part of the Treasury Department for the purpose of safeguarding the health of the Nation through the enforce- ment of domestic and maritime quarantine laws, and by continual research into all fields for the betterment of j)ublic sanitation and liygiene in both the rural districts and the populous industrial centers, so that any community or industrial enterprise confronted with prob- lems relating to the health and welfare of the people may get expert advice and help from the Government whenever needed. Records arc Ivept and the information compiled for reference, the experience of one community thus being available for the benefit of all, through Federal cooperation with the State, county, and city health boards. The work of the Public Health Service is carried on under seven divisional heads : Scientific Eesearch ; Domestic (interstate) Quaran- tine ; Foreign and Insular (maritime) Quarantine ; Sanitary Reports and Statistics; Marine Hospitals and Relief; Personnel and Ac- counts ; Venereal Disease Division ; and Miscellaneous Work, includ- ing the dissemination of information and publications of educational value. The Division of Research gathers information from many sources, including its own field investigations and experiments concerning the best methods of handling epidemics, of keeping the water supply pure, of treating various diseases that puzzle the medical profession, of finding the best ways to feed and care for children, and also how to maintain the most healthful conditions in industrial plants, to reduce 49 the menace of occupational diseases and to keep tlie worljers in full health and strength. The Division of Domestic Quarantine is at the service of your local health oiRcials wherever your community has a special health problem to be met. For instance, plague-infected rats and ground squirrels in California threatened to be the cause of a serious epi- demic sinless a vigorous campaign was undertaken against them. Federal health officers exterminated the pests in both California and New Orleans, where there was also some infection. The public health nursing campaign interested both civil and military authori- ties and led to greater attention being given to the preventive phase of public health responsibility. The campaign against veneraal dis- eases has also accomplished much for the protection of the public health and the efficiency of our industrial and military ppwer. During the war suggestions and assistance on all health matters were given to State and local boards of health and clinics were started in centers near cantonments, medical attention and nurses being furnished by the Federal Public Health Service. Public Health Service officers were detailed for posts of supervision, over cantonment zones, and special surveys and investigations were made in localities where shipbuilding, munition production, and other es- sential war industries brought large numbers of workmen together under emergency living conditions. In the industrial plants, navy yards, etc., sanitary surveys were made and studies of occupational diseases and industrial hygiene were carried on so that every means should be undertaken to safeguard the health of the workers. Not only the cooperation of State, county, and city health boards was secured, but the active interest of manufacturers and owners of in- dustrial plants was attracted to the importance of sanitation and hygiene in relation to the best results in industrial production, and these men helped to work out practical details with the advice and assistance of the health officers. In this respect, advances were made through public health research in regard to medical and surgical care of Worlters, shop lighting, industrial fatigue, health hazards in various industries, mines, plants for manufacturing explosives. Educational and preventive measures were taken in plants engaged in war work. Extensive surveys and tests of water supplies for can- tonments and war production plants were made which were also of value to the civil population in those regions. The hygienic labora- tory extended aid not only to Government agencies, but, to private institutions engaged in essential work, notably to manufacturers of vaccines and serums and other medical supplies. At the maritime quarantine stations on the mainland of the United States 10,755 vessels and 579,154 passengers were inspected by offi- cers of the maritime quarantine, and at insular and foreign ports such officers inspected 5,850 vessels and supervised the fumigation of 1,845 vessels bound for the United States during the year 1918. The grand total of passengers and crews inspected during the year was 1,129,262 and of vessels fumigated 3,954. Reports of cholera in India, the Malay Islands, Persia, and Tur- key put the quarantine officers on guard for diseases on ships from those countries. Plague and typhus fever was reported from prac- tically every part of the world. ' There was yellow fever in South 137339°— 19 4 50 Ameriea ivad Mexko. United States quarantiae officers are also sta- tioned at foreign ports for the inspection of vessels clearing for the United States, aud, im the hpime ports, incomiag ships must shew a clean biJl of health for passengers and crew hefore being allowed to come to the docks. Twenty mariiie liospitals and one hundred and nineteen relief sta- tions whei^e Jiospital and out-patient relief was furnished to patients w«re maintained in 1918 by the Public Health Service. In addition, there is the Government sanatorium for tubercular patisttts .at Fort Stanton, 'Ng'w Mexico. Arrangements were made for treating war- risk insurance patients at the marine hospitals and relief stations. Medical officers of the ^rvice were also detailed for duty on <;oast guard vessels for the benefit of the men in tiie service and for the natives of Alaslia who have no other access to medical care. Since the Public Healtli Service functions in an educational way as well as in practijcal relief worli, there is a great wealth of pub- lished material for the librarian to draw from for the library's Gov- ernmcnt reference corner. Complete lists of the public health bul- letins may be obtained on application to the United States Public Health Service. Of pai-ticular interest is the complete practical handbook, reprinted in 1919, Prevention of Disease and Care of tlie Sick, which includes a valuable cliapter on " First Aid to the In- jured."" The stereopticon loan library maintained bj the Public Health Service includes over 4,079 slides. Avith lectures prepared for use widi the slides relating to riu'al sanitation, infant hygiene, produc- tion and care of milk, malai-ial activities, etc., useful in the cam- paigns for " Cl«an-up week." Slides and lectures may be obtained from tlie Division of Domestic <^iarantine. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. A few sug-ges-tions foraUbrary huUetin board: 1. Has your community a safe water aipply? 2. Has your community a safe mUb; supply? 3. Is itlaer* provisiou for tospital care of tubercular patLeaitsI 4. If your community is in a malarial district, ar€ your liealth .auai®i1;ti«s atteudiug to mosquito control? 5. Are your schools provided with medical supervision? Q. Is house sanitation attended to in your town? " Et^ind you staade the United States Puhlic Health Service. The Heaitii Department of yousr State will gladly cooperate with you." THE SUPEKVISING ARCHITECT. Under tlie direction and approval of the Secretary of the Treas- ury, the Supervising Architect acts as landlord for all the post offices, customhouses (between 1,100 and 1,200 in number), and for the three Federal courthouses at Portland, Me.; Texarkana, Tex., and Santa Fe, N. Mex. Not only were the plans for these buildings made in his office, esti- mates prepared, and contracts let for the erection of these buildings, but he had charge of buying the furniture, carpets, lighting fixtuiies, mechanical equipment, safes, and other paraphernalia of Goverji- ment hoiiselteejsing, even tp tlie providing of watchmen and other employees who keep the buildings iji order. 51 When new buildings are to be erected, or old ones repaired or en- larged, it is the Supervising Architect, acting for the Secretary of the Treasury, who handles the details of locating and purchasing sites, and has charge of the building operations. The erection and immediate care of all Pederal buildings outside the District of Columbia are under -his control. . INTERNATIONAL HIGH COMMISSION UNITED STATES SECTION. In May, 1915, the Secretaiy of the- Treasury, Hon. William G. McAdoo, assembled representatives of the Ministers of Finance of the Republics of Central and South America in a financial conference in Washington, for the purpose of bringing about closer financial and commercial relations between the countries of this hemisphere ; and he had on hand to meet them a nimiber of representative finan- ciers of the United States. ,The complete proceedings of this conference were published both in English and Spanish. The volume is now out of print. As a direct result of this first Pan American Financial Confer- ence, the International High Commission was created, the United States section of which enjoys congressional sanction, given in the act approved February 7, 1916. The commission consists of 20 sections, one in each of the Central and South American Eepublics, each having «ight jurists or finan- ciei-s under the chairmanship, ex officio, of the Minister of Finance (in this country, tlie Secretary of the Treasury). The work of the entire commission is coordinated and directed by a Central Executive Council. Washington was chosen as the seat of the council by the unanimous choice of the cominission at its first meeting. The council consists at this time of the Hon. Carter Glass, president. Secretary of the Treasury; the Hon. John Bassett Moore, vice president, and the Hon. L. S. Eowc, secretary general, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. Tlie first genei-al meeting of the commission was held in Buenos Aires in April, 1916, the United States delegation being headed by Secretary McAdoo. Future meetings are conteanplated at appro- priate intervals. Uninterrupted effort is carried on between meetings systematically to bring about practical uniformity in the commercial law and administrative regulations of the American Republics, and also to bring about more stable financial relations between Latin America and our own country. The program defined by the International High Commission, in Buenos Aires, April 3-13, 1916, contained the following items, sub- ject to ■changes and additions : 1. Establishment of a gold standard or gold exchange standard. 2. Negotiable instruments in international trade; bills of ex- change; checks, bills of lading; warehouse receipts. . 3. Classification of merchandise; customs regulations.; consular certificates and invoices; port charges. 4. Uniform regulations for commercial travelers. 5. Patent, trade-mark, and copyright legislation. 6. Reduction and uniformity of postal rates; improvement of ' money-order and parcel-post facilities. 52 7. Extension of the process of arbitration for the settlement of commercial disputes. 8. International agreements on uniform labor legislation. 9. Uniformity of regulations on the classification and analysis of petroleum and other mineral fuels with reference to national policy on the development of natural resources. 10. Necessity of better transportation facilities between the Ameri- can Republics. 11. Banking facilities; extension of credit; financing of public and private enterprises ; stabilization of international exchange. 12. Telegraph facilities and rates; the use of wireless telegraphy for commercial purposes. 13. Uniformity of conditional sales and chattel-mortgage legisla- tion. In a recent address, Hon. John Bassett Moore thus summarized the aims and methods of the commission : The work prescribed by the International High Commission has been steadily and energetically carried on. Valuable publications, intended to prepare the way for the measures which the commission has in view, have been prepared, printed, and circulated, and appreciable progress has been made in obtaining the adoption of those measures. Actual amelioration of methods of customs administration have been secured in various quarters. Efforts have been made to relieve the burdens and inconveniences caused by the war. But, with a view to practical achievement, the central executive council has singled out, and has passed with special vigor, certain measures of a comprehensive and system- atic nature ; and I am glad to say that the results have been most gratifying and encouraging. Among those measures one of the most important is that of bringing into operation the conventions adopted by the International American Conference at Buenos Aires, in 1910, for the protection of patents and trade-marks. By the lat- ter convention, the American Republics were divided into two groups, the southern and the northern. Of the southern group, Rio de Janeiro was desig- nated as the official center, and of the northern, Habana ; and at each of these capitals there was to be established an International bureau for the registration of trade-marks, so as to secure their international proteci;ion in the Americas. This treaty, so closely related to the interests of the countries concerned, and not least to those of the United States, had lain dormant and unratified. The International High Commission took it up and brought about its ratification by the requisite number of governments of the northern group, as a result of whicii the International Bureau of Habana is now on the point of beginning opera- tions. It is hoped and expected that a similar result will soon be attained in the southern group. Another measure specially pressed is the convention to facilitate the opera- tions of commercial travelers. In a number of the American countries local taxes, practically prohibitive in amount, on the operations of such travelers, have for many years existed. A convention was formulated by the central executive council, and, after examination and revision, was submitted by the Department of State to the American Governments, looking to the substitution for all local taxes of a single national fee. This convention, first signed and ratified by the United States and Uruguay, has so far been accepted by 11 other countries. Another measure dealt with is the treaty for the establishment of an inter- national gold clearance fund, the object of this treaty being not only to assure the safety of deposited gold and to avoid the necessity of its shipment when difficulties in transportation exist, but also to facilitate and stabilize exchange through the adoption of an international unit of account. This subject was very carefully studied by the International High Commission, at Buenos Aires ; and, as the result of the subsequent cooperation of the Department of State and the central executive council, a draft of treaty designed to give effect to the plan has been presented to the American Republics, seven of which have so far accepted it. Among the other activities of the International High Commission and its Central Executive Council, we may particularly mention the preparation and 53 distribution of reports recommending tlie adoption of certain uniform measures as to bills of exchange, checks, bills of lading, and warehouse receipts, .with the result that steps have been taken in some of the American countries toward legislation for that purpose. Moreover, following the example set by the agree- ment between the Chamber of Commerce of Buenos Aires and that of the United States in 1916, an advance has been made in several other quarters in tlie direction of the arbitration of commercial disputes. Close attention has also been given to tlie subject of ocean tranlportation, and constant efforts have been made to preserve the interests of the American countries in that regard. It is gratifying to state that the Central Executive Council has had in its wo'rk tlie hearty and active cooperation of various bodies, such as the American Bankers' Association, the Committee on Commercial Law of the Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, the United States Chamber of Com- merce, and the National Foreign Trade Council. Their assistance has been helpful and reassuring. .Those interested in ascertaining further what tlie commission is aiming at in the several subjects on its program are invited to com- municate with the Secretary General, International High Commis- sion, Treasury Building, Washington, D. C. WAR FINANCE COEPOKATION. The War Finance Corporation, which came into existence in April, 1918, was created by Congress for the purpose of extending financial assistance to industries necessary and contributory to the prosecution of the war which could not obtain the desired help through ordinary banking channels, and also for the purpose of giving assistance to banks and bankers who had extended such aid to industries. A capital stock of $500,000,000 was authorized, all of which, as issued, is to. be owned by the United States Government. The Secretary of the Treasury is the chairman of the board. There are four other directors, one of whom is the managing director. The ofSce of the corporation is in the Treasury Building in Washington. Of the total authorized capital stock, only $350,000,000 has been subscribed by the United States Government, and $150,000,000 is .still unissued, but may be called in by a resolution of the' board of directors at any time. The corporation is authorized to issue $3,000,- 000,000 of its bonds, but has only issued $200,000,000 up to date. During the war it made numerous advances to industries and public utilities, totaling about $100,000,000. In this amount were included loans to 21 banks, amounting to about $6,000,000. Loans to saving^ banks were authorized, but only made to a very limited extent— a total of $250,000. About $180,000,000 has been advanced to railroads up to May 1, 1919. ■ In addition to loans to industries and railroads and banks, the War Finance Corporation is aiithorized to deal in United States Government bonds. ' An amehdment to the war finance corporation act was passed by Congress in March, 1919, just before adjournment, and it author- izes the War Finance Corporation to use $1,000,000,000 of its au- thorized funds to help foreign trade by extending credit to Ameri- can exporters, or to American bankers who finance American ex- porters. M AVAR RISK INSURANCE. The vanguard of the German Army had hardly aiiipeared upon the borders of Belgium when William G. McAdoo, then Secretary of the Treasury, asked Congress for authority to establish a bureau in the Treasury Department to insure against war risks, cargoes, and bottoms of American vessels piymg the high seas. His proposal was enacted into law on September 2, 1914. The Bureau of War Eisk Insurance began its existence the following day in the sub-basement of the Treasury Building with an office force of five persons. June 12, 1917, shortly after the United States entered the world war, the act was amended to include insurance on the lives of the masters and seamen of merchant vessels, and by the act of October 6, 1917, the Division of Military and Naval Insurance was established as a part of the bureau for the purpose of affording protection to our soldiers and sailors and their dependents. The bureau has four distinct functions : 1. It has provided Government insurance on cargoes, hulls, and the lives of masters and seamen of merchant vessels. The Division of Marine and Seamen's Insurance, charged with the execution of this feature of the war risk insurance law, will suspend upon the conclusion of peace. 2. It provides Government insurance for men in the military and naval service of the United States at peace-time rates. Plans have been perfected for the conversion of this war insurance into perma- nent peace forms, including all of the usual kinds of insurance policies. 3. It pays the Government allowance to the dependents of soldiers and sailors, and through it are paid the compulsory allotments made by enlisted men to their wives and children and all allotments which carry the Government allowance. 4. It provides compensation, for disabilities incurred by officers and enlisted men in the line of duty, to them and to their dependents. It is also responsible for providing medical treatment for all disabled soldiers and sailors. From the humble beginning of a small war risk insurance concern the bureau has expanded until it is without parallel among humani- tarian enterprises of civilized governments. It is estimated that 95 per cent of the men in the Army and Navy of the United States have taken out insurance for 87 per cent of the maximum amount, which is $10, 000. This means that from October ^ 1917, to November, 1918, 4,000,000 men took advantage of this Government insurance, and an aggregate amount of nearly forty billions of dollars of insurance has been written. To enable the bureau to carry out its diverse activities there has been maintained a force of over 14,000 employees working in night and day shifts. No single building in Washington was found large enough to accommodate the bureau in war time, and it was necessary to scatter its different divisions in 14 separate buildings, occupying a total of nearly 460,000 square feet of building space. The bureau recently moved nearly all its di^•isions into a building specially constructed for it at Vermont Avenue and H Street, in Washington. This building occupies the site of the historic Arling- ton Hotel. The bureau has leceived and Ijaadled over 4,000,000 ai^plieations for insurance, 4,000,000 applications for allotments and allowances, and has answered more tliaii 3,000,000 letters. In 16 months it has issued a total of 13,768,000 checks, aggregating $432,255,845. Government insurance was initiated primarily as a war measure, but it is more tlmn that. It will not stop because the war is over. Under the war risk insurance act war-time term insurance can be retained in that form for five years after peace is signed, and at any time in that period can be converted into permanent life and dis- ability insurance in all its usual forms. WAK LOAN ORGANIZATION. Through tiiis organization the Liberty loan campaigns have been conducted. With tlie Secretary of the Treasury as the directing head, the twelve Federal reserve banks, as fiscal agents of the Govern- ment, have acted as centers of the organization in their respective districts, operating through Liberty loan committees which were creiited in every part of the country. Banks and bankers, business men, associations and societies, newspapers, press associations, and tihousands of men and women throughout the country patriotically cooperated with the Treasury Department, the Federal reserve banks, and the Liberty loan committees in assuring the great success of these loans. They unstintedly gave of their services and talent in the interest of the Government and it has been estimated that not les-s than 2,000,000 men and Avomen patriotically devoted themselves to the worlc In order that the efforts of the Federal reserve banks and Libeity loan committees might be properly dii'ected and brought into har- mony with the Treasury, the war loan organization was created in the department. This' organization had general supervision of all the activities directed toward the sale of Liberty bonds, notes, and war-saving certificates. A part of the war loan organization is the bureau of publicity, which had charge of the prepaid tion and distribution of posters, buttons, honor flags, and other material, tlie preparation of advertis- ing copy, and the dissemination of news relative to the loans. This bureau has conducted a great nation-wide campaign of education in connection with each loan, pointing out the urgent needs of the Gov- ernment in the pros^ution of the war, the great value of Government securities as investments, and endeavoring to inculcate thrift and saving among ail the people of the countiy. Every avenue of pub- licity was availed of and the Treasury received the patriotic coopera- tion of all. ' Through the coopeimtion of the War and Navy Departments, ex- hibits of captured war material, soldiers' and sailors' equipment, ordnance, and ammunition were assembled and transported through- ■ out the country, enabling the people, particularly of the more remote districts, to inspect some of the things for which part of the money raised by the loans was spent. Veteran soldiers and sailors and civilian speakers accompanied the trains and urged the people to sub- scribe for bonds. Much of the material had been captured by Ameri- can soldietrs in France, and no other single method of arousing en- thusiasm met with greater success. 56 The speakers' bureau, which is also a part of the war loan organ- ization, furnished speakers throughout the country to arouse interest ill the loans and also had charge of the soldiers and sailors who assisted in the campaigns. THE NATIONAL WOMAN'S LIBERTY LOAN COMMITTEE. One of the notable factors in the success of the Liberty loans was - the work of the women of the United States. It was with the belief that the women of the Nation would constitute a. powerful moral force in war finance that the National Woman's Liberty Loan Conjmittee was appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury in May, 1917. That they, working through the organization effected by this agency, not only accomplished this purpose but also became an es- sential element in the actual labors of promoting the loans consti- tutes one of the most interesting chapters in the financing of the war. There was probably no war service in which so many women took more active part than in the raising of money to paj' our war burden. To their energy, their enthusiasm, their zeal, and their vision is due a great part of the success of the Liberty loans. When the United States went into war with Germany the busi- ness of bond selling was a field so new to women that all work within it was genuine pioneering. The organization of women for the task was the work of the National Women's Liberty Loan Committee, which served in cooperation with the Treasury's war-loan organiza- tion. The members of this jcommittee, serving as volunteers, per- formed the work of enlisting more than a half million women as sellers of Liberty bonds. The first labors of the members of the committee, after the clos- ing of the first Liberty loan where their work had been general publicity of war finance among women, were concerned with the ad- justment of established organizations of women throughout the country to the established machinery for the raising of "the loans. Where organization existed, the women of the Nation were organized by States, while the Treasury's loan organization was based upon the twelve fiscal divisions of the United States. It was the probleni of the committee to correlate the two schemes of organization. They solved it by the appointment of both State and Federal reserve chair- men, the former responsible for actual organization of women in their respective States, the latter serving as the representatives of the women in dealing with the Liberty loan committees of the re- spective Federal reserve districts. Liberty loan committees elected the women Federal reserve chairman members of their executive committees. In this organization during the second Liberty loan 60,000 women became sellers of bonds. In the third loan 500,000 women were en- rolled as members of the organization, which had a woman chairman in almost every county of the United States and township officers in almost every township. In the fourth loan and also the fifth or Victory liberty loan between 700,000 and 800,000 women served. No mere recital of results achieved can show the extent of the service which women gave to the Nation through their participation in war finance. That hundreds of thousands of women assumed the 57 burden of a new kind of labor, not for themselves but for their country, is one of the most striking aiid characteristic facts in rela- tion to the women of America that the war developed. The Liberty loans afforded a new proving ground where the women of the Na- tion accepted the opportunity to demonstrate again their patriotism, their ability, their consciousness of the obligations of citizenshii?, and their steadfastness of soul in the great and terrible crisis which our country met. THE SAVINGS DIVISION. , The Savings Division, War Loan Organization of the Treasury Department, as organized for after-the-war service, is a combination of a directing staff' of specialists and executives in Washington, with similar district organizations in reserve-bank districts. In addition there is a vast number of volunteer workers serving through the re- adjustment period on a less than a doUar-a-year basis, local county and State savings directors and secretaries of war savings societies. As a branch of the Treasury Department, the Savings Division is a national service bureau for the savings campaign, the actual con- duct of which is decentralized into the twelve reserve bank districts. The staff of the savings division in Washington is engaged upon problems of organization, sales, thrift education, preparation of basic pamphlets and publicity material and of securing the coopera- tion and active service of national organizations and movements. l^he savings division has stated as the first objective in the cam- paign : " To make thrift in all its forms, a permanent national prac- tice." The purpose of the first objective is to persuade the people — 1. To put aside as their first obligation, and before they spend at all, part of their incomes for future use. 2.^ To invest the money they save out of their incomes in some security which pays a reasonable rate of interest and is absolutely safe. 3. To use the rest of their incomes so as to make every penny they spend buy something they really need and which has a full penny's value. ■i. To use what they buy with as much care as if it were money itself. The second objective in the campaign is to provide a safe invest- ment for small savings through thrift stamps and war-savings stamjDS, not merely to raise money for the Government, but more especially to provide a safe security for small savings. The active management of the campaign centers in a group of savings directors, one in every Federal reserve district, with head- quarters, respectively, at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Kichmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas, and San Francisco. Correspondence may be addressed to the District Savings Director, War Loan Organization, in any of these cities. ^ These district directors are held responsible for the success of the campaign in their territories. Many of the district directors are assisted by State directors. All seek the cooperation of- directors in every county and again in towns and cities, so far as may be practicable. S8 Township, neighborliood, and ©cciipatiolial gr^up committees liara been formad m large numbers, and all kiiads ©f local scKaeties and other orgaTiizaiions are invited to form cooperaufciag' oominittees. Savings societies are encouraged wherever people are gaxjuped by their day's work, aAid to a large extent in schools and collegefi. The sa^'ings stamps are .on .sale by secretaries of savings societies and at post offices, banks, schools, stores, and other .sales agencies. The millions of savers are reached chiefly through the various agencies enlisted by the district savings directors, the savings divi- sion at "Washington distributing its services largely through the district offices. Cooperation in the multitudinous activities of this vast machinery is both patriotic service and social service. The economic welfare of the Nation calls for wise saving. The future welfare of millions of our citizens will be furthered by the practice of thrift. . The practical goal of the campaign — ^that every individual and family shall save regularly a portion of income, that savings should be set aside before spending begins, and that everyone should have a growing fund safely invested in Government securities — seems not impossible of accomplishment. Librarians who wish to receive the literature issued by the savings division or by district or State directors should address the savings director of their districts who will welcome cooperation in placing information before library patrons and in distributing numerous pamphlets and leaflets. ' • THE FEDERAL RESER'VTE SYSTEjr. The Federal reserve act, approved December 23, 1913, was in- tended to provide for the establishment of new institutions to be entitled " Federal reserve banks,"' to furnish an elastic currency, to afford a means of rediscounting commercial paper and to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States. The new banks were officially opened for business on November 16, 1914, and the .system has accordingly been in operation about fom- and a half yeai-s. The period of almcftst one year intervening between the passage of the Federal reserve act and" the organization of the banks was occupied in dividing the country into (Mstricts, studying its banking and credit needs, securing the appointment of tbe mem- bers of the Federal Eeserve Board and perfecting preliminary ar- rangements for organisation, including the naming of local boards of directors and the selection of officers for Federal reserve banks. As a part of this preliminary work the Board was called upon to share in financial adjustments, which were made necessary^ by disturbances growing out of the European war. The organization of the system during the preliminary period in question had been placed, under the act, in the hands of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Comptrollex of tlie Currency, and the Secretary of Agriculture, who had been designated by the law as the reserve bank organization committee. It wfts their function to divide the continental United States into Federal reseiTe districts and to desig- nate a city in each as the seat of the district Federal reserve bank. 59 The act had provided that not less than eight nor more than twelve districts were thus to be established, and the conimittee determined upon the designation of the maximum number. After the process of districting the country and of selecting the reserve cities had been completed, it was necessary to provide for the organization of a Federal reserve bank at each of the following points which had been named as Federal reserve cities : Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas, San Francisco. The subscribed capital stock of each Federal reserve bank must be not less than $4,000,000, to which every national banking associa- . tion must subscribe six per cent of its paid-in capital stock and sui- plus within thirty days after notification by the organization commit- tee. Other banks deemed eligible by the organization committee were furnished by the Comptroller of the Currency with application blanks for membership. Percentage payments of subscriptions were graduated over a period of six months and the remainder payable on call. Penalties were fixed for national banks not complying with the requirements of the Federal reserve organization committee or of the Federal Reserve Board. In case the subscriptions bj' mem- , ber banks proved insufficient the Federal Reserve Organization Board was authorized to invite outside investors to subscribe to Federal reserve-bank stock up to $25,000 par value. Any balance of stock remaining unsubscribed was to be allotted to the United States Treasury. The preliminaries of corporate organization were effected by five banks from the entire number of those applying for membership, designated by the organization committee. Three directors for each Federal reserve bank were appointed by the Federal Reserve Board, .to serve as (1) Federal reserve agent; (2) deputy Federal reserve agent. Six directors were elected by the member banks of the district. Control of policy, management, and examination of the Federal reserve banks and their dealings with member banks is vested in the Federal Reserve Board. A Federal advisory council, consisting of one member chosen by each Federal reserve bank, meets quarterly and furnishes suggestions as to matters of general policy affecting the Federal reserve system, consulting with the board as to its pur- poses and informing it with regaixi to banking conditions in the several districts. Although it proved possible to collect substantially the whole of the reserve of the Federal reserve banks in the form of gold or gold equivalents, this great sum was collected without inconvenient pres- sure upon business or disturbance of credit. Indeed, the lending jjawer of the member banks was enlarged because of the fact that through the process of combination of reserves it was possible to carry on a safe banking business with a very much smaller amount of, actual cash in hand or, what is the same thing, to increase liabilities to a considerably greater relative amount than had previously been pos- sible. The early days of the system did not call for very much activ- ity on the part of the Federal reserve banlts because of the fact that the -member banks were so w^ell equipped with lending power that they did not find, it necessary to rediscount. The fact that the system existed, however, created confidence and had a strong' influence in 60 preventing banking disturbances which might otherwise have been produced as a result of European conditions. During the first two j'ears of. the existence of the system the prob- lems of the reserve banks were largely concerned with discount rates, the standardization of commercial paper, and other matters con- nected with the reorganization of the banking system. Early in the European War and before the new banks had actually been organized there had been disturbance due to the exportation of gold from the United States to Europe because of the unreadiness of English banks and merchants to extend cash credits. This condi- tion quickly passed away. The Federal Eeserve Act had designated the Federal reserve banks as fiscal agents of the Government ; but during the first two years it had not proved necessary to call upon them for performance of duty under this head, although the Secretary of the Treasury had de- posited with them a limited amount of Government funds. The situation changed in 1917. when the United States became a bel- ligerent. It is thus seen that the history of the Federal reserve system to date may be roughly divided into some two or three periods, the first extending from the date of organization to the moment when the United States entered the war, the second from this date of our belligerency to the conclusion of the armistice, and probably a third beginning with the conclusion of the armistice and extending to the present time. Some account of the characteristics of these several periods may now be given. One of the early war problems which the Treasury Department had been called upon to meet grew out of the hasty withdrawal of gold from the United States for shipment to Europe. The situation threatened to cause serious alarm in the United States, banks fearing to pay out gold because of the effect that such action might have on their reserve. It was foreseen that the condition would pass away as soon as the new Federal reserve banks were organized, but in the meantime some temporary action designed to bridge over the emer- gency was necessary. This led to the organization of a so-called " gold fund " or " gold pool " of $100,000,000, intended for the pur- pose of meeting gold payments in Europe. The fund was never called upon to any great extent, but the fact that joint effort had thus been provided for had a psychological effect, while on the other hand, the first shock of war speedily passed, and European conditions became more normal. Later on a so-called " cotton-loan fund " was organized with the participation of the members of the Federal Reserve Board for the purpose of relieving bad conditions in the Southern States, due to the extraordinarily low price of cotton result- ing from inability to export that staple. This fund, like the gold pool, had its effect, but that effect was psychological rather than direct. Immediately after the organization of the Federal reserve banks it was possible to devote some months of attention to the basic prob- lems of the new system. Standardization of commercial paper was the first effort of the system, and the development of a regular plan for the issuing of Federal reserve notes foUowecl. Later a plan was devised for effecting a national clearance by telegraph at Washing- 61 ton, and this was carried out through the organization of the so- called " gold-settlement fund." The new issue of Federal reserve n6tes proved to be workable and satisfactory. Under the old system national bank notes had been issued upon the basis of Government bonds deposited in trust with the Treasurer of the United States and the inelasticity and unsatis- factory quality of this currency had been one of the reasons for the adoption of the Federal reserve act. The delay in getting the new banks organized, however, had led as a temporary measure to the amendment of a law called the Aldrich-Vreeland Act, which per- mitted the easier issue of currency by nationOjl banks, and during the last half of 1914 such new currency had been issued to the extent of nearly $400,000,000. An early problem of the Federal reserve act was the retirement of this currency, . a process which, however, proved to be comparatively easy since the new Federal reserve notes readily took the place of the outstanding emergency notes, save in so far as the latter were actually retired. The Federal reserve law had also provided for the gradual retirement of the old national bank notes, this process to be carried out through the purchase of other bonds under fixed conditions, such bonds being transferred to Federal reserve banks, while, should there prove to be a call for new note currency to take the place of that of these purchased bonds, abundant provision of Federal reserve notes had been made. The national bank note currency tended to decrease slowly during the first two years after the organization of the system, while Federal reserve notes were issued at first to a very limited degree and later in larger amounts because they provided a convenient kind of cur- rency which took the place of other notes previously in circulation. Many of the Federal reserve notes thus issued accordingly repre- sented a substitution for other note issues rather than an- addition to the circulation. One of the early duties placed upon the new system was that of attempting the regulation of discount and interest rates. The fact that the business of Federal reserve banks Was small prevented such ■ rates of rediscount from becoming as effective as they might other- wise have been, especially as during 191^ and. 1916 the reserve banks, ■ under the direction of the board, thought it best to pursue a policy of distinct conservatism and preparedness rather than to follow any plan of encouraging the use of their funds through purchases of paper in the open market. The report of the Federal Eeserve Board for 1916 says : " The Federal reserve act is based essentially upon the principle that liquid paper rather than loans secured by stock- exchange collateral, or ' merely investments,' should be the principal asset of the member banks when considered collectively; that the acceptance rather than the call-loan market, and rediscounts with the Federal reserve banks rather than loans placed through banks in reserve and central reserve cities, should be made the means through which the average bank can supply its current requirements." As already indicated, a beginning had been made during the early years of the system in taking over the fiscal agency functions pro- vided by the Federal reserve act. The Secretary of the Treasury, in 1915, appointed the Federal reserve banks , as fiscal agents of the United States, thereby instituting the important fiscal reform of receiving and disbursing funds of the United States through the 62 Federal reservE hanks. On January 1, 191(B, there were fcransfer/i-ed to the Federal reserve banks, Federal funds on deposit with member banks, amounting tioii of the Liberty bond issues. Every effort was made to bring .abtaut a 'general absorption of Government loans by savings, and to limit private credits wherever joracticable without causing hardships, so that credits might be conserved for war purposes aad unnecessary expansion avoided. As a war measure it had been determined to prohibit the export of gold and the President by Executive proclamation placed the man- agement of the gold-export control system in the hands of the Secre- tary of the- Treasury, who vested 'the Federal E«sei've Board with the actual operation of it. This so-called gold, embargo was in line with the policy followed by foreign countries and has craitinued in opca-ation up to the present time. The I'eserves of the twelve Federal reser^-e banks Imve been ap- proximately equalized by discoimt transfers between the banks, imder telegrapliie direction of the Federal Reserve Boaa-d in Wa^- ington. The rediscount of discounted. pa,per of othei* Federal reserve banlfs has been voted by the Federal Keserve Board as a means of meeting- the heavy demands foi- the movement of funds, due first to transfers of G-overnment funds ; second, joint purchases of bankers' acceptances; and, third, seasonal requii'ements incident to crop mov- ing during the year 1918. The :use of Federal reserve bank funds was permitted in safe open maa-ket operations, in safe investments. Government bonds, and the lilce, through regulations put into effect by the Fed^a-1 Seserve Board. On December 20, 1916., the Federal Reserve Boaj-d authorized the Federal reserve bank of New York to establish an agency with the Bank of England, under authority of section 14 of the Federal re- serve aet, which permits any Federal reserve bank " with the ^consent of tlie Federal Reserve Board, to open and maintain banking ac- c&unts in foreign countries, appoint correspondents, and establish agencies in such countries wherever it may deem best fer the pur- pose of purchasing, selling, and collecting "bills of exchange, and to 6i5 bin' or sell with or without its ijidprsemont thi'oiigh such corresiMnd- ents or agencies bills of exchange arising out of actual conimercial transactions." Regulation and -contpol of foreign exchange was effected by the Executive order of January -(>. 1&18. Further control -was estab- lished by flie trading- with-the-enem^r act. The supervision and con- tro.l of foreign exchange is closely related to the conservation of igold, and the Division of Foreign Exchange was organized to enable the board to carry out tlie provisions of the ExeeutiTe order of January 26, 1918, and to cooperale "with the Treasury Department in meeting the unusual problems in foreign exchange created by the war. The work has been carried on under three divisions — administra- tive, research, and statistical. The Federal reserve banks of the twelve districts have acted as local agents for the Division of Foreign Exchange. The "work of the Division of Foreigii Exchange will cease when peace is reestab- lished. The foreign trade of the Unitedl States, already large, is expected to assume far greaiter ;proportions iupon the reestablishment of peace. Member banks, by means of foreign branches, and American banking corporations, organized to conduct a foreign business, 'have estab- •Mshed themselves in other countries, maiTily in 'Central and .South America, and the Orient, with a view to corapeta-ng with British and .continental bants which have long controlled tlie hu'^'er part of their international trade and banking. The Division 'of Aiiaiy«is and Eesearch of the Federal Reserve ■Board was created on Septeimber 1, 1918. ' The Governor of the Federal Reserve Board says in his report for 191~8, summing up our present banking situation : Our banUiiig situation is strong and iinherently, saund, and is .much strongfr •than wonOd have been the case if the war had continued another .year. The ability oif *he •couHti-y to absorb investments has proved to "be faT jgreECter than had been .anticipated, and ourcrfidit stiTucture, althougli expanded, Us unshalceu. The Federal Reserve Bulletin, issued monthly, at $2 per year, gives authentic current news of the financial world. The 1918 report of the Governor of the Fed&ral Reserve Board is available for libraries. Architect: Customliouses, F-edei^al oourthouses, Post offices. Fktimaites. THE HiEPARTMENT tOF THE TBEASITEY, Equipiaent. Furniture. Operation. Plans. Sites. _ Supervision. Audlfors: Accounts U. S. Government. Claims U. S. Government. Currency/, Gomptr oiler of: Banks, national — Examiners. Receivers. Laws. ContisLCts. i Notes (national and Federal reserve) issue of. Customs: Cooperation with^ A,griculture. Coast Guard. Commerce. Labor. Espionage act, enforcement of. 64 Customs — Continued. Enemy trading act, enforce- ment of. Exports — Reports, current. Statistics. Imports — Eeports, current. Statistics. Traffic on Great Lakes and with insular possessions. Laws. Revenue. Smugglers. Vessels — Records of. Clearance papers. Coast Guard: Academy — Examinations. Alaskan seal and game. Communication, coastal. Law enforcement — Navigation. Quarantine. Neutrality. Customs. Life saving. Patrol of seas. Engraving and Printing : Plate printing of — Checks. Drafts. Money. Securities. Stamps customs and postage. Model factory. Farm Loan: Agents. Associations, national farm loan. Banks — Federal land. Joint-stock land. Bonds. Districts, land bank. Loans, restrictions on. Mortagages, amortization of. Foreign loans: Self-explanatory. Health : Education. Hospitals, marine. Quarantine — Domestic (interstate). Foreign and insular. Relief stations. Research. Sanitation — Rural. Industrial. Venereal disease. Internal Revenvs: Police powers. Taxes, collection of — Excise. Income. Special. War. International High Commission: Financial and trade rela- tions. South and- Central America. Loans and Currency: Debt, public. Distinctive paper, manufac- ture of. Distinctive paper, custody of. Destruction of unfit currency. Interest on registered bonds. Securities, original issues of. Mint: Assay offices. Gold. Silver. Platinum. Coins, manufacture of. Public Moneys: Account, general. Regulations relating to — Banks, depository. Care and transportation. Liabilities, outstanding. Officers, public (except postmasters) . Trea,sury, independent. Secret Service. Supply Committee: Contracts. 65 Supply Committee — Continued. Salvage of equipment and supplies. Schedule of supplies, etc. -Treasurer : Administrative functions. Treasury, GomptroUer of: Debts due the Government. Collection of. Decisions, final. Disbursement. Interpretation of laws relating to. Warrants, countersigned by. Treasury, Register of: Bonds. Treasury, Division of Bookkeep- ing and Warrants. "War Finance : Loans. Industrial. Foreign. War Loan Organization: Liberty bond issues. Woman's committee. Savings Division. 137339°— 19 5 War Risk Insurance : Military and Naval Forces. Allotments. Insurance disability. Medical treatment. Merchant marine- Hulls. Cargoes. Masters. ' Seamen. Federal Reserve System {inde- pendent) : Banks, 12 Federal reserve. Branches, domestic and for- eign. Districts, 12. Foreign exchange, control of. Funds. Cotton loan. " Gold pool." Gold settlement. Gold embargo. Member banks, control of. Regulations. Discount rates. Interest rates. Eediscount privileges. 66 This space is intended for corrections and additions in order that the information in the foregoing pages may be kept up to date. To THE Librarians of the United States : , Five million young men in the- Army and Navy of the United States have gotten a new view of life and a new interest in public affairs. They, with those who stayed at home and worked on the home front during the war, have all been enga^d intensely and devotedly about the Nation's business. As they turn to peaceful pur- suits they want to know how America came to be what it is and how to make it a greater and better country. The soldiers, particularly, rely upon libraries for the splendid service which followed them almost in the front-line trenches with books and periodical literature. Your opportunity is to continue to feed this appetite and to satisfy this wholesome desire for accurate knowledge. The War Depart- ment will welcome your cooperation in its own effort to make avail- able accurate and detailed knowledge of America's participation in the war, and to this end copies of "A Statistical History of the War," by Col. Ayres, have been sent to over 6,000 libraries. The more com- prehensive book, "America's Munitions," by Assistant Secretary of War Crowell, will be followed by other books and studies through which it is hoped to tell accurately and completely the story from the War Department's point of view. With these and other reliable and impressive books the yearning young mind of America will acquire knowledge as a basis for the patriotic exercise of that zeal and energy which the stimulation of the great war has brought about. Cordially yours, t Secretary of War, (67) THE DEPABTMENT OF "WAR. I The tureaas and offices given page numbers are the ones selected as having matter of interest to librarians. Appointment and disbursing offices and other divisions con- nected primarily with the administrative work of a department have been omitted.) rage. The Secretary Assistant Secretaries Assistant and chief clerk ., Director of munitions Adjutant General 70 Air Service 71 Chemical Warfare Service 72 Chief of Coast Artillery 73 Construction Division 74 Chief of Engineers 75 Chief of Field Artillery 76 Finance Service 77 General StafE Corps 77 Inspector General's Office 79 Bureau of Insular Affairs 80 Judge Advocate General 81 Militia Bureau 82 Motor Transport Corps 83 Ordnance Department . 83 Division of Purchase, Storage, and Traffic and Office of Quartermaster General _— 84 Real Estate Service 86 Signal Corps 86 Surgeon General 89 Tank Corps 1_ 93 Transportation Service 94 War Credits Board 94 (68) FIRST-HAND INFORMATION. Gen. Pershing says in his report summarizing the organization and operations of the American Expeditionary Forces: "However capable our division, our battalion, and our companies as such, suc- cess would be impossible without thoroughly coordinated endeavor." Again he says, speaking of the supply question: "With such a problem any temporization or lack of definiteness in making plans might cause failure even with victory within our grasp." Coordinated endeavor based on a common purpose, quick deci- sions, resulting from sound knowledge, definite directions born of executive ability, are three broad headings under which the story of America's successful Army exploits might well be written. The 1918 three-volume Eeport of the Secretary of War is a study of masterly organization which is worthy of most careful reading, because the theories worked and the result was success. The librarian can not expect the general public to be interested in these plain-spoken, unvarnished narratives of actual accomplish- ment, but as a servant of the people she can not afford to be unaware of the contents of the three red covered volumes that tell the story of how our Army did it. Furthermore, she will be constantly called on to select war stories for her shelves, and with a solid background of fact to guide her judgment she will not be inclined to order trifling and inadequate portrayals of the greatest events in our history. These volumes can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, for $3.75. "America's Munitions," mentioned by the Secretary in his let- ter to the librarians, can be purchased from the superintendent of documents for $2. With regard to publications for which there is no charge, the Adjutant General's office should be addressed. So far as possible the publications are listed under the services to which they refer. This listing is necessarily rather unsatisfac- tory, as a publication may contain matter pertaining to several di- visions. Only publications obtainable and of interest to libraries have been listed. (69) 70 THE DEPARTMENT OF WAR. ADJUTANT general's OFFICE. Upon the declaration of war. The Adjutant General's Office be- came the largest single communication office in the world. In addition to its peace-time duties, it engaged in raising the volunteer enlisted force of the Army to its maximum war strength. After the declaration of war, the strength of the Regular Army was increased from 5,791 officers and 121,797 enlisted men to 10,698 officers and 503,142 enlisted men; the National Guard in Federal service and the Reserve Corps in active service from 3,733 officers and 80,713 enlisted men to 96,210 officers and 77,360 enlisted men. In addition, there was created the National Army with an enlisted force of approximately 516,840 men. The Army of the United States increased in actual strength from 9,524 officers and 202,510 enlisted men in April 6, 1917, to 188,434 officers and 3,482,454 en- listed men in November 11, 1918. The total registry of available men was 24,234,000. The office of The Adjutant General is organized as follows : Administrative Division. Archives Division. Casualty Division. Enlisted Division. Mail and Record Division. Medical Division. Miscellaneous Division. Old Records Division. Officers Division. Personnel Demobilized Records Division, Publication Division. Selective Service Records (has charge of all records of selective service of the 23,000,000 men called under selective service act.) War Risk Insurance Section. PUBLICATIONS. Army Register, December 1, 1918. Military policy of United States. Ayres' War with Germany, statistical summary; superintendent of docu- ments. 40 cents. Crowell's American munitions, 1917-18; superintendent ol documents. $2. Army posts, camps, cantonments, depots, etc. Badge and medal circular. Drill regulations and service manual for sanitary troops. Field service pocket book, 1917. Manual for stable sergeants, 1917 ; superintendent of documents. 35 cents. War-risk allotments, family allowances, compensation, insurance. Army Allotments, Liberty bond allotments, and soldiers' and sailors' dvil relief. Instructions on research and study of information, 1917 (War Dept. Doc. Landscape sketching, 1917 (War Dept. Doc. 645). Manual for Army horseshoers, 1917 (War Dept. Doc. 683). Manual of physical training, for use in Army; 1914 (War Dept. Doc 436) Protective lighting, 1918 (War Dept. Doc. 800). Road notes — Ouba, 1909 (War Dept. Doc. 349). Rules of land warfare (War Dept. Doc. 467). Small arms firing manual, 1913; corrected to August 31, 1918 (War Detrt Doc. 442). V i- • Attack of British Ninth Corps at Messines Ridge. Bulletin of aerial photography in the field (War Dept. Doc. 714), 71 Camouflage for troops of the line (War Dept. Doc. 72T). Gas warfare. Three parts. (War Dept. Doe. 705.) Infantry aeroplane and Infantry balloon (War Dept. Doc. 768). Instruction concerning battle maps (War Dept. Doc. 697). Motor transport In campaign (War Dept. Doc. 519). Notes on camouflage (War Dept. Doc. 663). Notes on construction and equipment of trenches (War Dept. Doc. 592). Notes on gas as weapon In modern warfare (War Dept. Doc. 577). Notes on German Army in the war (War Dept. Doc. 638). Notes on interpretation of aeroplane photographs (War Dept. Doc. 664). Notes on railroads and mechanical and wagon transport in connection with service of supply on western front in France (War Dept. Doc. 586). UNITED STATES AIE SERVICE. This service administers aeronautic personnel and equipment. When war was declared in April, 1917, the United States had two aviation fields and about 65 serviceable planes of obsolete type. Despite the fact that there existed in our Army no adequate organi- zation of qualified personnel for the task of training, as well as that of securing the necessary planes and motors, at the time of the armis- tice there were 27 fields in operation in the United States with 960 instructors. Eight thousand six hundred and eighty-nine men had been graduated from elementary training and 6,331 from advanced training. There were then actually in training 5,697 men, of whom 47 per cent were in elementary and 53 per cent in advanced training schools. In France, England, and Italy American pilots and ob- servers took finishing courses. There were sent to the American Expeditionary Forces more than 5,000 pilots and observers, of whom at the date of the armistice 2,226 yvere still in training and 1,248 were on flying duty at the front. To the date of the armistice 5,346 primary training planes had been produced, including 1,600 of the type which had been aban- doned ; 2,474 advanced training planes were also made. Of Service planes 4,089 had been produced. Nearly 33,000 training and service engines had been built in the United States. In addition to these, planes and engines were received in France from our Allies. The American and allied airplane programs called for quantities of certain raw materials which threatened to exhaust the supply. , In order to meet the spruce and fir shortage labor battalions were organized and placed in the forests of the west coast. Approxi- mately 174,000,000 feet of spruce and fir were delivered, of which more than two-thirds went to the Allies. To meet an acute shortage of linen for the wings of the planes a fabric of long fiber cotton was developed which proved superior to linen. Castor beans were planted to furnish the required oil supply. A substitute dope, less inflammable and of more plentiful basic materials, was produced. The total number of observation balloons manufactured in the United States was 642, and more were received from the French. Accessories developed and produced during the war were: Oxygen masks, parachutes, electrically heated clothing, cameras, wireless tele- phones, bomb sights and devices, machine guns and supplies. ■Vt the armistice there were practically 45 service squadrons and 23 balloon companies in operation over the lines. Some of these took 72 part at Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne. United States Air Service individuals served with French, British, and Italians_ in their operations. Two squadrons served as units with the British and participated in all their work. United States Air Service officers shot down 776 enemy airplanes and 72 balloons at a loss to our Air Service of 290 airplanes and 37 balloons. Circulars, etc., are issued for use of the personnel only. THE CHEMICAL WAEFAKE SERVICE. General. — The Chemical Warfare Service was created to combine all the activities of chemical warfare under one bureau of the War Department. This service was accordingly charged with the work of research, development, proving, and manufacture of poison gases, gas-defense appliances, and the filling of gas shell; also with the organization and training of gas troops, the training of the entire Army in methods of gas defense and the cooperation with the Artil- lery in the tactical use of gas shell. Research and development. — Eesearch had to be done before gases and gas masks could be produced. The Bureau of Mines initiated the work in this field. Two months before we entered the World War this organization was studying plans and ways of assisting the Army and Navy. On June 25, 1918, the President issued an Execu- tive order transferring these activities to the control of the War Department. This part of the Chemical Warfare Service was hence- forth known as the Eesearch Division. Investigation and develop- ment were prosecuted on a scale unheard-of before the war. "Acti- vated " carbon and a new method of making mustard gas may be cited as examples of typical achievements in this field. Gas defense. — When the armistice was signed the Gas Defense Division of the Chemical Warfare Service had manufactured more than 6,500,000 gas masks, of which more than 4,000,000 were shipped to France. These masks gave twenty times the protection afforded by the best German masks. Other protective apparatus, suits, gloves, dugout blankets, gas- warning signals, and antidimming materials were also provided to the Army by the Gas Defense Division. The work of this division was accomplished in about 600 factories extending from Boston to San Francisco. Gas production.— The main plant of the Gas Defense Division was located at Edgewood, Md. Within eight months the barren tract of land at that point had become a bustling beehive of chemical engi- neering activity. Other plants engaged in poison gas manufacture were scattered over the country. The whole enterprise was embraced under the title " Edgewood Arsenal." At the time of the armistice a chlorine plant of 100 tons daily capacity — the largest in the world — was in partial operation. In addition, there was constructed a sulphur chlorine plant of 40 tons daily capacity ; a phosgene plant of 80 tons daily capacity ; a chloro- picrin plant of 22 tons daily capacity; and a mustard-gas plant, partly finished, of 100 tons daily capacity. Forty tons had actually been made at this plant in one day. 73 At the time of the signing of the armistice the United States was producing as much toxic gas as all of the other Allies combined, and within another month would have been producing as much gas as all of the other Allies and Germany combined. Ga^ in the field. — The greater part of the gas used in the field was put over in gas shell. Besides supplying the technically trained officers to advise and cooperate with the remainder of the Army (especially with the Artillery) in the tactical use of gas, the Chemical Warfare Service trained the entire Army in defensive measures against gas and also organized and trained the so-called " gas troops." These troops handled gas clouds and other short-range methods of projecting gas. The principal implements of short-range offensive gas warfare are the Livens projectors, cylinders for gas clouds, and the 4-inch Stokes mortars. The gas troops in France made a place for themselves. The operations of these troops during the Chateau-Thierry offensive, in the capture of the St. Mihiel salient, and in the Argonne-Meuse operation, showed the remainder of the Army that " gas troops " had a real function. Circulars, etc., are issued for use of the personnel only. BUREAU OF COAST ARTILLERY. This office is charged with all matters pertaining to coast and heavy artillery. Seacoast defense may be considered as divided into two parts — first, harbor-defense, which has for its object the protection of important ports in order that they may serve as bases of operation for the Navy; second, coast defense proper, in which the coast line is the frontier and fortified harbors serve as supporting points. The function of fortifications for harbor defense is twofold: (a) The security of the port, including the protection from bombardment of all its utilities, especially those of vital importance to the fleet; (6) the maintenance of a clear area in front of the harbor entrance which will afford our own fleet the opportunity of egress from the harbor without coming under the fire of the hostile fleet. The means of defense of the coast line as a whole are the entire mobile forces of the Nation. Upon these forces rests the responsi- bility of protecting the fortified naval bases from enemy raids, which may be attempted by landing in the vicinity. The dicpositions should be such as to prevent such landings. It would, however, be impossible to insure that no landing be made along the entire coast line. The object sought ih locating the mobile forces to meet such operations should be to place them at strategic points which would enable them to move to the sea frontier in time to attack the enemy before his landing should be completed. Publications issued by the office are : Journal of the United States Artillery, published monthly at the Coast Artillery School, Fort Monroe, Va., a technical journal devoted to the development of heavy artillery and its employment ; Liaison, published weekly at the Coast Artillery School, Fort Monroe, Va., a news periodical of current in- terest to the Coast. Artillery Corps. From time to time the office publishes technical notes and pamphlets of interest to a student of 74 artillery and its related sciences, as, for instance, " The Coast Artil- lery War Game." CONSTRUCTION DIVISION. This division has charge of all construction work demanded by the needs of the Army. The first stupendous task it was called on to perform is summed up in the following paragraphs : It was proposed to call the first contingent of conscripted men to camp during the first week in September, 1917, and hence, when the program had been formulated to the stage above indicated, there re- mained only about 90 days in which to complete the plans in Wash- ington for general arrangements, prepare specifications and con- tracts, select the contractors, organize field forces for the contractor, constructing quartermaster, supervising engineer, and auditing staff, as well as to build at each of the 16 sites a cantonment originally estimated to cost roughly $6,000,000 and to house about 40,000 people and about 14,000 animals. Each contonment included complete housing for the organizations making up the complete division — administration buildings, (regi- mental storehouses, rifle ranges, stables, wagon sheds, and all the necessary incidental buildings required for housing, not only the per- sonnel but the animals forming part of the equipment of a division. In addition, each camp was provided with a number of storehouses, ranging from 9 to 11, which number has been since materially in- creased; a refrigerating and meat-storage plant; a remount station capable of caring for 5,000 animals ; a base hospital with capacity of usually 1,000 beds ; and divisional and brigade headquarters. In ad- dition, there were provided, not at Government expense, buildings for the Y. M. C. A., Knights of Columbus, Red Cross, hostess houses, theaters, and other buildings for recreational purposes. Each camp involved the installation of complete water, sewerage, and electric- light systems, as well as systems of roads and railroad yards. As soon as sites for the cantonments were approved by the Secre- tary of War it was necessary to make arrangements for the following items : 1. Execution of the leases. 2. Arrangements for railroad connections. 3. General survey of the ground and approximate layoilt of the camp as a whole, having in mind conditions as to drainage, prevail- ing winds, etc. 4. Development or provision of suitable and adequate water sup- ply- ^ 5. Arrangements for sewage. In order to develop the foregoing items it became necessary to employ for service at each of the cantonments and camps supervising engineers and town planners. In view of the lack of sufficient time to prepare complete plana and specifications, a typical set of plans showing a typical layout and general plans for typical buildings were made up. No separate specifications were prepared, but general infonnation was included on the typical plans. 75 For approximately $200,000,000 the Army was provided on sched- ule time with complete housing facilities, including adequate water supply and fuU sanitary facilities. For approximately $600,000,000 certain facilities for storing and placing aboard ships all supplies for the Army were provided. In addition to the designing, building, and maintaining of the cantonments, this division provided shipping, storage, and machine- shop facilities both here and in France. At the time of the creation of this division, in May, 1917, the commissioned personnel consisted of three officers. One year later the personnel of this division had grown to 263 officers and 1,100 civilians in Washington, the best constructors, engineers, drafts- men, managers, purchasing agents, and other specialists obtainable by the Government; there were hundreds of other officers and civ- ilian experts in the field for this organization; it had an enlisted personnel of some 16,000 men and employed over 200,000 laborers and craftsmen; it had jobs on hand, complete and incomplete, ag- gregating $600,000,000, or nearly twice the cost of the canal at Panama; while future works then being planned and later actually undertaken came to another $600,000,000. At the date of the armistice there were completed or under way 635 construction operations in every State in the Union, save one, with an organization of 1,500 officers and 12,000 civilians, while maintenance work engaged 16,000 enlisted men of the utilities de- tachments. Construction of every conceivable character for every department of the Army had been put up—camps, hospitals, ports of embarkation, huge warehouses and terminals, industrial plants, aviation fields, proving grounds, arsenals — all on a tremendous scale and in a minimum of time. The thrilling and dramatic story of the achievements of this division is told in America's Munitions, 1917-18. Circulars are issued for the use of the personnel only. THE ENGINEER COKPS. The Regular Corps of Engineers, United States Army, is a small body of engineers, specially educated and trained . in the arts of military and general engineering. Formerly all officers for this corps were selected from the honor graduates of the West Point Military Academy, and afterwards given an additional course of instruction in military and general engineering at the engineer school at Washington Barracks. The Corps of Engineers may now be entered from civil life, without graduating from West Point, by passing a special examination. Successful applicapts are com- missioned as provisional second lieutenants. In time of peace the Corps of Engineers is engaged principally on the construction of lighthouses, fortifications, and river and har- bor improvements. At the outbreak of the war, April 6, 1917, this ■ corps had an authorized strength of 300 officers and 2,198 enlisted men, and an actual strength of 234 officers and 2,198 enlisted men. The national defense act, approved June 3, 1916, authorized the Corps of Engineers to be increased to 505 officers and approximately 7,500 enlisted men. This act also authorized the creation of an 76 OiBcers' Reserve Corps in different branches of the Army, including an Engineer Reserve Corps. On June 30, 1917, some 15,000 appli- cations for commissions in the Engineer Reserve Corps had been received, many of them from prominent engineers in all branches of engineering practice in civil life. Of these applicants 2,334 had been commissioned and 541 ordered to active duty. On June 30, 1918, the actual strength of the Engineer Corps (Regu- lar and reserve) -was approximately 8,000 officers and 210,000 enlisted men, a large percentage of whom were already in France ; and when the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918, a total of 502 different Engineer units, comprising 503,126 men, had been authorized. Of these, 382 units had been raised or were being raised, and the actual strength of the Engineers was approximately 12,000 officers and 265,135 enlisted men. Of the latter, 234,390 had been sent to France. In time of war the Engineers' duties are many and exacting. To each division, Army Corps and Army, a certain number of engineer troops are assigned, usually a regiment of approximately 50 officers and 1,600 men, whose duties include reconnaissance, surveying, map- ping, laying out and construction of camps, trenches, dugouts, bomb- proofs, fortifications, mines and coimtermines, roads, bridges, build- ings, and the construction and operation of railroads in the combat area. Much of this work is done in advanced areas under shell fire, and the units assigned to such work were formerly called " pioneer '' units, but are now more generally called " sappers." In the War of 1917 many other duties were added to the work of the Engineers. The transportation and maintenance of an Army in France, 3,000 miles from the United States, and the increasing com- plexity of modern warfare necessitated an unusual amount of terminal, railroad, shop, storehouse, and hospital construction, and the organi- zation of a number of highly specialized technical units. To meet these needs special engineer services were organized for railway con- struction, operation, and maintenance, shop operation, camouflage, highways, water supply, mining, q^uarrying, forestry, surveying and mapping, lithographing and printing, electrical and mechanical en- gineering, crane operation, service battalions, engineer depots, inland waterways, flash and sound ranging, searchlights, etc. PUBLICATIONS. Engineer Field Manual, parts 1-7, superintendent of documents. $1. OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF FIELD ARTILLERY. It is the duty of this chief to keep the Chief of Staff informed of all important Field Artillery matters and to see that adequate meas- ures are taken to prepare the Field Artillery for service. The chief of Field Artillery is authorized,-subiect to such general guidance as the Chief of Staff may indicate, to control the disposition and use of all Field Artillery personnel and material in the United States. As a result of the establishment of this office, the Field Artillery was transformed, in the nine months preceding the armistice, from a large number of scattered regiments and brigades, whose training was poorly coordinated, whose strength in officers was unevenly dis- 77 tributed and alarmingly deficient,' whose instruction was continually being handicapped due to depletion of enlisted and commissioned strength by drafts for overseas replacements, and which were not using equipment available to the best advantage, to a coordinated, well-trained, efficiently officered branch of the service, with well- organized systems of training centers, officers' schools, and replace- ment depots. . The strength of the Field Artillery on November 11, 1918, was 22,392 officers and 439,760 enlisted men, organized as follows : Sixty- one divisional artillery brigades, 17 army and corps artillery brigades, 72 ammunition trains, 8 corps parks, and 3 army parks. The office of the Chief of Field Artillery organized the Field Ar- tillery Basic School at Camp Taylor, Ky., and School of Fire at Fort Sill, Okla. Since the armistice these schools have been re- organized on a peace basis and are in operation at the present. In addition, officers have been detailed for duty with K. O. T. C. units, Field Artillery, at most of the leading colleges and schools in the United States. It is proposed to continue training centers and ac- tivities under whatever military policy of the country is determined by legislation. Circulars, etc., are issued for use of the personnel only. FINANCE SEKVICE. The Director of Finance has responsibility for and authority over the preparation of estimates, disbursements, money accounts, prop- erty accounts, finance reports, and pay and mileage of the Army, and has responsibility for and authority over the activities, personnel, and equipment of the several finance and accounts divisions, branches, and offices of the staff and supply corps and bureaus of the Army, and has authority over and responsibility for the finances of the several corps, departments, and other separate activities of the Army, including the accounting for funds and property. The work of finance and accounting involved in connection with the supplies of the following supply bureaus, including the finance activities pertaining to the procurement of such supplies were trans- ferred to the Director of Finance, as well as the personnel, equip- ment, and records pertaining to the finances and to the fijiance and accounting activities of these organizations: The Corps of Engineers. Office of the Surgeon General. Signal Corps. Quartermaster Corps. Chemical Warfare Service. Ordnance Department. No publications are issued by this service. GENERAL STAFF. The Chief of Staff, who is also the Chief of the General Staff, is the immediate adviser of the Secretary of War on all matters relating to the Military Establishment and is charged by the Secretary of War with the planning, development, and execution of the military 78 program. By virtue of his office, the Chief of Staff takes rank and precedence over all officers of the Army and by authority of and in the name of the Secretary of War issues such orders as will insure that the policies of the War Department are harmoniously executed by the several corps, bureaus, and other agencies of the Military Establishment and that the Army program is carried out speedily and efficiently. In order that he may perform the duties with which he is charged, the Chief of Staff has under his immediate control a body of officers which constitutes the War Department General Staff. This War Department General Staff is divided into four primary divisions, each functioning under an officer known as the director and who is an Assistant Chief of Staff. The four primary divisions are : 1. Military Intelligence. 2. War Plans Division. 3. Operations. 4. Purchase, Storage, and Traffic. In addition there is an executive assistant to the Chief of Staff, who is in charge of the Office of the Chief of Staff and has cognizance and control of the coordination of the various divisions of the Gen- eral Staff and several bureaus, corps, and other agencies of the War Department, with a view to preventing duplication of work and se- curing harmonious action, and the collection of statistical data for the information of the Secretary of War and the Chief of Staff. . The director of each division of the General Staff is authorized to issue instructions' in the name of the Secretary of War and of the Chief of Staff for carrying out these policies, approved by the Sec- retary of War and the Chief of Staff, within his control. The Military Intelligence Division has cognizance and control of military intelligence, both positive and negative ; cooperates with the intelligence sections of the General Staffs of other countries and with the intelligence agencies of other executive departments of our Gov- ernment. In addition it is charged with the supervision of military attaches, obtains, reproduces, and issues maps, translates foreign documents, and disburses and accounts for intelligence funds. The War Plans Division is charged with the cognizance and con- trol of plans for the organization of all branches of the Army, studies and enunciates policies for the national defense; proposed legislation and the preparation of regulations and rules for the Military Establishment. In addition, it is charged with the super- vision of all training for the Army; its tactics and the methods of warfare to be employed, together with all publications relating to the same, and the collection and compilation of all historical data pertaining to the war, including photographs and motion-picture films. The Operations Division is charged with the cognizance and con- trol of the carrying into effect of the military program, as ap- proved by the Secretary of War and the Chief of Staff. In the ful- fillment of its functions it determines the policy affecting the distribution of all types and quantities of equipment and supplies for the Army, including research and inventions in equipment and war material ; the appointment, promotion, transfer, and assign- ment of the commissioned personnel of the Army; the recruitment, 79 mobilization, and movement of troops; camp sites, cantonments, posts, hospitals, and construction plans and projects for the same. The Purchase, Storage, and Traffic Division is primarily charged with the supervision of the procurement, storage, and issue of all supplies necessary for the troops in carrying out the military pro- gram as approved by the Secretary of War and Chief of Staff and directed by the Operations Division. It is also charged with the coordination of the movement of all troops and supplies, either by rail, water, motor, or horse-drawn transportation. PUBLICATIONS. Economic Mobilization in United States for war of 1917, Monograph 2 (W. D. Doc. 885). Survey of German Tactics, 1918 Monograph 1 (W. D. Dec. 883). THE INSPECTOR GENERAL's DEPARTMENT. At the outset of the war with Germany the department contained 23 officers ; the total number detailed during the period of active op- erations was 310 ; and on November 11, 1918, the personnel consisted of 191, including two major generals and four brigadier generals. Of the officers detailed during the war 21 attained the grade of gen- eral officer. The present peace-time organization is 29 officers — 1 major general, 4 colonels, 8 lieutenant colonels, and 16 majors. There is no enlisted personnel in the department. The theory of expansion was based entirely on the needs of the service, and as the Army grew so did the department. Before being selected, officers' records were scrutinized with care, having in mind both professional qualifications and temperamental fitness. Where practicable newly detailed officers were assigned for a short period of duty in the Office of the Inspector General, where they familiar- ized themselves with methods and policies and had an opportunity to become imbued with the spirit of the department. Contrary to a more or less general impression, the Inspector Gen- eral's Department is in no sense a detective bureau, occupying itself merely with searching out defects and irregularities, but rather it is a constructive agency of the War Department, using the best mili- tary brains available to recommend remedial action for ascertained evils. It favors neither the Government nor the individual, the division or the squad, the officer or the enlisted man; it searches solely for facts and studies proper remedies where necessary. Its slogan is " The square deal." Inspectors have exceptional opportunities to observe and compare methods throughout the service, and to profit by the experience of the very best officers in every branch of military activity. They are thus in position to offer many helpful suggestions, also to assist in dis- seminating a knowledge of the best methods among the officers and organizations with whom they come in contact. An inspector who takes the broadest possible view of his functions can accomplish a great amount of good outside of what he may do in his capacity of critic. He should endeavor to leave with every command he inspects the feeling that his work has been profitable to it. 80 A number of inspectors are kept on duty in Washington to make general inspections throughout the country, including in their sphere of inquiry every branch of military activity. A much greater num- ber are assigned as department, port, camp, and division inspectors in the United States and with the services of supply and the com- batant forces in France. These inspectors are on the staffs of their respective commanding generals, to whom they report directly and from whom their orders come. That the methods and policies thus outlined are successful is in- dicated by the cordial relations and real cooperation that exist be- tween the Inspectbr General's Department and all branches of the War Department. No publications are issued by this ojfSce. BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS, To this bureau are assigned all matters pertaining to civil govern- ment in the island possessions of the United States; namely, the Philippines and Porto Rico. It is also the repository of the civil records of the government of occupation of Cuba from January 1, 1899, to May 20, 1902, and had assigned to it matters pertaining to the provisional government of Cuba September 29, 1906, to Janu- ary 28, 1909. It has also immediate supervision of the Domiaican receivership for the collection of customs, revenue, and payment of the interest and principal of the adjusted bonded indebtedness of the Dominican Republic. The reports of the Governors of Porto Rico and of the Philippines give the current acts of Federal Government of these islands under the following heads: Report of the Governor of Porto Bico, 1918: List of acts passed by the English Legislative Assembly. List of appointments by the governor. Personnel of insular police force. List of franchise ordinances passed by the executive council. Statistical data concerning civil-service operations. Report of the secretary. Report of the commissioner of health. Report of the auditor and consolidated statistics. Report of the treasurer. Report of the commissioner of the interior. Report of the commissioner of education. Report of the attorney general. Report of the commissioner of agriculture and labor. Report of the food commission. Report of the Governor General of the Philippine Islands, 1917: Report of the governer general. Report of the secretary of the interior. Report of the bureau of non-Ohristian ti'ibes. Report of the secretary of public instruction. Report of the secretary of finance. Report of the secretary of justice. Report of the secretary of agriculture and natural resources. Report of the department of commerce and communication. Librarians desiring publications of the Philippine Islands and Porto Rico may apply to the Bureau of Insular Affairs. 81 OFFICE OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL. The Judge Advocate General is the official legal advisor of the Secretary of War, the War Department, and the entire Military Establishment. Every commander who exercises general court-mar- tial jurisdiction has on his staff a judge advocate who supervises dis- ciplinary action in the first instance. To the Judge Advocate Gen- eral, as to a court of last resort, are referred all general court-mar- tial records for examination and revision. The office is organized as follows : Administrative Law Division : General board of review. Contracts and claims section. Constitutional and international law section. Civil administration section. General administration section. Statutory construction and legislative draft section. Admiralty and maritime section. Reservations and Titles section. Special clemency board, section No. 1. Special clemency board, section No. 2. Special board of review. Examiners section. Military Justice Division: Board of review (first section). Board of review (second section). Special opinions' section. Death and dismissal section. Penitentiary section. Disciplinary barracks section. Retained in service section. Clemency and restoration section. Executive Division : Executive officer. Personnel and liaison section. Record and property section. Bond section. Statistical section. Publications and library section. The department is organized with a view of securing to every offender against the military code a fair and just trial according to a definitely prescribed procedure, so safeguarded that no soldier will be pimished except in accordance with law. No sentence awarded by a general court-martial is effective until approved by a superior commander who has upon his staff as a legal advisor, a judge advocate. The publications issued by this office are : Military laws of the United States, 1915-1917. Military Reservations, National Cemeteries, and National Parks, 1916 (W, D. Doc. 496). 137339°— 19 6 82 MILITIA BUKEATT. General Orders, No. 73, War Department, 1918, transferred all separate existing Army organizations to the National Army of the United States. 1. This country has but one Army— the United States Army. It includes all the land forces in the service of the United States. These forces, however raised, lose their Identity In that of the United States Army. Distinctive appellations, such as the Regular Army, Reserve Corps, National Guard, and National Army, heretofore employed in administration and command, will be discontinued, and the single term the United States Army will be exclusively used. 2. Orders having reference to the United States Army as divided into sepa- rate and component forces of distinct origin, or assuming or contemplating such a division, are to that extent revoked. 3. The insignia now prescribed for the Regular Army shall hereafter be worn by the United States Army. 4. All effective commissions purporting to be and describ.ed therein as commissions in the Regular Army, National Guard, National Army, or the Reserve Corps shall hereafter be held to be and regarded as commissions in the United States Army — ^permanent, provisional, or temporary, as fixed by the conditions of their Issue; and all such commissions are hereby amended ^accordingly. Hereafter during the period of the existing emergeijcy all com- missions shall be In the United States Army and in staff corps, departments, and arms of the service thereof, and shall, as the law may provide, be perma- nent, for a term, or for the period of the emergency. And hereafter during the period of the existing emergency provisional and temporary appointments in the grade of second lieutenant and temporary promotions in the Regular Army and appointments in the Reserve Corps will be discontinued. The above order consolidated the different classes of forces mak- ing up our National Army into the United States Army. Therefore the officers and men of the National Guard drafted into Federal service on August 5, 1917, numbering 12,123 and 367,000, respec- tively, together with all drafted at a later date, formed a part of the United States Army. At the time of the first draft, August 5, it was contemplated that the records of the Militia Bureau bearing upon the commissioned personnel and the numbers of enlisted per- sonnel would be immediately transferred to the Adjutant General's Department. However, it was found in administering the affairs of the National Guard drafted into Federal service that so many com- plicated questions arose that two officers of the Adjutant General's Department were sent to the Militia Bureau in order that they might consult the files of that bureau and the personal knowledge of the officers in administering the affairs of the National Ghiard called into Federal service. The transfer of the records actually occurred on May 10, 1918. This bureau issues annually a report by the chief of the bureau to the Secretary of War, which sets forth the work <5f the Militia Bureau during each fiscal year from July 1 until the following June 30. A limited number of copies are available for distribution. This bureau prepared during the war a treatise on protective lighting and an- other on military protection (Doc. 882, War Department). Copies of the latter document are distributed by The Adjutant General's office. The following matter is handled by the Militia Bureau : National Guard, — All matters pertaining to the National Guard except the class described as "Philippine National Guard." Medical Department, National Guard. 83 Mobilization of the National Guard. Attendance of National Guard personnel at Army service schools. General scheme of training and field training of National Guard. United States Guards were organized and handled by the Militia Bureau up to and including November 14, at which time the handling of the United States Guards was by order transferred to the depart- ment commanders. All records pertaining to the United States Guards were transferred to The Adjutant General's Department March 17, 1919, and are there at the present time. Furnishing of equipment to home-guard organizations. N. B. — The Philippine National Guard is made up of citizens of the Philippine Islands who up to the present are not by law citizens of the United States. Therefore they can not be included as organi- zations of the National Guard under the act of June 3, 1916, which contemplates only organizations made up of citizens of the United States. They are strictly organized militia of the Philippine Islands. The Militia Bureau is concerned only with National Guard organiza- tions formed under the act of June 3, 1916. MOTOR TRANSPORT CORPS. Until April 19, 1918, motor equipment was procured by five separate purchasing bureaus. On August 15, 1918, an order was issued forming an independent Motor Transport Corps, with which was placed the responsibility for the design, operation, maintenance, procurement, personnel, and finance in connection with all motor vehicles except trucks and trac- tors of the caterpillar type. This organization, however, operated only a short time, and on September 6, 1918, the procurement activities of the corps were trans- ferred to a new section of the Quartermaster Corps, known as the Motors and Vehicles Division. This left the Motor Transport Corps with the design, operation, maintenance, and personnel, but with no responsibility for either procurement or supply. At the time of the signing of the armistice, the personnel of tha Motor Transport Corps totaled • about 2,700 oflSicers and 77,000 en- listed men. From the experience gained on the Mexican border it had been proved that the Army would need a vast number of motor vehicles, and some of the best engineers in the country were brought together and three standardized trucks developed. The average truck travels about 30 miles a day. Up to the date of the last War Department report there had been completed 82,500 trucks, 16,000 motor cars, 27,000 motorcycles, and 22,000 bicycles. Circulars, etc., issued by this office are for the personnel only. - ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT. The story of the Ordnance Department is fully and completely given in "^America's Munitions, 1917-1918," under the following heads : The ordnance problem. Gun production. Mobile field artillery. 84 Railway artillery. Explosives, propellants, and artillery ammunition. Sights and fire-control apparatus. Motorized artillery. Tanks. Machine guns. Service rifles. Pistols and revolvers. Small-arms ammunition. Trench-warfare material. Miscellaneous ordnance equipment. It is very important to read the substance of the international agreement bearing upon the production of munitions on page 15 of this report. This agreement, by providing that American field medium and heavy artillery be supplied from British and French Government factories during 1918, gave America time to build manufacturing capacity on a grand scale without the hampering necessity for immediate production. By the month of October, 1918, 42,000 workmen were engaged in the production of heavy guns, and the total number of worlmien and women in the making of ordnance material reached the great total of 3,250,000. These men became so skilled in their work that America now has a trained body of artisans for the finest kind of gun and anununition manufacture. The service' rifles were manufactured in this country and each rifleman as he stepped abdard the transport carried his own gun. The total rifle production in this country up to November 9, 1918, was 2,506,307. Pistols and revolvers furnished our men were American products. Of these the output was 743,663. Among the smaller arms were all kinds of grenades, trench knives, and wire cutters. The historical branch of this department contains hundreds of typewritten illustrated reports (blue prints, charts, and photographs) on every phase of the Ordnance Department. The research worker along these lines may, subject to the approval of the chief, consult reports bearing on the subject he is investigating. A very good description of the ordnance problem is given in " America's Muni- tions," pages 21 to 221. PURCHASE, STORAGE, AND TEAFTIC. QUAKTEKMASTER DIVISION. The office of the Quartermaster General, Director of Purchase and Storage, is organized under the following divisions: General Administration, Personnel, Eequirements, Eemount Service, Pur- chase Service, Storage Sesvice. One of its functions is the provisioning of the Army. As a testi- monial to the success of its performances, the average American soldier at the end of the fighting in 1918 is said to have weighed 12 pounds more than he did when he entered the Army. At the time the armistice was signed the American troops in France were eating about 9,000,000 pounds of food daily. 85 I'he overseas forces were the particular concern of the Subsistence Division. It was planned to have approximately three months' ad- vance supply of food sent over each month for the number of troops actually sent to France during that month. This was called the initial supply. In addition to this there was sent over a monthly automatic supply equivalent to the amount of food, the troops already in France would consume during that month. In this way a 90 days' reserve was usually maintained overseas. The reclamation of supplies has become a very important one witli the increase in Quartermaster Corps activities. The Conservation and Beclamation Division of the Quartermaster Corps operates laundries, repair shops of various sorts, and is charged with the, responsibility for the greatiast possible use of every article of quarter- master supplies, either by saving of waste or in other ways. Almost as important as the food for the soldier is his clothing. Shoes, socks, uniforms, overcoats, raincoats, rubber boots, blankets, and tentage are a few of the necessary articles. The purchase of woolen breeches during the war amounted to $13,176,000 ; of blankets, $145,000,000. Economies and substitutes were the object of constant study by experts; for instance, substitution of vegetable ivory for metal in buttons was attempted. The Bureau of Standards in Washington tested the taqua, or ivory nuts, from which buttons are made, and found them suitable. A vegetable ivory button with a shank was developed, although no such ivory button had been known before, and the Government's insignia was stamped on this' button. Gen. Pershing approved the use of ivory buttons, and thereafter many manufacturers produced millions of gross. Every manufacturer who took button contracts agreed to turn over the ivory-nut waste to the Chemical Warfare Service to be used in making charcoal for the gas-absorbing canisters of the gas masks. Most of the buttons were produced by firms in Eochester and Philadelphia. Manufacturers of electric goods, hardware, billiard balls, celluloid, pearl buttons, and phonograph records turned their plants into ivory-button factories. Enormous quantities of buttons were re- quired. For the Army shirts alone the Government needed 216,- 000,000 buttons in 1918. _ The shortest description of the miscellaneous activities of the Quartermaster Corps would include music for bands, furnishing of paints and fuels, oils (the last being divided into 49 items), bru3ies, rolling kitchens, tools and tool chests, hardware, horses and mules, motor and horse-drawn vehicles, medical and dental supplies. This division also manufactured war goods in Government shops in two huge uniform factories at Philadelphia and Jeffersonville, Ind. This latter factory became the largest shirt-manufacturing establishment in the world. When the armistice was signed the Philadelphia uniform factory was rapidly becoming the largest clothing manufacturing plant in the United States. The statistics of salvage work accomplished by this division are impressive, and in the year 1918 amounted to $101,180,151. These activities are fully dealt with in "America's Munitions." Publications issued by this division are: 86 Army foot-measuring and shoe-fitting system (War Dept. Doc. 879). Manual for Army bakers, 1916 (War Dept. Doc. 563) ; superintendent of documents. 35 cents. Manual for Army cooks, 1916 (War Dept. Doc. 564) ; superintendent of documents. 50 cents. Manual for Quartermaster Corps, 1916; 2 volumes; superintendent of documents. $2,25 set. Official table of distances for guidance of disbursing officers of Army charged with payment of money allowances for travel (War Dept Doc, 354). Pack transportation, 1916 (War Dept. Doc. 565). REAL ESTATE SERVICE. One of the principal functions of the Eeal Estate Service is the procurement, by purchase, lease, condemnation, reqtiisition, or dona- tion, of any and all real estate required for the use of the War Department. It is by the adoption of propel" methods and the appli- cation of real estate experience and skill that the interests of the Government can be safeguarded in the matter of the price paid for the real estate required. This service has jurisdiction over all real estate purchased, leased, rented, condemned, requisitioned, or donated for the use of the War Department, excepting real estate required for ssites for fortifi- cations and seacoast defenses, all such property being under the direction of the Chief of Engineers. The service has established and is maintaining a filing and record- ing-system for all grants, deeds, abstracts, leases, and other instru- ments pertaining to real estate and interests therein under control of the War Department. It also maintains an indexing and map- ping system. THE SIGNAL CORPS. Military signals to-day include the telephone, the telegraph, radio telegraphy and telephony, the buzzer, the buzzerphone, panels, pyro- technics, flags, smoke signals, pigeons, dogs, mounted orderlies, and runners. The Signal Corps in France had to provide facilities for com- munication for the Service of Supply. Our awn telegraph and tele- phone systems had to be set up, and at the date of the armistice there were in France 96,0(X) miles of American telegraph and long-distance telephone circuits. In addition to the various means of communication, the Signal Corps was called upon to supply in large, quantities wire reel carts, flagstafFs, field glasses, photographic equipment, chests, tools, mete- orological apparatus, and wrist watches. The enlisted and commissioned personnel of the Signal Corps is coniposed of highly specialized technical men. The Signal Corps maintains schools for its officers and enlisted men and offers unusual advantages to the young men of the country who are interested in electrical engineering, with all its allied branches. The value of the training secured during one period of enlistment in the Signal Corps would be inestimable to a young man who desires to enter this field. 87 PUBLICATIONS. Field Message Book : Electrical Engineering Pamphlet, No, 1. The Buzzerphone. Electrical Engineering Pamphlet, No. 2. The Monocord Switchboard Unit Electrical Engineering Pamphlet, No. 3. Field Telephones. Training Pamphlet, No. 1. Elementary Electricity. Training Pamphlet, No. 3. Laying Cable in the Forward Area. Training Pamphlet, No. 4. Visual Signaling. Training Pamphlet, No. 6. Trench Line Construction. Field Pamphlet, No. 1. Directions for psing Set, Signal Lamp, Type EE-7. Field Pamphlet, No. 2. Directions for Using Set, Signal Lamp, Type EE-6. Field Pamphlet, No. 3. Directions for Using a Two-way T. P. S. Set, Type SCR-76. Field Pamphlet, No. 4. Directions for Using Aeroplane Radio Telegraph Transmitting Set, Type SCR-73. liadio Pamphlet, No. 1. Elementary Principles of Radio Telegraphy and Telephony : Radio Pamphlet, No. 2. Antenna Systems. Radio Pamphlet, No. 3. Radio Receiving Sets, Type SOR-54 and SOR-54t-A and Detector Equipment, Type T-3-A. Radio Pamphlet, No. 5. Aii-plane Radio Telegraph Sets, Type SCR-65 and SCR-6.5-A. Radio Pamphlet, No. 7. Primary Batteries. - Radio Pamphlet, No. 8. Storage Batteries. Radio Pamphlet, No. 10. Ground Telegraphy or T. P. S. Radio Pamphlet, No. 11. Radio Telegraph Transmitting Sets, Type SCR-74 and SCR-74-A. Radio Pamphlet, No. 13. Airplane Radio Telegraph Transmitting Set, Type SOR-73. Radio Pamphlet, No. 14. U. W. Radio Telegraph Transmitting Set, Type SOR-69. Radio Pamphlet, No. 15. Two-way T. P. S. Set, Type SCR-76. Radio Pamphlet, No. 18r Listening-in Stations. Radio Pamphlet, No. 19. Two-way T. P. S. Set, Type SCR-76-A. Radio Pamphlet, No. 20. Airplane Radio Telephone Sets. Radio Pamphlet, No. 21. Theory and Use of Wavemeters. Radio Pamphlet, No. 22. Ground Radio Telephone Sets. Radio Pamphlet, No. 23. U. W. Airplane Radio Telegraph Set, Type SCR-80. Radio Pamphlet, No. 24. Tank Radio Telegraph Sets. Radio Pamphlet, No. 30. The Radio Mechanic and the Airplane. Radio Pamphlet, No. 40. The Principles Underlying Radio Communication. PHOTOGRAPHS. All historical photographs of the War Department are filed with this division and may be purchased from the photographic section of the office of the Chief Signal Officer. These are fully classified and it is only necessary to mention the subject of which, photographs are desired. The prints are 4 by 5 inches, 5 by 7 inches, or 6^ by &J inches, and cost 15 cents apiece. Enlargements of any photograph may be secured in either black or sepia tones in the following sizes : 11 J by 14 inches, 35 cents; 14 by 17 inches, 50 cents; 17 by 20 inches, 75 cents ; and 20 by 24 inches, $1. List of general headings under which A. E. F. photographs are filed: Addresses. Advancing. Aeroplanes. Alien property. Allied prisoners. Amusements. Animals. Argonne. Armistice. Artillery : En route. In action (A-B). 88 Balloons : At rest. Flight. Bands. Barbers. Belgium. Bombardment. Brest. British soldiers. Cambrai. Camouflage : Buildings. Guns. Miscellaneous. Observers. Preparation. Eoad. Canteens. Cavalry. Celebrations. Censors. Ceremonies. Chateau Thierry. Churches and chaplains. Classification camp. Colored troops. Construction (A-B). Cubans. Czecho-Slovak. Dead. Decorations. Dispatchers. Dirigibles. Docks. Draft. Dugouts (A-B). Engineering. Engineers. England. En route (A-B). Equipment. Facsimile. Farms. Federal council of churches. Fire department. Food. Forestry. French. Gas. Geographical work. German. Germany. Glasses. , Graves. Hardware : Manufacture. Home-coming. Hotels. Humor. Hydroaeroplanes. Infantry. Inspection. Italy. Journalists. Knights of Columbus. Laborers. Liquid fire. Liberty loan. Mail. Marines. Mascots. Medical. Military police. Montsec. Monuments and statues. Motor vehicles. Navy. No man's land. Observers : Observation posts. Occupation, arrny of. Oificers, Signal (Jorps, supply. Ordnance. Personnel. Photography. Pigeons. Posters. Power plant. Printers. Prisoners. Propaganda. Public buildings. Quartermaster depot. Quarters. Railroads. Reconstruction. Red Cross. Refrigerating plant. Refugees. Rehabilitation. Reviews. Ruins. Russia. St. Mihiel. St. Quentin. Salvage. Searchlights. Sentries. 89 Shipbuilding. Signal Corps. Signs and insignia. Smoke bombs. Snipers. Snow scenes. Standards. Steel. Supplies (A — B). Survivors. Tanks (A-B). Tractors. Training. Training camps. Transportation. Trenches (A-B). Verdun. Warehouses. Washing up. Water supply. Wire entanglements. Women's work. Y. M. C. A. Divisions : Complete — 1, 2, 26, 27, 30, 35, 42, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 91, 92, 93. Divisions — Continued. Incomplete — 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 29, 33, 36, 37, Regiments. 81, 82, 86, 88, 89, 90. CLASSIFICATION CHART FOR KKY FILE OF DOMESTIC PICTURES. Activities. Aviation. Celebrations. Ceremonies (I, II). Drills and inspection. Entertainments. E^liibitions. Exhibits (I,II, III, IV). Food (I. II). Homecoming (I, II, III, IV, V). Hospitals. Internment camps. Miscellaneous. Pay. Personnel. Pigeons. Plants. '' Public buildings. Signal Corps operations. Special. MOTION-PICTUEE FILMS. The Signal Corps motion-picture films contain motion pictures of all Army activities in this country and in the American Expedi- tionary Forces. Certain portions of these records have been re- leased for general distribution and may be purchased from the photographic section of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer. These motion pictures are furnished in the standard size film at the rate of 10 cents per running foot for positive films and 80 cents per run- ning foot for negative films. (For further details communicate with the photographic section. Office of the Chief Signal Officer.) OFFICE OF THE SURGEON GENERAL OF THE ARMY. The Medical Department of the United States Army is charged with the duty of investigating the sanitary condition of the Army and making recommendations in reference thereto, of advising with reference to the location of permanent camps and posts, the adoption of systems of water supply and purification, and the disposal of wastes, with the duty of caring for the sick and wounded, making physical examinations of officers and enlisted men, the management and con- trol of military hospitals,' the recruitment, instruction, and control of the enlisted force of the Medical Department and of the Nurse Corps, and furnishing all medical and hospital supplies, including 90 those for public animals. At the head of the Medical Department is the Surgeon General of the Army. The various corps comprised in the Medical Department are shown on page 12 of this report, under the heading of the " Personnel Division." The Medical Corps of the Eegular Army was, of course, entirely inadequate to render the professional care for the vast new armies, but was peculiarly fitted by reason of its experience and training to handle the medico-military administrative problems and to train the new medical officers, fresh from civil life, in their duties as offi- cers, sanitarians, and administrators. Consequently, nearly every regular officer was placed in an administrative position. Those regu- lar officers particularly qualified were assembled in the office of the Surgeon General, and with them were associated the best civilian talent of the country, not only surgeons and internists, but also re- nowned specialists in the eye, ear, nose, throat, in dentistry, in oral- plastic surgery, in roentgenology, in sanitary engineering, in psy- chology, in epidemiology, in food and nutrition, in veterinary medi- cine, etc. At the height of its activity during the war the Office of the Sur- geon General was organized in the following divisions : *Division of Sanitation. *Hospital Division. *Personnel Division. Laboratory Division. ^Division of Physical Recon- struction. Division of Medicine. Division of Surgery. *Finance and Supply Division. Library Division. Air Service Division. Gas Defense Service. Food Division. Overseas Division. Division of Head Surgery. Medical Officers Training Camp Division. Veterinary Division. The starred divisions are the ones we have chosen to treat. DIVISION OF SANITATION. The Division of Sanitation, which has for many vears been one of the three permanent divisions of the Surgeon General's Office, has undergone great expansion during the war and its duties rapidly ex- tended to the handling of all questions relating to the health and well-being of troops and the sanitation of camps, cantonments, per- manent posts, hospitals, ports of embarkation, transports, military trains, and other military stations. Its function includes the physi- cal examination and selection of recruits and registrants ; the physi- cal examination of soldiers prior to demobilization; the selec- tion of camp and division surgeons, camp and division sanitary in- spectors, epidemiologists, sanitary engineers, and surgeons for re- cruit depots; the direction of medico-military activities in camps, cantonments, and other stations in so far as they relate to the Sur- geon General's Office ; supervision of the hygiene and sanitation of camps; advismg the War Department with reference to camp sites, housmg, air space, clothing, food, water supplies, sewerage systems, and garbage disposal ; the control of fly and mosquito breedino- and the elimination _ of these pests ; the destruction of lice and "other disease-bearing insects ; the search for and quarantine of " carriers " of disease and " contacts " with disease ; the design and construction 91 of quarantine and detention camps; the administration of quarantine and other measures necessary to prevent the spread of communicable diseases; and the inspectipn of camp, post, base and general hos- pitals. In sum, the activities of the Division of Sanitation include all the functions of a health department in a civil community and many other duties in addition. To accomplish the work above indicated the Division of Sanitation has maintained the following sections ; Section of Sanitary Inspections. Medical Records Section. Current Statistics Section. Conimunicable Disease Section. Sanitary Engineering Section. Food and Nutrition Section. Student Army Training Corps Section. Miscellaneous Section. The following figures indicate the enormous reduction in deaths which has resulted from the sanitary measures enforced during the present war as compared with the practice in vogue in the Civil War and Spanish-American War: Nnmber of deaths (disease) that occurred in present war, Sept. 1, 1917, to May 2, 1919 49, 412 Number of deaths (disease) that would have occurred ii the Civil War death rate had obtained , 227, 094 Number of deaths (disease) that would have occurred If the Spanish- American War death rate had obtained __' 112,653 HOSPITAL DIVISION. , The duty of the Hospital Division is to provide and operate all military hospitals in the United States; that is to say, to care for' all sick and injured of the armies in training in the United States and also for the cases returned from overseas. This plan compre- hended some 600 separate locations "of military medical activity. Some of these places had been in existence prior to this war, but the great majority were new, and all those that were not new carried increased military activity or were secured by the Medical Depart- ment from other branches of the service and converted into hospitals. To do this work it was necessary to inaugurate an elastic system of expansion, both in the Surgeon General's OiBce and at each large hospital, and this system had to keep constantly in as close touch as possible with the changing policy of the War Department as regards concentration of troops and enlargement of camps and ports and also with the varying demands from the American Expeditionary Forces. Personnel Section. — The statistics of this section show that during the period of the emergency there were operating on a monthly average 30 general hospitals, 32 base hospitals, and 131 miscellaneous hospitals for the care of the sick in the United States. Each of these ' hospitals had on duty an average of 33 medical officers, selected from the best personnel of the Army and country at large, 88 trained nurses, and 465 enlisted men of the Medical Department. In round niimbers, 2,000,000 sick were treated in these hospitals from the time of the first draft in 1917 to April 25, 1919. The total number of medical officers, nurses, and enlisted men employed in the Armjj 92 hospitals during the period of the war would furnish the entire population for a city the size of Albany, N. Y. At oiie time 150,000 beds were set up for use in the Army hospitals. If these beds were placed end to end, they would form an almost unbroken line from New York to Washington. PERSONNEL DIVISION. (Apr. 6, 1917, to May 20, 1919.) On April 6, 1917, the Medical Department had approximately 981 commissioned officers, 403 female nurses, and 6,900 enlisted men on active duty. On December 1, 1918, there were approximately 40,100 commissioned officers, 91,480 female nurses, and 264,000 enlisted men, organized under the following divisions: Dec. 1, 1918 (approximately). Medical Corps 30, 500 Dental Corps 4, 500 Veterinary Corps ^ 2, 000 Sanitary Corps 2, 895 United States Army Ambulance service 206 Nurse Corps 2 21, 480 Enlisted personnel . 264, 000 DIVISION OF PHYSICAL RECONSTRUCTION. Physical reconstruction as applied in military hospitals is defined as continued treatment, carried to the fullest degree of maximum physical and functional restoration consistent with the nature of the disability of the sick or injured soldier, by the employment of all known measures of modern medical and surgical management, including physio therapy (thermo, electro, hydro, and mechano therapy, massage, calisthenics, gymnastics, military drill, and the like), curative mental and manual work (in wards, shops, schools, gardens, and fields), and sports and games in and out of doors. Before the armistice was signed approximately 10,000 disabled sol- diers were returned from the American Expeditionary Forces to the United States. These were cared for in 16 general military hos- pitals, and those who needed it were given the benefit of the con- tinued treatment known as physical reconstruction. Following the armistice, the return of the sick and injured from overseas was expedited. From November 11, 1918, to May 1, 1919, approximately 110,000 disabled soldiers from the American Expe- ditionary Forces have been returned to America. This has required the Medical Department of the Army to secure facilities for the application of measures of physical reconstruction in additional gen- eral hospitals and in 15 base hospitals of the training camps. At the height of the maximum degree of hospitalization, since the ar- ^mistice was signed, 48 hospitals have functioned in physical recon- struction. At the present time 44 general and base hospitals carry on this type of treatment. DIVISION OF FINANCE AND SUPPLY. At the outbreak of the war with Germany the Medical Department had its need for supplies computed in such a manner as to permit its 93 ready adaptation to any size army it might be called upon to equip. In cooperation with the medical section of the Council of National De- fense, it held conferences with representative committees of manu- facturers of surgical instruments, pharmaceuticals, laboratory sup- plies, surgical dressings, hospital equipment, etc., and succeeded in getting these industries lined up for full, complete, and enthusiastic support of the medical departments of the Army and Navy. New sources of supply were developed as rapidly as it became evident that existing sources would prove inadequate. Negotiations for sup- plies were rapidly carried forward and the manufacture of needed articles promptly begun. Fortunately for the Medical Department, a large part of the supplies it required were available for spot pur- , chase, the majority of its standards being uniform with commercial articles and sizes in common use. New supply depots were estab- lished at Atlanta, Ga., and Philadelphia, and the capacity of the ex- isting depots at New York, Washington, St. Louis, San Antonio, and San Francisco greatly increased. ' -Considering one item alone, we find at the signing of the armistice that the Medical Department had in sight sufficient supplies and equipment for 700,000 hospital beds, with 300,000 cots in reserve for crisis expansion. Publications of the Office of Surgeon General are: Air Service, Medical, 1919; Surgical Anatomy, 1918 j Manual of Neuro- Surgery, 1919; Physical Examinations of the First Million Draft Eecruits. A complete list of the many extremely valuable mpnogi^a^hs issued by the Surgeon General's Office may be obtained on application to the Eeprint Division. THE TANK CORPS. The British conceived the idea of the tank from, watching the caterpillar tractors used by the Artillery at the front. Seeing the ease with which these tractors surmounted obstacles and mud im- passable to armored cars, and even teams, they decided to combine the principle of the caterpillar tractor with that of the armored car. Sir William Tritton, of the William Foster Co., designed the first British tank. This consisted of the engine and transmission of the Foster-Daimler tractor mounted on a Holt caterpillar chassis, the whole being protected by a mild steel armor. This design proved to be top heavy and unwieldy, and the tank was redesigned, the second attempt of Sir William Tritton producing the tank as it is to-day. At the same time the British were carrying out their experiments the French were also developing a tank. The French tank diifered fi-om the British in that it was not to be a fighting unit, but was in- tended to carry machine guns and their crews, bombers, and infantry across " no man's land " to the enemy's trenches, where they were to leave the tank and capture the trench. After the British tanks had been tried out in action, the French saw that the fighting unit was the much better plan and changed their designs accordingly, so the British really were the first to develop the fighting tank that gained such wonderful reputation during the M'ar. The tank got its name through the efforts of the British to conceal it from the Germans until it could be used in action against them. During the development of the tank it was necessary to ship parts 94 of tanks and also to refer to the machine in telephone and tele^aphic communications, so the idea was spread that movable water tanks were being manufactured for Russia, and the machine was always referred to as " tank." Circulars, etc., issued by this oifice are for the personnel only. TRANSPORTATION SERVICE. The duties of this service include all transportation activities except those pertaining to the Motor Transport Corps. The word " Transportation " as used here means the conveying by all the means of land and water transportation of every manner of thing — animal, vegetable, mineral, or fabricated — which is needed for supplying our Army. Spruce is needed for aeroplane propellers, and the Transporta- tion Service brings it from the northern forests; coffee is needed, and the Transportation Service brings it from Guatemala ; sugar is needed, and the Transportation Service brings it from Cuba and Porto Rico; beef is needed, and the Transportation Service brings it from the Middle West. Everything which goes to make up the supplies for our Army is carried by the Transportation Service, loaded into a freight car or stowed in the hold of a transport, swung out into a warehouse, put on a truck, or packed on a mule's back. The Transportation Service carries our men and everything they need. The Administrative Division manages all legal matters pertain- ing to the service, plans efficiency methods, attends to orders and regulations, finance, claims, contracts, baggage, remains and effects, printing telegraph, courier service, office supplies and equipment, personnel and inspection, mail and records, statistics and infor- mation. The Water Transportation Division operates under the following sections — cargo traffic branch, vessel operation branch and construc- tion, maintenance and repair branch. The Animal Drawn Transportation Division looks after wagon and pack transportation. The Rail Transportation Division is organized with the follow- ing units — passenger traffic branch, freight traffic branch and con- struction, maintenance and operation branch. The publications issued by this office are for the personnel only. WAfe CREDITS BOARD. The board was appointed by the Secretary of War to administer the granting of advances of money to War Department contractors under authority of section 5, Public Act 64, Sixty-fifth Congress, which reads as follows: Sec. 5. That the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy are authorized, during the period of the existing emergency, from appropriations available therefor, to advance payments to contractors for supplies for their respective departments in amounts not exceeding 30 per cent of the contract price of such supplies : Provided, That such advances shall be made upon such terms as the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy, respectively, shall prescribe, and they shall require adequate security for the protection of the "overnment for the payments so made. This office issues no publications. 95 THE DEPAKTMENT OF WAB. Adjutant General^ s Office: Administration. Archives. . Casualties. Enlistments. Personnel. Publications. Eecords. War-risk insurance. Air Service: Airplanes. Airships. Balloons. Chemical Warfare Service: Flame. Gas. Gas masks. Gas shells. Grenades. Signal lights. Smoke screens. Toxic chemicals. Coast Artillery: Defenses. Forts. Heavy artillery. Target practice. Construction: Bids. Cantonments. Competitive bids. Drainage. Emergency construction. Fire protection. Heating. Hospitals. Housing. Labor. Lighting. Machine shops. Ph is. Eefuse disposal. Eoads. Sewerage, Sites. Specifications. Storage plants. Water supply. Engineer Corps: Base hospital plants. Bridges. Camouflage. Engineer Corps — Continued. Construction. Electrical construction. Forestry products. , Map making. Mining. Port facilities. Quarrying. Railroads. Road building. Roads. Storage depots. Supplies — Distribution of. Procurement of. Standardizing of. Surveys. Transportation. Trenching. Water supply. Field Artillery : Material. Officers' schools. Personnel. Replacement depots. Training centers. TraveL Finance Service: Accounts. Disbursements. Estimates. Mileage of Army. Pay of Army, Rep or ts^ — finance. General Staff (an administrative, not an executive branch) : Administration, Censorship. Construction. Coordination of plans. Education, ' Equipment. Information. Hospitalization. Map preparation. Movement of troops. Operations. Organization. Preparation. Supervision of combat opera- tions. Supply, 96 General Staff— Continued. Tonnage. Training. Transports. Welfare organizations. Inspector General: Auditing lied Cross accounts. Aviation fields. Base hospitals. Camps. Cantonments. Clothing. Disbursements — Public moneys. Funds other than public. Discipline. Engineer units. Equipment. Field Artillery brigades. Firing centers. Flying fields. Food. Instruction. Remount depots. Sabot9.ge service. Training centers. Welfare and morale. Insular affcdrs: Philippines and Porto Rico — Agriculture. Appointment. Civil government. Commerce. Education. Finance. Health. Labor. Legislative acts. Natives. Natural resources. Police. Statistics. Judge Advocate General: Claims. Constitutional law. Conscientious objectors. Court-martial. Courts. International law. Justice. Legal advice. Sentences. Statutory constructions. Trials. Militia: Hawaiian National Guard. Medical Department. Mobilization. National Guard. Philippine Service. Sanitary troops. Schools. Training. United States Guards. Motor Transport Corps. Automobile vehicles — • Design. Maintenance. Operation. Personnel. Ordnance : Ammunition. Armor plate. Arsenals. Artillery. Bayonets. Bombs. Camouflage. Explosives and propellants. Fire-control instruments. Gauges. Grenades. Gun carriages. Helmets. Knives — trench. Machine guns. Mess equipment. Mobile repair shops. Packing containers. Periscopes. Pistols. Plants — Ammunition. Projectiles. Proving grounds. Pyrotechnics. Railway mounts. Revolvers. Rifles. Shell loading. Tanks. Tractors. Trench mortars. Trucks. Quartermaster Division: Accounting. Camp equipment. Clothing. Conservation. 97 Quartermaster Division — Contd. Contracts. Depots. Distribution. Engineering. Forage. Fuel. Hardware. Kitchen. Laundering. Leather goods. Personnel. Provisioning. Purchase. Eeclamation. Repairs. Requirements. Salvage. Storage. Subsistence. Textiles. Vehicles. Real estate: Land (for War Department uses) — Abstracts. Condemned. , Deeds. Donated. Grants. Leased. Maps. Rented. Requisitioned. Signal Corps: Aviation. Buzzers. Cable. Dispatches. Flags. Motion pictures. Motorcycles. Panels. Photography. Pigeons. Projectors. Radio. \ Telegraph. 1^^ Telephone. 137339°— 19 r7 Surgeon General: • Accidents. Ambulance units. Appliances for disabled sol- diers. Artificial limbs. Death. Dentistry. Diseases. Dressings. Epidemics. Fly preve'ntion. Food. Gas masks. Health. Hospitalization. Medicine. Mobilization camps. Mosquito control. Neurology. Orthopedic surgery. - Physical examination. Preventive treatment. Psychiatry. Reconstruction work.' Sanitation. Sickness. Statistics. Supplies. Surgery. Veterinary. Wounds. Tank Corps: Equipment Training. Transportation (all except mo- tor) : Animal — Wagon, Pack. Rail- Freight. Passenger. Water — Cargo traffic. War credits: Advances (of money). Securities (for same). 98 This space is intended for corrections and additions in order that the information in the foregoing pages may be kept up to date. To THE Librarians or the United States : There was never a time in the history of the Eepublic when it was more important that the people lend their loyal support to the Fed- eral laws and obedience to the judiciary than at present. The , librarians of the United States can do much in disseminating such sentiments among the people, by making available for the reading and thoughtful public the basic principles of Government and the activities of the Department of Justice in enforcing the Federal sta,tutes. The natural unrest which follows in the wake of a world-wide con- flict, which took from peaceful pursuits for a period of four years 50,000,000 to 75,000,000 producers, is a condition which confronts civilization and makes it more vital now than ever before that all classes of citizens reverence and respect the law and unite in the sup- port of our institutions. It is a time when the lawless elements of oar population press the advantage accrued to them through unstable and unsettled conditions and when extremists and radicals seek to overthrow Governments and to disrupt society to the end that they may reap ephemeral notoriety and personal profit. The Department of Justice is pleased at this opportunity to get closer in touch with the great American public through the medium of the librarians of the United States. Eespectfully, A. Mitchell Palmer, Attorney General. (99) THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. The First Congress of the United States met at New York on March 4, 1789, and its first session was devoted entirely to the enact- ment of laws to provide the machinery for the permanent Federal Government contemplated by the Constitution. Under the third article of the Constitution the office of Attorney General was created, thus making him the fourth Cabinet officer in order of creation, but the department as a department was not created till 1870. A few quotations from a history of the Department of Justice show that the legal department of our Government was not born without a struggle. In March, 1791, Congress increased the salary of the Attorney General to $1,900, which was maintained until 1797, when it was increased to $2,000. In December of the same year Randolph wrote a long letter addressed to the President, containing important recom- mendations concerning the office of Attorney General. He advised that the Attorney General be authorized to represent the Govern- ment in the inf ei'ior courts as well as in the Supreme Court ; that he be given control and supervision of the district attorneys; and he pointed out the urgent necessity for a clerk. "Washington trans- mitted this letter to Congress in a special message, and the committee to whom it was referred investigated the questions and reported favorably upon all the recommendations of the Attorney General. Despite the letter of Randolph, the message of Washington, and the favorable report of the committee. Congress took no action. Twenty- seven years elapsed before any allowance was made for clerk hire and 70 before the Attorney General \Yas given supervision and con- trol of district attorneys. In his first annual message President Polk strongly urged upon Congress the necessity of creating a legal department, with the Attorney General at its head and of placing him on the same footing with the heads of the other executive departments. But his recom- mendations met the fate of the many that had gone before. Congress read them and did nothing. The growth of the office of Attorney General, both in its func- tions and in its personnel, had been so great during the first 80 years of the existence of the Federal Government that at the end of that (100) 101 period it was in reality, what it has always been in theory, one of the executive departments of the Government. There was needed a law to give it organization, a name, and a home. The Forty-first Con- gress, heeding in part the recommendations of the many Attorneys General and Presidents, gave it organization and a name, but failed to provide a home; and enacted the law of June 22, 1870, entitled "An act to establish the Department of Justice." The duties and powers of the Attorney General, very briefly ex- pressed, are as follows : As head of the Department of Justice he is to prosecute the law business of the . Government and to direct and control the subordinate officers provided for this work, not only in the department at Washington, but also in the 86 judicial districts nito which the United States and the Territories are divided: he is to interpret the laws for the President and for the heads of the other executive departments. The first he may perform through his assistants and subordinates. In the performance of the second he may approve and adopt the opinions of his subordinates except upon questions involving construction of the Constitution, but upon such questions he must give his own opinion. The duties of the Attorney General as head of the department are so exacting, the details of the administration of the business concerning which he must give directions are so numerous, and' the necessity of giving verbal advice to the President and to the other Cabinet officers is so frequent that he has no time to prepare pleadings or briefs, or personally conduct or argue any except the most important cases. He signs all communications addressed to the President and to the heads of other departments, all instructions to his subordinates, and all important letters. He gives personal directions to the heads of the several bureaus or divisions of the department, and, after they have been briefed for him, considers all applications for execu- tive clemency and reports them to the President, and all applica- tions for appointment in or under the department. The other principal officers of the department are as follows: The Solicitor General, the Assistant to the Attorney General, the Assistant Attorneys General, Solicitor for the Interior Depai-tment, Solicitor for the Post Office Department, Solicitor for the Depart- ment of State, Solicitor for the Treasury, Solicitor for the Depart- ment of Commerce, Solicitor for the Department of Labor, Solicitor of Internal Eevenue, Chief Clerk and Superintendent of Build- ings, Private Secretary and Assistant to the Attorney General, Super- intendent of Prisons, Director of Bureau of Investigation, and Par- don Attorney. The Attorney General in his 1918 report says: Reviewing the history of the country during the periocl since its entry into the war, from the standpoint of this department, one of the distinctive achieve- 102 ments of the American people has been the maintenance of oFder, the com- parative failure of enemy activities, and, speaking broadly, the very general self-control and self-restraint exhibited throughout the country in critical situations. There have been instances of outrage and disorder, but only In isolated cases directed against individuals, and the number has been negligible. This condition is, of course, chiefly due to the law-abiding instinct of the people, but it is believed that it is due also to the attitude and policies adopted by this department. The publications of this department are : The Annual Report of the Attorney General ; Register of the Department of Justice and United States Courts; Opi,nions of Attorneys General (published at irreg- ular intervals) . The first two may be obtained (so long as the supply holds out) on application to the department by libraries giving good reasons for^the request. To THE Librarians of the United States: The Post Office Department, through the 55,000 post offices, 43,000 rural carriers, 18,000 railway postal clerks, 35,000 city carriers, 47,000, clerks in post offices, and a large number of other employees, approximately a total of 300.000. employees, reaches every city, town, hamlet, and crossroads in the United States, and in this manner comes into daily contact with the American citizen as does no other Government department. The Postal Service carries letters to the homes of the humble citizen as carefully, expeditiously, and sacredly as it does to the hoihe of the great. It does not serve the capitalist with any greater degree of fidelity than it does the laborer. The same rate of postage ap- plies to all alike. There is no class distinction recognized in the service of the Post Office Department. In the struggle for class selfishness to-day, can not we profit from the example set by the Postal Service? It is the very essence of democracy. The progress of our Nation, its unity, its liberty, its defense, its intelligence, its development of character, and its material pros- perity are dependent upon the greatest possible extension of the means of communication. These facts are the very corner stone of the Postal Service since the days of Benjamin Franklin, the father of our postal system. In establishing our present postal system in 1775, the Continental Congress recognized these principles when it said " in a resol ution that " communication of intelligence with fre- quency and dispatch from one part to another of this extensive con- tinent is essentially requisite to its safety." The unification of the colonies and their successful organization for the American Eevolu- tion were largely due 'j the communication of intelligence through the system of posts organized by Franklin. The improvement and extension of the Postal Service since its establishment has coincided with and been a barometer of the prog- ress and prosperity of the Nation. Postmaster General. (103) THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. Before the days of the Post Office Department libraries were ar- chives where old, long-bearded men delved in the past history of dead times. With the advent of a mail service, the breezes of the present blew through dusty chambers; young, virile thinkers began to seek on library tables for current, daily news, and on the open shelves for the living news of the ages, past and present, which we call literature. The printing press and the post office — these are the common car- riers to the stations named public libraries. The story of the United States Post Office is the story of the geo- graphic development of these United States. The fact that these pages are intended to point out sources of publications rather than descriptions of departments, permits only the brief statement that the Post Office is a distributor, rather than a provider, of printed matter. The annual report of the Postmaster General has always some fea- ture of current interest, as the development of the aerial mail service, the management of war savings and thrift stamps, etc. This report may be obtained on application to the chief clerk of the department. The only other available publication is the United States Official Postal Guide, which gives full postal information' and a list of the post offices of the United States. The subscription price for the cloth- bound guide with monthly supplements is $1 a year, to be obtained from the Post Office Department, Washington, D. C. (104) To THE Librarians OF THE United States: In the immediate future those who fought on land and sea in the great war for world freedom will begin to seek in public libraries throughout the United States for information regarding the record of the Government in the conduct of the war. And later on the descendants of these men will search in the same libraries for the. records of the deeds of their fathers. Now is the" time to collect, to preserve, and to make accessible to your patrons the records of the Navy's part in the conflict. I believe that one of the essentials of good citizenship is a knowledge of the workings of the citizens' Government. The Navy Department will welcome your cooperation and will gladly place with you matter suitable for the purposes suggested. Faithfully, yours, Feankun D. Eoosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Navy. (105) THE DEPARTMEITT OE THE UAVT. [The bureaus and offices given page numbers are the ones selected as having matter of interest to librarians. Appointment and disbursing offices and other divisions con- nected primarily with the administrative work of a department have been omitted.] Page. The Secretary Assistant Secretary Chief Clerk Solicitor General Board 108 Compensation Board 108 Naval Consulting Board 100 Navy Yard Coouuissiou 109 Naval Operations 110 Coast Guard 114 Marine Corps 114 Bureau of Construction and Repair 115 Bureau of Ordnance 116 Bureau of Steam Engineering 117 Bureau of Supplies and Accounts 119 Bureau of Yards and Docks 119 Judge Advocate General ■_ 121 Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 121 Bureau of Navigation . 123 (106) THE SPIRIT OF THE NAVY. One of the United States Senators has recently said: "I wish I could go on and tell you what the American Navy has been doing in the narrow seas. I can not. The Navy has remained largely silent about its work and its preparation, and it is one of the best things about it, but it has been doing the greatest possible work everywhere. It has not failed in convoying #the troops. It has not failed in its work in the Baltic and the Channel and the coast of France and the Mediterranean, and it will riot fail here. It will do everything that courage and intelligence and bravery can possibly do." " Teamwork," said the Secretary, " had been the Navy's slogan for five years, and its perfect operation has given proof of the wisdom of the insistence upon the whole organization working in harmony and with a common spirit. Frequent conferences and full exchange of ideas with administrative genius and hard work have made pos- sible the record of the Navy before and during the war. * * * "The very phrase 'The Navy of the United States' has to-day a new significance. It means not only ships and crews, not only ma- teriel and personnel — ^it connotes a spirit, invisible but potent, a spirit that has enriched our national life, that has vitalized our national thinking, that has widened our contact with national prob- lems, and thus by community of interest has bound us together in a closer and more resolute union. In thousands of American homes to-day where our Navy was a mere word in 1913 it has become a symbol not only of daring but of unselfish endeavor and high con- structive purpose. It has entered into the national consciousness as part and parcel of the twin concepts, America and Americanism. It had already linked itself inseparably with our past ; it now is no less a part of our future. Nations and people, too, that Imew of the Navy of the United States only by hearsay or random incident know it now as the organized will of a free people, prompt to heed the call of right against might, tireless in effort, fertile in resource, happy in cooperation, and unyielding till the ultimate goal be won.'-' The Navy issues few publications, but the annual reports of the bureaus and the Annual Keport of the Secretary of the Navy give facts with which every librarian should be familiar, if for no other reason than from patriotic pride in a great protective force run along a strictly American plan of organization. (107) 108 The report of the department; the Navy Directory, a monthly "which lists the officers of the Navy ; Instruction for the Navy of the United States Governing Maritime Warfare, 1917; Kegister of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy, are issued by the Secretary's office. These and all free publications listed under the different bureaus and offices may be obtained as long as the present supply lasts by applying to the Secretary of the Navy. The United States Naval Institute at Annapolis vyill send a list of its publications on request. For a list of photographs typical of the activities of the depart- ment, address the Secretary of the Navy. These photographs may be had at a nominal price. THE DEPABTMENT «0I' THE NAVY. THE GENERAL BOARD. The work of this board includes action upon all questions referred to it by the Secretary of the Navy for investigation or recommen- dation. A few of the subjects acted upon give a slight idea of the wide range covered : Tactics and strategy of submarines, defense of the Panama Canal, organization of naval forces, mine and net defenses, general aeronautical policy of the United States, pending ownership of islands in the Pacific Ocean and elsewhere, etc. THE COMPENSATIO^r BOARD. This board was created under the exigencies of war and established by the Secretary of the Navy for the purpose of handling certain matters in connection with the construction of naval vessels at civil- ian yards under cost-plus-profit contracts. Its duties are : To ascertain, estimate, and determine, in accordance with the terms of con- tracts, the actual costs of vessels building or about to be built, under contract with the Navy Department, on a cost-plus-profit basis. To decide upon, control, and supervise the execution of all methods necessary to be established to carry out its duties, especially those defined in the contracts for vessels building or to be built upon the cost-plus-profit basis. The board is authorized to call upon the bureaus and offices of the department for such information and assistance as may be necessary in the execution of the work assigned to it, and it will be furnished with copies of contracts and Buch other data as may be necessary in the proper performance of its duties. At all the shipbuilding yards — except those building only mine sweepers — the compensation board is represented by a local board known as the cost inspection board. That board is composed of three officers of the Navy, namely, the inspector of machinery, the superintending constructor, and the cost inspector. The two former are regularly on duty at the yard in connection with the technical supervision of the building of the vessels, while the officer of the Supply Corps, designated as the cost inspector, is stationed there pri- marily as a representative of the compensation board. The actual cost inspection, under the general direction of the compensation board, is carried on by this cost inspection boax-d, which has a suitable force of assistants. 109 The vessels whose costs are supervised by the compensation board are building at 20 shipyards at an aggregate estimated cost of about $800,000,000, The contracts under which these vessels are building are of two kinds : Cost plus 10 per cent profit on such cost. Cost plus a fixed sum for profit; plus a bonus for " savings " effected as between the contract estimated cost and the actual cost as deter- mined after completion. THE NAVAL CONSULTING BOARD. The naval consulting boardj of which Thomas A. Edison is presi- dent, has considered 110,000 ideas, inventions, and devices. It has held 4,200 interviews on inventions and examined 700 models. In 1918 the war committee of the technical societies composed of representatives of the great engineisring societies associated them- selves with the naval consulting board. Among the subjects studied by the board were : Aeronautics, pro- pellers for airplanes, stabilizing and controlling devices, and an instruction machine that has been adopted for use ; optical glass, im- provements in quality and production; ordnance equipment; anti- submarine defensive devices and offensive instruments ; internal com- bustion engines, refined hydrocarbon fuel for airplane engines giving greater efficiency and longer life to machines, and methods of coal combustion looking to higher economy. When the department called for classes of electrical and mechani- cal engineers from which tq select a number of commissioned officers for active service, the board was of material assistance in its prompt and efficient handling of the situation, and as a result the Navy was enabled to obtain an excellent selection of able and experienced officers. The Secretary of the Navy has said : The officers and members of this board give their time and talents, many of them to the exclusion of their private business, from a desire to render a patriotic and disinterested service. They are entitled not only to the thanks of the department, but of the large number of other agencies and individuals that have benefited by their counsel and advice. Three pamphlets, interesting historically, have been issued and may be had on application : Problems of Aeroplane Improvement, August 1, 1918; The Submarine and Kindred Problems, June 1, 1918; The Enemy Submarine, May 1, 1918, NAVY YARD COMMISSION, This commission was appointed to investigate and report on the necessity, desirability, and advisability of establishing new or im- proving existing navy yards and naval stations. In performing this duty careful studies were made of the Pacific coast and of the Gulf of Mexico, The Secretary of the Navy has recently said : ■ The Navy's policy is that in its own plants it should be able to , Utah. Parks — ■ Crater Lake, Oreg. General Grant, Calif. Glacier, Mont. Grand Canyon, Ariz. Hawaii, Hawaiian Is- lands. Hot Springs, Ark. Lafayette, Me. Lassen Volcanic, Calif. Mesa Verde, Colo. Mount McKinley, Alaska. National Park Service — Contd. Parks — Continued. Mount Eainier, Alaska. Piatt, Okla. Rocky Mountain, Colo. Sequoia, Calif. SuUysHill, N. Dak. Wind Cave, S. Dak. Yellowstone, Wyo. Yosemite, Calif. Patent Office: Drawings and specifications. Inventions. Laws. Pension Office: Pensions. Reclamation Service: Arid lands. Canals. Claims. Cut-over lands. Dams, Drainage. Farming. Farms for soldiers. Irrigation. Power, water. Projects, reclamation. Reservoirs. Sluices. Soldier settlements. Swamp lands. Water. This page is intended for corrections, and additions in ordei^ that the information in the foregoing pages may fee kept up to date. ;>i;<-i' -1 %^h / P'r^ To THE Librarians of the United States : In their intimate contact with the public, librarians enjoy the unique position of being able to direct large numbers of people to information regarding the various activities of the Government. The Department of Agriculture welcomes the cooperation of all librarians in their effort to disseminate the results of its investiga- tions and its advice upon the multiplicity of subjects which are briefly outlined in this pamphlet. I take this occasion to congratulate the librarians of this country upon the service which they so efficiently rendered during the war and to express my appreciation of their active cooperation with this department. I hope the new and old contacts made may be continued and the work strengthened and extended. - Sincerely yours, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture. (149) THE DEPARTMENT OF AGBICULTTJRE. [The bureaus and offices given page numbers are the ones selected as having matter of interest to librarians. Appointment and disbursing offices and other divisions con- nected primarily with the administrative work of a department have been omitted.] Pag& Secretary Assistant Secretaries Office of Farm Management 153 Chief Clerk Expert on Exhibits Weather Bureau 154 Bureau of Animal Industry 155 Bureau of Plant Industry 155 Forest Service 156 Bureau of Chemistry 157 Bureau of Soils 158 Bureau of Entomology 159 Bureau of Biological Survey 159 Division of Publications 160 Bureau of Crop Estimates 161 States Relations Service 162 Bureau of Public Roads 163 Bureau of Markets 164 Librarian Insecticide and Fungicide Board Federal Horticultural Board (150) YOU AND YOUR GOVERNMENT. One hundred years ago and more America and much of Europe 'were mainly concerned with the making of constitutions and the assembling of the machinery of Government. As the nineteenth century swept to a close we find this machinery running smoothly and the activities of our Government drawing closer to the affairs of the people. "Judicial, Legislative, and Executive" were cold abstractions to the average man, but Agriculture, Mining, Forest Reserves, Fisheries, and Parks, were human and understandable. That John Smith should be elected to Congress was mainly John Smith's affair, and high tariff or low tariff largely a matter of party politics; on the other hand, that the wild swan should continue to nest in the marshes of Virginia and the oyster beds be protected; that New Orleans be cleared of rats, and California of ground squirrels — this was understandable human service and touched the health, prosperity, and happiness of the whole community. As the twentieth century advances we find these great machines of Government, no matter where they exist — Washington, Paris, London, or the antipodes — reaching out more and more into human affairs. Australia moves her young people to and from consolidated high schools over federally run railroads, and New Zealand is ready to finance and plan a home for young couples. The Department of Commerce in Washington will find the leak in your industrial plant and will advise on how to make it a going concern. The Department of Agriculture will send a man to locate the worm that cuts your young cabbage, or hunt down the red spider when the leaves curl and the oranges fall. Our taxes maintain a very expensive Government plant in Wash- ington, and it is good business to use it. That, however, is up to us. The service is democratic ; it is for the people, but also of the people. The call for help must come from the State and community. The more these resources are used the more helpful the Government will become and the nearer it will approach the solution of our simple human needs. A machine it must be, but if the people do their share- it can be a machine pulsating with the heart of America, answering the needs of the twentieth century. Whiit does this mean to the librarian in her world of books ? Will she be merely a cataloguer of the hopes and fears of this " new day,"^ with its bright promises and dark threats? (151) Never did patriotism say more sternly to each American, "See to it that no harm come to the State." The librarian, surely, has a part in the making of democracy. She is a necessary link between the needs of the people and the resources of the Government. But she must first know her problem, and no magic formula can be furnished. Let us suppose a poorly paid librarian, perhaps not trained but with plenty of common sense, starts out to study her library. " Thi^ is not the Library of Congress nor the State library," she says, " but the public library of Farmville, in Prince Edward County, supported by my people's moiiey. It ought to be their tool house, the workshop of the community; their needs come first, and a set of Greek plaj's or the life of Confucius later — very much later ! " Good! Then she is ready for a walk about the town and miles into the country to study these needs of her own people and discover just where the library can give practical aid. If she walks with an open heart the scales will fall from her eyes and she will see her community as it really is and all the glory of the commonplace. Mrs. Brown's fretful complaint that she can't sell her head lettuce, Mrs. Stanley's story of the sparrows and her wax cherries, and the gloomy struggle of the farmers with tobacco worms — why, th«se things matter tremendously. They make all the difference of money and comfort and happiness, and perhaps a chance to read Greek plays. Somewhere in the Department of Agriculture is the answer to these questions, somewhere in Washington the solution of many problems her community is up against, and the library can be the go-between. With the help of the Bureau of Forestry she might have saved the magnificent elms of Main Street and the whispering aspens of High Street. A photograph exhibit down town and a road-building movie would have helped the good-roads crowd. And the pig club and the calf club projects of the banks, and the women in their struggles for a community cannery — why the Government has a wealth of pictures, bulletins, and first aids on just these things. The librarian drops down out of breath at the top of a high hill to struggle with the idea. Below her lies the little town and beyond the encircling hills. The sunset light brings a magic of color, but the old story is new to her to-day. Has there ever been a soil survey of Prince Edward County, and what did it tell? Around her are fields grown up jn scrub pine, yellowing in a soil burnt out by a hundred years of tobacco. The hillsides are gashed with gullies redder than an Indian pipe ; at the foot the muddy little river struggles with these washings toward Chesapeake Bay, and there the Government is ever busy dredging from the bottom this wealth of Prince Edward County. 153 Whiat isthe answer to it all, she wondersj - It- musf be f ound and she must help the Government, for democracy is^at stake. A Gov- ernment rich in resources and a people intelligent to vise these re- sources; this is her answer; intelligent use of Government resources that fit the case of her own people. The sun is gone and against the clear horizon dim mountains lift theii" crests and a flight of winged clouds slide down the sunset sky; the librarian has lived through a great moment. THE DEPARTMENT OF AGBICtTLTURE, OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMENT. This office has to do with ithe operation of the farm as a whole, as a business proposition. Farm-management investigations are de- signed to determine the most profitable ways of doing things on the farm, how to organize the farm to best advantage under given condi- tions, and Jiow to operate to best advantage under a given plan of organization. Primarily the office is concerned with the improve- ment of fai-m practices, with the study of how to get yields that will return the greatest net profit per acre, and how to combine the sev- eral farm enterprises so as to yield the greatest possible net farm income. Correlated with the straight farm practice and organization inves- tigations conducted by this office, are many other kindred investiga- tions, bearing more or less directly upon the farm business, Briefly summarized, these are the lines followed in the work of this branch of the department : • Crof economics. — Studies in farm practice and cost of production of various field crops. > Live-stock economics. — Studies in farm practice and cost of pro- duction of various farm animals. Fai'm mMnagement surveys. ^Surveys of groups of farins in dif- ferent localities designed to bring out the various factors which de- termine success 6r failure in farming, to determine the cost of the farmer's livingj and to make available facts as to the status of tenancy in the United States. Farm accounting. — Investigations in practical methods of farm bookkeepiiiig. Farm equipment. ^Studies of farm machinery from the economic standpoint, and of the factors that make for efficiency in the use of farm power, both draft animals and tractors. Application of farm economics to . farm practice. — -Special in- vestigations designed to develop the best farm practices in the dif- ferent agricultural regions. History and distnbution of farm enterprises. — Studies of agri- cultural geography, with reference to frost, dates of planting, etc. Farm tenancy. — A study of prevailing systems of farm tenancy and underlying principles of tenant. farming. To devise lease con- tracts which will secure an equitable division of farm income and which will tend to mairitaiii a good system of farming. The Office of Farm Management has several hundred Islides illus- trating farm-management subjects, which will be loaned to responsi- ble parties under certain conditions. Among its more important publications may be mentioned the Geograp^iy of World Agriculture as being a reference book that should be in every library. This book may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Go V- ernnlent Printing Office, for $1. I THE WEATHER BTJEEArT. Of prime interest to the public are the forecasts and warnings of the Weather Bureau. Those issued for the benefit of maritime inter- ests are most important and valuable. Scarcely a severe storm has occurred along our coasts in recent years for which warning has not been given from 12 to 24 hours in advance. As result of warnings displayed for a single hurricane, coast A'essels with cargoes valued at over $30,000,000 have been detained in port. Warnings of frosts are also of immense value. During one cold wave, the warnings, saved citrus fruit valued at $14,000,000. Rail- way and transportation companies make continued use of forecasts in their shipments. In cities the uses made of forecasts are many and varied. Prep- arations are made by heating and lighting plants to meet increased demands. Merchants prepare cold-weather article advertisements. Coal dealers supply partial orders to all customers instead of full orders to a few. Dredging ceases. Charity organizations prepare to meet increased demands, etc. The bureau maintains several stations for observing the winds and pther meteorological conditions at various levels in the atmos- phere, and the information thus obtained is placed at the service of aeronauts. An earthquake-reporting service is also operated by the Weather Bureau. It should also be noted that an important function of the Weather Bureau is to prepare and publish climatological statistics for all parts of the United States. These statistics, relating to rainfall, temperature, winds, etc., serve a great variety of purposes and aire constantly consulted by physicians, agriculturists, engineers, and others. These are a few of the ways in which the public connects with the Weather Bureau, and librarians can so vitalize its information that this almost magic power may be of service to many who are perhaps unaware that this important source of information relates to Mrs. Smith's washing day as well as to Mr. Multimillionaire's fleet .of merchant ships. . The library consists of about 37,000 volumes, wherein will be found a great wealth of statistical information concerning the climates of all parts of the world. Periodical publications available for libraries where they will be used, are: Daily Weather Maps, issued at Washington, D. C, arid at a number of selected stations; Climatological Data for the United States (sections relating to single States may be obtained sepa- rately) ; Monthly Weather Eeview; National Weather and Crop Bul- letin; Snow and Ice Bulletin (during the season) ; and the Annual Report. Address Chief, United States Weather Bureau, Washing- ton, D. C. 155 ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The .Bureau of Animal Industry conducts regulatory work, field investigations of wide scope, and experiments, with resulting printed information, along lines of animal industry. Some of its special functions are the eradication and control of animal diseases; Federal meat inspection; inspection and quarantine of imported animals; encouragement of the live-stock business by education and demon- stration; community development through field agents; investiga- tions of the manufacture and handling of , all dairy products, includ- ing butter, cheese, and ice cream; investigations of city milk sup- plies and, of ways and means of producing and handling milk of superior quality. Several farms are maintained for the study of practical problems in feeding and breeding. This bureau has some 5,000 photographs dealing with the princi- pal branches of its work, which are available either as prints or in the form of lantern slides. A few groups have been made up into illustrated lectures; for each of these there is a syllabus printed. Some of these lectures are on "Cow testing," "Making farm butter," "Cottage cheese," etc. Much of this work, is handled through the. States Relations Service. It is possible to furnish slides on practi- cally everj^ phase of animal industry, and slides not accompanied by lectures will on request.be given good legends so that the lecturer can tell exactly what they mean. Eesponsible people may borrow them by paying express or mailing charges. Address requests for publications covered by the subject headings to the Chief of the Di- vision of Publications, or to the Chief of the Bureau of Animal In- dustry; address requests for slides and lectures to the Chief of Bureau of Animal Industry and they will be referred to the proper' office. THE BUEEATT OF PLANT INDTJSTRT. This bureau deals with the cultural range, growth, disease pre- veijitioh, production, and methods of utilization of plants. It also makes special studies of poisonous plants and spreads information with regard to their dangerous qualities. Among a very few of the bureau's vast activities are the follow- ing of special interest: General laboratory investigations, with a view to discovering the causes and means of prevention and the remedies for various diseases attacking all forms of plant life ; special experiments in plant nutrition and soil fertility; field and labora- tory studies to discover methods of improving our cereal, fruit, and other crops. . . This bureau maintains field stations and conducts experimental work on irrigated lands on Government reclamation projects in arid regions of the United States, and dry-farming investigations under subhumid, semiarid. or dry-land conditions. It studies problems involved in the handling and storage of fruits and vegetables in order to develop methods of harvesting, transporting, and storing whereby decay and deterioration and loss in transit and in storage may be reduced to a minimum. . An experiment farm and over 30 greenhouses for experimental work are maintained in and near Washington, and a considerable Bumber of i field stations and plant-introduction gardens in various parts of the country. A seed and plant-exchange service is con- ducted between experts of foreign countries and American experts. This bureau supervises the purchase and distribution of vegetable, floAver, botton, tobacco, lawn-grass, and drought-resistant seeds, and of bulbs. ' ' For bulletins covering practically every phase of' plant produc- tion in the United States, the Chief of the Division of Publications, should be addressed. FOREST SERVICE. The Forest Service administers the National Forests, which com- prise about 155,000,000 acres of land, nearly all in the mountainous portions of the country^ It is also concerned with the protection of forested watersheds of navigable streams in coopeiration with States, the acquisition by the Government (with the object of regu- lating stream flow) of lands on the watersheds of navigable streams, and the application of forestry to privately Owned timberlands. The research work of the Forest Service comprises studies in for- estry, the marketing and utilization of forest products, aiid the niiost effective use and improvement of range grazing lands. The adininistrative and investiga,tive work is directed from Wash- ington, but the greater part of National Forest business is carried on through seven districts, with headquarters at Missoula, Mont.; Denver, Colo. ; Albuquerque, N. Mex. ; Ogden, Utah ; San Francisco, Calif. ; Portland, Oreg. ; and Washington, D. C. The enthusiasm of the Forest Service people for their subject is so great that the visitor on leaving the bureau literally reverses the experience of the blind man and sees " trees as men walking " for- ever after; and the librarian who does not know of the opportuni- ties offered by this bureau is missing possibilities of which he can not afford to remain uninformed. The Forest Service has issvied many publications which should find room on the shelves of most libraries. These publications deal with all aspects of forestry and the forest problem- — commercial tree studies ; planting and nursery practice ; the identification, prop- erties, seasoning, and preservative treatment of wood; forest fires; wood utilization ; grazing on forest lands ; lumber, lumbering, aiid the lumber industry; timber production; wood distillation; forest management; and farm woodlands. In addition, there are publica- tions dealing with the use of the National Forests for recreation and the utilization of their water resources for irrigation and water power. Every library near a forest district should have "Govern- ment Forest Work " and " The Use Book." On application to the Forester, Washington, D. C, a list of the representatives of the Forest Service in the States will be furnished, and also a list of books on forestry for small libraries. The Washington office of the Forest Service has over 40,000 photo- graphs listed under more than 900 headings. Photographs illus- trating a particular subject can be borrowed at any time by libraries applying to the Forester, Washington, D. C. -Special exhibits of en- larged photographs arranged in 12 series of four pictures each may be borrowed for periods of about three weeks at a time. These are mounted in panel form with eyelets for hanging. 157 Morethftnvl6i,G00 lantern sMes are embijaced in the' service; lan- tern-slide collection, now availahle.: for general use by anyone interested in forestry education and ipublieity . who .-wilj pay, trans- ,;portation charges and be responsible for breakage, or logs. , Each set 1 i{,about oO slides) is accompanied by. a syllabus or " canned lecture " tor the use of the lecturer, as a basis for his own version or 3,^ a pre- pared description of the slides as shown on the screen. , ,At are divided into the following sets : ',:, Of general interest: Farm forestry in the SdHth, Conservation of the fores.t. For special use in schools • Forestry in the United States. Nature study and forestry The work of the Forest Service. Botany and forestry The farm woodlot. Manual training and forestry, Street trees. Geography and forestry;. Tree windbreaks. Agriculture and forestry, • - - Recresitipn jn the National For- ests. ^ . ^ ■ '- ' Sets of 30 samples of commercially important woods of the XJnited States, with, maps showing the regions in which each species grows, the natural forest regions of the United States, and the National Forests, and. with, charts containing information about forest prod- ucts and the lumber industry, may be borrowed on the same terms as the jjhotograph sets, ajid . lantern slides. These exhibits are ar- ranged in seven panels of four sections, each, mounted and provided with ey lets for hanging. BtTEEAU or CHEMISTRY. The Bureau of Chemistry, in addition to detecting frauds punish- able under the food and drugs act, cooperates with practically every other bureau in the Department of Agriculture. For the purpose of. stimulating food production and obtaining data to be used in the enforcement of the food and drugs jact investi- gations completed and being carried out include the following sub- : jects : : The prevention of spoilage and waste in the handling of poultry and eggs; the stimulation of the production of sea food; the stimula- tion of the consumption of fish and the prevention of, spoilage in the transportation of fish to market; the prevention pf dust explosions iind fires in mills, elevators, and threshing machines in order to con- serve grain; the stimulation of the industry of dehydrating fruits, vegetables, and fish in order to conserve perishables; studies 011 the composition of various food materials and the influence of different methods of production with special reference to cocoa, com naeal, rice products, and related subjects; considerable work on methods of analysis used in the detection of adulteration under the food and drugs act; studies on the transportation, storage, and handling of food products such as shrimp, oysters,, grape juice, loganberry juice, etc. The feasibility of canning fish hard frozen immediately after capture has been investigated with a view to determining whether by this means canning operations might be made more continuous, especially in localities with a warm climate, such as the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Plans are being made to, establish freezersat si]it- able places on the Gulf of Mexico, to prevent gluts due ,to heavy catcher, and to insure an even distribution of fish, as well as its better condition on arrival at the market. A general fire and explosion prevention campaign has been carried on in order to reduce the great losses due, in many instances, to lack of knowledge on the part of employees. At meetings held in various parts of the country, mill and elevator owners and employees were shown by means of moving pictures, lantern slides, and miniature dust explosions, the danger of dust explosions and fires, and were made acquainted with the circumstances under which they occur. The bureau has cooperated with the Post Office Department in helping to secure f ratid orders against a number of concerns market- ing through the mails preparations with fraudulent medicinal claims. Chemical laboratories are located in the following cities, to which samples collected by authorized inspectors of the Department of Agriculture, food and drugs are submitted for analysis, and where information concerning the enforcement of the food a©d drugs act may be obtained: Baltimore, Md. ; Boston, Mass.; Buffalo, N. Y. ; Chicago, 111.; Cincinnati, Ohio; Denver, Colo.; Minneapolis, Minn.; New Orleans, La.; New York, N. Y.; Philadelphia, Pa.; St. Louis, Mo. ; San Francisco, Calif. ; San Juan, P. E. ; Savannah, Ga. ; Seattle, Wash. Publications prepared by the Bureau of Chemistry can be secured on application to Chief of the Division of Publications of the de- partment. THE BUEEAU OF SOILS. This organization comprises a field force, engaged in surveying and mapping the soils of the country ; a laboratory force, employed in chemical and physical investigations of soils and fertilizers ; and an office force, carrying on the administrative work. The soil survey is the principal activity of this bureau. On June 30, 1919, an area of 1,022,252 square miles had been. surveyed and re- ports and maps embodying ,the results of the work published. Ordi- narily a survey covers a single county, and the work is distributed over the country, so that some surveys have been completed in every one of the States. Soil mapping and soil classification are primarily scientific, the results being fundamental and designed to furnish a sound basis for the investigations and experiments of agricultural workers con- nected with the Department of Agriculture, the State Experiment Stations, and other State organizations. But the reports and maps have an immediate practical value also, as they furnish informa- tion concerning the character and value of land, the climate, and the type of agriculture in different parts of the country, and show the opportunities open to those desiring to engage in farming. In the bureau laboratories are carried on investigations of the mineral characteristics of soils, of their relation to internal moisture and air movements, their tendency to erode, and other fundamental questions. The fertilizer investigations, while primarily scientific, include the search for natural supplies of potash, the devising and perfecting of the processes of manufacture of fertilizer ingredients, and a study of the present supplies, their value and permanency. 159 >' Field Operations,'? published by county units from time to time as work is completed, contain descriptions of the soils, climate, and agriculture of the county. A large-scale lithographed map, show- ing the distribution of the various soils, accompanies the text. , The reports are of interest not only to the farmer, but also to the investor, banker, real estate dealer, or railway official, and to anyone desiring information concerning the value of land as dependent upon the character of the soil, its state of development, and its present or prospoctive use. Address Chief of Bureau or Chief of Division of JPublications. THE BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. This bureau studies insects with special reference to methods of control, experinjents with. the introduction of beneficial insects, make;; tests with insecticides and insecticide machinery, conducts investiga- tions in bee culture, and identifies insects sent in by inquirers. It maintains field laboratories in various parts of th6 country. The insects studied include those injuring cereal and forage crops, orchard trees and fruits, garden crops, stored products, forests and forest products, shade and ornamental trees and hardy shrubs, and southern field crops, such as cotton, tobacco, sugar cane, and rice. The bureau also investigates household insects and those which affect the health of man and domestic animals. A list of publications available for free distribution may be ob- tained on application to the chief of the bureau or Division of Pub- lications. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVET. This bureau has charge of the work which has to do with the rela- tion of wild birds and mammals to agriculture, to the control of injurious species, and to the conservation of those beneficial or harm- less. It studies the food habits of M'ild birds and mammals to secure informa,tion on which to base legislation protecting them or authoriz- ing their destruction, experiments in fur farming with a view to conserving this natural resource, conducts trapping and poisoning operations against injurious rodents and predatory animals on na- tional forestsand other public domain, and, in cooperation with State extension departmeiits and other State organizations, organizes cam- paigns on private lands to prevent depredations on crops and live stock; makes biological surveys of States and special areas, studies the migration of birds and geographical distribution of wild ani- mals and plants, and maps the natural life zones of the country; administers Federal laws relating to interstate commerce in game and for the preservation of game and the protection of migratory, game and insectivorous birds; regulates the importation of foreign, wild birds and mammals ; and administers national mammal and bird reservations. The investigation of the food habits of wild birds includes both field observations and the analyses of stomach contents. These make possible a classification of birds as beneficial, neutral^ or harmful in their relation to man and recommendations for the protection of use- ful species and the repression of injurious ones. Investigations of the food habits of waterfowl and upland game birds are conducted with a *iew to securing informatadn of use in increasing. the food «upply,in: depleted areas. Methods of attracting desirable species about hoiiies axe studied and recommended. ','•■. The work of eradicating injurious rodents has resulted in: to enormous saving of food crops, more than 3,500,000 acres of Oov- ernment lands having been freed of prairie dogs and over 13,000,000 acres of private lands having been treated in the year 1918 with poi- soned grain to destroy rodent pests. When injurious animals^ such as jack rabbits, are fit for food, effort has been made to kill them for market; in this way 25,000 of these animals were shipped to market from one small community. In the Northwest a very injurious mole has been consistently trapped and, as a valuable by-product in co- operative campaigns for crop protection, pelts valued at $50,000 have been sold. The destruction of wolves, coyptes, and other predatory animals has saved great numbers of sheep, cattle, and other live stock, and the proceeds from the sale of skins secured by Govern- jnent hunters are turned into the Federal Treasury. . On the 74 national mammal and bird reservations, which include five big-game preserves for elk, antelope, bison, and deer, as, well as birds, natural conditions for each are maintained so far as possible. As a result of the enforcement of the law protecting migratory birds a notable increase in the numbers of various species of wUd fowl has been reported from various sections of the country espe- cially in the breeding grounds from which formerly they were driven by incessant shooting. The publications of the bureau include contributions to the techni- cal and popular series of the bulletins of the department ; the series of results of technical studies of wild life, and biological surveys of areas, under the title, " North American Fauna " ; and annual sum- maries of the game laws of the United States, Canada, and, New- foundland, and of the laws relating to fur-bearing animals, besides an annual directory of officials and organizations concerned with the protection of birds and game. These and related publications may i>e obtained on application to the Chief of the Division of Publica- tions or the Chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey. THE DIVISION or PUBLICATIONS. The way the Department of Agriculture reaches the reading pub- lic is shown by the fact that 62,218,829 printed documents were dis- tributed during the past year, the editing, printing, and distribution of which was under the supervision of the Division of Publications. The indexing section of this division places at the disposal of any serious investigator along agricultural lines a full list of all refer- ences to the subjects treated of in the department publications. This index has not been printed, but reference lists on any agricultural subject made up from it will be sent on application to the Chief of the Division of Publications. This index is one of the most val- uable reference lists on agriculture in the United States. The motion-picture laboratory has produced 49 films which are available for exhibition in addition to the 51 reels of film prepared last year. Librarians would do well to speak of these films to people interested in the educational possibilities of moving pictures in order that managers of moving-picture houses may be requested, from time lUl ta time, to obtain these reels. Application for a list of the films and for the films themselves should be made to the Chief of the Divi- sion of Publications, to whom also applications for any of the depart- ment's publications should be made. THE BUKEATJ OF CROP ESTIMATES. This bureau issues the Government crop reports. These reports give the number of acres in a crop as early in the season as it is practicable to make an estimate ; also, at the same time, the probable production from that area as forecast from the condition of the growing crop. These forecasts of production are revised from month to month in accordance with changes in seasonal conditions, and after harvest a more definite estimate of production is made. In a sense this bureau is a form of farmers' cooperation, wherein each farm crop reporter gives information about his locality and in return receives information about the entire country, the bureau act- ing as a clearing house for such cooperative exchange. The farm- ers are benefited by the department's crop report, by being kept informed of crop possibilities outside of their own immediate dis- tricts, and, because the reports of the Government are disinterested and unbiased, they tend to prevent the circulation of false or mis- leading reports by speculators. Prompt and reliable information regarding crop prospects is very valuable in the conduct of com- mercial, industrial, and transportation enterprises. The data foi these reports relate to the condition and acreage of each of the im- portant agricultural products and begin with the planting seasou At harvest time the yields per acre are tabulated. Figures on which the estimates are based are obtained through a field service consisting of a corps of paid field agents and crop specialists and a very large body of volunteer crop reporters, com- posed of the following classes : County reporters, township reporters, individual farmers, and several lists of reporters for special inquiries. The final crop estimates are made each month by a crop -reporting board, composed of the chief of the bureau and six members, chosen from the statisticians and officials of the bureau and from field agents and crop speeialists, who are called to Washington for the purpose. While the board is in session no one is allowed to enter or leave the office and all telephones are disconnected. The bureau has a library which contains a comprehensive collec- tion of agricultural statistics issued by the Federal and State Gov- ernments of this country, by boards of trade and other commercial organizations, and by private estimators; and one of the most com- plete collections of agricultural reports of foreign countries. Prac- tically all countries issuing such reports contribute to this collection. In addition to the books, the library receives currently several hundred domestic and foreign publications relating to agricultural and commercial statistics, and maintains a back file of these pub- lications for reference. Another function of the Bureau of Crop Estimates is that of main- taining crop records, domestic and foreign. EecOrds for the Untied, States are continuous beginning with 1866. The records for foreign countries have been drawn off from the original returns in convenient 137339°— 19 11 form, converted to American units, and placed on file for ready reference. There are also several hundred' manuscript tables of which copies are kept for the use of officials, investigators, journalists, and others interested. This recording service also makes investiga- tions and issues bulletins on special subjects i-elating to agricultural statistics. The services of this bureau are at the disposal of any person who • needs accurate information with regard to crop and live-stock statistics of the United States or of foreign countries. The librarian can help to give publicity to these important data by bulletin notes ; for instance : " Do you know how many bushels of peanuts your. State has raised?" or "Do you know which State produces most wheat, cotton, apples, horses, sheep?" etc. The Monthly Crop Re- porter and other statistical publications may be had by libraries free on application to the Bureau of Crop Estimates or the Division of Publications, United States Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C. STATES RELATIONS SERVICE. The States Eeiations Service represents the Secretary of Agricul- ture in his relations with the State agricultural colleges and experi- ment stations under the acts of Congress granting funds for agricul- tural experiment stations and cooperative extension work in agricul- ture and home economics; supervises the work of the agricultural experiment stations under the direct control of the department in Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands; studies methods and subject matter of school instruction in agriculture ; and makes investigations in home economics. The service includes the following offices : (1) Office of the director, which deals with the general business and administration of the serv- ice and the work relating to agricultural instruction and farmers' in- stitutes; (2) Office of Experiment Stations, which deals with the work and expenditures of the State and insular experiment stations ; (3) Office of Extension Work South, which has charge of cooperative extension work in 15 Southern States; (4) Office of Extension Work North and West, which has charge of cooperative extension work in 33 Northern and Western States; and (5} Office of Home Eco- nomics, which deals with questions of food, clothing, and house- hold equipment and management. The chief aims of the work of the service are to promote agricul- tural research through the agricultural experiment stations and agri- cultural education in the schools, and to improve farming and home life through extension work in agriculture and home economics and through investigations in home economics. The extension service carries directly to the farms and homes of the country and endeavors to secu^re the adoption in practice of the best available information regarding agriculture and home economics through (1) county agents, who deal with farm problems; (2) home demonstration agents, who deal with problems of the home; (3) club leaders, who carry on extension work with young people; and (4) specialists in various branches of agriculture and home economics. About 2,300 of the 2,850 agricultural counties of the United States now have county agents and about 1,400 counties have home-demon- stration agents. W6 The aid of the extension service may be secured through the local c6unty agricultural or home demonstration agent or the director of extension at the State agricultural college. Photographs, charts, and data of various kinds relating to the local extension work which would make excellent material for the library bulletin board can probably be obtained from the local agents, and similar material relating to the work in general may be obtained through the director of extension at the State agricultural college. Every librarian should add to his " Use Your Government " card catalogue the name and address of the local representatives of the extension service ; namely, the county agricultural agent, the home . demonstration agent, and the local club leader, and should offer them, if possible, the use of the auditorium (if the library has one) for conferences or lectures, and should be ready to cooperate in all movements. - _ , The service publishes " Experiment Station Eecord," a periodical in two volumes of 10 numbers each annually, which gives abstracts of publications reporting investigations in agricultural science in the United States and other countries, and contains editorials and notes bearing on agricultural research. This can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. The annual subscription is $2. Other publications of the service may be obtained on application -to the Chief of the Division of Publications, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, or to the Superintendent of Documents. BTTEEAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. This bureau gathers information and statistics concerning the con-, struction and maintenance of highways, assembles practical data with regard to various kinds of traffic, makes studies of the utilization of* convict labor in road management, furnishes local officials with plans and specifications for bridges, gives advice as to the best methods of road-bridge construction. It also makes studies with regard to farm irrigation and the drain- age of irrigated lands, farm buildings, domestic water supply, and drainage disposal, and other phases of farm engineering. As a part of its war service the office aided the Emergency Fleet Corporation in testing the materials for and designing of concrete ships, and various departments in the conservation of cement, steel, stone, gravel, sand, oil, asphalt, and other materials needed for war purposes through the United States Highways Council. It prepared apparatus for testing the power of various explosives for the Ord- nance Bureau, and made detailed and complete highway maps cov- ering a large part of the Atlantic Coast. Several hundred lectures are given yearly concerning the work of this office, and models and exhibits are furnished through the of- 'fice of exhibits of thfe Department of Agriculture; 6,276 prints, 649 lantern slides, 177 bromide enlargements, and 545 photostats were made during the past year. Librarians in rural districts should find this office of special inter- est, and, if the roads are poor, particularly those leading to schools and churches, they should endeavor to interest public-spirited people of the town to request advice and help from the bureau, v?hich is at the service of the public on call. Under the Secretary of Agriculture the bureau has charge of carrying out the administrative provisions of the Federal aid road act of July 11, 1916, which provides for Federal aid in the construc- tion and reconstruction of rural post roads in cooperation with the respective State highway departments. This act provides for a five-year program of construction, beginning with an appropriation of $5,000,000 for the fiscal year 1916, and increasing annually by $5,000,000 to $26,000,000 for the fiscal year 1921. By the terms of an amendment to this act approved February 28, 1919, an additional appropriation of $50,000,000 was made available for the fiscal year 1919, $75,000,000 for the fiscal year 1920, and $75,000,000 for the fiscal year 1921. These funds are apportioned to the various States on the basis of area, population, and total rural post road and star route mileage. The cost of the construction is to be borne jointly by the Federal Government and the States or local subdivisions, the Federal Government paying not to exceed 60 per cent of the cost, nor to exceed a total of $20,000 per mile, except for bridges over 20-foot span. The original act also provides an appropriation of $1,000,000 annually for a period of 10 years, to be used for construction and improvement of roads and trails in or partly within the National Forests in cooperation with the respective States or counties. This fund has been supplemented by an additional appropriation pro- vided by the act of February 28, 1919, as follows : Three million dollars annually for the fiscal years 1919, 1920, and 1921. The act specifically provides that all applications for aid in the improvement of rural post roads shall be made to the Department of Agriculture by the proper State highway department in the State in question. All preliminary inquiries for securing aid on any specific road should, therefore, be taken up with the State highway department in the State in which the road is located instead of with the Bureau of Public Roads. For lantern slides, accompanied by lectures and photographs cov- ered by the subjects indicated, address the Chief of the Bureau of Public Roads. For publications address the Chief of the Bureau or the Chief of the Division of Publications. BUREATT or MARKETS. The Bureau of Markets acquires and disseminates information regarding the marketing and distribution of farm and nonmanufac- tured food products. Its work is divided into four branches — inves- tigation, demonstration, service, and regulatory. Through its in- vestigation work it obtains information of fundamental importance regarding marketing methods and conditions; and also regarding the standardization, transportation, and storage of agricultural products and methods used in their grading, handling, and packing ; methods of accounting and business practice used by agencies en- gaged in marketing such products and the organisation of coopera- tive associations. TC5 Demonstration work is conducted regarding standardization, grading, packing, and shipping commodities, the use of the account- ing systems devised by the bureau, and other matters. In its service work the bureau issues reports giving information regarding the supply, conmiercial movement, disposition, and market prices of fruits and vegetables, live stock and meats, dairy and poul- try products, hay, feeds, and seeds, and regarding opportunities in foreign countries for American producers of farm products. Eeports are issued monthly showing the production of dairy products, the stocks of hides and skins, the consumption of wool, and cold-storage holdings of various commodities. Eeports are issued upon the supply and price of honey semimonthly. Weekly and monthly summaries are issued covering market conditions and tendencies with regard to fruits and vegetables and livestock and meats. An inspection service on fruits and vegetables is now available at 172 markets. Inspectors investigate and certify to shippers the condi- tions as to soundness of fruits and vegetables and other food products when received at central markets. Eegulatory work is performed in connection with the enforcement of the United States cotton futures, grain standards, and standard container acts, and in connection with the administration of the United States warehouse act. The chief- of the bureau represents the Secretary of Agriculture in the execution of the duties prescribed under the President's proc- lamation of June 18, 1918, for the regulation of stockyards, and acts as liquidating officer of the wool section of the War Industries Board, which section has been transferred, to this bureau. Bulletins dealing with nearly every subject coming under the jurisdiction of this bureau have been issued. For information, publications, or periodicals address the Chief, Bureau of Markets, United States Department of Agriculture, or the Chief of the Divi- sion of Publications. THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Animal Industry: Breeding. Dairying. Diseases. Feeding. Housing. Inspection, meats, butter. Parasites. Quarantine. Silos. Tick eradication. Biological Survey: Animals, wild. Birds, wild. Conservation, wild life. Fur, farming. Game, preservation. Biological Survey — Continued. Interstate commerce, game. Laws. Mammals, wild. Migrations, birds. Plumage. Eeservations, bird, mammal. Chemistry : Adulterations, food, drugs. Analysis, food, drugs, water. Chemistry. Micro-organisms. Crop Estimates: Acreage. Growing conditions. Forecasts of production. Live stock. Crof Estimates — Continued. Prices, articles farmers buy. Prices on farms. Production. Values of plow lands. Wages, farm. Yields. Entomology : Bees. Control measures. Diseases. Honey. Insects (all kinds). Parasites. Silk worms. Farm. Management: Abandoned farms. Accounting, farm. Clearing. Cost, production. Economies, production. Farming, types of. Geography, agricultural. Labor-saving devices. Forest Service: Dendrology. Farm woodlands. Fires, forest. Game. Grazing. Irrigation. Lumber. Lurnber industry. Planting (tree). Preservation (wood). Properties of wood. Eecreation. Seasoning of wood. Timber. Water power. Wood distillation. Wood utilization. Moiltets: Accounting. Business methods. Community fairs. Cooperative buying. Credits, rural. Crops, marketing. Food inspection and supplies Grading farm products. Insurance. Markets — ^^Continued. Marketing. Market-news service. Markets. Preservation, food in transit. Prices, foodstuffs. Seeds, marketing. Storage. Transportation. Warehouses. Plant Industry: Bacteriology, soil. Botany, economic and sys- tematic. Breeding, plant. Cereals. Citrus canker eradication. Control of stem rust of ce- reals through barberry eradication. Cotton. Diseases, plant. Drug and oil plants- Fibers. Flowers. Forage. Foreign seed and plant in- troduction. Forest trees, diseases. Fruits. Fungi. Gardens, home. Horticulture. Irrigation. Nutrition, plant. Physiology, plant. Seeds, testing. Sugar plants. Tobacco improvement. Vegetables. White-pine blister-rust con- trol. Puhlic Roads: Bridges. Convict labor. Drainage. Engineering. Highway systems. Irrigation. Post roads. Sewage disposal. State roads. T67 Public Roads — Continued. Traffic studies- Water supply. Soils: Analysis, chemical, physical. Classification. Fertilizer — Nitrogen. Phosphate. Potash. Maps. Surveys, agricultural. States Relations Service: Clubs. Community service. Courses. States Relations Service — Contd. Home making. • Labor-saving devices. Waste elimination. Weather Bureau: Climatic statistics. Earthquakes. Floods. Forecasts, weatiier. Frost. Maps. Meteorology. Observations. Rain. Snow. Warnings, weather. This page is intended for corrections and additions in order that the information in the foregoing pages may be kept up to date. To THE Librarians of the United States : In all the four corners of the earth, in the remotest lands across the seas, there are now representatives of the Department of Commerce who have gone to bring back information which will no doubt answer questions now in the minds of people in your own towns. In offices in Washington hundreds of workers search through books and rec- ords for other facts. Along our coasts, in Alaska and Hawaii, in the Philippines and the West Indies, as well as from Maine to California, are men and women working under the Department of Commerce in lighthouses, fisheries, and other services. Your fellow townsmen may need to know something which has already been learned by these workers or by our scientific investigators. We are ready to help ; all our facilities are at their disposal. The librarian to whom this circular comes can make the connection between the question and the answer. Since our work has been established at the behest of the American people, we welcome any opportunity to make it fruitful and beneficial to them. William C. Redfield, Secretary of Commerce. (169) THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. [The bureaus and offices giyen page numbers are the ones selected as having matter of Interest to librarians. Appoiutment and disbursing offices and other divisions con- nected primarily with the administrative worli of a department have been omitted.] Page. Secretary Assistant Secretary Solicitor Cliref Clerls Bureau of the Census 173 United States Coast and Geodetic Survey , 174 Bureau of Fisheries 175 Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce 177 Bureau of Lighthouses ' 179 Bureau of Navigation 181 Bureau of Standards 181 Steamboat-Inspection Service 185 (170) COMMERCE IN THE LIBRARY. The Department of Commerce has a universal appeal based on ever-present human desires. The longing for the silks and spices of Cathay led to the discovery of America. The desire for one or another commodity of exchangeable value brought here the English, the Dutch, the French, and a score of other nationalities and gave us a cosmopolitan population. Germany's desire to control inter- national commerce plunged us into a world war the results of which are yet to be written. Commerce takes one far afield. Its activities are models of organ- ization, patterns of ordered logical thinking, and examples of how results of deepest scientific research can be made accessible and understandable to any ordinarily intelligent and progressive person. The Secretary of Commerce recently said : The nations must needs live, and to live they must trade, and trade does not do harm but good if into the heart of commerce is brought the ideal of service. Wa must furnish the people of the world not what is most advantageous for us to sell them, but what Is most to their benefit to obtain. That means that com- merce must be humanized and sympathetic as far around the earth as you wish to sell your goods. The librarian, as director of a department of the commerce of thought, has in his realm the same problems with which the world of material commerce is grappling, and, like his fellow citizen, tlie merchant, he must sell the ideas his patrons need. Like the mer- chant, he must develop a world consciousness which is founded on the realization that an individual counts only in so far as he is an effective member of society. The librarian, then, who functions for his community, looks out from his watchtower over the world and turns a switch here or there to route a train of thought to the junction it wishes to reach. I say junction advisedly, for trains of thought never reach a terminal. The train dispatcher does not turn a track toward San Francisco if the passengers wish to reach Los Angeles. The librarian does not force the latest Commerce Eeports upon the man who asks for Aris- totle's Poetics, but if the man who wants Aristotle is a responsible citizen of the United States he will want to know what is being done by a department which is building up a power that makes or unmakes nations. He will not fail to stop in the Government information corner if in that corner the news of what his country is doing is effectively told. (171) For his commerce news, the librarian will use the daily Commerce Keports (free td libraries agreeing to give its items daily publicity). This material costs the Government a large amount, and no librarian is justified in receiving it for archive files only. A current bulletin attached by one corner with a thumb tack is a disagreeable sight ; as for the month-old bulletins, cards, and notices that destroy the eificacy of our bulletin boards, what wonder that the business man avoids his town library where such practices obtain. Books, as well as goods, must be attractively displayed and intel- ligently advertised, and as Government documents, which should be the property of the people, are unknown to the ordinary library patron, the librarian must advertise them, and, like the salesman, he must follow the principles of advertising. First, know the goods. Second, believe in them. Third, know your customer's needs. - Fourth, aim to give him what he needs. No librarian will ever popularize a document if he does not know its contents and if he does not like it himself. The matter in the daily Commerce Reports is not merely informational ; it is written in a style that might serve as a pattern of clear, concise, readable pres- entation of a subject. Suppose a librarian runs through a current report, decides on the article to be featured, and then on that leaf of the multiplex screen devoted to commerce puts the following notice : Men of Greek descent, are you interested in American capital helping develop the rich plains of Macedonia and Thrace? Read Commerce Reports, March 28. Ask for books and articles on Modern Greece. Or— On the shipping program largely depends the future of American commerce. Read Mr. Hurley's plan for operations of American merchant marine, Commerce Reports, March 28. Ask for Mr. Dana's lists of books and articles on ships and shipping. Or— Australia, the land of opportunity. Read industrial and commercial develop- ment in Victoria, Australia, Commerce Reports, March 28. See pictures of Aus- tralia on display in main reading room. On the section of shelves devoted to commerce, pamphlets and books are neatly arranged, covered, if possible, with attractive covers properly lettered. This is distinctly a business man's shelf, and the librarian needs a business man's consulting committee to study and suggest best possible ways of making it effective. A local chamber of commerce or board of trade would doubtless appoint such a com- mittee. 173 Books and pamphlets in this section will undoubtedly be chosen ■with the needs of a community in mind. If the town has shoe fac- tories, pamphlets on all phases of the shoe industry will be collected. If a canal or railroad is being projected, clippings and articles on opportunities for enlarged business in connection with the new proj- ects will be collected. Maps, posters, charts, and graphs of all kinds can be used effec- tively — not too many being displayed at a time. In short, the libra- rian can paraphrase, as a slogan for his commerce books, the words of the Secretary of Commerce — As the representatives of the great commercial department of the Govern- ment, we suggest vrays in which we can be of service to the business of the country and in which the business of the country can be of service to the Nation, That word " service " is to be the test of us and of you. THE DEPARTMENT OE COMMERCE. UNITED STATES CENSUS BUEEAU. This bureau is the greatest statistical office in the world. The de- velopments of statistics are causing history to be rewritten. Till re- cently the historian studied nations in the aggregate, and gave us only the story of princes, dynasties, sieges, and battles. Of the peo- ple themselves — the great social body, with life, growth, forces, ele- ments, and laws of its own — ^he told us nothing. Now, statistical in- quiry leads him into hovels, homes, workshops, mines, fields, prisons, hospitals, and all other places where human nature displays its weakness and its strength. In these explorations he discovers the seeds of national growth -and decay and thus becomes the prophet of his generation. The chief instrument of American statistics is the census, which should accomplish a twofold object. It should serve the country by making a full and accurate exhibit of the elements of national life and strength; and it should serve the science of statistics by so exhibiting general results that they may be compared with similar data obtained by other nations. The census is indispensable to mod- ern statesmanship. Practically every man, woman, and child of thinking age has a personal census of one or of many things — of dollars, of linen, of marbles, or dolls. As individuals, we list our belongings in one form or another. The Government Census Bureau may be com- pared to the head of a family setting down the number of persons in his family and the amount of his possessions. The Federal census lists the whole family of the United States — lists our people according to their ages, races, nationalities, etc., and according to their occupations; lists our farms, their live stock, the crops they produce; lists our manufacturing industries and their ;products, our mineral resources, and our wealth in general. Prac- tically no important legislative bill is discussed without the back- ground of figures furnished by the Census Office. Congress may have under consideration a bill proposing changes in the literacy test for immigrants. It must know how many illiterate foreigners there are in this country. A State may be contemplating a change in its educational system. It will need to know the number of ilUter- ates liying within its borders, and the average school attendance of persons of school age. When Congress had before it the draft bill, the first question was approximately how many men of draft age there were in each State, county, and city. The census serves so many purposes that we use it as unconsciously as we breathe, without noticing that we are using it. In the records of such a laboratory the growth of a nation is epitomized and in its current, work the imperceptible changes which are taking place are accurately determined. War developed the community census idea and efficient card in- dexes were developed of organizations, institutions, specialists, and volunteer workers. These indexes should be revised and maintained to fit the need of peace times and to be ready for service in case of an emergency, such as a' disastrous fire, flood, or influenza epidemic — and where is there a more fitting place for such a file than in the library service corner? The principles of the great Federal census can well be applied to the community library service census. The publications of greatest interest to the average librarian are the Statistical Atlas of the United States, which tells the story of the census by maps and graphs and the Abstract of Census, covering the four principal branches — population, agriculture, manufactures, mines, and quarries. (The Statistical Atlas, of which only a very few copies remain available for distribution, may be purchased at $2.50, from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office. The Abstract .is supplied free to libraries upon application to the Director of the Census.) A pamphlet, the Story of the Census, 1790-1916, and a classified list of census publications may be ob- tained from the Director of the Census without charge. UNITED STATES COAST AKD GEODETIC STJEVEr. A full and complete knowledge of the coast, its nature and form, the character of the adjacent sea bottom, the positions of reefs, shoals, and any other dangers to navigation, the rise and fall of the tides, and the variation of the compass, are of the greatest practical value and a real necessity to all those nations whose lands touch the sea or who have any interest in its commerce. The Coast and Geodetic Survey is charged with the survey of the coasts and the publication of charts and other information covering said coasts. This includes base measure, triangulation, topography, and hydrography along the coasts ; the survey of rivers to the head of tidewater or ship navigation ; deep-sea soundings ; temperature and current observations along the coasts and throughout the Gulf and Japan streams; magnetic observations and researches, and the publication of maps showing the distribution of the earth's magne- tism ; gravity research ; determination of heights ; the determination of geographic positions by astronomic observations for latitude, lon- gitude, and azimuth, and by triangulation, to furnish reference points for State surveys. ^ Some idea of the importance to this country of surveys of its coasts, and also of the magnitude of the undertaking may be formed when we recall that the actual shore line \ of the United States, its insular possessions and Alaska, which includes all of the islands, bays, sounds, and rivers in the tidal belt, reaches the large total of 103,000 miles. 175 The success of a country's commerce depends, first, upon the accessibility of its seaport towns, therefore the charting of its coast waters to insure safety of the navigation of those waters are of first im.portance. During the two fiscal years 1913 and 1914, $4,830,463,297 worth of exports left the United States seaports, excluding the Philippine foreign trade, and $3,706,933,891 worth of imports arrived (exclusive of Philippine foreign trade). Upon the charting of the Alaskan coast, which in itself is longer than that of the entire continental United States, depend many human lives and many great enterprises. Alaska can be approached only by water, her waterways are her only gateways. The seaport towns and the interior can be reached by ships only. The safe- guarding of these vast areas is therefore the essential step in the development of that territory. The practicability of the charts prepared has been demonstrated in thousands of instances. To cite only one, of a river leading to placer mine deposits : It was decidedly exceptional and purely acci- dental if a vessel managed to enter the river without serious delays and groundings. After the survey had been made, it is stated that an officer unacquainted with this region and using only methods and data available to all navigators, safely piloted a vessel through the approaches and into the river without delay or inconvenience. During the past year 302,000 charts have been distributed. No navigator, to whatever part of the coast of the United States his voyage may take him, feels himself safe without these charts. The survey publishes 660 charts covering the coast of the United States and Alaska, Porto Eico, the Canal- Zone, Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands; also magnetic variation charts of the United States. Alaska, the West Indies, and the Philippine Islands. Ten Coast Pilot volumes are issued covering the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts, Porto Eico, and the coast of Alaska. Sailing Direc- tions of the Philippine and Hawaiian Islands are also issued. A bibliography of publications issued by the survey may be ob- tained without charge from the Division of Publications, Depart- ment of Commerce. Chart catalogues containing also lists of the Coast Pilots, Inside Eoute Pilots, and Tide Tables can be obtained free of charge on application to the office of the survey. The publications giving results of the geodetic, magnetic, and hy'drographic work furnish geographic positions, elevations, depths of water, data concerning changes in coast line or in depths in' chan- nels and harbors, and information relating to terrestrial magnetism in convenient form for the use of engineers, surveyors, railroad officials. State and municipal governments, other departments of the General Government, or those engaged in any work of development, construction, or improvement. BTJREATI OP FISHERIES. During the fiscal year 1918, 40 species of fish were propagated, including lobsters and economically valuable fresh-water mussels. As a result over 4,000,000,000, eggs and young were planted in every State and in Alaska. This service involved 570,574 miles of travel. Marine and fresh-water j&shes and invertebrates were collected and hatched at 50 stations and 76 substations in 34 States and Alaska. Food and game fishes were rescued from overflowed lands where they were in peril of being left by the receding waters and returned to the safety of the streams. Solely by reason of these fish-cultural operations, supplemented by similar activities on the part of the States, the supply of trout and other game and food fishes in streams and small lakes is being main- tained and increased, the whitefish of the Great Lakes is holding its own, the shad in certain waters is being saved from extinction, and the effects of heavy fisheries for the Pacific salmons and certain marine fishes are being compensated. As a result of transplanting, the Atlantic shad and striped bass are abundant on the Pacific coast, and the former are being shipped back in large numbers to supply the markets of their ancestral regions. It is believed that the recently inaugurated propagation of fresh- water mussels will relieve the danger of depletion of the supply of the raw material of the pearl-button industry. Statistics gathered by the bureau are not only of immediate in- terest to the~fishery industries, but are highly important as a basis for determining the necessity and the measures for the regulation and conservation of the fisheries. In the last few years special statistical reports have been published on the menhaden, oyster, lobster, and fresh-water mussels, in addition to comprehensive gen- eral reports on the entire fisheries of various sections of the country. The regulation of the fisheries, whether in navigable waters or not, is a function of the government of the several States within which they are located, and until recently, the Bureau of Fisheries had no executive duties in the enforcement of fishery regulations, although in its advisory capacity it exercises large influence over fishery legis- lation. It is now charged, however, with the enforcement of the laws relating to the fisheries and the taking of fur-bearing animals in Alaska, and has entire administrative control of the Pribilof Islands, their native inhabitants and the fur-seal herds which resort to them during the breeding season. The annual value of the fishery products of Alaska is about $51,000,000, or over seven times the original cost of the Territory to the United States. The scientific work for which the bureau was originally created has growQ greatly in both quantity and scope. It embraces the study of the habits, distribution, food, environment, diseases, and classifi- cation of fishes and other aquatic animals, especially those of com- mercial importance, and of their food and enemies. The information necessary as a basis for the conservation and improvement of the fisheries, therefore, covers a wide field in aquatic biology, physics, and chemistry, and the scientific work of the bureau is governed by an appreciation of these requirements. Investigations and experiments are conducted by field parties working in all parts of the country, at the general laboratory in Washington, the marine biological stations at Woods Hole, Mass., Key West, Fla., and Beaufort, N. C, and the biological station on the Mississippi Eiver at Fairport, Iowa. For marine investigations the bureau has an able seagoing steamer, a coastwise steamer, a motor vessel, and various launches, and small boats are employed both on 177 the coast and in interior waters. Some of the practical scientific aid which the bureau has extended to the fisheries in rescent years con- sists of the location, of new fishing grounds, the development of markets, and means of using wasted or neglected fishery resources; the development of methods of sponge, terrapin, and fresh-water mussel culture ; causes of disease in fishes ; surveys of oyster bottoms and recommendations for their conservation and utilization; rec- ommendations for State fishery legislation, etc. In recent years a number of new fishes have been introduced to the markets through publicity campaigns inaugurated by the bureau, and methods of curing fish, new to American practice, have been established with the result that many millions of pounds of products heretofore wasted have entered into consumption to the benefit of both producers and consumers. A fishery industry laboratory now nearirig. completion in Washington will add greatly to the efficiency of this work. A list of publications issued by this bureau is given in the general list of the Department of Commerce. Circulars on the utilization of fishery products and the methods of preparation by canning, salting, smoking, etc., together with cooking recipes, will be sent on application to the bureau. The bureau has photographic negatives illustrating some features of its' work. Prints from these may be made- by local photographers at the expense of applicants. A few motion picture reels illustrating shad, lobster, whitensh, and salmon culture, and the rescue of fishes from overflowed lands are available. FO|iEIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. It is theifunctionof, this, bureau to collect and to distribute infor- mation which will assist the manufacturer and exporter. The collecting agencies are : , 1. Trade xommissioners, traveling officers with a single subject or group of subjects for investigation, who are not restricted in their studies to any one country. .2. , Commercial attaches, officers whose duty it is to maintain a general outlook over trade in the country Within, which they are stationed. Posts at present are as follows: London, Paris, The Hague, Copenhagen, Madrid, Eome, Petrograd (closed temporarily), Buenos "Aires, Eio de Janeido, Santiago (Chile), Peking, Tokyo, Melbourne. 3. Consuls, officers of the State Department, have fixed posts and are, among other important duties, charged with that of maintaining a local outlook over the trade of their consular districts. 4. Statisticians in Washington, who compile the statistical returns of the customhouse. 5. Eesearch workers in Washington, who compile information from official publications of foreign countries and from confidential reports. 6. Foreign tariff specialists in Washington, who collect and com- pile from iall available sources tariff infornTation on foreign countries ^ and upon allied subjects, such as embargoes, trade-mark- laws, and free ports. « •, ■■ i • This service covers the whole earth and is so flexible that it can meet the widest needs of American commerce. 137339°— 19 12 J-YO " The future of our commerce abroad, as at home, lies in so con- ducting its affairs that all parties thereto shall be gainers. We go, let us say, into a strange land. We may look at its people in two ways. We may say, ' What is the utmost we can extract from these people by greater knowledge, by clever scheming, perhaps by the use of direct or indirect compulsion? ' On the other hand we may say, 'How can we help these -people and win a due regard from them, gladly given because we are helpful ? ' What arf' their needs ? How can we supply them? In the latter case would fall the investment of our funds abroad, in railways, utilities, public and private services of all kinds, the development of their natural resources of whatever kind they might be and through the spending there of our means and our efforts, building up those peoples. Out of that would normally come the growth of business flowing to our shores." "He who sells plows to replace the forked stick of wood, he who sells tractors to replace the ox, he who sells pianos to homfes where music was not before, he who sells books where there was nothing to read, is serving. He who builds a railway where there was none, who puts a ship where it is needed, who opens a mine and builds a mill, is serving and should be rewarded for so doing. He who helps others to do these things for themselves, does still more service. His profit comes from the response of other peoples to his leadership. This is true at home and abroad. It adds dignity to business, gives honor to trade, and makes commerce the handmaiden of civilization." " Our officers abroad are ready to help. They may be attaches, located at a great center, or trade commissioners moving to and fro on special errands. Their purpose, wherever they are, is to serve the commerce of the country. Theirs will be the duty to point out where that commerce may serve others and gain by so doing." Information gathered by the various agents is disseminated through addresses delivered before representative bodies of business men and through printed circulars which are given the widest pos- sible selective distribution. These circulars, with the exception of statistical and tariff reports, are based on fundamental, psychologi- cal, historical, geogra,phical, and economic data. In addition to fur- nishing facts for the business man, many of the bulletins are valuable additions to the collections of libraries making a point of reference work. A bulletin of the " Special Agents Series," picked up at random — "Cotton Goods in China" — has subject headings as follows: Area and population; treaty ports and commercial centers; Manchuria; transportation in China. Then comes an exhaustive survey of cotton import and native trade. This is followed by currency, tariff, shipping, weights and measures, how to increase trade, description of principal mills, wages and buildings, and a score or more of other headings. The clear, compact style of the monograph is indicated in the opening paragraph : China, the largest market , in the world for cotton yarn and the second largest for cloth, being exceeded by India alone, has an area, including dependencies, of 4,278,352 square miles, and a population variously estimated at 325,000,000 to 400,000,000. Its total arga is slightly greater than that of the United States, Mexico, and Central America combined, and its population nearly four times that of the United States, or eight times that of the entire continent of South America. 179 A quotation from "Russia," of the Special Consular Report, tes- tifies to the readable nature of that material. ; In Siberia, the region between the Arctic Circle and the Arctic Ocean Is a frost-bound waste, growing only arctic mosses and lichens and Inhabited by nomadic hunters and fishermen. The ivory tusks of extinct mammoths are dug from the ice and frozen soil of this region. South of the tundra is a- vast area of coniferous forests, extending from the Ob River far beyond the Lena, yielding lumber and abounding in fur-bearing animals. The agricultural lands of Siberia are in the southern part, extending down to the Chinese border. These publications increase our geographical knowledge and so widen our visions of and sympathy with those whom we call for- eigners, that we actually get tneir points of view, understand why they desire certain things, and so adapt our trade as to meet those desires. The Secretary recently illustrated this point by the following story : In Central America are Indians, who by reason of their natural habits and customs, are rather large buyers of certain textiles. Three countries had tried to sell them such goods without much success — Great Britain, Germany, and the United States. At last the Germans did what seems normal to a Ger- man. They went to an ethnologist, and asked him what the difficulty was. He told them that as part of the religious cult of these Indians they regarded certain symbols and colors as lucky and others as unlucky and tha.t it would be a wise thing to print only such designs on their goods and to use such colors as were considered by the Indians to be lucky and to avoid those symbols and colors that were considered unlucky. By that method, which after all is a scientific method, namely, to ascertain truth by study in advance of action, Ger- many got that business. It is a simple lesson. How many of you would select orange-colored goods for sale In Dublin or Invade the markets of Asiatic Turkey with articles bearing designs of the Holy Cross? On application to the Publications Division of the Department' of Cbmmerce a catalogue of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce publications will be sent free to any librarian. In this catalogue all printed matter is classed under subjects. A complete index, beginning with "Abyssinia" and ending with "Zinc," giveS an analysis of the contents "of practically all subjects dealt with by this bureau. "Commerce Reports," the bureau's daily newspaper, is a digest of the current business news of the world. The yearly subscription is $2.50. Address the Superintendent of Documents. LIGHTHOUSE SERVICE. The Lighthouse Service has charge of aids to navigation on all territory under the jurisdiction of tlie United States, except the Philippine Islands and Panama. On June 30, 1919, the total num- ber of aids in commission was 16,076, including light stations, light vessels, fog signals, buoys, day marks, etc., covering 47,300 miles of general coast line. This territory is divided into 19 districts, each in charge of a superintendent who reports to the Commissioner of Lighthouses. Each district has an office force, depots for supplies and materials, and one or more tenders for carrying the necessary supplies to light stations and light ships, caring for buoys and doing various other necessary wdrk in connection with the maintenance of the aids; Attached to each district is also a technical force for the construction and upkeep of both land structures and floating equip- J.OU ment; In all, the services of about 6,000 employes are required, including keepers, employees on vessels and at depots, offices, etc. Within recent years great improvement has been made both in lighting apparatus and illuminants for the Lighthouse Service. When the Boston Light was established, in 1716, the common oil burner of the period was used inclosed in a lantern consisting of a cylinder of heavy wooden frames holding small, thick panes of glass. The illuminant was fish or whale oil. Since that time improvements have gradually been made in the illuminating apparatus and the il- luminant, until at the present time lights having nearly 1,000,000 candlepower and having distinctive characteristics to identify them are in use. Great improvement has also been made in fog signals as aids to navigation. The first fog signal in the United States was a gun, installed at Boston Light in 1719, which was fired when- necessary to answer the signals^ of ships in thick weather. Bells operated by striking machinery, governed by clockwork, were later introduced. Bells are still in use, but at important stations improA'ed signals, such as trumpets, whistles, sirens, and diaphones, operated by air or steam, are in use. Mechanically operated fog signals are provided with a governing device for timing^ the strokes or blasts whereby the cycle is repeated at regular intervals to facilitate identi- fication of location. The development of devices for increasing the efficiency of aids to navigation and improving the equipment for handling the work of the service is a feature to which the bureau gives constant attention. During the war the tenders of the Lighthouse Service cooperated with the Navy and War Departments, and rendered valuable service along certain lines for which they were specially equipped. All seagoing lighthouse tenders and exposed light ships are now equipped or being equipped with radio apparatus. The work of equipping the principal coast light stations with telephones is in progress as a part of the improvement of coast communication facilities. On August 6, 1918, the light ship stationed on Diamond Shoals, off Cape Hatteras, N. C, was fired upon and sunk by a German, sub- marine. The crew abandoned the vessel and reached shore in a small boat without injury. The hazards to which lighthouse keepers and the crews of light ships are often subjected and the loneliness of the life on exposed stations are such as to attract only brave and hardy men. In addi- tion to their regular duties, heroic work is being constantly done by these men in saving life and property in the cases of accidents and wrecks, often at great personal risk. In prescribing regulations for the Lighthouse Service great stress has always been laid on the importance of keeping the lights burning regardless of weather or other unfavorable conditions, and any neglect of duty resulting in the extinguishment of a light, or the failure of the fog signal to sound when required, is, severely pun- ished. Stringent discipline is required on account of the danger to ships if aids are not kept in constant operation. Very few cases have occurred where negligence has been found, and many cases are on record of conspicuously meritorious conduct on the part of light- house keepers and crews of light vessels under circumstances re- 181 quiring courage, good judgment, and faithfulness. As early as December 31, 18C6, President Jefferson, when passing upon the case of a lighthouse keeper found guilty of negUgence in attending to his duties, stated: "I think the keepers of lighthouses should be dismissed for small degrees of remissness because of the calamities which even these produce." A retirement law is now in. force for the benefit of keepers and other field employees of the Lighthouse Service who are exposed to the hazards of the service. This law provides for optional retire- ment on three-quarters pay after 30 years' service upon reaching the age of 65 years, and compulsory retirement at 70 years of age. The Lighthouse Service is supported entirely by appropriations out of the general revenues of the Government :without direct tax on s];iipping. > In the National Geographic for January, 1913, the Commissioner of Lighthouses gives a very complete and well-illustrated history of lighthouses in general. A bulletin, the United States Lighthouse Service, 1916, may be had free on application to the Commissioner of Lighthouses. Libraries in the vicinity of lighthouses may be put on the mailing list for the Lighthouse Service Bulletin, a monthly periodical issued from the Washington office. BUREAU OF NAVIGATION. This service is charged with general superintendence of the com- mercial marine and merchant seamen of the United States except so far as supervision is lodged with other officers of the Government. This work includes the decision of questions relative to the issue of documents of vessels and their filing, vessel admeasurement, and collection and refund of tonnage taxes. It prepares an annual list of merchant vessels and is empowered to change the name of such -vessels. Radio equipment on merchant vessels is under the juris- diction of this bureau. The bureau enforces through its field officers the navigation and steamboat inspection laws and considers the action to be taken on penalties incurred for violation thereof. Publications of the Bureau of Navigation are not intended for general distribution, but in special cases they can be secured upon request addressed to the bureau. They are as follows : List of Mer- chant Vessels of the United States ; Code List of Merchant Vessels of the United States ; Eadio Laws and Eegulations ; Eeport of the Commissioner of Navigation ; Navigation Laws of the United States, edition of 1919. BUBEAU OE STANDARDS. As much gold as you can carry, or as much meat as you can eat, or cloth enough for a coat were the old measures. Now even the air we breathe has been weighed; the volume of water delivered over Niagara Falls has been computed; the distance from here to the sun has been measured. We lead a measured existence from the time we wake up in the morning and put on our clothes, the very threads of which have been tested, , measured, and "standardized," to the time when we darken the electric lamp — the light, heat, and power of which have been measured to a thousandth of an inch. The standards of all American measurements, both quantitative and qualitative are determined in a group of many buildings a few miles from the National Capital, occupying 24 acres of ground 09 a hill with outlook over all the surrounding country. The various kinds of standards dealt with are grouped under fivo main heads. STANDARDS OF MBASUBEMENT. Standards of measurement are the means by which we maintain the units for a given measure. For example, the yard stick, the troy pound, were formerly standards. We now derive the yard and the pound from the metric standards. Lengths are compared to isohooo of an inch. Capacity measurements are made to within 75 parts in a million. Accurate thermometry measures temperature changes to within one-thousandth of a degree Centigrade, and by radiometers can measure the heat energy of the stars. Time may be measured within one part in 8,500,000, the master time keeper maintaining an accuracy not varying more than a tenth of a second a month. Light intensity is measured by the bureau within one part in a thousand ; • loAoo of ^ candle may be estimated. Weighing may be made to within one part in a hundred million, the smallest error being ' 2S6oo' ' ooooo pound. The wave lengths of radio in wireless are measured within 5 parts in a thousand. The smallest wave measured is about 2 meters and the longest is about 60,000 meters, or about 37i miles. We measure the resistance which a material offers to the passage of an electric current. Two resistances may be compared with an accuracy of one part in one hundred million, from a range of one ten-thousandth of an ohm to ten thousand ohms. The absolute error is about one ten-billionth of an olim. The bureau measures electro- motive force through a range of from one ten-billionth of a volt to one million volts, with an error about the same as for resistance. I STANDARD CONSTANTS. The bureau determines numerical data concerning materials and energy and motion. For example, the velocity of light was de^ termined- electrically in an elaborate research. The melting points of many metals were very accurately determined from highly puri- fied samples. These melting points are used to fix the temperature scale for all heat measurements. The unit of electric current was measured by the bureau so that it can now be said that unit current will electrodeposit silver at the rate of 0.00111800~gram per second (4 grams per hour), approximately the weight of a dime in 40 minutes. These fundamental numerical data are the basis of science and industry. They are used in preparing standards of quality for material, performance for machines, and standards of practice for gas service, electric service, and other utilities, and in standardizing industrial processes. STANDARDS OF QUALITY. A standard of quality is an accurate description of the properties which a material should possess, including dimension, strength, dura- bility, etc. For many materials standards have been already formu- 183 lated and are in use by the Government, but a mere beginning has been made and the bureau is actively at work in periecting such standards. In this work the bureau cooperates with technical socie- ties and secures the cooperation of users, makers, buyers, and testing experts. STANDARDS OF PBRFOKMANCE. We now measure the performance of machines such as airplane motors and engines, vacuum cleaners, fire extinguishers, etc., in the same general manner that we measure the quality of materials. The speed, work, and general effectiveness of such devices are clearly specified in t^rms of units of measure so that the test need not de- pend upon the opinion even of a skilled expert, the results being given impersonally. STANDARDS OF PRACTICE. This includes technical regulation of construction, installation, and operation of public utility systems, such as gas, electricity, telephone service, etc., all based on specifications worked out at the Bureau of Standards. Perhaps more than any office in the Government, the work of tliis bureau intimately touches the lives of the people; it offers the test of tests for the materials concerned with practically every action of our daily lives. The director writes in a recent report : The bureau compares with its own standards of measurement tlie standards of measuring instruments of States, cities, scientific laboratories, educational in- stitutions, manufacturers. Government bureaus, or the public, for which a nomi- nal fee is charged, except in the case of the National and State Government in- stitutions. It gives the advice concerning these standards or their uses, whether it be in connection with the enactment of laws, regulations, or ordi- nances concerning the weights and measures of everyday trade oi: in connec- tion with precision standards used in scientific work and the industries. It gives advice upon request to State and city officials, public service commissions, and public utility corporations regarding the standards of measurement, or quality, or performance involved in legislation or regulation pertaining to tlw public utilities. Many* questions of disagreement between the public and utllit;^ companies as to these matters are referred to the bureau for advice or adjust- ment, often avoiding unfair or inconsistent regulations, as well as long drawn out and expensive litigation. There is a great need on the part of the public for unbiased and reliable information pertaining to the standards entering into the regulation and sale of the services of public utilities. As far as possible, such information is given in the form of publications upon definite subjects. It must not be inferred from the above that the bureau's activities are devoted principally to the interests of the user or consumer. The fundamental facts regarding standards of measurement, quality, or performance are the very things which most deeply concern manu- facturers ; they are fundamentally concerned, either directly or indi- rectly, with the improvement of methods of production or the quality of the output. It may be said that the bureau occupies somewhat the same position with respect to the manufacturing interests of this country that the bureaus of the Department of Agriculture do to the agricultural interests. Many industries are just beginning to realize the importance of precise methods of measurement and scientific in- vestigation, which in practically every case involve some kind of measurement. It is upon quality as welF as upon price that competition must finally depend, whether in domestic or foreign commerce. The use of exact methods and scientific results is the greatest fact6r in the improvement of quality, efficiency, or the development of new indus- tries. The educational value of the bureau's work in this respect is almost entirely unknown to the general public, and yet the bureau receives hundreds of letters, as well as many personal visits from - manufacturers, seeking information as to standards of measurement, how to use them, how to measure the properties of materials, or as to the fundamental physical and chemical principles involved; also, what is of even greater importance, how to initiate and carry out scientific investigations and tests on their own account in their par- ticular fields of work. The new era in American business and the bureau's position in relation to industrial development were recently discussed by Secre- tary Kedfield, as follows: The days are over when business concerns considered competition to be keep- ing to themselves everything that they could learn, and going alone into the markets of the world to plow their way as best they could, without regard for anybody else, and with especial disregard of their competitors. Commerce has outgrown that stage, and nowadays we have to consider business as a whole in its larger and common interest. I am perfectly aware of and in accord with the spirit and the present prac- tice of the antitrust laws — I am not discussing that question at all — but on the scientific side of business, with which we have a great deal to do,- and on its development side, its commercial side, vyith which we have quite as much to do, we can not work for individual concerns, because that would be to dis- criminate against all the other concerns in that industry. We can and do work constantly, however, for associated industry. For example, the great technical societies, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Society of Electrical Engi- neers, the Society of Mining Engineers, of Refrigerating Engineers, maintain their permanent committees which cooperate with the Bureau of Standards of our department. A great many of the industries which are separate from these great societies are doing the same thing, and v?ithin the last few weeks I have taken over, as my own unoflBcial, commercial, and technical advisers, the 15 or 16 gentlemen who represented the great industries in the War In- dustries Board, in order that they might, through the continuance of their war committees, represent those industries before ttie Department of Com- merce, which in turn might be helpful to each industry as a whole. Let me here emphasize this fact, that we are building and have almost com- pleted the greatest industrial laboratory in the world. At the Bureau «f Standards we have now a force of something over 1,000 men and women who are chiefly engaged in industrial research on problems, many of which affect every one of you. For instance, we are studying particularly today on our rolling mill the alloys of steel, and their effects upon hardiness and endurance of the metal. Do you want to learn how long a certain shaft with a certain percentage of zirconium or any other metal will endure in a particular service, in order that you may so design it as to be certain, beyond the chance of error, that It will stand the stresses put upon it? We will undertake an experiment of that kind. You may send your own technical men, if you will, to the laboratory, and they may stay as long as you wish; or, we will send our technical men out into your factory to work with your own engineers. Do not get the impression that we think we know all about it beforehand. We are there to learn, but this work must have two sides. It is necessary that we shall learn from the industry as well as that the industry shall learn from us. On application to the bureau a complete list of its publications will be furnished (many of these are furnished to libraries free on application). This list is so carefully indexed, that it may well serve the librarian as a bibliographic aid in locating current scientific 1»0 data. Thxee popular bulletins of general interest, sold by the Super- intendent of Documents, are : Circular 55, Measurements for ithe Household, $0.15; Materials for the Household, $0.15; Safety for the Household, $0.15. A chart, " International Metric System," 28| by 44 inches will bo sent free on application to any library. STEAMBOAT-INSPECTION SERVICE. This service issues licenses to merchant marine officers, such as masters, mates, pilots, and engineers, after examinations which are conducted at all the principal points. Its officers inspect the hulls, boilers, and machinery of steam vessels and their equipment of all kinds for securing safety at sea. It has officers stationed at the mills where boiler plates are made for marine use and inspects such of these plates as are subject to tensile strain, as well as the finished boilers. In addition to the supervising local and assistant inspectors stationed at" all the sea, lake, and river ports, it has traveling inspec- tors whose duties cover the general service. Its work is technical on the one side and practical on the other and its officers require a high degree of training in construction and engineering, combined with practical experience iii the construction and navigation of -vessels. Publications of the service include the following: Laws Governing the Steamboat-Inspectioh Servit;e; General liules and Regulations Prescribed by the Board of Supervising Inspectors ; Pilot Eules; Anual Report of the Supervising Inspector General. As will be seen from the titles, these publications are useful chiefly to shipping interests. THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. Census : Agriculture. Births. Cotton and Cotton seed. Deaths. Dependent, defective, and de- linquent classes. Electrical industries. Manufactures. Marriage and divorce. Mines, quarries. Municipal finances. Occupations. Population. Religious bodies. Shipbuilding. ' State finances. Tobacco. Water transportation. Wealth, public indebtedness, and taxation. Wells, oil and gas. Coast and Geodetic Survey: Astronomy. Base measures. Channels. Charts. Coasts. Currents. Gravity. Hydrography. Isostasy. Levels. Magnetic observations, (^tc. Soundings. Tides. Traverse. Triangulation. Fisheries : Biological studies. Commissions. Drying. Food. Hatcheries. /'"i^feWe*— Continued, Industries. Laboratories. Laws. Lists (of fishes). Mussels. Oyster culture. Ponds. Preserving, i Propagation, Salmon. Seals (furs). Sponge culture. Foreign and Domestic Commerce : Chemicals. Clothes. Credits. Customs. Exports. Fabrics. Food. Imports. Laws, commercial. Machinery. Merchandise — Domestic. Foreign. Organizations, commercial. Port facilities. Prices — Eetail. Wholesale, Railway equipment. Shipping. Shoes. Tariffs. Trade conditions. Lighthouses: Buoys. Lighthouses. Lighthouses— QomimVi^^. Lightships. Lists. Navigation: Laws. Lists, merchant vessels. Eadio stations. Eules. Bureau of Standards: Analysis. Apparatus. Area (measurements). Calculation. Capacity. Chemicals elements. Comparisons. Currents. Light. Measurement devices — Heat, light, etc. Instruments. Metals. Meters. Power. Eadiation. Eefraction. Eesistance. Safety codes. Specifications. Tables. Temperature. Testing. . Thermometers. Units. Waves. Weights. Steamhoat-Inspection Service: Laws. Eules — General. Pilot. 187 This page is intended for corrections and additions, in order that the information in the foregoing pages may be kept up to date. To THE Librarians of the United States : The American workman did his full share in bringing to a vic- torious end the fight for world freedom. In standing behind the boys who offered and gave their lives on battle fields he did all that his country expected of him. It is not too much to say that when it comes to supplementing and carrying on the work begun by them, lie likewise will not be fou^d wanting. The President said in his message to Congress : " The qfuestion which stands at the front of all ethers in every country amidst the present great awakening is the question of labor." The Department of Labor will gladly give to ihe libraries of the country whatever cooperation shall be necessary io put before the people an intimate knowledge of labor, of what it has already done, and of what it expects to do. Faithfully yours, Secretary of Labor. (188) THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. [The bureaus and offices given page numbers are the ones selected as baving matter of of interest to librarians. Appointment and disbursing officers and other divisions con- nected primarily witb the administrative work of a department have been omitted.] Page. Secretary Assistant Secretaries Solicitor: ^ Chief elerk_ ,__ Labor Adjustment Service. (Division of Conciliation) - 191 United States Employment Service ^ 191 Bureau of Immigration : ' 193 Bureau of Naturalization '. . 193 Bureau of Labor Statistics , 194 Clilldren's Bureau 198 Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation 199 Women's Bureau 201 . (189) THE LIBRARY AND THE WORKMAN". The public library belongs essentially to the student and to the person who can not afford to own the books, he wishes to read. To both these classes belong the workmen of the Nation. The man who would study what others in his trade have accx)m- plished seeks the technical collections at his disposal in his public library. Sometimes he knows exactly what text books he needs; again, he knows merely the subject on which he wishes informa- tion. The librarian is necessarily a salesman, and if his customer asks for matter on electric welding or on methods of mortising, he inust. know where to lay his hands immediately on the material required. In connection with almost any subject, it is always his privilege to call attention to Government publications dealing with similar problems. Take, for instance, the Monthly Labor Eeview, which- contains timely, authentic, and vital information on subjects in which not only the workingman, but every thinking American citi- zen, should be interested. If, however, this matter has to go through the ordinary channels of indexing, cataloguing, binding, etc., it must either take its place with the classics or be consigned to the docu- ment department, a sort of statistical morgue, to be jeered at and avoided. The chief value of Government publications is their timeliness and their connection with the lives of the people. There are certain gen- eral problems in which everyone who works is interested — ^shorter hours, more pay, better conditions. These questions require thought and thought requires a background of information, and more perti- nent information can not be found than that offered by such a periodical as the Monthly Labor Review. Its articles on stand- ardization, efficiency, and investigation are not only packed with vital facts, but they are so simply and directly written that special edu- cation and special trainitig of the reader is not a necessary qualifi- cation for their comprehension. The Monthly Labor Eeview should appear on the table as soon as its wrapper is removed and the man or woman interested in such questions as " Prices and cost of living," " Wages and hours of labor," "Housing and profit sharing," should be directed to the valuable material the Department of Labor is freely furnishing for our help and guidance if we will but use it. (190) 191 THE DEFABTMENT OF IiABOB. ADJUSTMENT AND CONCILIATION SERVICE. Progress in reconstruction can only be made when industrial peace prevails throughout the country, and realization of this truth has insj)ired the Conciliation Service to the maximum of endeavor in urging both aides t6 labor controversies to reach a common ground for settlement of their differences. It is encouraging to note that the efforts of the commissioners uni- formly are successful. According to a recent report of Mr. H. L. Kerwiri, director of conciliation, fourteen disputes were adjusted in six days, involving directly 11,957 workmen, and affecting indirectly 22,575 or a total of 34,532. A daily average of ten or a dozen reports of labor controversies are received at the. Labor Department, with requests for the services of commissioners to aid in bringing about adjustment of differences. These requests are always followed by the detail of a commissioner to investigate the controversy and to assist in bringing the parties together. Owing to the limited size of the force it frequently hap- pens that the commissioners have several assignments concurrently, mvolving a great deal of traveling and rapid movement from one point to another. The results accomplished, however, compensate for the extra efforts required. Mediation does not necessarily mean arbitration. The mediation function of the department is not judicial; it is diplomatic. The Secretary or his commissioners of conciliation may propose arbitra- tion, but they themselves very rarely act as arbitrators. MODUS OPERANDI. Commissioners of conciliation are required — (a) To bring the employers and wage earners concerned in a dis- pute into direct negotiations for an amicable adjustment. (6) Failing in that, they are to act as negotiators in an effort to find some mutually satisfactory basis of settlement. (c) Failing also in this, they are to endeavor to secure an agree- ment to a basis of arbitration in which the award shall touch nothing but the points actually in dispute. (d) Failing in all, they are required to report the pertinent facts to the department for further instructions. In connection with the growth and importance of the work of this service, the following table sliows the number of strikes or threatened strikes brought to the attention of the service during each y^ar since its inception : 1914, thirty-three ; 1915, forty-two ; 1916, two hundred twenty-seven ; 1917, three hundred seventy-eight ; 1918, one thousand two hundred seventeen. UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE. At the time of our entrance into the war the United States Employ- ment Service was a part of the Division of Information in the Bu- reau of Immigration with offices throughout the country. In Octo- ber 1917 that part of its work concerned with the war emergency was placed directly under the control of the Office of the Secretary jot Labor. In January, 1918, all of its work was placed directly under this control when a distinct Employment Service, entirely separate from the Bureau of Immigration, was created. On August 1, 1918, in accordance with the decision of the Secretary of Labor, affirmed and proclaimed by the President of the United States,, the United States Employment Service became the mediuna through which practically all recruiting of unskilled labor for war industries, except that for farms and railroads, was carried on. State organiza- tion committees, State advisory boards, and community labor boards were organized to facilitate this work. In the early part of the war the service assisted the United States Shipping Board in recruiting skilled workers for shipyards and aided in meeting the sudden de- mand for skilled and unskilled workmen in cantonment construction. During the period from January 1, 1918, to June 30, 1919, the service directed 6,446,294 workers to employment, and of these 4,955,159 were placed. Since the signing of the armistice the service has been engaged in the important work of finding employment for discharged soldiers, sailors, and marines, as well as civilian war workers. The number of bureaus for returning soldiers, sailors, and marines in op- eration on June 30, 1919, was 2,294, and the number of discharged service men for whom employment has been obtained was 314,137. Federal community labor boards were organized by the United States Employment Service to assist in recruiting and distributing unskilled labor for war work after August 1, 1918. The boards were organized in industrial communities, the locations and boundaries of which were determined by State organization committees. . They were composed of three members, representing, respectively, labor, employers, and the United States Employment Service. In Sep- tember, 1918, provision was made for the selection of two women members, representing labor and employers. The board had general jurisdiction over the recruiting and distributing of labor in its lo- cality, utilizing the services of the United States Public Service Re- serve and the United States Employment Service. In December, 1918, there were 1,580 boards in operation. After the signing of the armistice they took the initiative in organizing bureaus for return- ing soldiers and sailors. Advisory boards were organized in each State according to instruc- tions issued by the Director General of the United States Employ- ment Service on July 17, 1918, to enable the employers and workers of the States to share with that service the administration of and re- sponsibility for its war labor supplying program. The boards were composed of the State director of the employment service as chair- man, and two representatives of labor and two of management ap- pointed by the Secretary of Labor. Where the State director of the United States Public Service Reserve was not the same person as the State director of the employment service, the former official was ex officio a member of the board. It was the duty of the State ad- visory board to assist the State director of the United States Employ- ment Service in choosing members of his own staff and the officers to be placed in charge of the main local offices ; to determine the allot- ment of the quota of unskilled laborers to,be raised by the various localities of the State for war work; and to advise the State di- rectors of the employment service and of the public service reserve in regard to matters of general policy. 193 Committees were organized in each State according to instructions issued by the Director General of the United States Employment Service on July 17, 1918. The committees were composed of three members — ^the State director of the United States Public Service Reserve, one representative of labor appointed by the State Federa- tion of Labor, and one representative of management appointed through the cooperation of representative organizations of employers. It was the function of these committees to inaugurate community labor boards and State advisory boards. IMMIGRATION BUREATT. The Bureau of Immigration administers laws relating to immigra- tion, including the Chinese-exclusion laws. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1918, the net increase through foreign immigration to our population was 18,585 as compared to 769,276 in 1914. This small increase, however, did not mean that the activities of the bureau were curtailed. From the outbreak of the war in 1914 it became impossible to handle immigration business along the lines followed in times pf peace ; each case became a special one as conditions constantly changed and unforeseen circumstances arose. Many matters apparently not in its province had to be handled, as the bureau had proved itself to be a ready and eiScient agency for carrying on many activities not existing in times of peace. Some of its most important war activities were concerned with the promulgation and enforcement of passport regulations; helping to ' man merchant vessels; administering internment camps for alien enemy seamen; enforcement of espionage; trading with the enemy and sabotage laws; procurement and employment of labor; control of the movement of skilled workers between Canada and the United States; and, what is unique in the annals of the service, caring for, as "guests of the Nation," some 2,900 officers and seamen from 83 Dutch vessels requisitioned by the United States under the rules of international law. The 1918 report of the Commissioner General, available on appli- cation, is perhaps the most interesting as an historical narrative of any ever issued. NATURALIZATION BUREAU. In its administration of the naturalization laws this bureau seeks to obtain the coopieration of every public school, and it has recently published two books which libraries situated in foreign quarters may wish to have for their reference collection — " Teachers' Manual," ar- ranged for the guidance of the public-school teachers of the United States for use with the students textbook to create a standard course of instruction for the preparation of the candidate for the responsi- bilities of citizenship ; " Student's Textbook," a standard course of in- struction for use in th^ public schools of the United States for the preparation of the candidate for the responsibilities of citizenship. Other important publications pf the bureau are " An Outline Course in Citizenship," "The Work of the Public Schools. with the Bureau of Naturalization," " Second Year of the "Work of the Public Schools with the Bureau of Naturalization and Naturalization Laws and Regulations." - 137339°— 19 13 BTJBEAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics is charged with the duty of acquifring and diffusing among the people of the United States useful information on subjects connected with labor in the most general and comprehensive sense of the word, and especially upon its relation to capital, the hours of labor and earnings of labor- ing men and women, and the best means of promoting their material, social, intellectual, and moral prosperity. In fulfilling the functions above mentioned the bureau prepares bulletins grouped in the following series: Wholesale prices. Retail prices and cost of living. Wages and hours of labor. Employment and unemployment. Women in industry. Workmen's insurance and compensation. Industrial accidents and hygiene. Conciliation and arbitration. Labor laws of the United States. Foreign labor laws. Vocational education. Labor as affected by the war. Miscellaneous series. BTn:,I,ETINS ISSUED DUBING THE FISCAL TEAB 1919. In the series " Wages and hours of labor," one bulletin (No. 245) was issued. This bulletin presents the union scale of wages and hours of labor prevailing on May 15, 1917, of 803,095 union members in 56 important industrial cities in the United States. Two bulletins were published in the series on " Employment and unemployment " — No. 241, a study of the growth and importance of public employment offices in the United States, and No. 247,. a, report of the proceedings of the Employment Managers' Conference, held at Rochester, N. Y., May 9, 10, and 11, 1918. In the series "Women in ind'ustry," the one bulletin issued, " Women in the lead industries " (_No. 253) , describes the danger of lead poisoning to women in those industries. Three bulletins were printed in the " Workmen's insurance and compensation " series. No. 240 is a comparison of workmen's com- pensation laws of the United States enacted up to December 31, 1917; No. 243 presents the enactments, new and amendatory, made by the State legislatures during the year 1917 and up to July, 1918, on the subject of compensation of workmen for injuries, and also notes some changes in foreign legislation; and No. 248 is a report of the proceedings of the fourth annual meeting of the Inter- national Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, held at Boston. Mass., August 21-25, 1917. In the series " Industrial accidents and hygiene," one bulletin (No. 236 (was issued. " The effect of the air hammer on the hands of stone cutters " contains reports of studies on this subject made by the bureau, together with statements by physicians employed by the workmen and the employers. 195 One bulletin, " Operation of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act of Canada" {No. 233), was published in the series " Concilation and arbitration." Two bulletins were issued in the "Labor laws of the United States" series; No. 244 reviews and reproduces labor legislation of 1917, and No. 246 presents in abridged form important decisions of the Federal courts and the State courts of last resort. Bulletin No. 249, "Industrial health and efficiency: Final report of the British Health of Munition Workers' Committee," was issued in the series " Labor as affected by the war." In the " Miscellaneous " series, " Welfare work for employees in in- dustrial establishments in the United States" (No. 250), is a report of an investigation by the bureau. Listed according to serial numbers, the bulletins issued during the fiscal year 1919, are as follows : 233. Operation of the Industrial disputes Investigation act of Canada. 236. The effect of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. 240. Comparison of worljmen's compensation laws of the United States. 241. Public employment offices in the United States. 243. Workmen's compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries. 244. Labor legislation of 1917. 245. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1917. 246. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1917. 247. Proceedings of Employment Managers' Conference, Rochester, N. T., May 9 to 11, 1918. 248. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the International Associa- tion of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. 249. Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Munition Workers' Committee. 250. Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States. 253. Women in the lead industry. BTTLLETINS IN PRESS, AUGUST 1, 1919. 251. Preventable death in the cotton manufacturing industry. 252. Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations. 255. Joint standing industrial councils in Great Britain. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. 257. Labor legislation of 1918. 258. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1918. 259. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1918. 260. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1907-1918. 261. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1918. 262. Wages and hours of labor in cotton goods manufacturing and finishing, 1918. 263. Housing by employers in the United States. 264. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, held at Madison, Wis.. September 24r-27, 1918. 265. Industrial survey In selected industries in the United States, 1919. Pre- liminary report. • Because of the constant demand for current retail and wholesale prices for use in the settlement of wage disputes during and since the war, these data have been published each month in the Monthly Labor Eeview and in the form of separates so as to be more quickly available. Annual bulletins showing the changes in wholesale and retail prices will again be issued, now that the demands for war emergency printing nas eased up. 196 MONTHLY LABOB REVIEW. In addition to these bulletins the bureau publishes a general labor magazine, the Monthly Labor Review. This magazine which was begun in July, 1915, has come to be recognized as the authoritati\^ publication dealing with matters of current interest relating to labor in all of its phases in the United States and Joreign countries. It gives information concerning the current work of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and of other bureaus of the Department of Labor, and also the work of other Government agencies dealing directly witli labor matters. Statements of the employment and conciliation work of the department and statistics on immigration are printed each month. Reviews of the work of State labor bureaus, workmen's compensation commissions, minimum-wage commissions, and arbitra- tion boards are given, together with information concerning the legis- lation of Congress and of the several States and summaries and analyses of iinportant court decisions relating to labor. The proceed- ings of important conventions and conferences dealing with labor interests are summarized. The more important subjects treated of in special articles and reports during the year 1919, are : Collective bargaining. Conciliation and arbitration. Cooperation. Employment and unemployment. Employment management. Housing. Immigration. Industrial accidents and hygiene. Industrial councils and employees' representation. Labor laws and legislation. Labor organizations. Minimum wage. Prices and cost of living. Social insurance. Strikes and lockouts. Vocational education. Wages and hours of labor. Women in industry. Workmen's compensation. The Monthly Labor Review is widely distributed, carrying a mailing list of oyer 17,000 addresses. All publications of the Bureau of Labor Statistics are free of charge. tABOR BIBLIOGRAPHIES. Current labor literature is featured regularly in the Monthly L'lbor Review. Labor publications received during the month are listed with full bibliographical detail, and imjportant books are given special reviews. In the number for June, 1919, an extensive list of the labor press was given, covering over 500 entries of Current labor papers and journals issued in the United States and foreign countries. This list has been reprinted as a separate and may be 197 had on application to the bureau. Eecent special bibliographies have appeared as follows : Vocational education and employment of the handicapped, with special ref- erence to the crippled soldiers. September, 1917. Pages 187-212. Training of women for war work. August, 1918. Pages 164-171. List of references on reconstruction. December, 1918. Pages 47-79. Brief reading lists on current topics are compiled from time to time to meet special inquiries. LABOB INDEXES. A " Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to May 1, 1915," was issued in 1915. This index, which appears as Bulletin No. 174 of the regular bulletin series, included 25 annual reports, 1885-1915 ; 12 special reports, 173 bulletins, and about 50 volumes of miscellaneous reports. Each volume of the Monthly Labor Eeview carries an index, and a. cumu- lative index covering the i'ssues July, 1915, to July, 1919, is in prepara- tion. In connection with the matter of indexing, the bureau is preparing a list of subject headings, with cross references, for indexing labor literature. These headings have been very care- fully selected and are based on the knowledge of expert indexers working in cooperation with persons familiar with labor matters. DESCETPTION OF OCCUPATIONS. A special series of pamphlets entitled " The Descriptions of Occu- pations," giving definitions of the occupations found in 23 of the principal industries of the country has also been prepared. These definitions are being used by manufacturers and others throughout the country as a standard of the qualifications necessary for each par- ticular position. The industries covered up to the present time in this series are: , Boots and shoes. Building and general construction. Cane sugar refining. Coal and water gas manufacture. Electrical manufacture, distribution, and maintenance (X-ray, radio). Flour milling. Harness and saddlery. Logging camps and sawmills. Medicinal manufacturing. Metal-working trades. Mines and mining. Office employees. Paint and varnish manufacture. Paper manufacture. Printing trades. Railroad transportation. Rubber goods manufacture (boots, flat goods, rubber auto tires). Shipbuilding. Slaughtering and meat packing. Street railways. Tanning. Textiles and clothing. Water transportation. DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS. For convenient use and wider circulation many of the articles ap- pearing in the Monthlj- Labor Eeview are reprinted as separates. The publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics are distrihuted regularly to the libraries listed in the bureau's bul- letin No. 174, page 211-233. Additional libraries will be placed on the mailing list upon request, which may be made for individual series or for all publications. Communications should be ad- dressed to the United States Commissioner of Labor Statistics, Washington, D. C. children's BTJKEAtT. The Children's Bureau of the United States Department of Labor was created by act of Congress- in 1912 "to investigate and report upon all matters pertaining to children and child life among all classes of the people." It was further directed to study certain specific questions, such as infant and maternal mortality, juvenile courts, dangerous occupations, accidents and diseases of children, eniployment, and other matters affecting children. During the six and one-half years of the bureau's existence it has published about "fifty reports on the results of its various investiga- tions and inquiries. They are grouped in the following series and are available free of charge: Care of Children; Dependent, Defective, Delinquent Classes ; Infant Mortality ; Industrial ; Rural Child Wel- fare; Legal; Children's Year; Miscellaneous. These publications vary widely in character, ranging from ex- haustive studies with many statistical tables and charts to simple dodgers and leaflets containing practical instruction on various phases of child care and of child-welfare work. The bureau collects and distributes a great deal of miscellaneous information regarding child-w&lfa ! Since the armistice the work of the United States Housing Corpo- ration has been materially curtailed. Although plans were drawn for houses in 94 different cities, projects were abandoned altogether in aU but 26 cities and were materially curtailed in man};^ of these. The houses -planned by the United States Housing Corporation are already completed or are nearing completion in each of these cities, and already over 1,400 houses and apartments and over 2,500 rooms in dormitories are occupied. Plans of houses constructed by the corporation will also be issued to any intending home builder at cost of reproduction. Any inter- ested person may secure these by writing to the United States Hous- ing Corporation, 613 G Street NW., Washington, D. C, specifying the type and size of house in which he is interested. A fully illustrated report has been issued, including plans, eleva- tions, and descriptions of all standard types of houses which it has designed or erected and of plans of each community and a detailed exposition of the organization, working methods, and achievements of the bureau. This valuable report may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents. women's btjreatt. The Woman in Industry Service was established in July, 1918, under the appropriation which authorized the Secretary of Labor to — Establish a service with special reference to promoting and developing the welfare of wage-earning women, improving working conditions of women and advancing their opportunities for profitable employment, and in this service to coordinate and coiitrol all work in the Department of Labor and other departments having to do with any matters of policy or procedure with refer- ence to women wage earners. Standards have been formulated governing the employment of women. These standards dealwith wages, hours, collective bargain- ing, necessity for employment management in industry, and the working conditions which should be established in plants where women are employed. To assist in establishing policies regarding the employment of women a committee on hazardous occupations was organized to re- port on the employment of women in hazardous occupations; an advisory council of working women has been formed ; special investi- gations are being made in a number of cities of the conditions of employment of Negro women in industry; and an initial inquiry has been made into the status of women in the metal trades in Michigan. The service cooperates with the War and Navy Departments by advising on conditions affecting the employment of women in navy yards and arsenals. Special assistance and advice has been given in the States with a view toward formulating or furthering programs of legislation. At the request of the governor of Indiana a survey was made of the con- ditions under which women were employed in that State and a report was submitted in advance of the meeting of the legislature. Information regarding legislation and working conditions for women is furnished to those who are interested. A stereoptioon slide lecture and a 15-panel exhibit illustrating the standards which are advocated for the employment of women have been prepared for use throughout the country by State labor depart- ments, schools, and colleges, and other organizations. Publications issued by the service are: Bulletin No. 1. Proposed Employment of Women during the War in the Industries of Niagara Falls. Bulletin No. 2. Labor Laws for Women in Industry in Indiana. Bulletin No. 3. Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry. THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOB. Adjustment and Conciliation Service : Agreement. Arbitration. Awards. Controversies (labor). Disputes. Mediation. Negotiation. Settlement. Strikes Children^ Bureau: Accidents. Care of defective, dependent, delinquent. Diseases. Education. Employment. Employment statistics. Children's Bureau — Continued. Health. Labor. Laws. Measuring. Mortality. Nursing (public health). Occupations, dangerous. Play. Scholarships. Statistics. Weighing. Welfare. Employment Service: Information. Investigation. Jobs. Reserve, public service. Statistics. iiUO Housing and Transportation: Contracts. Dormitories. Plass. Specifications. Immigration: Aliens. Chinese. Employment. Exclusion. Illiteracy. Japanese. Laws. Passports. Statistics. Labor Statistics: Accident insurance. Accidents, industrial. Collective bargaining. Conciliation and arbitration. Cost of living. Dangerous occupations. Efficiency, industrial. Eight-hour day. Employment. Employment management. Factory inspection. Factory management. Group insurance. Handicapped in industry. Health insurance. Hours of labor. Housing. Industrial democracy. Industrial education. Industrial insurance. Industrial hygiene. Industrial unrest. Injunctions. Labor legislation. Labor Statistics — Continued. Labor organizations. L9,bor standards. Maternity insurance. Minimum wage. Occupational diseases. Old age and invalidity. Poisoning, industrial. Prices. Safety. Strikes and lockouts. Strike insurance. Unemployment. Unemployment insurance. Vocational education. Wages. Welfare work. Women in industry. Workmen's compensation and insurance. Naturalization : Americanization. Citizenship. Cooperation. Foreign bom. Home making. Organization. Schools, public. Women's Bureau: Bargaining, collective. Conditions, working. Employment. Hazard. Hours. Investigations. Legislation. Policies. Standards. Surveys. Wages. This page is reached with, mingled gladness and regret. Gladness that the tosh set is accom/plished; regret that contact with the depart- ment officiais is thereby made unnecessary. The compiler claims this space in which to record her gratitude for the intelligent interest uniformZy manifested in the purpose of this little pamvphZet, and for the cordial courtesy shown by the many offi- cials who have furnished the " copy " which has nwde it possible. There must also be a word of appreciation for the efficient Govern- ment Printing Office workers who, from a mass of manuscript, have quickly produ^ced these printed pages. This page is intended for corrections and additions in order that the information in the foregoing pages may be kept up to date. ADDITIONAL COPIES oi? THIS PUBLICATION MAT BE FBOCUBED FBOM THE aUPKEINTENDENT OF DOCUMEKTS GOVEENMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D, C. AT 25 CfiNTS PER COPY V