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BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME 
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 fNGlNEERING LIBRARY ^ ___ 
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/-.■r ns» «£2r2*" University Library 
 QE 262.P7C64 1889 
 
 '■'''e geology of the Plashetts and Kielder 
 
 3 1924 004 554 840 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004554840 
 
MEMOIRS or THE GEOLOGICAL SURYEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 PLASHETTS AND KIELDER 
 
 ^EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET r08 S,W., 
 NEW SERIES, SHEET 7.) 
 
 BY 
 
 G. T. CLOUGH^ M.A., F.G.S. 
 
 (Notes on the CuMBfiELANo Portion by Hugh Millke, A.B.S.M., 
 
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 GSTSEKAX. laEIVXOXKS OP THE GEO&OCXCAK SVSVET-. 
 BBPOET on CORNWALL, DEVON, and WEST SOME ESBT. By Sir H. T. De La BbOhe 14* f O P » 
 
 Guide to the GEOLOGY of LONDON and the NEIGHBOURHOOD. By W. Whitaibe. 4th Ed. Is. 
 
A. 
 
 I -J" ^ 7 1 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The area included in the Map described in tlie present- 
 Explanation lies along tlie nortli--western borders of 
 Northumberland and Cumberland, and includes the upper 
 waters of the Eiver North Tyne and its tributaries. It 
 was surveyed by Mr. 0. T. Clough (with the exception 
 of the Cumberland portion, about half a square mile in 
 extent, which is the work of Mr. Hugh Miller,) under the 
 supervision of Mr. H. H. Howell. 
 
 Almost the whole of the ground lies upon the lower 
 members of the Carboniferous system. There can be 
 little doubt that the Lewisburn and other coals of this 
 region are the strati graphical equivalents of the 
 " Soremerston beds" in the Carboniferous Limestone 
 Series of the north-eastern portion of Northumberland. 
 The determination of this point is the chief feature in 
 the investigation of the district by the Geological 
 Survey. 
 
 The six-inch sheets of the Ordnance County Maps 
 included in the area of Quarter-Sheet 108 S.W. one- 
 inch, are, Cumberland Sheet 2 ; Northumberland, Sheets 
 33, 40, 48, 49, 57, 58, and the western borders of Sheets 
 34 and 41. The ground was surveyed geologically on the 
 six-inch scale, and MS. copies of these sheets are kept 
 in this office for consultation by the public. 
 
 The fossils mentioned in this Memoir have been 
 mainly determined by Messrs. Sharman and E. T. 
 Newton, who have also revised all the fossil-lists here 
 given. 
 
 AEOH. GEIKIE, 
 
 Director-General. 
 Geological Survey Office, 
 
 28, Jermyn Street, London, 
 
 20th December 1888. 
 
 E 66137. Wt. 1S119. X 2 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Frei'acis. 
 
 Chapteb 
 
 Chapter 
 Chapter 
 
 By the Directoi General 
 
 Page 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 in. 
 
 iNTRODtrcTiON. Physical Geography. Geological Litera-- 
 ture. Table of Formations. Silurian Boces - - 1 
 
 Carboniferous Boces. Lower Freestones, 
 stone Group. Fell Sandstones - 
 
 Cement- 
 
 Chapter IV. 
 
 CARnoNiPEROUs RocKS — Continued. Paleeontology. Ce- 
 mentstone Group, Fell Sandstones - - - 11 
 
 Carbonifebous Contemporaneous Igneous Bocks. 
 Carter Fell Tuff, or Ath. Carter Fell Batalts - 16 
 
 Chapter 
 Chapter 
 Chapter 
 Chapter 
 Celapter 
 
 CHAFXEa 
 
 Chapter 
 
 V. Intrusive Basaitio Boces • • - - 18 
 
 VI. Fault-Breccias, and Minerals contained therein - -25 
 
 VII. Glacial Beds. Foreign Boulders - - • 26 
 
 VIII. Becbnt Deposits. Alluvium. Peat, Landtlips - 33 
 
 IX. Geological Structure. Geological Horizon of the 
 
 Lewisburn beds. Faults - - ■■ - 36 
 
 ^. Some A<ipects or Scgnert in relation to GEOtoaT - hi 
 
 X Economic Besousces • • - • • 53 
 
 Appendix. 
 Index - 
 
 Sections in the Carboniferous Bocks 
 
 60 
 
THE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 PLASHETTS AND KIELDER. 
 
 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION, 
 
 Physical Geography. 
 
 The area of the quarter sheet is about 66J square miles. The 
 boundaries on the south and east sides are lines drawn nearly due 
 east and west and north and south respectively : on the north and 
 west sides the boundary is the Scottish Bcrder. This Border for 
 the distance between the north en 1 of the map and Thorlieshope 
 Pike — the.projection three-quarters of a mile W. of the head of the 
 Tyne — keeps to the watershed between the North Tyne tributaries 
 on the English side and those of the Teviot and Liddel on the 
 Scottish side, with the exception of about two square miles 
 between Peel Fell and Knox Knowe, which, though within the 
 North Tyne area, is included in Scotland. From Thorlieshope Pike 
 to a point half a mile south of where the Oakenshaw Bum Road 
 crosses it the border runs entirely within the North Tyne area, 
 and generally at a distance from the watershed of about three- 
 quarters of a mile. After this it crosses over the watershed on to 
 the Liddel side and runs down Kershope Burn, a tributary of the 
 Liddel. The Liddel flows into the Solway and so into the Irish 
 Sea. 
 
 Thus with the exception of about one square mile in the south- 
 west corner the whole sheet belongs to the North Tyne drainage 
 area. But there are three or four square miles in the north-east 
 corner which first drain into the Rede, and this has to travel a 
 long way before it joins the North Tyne, 
 
 The North Tyne traverses the sheet from north-west to south- 
 east. The chief streams that come into it from the east are the 
 Kielder Burn, Plashetts Burn and Belling Burn, and from the 
 west Bell's Burn and Lewis Burn. The Kielder Burn is itself 
 much longer and larger than the Tyne above their point of junc- 
 tion, but the valley of the latter stream keeps on in the same line 
 as that of the united streams below their junction, and this is 
 doubtless the reason it still claims the title of North Tyne. The 
 pass too at the head of it .crossing over into the Liddel is very 
 marked, so that oqe passes over the watershed of the country here 
 quite imperceptibly. It is occupied by a spread of alluvium and 
 peat moss, and the lowest point is only a little over 700 feet above 
 Ordnance Datum. 
 
 The entire area is wild and somewhat hilly, and contains very 
 little enclosed ground. Peel Fell, 1,975 feet, is the hisheat hill. 
 
2 iNTEODtrCTION. 
 
 Carter Fell, 1,899 feet, comes next, and iu the north half of the 
 sheet there are various other heights only a little lower than these. 
 In the south half both the hill tops and the general elevation are 
 somewhat lower. 
 
 Geological Literature, 
 
 It is believed that the following list includes most of the papers, 
 &<5. of importance that refer tb the geology of the area : — 
 
 1816. N. T, Winch. Geology of Northumberland and Dur- 
 ham. Trans. Geol. Son., vol. iv. p. 1. 
 
 1824. W, Smith. Geological Map of Northumberland (in 
 part by PnoFi J. Phillips). 
 
 1851. Peqf. a. Sedgwick. On the Geological Structure 
 and Relations of the frontier chain of Scotland, with 
 a list of Organic Remains by Peof. McCor. Brit. 
 Ass. Rep, In 1850 section p. 103. 
 
 1857. Ketebend John Hodgson. Memoir of Reverend 
 John Hodgson by Reverend James Raine. Contains 
 (p. 139) Minute of a journey to Mounces in 1814, 
 and other casual references to geology. 
 
 1861-2. Nicholas Wood. On the Upper and Lower Beds 
 of Coal in the Counties of Northumberland and Dur- 
 ham. Trans. N. of England Inst. Eng., p, 99, vol. xi. 
 Discussion, pp. 194-196. 
 
 1875. G. A. Lebotte. The larger divisions of the Carb. 
 system in Northumberland. Trans. N. of England 
 Inst. Eng,, vol. xxi. p. 225. 
 
 1877. G. A Lebotje. On the terms Bernician and Tnedian. 
 
 Geol. Mag, Decad. ii., vol, iv. p. 19. 
 
 1878. G. A. Lebotje. Outlines of the Geology of North- 
 
 umberland. 8vo. Newcastle. Refers especially to 
 this area on pp. 38, 39,42, 50, 51. (2nd Ed. in 1886.) 
 1878. G. A. Leboue. Geological Map of Northumberland. 
 
 Table of Formations and Brief Description of some of them, 
 
 r Alluvium and Terraces. 
 Eeoent < Basin-Peat, Hill-Peat. 
 
 L High Eiver Gravels. 
 Glacial. Boulder Clay. Sands and Gravels. 
 
 r Carbonaceous Series and Fell Sandstones. 
 Lower Carboniferous -j Oementstone Series. 
 
 I Lower Freestones. ' _ ■ 
 tTpper Silurian. Wenlock shales and greywaok^s. 
 Contemporaneous Igneous Eocks. Carboni" f Carter Fell Ash CUnS). - 
 
 feroua. \ Carter Fell Basalt. 
 
 Intrusive Igneous Eocks. Basalt dykes. 
 
 The lowest group of the carboniferous is, as its name implies, 
 essentially a sandstone group. The middle one is more a shaley 
 group with many thin bands of impure limestone (cementstone). 
 The highest one, Carbonaceous Series and Fell Sandstones, is in 
 its lower part essentially a sandstone group again, but the upper 
 
IKTEODUCTTON". 3 
 
 part may contain in places a very large proportion of shale, lime- 
 stone, and thin coals. 
 
 It is somewhat doubtful whether the Carter Fell basalt be con- 
 temporaneous or intrusive. If it be taken as contemporaneous 
 there are only the basaltic dykes left to represent the intrusive 
 rocks. 
 
 SiLUEiAN Rocks. 
 
 These rocks are not actually exposed in this sheet, but there is 
 little doubt that a very small area of them comes into the north- 
 east comer. In the bed of a small sike, about 18 yards east of 
 the south end of the area as mapped, Silurian shales occur and are 
 stained purple, as the Silurians strata in the adjoining map to the 
 east (108 S.E.) are when in the neighbourhood of unconformable 
 (carboniferous beds. 
 
 The series in Sheet 108 S.E. consists chiefly of shales and grey- 
 wack^s, probably of Wenlock age. They have been traced south- 
 west into Kirkcudbright, and abundant fossil evidence is there 
 obtained. 
 
CHAPTEE II. CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. 
 
 These may be conveniently divided into the following groups, 
 in descending order : — 
 
 . f Carbonaceous Beds. 
 \_Fell Sandstones. 
 
 2. Cementstone Group. 
 
 3, Lower Freestones. 
 
 The upper group is made by Prof. G. A. Lebour * the base of 
 a Bernician Series, a series which extends up to the base of the 
 Millstone Grit of Northumberland. The beds from the Fell 
 Sandstones to the base were classed by the late George Tate 
 of Alnwick as Tuedian, in at least the northern part of the 
 county. It is probable that they all represent lower portions of 
 the Carboniferous Limestone Series of the country further south. 
 
 Lower Freestones, — These consist of rough-surfaced flaggy 
 sandstones with numerous small ochre spots and variegated lilac 
 red and grey clays, which here and there contain bands of ochreous 
 Slightly calcareous concretions. The sandstones too are occasionally 
 a red colour. Near the head of the sike by the bend of the 
 Redesdale main road they contain chert, but whether in nodules 
 or bands is not clear. There .are no very good sections within 
 this Map : perhaps the best is the one in the small east to west 
 sike that occurs within three-quarters of a mile of the extreme 
 north end of the Map. 
 
 The thickness in and near the Map may be taken perhaps 
 at about 200 feet. 
 
 Cementstone Group. — This consists of a series of shales and 
 thin clayey limestone courses — cementstones — with subordinate 
 sandi^tones. The shales have usually a greenish tint, and the 
 limestones weather yellow on the outside and contain but few 
 organic remains. Individual courses often vary very rapidly 
 in thickness, a 3 or 4 ft. series thinning out into 1 ft., or a 
 thinner set into scattered nodules or entirely dying out. This is 
 seen very well in the burn along the Border west of the Trouting. 
 Occasionally however the limestones attain a considerable 
 thickness, 12 or 16 ft., and contain also remains of crinoids, e.g., 
 on the fellside east of the Three Pikes. 
 
 Where best developed there is a conspicuous absence of any- 
 thing that could be called a coal seam, though thin carbonaceous 
 streaks are sometimes seen, e.g., in the east-west cleugh, a little 
 over half a mile east of Kielder Head. 
 
 Many of the sandstones are very calcareous and occasionally 
 give rise to swallow holes. Each little quartz grain exposed on 
 
 * Outlines of the Geology of Northumberland, p. 42, 1878-9 ; p. 58 of 2nd Ed 
 1886. 
 
CABBONIFEROUS HOCKS. 5 
 
 their weathered faces sticks out prominently, and frequently the 
 successive lines of them strike against one another, and bring 
 out the false-bedded character very distinctly. Occasionally the 
 more calcareous portions seem collected together in more or less 
 rounded lumps. A quarter of a mile north of the " G " of " Gowan- 
 burn Moor " a limestone has been extensively quarried and burnt, 
 but the quarry is now abandoned ; the thickness is said to have 
 been 1 3 ft. Some bands in it are a good blue colour and may be 
 of coral origin, but others should rather be called calcareous 
 sandstone than limestone and contain coal-pebbles and plants. 
 
 The highest bed in the series often consists of a rather thick 
 limestone or calcareous sandstone. At the head of Bateinghope 
 Burn it is a sound compact cream-coloured limestone, and has 
 been worked in a level for lime burning. In the bum west of 
 the Trouting there is also a conglomerate of limestone fragments 
 on this horizon. The best sections occur in Deadwater Burn, 
 White Kielder Burn, and the cleughs next east of Kielder Head. 
 
 The thickness of the series on the Carter Fell is perhaps about 
 400 ft. In Tynedale there is evidence for up to 600 ft. at least : 
 the base is never reached. 
 
 Carbonaceous Series and Fell Sandstones. — This double group 
 is much the largest of the three divisions into which the Carboni- 
 ferous beds are divided in the map, and it includes in some places 
 beds of such shaley character that the term Fell Sandstones seems 
 inappropriate; The term was applied originally to the thick 
 massive freestones of Larriston and Peel Fell. Coming on 
 above these, or perhaps in them, in some cases, there is an 
 enormous development of shales, thin coals, limestone courses, &c., 
 apparently the representatives of what George Tate in the north 
 of the county called the Carbonaceous Beds of the Carboniferous 
 Limetone Series. These were not separated in the course of the 
 field survey, and, in all probability, it would be found impossible 
 to separate them by any single line, if the groups were to retain 
 their distinctive characters over large areas. Every here and 
 there we should doubtless have to pass from one boundary line, 
 across a considerable thickness of beds, to take up another on a 
 different horizon. Moreover, intermixed with the shaley beds 
 there are occasionally freestones so massive and thick, that the 
 character of the ground is quite comparable to that formed by 
 the sandstones of Larriston and Peel Fell. For the further 
 discussion of the relations between the Carbonaceous Beds and 
 the Fell Sandstones, see p. 36. 
 
 In the south-east portion of the sheet there is an especially 
 great development of these shaley carbonaceous beds. Capital 
 sections of them are seen in the Lewis Burn valley, and they 
 may hence be well designated this Lewisbturn Beds. 
 
 The typical Fell Sandstones of Peel Fell, &c., consist of a series 
 of massive false-bedded freestones with subordinate shales or 
 clays and rare limestones and coals. Usually the freestones are 
 close together and thick so that they form rough, heather-clad 
 fells with scar after scar. Good sections occur in the burn 
 
6 CARBONiFEteOTJS ROC&S. 
 
 running north-east from the top of Peel Pell, the burn south-west 
 of the Trouting, the Carry Bum, the Cross Oleugh (Bateinghope) 
 and many other places. Much the largest proportion of the con- 
 stituent grains in the sandstones consist of quartz, and are 
 generally only of small size and loosely cemented together. The 
 larger ones perhaps average ^V in, in diameter, but exceptional 
 pebbles up to 1 in. in length are found in certain places, e.g., a 
 little over 1 mile north of Kielder Head. The scars often 
 weather in extremely massive blocks which show falsebedding 
 clearly. The diflFerence in hardness of the different bands causes 
 a difference in the mode of weathering, and we may thus get 
 blocks deeply undercut or marked by a series of constrictions 
 where the softer bands occur, e.g., in the Dove Stones- rather over 
 1 mile east of Kielder Head. The " Bore " (wrongly Boar in the 
 map) Stone on Deadwater Moor has been pierced right through 
 by the weathering away of some softer parts : the average length 
 of the bore is 9 ft., the height 4 ft., and the width 5 ft. : the stone 
 stands out almost isolated by denudation from the scar to which 
 it belongs. The outermost of the "Leaping Stones," about 
 1 mile east of the top of Mid Fell is quite thus isolated, but the 
 chasm across which the leap has to be made is only 3 or 4 ft. 
 wide. 
 
 Occasionally the laminse in the blocks are sharply curved and 
 twisted, giving an appearance of severe contortion, though the 
 base-line of the bed may continue running evenly ; but this may 
 be due to concretionary action. It is seen particularly clearly 
 in a strong scar about a quarter of a mile west of the top of Mid 
 FeU. 
 
 I? Other of the beds weather in more low-lying somewhat pillow 
 shaped masses with soft rounded outlines, e.g., at the Gray Mare's 
 Knowe, a mile and a half north of Kielder Head. 
 
 A strong saudstone scar near the top of Deadwater Fell con" 
 tains numerous dark brown sharply defined projecting thin bands 
 which vary in thickness from 2 or 3 in. downwards. On examin- 
 ing a hand specimen they are at once felt to be heavier than the 
 unstained sandstone, and fresh fractures show a difference in first 
 the deeper tint and secondly the multitude of small glistening 
 specks they display. The brown tint is due to an earthy brown 
 or yellow substance, in all probability the hydrous peroxide of 
 iron, which fills the spaces between the quartz grains, which are 
 often left unfilled in the normal sandstone. The glistening specks 
 are fresh fractured quartzlgrains, the rock being so firmly compacted 
 by the brown substance that it has in many cases broken across 
 these grains, a thing which never seems to happen in the normal 
 sandstone. The quartz grains themselves are perfectly free from 
 staining. There is never any fissure- or vein-mineral on the sides 
 of the bands, and they never throw the bedding planes they cross. 
 The stronger bedding planes are readily recognisable in them, 
 weathering in relief. 
 
 They often present the most complicated appearance 5 mdely 
 vertical lines changing into horizontal and back again quite 
 
FELL SANDSTONES. 7 
 
 capriciously. Some are -visible for 12 yds. or more, and may 
 continue very much further ; indeed it is possible that they are 
 aU connected in some way or other. Sharp curves in them are 
 very numerous, and, when we get the appearance of many rudely 
 parallel lines, examination often shows that they are each but 
 repeated sections o£ a band that has a habit of sharply bending. 
 
 Similar stained bands may be seen in various places between 
 the head of Archer Cleugh and the top of Deadwater Fell, a quarter 
 of a mile north-west of the north and south sike on Kavenshill Moor 
 and other places. 
 
 Sometimes the different parts of a sandstone that has up to a 
 certain point formed only one scar commence to form each a 
 separate feature for itself. This is the case a little east of the 
 track leading north from Kielder Head, about three-quarters of a 
 mile above the house. The softer portions of the sandstone seem 
 of themselves often sufficient to cause the separation in the 
 features without the intervention of any shale. 
 
 At several points between 100 yds. south-east of Mid Fell top 
 and a little over a quarter of a mile slightly east of south thereof) 
 there are large swallow holes going through massive but not 
 evidently calcareous sandstones. 
 
 The base of the series does not keep to one particular bed, but 
 we are obliged every here and there to cross to a higher or a 
 lower one than that we had hitherto taken, if this line is to retain 
 its character as a division between the more sandy and the more 
 shalcy portions of the section. Thus coming south along the base 
 line south-east of the "Grun" we pass on to a lower bed; and 
 coming south along the base near the Bore Stone, we cross over 
 several beds of a considerable thickness in all. Still the classifi- 
 cation as a whole is a very natural one. 
 
 The bed taken as the base in the cleugh that comes into Scalp 
 Burn from the west, by the " p " of " Scalp Burn," is a massive 
 calcareous sandstone with conglomerate bands containing quartz 
 pebbles and quartz mixed with tourmaline. 
 
 A little way above the base we generally come to a series of 
 peculiar variegated purple chocolate and grey clays, interbedded 
 with the freestones, and sometimes associated with thin green- 
 hearted sandstone courses and bands of rough-surfaced limestone 
 lumps, the outsides of which are the same colour as the clays. 
 The clays have been washed and carefully examined for minute 
 organisms, but hitherto without success. It has been suggested 
 that they are fine volcanic sediment. They are seen on the east 
 side of Carter Fell between the basalt and the coal, near the foot 
 of Carry Burn, near the head of Scalp Burn, the landslips on the 
 east side of White Kielder, and Catcleugh Burn (Eaelder Station), 
 &c. _ 
 
 An associated limestone is seen at the head of a slip in the 
 White Kielder, two-thirds of a mile north-north-east of the 
 Woody Crags, and on Deadwater Moor a quarter of a mile 
 Bouth-south-w^st of the Bore Stone, 
 
8 CARBONIFEROtrS BOCKS. 
 
 Above these variegated clays comes ordinarily a Carbonaceou3 
 Division with many thin coal seams, more shale than usual, and 
 occasionally, e.g., in the Eigend Burn east of Ewe Hill, a good 
 many thin impure limestone bands, not much different from those 
 of the Cementstone series, excepting that distinctly marine fossils 
 are abundant. The shales have also sometimes a greenish tint as 
 in the Cementstone series, but more usually they are dark grey 
 and carbonaceous. 
 
 From the base of the Fell Sandstones in Bateinghope Burn up 
 to the Carter Fell coal the total thickness is probably a little over 
 600 ft., mostly all of sandstone. On the Peel Fell escarpment 
 there must be at least an equal thickness of very similar beds 
 without getting up to the coal. 
 
 The Carter coal where worked is said to have been about: 
 13 ins. thick. A little way above it there are two good limestones 
 both forming swallow holes and containing corals, crinoids, &c. 
 The lower one is seen very well in Carry Burn] about one third 
 of a mile below its head. There are some large blocks too in the 
 Cross Cleugh (Bateinghope), about 180 yds. below its head, which 
 may belong to it and be in place. The upper limestone was 
 formerly extensively worked in two large quarries near the head 
 o£ Bateinghope Bum ; it appears made up in great part of rolled 
 pebbles of limestone, containing corals, Produetus, &o., with the 
 interspaces filled with a sandy green shale. The thickness at 
 present exposed is about 10 ft., without getting to the bottom ; 
 immediately on the top eomea 6 ft. of sandstone. It is worth 
 while mentioning here that throughout the Map generally there 
 is no universal rule determining whether sandstone or shale shall 
 occur at the bottom or lop of a limestone, although in the district 
 further south and in the Carboniferous Limestone Series of Durham 
 and North Yorkshire, it is almost invariably the case that 
 sandstone occurs below limestone and shale g,bove it. 
 
 The Lewisburn or Carbonaceous beds in the south-east part of 
 the sheet have been already briefly alluded to (p. 5). They will be 
 shown (p. 36) clearly to come above the mass of the sandstones of 
 Peel and Larriston Fells. They resemble the Cementstones proper 
 in some respects, but difEer therefrom in, first, the great number of 
 coal seams they contain, and, secondly, the greater frequency of 
 marine fossils, Rhynchonella, Polyzoa, &c. in the limestone bands.* 
 These limestones are generally very impure and most of them 
 should perhaps rather be called calcareous flagstones : Ihey are 
 generally very hard, of a dark grey colour internally, and contain 
 numerous plant remains in conjunction wdth the fossils already 
 mentioned. Some of the bands are however purer and thicker, 
 and there is one which comes twice into Lewis Burn, at points 
 about 100 yds. and one quarter of a mile below the Low Long 
 House, whioH has been quarried and burnt for lime on the fell- 
 side about half a mile east-south-east of the Forks. Its thickness 
 
 * Detailed sections of the Lewisburn beds will be found in the Appendix, pp. S6-S9. 
 
• CAKBONACaSOUS SERIES. 9 
 
 is about 11 ft., Including in places a 3 ft. shale parting, and it is 
 characterized by the presence of a large Productus. The limestone 
 that crosses the Tyne east of Wellhaugh Moor is of much the 
 same character and is probably the same. Possibly too the 
 limestone at Belling Burn foot is the same. 
 
 The sandstones are sometimes very massive but are given to 
 sudden variaiions in thickness and character. This is seen very 
 well on comparing the different developments of individual beds 
 in the adjoining reaches of the burn- below Low Long House. 
 Plant remains and thin coal streaks are abundant. Some of the 
 finer bedded sandstones show an excessively fine even succession 
 of more sandy and more shaley laminse, e.g., in the burn about a 
 quarter of a mile above the Forks bridge. 
 
 The shales frequently contain thin courses, averaging perhaps 
 only 1 or 2 in. in thickness, of clay ironstone, or detached nodules 
 of the . same. A number of grey marly nodules full of Mytilus- 
 like shells, univ^ves, and small reed-like stems occur in the shale 
 in the burn about a quarter of a mile above Low Long House. 
 
 ■In many places coals occur once in every 30 or 40 ft. of the 
 section, but they are generally only thin — often about 8 in. 
 There are all gradations from hard blocky coals, locally called 
 " splints," to carbonaceous shale, and a comparison of sections but 
 little distant from one another often compels one to assume a very 
 ■ rapid variation in their character, or even a dying out of old seams 
 and coming in of fresh ones on different horizons. 
 
 The supposed Plashetts seam is seen in two places in the 
 Lewisburn valley : first in an east to west sike at a point 400 yds, 
 south-east of Low Long House, and again in a deep drain rather 
 less than half a mile east-south-east of the house. In the former 
 locality a level was started, and the seam is said to have consisted 
 of two 11-in. bands separated by 10 in. of sagger (fireclay) ; but 
 it was so burnt up by the basaltic dyke that the undertaking 
 was speedily abandoned. In the drain the thickness as reported 
 by the late Mr. T, J. Taylor is 4 ft. 11 in. Where worked on 
 the north-east side of the Tyne the thickness averages 3 ft. 9 in. 
 It is often characterized by the presence of a 1 or 2 in, shale 
 parting about 15 in, from the bottom, and by a. roof of a shelly 
 calcareous band about 8 in. thick which contains many minute 
 Entomostraca. In the adjoining Map 108 S.E. there is an Ento- 
 mostracan band about 5 ft. above the coaU In the working 
 colliery near Bellingburn Head the greatest normal thickness is 
 . said to be 5 ft. 2 in. and the least 2 ft., but it is reduced now and 
 then even to 14 in., either by being locally nipped by a roll down 
 of the roof, the base remaining level all the time, or by the in- 
 coming of a thick wedge of shale near the middle of the seam. 
 Above the main coal is another the thickness of which varies 
 from 6 in. to as much as 18 in., and its height above the main from 
 5 ft. to as much as 20 ft. 
 
 As stated in describing the Dry BurnFaidt, &o., p. 46, the coal of 
 the old level near the " n " of Dry Burn is probably the Plashetts 
 seam on the upthrow side of the faults. The supposed east to 
 
10 CABBONIFEROUS BOOKS. 
 
 west Wainhope'Moor Fault should a little north of the level agaifl 
 throw it, and many of the miners look upon the seam running 
 under Monkside as it on the upthrow side of the fault. This 
 correlation is doubtful, but if it be accepted, then we must suppose 
 that the beds seen below the Plashetts seam in Lewis Burn, &c. 
 represent the shaley beds that come below the seam on Monk- 
 side, As far as we can judge the thickness of such beds is very 
 much less in the latter locality than the former, but that of course 
 is no insuperable objection. 
 
 The Piper's Cross* Limestone forms a conspicuous green 
 swallow hole forming band by the site of the old cross on the 
 drove road between Wainhope and Bellingburn Head. It is 
 good blue limestone with many corals and crlnoids, and has been 
 worked in many small old quarries. The thickness is probably 
 not more than 15 ft. The distance in the section above the 
 Plashetts coal is perhaps about 460 ft., mostly of freestone. The 
 overlying bed is a shale with ironstone nodules ,* the underlying 
 bed, one -third of a mile north-east of Bellingburn Head, is a 2 or 
 3 ft. sandstone with many specimens of Spirifer, Productus, &c. 
 
 Good sections of beds which probably belong to the lower part 
 of the Lewisburn series occur in Kershope Bm-n, the burn along 
 which the Scottish Border runs west of Caplestone Fell. The 
 beds consist of sandstones, grey shales and marls, occasional thin 
 coals and impure limestones bands. The limestones and calcareous 
 grits are not free from carbonaceous matter, and there is the not 
 unusual tendency for the coals to underlie the limestones, an 
 arrangement which perhaps points to jerks of subsidence during 
 formation. 
 
 In a burn that comes into Kershope Burn from the east near 
 Kershope Head, about 200 yds. outside the margin of the Map 
 within (106 N.W.), there is a section somewhat as below 
 beginning with the top — 
 
 Ft. In, 
 
 Sandstone, fine grained. 
 
 Shale, obscure. 
 
 Flaggy limeBtone with cherty courses weathering with 
 a fine lamination. Crista Galli and fragments of 
 plants : and encrinites near the top - - - 8 
 
 Shale with plants _- - - - 3 ft. to 4 
 
 Chert, grey and glancing in its npper part : shells 
 replaced by chalcedony - - - -20 
 
 Shale, obscure • - - - - -60 
 
 Sandstone. 
 
 These chert beds resemble the beds not far above the horizon 
 of the contemporaneous Basalt of Kershope Foot, &c. (Sheet 11, 
 Scotland). 
 
 * The cross is (1882) no longer standing, but two fallen freestones remain to 
 mark the site, which is about 50 yards east of the point of the dip arrow marked in 
 the map. The other stones are said to have been remoyed some years back for wire 
 fence foundation stones. 
 
11 
 
 CHAPTEE III. CAEBONIFEROUS HOCKB—cmtinued. 
 Paleontology. 
 
 The fossils in the following lists, excepting those of 28a, were 
 collected by Mr. John Rhodesj assisted in some cases by Mr. 
 Arthur Maconochie, of the Geological Survey of Scotland. 
 The determinations are by Messrs. G. Sharman and E. T. Newton, 
 except for Nos. I8a, 19a, 28a, and 31a,, the authorities for which 
 are specially mentioned. 
 
 Cementstones. — We give first the list of localities from within 
 the presumed Oementstone area which have yielded fossils to the 
 collectors of the Survey, and then the combined list of fossils 
 obtained from these localities. To show the different fossils 
 collected from the different localities each locality is distinguished 
 by a number — 1, 2, &c., ^nd to each fossil are attached the numbers 
 denoting the localities in which it has been found. 
 
 We should observe that the exact position of locality 9 is not 
 remembered with certainty, 
 
 Qemenistone Localities. 
 
 1. Buru about :| mile S.E. of Kielder Head : impure cement limestone. 
 
 2. Burn about f mile east of Kielder Head : dark sandy shale between 
 
 sandstone. 
 
 3. Archer Cleugh IJ mile N.N.B; of Kielder Castle : dark sandy shale. 
 
 4. Archer Cleugh, two miles north of Kielder Castle : dark sandy shale 
 
 between sandstone. 
 
 5. Deadwater Bum, one mile and a half north-east of Deadwater. 
 
 6. ,, ,, one mile and three-quarters north-east of Deadwater, 
 
 7. White Kielder, one mile and a half north-east of Kielder Head : impure 
 
 limestone in bed of burn. 
 
 8. Near head of White Kielder : limestone. 
 
 9. Bateinghope Burn,' near junction with Cross Cleugh?: grey sandy 
 
 shales. 
 
 10. Bateinghope Burn, near by the " i " of "Bateinghope": grey sandy 
 
 CM 9,1 AS 
 
 11. Black Needle Bum, 2J miles N.N.W. of Kielder Head. 
 
 12. Stream, three-eighths of a mile east of Kielder Castle ; dark sandy 
 
 shale. 
 
 13. Catcleugh Bum, about | mile S S.W. of Kitelder Station : thin bed of 
 
 limestone over sandstone. ' 
 
 Cementstone Foseih. 
 
 
 No. of Loeality in 
 
 
 foregoing List. 
 
 Plantm 
 
 - Oalymmatotheca bifida, L. ^ M. - 10 
 
 
 Lepidodendron (Knorria condition) - 3 
 
 
 Palseophyous, sp. - . . 2 
 
 
 Pinnularia-like fossil - - - 2 
 
 
 Ehabdooarpus, sp. ■ - - 6 
 
 
 Sphenopteris, sp, ... - 10 
 
 
 „ ,, allied to S.elegans 2 
 
 ■Actinoxoa 
 
 - Ohsetetes ... - 7 
 
 Echinodermata 
 
 - Crinoid ossicles . . . Z\ 
 
 J<; -Miia?. 
 
 B 
 
12 
 
 cAeboniferous eocKs. 
 
 No. of LocaUly i 
 foregoing List. 
 
 Annelidck ■ • Serpula subannulata, Tort. 
 
 Spirorbis helioteres, Salter 
 
 Crustacea - ■ Cytterella, sp. 
 
 Orastaoean fragment - 
 Leperditia, Okeni. Munst. 
 
 . " . .^P- . ' 
 BrachiopocCa • Discina nitidas Fhil. - 
 
 Lingula mytiloides, Shy. - 
 
 Ehynohonella'plenrodon, Phil. 
 
 Spirifera distans., Shy. 
 
 Spiriferina laminosa, McOoy, 
 Lamellihranehiata Aviculopecten knookonniensis, McCoy 
 
 Axinus carbonarius, Fort. 
 
 Modiola, sp. - 
 
 Myalina, sp. - 
 
 Sanguinolites, sp. 
 Gasteropoda - Loxonema, sp. 
 
 Maorocheilus, sp. 
 
 Murchisonia qnadricarinata, McGoy 
 sp. 
 Pisces ' - Aroliiolitliys Porfclooki, Ag. 
 
 Ctenoptyohius pectinatus, Ag. 
 
 Fish tooth - - . 
 
 Helodns, sp. - 
 
 Palffionisooid Fish 
 
 Strepsodus, sp. 
 
 1,11 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 5,9 
 
 Carbonaceous Series and Fell Sandstones. — la the lists of 
 localities and fossils we adopt the same plan of numbering as 
 before. As a matter of fact all the localities in the list should 
 probably be refen-ed to the Carbonaceous Series. 
 
 Fell Sandstone Localities. 
 
 14 Swallow holes, 300 yards south of head of Carry Burn, and two and 
 three-quarters of a mile north of Kielder Head : grey limestone. 
 
 15. Old limestone quarries at the head of Bateinghope Bum. 
 
 16. Near head of Wainhope Burn, one mile and a quarter north of Wain- 
 
 hope : impure limestone between coal seams. 
 
 17. Buck Bum, three-quarters of a mile north-west of Willow Bog. 
 
 18. ,, just on the north side of the road : nodules of hard marl 
 
 just on the north side of the road 
 in clay shale. 
 Stream E.S.E. of Bloody Bush, by the road-aide : marl band (B.N. 
 Peach ; plants by R. Kidston). Apparently the same locality as 
 No. 18.-0. T.O. 
 19. Lewis Burn, i mile above the Low Long House. 
 19a. ,, Below the Low Long House : impure limestone. 
 
 (B.N. Peach ; plants by E. Kidston). 
 ,, 4 mile S.W. of Lewisburn House : hard grey shales. 
 
 Stream, a little over one-eighth of a mile south-west of Mounces : 
 
 impure flaggy limestone in shale. 
 Bast side of Lewis Bum, half-mile south-west of Lewisburn House : 
 thin calcareous sandstone. 
 22a. Same locality as 22 : hard flaggy shale. 
 225. Same locality as 22 : iinpure limestone. 
 
 23. Eigend Burn, 2i miles a.'Ei of Eigend : calcareous sandstone. 
 23a. Same locality as 23 : ferruginous limestone nodules in dark shale. 
 23&. Same locality as 23 : dark clayey shale with ironstone nodules. 
 
 24. Lewis Burn, a little over one hundred yards below Lewisburn CoUieryi 
 
 sandy shales below coal seam. 
 
 18a. 
 
 20. 
 21. 
 
 22. 
 
tALiEONTOLOGY, 
 
 n 
 
 25. Lewis Bum, at Lewisburn Colliery : sandstone over coal seam. 
 
 26. Lewis Bum, tHree hundred yards above Lewisburn Colliery : flaggy 
 
 impure limestone in shale. 
 
 27. Lewis Burn, rather over two hundred yards below Lewisburn Colliery : 
 
 sandy shales below coal seam. 
 
 28. Lewis Bum, one hundred yards above the old Lewisburn Bridge. 
 28a. Lewis Burn, specimens in the Tate Collection, Alnwick (E. Btheridge). 
 
 29. East bank of the Tyne, 300 yards S.E, ofWellhaugh: dun-coloured 
 
 limestone. " 
 29a. Same locality as 29 : thin impure limestone in sandy shale. 
 
 30. At and near foot of Belling Burn : dun-coloured impure limestone. 
 
 31. Plashetts Bum, three-quarters of a mile west of Wainhope : dark 
 
 sandy shale below sandstone. 
 31a. Plashetts Burn, about 1 mile above the station: soft coaly shale 
 (B.N. Peach ; plants by E. Kidston). 
 
 32. Belling Burn, one hundred and sixty yards above level mouth of 
 
 Plashetts Colliery : grey sandy bed above coal. 
 
 33. Old quarries by side of old drove road between Wainhope and Belling- 
 
 bum Head : blue limestone. 
 
 34. South-western bank of sike, a little over a quarter of a mile north- 
 
 west of Bellingburn Head : yellow calcareous sandstone, 
 34a. Same locality as 34 : shale below sandstone. 
 
 Planice 
 
 Actinoxoa - 
 
 Hehinodermata 
 
 Annelida • 
 Crustacea • 
 
 Fell Sandstone Foseils, 
 
 No. of Locality i 
 foregoing List. 
 
 ' Calymmatotheca bifida, L. ^ H. 
 Cardiocarpus G-atbieri, Oeinitz 
 Crossochorda carbonaria, Kidston 
 Lepidodenjiron ? - 
 
 Lepidostrobus comosus L. Sf JBT. 
 
 „ fimbriatus, 'Kidston 
 
 ,, variabilis, L. 8f H. 
 
 „ n.sp. - 
 
 Lepidophyllum, sp. - 
 
 Pimiularia-like (?) 
 
 Ehacopteris subcuneata, Kidston 
 
 Sarocladus antecedeiis, Kidston 
 
 Schutzia, sp. - 
 
 Sphenopteris, sp. - 
 
 Spiropteris, sp. - - , 
 
 Stigmaria ficoides, Brong. 
 
 • Alveolites, sp, . ■ . 
 
 Aulopora, sp. .... 
 
 Cyathophyllum P 
 
 Lithostrotion csespitosum. Mart. (= 
 
 L. Martini oiM.Edw.) 
 
 ,, junceum, Flem. 
 
 „ McCoyanum, M. Fdw. • 
 
 ,, sp. • - _ • 
 
 Monticulipora (Chaetetes) tumida 
 
 Phil. - _ - 
 
 Syringopora genioulata, Phil. 
 Zaphrentis cylindrica, Scouler 
 „ Phillipsi, M. Edw. 
 
 „ . P . . - - r 
 
 ■ Arohffiocidaris (spine) 
 Crinoid ossicles ... 
 
 - Serpulites, sp. ... 
 
 - Beyrichia arcuata, Bean. ■ - 
 
 ,, craterigera, G. 8- Brady - 
 
 „ sp. _ - 
 
 Beyrichiopsis fimbriata, J. Sf K. 
 
 ,, Bubdentata, J. Sf K. - 
 
 Crustacean remains - 
 
 17,23a, 236,27, 31a 
 19a 
 22 
 27 
 27 
 20, 24, 27, 28 
 22a 
 19a 
 27 
 27 
 22a 
 27 
 19a 
 23a, 24, 27 
 27 
 17, 2S, 27, 32 
 19a 
 15 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 14, 15, 33 
 
 15 
 
 29, 30 
 
 19a, 21, 226, 26 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 29a 
 
 14 
 
 22,26 
 
 29 
 
 236 
 
 27,32 
 
 Plashetts. 
 
 236 
 Plashetts. 
 
 30 
 
 B 2 
 
14 
 
 OAEBONIFEROUS ROCK.^. 
 
 Cytherella, sp. 
 Kirkbya, sp. - 
 Leperditia snbreota, Port. 
 
 sp. - - 
 
 PMllipsia gemmulifera, Phil. 
 Araclmiia - Boscorpius, ep. 
 
 Scorpion remains 
 Polyzoa ' - Ceriopora interporosa, Pliil. - 
 
 Fenestella membranacea, PfeiJ. 
 ,, oculata, pyO,. 
 „ tenuifila, PMl. 
 
 sp. - - 
 
 Bhabdomeson gracile, Phil. - 
 Vinoularia raricosta, McGoy - 
 BracMopoda - Athyris ambigua, Shy. 
 
 Camarophoria crumena, 
 
 No. of Locality in 
 foregoing List. 
 
 23& 
 
 32 
 
 27 
 20, 26, 31, 32 
 
 34 
 19a, 23& 
 
 28 
 21,,22&, 23, 26 
 26, 29a 
 226, 26, 29a 
 
 26 
 
 21 
 21, 26, 29a 
 
 29a 
 19a, 3J.a 
 
 Mart. 
 
 (? Ehynchonella pleurodon of 
 the Baglisb lists) - 
 Cbonetes laguessiana, McGoy 
 Oyrtina septosa, Phil. 
 I Disoina nifcida, Phil. - - - 
 
 ' Lingula, mytiloides Bby. _ - 
 „ squamiformis, Phil. 
 „ sp. - 
 Orthis resnpinata, 2Iart. 
 Produotus, caibonarius, Be Koii. 
 ,, gigantena, Mart. 
 
 „ punotatus, Mart. - 
 
 „ scabrioulus, Marl. 
 
 „ semiretioulatuB, Mart. - 
 
 ,, uiidatus, Def. 
 
 sp. ^. - ' - 
 
 Bhynchonella pleurodon, Phil. 
 
 „ pugnus, Mart.- 
 
 Spirifera duplioioosta, Phil. 
 „ Jaminosa, MoOoy - 
 ,, striata. Mart. 
 „ trigonalis. Mart. (= S. bi- 
 
 sulcata, Sby.) 
 „ sp. - - 
 
 tipiriferitia oristata, Schloth. - 
 Terebratnla (spat of) - 
 Lamellibranchidta Anthraoomya Scotica, var. Hth.jwi. 
 A.vicula bioostata, McCoy. 
 Ayiculopeoten coelatus, McOoy 
 „ concavus, MeGoy 
 
 „ duplicioosta, McCoy 
 
 ,, incrassatus, McCoy - 
 
 ,, interstitialis, PJdl. 
 
 ,, Jonesii, McCoy 
 
 „ planioostatus, McCoy 
 
 „ segregatus, McCoy - 
 
 ,, TiUanus, De ZOTO, 
 
 „ sp. - 
 
 _ „ n. sp. - 
 
 Cypricardia, sp. - 
 
 Dolabra, sp. - 
 Edmondia sulcata, Phil. 
 
 ,, unioniformis, Phil. 
 Modiola divisa, McCoy 
 ,, quadrata F Bby. 
 ,, s^. - . . • 
 
 19a 
 
 Sia 
 
 32 
 
 19a, 236 
 
 22a 
 
 19 
 
 236, 24, 27 
 
 236 
 
 34a 
 
 1.5, 29, 30, 33, 34 
 
 19a, 29a, 30 
 
 23, 26 
 
 19a, 24, 34, 34a 
 
 34, 34a 
 
 15, 226 
 
 23, 23a, 24, 26 
 
 34a 
 
 22a 
 
 21, 22, 34 
 
 28a 
 
 29 
 
 34a' 
 
 34' 
 
 235 
 
 31o 
 
 27 
 
 19 
 
 33 
 
 19a 
 
 34 
 
 19a 
 
 23a 
 
 19a 
 
 19a 
 
 19 
 
 235, 27 
 
 19a 
 
 16 
 
 23 
 
 19a 
 
 19a 
 
 19a 
 
 236 
 
 31 
 
CARBONIFEROUS KOCKS. 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 No. of Locality m 
 
 
 
 foregoing List. 
 
 
 Myalina crasaa, Sby. 
 
 23a, 
 
 
 „ Verneuili,' JfoCoi/ - 
 
 19 
 
 
 „ sp. - 
 
 - 21,24,26,27 
 
 
 Nucula, sp. • 
 
 21 
 
 
 Nucnlana (Leda) attenuata, Flsm.. ■ 
 
 ■16, 19a, 21, 24, 32 
 
 
 ,, ,, Sharmani, Eth. jim 
 
 19a 
 
 
 Pinna flexicostata, McCoy 
 
 34 
 
 
 Pteronites angustaius, lieCoy 
 
 19ai 26 
 
 
 ,, Ttomsoni, Fort. - 
 
 24 
 
 
 sp. 
 
 18 
 
 
 Sanguinolites, variabilis, MaCoy 
 
 . 16, 226, 2Ra 
 
 
 sp. 
 
 23a 
 
 
 Schizodus (Axinus) axiniformis, FJiil 
 
 18a 
 
 
 ,5 .. sp. 
 
 18, 20 
 
 Pteropoda • 
 
 - Conularia quadrisul9ata, Sby. 
 
 19, 22a 
 
 Heteropoda 
 
 - Bellerophon apertus, Sby. 
 
 28a 
 
 
 „ decussatus, Flem. 
 
 21, 28a 
 
 
 ,, ,, var. striatus, Flem. 
 
 19a 
 
 
 ,, hiulous, Sby. 
 
 19a, 24 
 
 
 „ tenuifascia, Sby. 
 
 19a, 29 
 
 
 ,, Urei, Flem. 
 
 - 19, 21, 236 
 
 
 » sp- 
 
 23a, 34a 
 
 Gasteropoda 
 
 . Eaomphalus aontus, Sby. 
 Flemingia (Trochus) hisingeriana 
 
 19a 
 
 
 De Kon. - - - 
 
 1 18a 
 
 
 Loxonema rugifera, Phil. 
 
 29a 
 
 
 „ curvilinea, Phil. - 
 
 18a, '19a 
 
 
 „ Lefebvrei, Lev. 
 
 19a 
 
 
 ,, elongata, De Kon. 
 
 28a 
 
 
 „ like imbrieata, Phil. 
 
 18a 
 
 
 sp. . . - 
 
 18a, 19, 23a. 24, 32 
 
 
 Murohisonia verneuiliana, De Kon. 
 
 - 18a, 19a, 236 
 
 
 sp. . - 
 
 19, 24 
 
 
 „ n. sp. - 
 
 19a 
 
 
 Narioa, sp. - 
 
 236 
 
 
 Natica elliptioa, Phil. 
 
 19a 
 
 
 ,,. sp. 
 
 19, 21 
 
 
 Waticopsis ampliatas Phil. - 
 
 18a 
 
 
 ,, plic'istria, Phil. 18a, 19a, 
 
 20, 23a, 236, 34, 28a 
 
 
 Operculum of a gasteropod - 
 
 24 
 
 
 Platysehisma P (or Trochus) - 
 
 18a 
 
 
 Pleurotomaria G-riffitliii, McCoy 
 
 19 
 
 
 ,, serrilitnba, Phil. 
 
 24 
 
 
 „ Tittata, Phil. - 
 
 18a 
 
 
 „ Yvani, Lev. • 
 
 18a, 19a 
 
 
 „ „ var. nov. 
 
 18a 
 
 
 „ sp. - 
 
 18, 23a 
 
 
 Scalites (ActcBon ?) fusiformis, De Kon 19, 21 
 
 Cephalopoda 
 
 • Cyrtoceras Gesneri, Mart. 
 
 226, 30 
 
 
 Disoites, sp. - 
 
 19a 
 
 
 Groniatites, sp. 
 
 29, 30 
 
 
 Nautilus, sp. - 
 
 26 
 
 
 Orthoceras, sp. 
 
 - 19a, 21, 34a 
 
 Fisces 
 
 - Fish tooth 
 
 27 
 
 
 Ilelodus, sp. - 
 
 23 
 
 
 Petalodus, sp. - 
 
 26 
 
 
 StrepsoduB, sp. 
 
 236 
 
16 
 
 CHAPTER IV. CAKBONIFEROUS CONTEMPO- 
 RANEOUS IGNEOUS ROOKS. 
 
 The Carter Fell Tuff, or Ash. — This is only seen distinctly in 
 one small exposure on the English side of the Border, at a point 
 about 75 yds. within it and close to the base of the basalt. Here 
 it is of much of the same character as on the Scottish side ; no 
 basalt fragments have been noticed but fine grained micaceous 
 sandstone pieces are common, and there is also a fine dark grey 
 rock of doubtful character (palagonite ?). It is possible that the 
 tuff belongs to ij, volcanic neck. In England the exposure occurs 
 at the top of the Cementstone Series. 
 
 The Carter Fell Basalt. — This rook makes a green feature on 
 the east and south sides of the north point" of Carter Fell. The 
 thickness on the north side of the east-to-west fault mapped 
 averages probably at least 50 or 60 ft., on the south side perhaps 
 half this. The rook is a sound massive dark-blue basalt, as 
 perhaps it should rather be called dolerite, free as far as known, 
 except in one or two places, from any abundance of amygdaloidal 
 cavities, and with prominent porphyritic crystals of felspar. In 
 these respects it offers a great resemblance to the Lumsdon Ijaw 
 Basalt (108 S.E.) and an equal contrast to the cotemporaaeous 
 beds of Cottoiishope, &ic. (108 S.E.). 
 
 In the following description of a microscopic section I have 
 been kindly helped by ]VIr. J. J. H. Teall. The felspars are 
 triclinic and belong to two periods in the process of consolidation : 
 (1) large felspars with inclusions and zonal structure, showing 
 sections of approximately equal dimensions in the different direc- 
 tions; (2) smaller felspars usually giving lath-shaped sections — 
 inclusions rare. Olivine in crystals and grains, colourless, more 
 or less serpentenized, abundant. Some crystals large. At times 
 contains so many inclusions of magnetite that they may nearly 
 equal in bulk. the Olivine substance itselK Augite, brown, in 
 small crystals and grains ; the inclusion of well developed crystals 
 within the fela|)ar proves that the augite consolidated before the 
 felspar* The, black opaque mineral, magnetite or ilmenite, 
 occurs in fair-sized patches scattered uniformly through the rock 
 both as inclusions and otherwise. It is frequently pehetraled by 
 the points of the crystals of felspar, and as seen in plasie section 
 sometimes entirely encloses portions of it. There is also apatite 
 in narrow acicular prisms ; and a small amount of isotropic inter- 
 stitial matter, rendered turbid by indistinct flecks and granules, 
 (microfelsite of Rosenbusch)^. 
 
 There are uo satisfactory sections showing either the top or 
 bottom of the bod, and no evidence is thus obtainable to help to 
 decide whether it be intrusive or not. Tliere is no doubt though 
 that it occurs in the form of a sheet rudely parallel to the bedding 
 
CARTER FELL BASALT, l7 
 
 planes o£ the adjacent rocks : on the north side of the east-to- 
 west fault the horizon appears just at the base of the Fell Sand- 
 stones : on the south side there is a strong sandstone between it 
 and this base. Whether this means that the bed has here altered 
 its horizon and is consequently intrusive, or that the strong sand- 
 stone is a bed which was not developed in the area north of the 
 fault is uncertain. It is coloured in the map as contemporaneous, 
 because it was so taken on the Scottish side which was first mapped, 
 but in view of the contrast with the Oottonshope contemporaneous 
 beds (108 S.E.) some will perhaps prefer to consider it intrusive. 
 
18 
 
 CHAPTER V. INTRUSIVE BASALTIC DYKES. 
 
 Of the Basaltic Dykes now to be described eight show a general 
 west-north-west direction, which is also a common direction 
 through the rest of the north of England and south of Scotland- 
 Good reasons for considering this class of dykes to be of Tertiary ; 
 age have been given by Prof. A. Geikie* and others. The larger 
 dfslocations of the district seem rather to run east-north-east, but 
 smaller ones parallel to the dykes and often very near them are 
 also common. In at least one case it is clear that the dyke 
 itself has been crushed by such a parallel disturbance. In others 
 the dyke substance itself may not be aflfected, and we are left in 
 doubt as to whether the disturbance took place before or after the 
 intrusion. The tendency to crack in the earth's crust along the 
 directions of the dykes may have often begun before or at the 
 same time as the intrusion, and may have determined their 
 direction. 
 
 Amygdaloidal cavities are more or less common in all the dykes, 
 and are sometimes rather large ; but owing to their regular spherical 
 shape they run but little risk of confusion with those of contem- 
 poraneous traps, which usually show elongation in one direction in 
 accordance with the local flow, and are also often bent and 
 branched. 
 
 In no case has any appearance been detected at the sides of 
 mechanical disturbance effected by the intrusion. 
 
 Dyke in the Burn West of the Trouting. — This dyke crosses the 
 burn in a direction slightly south of east and makes a waterfall. 
 Near the middle of the fall it is underlain by shale for a hori- 
 zontal distance of 1 ft., but the vertical cuts through sandstone at 
 the sides of the fall are quite distinct. 'The breadth is about 4 ft. 
 The rock is an even medium grained basalt and shows no porphy- 
 ritic felspars : it contains regular spherical calcite amygdules — 
 the larger ones averaging about -^Jj,- in. in diameter — in greater 
 abundance tlian usual in the dykes. The side exposed in the fall 
 shows the blistered nodular look not uncommon in dyke-sides. 
 Crossing below the dyke, and at distances respectively of 66 and 
 86 yds., are weak faults running parallel. 
 
 A block of the dyke is seen 25 yds. east of the burn, but not 
 the slightest trace of it could be found crossing the strong 
 sandstone brow of the Trouting. 
 
 Kielder Head Dyke. — Hand specimens of this dyke show 
 prominent porphyritic crystals of felspar, a character in which it 
 stands alone among the dyke^ in this sheet. Perhaps it is also 
 slightly less amygdaloidal than them as a rule. It has been traced 
 
 * Proc. iJ. Soc. Edinh., toI. U. p. 71, 1867; Rep. British Assoc, for 1867, 
 Sections, p. 49 ; Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb., yol. v. p. 219, 1880; Trans. R. Soc. 
 Edinh., vol. xxxv. Pt. 2, 1888. 
 
INTRtrSIVE BASALTIC DYKES. 19 
 
 across the map a distance of four and a half miles, and keeps 
 throughout a very uniform west-north-west direction. A micro- 
 scopic section is thus described by Mr. J. H. Teall in a letter to 
 me. The prevailing constituent is plagioclase felspar. Olivine, 
 augite, and magnetite occur in about equal proportions. The 
 olivines are large but much broken d,nd fissured : alteration into 
 serpentine has taken place along the margins of the cracks, but a 
 fair amount of the original mineral remains. Augite occurs in the 
 form of minute crystals (rare) and crystalline grains (common) : 
 under ordinary light it may be distinguished from the olivine by 
 its faint brown tint and fresh appearance. Magnetite is evenly and 
 abundantly scattered through the rock, and rarely shows any 
 trace of alteration. Apatite occurs in the form of long clean 
 needle-like prisms. A little clear slightly brownish glass may be 
 detected here and there ; but it is somewhat rare. 
 
 Perhaps the best exposures are in the two branches of the sike 
 marked 1 mile or more up the east side of Scalp Burn. Following 
 the dyke from north-west to south-east we notice the following 
 indications. In the cleugh running north-east from the top of 
 Peel Fell the crossing place can be localized to within a few yards 
 by the tracing up to it of various loose pieces of the rock and 
 their cessation above it. It should be said here that the drift 
 along the whole course of the dyke is of local origin, and there is 
 no danger of being put on a false scent by far travelled basalts 
 of similar aspect. About 380 yds. beyond this cleugh, and again 
 a little' over half a mile beyond, is much angular basalt of the 
 characteristic kind and evidently near place. The next exposures 
 are the two on the east side of Scalp Burn already alluded to. 
 After this it is readily traceable for some distance, either by 
 suspicious gaps in the freestone scars it has to pass through, or by 
 finding the rock in situ. This last is the case a yard or two east 
 of the track leading north from Kielder Head. 200 yds. beyond 
 the track it forms first a feature facing south-west and then a 
 green ridge. On the east of White Kielder it forms a green 
 ridge or feature facing the south : the sandstone features are 
 traceable close up to either side of the ridge and do not appear 
 thrown. In the sike on the north side of Rigend Burn next 
 to the east margin of the Map the dyke is again seen quite clearly. 
 
 The Deadioater Dykes. — The south of these crosses the burn 
 about 180 yds. above the bridge. It is a fine even-grained 
 basalt and shows no porphyritio felspars. On the north side it 
 is mu6h decomposed. The direction is ' about east-south-east. 
 On following along in this direction it is again seen near the 
 head of the sike first met with : on the north side the rock 
 is again . decomposed as in Deadwater Burn. The thickness 
 is perhaps 9 or 10 yds. There are spherical pinhead vesicles 
 filled with calcite. It is again seen in place about 80 yds. 
 east of the sike. 
 
 The north dyke is seen only very obscurely in Deadwater 
 Burn, jtist where the track leading north crosses the burn. It 
 crosses the sike next on the east about 130 yds. above the south 
 
20 INTETJSIVE EASAIiTIC DYKES, 
 
 dyke, to which it is closely connected in character and direction. 
 About 230 yds. beyond the sike it is again seen, and the loose 
 pieces near suggest that possibly we may have liere a union of 
 the two dykes. Further south-east the dyke is marked by loose 
 angular pieces at various localities. At the height of the pieces 
 found this fellside is practically free from foreign drift, and so 
 we can have confidence that the pieces are not derived therefrom. 
 
 Dyke crossing Kielder Bum half a mile above Kielder Castle. — ■ 
 This is seen on the west bank of the burn with a width of 
 about 6 ft. The impure limestone through which it passes is 
 for a foot or more from the sides marked by obscure division 
 lines — probably cleavage — parallel to the sides. The rock is a 
 fine even-grained basalt and shows no porphyritic felspars. 
 Spherical calcite amygdules occur in abundance, but rarely exceed 
 ■^ in. in diameter. In a north-west direction nothing is known 
 of the dyke, but to the south-east it has been traced more than 
 two miles. First of all it appears obscurely in a sike half a mile 
 west-south-west of Grey's Pike. Then it is seen in the purple 
 and yellow clays near the head of a burn south of Grey's Pike, 
 and then in Plashetts Burn a third of a mile below Wainhope. 
 In this last exposure the width is at least 9 ft. and it forms on 
 either side of the burn a guUey in massive sandstone. It is more 
 decomposed than in Kielder Burn, especially east of the burn 
 where it has been dug by the Wainhope shepherd for rubbing 
 stones for the hearth. 3 yards north of the dyke is a weak fault 
 breccia, and 20 yards south a stronger one, both running parallel 
 to it. 
 
 The Kielder Viaduct Dyke. — ^This is best seen on the east bank 
 of the Tyne 120 yds. above the viaduct. It occurs here in two 
 divisions with a breccia between : the north division averages 4 ft. 
 in width, the south one from 4 to 5^ ft., and the breccia from 
 4 to 5 yds. Both divisions consist of the same fine-grained Basalt, 
 and contain spherical calcite amygdules which weather hollow 
 with a rusty lining. There is no marked difference in character 
 at the sides, unless it is that the amygdules are slightly more 
 numerous at the inner sides which face one another. The inner 
 sides are also for the width of a few inches from the breccia 
 kaolinized and converted into a stiff yellow clay. 
 
 The chief fragments in the breccia are of sandstone, greenish 
 brown or greenish grey : their size is sometimes considerable, even 
 up to 4 ft. long. Next in frequency come green and black shales, 
 and after these basalt. The basalt pieces are often 2 or 3 in. in 
 length, are fairly angular, amygdaloidal and always decomposed. 
 They are distributed pretty uniformly throughout all the breccia. 
 Their occurrence shows that the breccia is a friction-breccia 
 formed after the intrusion of the dyke. With this supposition 
 agrees the fact that the most-amygdaloidal portions — probably once 
 m the centre of the dyke — are on the inner sides of the divisions. 
 On the south side of it there are two parallel faults at distances of 
 about 36 and 60 yds. respectively : they have each a downthrow 
 to the north of about 2 ft. 
 
INTRUSIVE BASALTIC DYKES. 2 1 
 
 . On the north side of the north part of the dyke the adjacent 
 eandstone ia in one place converted into a hard glistening quartzite, 
 and the shale into pencil shale, partly bleached. On tlie south 
 side of the south division there is no evident alteration. 
 
 The general direction is perhaps 30° west of north. About 
 3 ft. north of the north division ia a 2 or 3 in. string of very fine 
 grey porcelain-like basalt, "with a marked twist in its course. 
 
 West of the Tyne the dyke is seen first in a slack 200 yds. 
 west-north-west of the Ordnance Station 860. Within a distance 
 of 130 yds. of the Catoleugh Burn exposure it makes a thin green 
 ridge. In the burn the width appears to be 3 or 4 yds. After 
 this there is no certain exposure of it up to within 10 or 12 yds. 
 of the Bell's Burn, but it can be traced with confidence by the 
 gaps in the various sandstone scars. The exposure by Bell's 
 Burn is in a small sike that conies in from the east. 
 
 The Bellingburn Head Dyke. — This is visible a few yards 
 within the edge of the adjoining Map (108 S.E.), and has been 
 prolonged into this a short distance under Boulder Clay. The 
 rook is a fine even grained slightly amygdaloidal basalt, and runs 
 in a north-east direction. It cannot continue far into this Map, 
 unless its course be altered, for one of the levels in the Plashetts 
 colliery is driven 100 yds, north of the bend in Belling Burn next 
 below Bellingburn Head, and did not meet with it, 
 
 Dyhe on Gowanburn J/bor.— The exposure on either side of 
 the burn shown on the map Is ill defined, and both thickness and 
 direction are doubtful. The most probable direction is north-east, 
 i.e., about at right angles to most of the dykes. The rock resembles 
 that of the Kielder Viaduct dyke, but perhaps is rather more 
 coarse in grain. 
 
 Dyke three-quarters of a mile North-west of Mounces. — This is 
 exposed in the course of the track that starts from the road about 
 300 yds. above the wood south of Wellhaugh Moor. It forms the 
 roadway of the track 16 yds. south of the burn, but is only very 
 poorly seen. The width is perhaps 2 yds., and the direction very 
 slightly south of east. Sound hand specimens are hard to procure : 
 they show many small soft serpentinous looking specks and streaks 
 in a rock which otherwise closely resembles most of the dykes of 
 the sheet. There are many small amygdaloidal cavities : some of 
 them are filled with calcite, but others, even when some distance 
 off a weathered surface, are empty except for a thin lining of soft 
 dark green earth. 
 
 Dyhe East of Low Long House. — The best exposure occurs In 
 the north to south cleugh next east of Lewis Burji at a point about 
 240 yds. above the foot of the cleugh. It is about 10 ft. wide 
 and cuts through biack shale without bleaching or sensibly 
 hardening it, or affecting the dip. The directicn is nearly east 
 to west. The junction on the south side of the dyke is very 
 distinct : both in the basalt and the shale there are obscure 
 division lines running parallel to the junction for a width of 
 6 or 8 in. on either side. The hade is slightly north, and there 
 are prisms starting at right angles to it through the dyke. Ths 
 
S2 INTEUfllVE BASALTIC DYKES. 
 
 dyke rock is in the middle a rather coarse grained basalt very 
 even in texture and with no porphyritic felspars : here and there 
 are a few calcite amygdules, up to the size of a pea. At the side 
 it is much finer with a grey porcellanous aspect. 
 
 It is next seen at various places between the two east and west 
 sikes marked in the Map. In the most north one it passes close . 
 by the mouth of the old level, and was found to have burnt up into 
 cinder the supposed Plashetts seam which the level was started 
 to work. In a bend 200 yds. above the level it appears in a very 
 rusty looking concretionary form. Thence it crosses to the north 
 side of tie siiie and is seen distinctly 70 or 80 yds. away to the 
 east-north-east. 
 
 The Harretfs Linn Dyke, Letois Burn.— l:\As is seen on the 
 east side of the burn half a mile above Low Long House. It 
 occurs rudely parallel with and close on the south side of a large 
 fault. The rock is so decomposed that the colour closely 
 resembles the soft ferruginous freestones it cuts through. It is 
 only traceable for 8 yds., and the thickness is only from 6 in. to 1 ft. 
 Still it is of some interest, for a thin slice showed on microscopic 
 fixamination distinct signs of fluxion structure : the felspars being 
 arranged with their longer axes prominently parallel. It is not 
 known for certain what relation these axes have to the sides of 
 the dyke but we may probably judge they are parallel. ' 
 
 The Lewisburn Byhe. — The wide dyke which crosses the south- 
 east corner of the map is thus named by Professor Lebour.* It is 
 presumed to be the same as the one at High Green (108 S.E.) 
 described by Mr. Teall.f For the most part it consists of a rather 
 coarse even-grained basalt — ^^decidedly coarser than any other dykes 
 in the sheet. A microscopic section obtained from the railway 
 tiutting south of Plashetts is thus described by Mr. Teall in a letter 
 to me. A granular rock composed of felspars giving, lath-shaped 
 sections : monoclinio pyroxene in irregular grains and plates, rarely 
 showing definite crystalline boundaries, and possessing pinakoidal 
 as well as prismatic cleavages (? diallage) : what appears to have been 
 rhombic pyroxene, now altered into a kind of bastite, and traversed 
 by opaque veins of iron oxide : and magiaetite or ilmenite in 
 irregular plates and grains. 
 
 The general direction of the dyke is east-north-east. Where it 
 first enters the Map from Lewis Burn it is scarcely recognizable, 
 but after 100 yds. it forms a feature facing the north, which 
 continues for about half a mile utitil obscured by Boulder Clay. 
 For two miles its course is entirely hidden by drift, alluvial 
 gravels, &;o., and we have through this obscure ground only 
 marked it doubtfully and without colour. We have little doubt 
 however that it does crop out under t|ie later deposits for at all 
 events a considerable distance, for boulders of it are common 
 south-east of the line drawn, especially in the burns west of 
 Mounoes and near the head of the* plantation south-west of 
 
 * Oatliues of the 'Geology of Northnmberlaiia, 1878, p, 50. 
 t Qxtart. Jovrn. Geol. Soc, vol. xl, pp. 2<0-242. If84. 
 
lifT^trsiVE ijASALTiO DY&ES. S3 
 
 Mounces. Now the ice markings in the district indicate a carry 
 to the east-south-east, and it is therefore unlikely that boulders in 
 such abundance should have come to these localities from present 
 exposures : we may better consider them derived from old exposures 
 to the north-east now hidden under Boulder Ol'ay. 
 
 It appears again distinctly 250 yds. east of the Tyne. The 
 section in the railway cutting shows a width of about 35 yds. 
 The junction on the south is not seen; on the north it cuts 
 through sandstone and sandy shale which is rather hardened and 
 bleached. The side hades a little to the north and there is a set 
 of planes starting at right angles from it which go across to the 
 other side. V^esicular cavities are common and sometimes attain 
 the size of a pea. Beyond the cutting it forms for one third of a 
 mile a strong green femey ridge or feature facing south. Then 
 for 200 yds. it is covered by Boulder Clay, but the covering is not 
 very thick, and the feature of the dyke continues visible under it, 
 until it emerges again a few yds. east of the track leading from 
 Plashetts Station to the Law. 
 
 The section In Pot Burn, the burn west of Wind Hill, shows 
 two main branches of the dyke, at a distance from one another of 
 about 40 yds. Both of these are isolated by Drift from the nearest 
 exposures east and west, and it is impossible to say where they 
 iinjte, or even if they do so at all at the surface. The south 
 branch however shows, on the west side of the burn, indications 
 of again splitting up into two branches, and is also rather less near 
 the straight line that joins the nearest exposures east and west, 
 and so it has been mapped as a subordinate dyke and has not been 
 continued far west of the burn. The divisions of this branch 
 appear a few yards off the burn on the west side : the sedimentary 
 rock between consists of soft white sandstone with brown specks, 
 and grey shale, perhaps slightly bleached by the intriision. 
 
 A little lower down the west bank, nearer the stream, the two 
 divisions have united, and the rock consists entirely of basalt, but 
 not always of the same kind. About in the middle it is in great 
 part much finer grained and less amygdaloidal — differences which 
 make themselves clear by the smooth straight faces and sharp 
 joints of the weathered portions, when compared with the soft 
 decomposed exfoliating rough surfaces of the coarse rock. The 
 fine rock penetrates the coarse in tongues and is mixed with it 
 very variously. There is no large distinct section, but plenty of 
 small ones may be obtained to show the relations of the two to a 
 certain extent. There are many fragments of the coarse within 
 the fine, of a length from 2 In. or more down to the smallest speck, 
 and generally with sharp angles. There is no mineral or cavity 
 between the varieties, and, as the fine rock wrapping round the 
 fragments gets finer and finer as their edges are approached, we 
 are compelled to suppose that It has at some time been intruded 
 into, and caught up fragments of the coarser basalt. In one Instance 
 a fragment itself was noticed to get finer on one of Its sides. 
 
 There are also occasionally long narrow stripes of still finer 
 rock in the Including basalt, which gives at first an Impression of 
 
24 iN^RUSIVfi BASALTIC dYi£J<1S. 
 
 flow-structure. But on examining a, microscope slide taken across 
 one of these fine bands it seemed rather due to a thin crusli line 
 goinw through the rock : it contains a narrow string of quartz 
 sjjecks in the centre and on the sides of this are specks of iron- 
 pyrites. In one place too there is a weathered jumble of the 
 different varieties and pyrites which closely resembles an ordinary 
 fault-breccia. 
 
 Near the north side of the dyke on either side of the burn some 
 of the fine rock is seen again, but the sections are not good. . On 
 the south side the rock seems all of the coarse kind. 
 
 The north dyke is about 25 yards wide, rather less than the 
 undivided south one. "It consists tlu'oughoat 'of the coarse rock. 
 About 65 yards north of it there is a parallel fault. Both dykes 
 form ridges on the steep east bank of the bum. 
 
 The exposure in Belling Burn sliows but one dyke, and this is 
 to a large extent covered by the stream. North-east of this it can 
 be traced to the edge of the Map by a green feature facing south- 
 ea.-t : it is somewhat obscured on the spot by a series of slacks 
 (Glacial probably) crossing at riglit angles, but shows plainly in 
 the distance from the east slope of Wind Hill. 
 
 T/ie Law Dyhe. — The only exposure known is at a point about 
 a quarter of a mile north-north-east of the Law. The rock is a 
 fine even-grained basalt without any porphyfitic felspars, and 
 contains many spherical vesicles averaging -^ in, in diameter. 
 The vesicles are in general filled with calcite, but sometimes ^-ith 
 banded milky blue agate. The hade appears south-south-west. 
 The width may not be more than 1 yard. It is only traceable for 
 12 or 14 yards, and on proceeding 40 or 50 yards north-west, in 
 its apparent direction, we come to a bare freestone dip slope without 
 any sign of it. 
 
2S 
 
 CHAPTER VI. FAULT-BEECCIAS, 
 AND MINERALS OCCURRING THEREIN. 
 
 Tlie fault-breccias are not in general largely infiltrated with 
 spar. Calcite and quartz are the commonest cements. The latter 
 has nowhere been noticed in thick ribs, though very common in 
 minute strings in the freestones or as a glaze to their slickened 
 faces. Calcite is, as we might expect, particularly common where 
 the break passes through limestone : among other places where 
 it may be seen are Oakenshaw Burn by the house, in the Belling 
 Burn a quarter of a mile above the foot, and the burn close to the 
 Scottish Border north of the Oakenshaw Burn road. Barytes 
 occurs mixed with it in thin strings in the high dipping beds 
 30 yds. or so above the old bridge above Kielder Castle on the 
 east side of the burn, and in the breccia in Plashetts Burn three- 
 quarters of a mile below Wainhope. 
 
 In no case are the breccias infiltrated with useful mineral to 
 such an extent as to be of any practical worth. The brown 
 oxide of iron is common in very thin strings or as a stain, but 
 never occurs in large quantity. No lead ore has anywhere been 
 noticed by me, but it is recorded as occurring in Belling Burn 
 a little above the railway, in the map accompanying Nicholas 
 Wood's paper " On the Upper and I^ower Beds of coal in the 
 counties of Northd. and Durham."* and also near the Holy 
 Weil a quarter of a mile east-north-east of Otterstone Lee in the 
 Memoir of the Revd. John Hodgson (vol. i. p. 146). It is also 
 stated by the shepherds that lead has been found in Oakenshaw 
 Burn about 300 yards above the house, but I do not know on what 
 authority. 
 
 Scattered crystals of Zinc Blende, getting up to i in. in length, 
 occur in calcite strings at the south side of Oakenshaw Burn 
 some 350 yards west- south-west of the house. The strings appear 
 to run north-west, but they are close to where an important east 
 and west fault should pass and are perhaps subordinate to it. 
 
 In Plashetts Burn three-quarters of a mile below Wainhope 
 there Is a thick fault breccia running north-east which cont.ains 
 zino-blende In rather more abundance. The width of it averages 
 perhaps 6 feet, and it consists mainly of " dowk,"t and fragmenta 
 cif shale and sandstone. In some places there is a breccia com- 
 posed of fragments of a hard fine grained sandstone, the cavities 
 between which are filled with calcite and barytes speckled with 
 numerous small crystals of zinc-blende : occasionally the breccia 
 itself occurs In a fragmental form, a fact which indicates at least 
 two periods of movement along the break. Iron-pyrites occurs 
 in the crush-clay in the form of small irregular nodules often 
 showing crystalline faces on the outside. 
 
 * TranSi N. Eng. Inst. Eng., toI. xi. pp. 101-1.37. 
 f Clay formed out of crushed shale. 
 
26 
 
 CHAPTER VII. GLACIAL BEDS. 
 
 Foreign boulders occur very plentifully in most of the Boulder 
 Olay west of a line which runs rudely from one third of a mile 
 east of Deadwater to Plashetts Colliery. East of this, and perh.aps 
 also a little on the west side in the south part of the sheet, they' 
 get rarer, and in the Scalp, White Kielder and Riggend Burns, 
 and the heads of Dry Burn and Belling' Burn, seem quite absent. 
 Most of them show evident signs of their long journey in their 
 small size, extremely rounded outlines and excessively striated 
 surfaces — characters in which they contrast strongly with tlie 
 local freestones which have been incorporated in the clay at a 
 later stage. The matrix in which they are embedded consists in 
 general of a tough dark grey, brownish grey or blue clay, which is 
 quite impervious to water. 
 
 A list of the foreign rocks which have been noticed is given 
 at the end of this chapter. It seems that at all events in some 
 cases they cannot have come from the parent localities by direct 
 routes ; e.g., the Criffell Granite exposure lies south-west of this 
 fcheet yet the glacial features, rock striations, and disposition of 
 the larger masses of the clay, point to a south-east cany of the 
 foreign clay. 
 
 The most wide-spread and thick deposits occur on the west 
 and north sides of the valleys, e.g., in the valleys of Plashetts 
 Burn south of Wainhope, of the Belling Burn, Rigend Burn 
 and Lewis Burn : a fact which in accordance with the rule in 
 other districts points to the drift having come in the main from 
 the north-west. The hills on the west side of tlie Tyne are com- 
 pletely swathed in foreign drift even up to their summits : this is 
 seen well at tiie head of Catcleugh Burn (Kielder Station) at a 
 height of about 1,250 ft., and on Caplestone Fell half , a mile 
 slightly north of east of the Ordnance Stutioii 1,555 at a height 
 of about 1,400 ft. 
 
 In the Kielder Valley foreigners are not traceable much beyond 
 one mile, north-east of Kielder Castle. About three-quarters of 
 -a mile above the Castle on the north-west side of the burn there 
 are some good sections showing many Silurian pebbles, and some 
 of porphyritic basalt and dark i-ed sandstone. Further in the 
 hills the clay is often a chocolate red Colour, a colour doubtless 
 due to the variegated grey and red cliiys, &c., which occur 
 in the Fell Sandstone Seiies et the Scalp Burn, "White Kielder, 
 &c., and the boulders enclosed are mostly freesltone. 
 
 In Dry Burn a small ag.ate pebble was found two-thirds of a 
 mile above Wainhope where the stream runs through Boulder 
 Olay. This is some distance further east than any other foreigners 
 noticed in this valley. 
 
GLACIAL BEDS. 27 
 
 There are no indications of boulders of the porphyritic basalt 
 dyke, in the north-east of the Map, having; anywhere been carried 
 north-eait from it. Just at, and 300 yds. above, the foot of the 
 north-north-west cleugh next east of Kielder Head there are 
 several boulders of it, but they lie a quarter of a mile south-west 
 from the nearest exposure. 
 
 Large blocks belonging to the wide Lewisburn dyke are 
 particularly common north-north-west of the Law and half a mile 
 west of Emraethaugh. The nearest exposures lie north and north- 
 west. 
 
 Coal pebbles are excessively common in the clay on the south 
 side of Belling Burn 200 yds. below Bellingburn Head and near 
 the head of Dry Burn. This is only what one might expect from 
 the number of coal seams in the neighbourhood. 
 
 The greatest knosvn thickness of the clay is about 120 ft. This 
 occurs on the west side of Belling Burn near Flashetts Colliery. 
 The working level of the colliery started in beds a little below the 
 coal, but, after being driven 40 yds., it got into Boulder Clay and 
 continued in it for about 200 yds. in a north-north-west direction 
 before the rock was reached again. The water level starts in clay 
 and keeps in it for nearly 400 yds. before it reaches rock. It 
 seems clear that these levels must be driven in the old preglacial 
 valley of the burn, which is now quite filled with clay. The part 
 of the working level driven in clay is very dry and shows no 
 gravel or sand bands. The section on the south side of Oakenshaw 
 Burn a little below the old Toll Bar shows about 100 ft. of 
 uniform stiff brownish grey Boulder Clay. In the old pit-shaft 
 one third of a mile slightly west of south of the bridge at the foot 
 of Lewis Burn a thickness of nearly 57 ft. was proved. From 
 these thicknesses it varies down to the thinnest covering. 
 
 The parts of the foreign clay near the surface often show a 
 gradual change of colour from dark grey or blue, to brown and 
 yellow, and of consistency from a tough water-tight to a somewhat 
 porous sandy character. 1 have noticed the change particularly 
 clearly in the sike-head that passes by the camp on Wellhaugh 
 Moor. The change is no doubt due to the gradual peroxidation 
 of the iron salts of the clay, and, the mechanical washing away of 
 the finer material from the top by rain. There are many sections 
 which show a deposit near the top intermediate in character 
 between sand or gravel and the normal Boulder Clay, Wiiether 
 the difference between the upper deposit and the lower is original, 
 or acquired subsequently in some such manner as described, it is 
 usually, in default of clear section?, impossible to say with certainty. 
 Should it be original the upper part must be looked upon as a 
 later and mor6 local clay, formed mainly from the freestones of 
 the district when the climatic conditions were not so severe as 
 formerly. 
 
 The only section noticed that showed such an upper Boulder 
 Clay distinctly was on the south-east side of Caplestone Fell, on 
 the north bank of the sike one-eighth of a mile east-north-east of 
 the Ordnance Station 1040. Unfortunately the section was 
 
 E 56137. C 
 
28 GI<AOIAL BEDSi 
 
 subsequently obscured by a landslip. The rocks in the upper clay 
 here consist of freestone. The clay in which they are embedded 
 is yellow and rests irregularly on a dark grey clay which contains 
 less freestone : it has in one place a tongue running obliquely 
 down into the lower clay, and is evidently rather more porous than 
 it, there being a faint wet line at their junction. The height is a 
 little over 1,000 ft. Both above and below in this sike, and also 
 in the sike 160 yds. north of it, there are many big freestone 
 blocks scattered about, which of themselves also suggest the 
 presence of a later local drift. 
 
 Thin bands of sand, gravel or laminated loam are common 
 within Boulder Olay. We may note the following instances. In 
 the railway cutting one quarter of a mile south of Kielder Station 
 a 3 ft. water bearing sandy loam with pebbles ; about 5 ft. above 
 this is another similar wet band 1^ ft. thick, and above this 
 .another band of softer sand perhaps 1 ft. thick. There is a good 
 spring on the west side of the cutting 300 yds, south of the bridge 
 and this probably comes out of one of these bands. In the section on 
 the sike bank north of the railway a little less than half a mile west 
 of Plashett's Station. About 100 yards above the foot of Little 
 Burn, in the bed of the stream, I ft. of gravel, with stony 
 chocolate brown clay above, and less stony dark grey clay below. 
 
 In two cases gravel is seen below Boulder Clay and resting on 
 rock. One is on the west side of Deadwater Burn ; the gravel 
 here first appears 150 yds. above the house. It consists of 8 or 
 10 ft. of rounded boulders with very little arrangement. The 
 rocks composing them are mostly, if not all, of freestone, in which 
 respect they contrast strongly with those of the overlying clay, 
 which are nearly all foreigners, especially Silurian. About 350 yds. 
 above the house the thickness appears only about 3 ft. The 
 other instance first appears on the north side of Kigend Burn, 
 about one and a quarter mile above Rigend, and is traceable 
 nearly half a mile. It lies under a stiff blue Boulder Clay the 
 rocks in which seem entirely of local origin. The thickness in 
 one place is about 10 feeti The pieces composing it are mostly 
 freestone, the smaller ones often well rounded, but the larger 
 somewhat angular. 
 
 There are other gravel or sand deposits marked as glacial in 
 the Map, though they are not actually seen to underlie JBoulder 
 Clay. Their disposition does not allow one to consider them as 
 fluviatile in the ordinary sense of the terra. Deposits of this 
 kind occur, among other places, south and east 'of Ferney Knowe, 
 at Plashetts farm house, on the west side of Belling Burn on the 
 top of the bank south-west of the colliery level. On the west 
 side of Plashetts Burn at the north end of the wood, and again 
 lower down on the same side of the burn, there are beds of very 
 coarse gravel made up almost entirely of freestone. In one place 
 the pieces get up to 2 ft. in length ond are rather angular. In 
 the tough brown Boulder Clay below are many foreigners. At 
 the foot of Little Burn there is a considerable thickness of finely 
 laminated sandy loam under coarse gravel and over Boulder Clay 
 
PERCHED BLOCKS AND GLACIAL STRTiE. 29 
 
 In one place a gravel is also seen below it but not such a coarse 
 one as that above. The upper gravel has a distinct terrace form 
 and is no doubt fluviatile. The underlying loam is not traceable 
 over so large an area and may possibly be glacial. An instance 
 very similar to the last-mentioned occurs on the south side of 
 Otterstone Lee Burn, at a point 100 yds. west of where the road 
 crosses. 
 
 Only few perched blocks have been noticed. One conspicuous 
 one occurs about a quarter of a mile north-north-east of the 
 Ordnance Station 1,371 on Oaplestone Fell, at a height of over 
 lj250 ft. It is a massive false-bedded freestone, much like the 
 rock it rests on. The dimensions are about 9 ft. x 6 ft. x 6 ft. 
 There is a kind of cushion between it and the rock below, formed 
 of a few freestone boulders 6 or 8 in. long. Three others occur 
 o'n the crags south of the head of Dry Burn, at a height of nearly 
 1,200 ft. Two of them are about 400 yds. north-north-east of the 
 Ordnance Station 1 ,202 and the third 300 yds. slightly east of 
 south thereof. They are all composed of a knobbly weathering 
 sandstone, distinctly different from that on which they rest, which 
 is much softer and weathers in low-lying pillowy blocks. 
 
 Some of the irregular knolls and masses of freestone which 
 occur rather over half a mile slightly south of east of Mid Fell 
 top, and the Haw Knowe, one mile east of Kielder Oastle, may 
 possibly be glacially transported masses. 
 
 In the north-east part of the Map, where the clay is practically 
 all of local origin no glacial striations have been observed, but in 
 the south-west they are common. The surfaces of the striated 
 rock are generally smoothly polished and their edges rounded off; 
 many of the clearest have evidently been but recently exposed by 
 denudation of Boulder Clay. As might be expected from the way 
 the foreign clay has swathed all the hills on the west side of the 
 Tyne, the directions of the striae are not guided by the varying 
 local features, but have all a general south-east or east-south-east 
 direction. Thus in the Lewisburn valley, general direction 
 north-east, two capital sets occur on the fellside half a mile east- 
 south-east of the Forks, one set pointing 42° south of east and 
 another 22° south of east ; and there is another set a mile south 
 of these with a direction about 36° south of east. In the lower 
 part of the Plashetts Burn, general direction north and south, 
 strias close by the water's edge on the west of the sti-eam, about 
 one third o£ a mile above the railway bridge, point 21° south of 
 east. In the Belling Valley, general direction north and south, 
 striae on the east side of the stream, about half a mile south of the 
 Plashetts CoUiery, point 27° south of east. 
 
 In looking up the valley of the Tyne from the hill on the east 
 side of it east of Wellhaugh Moor one cannot help being struck 
 with the great number of banks, slacks and small burns on the 
 west fride of the valley that run rudely parallel to one another 
 and the general course of the Tyne. They are often indicated 
 with clearness on the shaded one-inch map. Besides the west 
 side of the Tyne they are well seen in other places, among which 
 
 2 
 
30 GLACIAL BEDS. 
 
 we may mention the corner between Lewis Burn and Oakenshaw 
 Bum, the corner between Grains Burn and Needs Burnj north- 
 west of Emmethaugh ; and, on the east side of the Tyne, south- 
 west of Gowanburn, east of Plashetts Burn, on the fellside north 
 of the Law, and west and north of Bellingburn Head. With the 
 exception of the last locality they are practically confined to the 
 area in which the boulder clay contains rocks of foreign origin. 
 
 Such features are due in most part to the disposition ot the 
 Boulder Clay. Usually there is no rock to be noticed in them, 
 or if there is it is only at their bottoms. They may consist 
 indifferently of banks, or slacks or valleys; it is cotnmon to find 
 a bank fea.ture in one place developing into a valley in another, 
 especially if a lower, place, eg., west of Emmethaugh, and in the 
 corner between the Tyne and Lewis Burn. They coincide with 
 .the features in the rocks beneath near the head of Monnces Burn, 
 its proved in trials for the Lewisburn House Coal, but much more 
 commonly they pas's over bed after bed without regard to the 
 strike, eg , on the west side of Bellingburn Head the Piper's 
 Cross Limestone passes three of them in a distance of less than 
 half a mile. It is not rare to find at their extremities con- 
 tinuations of them formed out of rock, e.g., on the south side of 
 Catcleugh Burn (Kielder Station), oq the fellside between the 
 Kielder Viaduct and the head of the burn next east, half a mile 
 south-east of Gowanburn, &c. 
 
 - Very often there is a little wash, alluvium, or peat moss in the 
 bottoms of the valleys, and in the map these have been traced 
 even in places where they are very narrow, in order to represent 
 their courses gi'aphically. The parallelism between them is only 
 i'ude and instances are by no means rare where several coalesce 
 within a short distance. A good ins;tance of this occurs within 
 half a mile west of the railway between Kielder Viaduct and the 
 signal post south of Kielder Station, and another close \)j Femey 
 Knowe. 
 
 The features on the west side of Plashetis Burn, and on the 
 north side of Dry Burn have in general a more southerly direction 
 than usual, Those near the head of Oakenshaw Burn on the 
 contrary have slightly more of east in them. 
 
 The railway cutting south of Kielder Station has been made 
 for the south part within a glacial slack, and the amount of 
 excavation necessary thus advantageously reduced. 
 
 Foreign Boulders. 
 
 LiSTof FoEEIGN* BotjLDEKS noticed witnin the Map, with some 
 of the Localities at which they occur. 
 
 Light brick-coloured soft sandstone, of fine even grain, and with 
 white mica flakes. South side of the Tyne 30 yds. below the foot 
 of Catcleugh Burn. Permian ? 
 
 * The gravel used as ballast on the railway is, I believe, brought from Annandale. 
 
FOREIGN BOULDliRS. 31 
 
 Dark soft red sandstone. Oakenshaw Bum 130 yds, above the 
 old Toil Bar, Kielder Burn | ml. above the Castle, Needs Burn 
 rather over | mile above the foot. Permian ? 
 
 Soft purple sandstone. Bell's Burn scarcely | mile above the 
 foot. Permian ? 
 
 Light brick-coloured soft sandstone, with white specks up to 
 J in. long of kaolin (1) and black mica. A little less than ^ mile 
 above the Forks (Lewis Burn). Permian ? 
 
 Red Carboniferous crinoidal limestone. Oakenshaw Burn, 
 Bell's Bum, and Needs Burn. Mr. B. N. Peach, who surveyed 
 an adjacent portion of Lidd.esdale, &c., supposes this was first trans- 
 ported up Liddesdale from the S.W., and afterwards brought 
 across into the Tyne. 
 
 Grey compact limestone, with bands of' dark grey or brown 
 chert. Boulders of this sort, or more commonly of the chert 
 without any limestone attached, are very common in the Oaken- 
 shaw Burn and Lewis Burn watersheds, but in the other part of 
 the sheet I do not remember noticing them any distance north o£ 
 the foot of Lewis Burn. They are often of large size : one in the 
 sike that runs into Oakenshaw Burn just above the bridge was 
 noticed with a length of 4 ft. Chert bands are seen In situ close 
 to Kershope Head (106 N.W.) within 200 yds. of the south 
 margin of this sheet, and a dark grey chert also occurs in situ in 
 limestone close to Craneclengh (106 N.W.) within less than a mile 
 of the south margin of this Map, and it is possible that similar 
 bands may occur within the Map itself hidden under Boulder Clay, 
 but the boulders are too abundant to be all derived from i^this 
 possible source. The rock is common in situ a few miles to the 
 west within the Scottish Border. 
 
 Bright red chert or jasper. Particularly common in the foreign 
 drift area north of Lewis Burn foot. In one boulder a red chert 
 band was found embedded in a rock that has the appearance of a 
 white or light green saccharoid limestone and effervesces gently 
 with dilute hydrochloric acid. Very common in situ near the 
 head of the Slitrig Water, and also near Riccarton : the last 
 locality is supposed the most probable source. 
 
 Hard compact slaty blue and purple grit, with narrow opaque 
 white streaks and ovaL markings. Only one boulder noticed, in 
 the sike on the west side of Lewis Burn south of Low Long 
 House. Possibly stained Silurian. 
 
 Silurian greywack^ and shale. Very common throughout the 
 whole of the foreign drift area. A large exposure of these rocks 
 occurs in Liddesdale, &c. 
 
 Basalt with large porphyritic crystals of clear felspar. Com- 
 mon near Deadwater. Head of Catcleugh Burn (Kieider Station). 
 Derivation uncertain. 
 
 , Uniform coarse grained basalt. Quarter of a mile south of 
 Kielder Castle. Derivation uncertain. 
 
 Basalt with a purplish matrix and very many amygdules of 
 p^^oite ; generally a good deal decomposed, HeacJ of the C&\' 
 
32 GLACIAL BEDS. 
 
 oleugh Burn (Kielder Station), Bell's Burn, &c, Similar to the 
 ootemporaneous basalt rock of Liddesdale. 
 
 Dark purple porphyrite with small felspars. Half a mile east 
 pf Kielder Castle. Derivation uncertain, 
 
 . Amygdaloidal purple porphyrite. Half a mile south-west of 
 Bewshaugh. Derivation uncertain. 
 
 Decomposing purple porphyrite, or ash (tuff), going grey green 
 In places. The railway cutting north-east of the Law. Supposed 
 to come from the west side of Oriffell. 
 
 Breccia of fine grained purple amygdaloidal porphyrite. Sike 
 that comes into Oakenshaw Burn from the south below the old 
 Toll Bar. Derivation uncertain. 
 
 Agate (? out of drift). The Dry Burn by the " y " of " Dry," 
 Derivation uncertain. 
 
 Granite with large white felspars, black mica and a good deal 
 of hornblende ; quartz, not crystallized out very prominently ; 
 bits of yellow sphene. East of Caplestone Fell at a height of 
 1,400 ft. ; hillside east and south-east of Kielder Castle ; Dead- 
 water Burn 100 yds. above the house ; and various places in 
 Lewis, Oakenshaw, and Need's Burn. Supposed to be one of 
 the Galloway granites. 
 
 Gneissic granite. Much the same as the above, but the mica and 
 hornblende are arranged in distinct stripes with the whiter con- 
 stituents ; a little yellow sphene. Might be a Highland gneiss, 
 but for the sphene which points to Galloway, where too it is 
 known that much of the granite is gneissic, 
 
 Granitic rock with pink and grey felspars and porphyritic 
 quartz crystals: reddish ^felstone (string?) on one side. Bell's 
 Burn rather over half a mile above the foot. A Galloway 
 granite ? 
 
 Granitic rock much as above, but the felspars a little coarser 
 and more rarely white. Hornblende seems more common than 
 mica, and there are large pyramidal quartz crystals, often in 
 twins, with their edges generally well rounded. Oakenshaw Burn 
 180 yds. above the old Toll Bar. A Galloway granite ? 
 
 Light red fine granite or granite-felstone, with several porphy- 
 ritic crystals of lighter red or grey felspar, and conspicuous 
 pyramids of quartz. Much black mica, but never in large folia. 
 Oakenshaw Burn, a little less than half a mile below Willow Bo<t. 
 A Galloway granite ? 
 
 Brown fine granite or felstone, with felspars small and quartz 
 not prominent. Mica generally decomposing, abundant and in 
 elongated sections. Head of Needs Burn. A Galloway granite ? 
 
 Besides the above there can be no doubt from their great 
 abundance that most of the yellow weathering limestone boulders 
 in Needs Burn and Grains Burn must be also of foreign origin, 
 though they might be matched perhaps with similar beds found in 
 situ within the Map. 
 
33 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. EECENT DEPOSITS. 
 
 Alluvium. —The streams have generally a rapid fall, and their 
 flats or " haiighs " are composed more of sand or gravel than of 
 loam. The cultivated haughs often indicate well the variability 
 of the deposit ; one strip, sandy and gravelly, being reserved for 
 turnips, another, more clayey, for grass, and so on. Perhaps the 
 finest deposits occur in the Tyne valley between the Scottish 
 Border and Kersey Cleugh. The name Dead water Lakes is given 
 to this part of the river and is perhaps derived* from the slowness 
 of motion in the water. Some of the side streams of the Fell 
 Sandstone hills hurry down in floodtime especially large angular 
 blocks, e.g., on the north-west side of White. Kielder. Nearly all 
 of them have a more rapid fall than the main valley, £ind so a 
 delta-shaped deposit accumulates at the foot. Not imcomraonly 
 islands of Boulder Clay occur surrounded in such deltas, e.g., on 
 the east side of Deadwater Burn about 200 yds. north of Bell's 
 Burn foot. 
 
 Old burn-courses are rather common. Some changes seem to 
 Lave been effected quite recently by drainage operations. Others, 
 older and apparently natural, occur two-thirds of a mile west of 
 Bewshaugh, 130 yds. north of the Ordnance Station 712 half a 
 mile east of Bewshaugh, on the west side of Archer CIeugl\ ra^thqr 
 over half a mile below the head, and 200 yds. above the bridge at 
 the foot of Lewis Burn on the north side of the burn. In the 
 last instance the bed of the old channel runs for a little distance 
 through bare freestone. 
 
 The angle of slope of the present burns and the adjacent ter- 
 races iff not always the same, e.g., about a quarter of a mile below 
 Willow Bog, on the north side of the burn, the terrace falls less 
 quickly than the burn. 
 
 Of the older gravels which still retain terrace form and are 
 clearly fluviatile we may mention the highest one on the south 
 side of the burn near the bridge at the foot of Lewis Burn, and 
 those near the Low Long House in the corner between Lewis 
 Burn and the burn on the east. The gravels that form the island 
 like hill south of Plashetts Station, and those of the narrow 
 interrupted fringes along the Tyne between Wellhaugh Moor and 
 the Law, are all somewhat uncertain in character. Still here and 
 there we find indications of terrace shape, and perhaps as strong 
 as one should expect considering the denudation that may have 
 taken place since their formation. Their base lines seem to run at 
 a fairly constant height above the river, a height too which is not 
 greater than that of the well marked terrace at the foot of Lewis 
 Burn. 
 
 * Or we haye the alternafive of deriving it from the sulphur well that occurs a 
 few yards on the Scottish side of the border. 
 
34 EECENT DEPOSITS, 
 
 Peat. — This forms a general covering over all the flatter parts 
 of the fells, but it has not been mapped where the general thick- 
 ness is under 12 or 14 inches. Sometimes it even covers the face 
 of steep , scars but not uniformly or thickly. In some cases it 
 occupies well defined hollows or basins, perhaps in part of glacial 
 origin: in these cases the moss is shown by colour on the solid 
 geology one inch maps. But more usually the edges are very ill 
 defined, the peat either thinning away gradually or fringing off in 
 long irregular armg. 
 
 Tree stems .have been noticed in the peat at a height of about 
 1,350 ft. rather over three-quarters of a mile north of the top of 
 Monkside, at about 1,300 ft. three-quarters of a mile east-north- 
 east of Monkside, on Bewshaugh Moor one-third of a mile 
 sonth-south-west of Black Fell top at about 1,200 ft., and many 
 other places. The following quotation referring to the Kielder 
 valley is copied from the Memoir of the Rev. John Hodgson, 
 vol. i. p. 146. " Fir tree moss was set on fire about 15 years 
 since, and laid bare the roots of a vast quantity of fir trees 
 which had formed a thick wood, and had probably been over- 
 thrown^ by winds, as the trunks of innumerable large trees still 
 remain in the moss and are often dug out for the purpose of 
 making ladders of, and for making lows or fish lights for fishing 
 in the night. One was found in Black Gleugh, up Kielder, and 
 made into a table now at Kielder Castle. It contained about 
 20 ft. of wood besides much that came down the river . . . 
 .... the bark underneath 3 inches thick, about 2\ ft. in 
 diameter." 
 
 That the whole country was once extensively covered with 
 wood is also shown by tradition. It is stated that, even within 
 the memory of the last generation, as you came up the, head of 
 Kielder to cross over into Eedesdale you could scarcely see your 
 route for wood, a statement confirmed by the name " Woody 
 Crags," still retained for some scars on the east side of White 
 Kielder. The height of the crags is between 1,250 and 1,500 ft 
 The destruction of the woods is attributed to the sheep by many 
 of the shepherds, and it is considered that the small patches of 
 natural wood which still remain will also be gradually destroyed 
 unless fenced in. 
 
 A quarter of a mile west-south-west of the Ordnance Station 
 1,555 on Oaplestone Fell there appears to be the site of an old 
 moss "burst." It averages some 90 yds. in breadth, and is 
 traceable for nearly 300 yds. in a north-west direction. 
 
 Landslips. — These are very numerous, and are sometimes of 
 gigantic size. The east side of the White Kielder for a distance 
 of nearly a mile north of the Woody Crags is covered by slipped 
 hummocks, &c., and the sides of Deadwater Moor are in little 
 better case. In many of the larger slips we can see that the dip 
 of the beds near is more or less down hill, and that this has 
 doubtless been the originating cause. This is so both in the slips 
 already mentioned, and in those on the east side of the Scalp 
 Bum, 1 mile south-south-west ^nd h^lf a mile south-west of the 
 
LANDSLIPS. 35 
 
 Troutlng, on the south side of RIgend Burn, and three-quarters 
 of a mile south-west of Bewshaugh. Not unfrequently the 
 slipped material is arranged in the form of rude terraces from 
 side to side of the slip ; this is especially marked in the lower 
 part of the great slip on the north side of Deadwater Moor. 
 
 The banks of all the burns that flow through Boulder Clay 
 show numerous small slips. In some cases the slipped material 
 falls on to beds of more recent age and may thus give an erroneous 
 idea of the succession, e.g., there is gravel seen close on the west 
 side of Lewis Burn about a quarter of a mile within the south 
 edge of the map which is overlain by Boulder Clay, but the clay 
 is really all in a slipped condition ,and the gravel is not Glacial 
 but part of a little river terrace that has been covered by the 
 slip. 
 
36 
 
 CHAPTER IX. GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. 
 
 The oldest beds within the Map occur in the north corner of 
 the district within the Redesdale watershed. Here we have no 
 doubt a small area— probably scarcely* 3 acres — of Silurian rocks, 
 but unfortunately entirely covered by drift. In the bed of a 
 small sike about 18 yds. east of the south end of the area Silurian 
 shales are seen in a vertical position with an east and west strike. 
 At the south end of the west corner of the area there is a slight 
 feature facing north-east which we suppose due to the oncoming 
 of the unconformable Lower Freestones. 
 
 The Lower Freestones also only occur in the north corner of 
 the map, again entirely within Redesdale. Coming south from 
 them we cross two large faults, one east and west and the other 
 west-south-west, each with a large downthrow south, and it is 
 owing to these faults that we never meet with the Lower Free- 
 stones again. The faults unite just before reaching the east 
 margin of the map. 
 
 For some distance south of these faults all the higher grounds 
 are formed of Fell Sandstones and the valleys of Ceraentstones, 
 until we get to the west-south-west fault crossing Ewe Hill 
 and Ravenshill Moor. This is a very large fault with downthrow 
 to south, and is most effective in altering the character of the 
 ground in the south part of the sheet. With the exception of the 
 area at the foot of Rigend Burn and between here and Bews- 
 haugh we get no exposures of true Cementstones that we can be 
 quite certain of in the south part. I think though there is a 
 small patch between the north and south faults on Bewshaugh 
 Moor, and on the hill where the limestone is mapped half a mile 
 north-west of the Dinmont Lairs. Running more or less parallel 
 to tbii great fault there is another one, or two near Wainhope, 
 running by Dry Burn, Bewshaugh, and Oakenshaw Burn and 
 again throwing down to the south. 
 
 The Geological Horizon of the Lewisburn Beds. — The position 
 of the shaley carbonaceous beds, so strongly developed in the 
 south part of the Map, have sometimes been misunderstood, and 
 as the question is one of some importance we shall state in 
 detail the evidence which shows tliem to come above the mass 
 of the sandstones of Peel Fell, &c. 
 
 1. In Buck Burn — the burn descending from Buck Lakes — 
 above the road we have, coming on above thick freestones with 
 red clays, a series of about equally divided shales and sandstones 
 with occasional thin coals. The general resemblance of this 
 upper series with some of the beds in Lewis Burn is quite evident, 
 and there is one peculiar band of calcareous marl nodules full of 
 fossils, at a point about 50 yds. above the road, which most 
 
eEOIiOGIOAL HOBIZON OF THE LEWISBUKN BEPS, 37 
 
 , closely resembles a similar band found in Lewis Burn at a point 
 about a quarter of a mile above Low Long House, The ex- 
 posure in Lewis Burn must certainly be one of the lowest beds 
 of the Carbonaceous Series in the burn. The resemblance of 
 the freestones and red clays with those on Larriston Fell is no less 
 evident, and it seems too from the geological structure of the 
 neighbourhood that they must be very near the horizon of the 
 sandstones along the Border north and west of the Buck Lakes, 
 even if they are not in fact the same, for al) along the Border 
 near here, and for some distance within the English side of it, 
 these sandstones are seen dipping at angles of from 9° to 27' in 
 a south or south-east direction, 
 
 2. In Rigend Burn one mile east of Ewe Hill a somewhat 
 similar set of shaley beds with thin coals and limestones are seen 
 coming on over thick sandstones. These sandstones are associated 
 with red and purple clays of tl.e same kind as those on Larriston 
 and Peel Fell, and .clearly overlie the Oementstone Series of 
 Kielder. 
 
 3. In Oakenshaw Burn about one mile and a quarter above 
 the Forks there are strong freestones with interbedded vari'gated 
 red clays, and a steep east dip which would naturally take them 
 below the Lewisburn beds. 
 
 4. The east side of Liddesdale, within Sheet 11, Scotland, from 
 the Larriston Fell southwards, is generally not quite so over- 
 whelmed with Drift as the adjacent English side o£ the Border. 
 I believe that here there is satisfactory evidence that the carbon- 
 aceous beds of Tweeden Head, &c. come at all events above the 
 main mass of the freestones and red clays. I cannot say though 
 that all the freestones in Larriston Fell come below the beds at 
 Tweeden Head ; some of the higher ones may come above. The 
 freestones below are seen particularly well in Harden Burn. 
 
 Though we thus conclude that the Lewisburn Beds come above 
 the. mass of the sandstones on Peel Fell, &c., it does not follow 
 from this that all the carbonaceous beds overlie all the sandstones 
 with red clays. Very likely the passage between the two types 
 is somewhat gradual and indefinite, and could not well be expressed 
 by a single line. The beds within this Map too are often so 
 variable that even if there were a sharp distinction between the 
 groups in one locality there need not necessarily be so in another ; 
 in some parts new carbonaceous beds might get intercalatecl 
 between the more homogeneous sandstones of another part, or 
 fresh sandstones and red clays might be developed which were 
 not present el.vevvhere. At a point about a quarter of a mile 
 south-west of the " C " of " Caplestone Fell " there is one inch of 
 chocolate-coloured clay seen underlying sandstone, but the other 
 fhaley beds near are, as far as seen, greenish and sandy for the 
 most part, and I think that the series here, and generally on the 
 top ot Caplestone Fell, may be near the passage between the two 
 types. 
 
 The igneous rocks are confined to the basaltic dykes, the 
 courses of which are described in detail in connexion with their 
 
.38 GEOLOGICAL STRUfiTURJ5. 
 
 lithological character, and the Carter Fell Ash (Tuff) and Basalt. 
 The latter rock makes a prominent green feature on the east and 
 south-east sides of the north end of Carter Fell, and, after being 
 thrown down south by a large east and west fault, is traceable again 
 on the north side of Bateinghope Burn until it meets with another 
 large fault, again throwing it down south below the ground. 
 Owing to the number of slips and tumbled blocks which strew the 
 fellside below the basalt outcrop it cannot be stated definitely^ 
 how far either south or east the ash outcrop continues. It may be 
 much largei" than shown in the Map. In the bed of a small sike 
 about 250 yds. below the basalt, and within 50 yds. of the Border 
 there is a small section which shows at the base freestone, and at 
 the top a deposit which may be either decomposing ash or merely 
 a surface wash. 
 
 We have now briefly alluded to a few of the more important 
 points in the geological structure of the area. In working-out the 
 details there is often considerable difficulty. This arises first from 
 the inconstancy of the characters of the individual Carboniferous 
 beds, which prevents the identification of distant sections with any 
 confidence, and secondly from the great spreads of Boulder Clay 
 which in many places completely hide the solid rocks. There can 
 be no doubt that dislocations are very numerous, more so even 
 than shown on the Map, and if the possibility of them were not 
 constantly borne in mind we should acquire a greatly exaggerated 
 idea of the variability of the beds, variable indeed as they 
 undoubtedly are. 
 
 Faults. — Our best course now will be to give the evidence for 
 the chief faults, including those already mentioned. Most of them 
 are not seen in section, and we shall often have to describe the 
 structure of the parts adjacent in order to give a proper under- 
 standing of the grounds from which we infer their presence. 
 We shall begin at the north end of the Map and proceed 
 south. 
 
 The Bateinghope Burn East and West Fault. — The situation of 
 this, both in Bateinghope Burn and the cleugh on the north side of 
 it, is fixed within a few yards by the occurrence of beds belonging to 
 the Cementstone Series on the south against the Lower Freestones 
 on the north. Just where it crosses the road it cuts off a massive 
 sandstone on the south side. From this point west it is not so 
 well defined, but it must change its course somewhat and proceed 
 north-west ; for in the sike north-west of here there are various 
 exposures of the purple and variegated marls which belong to the 
 Fell Sandstone Series, and therefore must be on the low side of 
 the fault. The basalt feature on the north side is not very clear 
 for some little distance off the fault, and therefore does not help 
 one much to fix the position. A comparison of the basalt on 
 either side of the fault makes the downthrow to the south perhaps 
 about 400 ft. ; it is not certain that the horizons of the basalt on 
 either side are exactly the samtj but there certainlv is not much 
 difference. 
 
3FAIJLTS, 39 
 
 The Bateinghope West-south-west i^awZft— This is most satis- 
 factorily recognisable near the head of Bateinghope Burn by the 
 cutting off, on the north side, of the basalt and the limestone 
 which has iDeen worked at tlie low level, and on the south side, of ' 
 two or three freestone scars and the Carter Fell coal. After 
 joining the Bateinghope east and west fault it is marked, on the south 
 side, by a strong freestone bank facing north-west ; this freestone 
 belongs to the lower portion of the Fell Sandstones Group, and it 
 lias against it on the north beds of the Cementstones and Lower 
 Freestones. The amount of downthrow to the south, near the 
 head of the burn, is capable of estimation by a comparison of the 
 lieights of the Carter Fell coal on either side ; this makes the 
 amount some 250 ft. 
 
 Between the head of Bateinghope and the Trouting is mainly a 
 wilderness of peat, but the fault has been carried on through this 
 to join one in the burn west of the Trouting, which has apparently 
 much the same directioa and also a large downthrow south, there 
 being a small inlier of typical cementstones, &c. on the north 
 against Fell Sandstones on the south. 
 
 The Carry Burn North and South Fault, — There is a good 
 direction obtainable for this fault where it crosses the bum, but 
 the hade cannot be made out. It is generally supposed that the 
 coal 80 yds, below where the fault crosses the burn is the one seen 
 200 yds. or more above, and again, but much more obscurely, 
 immediately on the east side of it on the north bank of the burn, 
 where it is brought in by the high north-west dip close to the 
 break. If this be so the actual break must have a downthrow to the 
 east, though the disturbance accompanying it soon effects a more 
 than counter-balancing change of level in the beds. The identifi- 
 cation seems likely, because when the coal comes out of the burn 
 again, near tlie old coal workings about half a mile below the 
 fault, it is overlain by a good blue limestone, with corals and 
 crinoids, which may well be the same as that next above the coal 
 near the head of the burn. 
 
 The Grun North-east Fault. — Proceeding along the track, that 
 leads north from Kielder Head the first rocks come to are a series 
 of impure yellow limestones, indicated by occasional swallow-holes, 
 and false-bedded blocky sandstones above them. These are dipping 
 slightly west of north at an angle of about 21°, As far as we can 
 see from the track there is no reason to suspect a fault here, but if 
 the sandstone scars are traced west we find a discordance in their 
 outcrops ; those to the south of the line taken as a fault running 
 almost straight down towards the Scalp Burn, while those to the 
 north flatten considerably and are carried some distance up the 
 sike to the north-west, far away from their former neighbours. 
 If we examine below these sandstones in this sike too we find that, 
 instead of getting a series of strong sandstones like those which 
 outcropped below them on the track, we have sandy green shales, 
 Calcareous sandstones, and impure limestones. 
 
 Evidence of a somewhat similar character is also observable on 
 the south-west side of the cleugh that runs between the " r " and 
 
Missing Page 
 
FAULTSs 41 
 
 line taken as a fault having a stronger dr.p down stream 
 
 then those on the east. 
 3. On the west side of Archer Oleugh the freestones are 
 
 again at a lower level west of the line than they should be 
 
 without a fault, or very rapid chunge in the section. 
 Deadtoater Moor North-north-west Fault. — There are two very 
 strong sandstones two-thirds of a mile east of Deadwater, at a 
 locality called the Quirinal, These dip 12° or 8° north-west, and 
 can be traced west going rapidly down hill until they are carried 
 considerably below a sandstone scar, wliich they were on a level 
 with, or superior to, at and east of the Quirinal. There must then 
 be a fault between this soar and them, and we may judge it is 
 probably one "with a downthrow south-west, as the Quirinal 
 sandstones are massive, and more like those that come above 
 the adjacent scar than any known below it. 
 
 There are two crags about one-third of a mile south-east of 
 the Quirinal which arc each cut off abruptly on the east, and we 
 may suppose this done by a continuation of the Quirinal fault. 
 
 In Deadwater Burn, not quite a mile above Deadwater, there is 
 a fault seen in section with a hade to the west, and a direction 
 pointing so nearly to the Quirinal discordance that we have 
 supposed it connected with it. 
 
 The two most. Northerly East-north-east Faults on Deadwater 
 Moor. — As far as the landslips allow one to judge the general dip 
 a little way up the fell on the south of Deadwater Moor appears 
 to be north-west. We should therefore expect, as we proceed 
 from north to south, to gradually get on to lower beds. Hence it 
 is a surprise to find that starting in the Cementstone Group and 
 going south-east we come across, every here and there, strong 
 sandstone scars, and that the fell above them is evidently com- 
 posed mainly of freestone. It is clear either that the Cementstone 
 Group is changing its character, or that the sandstones are Fell 
 Sandstones faulted down. At first one might favour the former 
 alternative; for the change in the character of the hill seems in 
 some respects a gradual one ; for instance the first strong scar 
 met may have no other strong one below it, and we may have to 
 go some distance further south-east before we find another, and 
 this ill turn may have little but cementstones and shales belowt 
 Examination shows however that most of the appearances can 
 best be accounted for by a series of parallel faults, all of which 
 throw down to the south. The most southerly of these is mentioned 
 under a separate heading as " The Ewe Hill and Ravenshill Moor 
 Fault." Of this there is no doubt whatever. The middle one is 
 also indicated clearly on the north side of a huge landslip. This 
 fide of the slip near its head is composed of a smoothed face of 
 massive sandstone with a hade to the south, and conspicuously 
 grooved with slickens. The direction of the face coincides with 
 that of the side of the slip — about east-north-east. The northern 
 fault is less clparly indicated,, but as one stands near the top of the 
 plantation half % mile south-south-east of Deadwater and looks up 
 the hill along the line taken as a fault there seems a sudden 
 
42 GEOLOGICAL STSUOTURE, 
 
 cliaiige in the cliaracter of tbe ground, that on thie sohl.h side 
 being more hanky, with the chief elopes facing north, and evidently 
 formed of harder rocks. 
 
 The Ewe Hill and Ravenshill Moor Fault. — There is a great 
 difference between the sections in the White Kielder Burn and 
 in Rigend Burn. The former, almost up to its head, keeps in 
 beds of the Cementstone Group, the latter for by far the most 
 part runs through thick sandstones. Even without examining 
 the burn-sections we see at once that there is a great difference in 
 the beds in the two localities, from an inspection of the adjacent 
 fellsides. The White Kielder well deserves its name from the 
 smooth benty, or "white" ground, as it is locally termed, which 
 slopes down either side w^hether drift^covered or not. The south 
 side of Rigend Burn is in striking contrast, rough heatherclad 
 slopes and brown freestone scars appearing one after the other as 
 far as the eye can reach ; and even on the more drift-covered 
 north side rough freestones here and there project through in 
 spite of the Drift. 
 
 A contrast of much the same icharacter is to be observed 
 between the two sides of the lower part of Archer Cleugh, The 
 north-east side here corresponds to the White Kielder, and the 
 south-west to Rigend Burn. The freestones of Ravenshill Moor, 
 as they project out and narrow the Kielder valley to a gorge, are 
 evidently in place of some much softer beds along the slope on the 
 east of Archer Cleugh. 
 
 There are no dips observable in either of these cases of contrast 
 which would bring the Fell Sandstones naturally on to the rough 
 freestone hillsides, and on examining the area narrowly it is 
 seen that the change in the characters of the ground takes place 
 along a rude straight line, that drawn as a fault, and that there is 
 no reason to suspect a change until we get to the line. We know 
 also that there is a large fault with a downthrow in the required 
 direction crossing Redewater, and that it would if prolonged with 
 its general point join on to the line of change in this sheet. 
 Besides this there is in the sike on the north side cf Rigend 
 Burn next to the east margin of the Map, at a point about 275 yds, 
 above its foot, a clayey crush seen, about 2 ft. wide, with discordant 
 dips on either side and pointing along the fault as drawn. 
 
 We might perhaps estimate the amount of throw as about 
 600 ft. This estimate is made by a comparison of tbe height of 
 the Fell Sandstones base one mile south-south-east of Mid Fell 
 with that of the same line half a mile or so above the foot of 
 Eigend Burn. But as we cannot say that the beds taken as the 
 base are the same in the two cases the estimate is only a rough 
 one. 
 
 The hollow in which the Kielder Burn road runs half a mile 
 west of Rigend is, though covered by Drift, very likely caused 
 by the fault, the hard sandstones thrown down to the south 
 forming the foundation of the knowe on tliis side. Proceeding 
 from Archer " Cleugh west over Ravenshill Moor the fault is 
 traceable by the cutting off of the sandstone features on either 
 
FAULTS. 43 
 
 side every here and there. West of the north and south sike on 
 Ra\enshill Moor the line is more uncertain : there is a break in 
 the featxires about half a mile south-v/est of .the head of the 
 sike, and one branch of the fault has been carried through this and 
 thence on the north side of Bell's Burn foot, so as to make the 
 strong sandstones of Bell's Linn, &o. part of the Fell Sandstones. 
 Another branch — probably the most important — has been carried 
 from the sike on Eavenshill Moor in a S.W. direction, to account 
 for the sudden ending, on the south-east side of it, of the chocolate 
 and red clays which occur one-third of a mile or so south and 
 south-south-east of Bell's Burn foot. Going still further south- 
 west this fault causes a conspicuous discordance of strike in the 
 crags on the east side of Bell's Bum — the crags on the north-west 
 side of ihe fault being nearly horizontal while those on the south- 
 east are dipping steeply north-east. There is also a discordance 
 of dip in the burn at the point where the fault is supposed ta 
 cross. 
 
 The West-south-west Fault \ mile South of Rigend. — South- 
 west of Eigend this fault has been used for a short' distance as a 
 boundary of the Fell Sandstones, as if the downthrow were to the 
 N. This may be so, because the limestone in the burnside S.E. 
 of Riggend has a very massive sandstone over it, which might well 
 be taken as the base of the Fell Sandstones for any evidence of 
 upper limestones there is, but on the other hand this apparent 
 absence of upper limestones may partly be due to their being cut 
 off by the Grey's Pike N.N.E. fault. 
 
 Near the E. margin of the Map the fault Is first distinctly 
 recognisable by the cutting off of two sandstone scars one ou 
 either side. Each of these scars has coal close under it, and it is 
 possible, though very uncertain, that they are the same. Should 
 they be the same the downthrow must be N., the direction which, 
 as stated already, is perhaps indicated S.W. of Eigend. Due N. 
 of Monkside a scar on the S. side of the fault is cut off; about 
 ^ ml. further W. another one on the N, side is treated similarly. 
 This last scar shows a strong dip north, which is also the general 
 dip on the north side of the fault all the way from this point to 
 the east margin of the map. One-third of a mile or so south- 
 west of Rigend the limestone that is seen in the burnside and 
 the strong sandstone east of it are both in turn out off by the fault, 
 and 300 yds. west of the old camp a limestone outcrop with a dip 
 of 55° to west is also cut off. The slack between this camp and 
 the hillslope south-east probably marks the further course of the 
 fault. 
 
 Three-quarters of a mile or so east of Rigend the fault is 
 probably joined by another west-south-west one coming in from 
 the west. This second fault is indicated in a sandstone scar due 
 south of the " R " of " Rigend Burn " by a steep sudden dip at 
 right angles to its course, and again in Eigend Burn itself by the 
 loss of the limestone before it comes into the burn. 
 
 North-east Fault half a mile East of Monkside,-. — Three-quarters 
 of a mile south-south-east of the Three Pikes there is a strong 
 
 E 56137. n 
 
44 GEOLOGICAL STRUOTUEE, 
 
 sandstone crag which on its north side is cut off and its face 
 slickened. A good point for the fault is obtainable, and a search 
 along the line indicated shows further evidence of it. In a S.W. 
 direction 200 yds. or so beyond the north and south burn on 
 Wainhope Moor a sandstone scar is cut off on the north side. In 
 a north-east direction three sandstone crops are cut off in succes- 
 sion, within a distance of one-third of a mile of the scar, and three- 
 quarters of a mile further on another sandstone scar is cut off. 
 
 No evidence as to the throw was found, except at the crag three- 
 quarters of a mile south-south-east of the Three Pikes. Here the 
 alickened face shows a hade to the west, and it is just suggested 
 that the crag 50 yds. west may be a repetition of it on the 
 downthrow side. If this be so the amount of throw must be 50 
 or 60 ft. ; if it be not so the throw must be larger, but how much 
 larger cannot be said. 
 
 The Grey's Pike North-north-east Fault.— Yor nearly the 
 whole of its course this fault shows discordant dips on either side. 
 Starting at the north end we notice them first on tracing iiphill 
 the limestone that occurs in the burnside one quarter of a mile 
 south-south-west of Eiggend, and the strong sandstone scar 50 or 
 60 yds. further east. The limestone has but a gentle rise to the 
 south, while the sandstone runs up suddenly and is soon carried 
 a long way from the limestone. At the head of the sike half a 
 mile west-south-west of the Three Pikes the beds west of the fault 
 are dipping east at 45° or more, while on the east the dip is only 
 gentle, and on the fell a little north the outcrops of the beds are 
 level. Between the head of this sike and some distance south of 
 Grey's Pike we have on the west side bed after bed of sandstone, 
 in an ascending series as we go south-west, striking against the 
 fault, while on the east we keep along the outcrop of but one 
 or two beds. 
 
 The sharp easterly dip rather over one third of a mile south-south- 
 west of Grey's Pike is probably connected with this fault. On 
 the north side of Gowanburn Moor it has been drawn as con- 
 sisting of two branches. The east branch is marked by a sudden 
 dip of 58° in a sandstone scar on the east side of it, and from 
 thence south-west a succession of sandstone scars are cut off on 
 the same side. The evidence for the west branch consists in the 
 cutting off of these sandstones on the east side of it, below the 
 head of the burn, and the cessation of the swallow holes on the 
 west side. 
 
 The downthrow is east and probably of large amount. This 
 is indicated both west of the Three Pikes and on Gowanburn 
 Moor by the occurrence on its west side of shales, limestones, &o., 
 which belong to the Cementstone Series, while on the east are 
 Fell Sandstones. 
 
 The North-north-east Fault half a mile East of Three Pikes, — ■ 
 The great depression in the fells half a mile east of Three Pikes 
 is at once suggestive of a line of fault. On examining the ground 
 near, we find that as we ascend the steep south side of the Three 
 Pikes we pass over a succession of sandstone dip-slopes, and that 
 
FATJLTSi 45 
 
 the higher we get on the hill the lower we get in the beds. 
 Keeping on the east side of the upper part of the north and south 
 burn on Wainhope Moor we find however no such steep dip, 
 but merely one that appears to suffice to keep the same bed at or 
 near the surface of the gentle slope, so that this bed seems at one 
 place to be on a level with a sandstone on the south side of the 
 Three Pikes that in another place it must be many feet below. 
 Between these areas there is a little breadth of obscure peaty 
 ground, through which the fault is supposed to run. One cannot 
 say in what direction the throw is. 
 
 East and West Fault half a mile South-east of ■ Three Pikes. — 
 The lower coal that has been exposed by the drainers 50 yds. 
 north of the fault is very hard and comes up in good sized blocks— 
 in fact it is peculiarly deserving of the local term " splint." 
 About 25 yds. south of the fault and 12 yds. east of the stream 
 are indications of a very similar coal, in all probability the same. 
 This makes the downthrow south and perhaps 30 ft. or so in 
 amount. 
 
 The Dry Burn Head North -north-east Fajilt. — The coal 
 exposed by the side of the east drain at the head of the burn is, 
 including a 7-in. parting of fireclay, almost exactly 3 ft. thick, 
 120 yds. or so north-north-east of this point a shaft was sunk 
 about 20 years ago, and a coal, also about 3 ft. thick, is said to 
 have been found at a depth of 2 or 3 yds. It was suggested that 
 these coals so nearly alike might be the same, and on further 
 examination additional reasons for this supposition were obtained. 
 In the first place it was noted that a crag to the north-north'east 
 (the Long Crag) is suddenly ended at the prolongation of a line 
 that would pass between, and close to, the two known coal 
 localities ; in the second place, that further down the fell to the 
 south-west there were again two occurrences of coal near to one 
 another, each about 10 in. thick, and that the line of fault already 
 suggested would pass naturally between them. 
 
 The amount of downthrow to west probably need no jxceed 
 20 ft. 
 
 The Wainhope Moor East and West Fault.-^ln Dry Burn, 
 about one mile above Wainhope, a good grey crinoidal limestone is 
 seen dipping up stream. Its thickness is not clear, because it is a 
 good deal decomposed into ochre, but perhaps an estimate of 4 ft. 
 might be ventured on. A limestone of much the same character, 
 and again prone to decomposition, occurs in the east head of the 
 sike that runs between Dry Burn and the North and South Burn 
 on Wainhope Moor (Wainhope Burn), and also in this north and 
 south burn itself. The dip in all three places is generally more or 
 less north, and at rather high angles. It is hence suggested that 
 the strike between the places is rudely east and west, and that the 
 limestones so similar in character are in fact identical. Now in 
 the Dry Burn exposure the limestone is almost on a level with a 
 sandstone 120 yds. north-west, which, as it runs north-west, gets 
 to be 200 or 300 ft. above the Wainhope Burn exposure; so that 
 it seems necessary to suppose a fault between the sandstone and 
 
 D 2 
 
46 GEOLOGtelL Structure. 
 
 the limestone. With this agrees the fact too ttat the sandstone 
 mentioned and also the one next above it are both sharply ended 
 at their extremities nearest to the Dry Biu'n limestone. 
 
 A little below the limestone in Dry Burn is the supposed 
 Plashetts seam, which has been opened out in a short level near 
 the "-n " of " Dry Burn." This coal is said to be about 4 ft._ thick, 
 and to have a thin shale-parting, much like that usual in the 
 Plashetts seam. > Such a coal is not seen either in Wainhope 
 Burn or tlie intermediate sike, but there is no evidence that it 
 does not exist, and if the argument for tlie identity of the lime- 
 stones be good then we should expect also to find the coal in these 
 places on trials being made. 
 
 Some persons may find additional evidence for the fault from 
 their identification of the Yard coal half a mile south of Monkside 
 (and of Hunter's Burn Head, in 108 S.E.) with that of the Dry 
 Burn level ; supposing a fault with large downthrow south to pass 
 between this level and the other localities mentioned. But we are 
 not satisfied that the identification can be relied on. 
 
 The Bewshaugh Moor North and South Faults. — The most 
 easterly one of these makes itself evident in Catcleugh Burn by 
 the sudden appearance, on the west side, of a steeply dipping 
 limestone band, while on the east have been for some distance 
 comparatively gentle dipping sandstones, calcareous or not, and 
 grey shaloj There are also slickened freestone blocks, evidently 
 nearly in place, j list where the break should pass. On the south side 
 of the burn the fault can be satisfactorily traced a quarter of a 
 mile or more by the shattered condition of the sandstone on the 
 east face of some crags called Oat Cairn crags. The throw is 
 probably down east, for the beds in the burn west of the fault have 
 a much more Cementstone aspect than those on the east. Between 
 the faults the beds are much contorted and disturbed. 
 
 The west fault crosses the burn 75 yds. above the east one, and 
 can be traced south going between the Cat Cairn crags. There 
 i s a gulley on either side of ihe burn where it passes, which has no 
 doubt been caused by it. A limestone band on the east is cut off, 
 and we get instead strong sandstones. Close to the gulley a 
 disturbance starts off in a south-west direction; this may be 
 continuous with a crush in the shattered sandstone in tbe south 
 head of Catcleugh Burn. 
 
 The Dry Burn East-north-east Fault and the East and West 
 Fault South thereof. — The freestone band 120 yds. slightly west 
 of south of the old coal level near the "n" of "Dry Bum "is 
 underlain, in a south-westerly direction, by at least 3 or 4 bands of 
 massive pillowy- weathering freestones forming the " Millstone 
 Crags," &c. There is clearly little, if any, shale coming between 
 them, and no sign of coal or limestone. What then is the relation 
 of these sandstones to the coal of the- old level and the overlying 
 limestone and shale ? The coal in the level is said to dip very 
 steeply south-south-east, so that it could not get a,bove them 
 without a fault. Equally impossible does it appear for it to get 
 
FAULTS, 47 
 
 below them. Hence a fault has been drawn between the coal and 
 the massive freestones. 
 
 The East and West Fault South of Wainhope is clearly recog- 
 nizable most of the way between Wainhope and Belling Burn. 
 It cuts off scar after scar of the Millstone Crags, and also various 
 sandstones east of the sike marked between Dry Burn and Belling 
 Burn, and one just east of Belling Burn. East of Wainhope we 
 have joined it up doubtfully with an apparent discordance in the 
 burn about a quarter of a mile below Wainhope. One of the 
 Millstone Orags shows, close to the fault and doubtless under its 
 influence/a sharp change of dip to the south, and there is a similar 
 change in the crag next east of the sike between Dry Burn and 
 Belling Burn, 
 
 If we suppose the coal of the Dry Burn level to be the Plashetts 
 coal, as is usually believed and seems probable, then a little 
 inspection of the ground makes it evident that it must be thrown 
 down south many hundred feet before we next know it on 
 Plashetts Moor. The Piper's Cross limestone, half a mile or so 
 east-south-east of Wainhope, occurs 1 00 ft. below the Dry Burn 
 level, and the limestone in the vertical section is perhaps about 
 460 ft. above the Plashetts coal, so that the downthrow would 
 seem to be about 600 ft. But between the two exposures we 
 have both the faults just described, and the shares to be attributed 
 to each is somewhat uncertain. In all probability they both throw 
 down in the same direction, south, because the Millstone Orags 
 are unlike anything known in the neighbourhood for some distance 
 below the Plashetts seam, but are not unlike some of the strong 
 sandstones a little way above it, on the brow above the outcrop on 
 Plashetts Moor, There is also a fairly good blue limestone seen 
 in the east head of the Belling Bum, one mile east of the " y " of 
 " Dry Burn," which contains corals and crinoids, and may possibly 
 be the Piper's Cross limestone, though here there is sandstone 
 immediately overlying it instead of shale. 
 
 We have supposed the two faults to unite under Drift about half 
 a, mile east of Wainhope, and then to proceed, still almost entirely 
 under Drift, until we get a little north-west of Dlnmont Lairs. 
 There is here a break in the hill-outline which is at once 
 suggestive of a fault, and on examination we see a discordance 
 of dip along it, the swallow-hole forming bed on the north- 
 west side striking against a massive freestone on the south-east. 
 We suppose the former bed to be either just above or just below 
 the line we have taken in the north part of the Map as the base of 
 the Fell Sandstones, and the freestone to be some distance up in 
 this series, but the ground is too obscure to say how far. 
 
 In the burn close by Oakenshawburn there are two fault-breccias 
 which are running much in the direction necessary to join the one 
 we are attempting to trace. The most northerly one is probalily 
 the chief branch : this is seen again crossing the burn 300 yds, 
 above the house and again rather over half a mile above. From 
 this place west it passes for rather over half a mile through a thick 
 Boulder Clay area. Then we come to a great bank-featm-e facing 
 
48 GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE, 
 
 north and running in a direction about west-south-west, the beds 
 on either side of which seem discordant wherever they are seen, 
 e.g., in the sike that comes into N.eeds Burn from the south 
 between the " s " and " B " of Needs Burn. This bank con- 
 tinues prominent up to the Cumberland Border. 
 
 At Oakenshaw Burn there would seem still to be a considerable 
 downthrow south, if we can, as seems probable, rightly correlate 
 the freestones and red clays 200 or 300 yds. south-east of Oaken- 
 shawburn house with the very similar ones near the head of Little 
 Burn, and a quarter of a mile west- north-west of Willow Bog. 
 Further west, along the great bank-feature, the dips on either side 
 are so high and various, and at the same time the beds are so 
 largely obscured by Drift or peat, that we have no confidence to 
 say anything about the throw. There are also two faults leaving 
 it for a more southerly direction, and these may take some of the 
 throw away. 
 
 A little west of the Cumberland Border the fault seems again 
 to fork into two, with throws in opposite directions apparently, the 
 west one throwing down south-east and the east one down north- 
 west. The beds between the two faults, as seen in the small sike 
 marked in the Map south of Lazy Know'e, and in the further course 
 of this sike in 106 N.W., are sharply disturbed and intersected by 
 a number of cross-faults of unknown magnitude. They consist of a 
 group of sandstones and shales, which probably come considerably 
 above the cherty beds at Kershope Head ; the sandstones as a rule 
 are not very thick or massive ; the shales are mostly dark grey 
 and carbonaceous. There are also some calcareous grits and one 
 •or two C-in. coals. The disturbance of the beds may be looked 
 on as the result of their compression between the two lines of 
 fault. 
 
 The Lewis Burn Great North-east Fault. — This is seen very 
 distinctly about one-third of a mile above the Forks. The beds 
 on the south-east are suddenly tilted up into a vertical position, with 
 the strike parallel to the direction of the fault. Following 
 along -this direction north-east we again see the fault exposed 
 near the head of the small sike half a mile or so north-east o£ 
 Lewisburn colliery ; and for several hundred yards east of this sike 
 it can be traced by the cutting ofl" of three sandstone scars on 
 the south-east side. Beyond this nothing is known of it for 
 -CPrtain, but miners generally suppose it to cross the Tyne just at 
 the foot of Lewis Burn, and there are valid reasons for this sup- 
 position ; for the sandstone close to the river, east of the line as 
 drawn, seems to occur too close to the sandstone west of it to 
 allow the coals and shales that should come above this west sand- 
 stone to get in. We have after this continued it, under Drift 
 mainly, to join the north-east vein in Plashetts Burn below 
 Wainhppe, but this is very doubtful. 
 
 No hade can be made out in either of the exposures seen, nor 
 are there any beds which we can with certainty identify on both 
 sides. Numerous attempts to do so have been made by the 
 miners, but very few agree among themselves, and it would seem 
 
FAULTS, 49 
 
 that the beds in this Beighbourhood are usually too variable to 
 ■allow of identification over large areas. Some suppose the Lewis^ 
 burn Kiln coal* to be the Barney's Cut coal, and also the Serpent 
 Biae coal. Others take the Old Bridge coal on tlie south-east 
 side of the fault to be the Low Level House coal on the , north- 
 west side. Both these identifications make out the downthrow 
 to be north-west and of considerable amount, and in this they are 
 probably right. The general resemblance of the beds in the 
 gorge one-third of a mile above the foot of Lewisburn Bridge 
 with those half a mile above the Forks is sufficiently striking ; 
 they have clearly been deposited under much the same conditions, 
 and very possibly at the same time. 
 
 Supposed Fault in the Plashetts Waggon-way Gap. — It is a 
 common opinion that the gap in the hills one mile east-south-east 
 of Plashetts- Station, through which the waggon-way proceeds to 
 the colliery, is caused by a fault of considerable magnitude, 
 throwing down the Plashetts seam to the south, so that it should 
 outcrop again a little north of the Law. I have hoAvever never 
 heard of any exposure near the latter place that is supposed to 
 represent it, and, though the gap in question does undoubtedly 
 suggest a fault, I could not satisfy myself, from the lie of the 
 beds on either side, that there necessarily was one. It seems hard 
 to see, too, where such a fault could cross Belling Burn, unless it 
 were here running closely parallel with the Lewisburn basaltic 
 dyke, and in this case & lather unusually sharp change of direction 
 would be required to take it through the waggon-way gap. 
 
 Faults in Kershope Burn, the hum along the Scottish Border 
 west of Caplestone Fell. — From a quarter of a mile above the 
 point where the Northumberland-OumberJand Border meets this 
 burn to about one-third of a mile below it the beds consist of 
 sandstones, carbonaceous shales, thin bands of calcareous grit, 
 and impure limestones and thin coaly layers. I'hese have a 
 general north-west dip at from 10° to 30°. Further down stream 
 the beds suddenly become horizontal, probably on the further side 
 of an obscure line of fault of unknown throw. A bed of cal- 
 careous grit then occupies the bed of the stream, level or gently 
 undulating for about one-third of a mile, when it is found to form 
 the base of a sandstone scar. Close to the south margin of the 
 Map this scar of sandstone' with its calcareous base is truncated 
 against a very massive crag of sandstone. The fault that causes 
 this change runs sliglitly west of south, and has a decided hade to 
 the east, but its effects are not known. 
 
 The Lewis Burn East and West Fault. — A fault, running 
 roughly east and west, is inferred with confidence in the north and 
 south cleugh south of Low Long House, 100 yds. or so within 
 the adjoining quarter sheet 106 N.W. It seems certain that a 
 large fault, with a throw in the same direction as this one, crosses 
 Lewis Burn 300 yds. or so above the Witch Linn. The beds 
 
 * Tor the names and positions in section of the various seams mentioned here 
 see pp. 66, 57. 
 
50 GEOLOGICAL STEUCTUEE. 
 
 here and for some distance on tbe north are yery much confused 
 in arrangement, and belong to the lower part of what we call 
 elsewhere the Lewisburn Series. They contain many coal seams, 
 impure limestones, &o. On the south side, on the contrary, the 
 beds are lying much more evenly, and consist chiefly of massive 
 soft freestones, which we suppose to represent the Fell Sandstones 
 of the Peel Fell escarpment, &c., and in the natural section to 
 underlie the carbonaceous beds on the north side of the fault. 
 We suppose the throw then to be down north, and at least several 
 hundred feet in amount. 
 
 Close to where the fault is supposed to cross the burn crushed 
 rook is seen, but it shows no satisfactory indication of the direction 
 of the crushes. Immediately on the south side there is a thin 
 basaltic dyke rimning parallel, and still a little further south is a 
 very deep hole* in the burn with massive sandstone on the Hides, 
 Can the hole be connected in any way with the crushed fault- 
 rock ? 
 
 On the west of the burn there is an obscure fellside deeply 
 covered by Boulder Clay and peat, and it is not possible to trace 
 the course of the fault through it with exactness. 
 
 The faults marked half a mile or so below Lewisburn Forks, 
 west of Wellhaugh Moor, near the head of M ounces Burn, and 
 those in the Plashetts workings are all put in from miners' infor- 
 mation, and we here cordially acknowledge the kindness and 
 ready help we have received in all cases from those to whom we 
 applied. 
 
 ♦ This is said to be 22 fathoms deep ! It is locally known as " Hell's Bottom." 
 
51 
 
 CHAPTEK X. SOME ASPECTS OF SCENERY IN 
 RELATION TO GEOLOGY. 
 
 Where bare of Drift the Fell Sandstones of Peel Fell, Carter 
 Fell, and all the northern heights, consisting as they do for the 
 most part of massive blocky freestones, form rough heatherclad 
 fells with scar after scar, and contrast strongly with the smooth 
 benty green or " white "* slopes of the underlying Cementstone 
 Series, The contrast is seen particularly well in the Peel Fell 
 escarpment, and on either side of the White Kielder. Perhaps 
 the wildest and most rugged bit of scenery within the Map occurs 
 near the head of the Scalp Burn, where the scars of sandstone are 
 especially massive. 
 
 The individual limestones of the Cementstone Series do not, as 
 a rule, make the prominent fresh green bands that the limestones 
 in some districts do. This is probably owiug partly to their 
 want of purity and partly, to their thinness, which allows the 
 outcrops to be readily obscured by any movement of the soil-cap 
 or by Drift. 
 
 The Carter Fell basalt makes a green feature near the top of 
 the fell, which is very prominent in the distance as you cross the 
 Border by the liedewater road.t The basaltic dykes, where their 
 outcrops are free from Drift, usually form green rather ridgy 
 ground, or else slacks when running across sandstone scars. 
 
 In tracing out the faults of the district one cannot help noticing 
 how very frequently they cause conspicuous breaks in the hill-out- 
 line, gaps, slacks, &o. These effects are necessarily alluded to in 
 describing the courses of the iudividual faults, and we may here 
 only mention, as conspicuous instances, the slack south-east of the 
 camp three-quarters of a mile south-west of Rigend, and the 
 great feature facing north-north-west on the north-west side of 
 Oaplestone Fell. The effects produced must be supposed to be due 
 partly to the throwing together of beds of different hardness, and 
 also, in the case of slacks with beds of much the same hardness 
 on either side, to the actual crushing of the rock in the fault or 
 close by its side, so that a line of weakness has been formed, 
 along which denudation has acted more rapidly than elsewhere. 
 
 In the west and south portions of the Map the great spreads of 
 nearly homogeneous Boulder Clay cause the hills throughout to 
 be comparatively featureless, springless, and monotonous. Still 
 features of a Mud are not wanting even in this Boulder Clay, as 
 described pp. 26, 29. Their general direction is south-east. Though 
 individually not to compare with rock features for definiteness or 
 
 * Local term for the kind of ground described. 
 t The old coach road from Hexham to Edinburgh. 
 
52 SOME ASPECTS OF SCENERY. 
 
 continuity, yet when taken together they are enough to give 
 decided character to the landscape. 
 
 The wide desolate tops in the north part of the Map are 
 covered with an all but universal covering of peat, which is now in 
 many places getting gradually wasted away fnto dreary black 
 " hags." 
 
53 
 
 CHAPTEE XI. ECONOMIC RESOUKCES. 
 
 The cultivated ground Is of very small extent and chiefly con- 
 fined to the river sides. It appears that there was ouce rather a 
 larger area : this is shown by tradition and also by the old plough- 
 farrows on what is now moorland, e.g., between Belling Burn foot 
 and the Law. There are also the ruins of an old com mill and 
 malt kiln up Belling Bum about one-third of a mile above the 
 foot. The Plashetts Colliery no doubt affords, when times are 
 good, work for more persons than the old plough-lands did ; but 
 the other smaller collieries and also various limekilns are now 
 abandoned. There is an interesting relic of these old pre-railway 
 times at the " Bloody Bush," where the Oakenshaw Burn road 
 crosses the Border, consisting of an engraved , table of tolls for 
 cattle, coal carts, &c., built into a stone column. This road was 
 once, as testified by the solidity of the bridges, the chief means 
 of communication between North Tyne and Liddesdale, but now 
 it is scarcely ever used except by the Newcastleton carrier once a 
 fortnight. The old drove roads, too, particularly prominent 
 between Wainhope and BelHngburn Head, on Gowanburn Moor, 
 and half a mile south-west of the Three Pikes, are now seldom 
 used, and their deep ruts are getting gradually more obscure. 
 
 Before the Belling Burn level was started the Plashetts seam 
 was extensively worked for the Duke of Northumberland's tenants 
 near its outcrop on Plashetts Moor. The pit that was last work- 
 ing is close on the south side of the track between Plashetts and 
 Bellingburn Head. In 1870 the produce power o£ the present 
 colliery was reported to be about 400 tons per day, the actual vend 
 being 170 tons ; but in 1882 work was being carried on on a deci- 
 dedly smaller scale. The " round coal "* brought out of the seam 
 is considered a fair house and gas coal, but the gas requires rather 
 extra purifying owing to the quantity of pyrites contained in the 
 coal. Coke is made out of the " small " at the ovens close to 
 Plashetts Station ; the greatest proportion of it is . at present 
 (1882) used in the Liddesdale limekilns. The " brasses " (nodules 
 of iron-pyrites) in the coal are collected and sent by rail to Kirk- 
 caldy. The fireclay below the seam has been worked at the 
 colliery for burning into bricks, and, when mixed with a certain 
 proportion o£ shale from the roof, for tiles. The thickness of the 
 clay varies from 1 to 3 ft. The colliery workings are practically 
 all on the east side of Belling Bum, and to a large extent within 
 the Map to the east (108 S.E.). It is proposed now to begin 
 working the seam on the west side of the burn from a level 
 starting about half-a-mile east-north-east of Plashetts Station. For 
 the possible continuation of the seam elsewhere see pp. 9, 10, 46, 47. 
 
 * Big lumps of coal. 
 
64 ECONOMIC EESOUBOES. 
 
 The thicker and better seams in Lewis Burn have been worked 
 in many small old levels, &e., but no work is done in any of them 
 now, excepting occasionaUy in a very small way by the shepherds 
 to eke out their supply of peat. The steep and suddenly varying 
 dips, and the numerous faults of the district, must cause more than 
 usual difficulty in following the seams, draining the workings, &c. 
 The Old Bridge coal, (see p. 57), though only 13 in. thick, has the 
 reputation of being perhaps the best of any of the seams as far as 
 quality goes. 
 
 The Carter Fell coal was largely worked,' especially on the 
 English side of the Border, about 40 years ago. Very much of 
 it was carted away to Jedburgh for house coal : it is said that aa 
 many as 90 carts were sometimes there in the morning waiting to 
 be filled. The esteem in which it, together with the upper Carter 
 lime, was once held, may be estimated by the length of good road, 
 made expressly to thein, across the desolate fell from the Kedesdale 
 coach road. 
 
 The thin courses and rows of clay-ironstone nodules* in the 
 Lewis Burn shales were, within a comparatively recent date, col- 
 lected and sent away for smelting. In earlier limes they seem to 
 have been smelted in the district itself, and heaps of slag derived 
 from them are found here and there, e.g., not quite a quarter of a 
 mile north of the Law, near the foot of BeUing Burn, and one- 
 third of a mile north-north-west of Wind Hill. The old levels 
 rather over one third of a mile north-norih-east of the Law may 
 have been driven in search of them. 
 
 The limestone at the head of Bateinghope Burn at the top of the 
 Oementstones has been worked in a level, and burnt at a kiln close 
 to the mouth thereof. The level has long since been abandoned, 
 and the limestone is said never to have been so good as that above 
 the Carter coal. This upper limestone was, 40 years ago or more, 
 extensively worked in two large quarries on the fell top three- 
 quarters of a mile or so east-south-east of the Ordnance Station 
 1815, and was burnt at some kilns near where the road crosses the 
 head of Bateinghope. The kilns and neighbourhood are now locally 
 known as the " Concern," a name presumably given in consequence 
 of the great stir or concern they formerly made in the district 
 when working. 
 
 The, Piper's. Cross limestone is a good blue limestone and has 
 been worked in many small old quarries for burning into lime. It 
 hal sometimes been projected to work it extensively in connexion 
 with tlie Plashetts colliery. 
 
 There are various extensive quarries in the freestones on the 
 west side of Deadwater Fell within the Fell Sandstones Group. 
 The stone from these was formerly taken into Scotland in large 
 quantity, but they are all now abandoned. The sandstone at 
 present worked on the Scottish side of the Border close to Dead- 
 water Station is not one of the Fell Sandstones, but a bed within 
 the Cenaentstone Group. 
 
 * Looallv called " cartlei^ds." 
 
ECONOMIC ftESOUROEP. 55 
 
 The deserted quarries at VMrious places lower down the Tyne 
 valley in the immediate neighbourhood of the railway were all 
 started merely to help in the construction of the line. 
 
 The topmost crag — Pithouse crag — of freestone above the out- 
 crop of the Plashett's coal about a mile north-east of Plashetts 
 station was formerly used for making into grindstones. 
 
 None of the igneous dykes in the district have been opened out 
 even for local use. The Carter Fell basalt has been quarried in 
 one place for road metal to help to maVe the road up Bateing- 
 hope. It is a suunJ compact blocky rock, and looks as if it 
 should answer well for street setts, &o., but a little preliminary 
 working under the hill would be required in most cases before 
 getting through the tumbled pieces which largely obscure the 
 outcrop. It is also of course very far off any railway, or other 
 convenient means of carriage. 
 
 Where the country is free from Drift there is generally no lack 
 of good springs. Among those that coifle readiest to memory 
 are several a little soutli of the " Or" of Cross Cleugh, Bateing- 
 hope, several near the base of the Fell Sandstones at the head of 
 White Kielder, several a little east of the head- of Archer Cleugh, 
 and various in the alluvium west and north-west of Kielder* 
 Station. Owing to the great spreads of homogeneous Soulder Clay 
 they are comparatively rare in the south and west portions pf the 
 Map : we may note however one very good one that comes out 
 close by the south side of the Lewisburn Dyke about 30 yds, west 
 of ihe railway cutting, and two strong ones near the head of 
 Bells Burn, one about a quarter of a mile west of the " B " of 
 " Bewshaugh Moor " and the other about the same distance west 
 of the Ordnance Station 1,322. The last mentioned goes by the 
 name of « The Duke's Well." 
 
 In the sharp bend of Lewis Burn, a little over a quarter of a 
 mile south-west of the bridge near the foot, tliere is a suljj'.iur 
 spring coming up in the river bed out of freestone ; it is not 
 visible except the stream be low. There is another spring of 
 much the same character on the south bank of the Tyne, about 
 a quarter of a mile east of Otterstone Lee, which is called the 
 "Holy Well." 
 
 • The word " Kielder " is possibly derived from the old -nord " keld," a spring, 
 (Norse kilde) vhich we believe is still used in some parts of the north of England. 
 
56 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Sections in the Cakbonipeeous KooKa 
 
 Section in Lewis Burn, heloia the Forks, 
 
 (From above.) 
 
 Bather massive sandstone 
 
 Coal . . . - . 
 
 Shale - . . . . 
 
 Thin flaggy sandstone . - - 
 
 Splini Coal • 
 
 Shale . . . - . 
 
 Bather massive sandstono 
 
 Yellow calcareous sandstone 
 
 Flaggy sandstone - - - 
 
 Bnbbly flags and sandy shale - 
 
 Shale . » . . 
 
 Coal . . . . - 
 
 Shale and thin shaley sandstones 
 
 Low LEVEL HKE OE HOUSE COAL - 
 
 Shale (chiefly) - 
 
 Coal, at times a good splint 
 
 Shale (chiefly) with light grey shale at top 
 
 Coal, splint .... 
 
 Grey shale .... 
 
 Light grey clayey shale 
 
 Bather massive sandstone 
 
 Grey shale . - - - . 
 
 Coal, mostly splint 
 
 Light grey shale ... 
 
 Bubbly sandstone flags - 
 
 Shale with some calcareous grey flags - 
 
 Coal . * 
 
 Shale and fireclay 
 
 Thick flaggy sandstone . ■ - 
 
 Shale . . ' . 
 
 Calcareous grey flags 
 
 Calcareous grey flags and shale 
 
 Coal ..... 
 
 Shale ..... 
 
 Coal, splint .... 
 
 Shale ..... 
 
 Calcareous grey flags ... 
 
 Shale . - • . . 
 
 Baeney"s out coal 
 
 Shale - . • - 
 
 Calcareous grey flags . 
 
 Shale 
 
 Yellow calcareous sandstone - 
 
 Shale ...... 
 
 Barney's cut sandstone. Top blocky post 
 
 „ „ „ Thinner posts with 
 
 some shaJe . 
 
 Ft. In. 
 6 0+? 
 8 
 
 5§ ^}22ft. 
 
 8 
 
 >-31 ft. 
 
 6 0+P 
 
SBOtlONS IN *HE OARBONiPEftOUS HOCKS. 
 
 57 
 
 BeeUon m Lewis Bwrn above the Forks, hit helow the JV.-E?. Fcmlt. 
 (From above.) 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Massive sandstone 
 Maggy sandstone 
 Shale .... 
 OOAL - . . - 
 
 Shale . , . . 
 
 Sandstone post - 
 
 Shale 7 >16ft. 
 
 Hard yellofr calcareous sandstone post ■ 
 Shale . . - . 
 
 Coal .... 
 
 Shale - _ - 
 
 Bather massive sandstone 
 
 Shale (chiefly) 
 
 Massive sandstone - - - - <>" " Vi aq «■ o ■ 
 
 Sandstone, massive or flaggy - - - 20 o /-i-^^^t- 'H^- 
 
 Shale and thin flags 
 
 OoAL .... 
 
 Shale .... 
 
 Coal - - 
 
 Shale and calcareous grey flags 
 
 Coal ...... 4 }-24ft. 4in.' 
 
 Shale and calcareons grey flags 
 
 Sekpent Beae coal 
 
 Shale (chiefly) ... 
 
 Yellow calcareous sandstone or impure lime. 
 
 stone . . - . 
 
 Shale (apparently) 
 Yellow calcareous flaggy sandstone 
 Massive sandstone 
 Shale and impure limestone 
 Massive ^andstoqe . • • .20 
 
 Section in Lewis Bwrn above the N.E. Fault. 
 (From above.) 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ik. 
 
 2 8 
 
 4, 11 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 Supposed FIiAshehs coal said to vary from 
 
 to . 
 Strata ....... 
 
 Coal . , . 
 
 Sandstone, shales thin coals and some yellow limestone 
 posts ....... 
 
 Old Bridge coal ...... 
 
 Shale, with sandstone flags and calcareous grey flags 
 Coal varies from -.*..- 
 to* . . .,. . 
 
 Shale with sandstone and calcareous grey flags ■ 
 Productus limestone with shale parting . - - 
 
 Shale with calcareous grey flags and some sandstone 
 Lewisbubn house ob fibe coal 
 Sandstone and shale 
 Lewisbukn kiln coal 
 Shale with calcareous grey flags, 
 
 thin coals 
 Foot op Whiskey* Sike coal 
 Shale and flags 
 
 The above Taection-is generalised to avoid the" great length it would 
 otherwise attain; but probably not much of value is omitted, for the 
 details vary f apidly in short distances. The upper 200 feet is not very 
 reliable being "only seen in small sikes, &o. 
 
 * Vp this Bike there are ruins of an old illicit still. 
 
 some sandstone and 
 
 320 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 1 
 
 45 
 
 11 
 
 160 
 
 1 
 
 45 
 1 
 
 200 
 
 1 
 
 105 
 
15 
 
 0? 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 260 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 0- 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 SS A]?PENDl4. 
 
 Section on Plashetts Moor from the Plaahetts Goal to the Piper's Gross 
 
 Limestone. 
 
 (From above.) 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Shale with ironstone nodulea 
 
 Pij)er's Cross Limestone - 
 
 Thin flags and shale 
 
 Apparently mostly sandstone 
 
 Pipee's Ckoss coal - - ■ - 
 
 Sandstone, mostly massive, but sometimes thinner 
 bedded, and probably some shale occasionally >• « 
 
 The Dun Limestone horizon ; ? if the bed exists here 
 
 Freestone .--.-.- 
 
 Shale . - 
 
 Limestone - ...... 
 
 Shale ... ... 
 
 Coal ....... 
 
 Shale - - - - - 
 
 Plashetts Seam - . . ■». ^ 
 
 Grey shale ... - -- 
 
 Coal . - - - 
 
 Shale 
 
 Coal . - . >. i. l 
 
 The 7-3 feet above the Plashett ; seam a; c given as they were proved in 
 the old Plashetts Pit below a surface covering of 12 feet of soil and clay. 
 The rest of the section above this is chiefly by estimation and one cannot 
 safely insert details. 
 
 Section in Belling Burn near the Plashetts Seam. 
 (From above.) ° 
 
 False-bedded sandstone . s i . . 
 
 Shale and sandstone - - - - - 
 
 The Dun Limestone, with crinoids, rather dark grey 
 internally, but weathers yellow, inclined to decompose 
 into ochre ...--. 
 
 False-bedded sandstone with a few feet of shaley portions 
 
 Shale probably .-.-.. 
 
 Impure yellow weathering sandy a»d rather flaggy 
 limestone - - - - ... 
 
 Flaggy sandstone ...... 
 
 Shale probably -. »- =- ■. 
 
 Shelly calcareous sandstone with Bntomostraaa - 
 
 Plashetts Seam ...... 
 
 Mostly shale with ironstone nodules - . » . 
 
 Sandstone post ' - -■ - ■ - - ^ - 
 
 Shale ....... 
 
 Hard sandstone post .... 
 
 Shale - - - . - 
 
 Measured Section of Strata in Borehole at Cloven Crags, Plashetts. 
 Supplied by Mr. Jas. Aitchison the manager of Plashetts Colliery. 
 ' ' ^ ' (From above!) 
 
 Yellow freestone - 
 
 Grey metal - 
 
 Bastard whin 
 
 Red freestone 
 
 Blpe metal ^- . 
 
 Eed freestone. 
 
 Grey metal with iron girdles 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Iif. 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 0? 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 0+? 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 88 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 2 10 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 (i 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
SECTIOSS IN THE CARBONIFiiUOUS KOCKS. 
 
 59 
 
 Freestone (white and yellow) 
 Blue metal - - . 
 
 Black metal and whin 
 Blue metal - ' - - ' 
 
 Grey metal with post girdles 
 Blue metal • ■ 
 
 OoAL (called Little Coal) . 
 Bine metal ... 
 Gf-rey post and iron girdles 
 Coal. Plashetts Maik 
 
 Ft. 
 
 ly. 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4, 6 
 
 197 4 
 
 The position of the above borehole is scarcely three-quarters of a mile 
 from Bellingburn Head, about 50 yds south of the track leading between 
 there and Flashetts. 
 
 "Metal" is the local term for shale. Any very hard rock may be 
 called " whin " ; in the above section the word probably applies to bard 
 compact Bandstoues or impure limestones. 
 
 K seiar. 
 
CO 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Agate/ in amygdaloids of basaltic dyke, 24. 
 
 „ pebble in drift, 26, 32. 
 Agriculture, 53. 
 Aitchison, J., 58. 
 Alluvium, S3, 35. 
 Alluvial gravels, &o., 22, 33. 
 
 Alnwiek, Lewisburn fossils in Tate Collection at, 13. 
 Amj-gdaloids in Carter Fell basalt, 16. 
 „ in' basaltic dykes, 18-23. 
 
 Annandale gravels used as ballast, 30. 
 Apatite in Carter Fell basalt, Ifi. 
 
 „ in Kielder Head dyke, 18. 
 Arober Cleugh, 6, 33, 42, 55. 
 Archer Cleugh Fault, 40. 
 
 Archer Oleugh, Oementstone fossils from, 11, 12. 
 Ash (or Tuff) of Carter Fell, 16, 38. 
 Ash, boulders of, in drift, 32. 
 Augite in Carter Fell basalt, 16. 
 „ in basaltic dyke, 19. 
 
 B. 
 
 Barney's Cut Coal, 49, 56. 
 
 „ „ sandstone, 56. 
 
 Barytes in fault-breccia, 25. 
 Basalt, contemporaneous, of Carter Fell, 16, 38, 39. 
 
 „ boulders of, in Drift, 31, 32. 
 Basaltic dykes, 9, 18-24, 37, 38, 60, . . 
 „ „ burning coal, 9. 
 
 „ „ influence in scenery of, 51. 
 
 Bastite in basaltic dyke, 22. 
 Bateinghope, 6,- 8, 16. 
 
 Burn, 5, 8, 38, 39, 54, 
 „ „ Cementstone, fossils from, 11, 12. 
 
 , ,, Fell Safldstone, foasUs from, 12-15. 
 Faults, 38, 39. 
 Belling Burn, 1, 9, 24, 26, 27, 29, 47, 49, 53, 68. 
 
 ,, „ Fell Sandstone, fossils from, 12-15. 
 
 Bellingburn Head, 9, 10, 21, 27, 30, 53, 59. 
 ,, „ basaltic dyke, 21. 
 
 ,, „ Fell Sandstone, fossils from, 12-15. 
 
 Belhngburn Level, 63. 
 Bell's Burn, 1, 21, 31, 32, 33, 43, 55. 
 Bell's Linn, 43. 
 Benty Ground, 42, 51. 
 Bernician Beds, 2, 4. 
 Bewshaugh, 33, 35, 36. 
 Bewshaugh Moor Faults, 46. 
 Bewshaugh Moor, 34, 36, 55. 
 Black Cleugh, 34. 
 Black Fell, 34. 
 Black Needle Burn, Oe:nentstone, fossils from, 11, 12. 
 
INDEX. 61 
 
 Bloody Bush, 12, 53. 
 
 Border, the Scottish, 1, 16, 17, 37, 38, 61, 53. 
 
 ,, the Cumberland, 48, 49. 
 Boulder Clay (Drift), 5, 19, 21, 22, 23, 38, 42, 47, 48, 50, 55. 
 
 „ „ description of, 26-32, 
 
 „ ,, foreign boulders in, 26, 30-32. 
 
 „ „ sand and gravel in, 28, 29. 
 
 „ „ scenery of, 61. 
 
 Bore (Boar) Stone, the, 5, 7, 40. 
 Brasses in coal, 63. 
 Breccia in basaltic dyke, 20. 
 
 „ in faults, 25, 26. 
 Bricks, 63, 
 Buck Burn, 36. 
 
 „ „ Fell Sandstone, fossils from, 12-15. 
 Buck Lakes, 36, 37. 
 
 c. 
 
 Calcareous sandstone, 5. 
 
 Calcite in araydaloids of basaltic dykes, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24. 
 
 „ in fault-breccia, 25. 
 Oaplestone Fell, 10, 26, 29, 34, 37, 46, 49, 51. 
 Carbonaceous Series, fossils from, 12-16. 
 
 Carbonaceous Series, relation to Fell Sandstones of Peel Fell, &c., 37. 
 Carboniferous contemporaneous igneous rocks, 16, 17. 
 Carboniferous Limestone Series, 4. 
 Carry Burn, 6, 7, 8, 39. 
 Carry Burn Fault, 39. 
 Carry Burn, fossils from, 12-15. 
 Carter Fell, 2, 5, 16, 38, 51. 
 Carter Fell Tuff (Ash), 16, 38. 
 Carter Fell Basalt, 3, 33, 39, 61. 
 
 „ „ „ quarries in, 55. 
 
 Carter FeU Coal, 8, 39, 54. 
 Carter Lime, 39, 64. 
 Cat Cairn, 46. 
 Catcleugh, 7, 26. 
 Catcleugh Burn, 21, 30, 31, 46. 
 
 „ „ Cementstone, fossils from, 11, 12. 
 
 Catheads (ironstone nodule), 54. 
 Cementstone Series, description of, 4, 8, 11. 
 
 ,, „ occurrence of, 36, 38, 39, 4C, 41, 42, 44. 
 
 ,, „ contemporaneous igneous rocks at top of, 16. 
 
 „ „ scenery of, 61. 
 
 „ „ quarry in, 64. 
 
 .Chalcedony, 10. 
 Channels, old, of streams, 33. 
 Chert, 4, 10, 48. 
 
 ,, red (or Jasper) in Drift, 31. 
 
 „ boulder in Drift, 31. 
 Clay i coloured, in Fell Sandstone Series, 7. 
 Clay-ironstone in shale, 9, 54. 
 Cloven Crag, 58. 
 Coal-pebbles in Drift, 27. 
 Coal seams, burnt by basaltic dyke, 9. 
 
 „ „ character of, 53. 
 
 „ „ underlying limestone, 10, 
 Coal workings, 39, 46, 46. 
 Colouration of Clay in Drift, 27. 
 Concern, The, 54, 
 
 £ 50137. r 
 
02 I'NCeX. 
 
 Conglomerate in Sandstone, 7. 
 
 ,, of Limestone, 8. - 
 
 Contemporaneous Carboniferous Igneous Rocks, 16, 17. 
 Contorted and irregular bedding in Sandstone, 5. 
 Cottonshope Basalt, 16, 17. 
 Craneoleugh, 31. 
 Criffel, 32. 
 
 Criffel Granite, boulders of, in Drift, 26. 
 Crista Galli in limestone, 10. 
 Cross Cleugh, 6, 8, 65. 
 
 „ . „ Cementstone, fossils from, 11, 12. 
 Cumberland Border, 48, 49. 
 
 D. 
 
 Deadwater, 31, 41. 
 Deadwater, basaltic dyke, 19. 
 Deadwater Burn, 5, 19, 28, 33, 41. 
 
 ,, „ Cementstone, fossils from, 11, 12. 
 
 Deadwater Fell, 5, 6, 54. 
 Deadwater Lakes, 33. 
 Deadwater Moor, 5, 7, 34, 35. 
 
 „ „ Fault, 41. 
 
 Diallage (P) in basaltic dyke, 22. 
 Denmant Lairs, 36, 47. 
 Dolerite, Carter Fell basalt, 16. 
 Dove Stojie, 5. 
 Dowk in fault-breccia, 25. 
 Drainage areas, 1. 
 Drift in Boulder Clay, 5. 
 Dry Burn, 26, 27, 29, 30, 36, 45, 46, 47. 
 Dry Burn Fault, 9, 46. 
 Dry Burn Head Fault, 45. 
 Dukes Well, 55. 
 Dun Limestone, 58. 
 
 Durham, comparison with Carboniferous Limestone Series of, 8 
 Dykes, basaltic, 18. 
 
 branching, 23. 
 
 Economic resources, 53. 
 
 Emmethaugh, 27, 30. 
 
 Entomostraca in shale, 9, 58. 
 
 Etheridge, R., 13. 
 
 Ewe Hill, 7. 
 
 Ewe Hill Fault, 36, 41, 42. 
 
 E. 
 
 F. 
 
 Faults, detailed description of, 36-50. 
 Faults in basaltic dyke, 20. 
 
 „ influence of, on scenery, 61. 
 Fault-breccias, 25, 47, 50. 
 Features of Carboniferous rooks. 
 
 „ Drift-covered areas, 29. 
 
 Fell Sandstone, 2, 4, 6. 
 
 ,, „ fossils from, 12-15. 
 
 „ „ quarries in, 54. 
 
 „ „ scenery of, 61. 
 
 Felspar in basalt, 16, 19, 22, 24. 
 Felstone Boulder in drift, 32. 
 Ferney Knowe, 28, 
 Fireclay, 9, 45, 53, 
 
IXDKX. 63 
 
 Fir Tree Moss, 34. 
 
 Fluxion structure in basaltic dykes, 22, 24. 
 Foreign boulders in drift, 26, 30-32. 
 Forks, The (Lewis Bum). 8, 9, 29, 31, 48, 49, 50, 5C, 6?. 
 Formations, Table of, 2. 
 Fossils, lists of, 11-15. 
 ■ Freestone quarries, 54, 
 
 G. 
 
 Galena in fault-breccia, 25. 
 
 Galloway Granite, boulders of, in drift, 32. 
 
 Gas Coal, 63. 
 
 Geikie, A., 18. 
 
 Geological structure of the district, 36. 
 
 Glacial beds, description of, 26-32. 
 
 Glacial stri®, 26, 29, 
 
 Glass in basaltic dykes, 19. 
 
 Gneissic granite, boulders of, in drift, 32. 
 
 Gowanburn, 30. 
 
 Govvanbum Moor, 5, 44, 53. 
 
 „ „ basaltic dyke, 21. 
 
 Grains Burn, 30, 32. 
 Granite boulders in drift, 32. 
 Granite-felstone boulder in drift, 32. 
 Gravel, in or below Boulder Clay, 28. 
 
 „ in recent Deposits, 33, 35. 
 Gravel Terraces, 33. 
 Grey Mare's Knowe, 1. 
 Greys Pike, 20, 44. 
 Greys Pike Fault, 43. 
 Greywackd boulders in drift, 31. 
 Green, the, 7. 
 
 ; fault, 39. 
 Grindstones, 55. 
 
 H, 
 
 Hade of basaltic dykes, 21, 23, 24. 
 
 „ of faults. 
 Harden Burn, 37. 
 Harretts Linn, basaltic dyke, 22. 
 Haughs, 33. 
 Haw Knowe, 29. 
 
 dyke, 22. 
 
 boulders of, in drift, 32, 
 uoagson, Kev. J., n, 25, 34. 
 Holy Well, 25, 55. 
 Hunters Burn Head, 46. 
 
 Igneous rocks, contemporaneous, 16, 17. 
 
 „ „ intrusive, 18-24. 
 
 Ilmenite in Carter Fell basalt, 16, 
 
 „ in basaltic dykes, 22. 
 Inconstant character of beds, 38. 
 Iron pyrites in basaltic dykes, 24. 
 
 ,, in coal, 53. 
 
 „ in fault-breccias, 25. 
 
 Ironstone Nodules, 9, 54. 
 
64 inIjKx. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jasper in drift, 31. 
 Jedburgli, 54. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kersey aeiigh, 33. 
 Kershope Burn, 1, 10. 
 .Kershope Burn Fault, 49. 
 Kershope Head, 10, 31, 48. 
 Kidston, G., 12, 13. 
 Kielder, 2? (see White Kielder). 
 
 „ meaning of word, 66. 
 Kielder Burn, 1, 31. 
 
 „ „ basaltic dyke, 20. 
 
 Kielder Castle, 20, 25, 26, 29, 31. 
 
 ,, „ Cementstone, fossils from, 1 1, 12. 
 
 Kielder Head, 4, 5, 6, 7, 19, 27. 
 
 „ „ Cementstone, fossils from, 11, 12. 
 
 „ ,, Fell Sandstone, fossils from, 12-15. 
 
 Kielder Head Moor, 40. 
 Kielder Station, 7, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32. 
 Kielder Valley, 26, 34, 42. 
 Kielder Viaduct, 30. 
 
 „ ,, basaltic dyke, 20. 
 
 Kirkcudbright, 3. 
 Knox Knowe, 1. 
 
 L. 
 
 Landslips, 34, 41. 
 Larriston Fell, 5, 8, 37. 
 Law, The, 23, 24, 30, 33, 49, 
 
 „ basaltic dyke, 24. 
 Lazy Knowe, 48. 
 Lead Ore in fault-breccia, 25. 
 " Leaping Stones," 5. 
 Lebour, Prof. G. A., 2, 4. 22. 
 Lewis Burn, 1, 5, 8-10. 12-15, '22, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 35-37, 49, 54-67. 
 
 „ ,, fossils from, 12-15. 
 Lewisburn Bridge, 49. 
 Lewisburn basallic dyke, 22, 55. 
 Lewisburn Beds, fossils from, 12-16. 
 
 ,, „ geological horizon of, 6, 8, 10, 36, 43, 49. 
 
 Lewisburn Coals, 60, 57. 
 Lewisburn Colliery, 48. 
 
 „ „ fossils from, 12-15. 
 
 Lewisburn faults, 48, 50, 67. 
 Lewisburn Forks, 8, 29, 31, 48, 49, 50, 56, 57. 
 Lewisburn House, fossils from, 12-15, 
 Lewisburn house or fire coal, 57. 
 Lewisburn Kiln Coals, 46, 57. 
 Liddel, R., 1. 
 
 Liddelsdale, 31, 32, 37, £3. 
 Limestone altered by basaltic dyke, 20 
 Limestone boulders jn drift, 32. 
 Limestone overlying coal, 10. 
 Limestone, quarries In, 8, 54. 
 Little Burn, 28, 48. 
 Little Coal of Plashetts, 59. 
 Loam, 20, 
 Long Crag, 46. 
 
INDEX. 65 
 
 Lower Freestones, 4, 36. 
 
 Low Level House Coal of Lewlsburn, 49, 56. 
 
 Low Long House, 8, 9, 12-15, 30, 33, 3/, 49. 
 
 ,, ,, basaltic dyke, 21. 
 
 >> i> Fell Sandstone, fossils from, 12-15. 
 
 Lumsdon Law, 16, 
 
 M. 
 
 Maconochie, A., 11. 
 
 McCoy, Prof., 2. 
 
 Magnetite in basaltic dykes, 19, 22. 
 
 ,, in Carter Fell basalt, 16. 
 Metal (shale), 59. 
 Microfelsite of Rosenbusch, 16. 
 Mid Fell, 5, 29, 42. 
 Miller. H., 32. 
 Millstone Crags, 46, 47. 
 Minerals in contemporaneous basalt, 16. 
 
 „ in intrusive basaltic dykes, 18-24. 
 
 ,) in fault-breccias, 25, 26. 
 Monkside, 10, 34, 43, 46. 
 Monkside fault, 43. 
 Mounces, 2, 22, 23. 
 
 „ basaltic dyke near, 21. 
 
 „ fossils from, 12-15. 
 Mounces Burn, 30, 60, 
 
 N. 
 
 Needs Burn, 30-32, 48, 
 
 Newton, E. T., 11. 
 
 Nodules, fossiliferous, in Lewisburn bieds, 36. 
 
 Nodules of clay ironstone, 54. 
 
 North Tyne, R., 1, 23, 29, 30, 33, 63, 
 
 North Yorkshire, comparison with Carboniferous Limestone Series of, 8. 
 
 0. 
 
 Oakenshaw Burn, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 47, 48, 63. 
 
 Ochre, 45. 
 
 Old Bridge Coal, 49, 54, 67. 
 
 Old Burn-courses, 33. 
 
 Old plough-lands, 53. 
 
 Olivine in basaltic dykes, 19. 
 
 „ in Carter Fell basalt, 16. 
 Otterburn Lee, 25, 55. ' 
 Otterburn Lee Burn, 29. 
 
 P. 
 
 Palagonite P in Carter Fell TufF, 16. 
 
 Peach, B.N., 12, 13,31. 
 
 Peat, 34, 39, 50, 52, 54, 
 
 Peat " Hags," 52. 
 
 Peat-moss, burst of, 34. 
 
 Peel Fell, 1, 6, 6, 8, 19, 36, 37, 50, 51. 
 
 I'encil shales, 21. 
 
 Perched blocks, 29. 
 
 Permian boulders in drift, 30, 31. 
 
 Phillips, Prof, J., 2. 
 
 Physical geography of the district, 1, 51. 
 
 Piper's Cross Coal, 68. 
 
 Piper's Cross Limestone, 10, 30, 47, 54, 58. . 
 
 Pithouse Crapr 55, 
 
66 iMdex. 
 
 Plagioclase felspar in basaltic dyke, 19. 
 Plashetts Burn, 1, 35, 26, 28-30, 48. 
 
 „ „ fossils from, 12-15. 
 
 Plashetts Coal, 9, 10, 46, 47, 53, 56, 57, 58. 
 
 „ „ burnt by basaltic dyke, 22. 
 
 Plashetts Colliery, 26, 27, 29, 50, 53. 54. 
 
 ,, „ fossils from, 12-15. 
 
 Plashetts Farm House., 28. 
 Plashetts Moor, 47, 63, 58. 
 Plashetts Station, 23, 28, 33, 49, 65. 
 Plashetts Wagon Way, fault in, 49. 
 Ploughed lands, old, 53. 
 Porphyrite boulders in drift, 32. 
 Porphyritio felspar in basaltic dykes, 22, 24, 
 Pot Burn, 23. 
 Pre-glacial valleys, 27. 
 Prismatic structure in basaltic dykes, 21. 
 Pyrites (iron-) in basaltic dykes, 24. 
 „ ,, in coal, 53. 
 
 ,, „ in fault-breccias, 25. 
 
 Pyroxene, monoclinic, in basaltic dyke, 22. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quarries in basalt, 55. 
 
 ,, in freestone, 54. 
 
 ,, in limestone, '8, 64. 
 Quartz in basaltic dyke, 24. 
 
 ,, in fault-breccia, 25. 
 
 „ in sandstone, 6. 
 Quartzite, sandstone altered into, by basaltic dyke, 31. 
 Quirinal, 41. 
 
 E. 
 
 Raine, Rev. J., 2. 
 
 Ravenshill Moor, 6, 41, 42, 43. 
 
 Ravenshill Moor Fault, 41, 42. 
 
 Recent deposits, 33. 
 
 Red Chert in drift, 31. 
 
 Red Carboniferous limestone in drift, 31, 
 
 Rede, R., 1. 
 
 Redesdale, 34, 36. 
 
 Redewater, 42. 
 
 „ road, 51. 
 Rhodes, J., 11. 
 Riccarton, 31. 
 Rigend, 28, 34, 42, 51. 
 
 ,, fault at, 43. 
 
 „ fossils from, 12-15. 
 Rigend Bum, 8, 19, 26, 28, 35, 37. 
 
 „ „ fossils from, 12-15. 
 Rock-striations, 26, 29. 
 Rosenbusch, Prof., 16. 
 Round Coal, 63. 
 
 s. 
 
 " Sagger," 9 (see Fireclay). 
 Sandstone altered by basaltic dyke, 21. 
 
 „ contorted and irregular bedding of, 5. 
 
 „ variable nature of, 9, 
 
 „ weathering of, 5, 51. 
 
indkX. 67 
 
 Scalp Burn, 7, 19, 26, 34, 39, 40, 51. 
 
 Scenery of the district, 51. 
 
 Scotland, Tertiary basaltic dykes of, 18. 
 
 Scottish Border, 7, 16, 17, 37, 3S, 51, 53. 
 
 Serpentinous matter in basaltic dylies, 21. 
 
 Serpent Brae Coal, 49, 57. 
 
 Shale bieached by basaltic dykes, 21, 23. 
 
 Sharman, G., 11. 
 
 Silurian rocks, 3, 36. 
 
 Silurian boulders in drift, 26, 28, 31. 
 
 Slickensides, 40, 41, 44, 46. 
 
 Slips in Boulder Clay, 35. 
 
 „ in rock (landslips), 34, 41. 
 Slitrig Water, 31. 
 Slope of Terraces, 33. 
 Smith, W., 2. 
 Springs, 33. 35. 
 " Splints," 9. 
 Striated rocks, 26, 29. 
 Sulphur springs, 33, 55. 
 Swallow Holes, 4, 7, S, 12, 39, 44. 
 
 Taylor, J. J., 9. 
 
 Tate, G., 5, 13. 
 
 Teall, J. J. H., 16, 19, 22. 
 
 Terraces of gravel, 29, 33. 
 
 ,, slope of, 33, 
 Teviot, R., 1. 
 Thorlieshope Pike, 1. 
 
 The Forks (Lewisbum), 8, 29, 31, 48, 49, 50, 56, 57. 
 The Law, 23, 24, 30, 33, 49, 53. 
 Three Pikes, 4, 43, 44, 45, 53. 
 Three Pikes Fault, 44. 
 Tiles, 53. 
 
 Tourmaline in sandstone, 7> 
 Tree-stems in peat, 34. 
 Trouting, 4, 6, 35, 39. 
 
 ,, basaltic dyke W. of, 18. 
 Tuedian Beds, 2. 
 TufiF, or Ash, of Carter Fell, 16, 38. 
 
 ,, boulders of, in Drift, 32. 
 Tweeden Head, 37. 
 Tyne R. (see North Tyne). 
 Tynedale, 5. 
 
 V. 
 
 Volcanic sediment (?) in coloured clays, 7. 
 
 W. 
 
 Wainhope, 10, 20, 25, 26, 47, 48, 53. 
 Wainhope Fault, 47. 
 Wainhope, fossils from, 12-16. 
 Wainhope Burn, 45, 46. 
 
 „ ,, fossils from, 12-15. 
 
 Wainhope Moor, 44, 45. 
 Wainhope Moor Fault, 10, 45. 
 Watersheds, 1. 
 
 Wellhaugh, fossils from, 12-15. 
 Wellhaugh Moor, 9, 21, 27, 29, 33, 50. 
 Wenlock Beds, 3, 
 
GS index. 
 
 Whin, 59. 
 
 Whiskey Sike Coal, 57. 
 
 White ground, 47, 51'. 
 
 White Kielder, 7, 19, 26, 33, 34, 40, 61, 65. 
 
 ,, ,, Cementstone fossils from, 11. 12 
 
 White Kielder Burn, 5, 26, 42. 
 White Kielder Fault, 40. 
 Willow Bog, 32, 33, 48. 
 
 „ „ fossils from, 12-1 _. 
 Wind HiU, 23, 24. 
 Winch, N. J., 2. 
 Witch Linn, 49. 
 Wood, N., 2, 25. 
 Woods, former extent of, 34. 
 Woody Crags, 7, 34. 
 
 Zinc-blende in fault-breccia, 25. 
 
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 TtTTl!. -NOTTINGHAM. By W. T. AvBLi NK. (2ndEd.) 1». ^ 
 
 "9 NW - EHYL. ABERGELE, and COLWYN. By A. Stbahait. (Notes by E. H. Tiddeman.) Is. 6d. 
 ioNW . Piti'-SCiiT. LANCASHIRE. By E. HoLL. (SidEd. With additions by A. Stbahak.) 3s. 
 SONE- - ALTRINCHAM, CHESHIEE. By K Hull. Sd. (O.P.) 
 
 s?Nw'sw" sfoOKPORT%ACCLESFfELD,' CONGLETON, & LEEK. By E. Hull and A. H. Gbebk. 4». 
 «9ST7 .. -VAItTSof NOTTlNGHAMSHlUEandDERBYSHlEB. By W.T. AVEIIHE. (2ndEd.) Od. 
 ^2Ni' ' . PARTS of NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, YORKSHIKE. and DEEBYSHIRE. By W. T. AVELIKB. 8d. 
 S.J . . T/TNOOLN By W. A. E. UssHEE, A. J. Jukes-Bhowhb, and A. SiKAHAy. 3s. 
 
 5 - . E VST LINCOLNSHIRE. By A. J. Jukbs-Beowne. Ss. 6d. 
 
 87 NW- PAETS of Nmis, YORKSHIRE, and DERBYSHIRE. (2nd Ed.) By W. T. Atbiibb. 6d. 
 
 87SW - -BAUNSLliY. By A. H. Gbeen. 9d:. 
 
 us RW - • OLDHAM. Bv E. Hull. zs. 
 
 SsRK .pTRTofthe YORKSHIRE COAL-FIELD. By A. H. Gebeit, J. E. DAKTWS.and J. C. Waed. Is. 
 
 «s NF . . DEWSBURY, «o. By A. H. Geebh. J. R. Dakyns. J. 0. Waed and E. Russell. Gd. 
 
 mm- - BOLTON, LANCASIURK. By E. HULL 2, 
 
 So SW . . WIGAN Bv Edwakii Huij. (2nd Ed.) Is. (O.P.) 
 
 ™SE - . Th,.COUNTRlIhelween LIVERPOOL and SOUTHPOET. By C. E. Db Eaitcb. 3d. (O.P.) 
 
 SONB - . SOUTHPORT.LYTHAM, and SOUTH SHORE. By C. E. De EAHCE. fid. 
 
 «i RW . - The OUUNTEY between BLACKPOOL and FLEETWOOD. By C. E. De Eakce. «d. 
 
 ^.1 NW • SOUTHERN PAKT of the I'UENESS DISTRICT in N. LANCASHIRE. By W.T. Atelihe. 6d. 
 
 Q«SE - . BEADFOEDandSKlPTO.v. By J R.Dakyks.O. Fox-SiEAKGWATS,R.RvsBELL.andW. H. I'ALlOB.Orf. 
 
 OTNW- . NORTH and EAST of HARROGATE. By C.Fox-Steangways. 6d. 
 
 « NE - - The COUNTRY between YORK and MALTON. By C. Fox-Stbasgways. 1«. 6rf. 
 
 atNW - - CAEBONIFEROUS ROCKS N. and E.of LEBDS, and the PEEMIAN and TRL4SSIC ROCKS aboui 
 
 »s a w TADOASTER. Bv W. T. AvBUKB, A. H. Gbbdh. J. E. Daitkb, J. C.Waee, and E. ButfBBli. fid, (O.P.; 
 
SRE£T DXEMOZSS OF SBB OBO&OGZCAX STntVET —COH{inue</. 
 98 SE, 94 W COUNTRY betwi-eii YORK & HULL. By .T. E. JlAETifS, C. Fox-Sthasgwats, and A. G. CAMBB05. Js. 6(1. i 
 
 94 NW 
 94 WE - 
 
 ■ URIPPIBLD Bv J. B. Dakths and C. Fox-Stbait&wats. 'M. 
 
 • BRIDl-INGTOKBAY. By J. R. DAKTNS and C. Fox-Stbahowayb. 
 
 Ij. 
 
 95 NW 
 
 S6SE 
 
 S8NE 
 
 liSSW.SK . SOARBOUOUGHand PLAMBORODGH HKAD. By C. Fox-Stbangwat8. Is. 
 
 . WHITBY and SCARBOROUGH. By C. Fox-St-eahgwats and G. Hareow. l».fid. 
 . NEW MALTON, PICKERING, and HBLMSLEY. By C. Fox-Sieahowavb. ]«. 
 
 . ESKDALB. ROSBDALB, &c. By C. Fox-Stiungwats, C. Reid and G. Babeow. 1». 6<i; 
 
 96NW,SW NORTHALLERTON and THIRSK. By C. Fox-Stbaitgwats, A. G. Camebon, and G. Bakbow. U.6(1. 
 
 98 8E - . KIRKBY I-ONSDAJiB and KENDAL. By W.T. ATELiifB.T. Mo K. Ht;oHK8,andK.H.TiDDEMAB. U, 
 
 9gNE- . KENDAL. By W T. ATBi.iKKiT. McK. HcGHBS. 2nd Ed. by A. SiEAHAlf. it. 
 
 101 SB - NORTHERN PART nf the ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT. By J.C.Waeb. 9*. 
 
 104 SW.SE NORTH CLEVELAND. By G. Babeow. l».6d. 
 
 108 SE . O PTERBURN and ELSDON. By Hugh Milibb. (Notes l)y C. T. Clocoh.) 2«. 6d, 
 
 108 NB . CHEVIOT HILLS. By C. T. Clodgh. 1«. 6d. 
 
 THE IViSNERAL DISTRICTS OF ENCiLAND AND WALES. 
 
 COAL-FIELDS OF ENCLAMD AND WALES. 
 
 Scale, one inch to a mile. 
 AnRlosey.78(SW). 
 BrUtoi and Somerset, 19, '6S. 
 Cottlbrook Dale, 61 (NE & SE). 
 «leeHiU.63(NE, NW). 
 
 Flintshire and Denbighshire, 71 (NE & SE), 79 (NE, SE). 
 Derby and Yorltshire, 71 (NW.NE &SE),S2 (NW &S\V), 
 
 81 (NE).87 (NE,8K),8S (SE). 
 Forest of Dean, 43 (SE & SW). 
 Foiest of Wyre, 61 (SE), 65 (NE). 
 Lancashire, 80 (NW),81 (NW), 89,88 (SW. NW). 
 Leicestershire, 71 (SW),6S (NW). 
 
 Northumberland &Durham,103, 105,106 (SE). 109{SW,SE). 
 K.Staffordshire, 72 (NW), 72 («W),7S(NB),80 (SB), 81(8W). 
 B. Staffordshire, B* (NW), 62 (8W). 
 Shrewsbury, 60 (NE), 61 (NW & SW). 
 South Wales, 36, 37, 33, 40, 41, 42 (SB. SW). 
 ■Warwickshire. 62 (NESE),«S(NW SW).64(NE).S3(NW). 
 Yorkshire, 88 (NB,SB),87 (SW),92 (SB), 93 (SW). 
 
 GEOLOOICAL MAPS. 
 
 Scale, six inches to a mile. 
 The Coal-fields and other mineral districts of the N. of 
 England are published on a scale or six inches to a mile, 
 at *t. to 6». each. MS. C'loured Copies of other six-inch 
 maps, not intended for publioati in, are depositejd for refer- 
 ence in the Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, 
 London. 
 
 f Sheet. 
 
 ' 15. Ireleth. 
 
 16. tllverstone. 
 
 XI. Cartmel. 
 
 W. Aldinnham. 
 
 47. Glitheroe. 
 
 43. Colne. 
 
 49. LaneshawBr, 
 
 65. 'Whalley. 
 
 56. Haggate. 
 
 57. Winewall. 
 
 61. Preston. 
 
 62. Balderstone. 
 
 63. Acerington. 
 6*. Burnley. 
 
 65. Stiperoen Moor. 
 39. Layland. 
 
 70. Blackburn. 
 
 71. Haslingden. 
 
 72. Cliviger, Jiacup 
 
 Ziancasbira. 
 
 Sheet. 
 
 73. Todmorden, 
 
 77. Chorley. 
 
 78. Bolton-le-jVIoors, 
 
 79. KntwistJe. 
 
 80. Tottington. 
 
 81. Wardle. 
 81. Onnskirk. 
 
 85. Standish. 
 
 86. Adlington. 
 
 87. Bolton-le-Moors. 
 
 88. Bury, Heywood. 
 
 89. Rochdale, &c. 
 
 92. Bickerstaffe. 
 
 93. Wigan. 
 
 94. West Houghton 
 
 95. RodclifTe. 
 
 96. Middleton, 
 
 Frestwich. 
 
 Sheet. 
 97. Oldham. 
 
 100. Knowsley, 
 
 101. Billinge. 
 lOi. Leigh, Lowton. 
 
 103. A.shley, Eccles. 
 
 104. Manchester, 
 Sal ford. 
 
 105. Ashton - undcr- 
 Lyne. 
 
 ,106. Liverpool. 
 
 107. Prescott, 
 
 108. St. Helen's, 
 
 109. Winwick. 
 
 111. Cheedale. 
 
 112. Stockport. 
 
 113. Part of Liver- 
 pool. 
 
 1. Ryton. 
 
 2. Gateshead, 
 
 3. Jarrow. 
 
 4. 8. Shields. 
 6. Greeuside. 
 
 Durbam. 
 
 6. Winlaton. 
 
 7. Washington. 
 
 8. Sunderland. 
 
 10. Edmondbyers. 
 
 11. Ebchester. 
 
 12. Tantoby. 
 
 15. Chester-le-St. 
 
 16. Hunstanworth. 
 
 17. Waskerley. 
 
 Snrbam — continued. 
 
 Sheet. Sheet. Sheet. 
 
 18. Mugetesvrink. 25. Wolsingbam. 38. Maize Beck. 
 
 19. Lanchester. 26. Brancopeth. 41. Cockfleld. 
 
 20. Hetton-Ie-Hole. 30. Benny Seat. 42. Bp. Auckland, | 
 
 22. We.ir Head. 32. White Kirklcy. 46. HawkBleyHillHo. ' 
 
 23. Bastgate. 33. HanisterJpv. 62. Barnard Castle, j 
 
 21. Stanhope. 34. Whitworth. 63. Winston. i 
 
 44. 
 
 45. 
 
 46. 
 47. 
 64. 
 65. 
 56. 
 63. 
 61. 
 65. 
 72. 
 73. 
 
 Eothbury. 
 
 Longframling- 
 
 ton. 
 Broomhill. 
 
 Coquet Island. 
 
 Longhorsley. 
 
 Ulgham. 
 
 Druridge Bay. 
 
 Netherwitton. 
 
 Morpeth. 
 
 Newbiggin. 
 
 Bedlingcou. 
 
 Blyth. 
 
 srortbumberland. 
 
 80. Cramlington. 98. 
 
 81. Eiirsdon. 101. 
 
 82. NB.rf Gilsland. 102. 
 
 83. Coadley Gate. 
 
 87. Ileddoh. 103. 
 
 88. Long Benton. 105. 
 
 89. Tynemouth. 106. 
 
 91. Greenhead. 107. 
 
 92. Haltwhistle. 108. 
 
 93. HaydonBridKe.in9. 
 
 94. Hexham. 110. 
 
 95. Corbridge. 111. 
 
 96. Horslcy. 112. 
 
 97. Newcastle. 
 
 Walker. 
 
 Whitfield. 
 
 Allendale 
 
 Town, 
 Slaley. 
 Newlaud^ 
 Blackpool Br. 
 Allendale. 
 Blanchland. 
 Shotleyfield. 
 Wellhope. 
 Alleiihcads. 
 
 55. Seamess. 
 
 56. Skiddaw. 
 
 63. Thackthwaite. 
 61. Keswick, 
 
 2. Tees Head. 
 6. Dufton Fell. 
 
 7. Rcdcar. 
 
 S. Saltburn. 
 
 9. 
 
 13. Bowes. 
 13. Wycliffc. 
 17. Guiaboro*. 
 20. Lythe. 
 
 24. Kirkby Ravens- 
 
 worth. 
 
 25. Aldborough. 
 82. Whitby. 
 33. 
 
 38. Marske. 
 
 39. Richmond. 
 
 46. 
 
 47. Robin Hood's 
 
 Bay. 
 53. Downholme. 
 68. Leybourne. 
 82. Kidstones. 
 84. E.Witton.' 
 
 97. Foxup. 
 
 98. Kirk Gill. 
 
 99. Haden Carr. 
 100. Lofthouse. 
 115. AmclifEc. 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 65. Dockraye. 
 
 69. Buctermere 
 
 70. Grange. 
 
 71. Helvellyn. 
 
 'Westmorland. 
 
 12. Patterdale. 25. Grasmere. 
 
 18. Near Grasmere, 38. Kendal. 
 
 Vorksblre. 
 
 116. Conistone 
 
 Moor. 
 133. Kirkby 
 
 Mai ham. 
 
 184. Dale End. 
 
 185. Kildwick. 
 
 200. Keighley. 
 
 201. Binglev. 
 
 202. Calverlev. 
 
 203. Seacroft. 
 
 204. Aberford. 
 215. Peeke Well. 
 210. Bradford. 
 
 217. Calverley. 
 
 218. Leeds. 
 
 219. Kippax. 
 
 231. Halifax. 
 
 232. Birstal. 
 
 233. East Ardsley. 
 
 234. Castleford. 
 
 246. Huddersfield. 
 
 247. Dewsbury. 
 
 248. Wakefleltl. 
 
 249. Ponteftact. 
 260. Darrington. 
 
 74. Wastwater. 
 
 75. Stonethwaite 
 FeU. 
 
 280. Honley. 
 
 261. Kirkburton. 
 
 262. Darton. 
 
 263. Hemsworth. 
 
 264. Campsall. 
 
 272. HolmArth. 
 
 273. Fenistone. 
 
 274. Barnsley. 
 
 275. Darfield. ' 
 
 276. Brodsworth. 
 
 281. Langsell. 
 
 282. Wortley. 
 
 283. Wath upon 
 JJeame. 
 
 284. Conisborough. 
 
 287. Low Bradford. 
 
 288. Ecclesfleld. 
 
 289. Rotherham. .' 
 
 290. Braithwell. 
 293. Hallam Hoors. 
 
 295. Handsworlh, 
 
 296. Laughton - on., 
 le-Morthcn. 
 
 299. 
 
 300. Hartbill. 
 
 MINERAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Embracing the produce of Coals, Metallic Ores, and other Minerals. By ». HCKT. From 18SS to 18B7, inclusive 
 is. Od. each. \mi,Part r..\s.M.; Part [I.,5». 1859.U,6(f. 1860, Ss. 6(i. 1861, Ss.j and Appendix, 1». 1862. 2» 6d. 
 1S8S,2ji. 6d. 1S64.2.V. 1865. 2». 6d. 1866 to 1881, 2«. each. 
 
 (These Statistics are now published by the Soma 03ce, as parts of the Reports of the Inspectors qflRnei.) 
 
 THE IRON ORES OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Part I. The North and North Midland Counties of England {Outo/print). Part II. South Staffordshire. Price It 
 Part III. South Wales. Frioo Is. Sd. Fart IV, The Shropshire Coal-field and North Staffordshire. It. 3d. 
 

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