i^?^^^^. i?tate College of Agriculture jat Cornell iHnibersitp 3tf)aca, M. B. ILihtav^ Cornell University Library HD 594.B65 Tenures of land & customs of manors; orig 3 1924 013 863 299 Cornell University Library The original of this bool< is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 92401 3863299 .TENURES OF LAND CUSTOMS OF MANORS TENURES OF LAND CUSTOMS OF MANORS Originally Collected by Thomas Blount and Reptiblished with Large Additions and Impi^ovejnents in 1784 and 18 15 A NEW EDITION ENTIRELY RE-ARRANGED CAREFULLY CORRECTED AND CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED W. CAREW HAZLITT OF THE INNER TEMtLE li ARRl STER- AT-LAW LONDON REEVES AND TURNER 196 STRAND AND 100 CHANCERY LANE 1874 ^ PRINTED BY BALLANTVNE AND COMPANY EDINBURGH AND LONDON PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. A REPRINT, after a lapse of nearly sixty years, of a work of such established and well-merited reputation as Blount's Fragmenta Antiquitatis, or Jocular Tenures, did not seem to require an apology. In reproducing the book in a more convenient form than that of the large quarto of 1 8 1 5 — a volume which has be- come scarce and dear — certain changes, which it is hoped will be regarded as improvements, have been made. An alphabetical arrangement of the contents has for the first time been adopted ; the explanatory notes have been revised, and placed by them- selves in a Glossary at the end ; and a variety of misprints and other errors — a greater number, it is to be confessed, than was anticipated — have been removed. The corrections introduced into the new impression have, in fact, been on a most extensive scale ; and when it is recollected that in such a work accuracy is of peculiar value, it may not be claiming too high a character for these corrections to add that they are, on the whole, of con- siderable importance, since the text of 1815 was found, on a careful examination, to abound with mistakes vital to the sense. The formation of a separate glossary got rid of a certain typo- graphical complication, and of a series of useless repetitions and cross-references, in addition to an index to the notes, now rendered superfluous; and the alphabetical plan, besides superseding the necessity for an Index of Places, has gathered into a single point of view the notices of particular localities and their tenures, pre- viously given in a scattered and confused shape. In regard to the new matter, which is comparatively limited in extent, amounting perhaps to rather more than one hundred new articles, it may be remarked that a considerable number of authorities has been consulted in the hope of obtaining desirable accessions to the work, and of course a catalogue of mere tenures iv Preface to the Fourth Edition. might have been interminably augmented ; but the scope of inquiry was restricted by the consideration, that in each case it was obviously essential to show the existence either of a custom or a service. At the same time, it may be convenient to take this oppor- tunity of explaining that the Editor did not feel it indispensable, even where undescribed tenures, involving customary obligations, presented themselves, to insert such in all instances, inasmuch as it frequently occurred that the practice was one of which our pages possessed already abundant examples or types, and which exhibited no particular feature of interest. A certain amount of revision has also been extended to the names of places and persons, but it was considered that in some degree the obsolete forms of these might have their archaeological value. In other cases they have, no doubt, been ignorantly or carelessly corrupted ; but it was not always practicable to rectify this defect, especially where extinct proper names, obscure localities, or mere manors which are no longer capable of identification, were concerned. The arrangement and correction of the glossarial matter has amounted, in the long run, to a new writing of the better part ; so many repetitions, mistakes, and contradictions presented themselves in preparing this portion of the work for the press, and so many places occurred in which the note, as it stood, was unintelligibly confused. Notwithstanding the errors of the former edition, there are, perhaps, few pubUcations of the kind and period which are more exempt from censure on that account ; and the highest credit is due to the Beckwiths for the zeal and ability with which they successively corrected and supplemented the imperfect labours of the original compiler. There is no doubt that, by a process of elaborate research and patient investigation, a large body of additions might have been accumulated; but it was considered that, in the first place, Blount's book carefully revised, with certain necessary improve- ments, presented, for a general treatise, a very abundant store of examples belonging to all descriptions and types of tenures ; and secondly, that the adoption of an exhaustive principle would have swollen the work far beyond practicable limits. The general tenor and instruction of the following pages will be, that our ancient landed gentry, in return for certain privileges Preface to the Fotirtk Edition. v and exemptions, acknowledged certain substantial obligations and duties ; our modern landed gentry retain the privileges and exemptions, but the equivalents have fallen into desuetude. This constitutional anomaly has become one of the questions of the day, and may at any moment start into a prominence, only surprising to those who won't see. To Mr J. p. Norwood of Ashford, Kent, the Editor is in- debted for several useful extracts from that gentleman's corre- spondence with the stewards of certain manors relative to tenures and descents. To Mr Thomas Rymer, Recorder of Holt, he owes his acknowledgments for some curious information relative to that ancient borough. The impression of the present volume has been limited to 325 copies, of which twenty-five are on large paper. W. C. H. Kensington, January 1874. A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR. As readers generally like to acquire some knowledge of the life and circumstances of the authors they read, it may not be unacceptable to them to find some short account of Mr Thomas Blount in this place. Now, as Mr Blount was neither an eminent statesman nor a great churchman, but ranked merely in the line of voluminous and useful writers — for such he undoubt- edly was in his time — little can be drawn concerning him from any other source than Anthony a Wood's Athence, and thence we have accordingly transcribed the following account : — " Thomas Blount, son of Myles Blount of Orleton, in Here- fordshire, the fifth son of Roger Blount of .Monkland, in the same county, was born at Bordesley, in Worcestershire (about A.D. 1619), being of a younger house, of an ancient' and noble family of his name, but never advantaged in learning by the help of a university, only his own genius and industry, together with the helps of his scholastical acquaintance during his con- tinuance in the Temple, before and after he was a barrister. His writings are many, and some perhaps not fit here to be put down, among which are : i. The Academy of Eloquence, con- taining a complete English Rhetoric. 8vo. London, 1654, 1656, 1670. 2. Glossographia ; or, A Dictionary Interpreting such hard Words, whether Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Italian, &c., that are now used in our refined English Tongue, &c. London' 1656, 1661, 1683, &c., 8vo. 3. The Lamps of the Law and Lights of the Gospel ; or, The Titles of some late Spiritual, Polemical, and Metaphysical new Books. London, 1658 in 8vo. Written in imitation of J. Birkenhead's \Two Centuries of \ 1 See more of his family m the [fifth] impression of Hen. Peacham's Comme Gentleman &c ,66i, pp. 230, 231, which discourse thereof Blount's family wa drawn up by this Tho. Blount, and put into the hands of the publisher of the said [fifth] impression of Peacham. "^ A Short Account of the Author s Life. vii Paul's Churchyard, and published under the name of Grass and Hay Withers. 4. Boscobel ; or, The History of his Majesty's Escape after the Battle of Worcester, 3d September 165 1. London, 1660, in 8vo; there again, 1680, in 8vo, third edition, translated into French and Portuguese ; the last of which was done by Peter Gifford of White Ladies, in Staffordshire, a Roman Catholic. (Vide No. 11.) 5. The Cathohc Almanac for 1661, 1662, 1663, &c., which selling not so well as Joh. Booker's Almanac did, he therefore wrote, 6. Booker Rebuked ; or. Animadversions on Booker's Telescopium Uranicum or Ephemeris, 1665, which is very erroneous, &c. London, 1665, 4to, in one sheet, which made much sport among people, having had the assistance therein of Jo. Sargeant and Jo. Austen. 7. A Law Dictionary, interpreting such difficult and obscure Words and Terms as are found either in our Common or Statute, ancient or modern Laws. London, 1671, fol. ; there again in 1691, with some corrections and the addition of above six hundred words. (This is the NofioXe^OKov.) 8. Animadver- sions upon Sir Richard Baker's Chronicle and its Continuation, &c. Oxon, 1672, 8vo. 9. A World of Errors discovered in the New World of Words, &c. London, 1673, fol. Written against Edw. Philips his book, entitled, A New World of English Words. 10. Fragmenta Antiquitatis, ancient Tenures of Land, and Jocular Customs of some Manors, &c. London, 1679, ^^o. II. Boscobel, &c. The second part. London, 1681, 8vo. To which is added, Claustrum regale reseratum ; or. The King's Concealment at Trent, in Somersetshire, published by Mrs Anne Windham of Trent. (See No. 4.) Our author Blount also wrote Animadversions upon Britannia, written by R. Blome, but whether printed I cannot tell ; and translated from French into English, The Art of making Devises. London, 1648 and 1650, in 4to, written originally by Hen. Estienne, Lord of Fossez ; to which Blount added, A Catalogue of Coronet De- vises, both on the King's and Parliament's Side in the late Wars. At length, upon the breaking out of the Popish Plot, being much affrighted by the violent current of that time (he himself being a zealous Roman Catholic), he contracted the palsy, as by his last letter sent to me, dated 28th April 1679, I was informed, adding therein, that he had then quitted all books except those of devotion. On the 26th of December following, being St Stephen's Day, he died at Orleton, in Herefordshire viii A Short Account of the Author s Life. (where he had a fair and plentiful estate), in the year of his age sixty-one, and was buried in the church there, and soon after had a comely monument put over his grave by Anne, his relict, daughter of Edmund Church of Maldon, in Essex, Esquire. He then left behind him an imperfect Chronicle of England, which he and J. B. (that 's all I know of him, for Mr Blount would never tell me his name) had for several years been com- piling ;. but what became of it afterwards I cannot tell. — WOOD, Athen. Oxon. ii. col. 73." [BLOUNT'S PREFACE (1679)] To the Reader. Whilst I was perusing many of our both public and private records for other ends, I thought a small collection of some remarkable Tenures of land, and unusual Customs of some Manors, might not be unacceptable to the studious, who, when weary with poring upon Littleton's Tenures, and his learned Commentator, might relaxere fibulam by recurring to these, and smile at the inoffensive mirth, both of our kings, in former times, and lords of manors in creating them, some of which, I confess, are since converted into a rent, having a Modo Arrentatur entered in the record, others are by length of time disused, and others yet remain in force ; as, not long since, I had the curiosity to ask an old officer in the Exchequer, whether he ever remembered any herring pies paid to the King for the manor of Carlton, in Norfolk ? Yes, very well, answered he ; for we had some of them in court among us here last term. Nor does the late Act of Parliament (stat. 12 Car. II. cap. 24) for taking away all tenures by knight's service and capite, extend to the discharging the honorary services of Grand Serjeanty, other than of wardship, marriage, &c., but are left standing on their whole foundation by a particular proviso in that Act. Neither are these kind of tenures unusual in other countries ; for we read of a queen of Hungary who, upon her deathbed, bequeathed the city and province of Altenburg to one of the lords of her court, upon condition that he and his successors should always keep a certain number of peacocks ; in defect whereof the territory should revert to the Crown. My first intention was to render all the records in English ; but, upon second thoughts, I judge the original words would be more acceptable both to the learned and learner ; and for the X Blount's Preface to the Reader. help of the latter, have explained (to the best of my skill) those of any difficulty, at least as many of them as I could, for some, I believe, may pose the ablest glossographer now living; as Warocks, Muta deynectorum [heymectorum] Canum, Heymectis, Cyppos, Berbiagium, Chacuros, Sensas [Seusas], Muta Vini, and Gruna [Gauna] Vini, &c.' Or, to speak more truly, I took them as I found them, some out of the very records, others extracted thence, and translated to my hand ; for I was not willing to spend very much time in rem levem, as Sir Henry Spelman words it upon a like occasion. And yet, as light as the subject may seem to be, I am very well informed that Attorney-General Noy had, a little before his death, bespoke a copy of all the tenures by serjeanty remaining upon record ; 'tis Hke he judged them useful, or divertising, or both. I have purposely omitted, or but rarely mentioned, those more common tenures, whereby the owner was obliged to deliver yearly into the Exchequer a mewed sparhawk, a pair of spurs, gloves, or the Hke, of which kind I met with many, and held them not for my purpose, which was to take in none but what were in some respect or other remarkable.^ Nor must I forget to advertise the reader that the names of divers manors and places here mentioned are written otherwise now than they were of old, which the knowing in each county will easily reconcile. And however others may like of this essay, some gentlemen of ancient descent, I presume, will be well enough pleased to see their ancestors' names thus revived, and transmitted from our seldom-seen records to a more public register; nothing of this nature having, to my knowledge, been ever, till now, made public. And I will be bold to say, the studious in Law-Latin and Record-Learning shall not anywhere find so much singular of that kind collected in so small a volume. Lege, ride, disce. Tho. Blount. 1 An explanation, however, of some of these, will be attempted in their places. [See the Glossary to the new edition, -vyhere the greater part of these words are explained. Several turned out to be mis-readings.] 2 [But the greater part of the tenures rejected by Blount have been added to his book by the Beckwiths and others.] MR BECKWITH'S PREFACE [1784]. Demands being repeatedly made, and almost as often dis- appointed, for copies of this curious book, commonly known by the name of Blount's Tenures ; which, indeed, after a flux of more than a hundred years, are become exceeding scarce, a large number of my friends, as well as myself, have thought it might prove an acceptable piece of service to the public to recall it to the press. These gentlemen, conceiving some favour- able sentiments, not of my abilities, which I acknowledge are but slender, but of my diligence and application, have accordingly been induced to impose the task of revising the work upon me • and I, more in compliance with their request than from any confidence I could presume to repose in my own qualifications, have adventured to embark in the undertaking. Now, in order to give this edition certain improvements, which were thought not only necessary, but might reasonably be expected by the reader, I have, in the first place, arranged Mr Blount's materials, which are all here preserved entire in a clearer and more commodious manner than they now appear in his own edition of 1679. 2dly. The records, which heretofore were only given in Law- Latin or French, are here, according to the best of the Editor's skill, rendered into English, and he submits his translations, with all deference, together with the notes marked with the letter E, and those not marked, to the candour and impartiality of his readers, whose favour in this regard he earnestly bespeaks and solicits. In respect of the translations, he begs leave to observe further, that an English version of the several extracts from charters, &c., appeared to him more necessary now than in the last century, when Mr Blount made his compilation ; because the law being then in Latin, and the reports for the most part in Freach, those xii Mr Beckwith's Preface [i 784J. languages were more studied at that time than they can be supposed to be at present. The Editor, jdly, has endeavoured, with the help of his learned friends, to elucidate such difficult, either words or phrases, as appear to have been unintelligible to, or misunderstood by Mr Blount ; and yet at last, notwith- standing all his labour and pains upon this head, some terms remain still, through the Editor's incapacity, without explana- tion, which consequently must be delivered over to the greater sagacity of the intelligent readers. But, 4thly, what the Editor values himself most upon, are the many additions and im- provements which, by the favour of his friends, he has been enabled to make to Mr Blount's work. These he justly esteems the most valuable part of his performance, and they are owing to the communications and contributions of his much-respected friend and benefactor, Francis Ferrand Foljambe of Aldwarke, CO. Ebon, Esq., of whose inestimable MSS. he has been in- dulged with the perusal, and thence has made many very important extracts ; ' also of the learned and Rev. Mr Sam. Pegge, F.S.A., and Rector of Whittington, in Derbyshire, whose copious annotations,' &c., are marked P Of George Allan of Darlington, Esq., F.S.A., to whom he is indebted for many tenures in the bishopric of Durham,' and the notes marked A?' Of R. Gough, Esq., Director of the Society of Antiquaries, and F.R.S., for a transcript of the late Bishop Kennet's notes on Blount's Tenures ; moreover, of Thomas Astle, Esq., Chief Clerk of the Records in the Tower, F.R. and A.S.S. Of the late Rev. Mr John .Watson, Rector of Stockport, in Cheshire, F.S.A., for various articles, all properly denoted ; also of the late John. Wilson, Esq. of Broomhead, a gentleman .of great knowledge in antiquities ; and lastly, of Henry Atkinson of Ripon, Esq., &c. The Editor is extremely desirous of making his sincerest acknowledgments to these gentlemen for their friendly com- munications, which he does the more readily and gratefully, as he is sensible that the very mention of their names confers the greatest honour upon himself. ' Many of these, as well as several favours of the like kind from his friends and correspondents, the Editor has been unavoidably obliged to omit for want of room • but should a second volume of this work be published, they shall be then inserted. 2 [Mr Allan's notes, marked A., occurred in a copy of the edition of 1679, which lately fell in the Editor's way.] Mr Beckwith's Preface [1784]. xiii To conclude : notwithstanding these material additions to Mr Blount's work, the Editor, in the researches he found it necessary to make preparatory to his committing the work to the press (which have greatly retarded the publication of it), and through the further communications of his learned friends, has already collected upwards of three hundred curious Tenures and Cus- toms, &c., more than are here exhibited. If, therefore, he meets with suitable encouragement in this his first essay, a second volume, or continuation of the subject, may probably hereafter make its appearance ; but this depends entirely on the reception given to the present attempt. [PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1815.] The Editor of this enlarged edition of a work which owes its principal success to the reputation of the first compiler, has been induced by considerations, similar to those which actuated his father above thirty years ago, to republish it in the present augmented state. The late Mr Beckwith had collected upwards of three hun- dred various [? curious] Tenures subsequent to the publication of the last edition, with a view of rendering the work more perfect at a future period. In the course of that collection he received some valuable communications from various learned friends, and particularly respecting the tenures in the bishopric of Durham, from the late Dr Pegge, the respected Rector of Whittington, in Derbyshire, from whom also the present Editor has subsequently derived additional information. The principal part of the valuable matter thus obtained has been placed in the notes, with the initial of Dr Pegge's name subjoined. , The letter W. has been added to other of the annotations, in order to draw the attention of the reader to some interesting particulars kindly furnished by Sir Patrick Walker, his Majesty's Gentleman Usher of the White Rod. These form, however, but a small portion of the numerous favours conferred by several valued and esteemed friends in communications towards forming this extended work, which the Editor feels confident will acquire additional interest with the learned reader, from having to number amongst its con- tributors several gentlemen of the highest celebrity for their attainments in antiquarian research. {Preface to the Edition ^1815.] xv Possessing these advantages, it is not without a considerable degree of confidence that the Editor presents his work to the public. The very great labour of research bestowed upon it by his father and himself will be amply compensated by their approbation, which he has little doubt they will freely grant, should it be found to possess such a portion of information and utility as to entitle itself to their respect. TENURES OF LAND AND CUSTOMS OF MANORS Abbeford, Co. of Oxon. Lawrence of the Exchequer held two carucates of land in Abbeford, in the parish of Aston, by the serjeanty of being Marshal before the Justices in Eyre through all England, and before the Justices of the Bench and the Barons of the Ex- chequer.' Castle of Abergavenny, Wales. John Hastings held the Castle of Abergavenny of our lord the King, in capita, by service, homage, ward, and marriage, when it happened : and if there was war between the King of England and the Prince of Wales, the said John Was to keep the country Over- Went at his own charges, in the best manner he could for his own advantage, and the service of the King, and defence of the realm of England.'' Abington, Co. of Cambridge. The manor of Downhall, in the reign of Henry VHL, was held by the service of holding the King's stirrup, when he mounted his horse at Cambridge Castle.^ 1 Laurentius de Scaccario tenuit duas carucatas terrse in Abbeford, in parochia de Aston, per serjantiam essendi Marescalliis coram Justiciariis Itinerantibus per totam Angliam, et coram Justiciariis de Banco et Baronibus de Scaccario. Plac. Coron. 13 Edw. I. Oxon. Blount, 72. 2 Johannes Hastinges ten'. Castrum de Bergeuuenny in Over- Went de R. in capite, per ser'. homag'. ward, et maritag. cum acciderit, et si guerra fuerit inter Regem Anglise et Principem Wallise, dictus Johannes deberet custodire patriam de Ourwent sumptibus proprijs meliori mode quod poterit pro commodo suo, et utilitate Regis, et defensione regni Anglias. Anno 6 Edw. IL Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 58. ^ Lysons' Mag. Brit. vol. ii. p. 80. A 2 Tenures of Land Acton, Co. of Bucks. The Lords Grey of Wilton held the manor of Acton, in the county of Buckingham, by the serjeanty of keeping one ger- falcon for their sovereign lord the King : whereupon that family of the Greys had, for their badge or cognisance, a falcon sejant upon a glove.' Acton, Co. of Middlesex. Peter, son of Alulph, granted to Geoffry de Lucy, Dean of St Paul's,^ his manor at Acton-under-the-Wood, with the garden and grove adjoining, and twenty acres of arable land, held of the King by knight's service. The Dean granted the said premises, together with five acres of land, which he had pur- chased of Walter de Actune, to the chapter, reserving ;^ 5, to be paid annually towards a chantry which he had founded in St Paul's Cathedral — viz., five marks to a priest to pray for his soul, and the souls of the late Bishop of London and his suc- cessors ; 20s. yearly to celebrate his own obit ; and a mark to celebrate that of Philip de Fauconberg, Archdeacon of Hunting- don. The chapter afterwards leased all their manor of Acton, with the mansion-house, &c., to the said Geoffry for his life, rendering annually a wax-light of a pound weight;^ and it was ordained that it should be always held of the chapter by his successors in the deanery.* Addington, Co. of Surrey. Robert Aquyllon held one carucate ^ of land in Addington, in the county of Surrey, by the service of making one mess, in an earthen pot, in the kitchen of our lord the King, on the day of his coronation, called mess de Gyron, and if there be fat * (or lard) in the mess, it is called Maupigyrnun.' Afterwards, in King Edward the First's time, William Walcot held the manor of Addington by the same service ; ^ only, in this record, it is called a certain pottage called Maupigyrnun.' This tenure is probably as old as the time of King Henry H. at the least, for William Aquilon, who had married the heiress of Bartholomew de Cheney, held his land in Addintone in Surrey, which was the inheritance of the said Bartholomew, by serjeanty of finding a cook at the King's coronation to 1 Camd. Brit. tit. Bucks. Blount, 109. " From the year 1231 to 1241 ' Cart. Antiq. No. 601, 603. « Lysons' Environs of London, vol. i. p. 3.' 5 Robertus Aguillon tenet unam carucatam terrse in Addington, in comitatu Surrey per serjantiam faciendi unum ferculum in oUa lutea, in coquina domini Regis die Coronationis suee, et vocatur mess de Gyron ; et si sit Seym " (Sagimen) in illo ferculo vocatur Maupigyrnun.' Placit. Coron. 39 Hen. Ill, Rot. 29. dorso. Blount i * Eschet. 14 Edw. I. Num. 16. ' ' * Quoddam pottagium vocatum Maupigyrnun. and Customs of Manors. 3 dress victuals in the King's kitchen ; ' and in the time of King Henry II. William Aguillum held three knights' fees and a half, and a Bartholomew, one knight's fee, in the county of Surrey ; ^ and it is very likely that these were the very William Aquilon and Bartholomew de Cheney above mentioned. In Blount's time this manor was in the possession of Thomas Leigh, Esq., who, at the coronation of Charles II. in the year 1 66 1, brought up to the King's table a mess of pottage called mess de Gyron, this service being adjudged to him by the court of claims, in right of this his manor ; whereupon the Lord High Chamberlain presented him to the King, who accepted the ser- vice, but did not eat of the pottage.^ At the coronation of King James II. the lord of the manor of Bardolfe in Addington, Surrey, claimed to find a man to make a mess of Grout in the King's kitchen ; and therefore prayed that the King's master- cook might perform that service: which claim was allowed, and the said lord of the manor brought it up to the King's table.^ ^ P Of the origin of this service it seems not an improbable conjec- ture that the manor was an appendage to the office of the King's cook, as Richmond, then Shene, anciently was to the office of butler. It is certain that Tezelin, the cook, held it of the Con- queror ; being afterwards separated from the office, the nature of the serjeanty might continue, though confined to the service of presenting a dish to the King once in his reign. The service and the dish are variously described in the different records. Bartholomew Cheney' is said to have held Addington by the service of finding a cook to dress such victuals in the King's kitchen as the Seneschal shall order. This was, in fact, only executing the office of cook by deputy ; and his son-in-law, William Aguillon,'^ held it by the service of making hastias' [.'' haggis], as the record expresses it, in the King's kitchen, on the day of his coronation, or of finding a person who should make for him a certain pottage called the mess of Gyron ; or if seym^ be added to it, is called Maupygernon ; the seym in another record is called Unguentum. Sir Robert Aguillon^ held it precisely by the same service, and the dish is mentioned by- the same name — viz., le mess de Gyron — in the Pleas of the Crown ; though Blount'° quoted it thence by the name of Diligrout, and ^ Madox's Hist. Excheq. 453. Mad. Baron. Angl. 248. ^ Lib. Nig. Scacc. 121. ^ Mr Ashmole's Narrative. Blount, I. * Sandf. Hist. Coron. ^ Mag. Rot. 18 Hen. III. Surrey. 6 Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. 313. f. 22, b. ' The word hastia does not occur in any of the Glossaries. * Seym or Seim is a Saxon word signifying fat ; it is still in use amongst the butchers, and is usually spelt Seam ; it is now generally applied to the omentum of a pig, of which they make lard. Some derive it from the Latin word sevum, suet. " Placit. Coron. 39 Hen. III. m. 33, and Esch. 14 Edw. I. ^^ Blount's Jocular Tenures, p. i ; and Aubrey's Antiquities of Sumy, vol. ii. P- 39- 4 Tenures of Land Aubrey copied his mistake. Thomas Bardolf,' who died seised of Addington in the reign of Edward the Third, held it by the service of making three messes of maupygernon at the coronation, one of which he was to present to the King, another to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the third to whonisoever the King would. A dish of pottage was presented to George III. at his coronation by the lord of the manor of Addington ; but I cannot find that there exists any ancient' receipt for the making of it.^ Agmondesham, Co. of Bucks. The Parliament burgesses of Agmondesham were chosen by the homage in the lord's court baron, and the return made by the constables.'' Alcester, Co. of Warwick. In the thirty-second year of King Edward I., upon the relief paid by William de Bautreaux for the moiety of the town of Alcester, in the county of Warwick, it is there recorded to be held of the King by the service of finding the moiety of an armed knight, with a horse without caparison, in the war of our lord the King.' Ald Elvet, Co. of Durham. In the second year of the pontificate of John Fordham, Bishop of Durham, 1382, John de Elvet of Durham held in his demesne, as of fee, four messuages, with the appurtenances, in Old Elvet, of the Prior of Durham, by fealty, and doing three suits yearly to the court of the said Prior of his barony of Elvet, and paying into the hostillary of the said priory five shillings a year.^ 1 Esch. 5 Edw. III. '^ In a collection of ancient cookery receipts of the thirteenth century, printed at the end of the Royal Household Establishments, published by the Society of Antiquaries, is a receipt to make a dish called Bardolf ; though there is no evidence to support it, it would not be an unfair conjecture, as the Bardolfs we're lords^of Addington at the period above mentioned, to suppose that this might be the dish in question ; it was called a pottage, and consisted of almond mylk, the brawn of capons, sugar, and spices, chicken parboyled and chopped, &c. See p. 466 of Household Establishments, 4to, 1 790. ^ Lyson's Environs of London, vol. i. pp. 5, 6, 49, 50, and notes. * Willis, 137. Gordon's Hist. 227. ^ Per servitium inveniendi medietatem equitis armati, cum uno equo discooperto in guerra domini Regis. Mich. Rot. 32 Edw. I. Blount, 3. 8 Johannes de Elvet, de Dunelm. ten', in dominico, ut de feodo, quatuor mess', cum pertin'. in Aid Elvit, de pr. Dunelm. per fid', et faciend'. tres sect', per ann. ad cur', dicti pr. baronise de Elvet, et reddendo hostillar'. dicti pro v s. per ann. Inquis. post mortem Johannis de Elvet. 2 Fordham. and Customs of Manors. Aldford, Co. of Chester. John Stanley, Esquire, claims that if any one should have impleaded another of his free tenement in his court of Aldford, by writ of right patent of the lordship, to hold and determine his aforesaid plea by duel, according as right is by the common law.' Almoner, Lord High. In 1592, Nicholas Herrick, father of the poet, died under cir- cumstances leading to the suspicion of suicide, and Dr Fletcher, Bishop of Bristol, who was then High Almoner, advanced a claim, by virtue of that office, to the goods and chattels of the deceased, which were not inconsiderable. The matter was, how- ever, submitted to arbitration, and the Bishop received ^230.^ Alnwick, Co. of Northumberland. The custom of making freemen of Alnwick Common is not less singular than ridiculous. The persons that are to be made free, or, as the phrase is, that are to leap the well, assemble in the market-place very early in the morning, on the 25 th of April, being St Mark's Day. They are on horseback, with every man his sword by his side, dressed in white, with white nightcaps, and attended by the four chamberlains and the castle bailiff, who are also mounted and armed in the same manner. From the market-place they proceed in great order, with music playing before them, to a large dirty pool, called the Freeman's Well, on the confines of the Common. Here they draw up in a body, at some distance from the water, and then all at once rush into it, like a herd of swine, and scramble through the mud as fast as they can. As the water is generally breast-high and very foul, they come out in a condition not much better than the heroes of the Dunciad after diving in Fleet Ditch ; but dry clothes being ready for them on the other side, they put them on with all possible expedition, and then, taking a dram, remount their horses, and ride full gallop round the whole confines of the dis- trict, of which, by this achievement, they are become free. After having completed this circuit, they again enter the town, sword in hand, and are generally met by women, dressed up with ribbons, bells, and garlands of gum flowers, who welcome ^ Johannes Stanley, ar'. clamat quod si aliquis placitaverit aliquem de libero tene- mento in curia sua de Aldford, per brevem dominl comitis de recto patent, tenere et terminare praedictum placitum per duelluM, prout jus est per communem legem. Plac. in Itin. apud Cestriam, 14 Hen. VII. Blount's Law Diet. tit. Duell. ^ Herrick's Works, by Hazlitt, i. xiii. 6 Tenures of Land them with dancing and singing, and are called timbrel-waits. The heroes then proceed, in a body till they come to the house ot one of their company, where they leave him, havmg first drunk another dram; the remaining number proceed to the house ot the second with the same ceremony, and so of the rest, till the last is left to go home by himself. The houses of the new free- men are on this day distinguished by a great holly-bush, ^vhlch is planted in the street before them, as a signal^ for their friends to assemble, and make merry with them at their return. This strange ceremony is said to have been instituted by King John, in memory of his having once bogged his horse in this pool, now called the Freeman's Well' Alredale, Co. of Cumberland. William de Boyville holds a serjeanty by finding a forester in the ward of Airedale, and he takes daily, for the support of his forester of the town of Airedale, threepence from the feast of St Michael to the feast of St Philip and St James the Apostles ; and from that day to the feast of St Michael, every day two- pence.'' Andevere, or Andover, Co. of Hants. King Henry IH. and all his progenitors, Kings of England, were seised of the manor and town of Andover, in Hampshire ; which manor is ancient demesne, all the tenements within that manor are pleadable by petit brief de droit ; the custom of the manor is to hold a court on the Sunday before St Michael, yearly, and the tenants to choose two bailiffs out of their body, who were to arrest all felons and others within their year, and to answer to the king for all escapes of persons arrested, and for all fines arising upon such arrests.^ Angortby, Co. of Lancaster. Peter de Mundevil holds three oxgangs of land in capite, of our lord the King, in Angortby, by the service of a brachet of one colour.* 1 Gent. Mag. vol. xxvi. p. 73. ' Willielmus de Boyvile tenet unam serjantiam, inveniendi unum forestarium in warda de Airedale, et capit per diem, ad sustentationem forestarii sui de villa de Aire- dale, quolibet die iii d. a festo Sancti Michaelis usque ad testum appstolorum Philippi et Jacobi, et a die illo usque ad festum Sancti Michaelis singulis diebus ii d. Plac. Cor. 20 Edw. I. Cumbria. Blount, 43. 3 Madox's Firma Btirgi, 210. * Petrus de Mundevill tenet tres bovatas in capite de dno Rege in Angortby, per ser- vicium unius berachat unius coloris. Inquis. temp. Hen. III. De Honore Lancastr. extra Limam. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5172, p. 19. and Customs of Manors. Angre Parva, Co. of Essex. William de Moucel holds Little Angre by serjeanty of being Marshal of the barony of G. de Toany. • Apelderham, Co. of Sussex. John Aylemer holds, by court roll, one messuage and oiTe yard-land, &c., in Apelderham, in the county of Sussex, and ought to find a man with a horse to harrow one day every week at each seed-time in winter and Lent, whilst there should be any- thing to harrow in the lord's land : and he who was to harrow was to receive every day a repast — viz., bread, pottage, compan- age, and drink of the price of one penny — and, for every horse harrowing, he was to have every day as many oats as he could carry between his two hands. And also he ought to come every year at two plough-days with his plough, if he h^-d a whole plough, or with such part as he had, if he had not a whole plough, and then he ought to plough every day as much as he could from morning to noon ; and both — viz., the holder of the plough and the driver — were to have a solemn repast on each of the said plough-days. And he ought to find at three reap-days in autumn, every day, two men, and was to have, for each of the said men, on every of such reap-days — viz., on each of the two first days, one loaf of wheat and barley mixed, weighing eighteen pounds of wax, every loaf to be of the price of a penny farthing; and at the third reap-day, each man was to have a loaf, of the same weight, all of wheat, of the price of a penny halfpenny ; and the said two men were to have jointly, at which of the said three reap-days they would, pottage, and a dish of flesh meat, without drink, of the price of one penny .° ■• Willielmus Moucel ten'. Parvam Angre, per serjantiam marescalciEe de baronia G. de Toany. Appendix to Brady's Introduction, p. 23. ^ Johannes Aylemer tenet per irrotulamentum Curia; unum messuagium et unam virgatam terrse, &c., in Apelderham, in com. Sussex, et debet invenire unum hominem, cum Uno equo ad herciandum qualibet septimana per unum diem ad utrumque semen yemale et quadragesimale, dum aliquid fuerit ad herciandum in terra domini. Et ille qui herciat quolibet die recipiet unum repastum — viz., panera, potagium, companagium, et potem precii I d. — et quilibet equus hercians habebit qualibet die tantum de avenis sicut capi potest inter duas manus, et etiam debet venire quolibet anno ad duas pre- carias carucas cum caruca sua, si habeat integram carucam, vel de parte quam habet carucEe, si carucam non habeat integram, et tunc arare debeat utroque die quantum potest a mane ad meridiem, et uterque, tentor, viz., carucse et fugator habebunt unum pastum solempnem utroque die predictarum precariarum. Et debet invenire ad tres precarias in autumpno quolibet die duos homines, et habebit uterque dictorum hom- inem ad utrumque diem precariarum, primus (primo) unum panem utroque die de frumento et ordeo mixto, qui ponderabit xvni libras cerse, pretium cujuslibet panis I d. q. Et ad tertiam precariam habebit uterque homo unum panem praedicti pon- deris, totum de frumento, prec. I d. ob. et habebunt prasdicti duo homines conjunctim, ad quamlibet de pr^dictis tribus precariis, potagium et ferculum de carne, sine potu, prec. I d. Consuetudinar. Monast. de Bello. Blount, 123. Temtres of Land Apse, Co. of Surrey. Ralph Blundus and William Fitz Gunnuld, William Fitz Gil- bert and Osbert Malherb, held of our lord the Kmg in capite half a hide of land in alms by the service of distributmg and giving one cask of ale on the day of All Saints, for the soul ot our lord the King and his ancestors. ' Ardley, Co. of Essex. Baldwin Fillot holds certain land in the town of Ardeley by the serjeanty of keeping a sparhawk, and that land was worth forty shillings. '' Ardley, or Yardley, Co. of Hertford. In this manor there is an ancient custom that if any tenant died seised of any copyhold land, held hereof without heir male, and leave two, three, or more daughters or sisters, the eldest daughter or sister shall be sole heir to such copyhold land, and the other daughters or sisters shall have no part thereof.^ Ashborne-in-the-Peak, Co. of Derby. The jurors say that, when at first the miners come into the field to seek for mines, and a mine is found, they should come to the bailiff, who is called Burgh-master, and demand from him two meers, if it be in the new field ; and they are to have one for the finding, and the other by the right of miners ; and every meer shall contain four perches, and to their mine (pit or shaft) seven feet, and every perch shall be of twenty-four feet, &c. Also they say, that pleas of bergmote ought to be held from three weeks to three weeks, upon the mines in the Peak, Sc* • Radus Blundus, et Willielmus Filius Gunnuld, et Willielmus Filius Gilbert, et Osbertus Malherbe, tenent in capite de dno Rege, dimid. hydam terre in Elemos' distribuendi et donandi unam cuvatam cervisie die Omnium Sctoru, pro anima dni Regis et antecessorum suorum. Inquis. &c. Com. Surrey, temp. Regis Johannis. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 313, p. 19. ^ Baldwinus Fillot tenet in villa de Ardeley quandam terram per seriant'. servandi nisum et valet terr. 40 solid. Inquis. temp. Hen. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5172, p. 33. 3 Chaimpy's Hist. Antiq. of Hertfordsfure, p. 53. * Juratores dicunt quod in principio quando mineratores veniunt in campum min- erise, quasrentes inventa minera, venient ad ballivum qui dicitur bergmayster,'et patent ab eo duas metas, si sit in novo campo, et habebunt, unam scil. pro inventione, et aliam de jure mineratorum, et unaquseque nieta continet quatuor perticates, et ad foveam suam septem pedes, et unaqujEque perticata erit de xxiv. pedibus, &c. Uicunt etiam quod Placita de bergmote debent teneri de tribus septimanis in tres septimanas, super minerias in Pecco, &c. Eschet. de anno 16 Edw. I. No. 34, Derby. Blount, 159." and Customs of Manors. Ashby-Marsh, Co. of Northampton. Henry de Greene, possessing the lands which were formerly of John de Asheby Marsh, acknowledged himself to hold one messuage, one pigeon-house, thirty-six acres of land, six acres of wood, and fifty-six shillings rent in Ashby-Mares (Ashby- Marsh) of the King in capite, by the service of lifting up his right hand yearly on Christmas Day towards the King, where- soever he shall be in England." Ashley, Co. of Norfolk. John de Hastings holds the manor which is called the Uppe Hall, in Ashele, in capite of our lord the King, by the serjeanty of being pantler to him.^ William de Hastings, being steward to King Henry I., held that office by serjeanty, in respect of the tenure of his manor of Ashele, or Ashley, in the county of Norfolk, by the service of taking charge of the napery (tablecloths and other linen) at the coronation of the Kings of England.^ At the coronation of King Henry IV., Leonard, Lord Grey of Ruthyn, by reason of his manor of Ashley in Norfolk, covered the tables, and had for his fee all the tablecloths, as well those in the hall as elsewhere, when they were taken up; notwith- standing a petition exhibited by Sir John Drayton to have had that office.'* And at the coronation of King James II., the then lord of the said manor claimed to perform the said office, and have the fees, &c. His claim was not allowed, because he had not his evi- dence ready to make it out, but with a salvo jure.^ AsHWELL Hall, Co. of Essex. In the reign of King Henry II. the manor of A»hwell was possessed by a family surnamed from it De Ashwell, and after- wards jointly by the families of Ashwell and Semenour, or Somner.* They held it in petit serjeanty, by the service of finding ' Henricus de Greene tenens terrarum que fuere Johannis de Asheby Mares, cog- novit se tenere unum messuagium, unum columbum, xxxvj acr'. terr'. yj acr'. bosci, Ivis. redd', in Asheby Mares de Rege in capite, per servitium levandi manum suam dextram annuatim, die Nativitatis Dni, erga Regem, ubicunque fuerit in AngUa. De termino Mich, anno 42 Edw. III. Rot. i. HaiT. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 244. 2 Johannes de Hastings tenet manerium quod vocatur le Uppe Hall in Ashele, in capite de domino Rege, per serjantiam essendi pannetarius domini Regis. Rot. fin. 6. Joh. m. 28. in dors. Blount, 68. » Testa de Nevile. Norf. Suff. Blount, 13. ^ Cromp. 85. ' Sandf. Hist. Cor on. 132. 6 Liber ruber de serjeanc'. fol. 19, et Inquis. ; et Fragm. Antiq. or Ancient Tenures, p. 52. lo Tenures of Land a broche, or spit of maple, to roast the King's meat on the day of his coronation.^ AsLABiE, Co. OF York. Richard, son of Wydo (Guy) de Aslabie, in the county of York, holds two carucates of land by the service of teachmg one hare-dog belonging to the King.^ ASTLEY, ETC., CO. OF WARWICK. The manors of Astley, Wedington, Hill-Morton, Milverton, and Merston Jabet were anciently held by Philip de Astley, of William Earl of Warwick, by the service of holding the Earl's stirrup when he should get up or alight from his horse.^ Aston-Bernard, Co. of Bucks. John Molyns held the manor of Aston-Bernard, in the county of Bucks, of the King in capite, by the service of being Marshal of the King's falcons and other hawks."* Aston-Cantlou, Co. of Warwick. The manor of Aston-Cantlou (so called from the family^of Cantilupe) was by inquisition after the death of Laurence Hastings, Earl of Pembroke, returned to be held in this form — viz.. That that manor is held by itself of our lord the King in capite, by the service of finding a foot soldier, with a bow without a string, with a helmet or cap for forty days, at the proper charges of the lord of that manor, as often as there should be war in Wales.' Aston Clinton, Co. of Bucks. William de Montagu, who held the manor of Aston Clinton, in the county of Buckingham, held it of our lord the King by grand serjeanty — viz., by the service of finding for our lord the King a lardiner at his own proper costs.* 1 Morant'3 Hist, of Essex, vol. ii. p. 369, and note. ^ Richardus, filius Wydonis de Aslaby, tenet duas carucatas terrse, per servitium aptandi iinum canem liverium domini Regis. MS. Penes Sam. Roper, Arm. Blount, 108. " Cartular. Warwici Com. Blount, II. ^ Carta, 20 Edw. III. n. 18. Blount, 77. ^ Quod quidem manerium per se tenetur de domino Rege in capite, per servitium inveniendi unum hominem peditem cum arcu sine corda, cum uno basneto sive cappa per quadraginta dies, sumptibus propriis, quoties fuerit guerra in Wallia. Inquis. post mortem Laur. Hastisgs, 22 Edw. III. Blount, 2. " Will' de Monte acuto, qui tenet in com. Buk. manerium de Aston Clinton, tenet de dno Rege per grand seriantium — viz., per servitium inveniendi dno Regi un' Lar- dinar', proprijs suis sumptibus, &c. Inquis. W. de Montagu, anno l^ Edw II No. 31. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. 6126. and Customs of Manors. 1 1 Athewyk, now Adwick-upon-Berne, Co. of York. William Clarell formerly did fealty, and acknowledged that he held the manor of Athewyk, and paid every two years towards keeping the Castle (of Tickhill) each year seven shillings and four- pence, and every third year eight shillings, and ten shillings to keep a hawk ; and he said that Hugh Curson, every third year, paid fourteenpence for his tenement in Athewyk' AuRE, Co. OF Gloucester. John de Aure, brother and heir of Thomas de Aure, holds of the King incapite one messuage, two gardens, and one carucate of land, with the appurtenances, in Aure, in the county of Glou- cester, by the service of being personally in the chamber of our lord the King, wheresoever the King pleases.'' AuRi AND Hole, Co. of Devon. Walter Aungerin holds one carucate of land in Auri and Hole, in the county of Devon, by serjeanty, that whensoever our lord the King should hunt in the forest of Exmore, he should find for him two barbed arrows. And the land was worth by the year twenty shillings.^ Ayleneton, Co. of Hereford. William de Broy held a certain serjeanty in Ayleneton, for which he ought to follow our lord the King in his army, within the county of Hereford, at his proper costs, so long as our lord the King should be there, and without the same county, at the cost of the King — to wit, for every day twelvepence.* 1 Williebnus Clarell quondam fee. fidelit. et eognovit quod tenebat manerium de Adthwyk et reddendo singulis duob. annis ad custodiam castri utroque anno vii s. iiid. et quolibet tercio anno viii,s. et xs. ad custodiam Osterer. Et dicit quod Hugo Curson quolibet tercio anno sol. xivd. pro ten. suo in Athewyk. Ex Rot. Feod. Hon. de Tickhill. 2 Johannes de Aure, frater et hseres Thoma; de Aure, tenet de Rege in capite unum messuag. duo gardina, et unam carucat. terr^ cum pertinentijs' in Aure, in com. pdco, per servitium essendi corporaliter in camera domini Regis, ubicunque dnus Rex voluerit. De termino Mich. a". 48 Edw. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p 263. ° Walterus Aungerin tenet unam carucatam terrs in Auri et Hole in com. Devon, per serjantiam, quod quotiescunque dominus Rex fugare voluerit in foresta de Ex- more, inveniet eidem domino Regi duas sagittas barbatas. Et valet terra ilia per ann xxs. Plac. Cor. de 9 Edw. I. Devon. Blount, 43. ^ Seriancia Will'mi de Broy de Ayleneton pro qua debuit sequi d'nm Regem in exercitu suo infra com. Hereford, ad custum propriu', quamdiu dns Rex ibm. fuerit et extra com. eundem ad custum dni Regis, scilicet quolibet die pro xij d. De Sf". janciis temp. Henrici Regis filii Regis Johannis. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 6765, p. ?!• 12 Tenures of Land Aylesbury, Co. of Bucks. William, son of William de Aylesbury, holds three yard-lands of our lord the King in Aylesbury, in the county of Bucks, by the serjeanty of finding straw for the bed of our lord the Kmg and to straw his chamber, and. by paying three eels to our lord the King when he should come to Aylesbury in wmter. And also finding for the King, when he should come to Aylesbury in sum- mer, straw for his bed, and moreover grass or rushes to strewhis chamber, and also paying two green geese ; and these services aforesaid he was to perform thrice a year, if the King should happen to come three times to Aylesbury, and not oftener.' Margery de Aspervil held one yard-land of our lord the King in capite, in Aylesbury, in the county of Bucks, by the serjeanty of keeping all the distresses made for the King's^ debt by the summons of the Exchequer.'" Aylmerton, Co. of Norfolk. There was a light in many churches, called Plough-light, maintained by old and young persons, who were husbandmen, before some image ; and on Plough Monday had a feast, went about with a plough, and some dancers to support it.^ Babingworth, Co. of Essex. Margaret Nynge held four acres of pasture, two acres of meadow, three acres of wood, in Babingworth, of our lord the King, by the service of keeping the rod of our lord the King, called the wardstaff, at Babingworth, yearly, when he should come there ; by which same rod the person of our lord the King is represented.* ^ Willielmus filius Willielmi de Alesbury, tenet tres virgatas terras de domino Rege in Alesburj', in com. Buck, per serjantiam inveniendi stramen ad lectum domini Regis, et ad straminandam cameram suam, et reddendi tres anguillas domino Regi, cum venerit apud Alesbury in Yeme, et etiam inveniendi domino Regi, cum venerit apud Alesbury in estate, stramen ad lectum suum, et prseter hoc herbam ad juncandam cameram suam, et etiam reddet duas gantas, et haac servitia prjedicta faciet ter in anno, si conligerit ipsum Reguin ter venire apud Alesbury, et non pluries. Plac. Coron. de 14 Edw. I. Bucks. Blount, 28. ^ Margeria de Aspervil tenet unam virgatam terrse de domino Rege in capite, in Aylesbury, in com. Bucks, per serjantiam custodiendi omnes districtiones" factas pro debito domini Regis per summonitiouem Scaccarii. Pla. Cor. in com. Bucks, 14 Edw. I. Blount, 41. ' Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, vol. iv. p. 287. " Margaret Nynge tenet 4 acr'. pasture, 2 acr'. prati, 3 acr'. bosci, in Babingworthe, de dno Rege, per servic'. custodiendi virgam dni Regis, vocat'. le wardstaffe, apud Bobbingworthe annuatim, cum ibid, venerit ; per quam quidem virgam persona dni Regis representatur. Inquis. 15 Hen. VIII. March i. and Customs of Manors. 13 Badew, Co. of Essex. Robert the Marshall, about the time of King Henry 11., held one hide of land in Badew by the serjeanty of keeping the King's palfrey.' BAtNTON, Co. OF York. In the second year of King Edward II., Peter de Mauley was found to be seised of the manor of Bainton, with the advowson of the church, by the service of finding two knights and four esquires in the King's army for forty days in time of war, and to provide a steward to do suit for him at the King's court at York, from six weeks to six weeks^ Bakton, Co. of Devon. Geoffrey Arblaster holds certain lands in Bakton, in the county of Devon, by the serjeanty of keeping the gaol of the county of Exeter.^ Baldock, Co. of Hertford. To this manor belongs court leet and baron, and it is the custom, when the steward appears at any court, the bell tolls, and the tenants immediately attend the court, do their suit and service at dinner, whither every baker and victualler sendeth a loaf of bread and a flagon of ale or beer, that the steward and jury may examine the measure of their pots, weigh their bread, and taste whether their bread, ale, or beer, be wholesome for man's body.* ' Robertus Marescallus [tenuit] unam hidam in Badew, per serjantiam custodiendi palefridum Regis. Append, to Brady's Introduct. p. 23. 2 Eschet. 3 Edw.. II. n. 34. Blount, 22. In the wardrobe account of the 28th of King Edward I., A.D. 1300, published by the Society of Antiquaries, it appears that the daily pay of a knight was 2s. and that of an esquire 1 2d. : both were obliged to have barded horses ; those who had them not, or neglected to have them mustered and appreciated, had part of their pay struck off, of which an instance occurs of an esquire of the name of John de Clothale, who instead of I2d. received only 8d. per diem, till his horse was mustered and appreciated. Grose's Milit. Antiq. vol. i. pp. 272, 273. Johanni de Clothale percipient' per diem 8d. , quia sine equo appreciato, pro vadiis suis, a 20 die Novembr' anno presenti incipient' usque 23 diem Decembr', utroque computato, per 34 dies, 22s. 8d. Eidem, pro vadiis suis, a 24 die Decembr', quo die equus suus fuit appreciat', usque ultimum diem ejusdem mensis, utroque com- putato, per 8 dies, percipient' per diem I2d. 8s. permanus proprias, 29dieDecemb. Summa il. los. 8d. Ibidem, p. 211.' ' Galfridus Arblaster tenet quandam terram in Bakton, in com. Devon, per ser- jantiam custodiendi gayolam in com. Exoniee. Plac. Coron. de anno 9 Edw. I. Devon. Blount, 44. * Chauncy's Hist. Antiq: of He7-tfordshire, edit, 1700, p. 382. r4 Tenures of Land Balshall, Co. of Warwick. 'By the presentments of a jury of survey, made May nth, 1657, it appears (among other things), "That the lands and 'tenements of the copyholders are to descend to the youngest son Or male issue, and for want of such to the youngest daughter or female issue. " That the first wife was to enjoy, for the term of her natural life, in the name of her free-bench, all the copyhold lands and tenements as her husband died possessed of, she not doing any waste ; but the second or third wife of a copyholder was to have only one-third part of the rents and profits of all such lands, to be agreed on and set forth by three or four honest copyholders ; and that every heir, male or female, widow or termer for life, was to pay for his or their admittance one penny. " That every female heir, in possession of any such copyhold, and every widow that holdeth for term of life, ought to ask licence at the manor-house, called the Temple of the Lord, or his deputy, before they marry ; and if there be no lord or steward, then to have two or three more copyholders to witness her or their such asking of licence, and this done, they may marry ; and at the next court, or some court following, they may come and have allowance of their marriage under the steward's hand, paying five shillings ; and if any such do marry without asking licence, they are to be fined at the will of the lord for their default. " That if any female heir, being in possession of any copyhold, for lack of grace, should happen to commit fornication, or be begotten with child, she was not to forfeit her estate, but she must come into the lord's court, and bring to the lord or his steward a purse of three-halfpenny price, and in that five shillings in money, and so to be acquitted. And that if any widow, being a termer for life in any such lands and profits thereof, do commit fornication or adultery, she is to forfeit her estate for her life, until she agree with the lord by making fine to be restored.'" Bamburgh, Co. of Northumberland. Robert, son of Robert le Porter, of Bamburgh, gave to the King thirteen shillings and fourpence for his relief, for thirty- six acres of land and five acres of meadow, with the appurten- ances, in Bamburgh, which the said Robert his father held of the King in capite by the service of keeping the gate of the Castle of Bamburgh, to take for keeping the same twopence a day, and of finding one watchman every night in the time of peace 1 Vide Pat. 20. R. 2. m. 20, de consuetudine tenentium manerii de Balshall, pro bonis defuncti inter uxorem et liberas dividendis. ^ Dugdale's Antiq. of IVarwickshire, vol. ii. p. 967. and Ciistoms of Manors. 1 5 and war upon a certain gate, called Smythate, in the castle aforesaid, and paying yearly at the Exchequer of the Castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne six shillings and eightpence, and at the town of Bamburgh four shillings and fivepence.' Banbury, Co. of Oxford. The manor of Banbury was held of the Bishop of Lincoln, by the serjeanty of one hundred and forty hens, and one thousand three hundred eggs.^ Banningham, Co. of Norfolk. Roger Bygod, Earl of Norfolk, holds a certain serjeanty in Banningham, which is called Tusard, by the service of finding for our lord the King one Balista, in the time of war, for fifteen days, at his own proper costs.' Barking, Co. Of Essex. In the Harleian collection at the British Museum there is an ancient survey of the manor of Barking (without date and im- perfect). In this survey the services due from the inferior tenants to the abbess and convent are stated at large. One of them (Robert Gerard) was, among other services, to gather a full measure of nuts, called a pybot, four of which should make a bushel ; to go a long journey on foot, once a year, to Col- chester, Chelmsford, Ely, or the like distances, on the business of the convent, carrying a pack ; and other shorter journeys, such as to Brentwood, &c., maintaining himself upon the road. He was to pay a fine for the marriage of his daughter, if she married beyond the limits of the manor, otherwise to make his peace with the abbess as well as he could ; if his daughter should have a bastard child, he was to make the best terms that he could with the abbess for the fine called childwit. It appears also that he could not sell his ox, fed by himself, without the abbess's permission. Some- of the tenants were obliged to watch and guard thieves in the abbess's prison.'* 1 Robertus, filius Roberti le Porter, de Baumburghe, dat Regi 13s. 4d. de relevio suo pro 36 acr'. terr'. et 5 acr'. prati, cum pertin'. in JBaumburghe quas dictus Ro- bertus pater tenuit in capite de Rege per servitium custodiendi portam Castri de Baumburghe, capiend'. pro custodia ejusdem 2d. per diem, et inveniend'. unum vigi- latorem qualibet nocte tempore pads et guerre super quandam portam vocat Smythate in Castro predicto, et reddend'. per annum ad Scaccarium Castri Novi Castri super Tynam vj s. viijd., et villa de Baumburghe 4s. 5d. De termino Mich'. a° 3° Edw. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 99. ^ Item, de serjantia cxl. galling et mille et ccc. ova. Kennett's Paroch. Antiq. P- 354- 3 Rogerus Bygod comes Norf. tenet quandam serjantiam in Banningham, quse vocatur Tusard, per servitium inveniendi domino Regi, unum Balistarium, tempore guerrte, per quindecim dies, sumptibus suis propriis. Rot. Fin. 6 Joh. Rot. 54- Blount, 70. * Lysons' Environs of London, vol, iv. p. 74- 1 6 Tenures of Land The manor of Clay Hall was held under the abbess and convent of Barking by a quit rent of iSs, 3d., and the following services — viz., that the tenant should come in person to the Abbey Church of Barking, on the vigil of St Ethelburgh the Virgin, and there attend and guard the high altar from the first hour of vespers till nine o'clock the next morning ; and that he should be ready at all times with a horse and man to attend the abbess and her steward when going upon the business of the convent anywhere within the four seas ; and lastly, that the abbess should have by way of heriot, upon the death of every tenant, his best horse and accoutrements.'' Barneby, Co. of York. Dionysia, daughter and heir of Robert de Crepping, holds one toft and four oxgangs of land, with the appurtenances, in Barneby, near Pucklington, in the county of York, by the service of finding part of one archer within the King's Castle of York, for forty days, in the time of war.^ Barnsbury (formerly Berner's-bury and Beldon Manor), Co. Middlesex. The fines in this manor are arbitrary, and at the will of the lord, whose custom is to take two years' improved rent on a descent, and one year and a half on alienation. No heriots are paid, nor are widows entitled to dower.^ Barnes, Co. of Surrey. , The Dean and Chapter of St Paul's formerly paid a sparrow- hawk yearly, or in lieu thereof two shillings, to the Archbishop of Canterbury, as lord of the manor of Wimbledon, to be exempted from serving the office of reeve or provost within that manor.* Barnstaple, Co. of Devon. Geoffry de Canvill holds a part of the borough, with the Castle of Barnstaple, of our lord the King in capite, by the 1 Mr Lethieullier's MS. from Esch. 15 Edw. IV. Lysons' Envir. vol. iv. pp. 82, 83. ^ Dionisia, filia et heres Roberti de Crepping, tenet unum toftum et iv. bovat. terrce, cum pertinentijs, in Barneby juxta Pucklington, in com. Ebor, per servitium inveniendi partem unius sagitt'. infra castrum Regis Ebor. per 40 dies, tempore guerre. De termino Hillarij, anno 1 1 Ric. II. Rot. 1°. ^ Nelson's hut. of Islington. ■* Pat. Rolls, 10 Hen. IV. p. i. m. 19. Lysons' Environs of London, vol. j. p. 14. and Customs of Manors. 1 7 death of Matilda, wife of the said Geoffry, who was heir of Henry de Tracy, by the service of two knights or four esquires, with coats-of-mail, iron helmets, and lances, when our lord the King should march with an army, for forty days, at the cost of the aforesaid Geoffry.' Barton or Berton, Co. of Nottingham. King John granted to Robert de Hose land in Berton, of the Honour of Nottingham, to be held by the service of yielding the King yearly one soar hawk, &c.^ Battersea, Co. of Surrey. In this manor lands descend to the youngest son ; but in default of sons, they do not go to the youngest daughter, but are divided among the daughters equally.^ Battle-Abbey, Co. of Sussex. The customary tenants of this manor were to mow, spread, turn, cock, carry to the manor of the lord, and pitch to the stack, one acre of meadow, of the meadow of the lord. They ought also to find, throughout all autumn, one man to stack the corn of the lord in the said manor, whilst any of the lord's corn shall remain to be stacked.* Castle-Baynard, in the City of London. The rights that belonged to Robert Fitz-Walter, chastilian and banner-bearer of London, Lord of Wodeham, were these : — The said Robert and his heirs ought to be and are chief ^ Galfridus de Canvill tenet predictum burgum de Barnest;aple cum Castello de dno Rege in capite, per decensum Matild'. ux. predict! Galfri'. que est heres Henr' de Tracy, per servic'. duorum militii vel quatubr armigerar' cum loric', capeir ferreis, et lancea quod dns Rex vadit in exercitu, per xl dies, ad custum predicti Galfri'. Inquis. Co. Devon, a° 3° Edw. I. Rot. Hundr'. vol. i. 63. No. 3. ^ Cartular. S. Edmund. MS. Jac. Lavi' Diet. tit. Sorus Accipiter. " Lysons' Environs of London, vol. i. p. 30. * Tenentes debent falcare, spergere, vertere, cumulare, cariare in manerium domini, et ad tassum furcare unam acram prati, de prato doraini : et invenient etiam per totam autumpnum unum hominem ad tassanduM blada domini in dicto manerio, dum blada domini ibidem tassanda fuerint. Customar.- de Bello in com. Sussex. Blount, 164. B 1 8 Tenures of Land bannerets of London, in fee for the chastiliary, which he and his ancestors had by Castle-Baynard, in the said city. In time of war the said Robert and his heirs ought to serve the city in manner as followeth ; that is, The said Robert ought to come, he being the twentieth man of arms on horseback, covered with cloth or armour, unto the great west door of St Paul, with his banner displayed before him of his arms. And when he is come to the said door, mounted and apparelled, as before is said, the mayor, with his aldermen and sheriffs, armed in their arms, shall come out of the said church of St Paul unto the said door, with a banner in his hand, all on foot ; which banner shall be gules, the image of St Paul, gold ; the face, hands, feet, and sword, of silver ; and as soon as the said Robert shall see the mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs come on foot out of the church, armed with such a banner, he shall alight from his horse, and salute the mayor, and say to him, " Sir mayor, I am come to do my service which I owe to the city." And the mayor and aldermen shall answer, " We give to you, as to our banneret of fee in this city, the banner of this city to bear and govern, to the honour and profit of this city, to your power." And the said Robert and his heirs shall receive the banner in his hands, and go on foot out of the gate with the banner in his hands ; and the mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs shall follow to the door, and shall bring an horse to the said Robert worth twenty pounds ; which horse shall be saddled with a saddle of the arms of the said Robert, and shall be covered with sindals of the said arms. Also they shall present to him twenty pounds sterling, and deliver it to the chamberlain of the said Robert, for his expenses that day. Then the said Robert shall mount upon the horse which the mayor presented to him, with the banner in his hand ; and as soon as he is up he shall say to the mayor, that he must cause a marshal to be chosen for the host, one of the city ; which being done, the said Robert shall command the mayor and burgesses of the city to warn the commons to assemble, and all go under the banner of St Paul ; and the said Robert shall bear it himself to Aldgate, and there the said Robert and mayor shall deliver the said banner of St Paul to whom they think proper. And if they are to go out of the city, then the said Robert ought to choose two out of every ward, the most sage persons, to look to the keeping of the city after they are gone out. And this counsel shall be taken in the Priory of the Trinity near Aldgate. And before every town or castle which the host of London shall besiege, if the siege continue a whole year, the said Robert shall have for every siege, of the commonalty of London, one hundred shillings, and no more. These were the rights that Robert Fitz- Walter had in time of and Customs of Manors. 19 war : the rights that belonged to him and his heirs in the city of London, in time of peace, were as follow : — That is to say, the said Robert Fitz-Walter had a soke or ward in the city, where was a wall of the canonry of St Paul, which led down by a brewhouse of St Paul to the Thames, and so to the side of the mill whcih was in the water coming down from Fleetbridge, and went by London wall betwixt the Friars preachers and Ludgate, and so returned by the house of the said friars to the said wall of the canonry of St Paul ; that is, all the parish of St Andrew, which was in the gift of his ancestors by the said seniority ; and so the said Robert had appendant unto the said soke all the things under- written. That he ought to have a sokeman, and to place what soke- man he will, so he be of the sokemanry, or the same ward : and if any of the sokemanry be impleaded in the Guildhall of any- thing that toucheth not the body of the mayor that for the time is, or that toucheth not the body of a sheriff, it is not lawful for the sokeman of the sokemanry of the said Robert Fitz-Walter to demand a court of the said Robert ; and the mayor and his citizens of London ought to grant him to have a court ; and in his court he ought to bring his judgments, as it is assented and agreed upon in the Guildhall, that shall be given him. If any therefore be taken in his sokemanry, he ought to have his stocks and imprisonment in his soken ; and he shall be brought from thence to the Guildhall before the mayor, and there they shall provide him his judgment that ought to be given of him ; but his judgment shall not be pub- lished till he come into the court of the said Robert, and in his liberty. And the judgment shall be such, that if he have deserved death by treason, he be tied to a post in the Thames at a good wharf, where boats are fastened, two ebbings and two Sowings of the water. And if he be condemned for a common thief, he ought to be led to the Elms, and there suffer his judgment as other thieves. And so the said Robert and his heirs hath honour, that he holdeth a great franchise within the city, that the mayor of the city and citizens are bound to do him of right ; that is to say, that when the mayor will hold a great council, he ought to call the said Robert and his heirs to be with him in council of the city ; and the said Robert ought to be sworn to be of council with the city against all people, saving the King and his heirs. And when the said Robert cometh to the hustings of the Guild- hall of the city, the mayor, or his lieutenant, ought to rise against him, and set him down near unto him ; and so long as he is in the Guildhall, all the judgments ought to be given by his mouth, according to the record of the recorders of the said Guildhall : 20 Tenures of Land and so many waifes as come so long as he is there, he ought to give them to the bailiffs of the town, or to whom he will, by the council of the mayor of this city. ' The castle, called Baynard's Castle, was built by Baynard, a noble Norman, who came in with the Conqueror, and died in the reign of William Rufus : he was succeeded by Geoffry Baynard, 1 Servitia e.t libertates Roberti Fitz-Walter, de Castro Baynardi, in London. Ces sont les droiets que appendent a Robert Filz-Wauter Chastellein de Loundres, Seigneur de Wodeham, en la citee de Loundres : cestascavoir que le dit Robert et ces heirs deivent estre et sont cliief banoyers de Londres, de fee, pour la dicte chastelrie, que ces auncestres et luy ont du Chastel Baynard en la dicte citee. En temps de guerre doit le diet Robert et ces heirs servir la ville en la manere de souz escript. Que le diet Robert doit venir sus son destrer covert, montant soi vintisme des horames as armes, as chevaulx coverts de teyle ou de fer tanq ; al graund huis de mynstre de S. Pol, ove sa banere desploye devant luy, de ses armes. Et quant il est venuz a grand huis du mynstier avantdit. mountez et apparaillez, sicome il est avantdit, si doit le mair de Loundres venir, ove touz ses viscountz et ses audermans, armes de leur armes hors du mynstier de S. Pol, taunq ; au dit huis, ove son banere en sa main, tout a pee : et serra la banere vermaile ove un ymage de S. Pol, d'or, ove les piez et les mains, et la teste d'argent, od un espeie d'argent en la main le diet ymage. Et si tost come le diet Robert verra, le meire, et ses vicounts, et ses audermans venir au pee hors del dit mynstre ormez ove cete banere ; si descendera le dit Robert ou ces heirs, que ceo servise deivent a la dite citee de son chival, et saluera le meire come son compaignon et son pier, et luy dirra : — Sire maire, ico su venur pour faire mon service que jeo dei a la cittee. Et le maire, les viscounts, et les audermans divront : nous vous baillons ici come a nostre baner de fee de ceste ville ceste banere de ceste ville a porter et govern er al honour et a profit de nostre citee a vostre poer. Et le dit Robert et ses heirs resceveront la banere en sa main. Et le mair de la dicte citee et les viscounts le suiveront al huis, et meneront un chival au dit Robert pris de £tA. Et serra le chival enselle d'un selle d'armes ledit Robert et covert de cendal de mesme les armes ; et prendront ;^xx d'esterling, et les baudront al chamberleyn le dit Robert pour ses depensees de eel jour. Et le dit Robert montera le cheval, qui le diet maire li ad presente, ouve tute le banere en sa main. Et si toste come il est montee, il dirra au maire q'il face eslier un mareschal maintenant, de ost de la citee de Londres. Et si tost come le mareschal est esleuz, le dit Robert ferra commander au maire et a ses burgeis de la ville que facent soner le sein communal de la dit citee ; et irront tute le commune suiz la banere S. Pol, mesmes sell Robert postera en sa main de mesme tanque a Algate enavansa porter a qui le dit Robert et le maire se asseutent. Si issint soit q'il deivent issue fuire hors de la ville si doit donques le dit Robert, de chechune garde de la ville, eslier, deux des plus sages pour pourveier, coment la ville poet mielux estre garde derere eux. Et ceo counsel serra pris en la priorie de la Trinite, id est juxta Aldgate. Et devant chescun ville ou chastel que I'ost de Loundres assege sil demorast un an entour le siege, si deit le dit Robert avoir pour chescun siege de la commune de Loundres cent seuz pour son travail, et nient plus. Ces sont les droec- tures que le diet Rol?ert avera en Loundres en temps de guerre. Ces sont les droectures q'appendent a Robert le Fitz-Walter, et a ces heirs en Loundres, en temps de pees. Cestascavoir, que le diet Robert ad un sokne et le citee de Loundres ; cestascavoir du mure de la chanoniare de S. Pol, si come home va aval la rue devant le bracine de S. Pol, tanque a Thamise ; et issent tanque a cost du molin q'est en I'eaw quevint avale del pount de Flete, et vu issi sus par les murs de Loundres tout entour les freres prechours, tanque a Ludgate : et issint re- tourne jus arere par le meisan de ses ditz freres, tanq. a la dit cornere de mure de la dite chanoinerie de S. Pol, testascavoir tout la paroche del ,esglise de S. Andrew, q'est en le donesein de ces auncestres par la dit seigneurie. Si ad le dit Robert appendant a cele sokne, toutz cestes choses desus escritts ; q'il doit avoir sokman, et mettre qui q'il voudra sokman mel q'il soit de la sokmanrie. Et si nul de la sok- manrie soit implede en la gihalle de nul chose, que ne touche' le corps le meire, qui que soit pour le temps ; ou qui touch le corps de lUil viscounte de la dicte ville, list a sokman de sokmaneri le dit Robert le Fitz- Water, a demaunder la court le dit Robert Fitz-Waulter. Et le meire et le citizens de Loundres le deivent graunter d'aver sa court ; et en sa court doit son juggement porter ainsi come il est assentu en la gui- and Customs of Manors. 2 1 and he by William Bay.nard, in the year 11 11, who forfeited his estate for felony ; on which King Henry I. gave it to Robert, son of Richard, son of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Pembroke, and his heirs. This Robert died in 1134, and was succeeded by Walter, his son, who died in the year 1198, and was succeeded by his son, Robert Fitz- Walter, a valiant knight, whose daughter Matilda King John was passionately fond of, but she, refusing his addresses, was poisoned, and her father banished, but after- wards restored to the King's favour. This Robert died in 1234, and was succeeded by Walter, his son, and he by Robert, his son, who in the year 1303, before John Blondon or Blount, mayor of London, acknowledged his service to the city, and sware upon the Evangelists, that he would be true to the liberties thereof, &c.' This Robert, who died in the year 1305, is the same Robert above-mentioned. [Beaumanor, Co. of Leicester. Certain land in the township of Woodhouse, in this county, is held of the manor of Beaumanor, near Loughborough, the pro- perty of the Herrick family, by a chevage, or chief-rent, consist- ing of a garland of flowers, with a spear and three rosebuds. This tribute seems to have been paid from time immemorial, probably from the reign of Edward L, or before. Nichols, in his History of Leicestershire, describes the custom as above ; but the present proprietor of Beaumanor, Mr W. Perry- Herrick; writes to the editor (1873) : " In a court of survey in 1656, the lands are said to be held by fealty suit of court, and by a yearly rent of one red-rose garland and one barbed or broad arrow, with two rosebuds, upon the feast of John the Baptist." halle que done li serra. Si nul laron soit pris en son sokne, il doit ayer son cep et son prisonraent en son sokne ; et serra illucq. menez tanq. a la gihalle devant le rtieire, et la paurveiront son juggement qui le deit ester donee ; mes son juggement ne serra mie puplic tanq. il veigne en court le dit Robert, et en sa franchise. Et serra la jugge- ment tiel. s'il ad mort deservi pur traison, q'il soit lie au piler que estret en Thamaise al wode warfe, la ou home attache les niefes, deux montes et deux recreces del eawe. Et s'il soit dampne pur common larcin il deit estre menee as homeaus (id est helmes) et suffrir la son juggement come autres communs larouns. Et si ad le dit Robert et ses heires un grand honeur, q'il tient a un grant franchise en la dit citee : que le maire de la citee et les citizens de la mesme ville, li deivent faire de droit ; cestasjavoir, que quant le maire voet tenir un grand conseil, il doit appeller le dit Robert ou ses heires, per estre a son conseil, et a conseil de la ville. Et deit le dit Robert estre jurez du counseil de ville oountra toutz gentz, save le Roy d'Engleterre et ses heires. Et quant le dit Robert vint a hustings en la gihalle de la citee, si deit le meire, ou son lieutenant lever countre li, et le mette pres de luy. Et taunt come il est en la dite gihalle si deivent tous les juggements oste donez par my sa bouche selone le record des recordours de la gihalle. Et totz les weyfes qui veignont tanque il y soit, il les doit doner as bailiffs de la ville ou a qui il voudra per le counseil le maire de la dite citee. Ex antiq. MS. penes Gul. Dugdale, Mil. Blount, 112. 1 Stow^e's Survey of London, p. 56, edit. r633. 2 2 Tenures of Land It seems that the spear goes back every year to Woodhouse to be renewed and redecorated.] Beckingtree, Hundred of, Co. of Essex. John le Parker holds half a hide of land by the serjeanty of keeping the park of our lord the King, and the outwood, and it was worth yearly half a mark.' Bedford, Barony of. John, Lord Latimer, at the coronation of King Henry IV., although he was under age, and notwithstanding that his posses- sions were in the King's hands, yet by his attorney, Sir Thomas Grey Knight, claimed for himself and the Duke of Norfolk, and had the office of almoner for the day, by reason of certain lands which sometime belonged to the Lord William Beauchamp of Bedford. They had a towel of fine linen cloth prepared, to put in the silver basin that was appointed to be given in alms ; and likewise they had the distribution of the cloth that covered the pave- ment and floors, from the King's chamber doors to the place in the church of Westminster where the pulpit stood. The residue, that was spread in the church, the sexton had.= At the coronation of King James II., the Earl of Exeter, Sir George Blundell, and Thomas Snaggs, as being seised of several parts of the barony of Bedford, respectively claimed to execute the office of almoner ; and, as the fees of that office, to have the silver alms-basin, and the distribution of all the silver therein, and of the cloth spread for their Majesties to walk on, as also the fine linen towel, a ton of wine, &c. On reference to the King to appoint which of them he pleased, the Earl was appointed, pro hac vice, with a salvo jure to the other two ; but the silver dish and the cloth from the throne in Westminster Hall to the west door of the Abbey Church, were only allowed.' Bedminster, Co. of Dorset. In the manor of Bedminster, in the county of Dorset, is this custom, that a copyholder ought to nominate his successor, otherwise the land shall escheat ; and it has been allowed to be a good custom.'' Bekesbourne, Co. of Kent. In the reign of Henry III., as appears from the Testa de Johannes le Parker tenet dimid. hidam terras, per serjantiam custodiendi parcum donimi Regis et Boscum Forinsecum, et valet per annum dimidiam marcam. Plac Cor. II Hen. III. Rot. I. apud Chelmesford. Blount, 50. ^ Cromp. 86. s Sandf. Hist. Coron. « Lex Cust. 35. and Customs of Manors. 23 Nevi], William de Beke held this manor in grand serjeanty, by the service of finding one ship for the King whenever he passed the seas, and presenting to him three marks.' Benham, Co. of Berks. William Lovell holds two carucates of land of our lord the King, at Benham, in the county of Berks, by the serjeanty of keeping a kennel of harriers at the King's cost.^ William de Valence holds ten pounds a year of land in that town, which had escheated to our lord the King by (the attainder of) Hugh Wake, by the serjeanty of keeping the door of the King's chamber.^ Benham, Co. of Gloucester. Fulke Fitz Warine held certain lands in Bentham, in the county of Gloucester, of Thomas Lord Berkley, Lord of Brim- mesfeild, by serjeanty, to carry a horn in Brimmesfeild park betwixt the feasts of the Assumption and the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin (iSth August and 8th September) at such time as the King should hunt there."* Bentley, Co. of Hants. Thomas de Brustvil holds ten pounds a year of land in Bent- legh, in the county of Southampton, by the serjeanty of finding a man with a bow and arrows in the army of our lord the King, in England and Wales, for forty days, at his own costs.^ Bentley, Co, of York. Richard Scrope holds the manor of Bentley, with its members, for four knights' fees, and pays yearly, at the feast of St Thomas the Apostle, for castle-guard, twenty shillings ; and at the Puri- fication of the Blessed Mary, six shillings and eightpence ; and at the feast of Easter, for meat to the watchmen, eightpence ; ' Beauties of England and Wales, vol. viii. p. 1096. ^ Willielmus Lovell tenet duas carucatas terrae de domino Rege apud Benham in com. Berks, per serjantiam custodiendi unammeutam heymectorum canum, ad custum domini Regis. Plac. Coron. apud Windesor, 12 Edw. I. Blount, 38. 3 Willielmus de Valence tenet decern libratas terras de domino Rege in eadem villa, quae fuit escaeta domino Regi, per Hugonem Wake, per serjantiam custodiendi hos- tium camerse domini Regis. Plac. Coron. apud Windesor, 12 Edw. I. Blount, 38. ■' Eschet. 23 Edw. III. No. 39, Glouc. Blount, 132. 5 Thomas de Brustvil tenet decern libratas terras in Bentlegh in com. Southampton, per serjantiam inveniendi unum hominem cum arcu et sagittis in exercitu domini Regis in Anglia et Wallia, per xl dies, sumptibus suis propriis. Plac. Coron. 8 Edw. I. Rot. 20. dorso. Blount, 85. 24 Tenures of Land and aid to the sheriff two shillings and sixpence; and at the feast of the Nativity of St John the Baptist, for castle-guard, twenty shillings ; and at the feast of St Michael, for meat to the watchmen, eightpence ; and for aid to the sheriff, two shillings and sixpence ; and does suit to the court from three weeks to three weeks : and the said manor is now in the tenure of Richard Scrope, Esq.' j -c-i- It afterwards belonged to Adam de Newmarch ; and 19 Eiiz., 1577, to Francis Wyndham, Esq., and was held by the same Services.'' ' 1 -j The heirs of John Annesley ho4d one knight's fee of the said four knights' fees, and pay to the Castle of Tickhill, at the feast of the Purification of the Blessed Mary, twelvepence, and more eightpence halfpenny.^ Berealston, Co. of Devon, was made a borough by its ancient lords, but sent no burgesses to Parliament until 27 Eliz. The returning officer is the port reve, who is annually chosen in the lord's court by the free- holders.'* Bericote, Co. of Warwick. King Henry II. enfeoffed one Boscher, his servant, with the manor of Bericote, in the county of Warwick, by the service of keeping a white young braoh (brachetam), with red ears, to be delivered to the King at the year's end, and then to receive another to breed up, with half a quarter of bran.' Berkholt, Co. of Suffolk. The men of Berkholt, in the county of Suffolk, say that in the time of King Henry, grandfather of our lord the present King (Henry III.), they used to have this custom, that when they would marry their daughters, they used to give to the lord for licence so to do, two ores, which were worth thirty-two pence.* - 1 Richardus Scrope tenet manerium de Bentley, cum membris, pro iiii feod. milit. et redd, per annum, ad festum Sancti Thomas Apostoli, pro warda castri xxs. et Pur. Beatse Marise, vis. viiid. et ad festum Paschee, pro cibo vigilat. viiid. et auxilium vie. iis. vid. Et ad festum Nat. Sancti Johannis Baptiste, pro warda castri xxs. et ad festum Sancti Michaelis, pro cibo vigilat. viiid. et ad auxilium vie. iis. vid. Et fact, sect. cur. de tribus septimanis in tres septimanas. Et praedietum manerium mode est in tenur. Ricliardi Scrope, armig. Ex Rot. Feodar. Hon. Tickhill. ^ Return of a coijimission to inquire concerning the Honor of Tickhill, dated 28 June, 19 Elizabeth. " Et hered. Johannis Annesley tenent de dictis iiii feod. unum feod. et reddit Castro de TykhuU, ad festum Pur. Beatse Marise xiid. et plus viiid. ob. Ex Rot. praedict. * Gurdon's Hist., p. 244. ^ Sir W. Dugd. Antiq. of Warwkkshire. Blount, 2. ^ Homines de Berkholt, in com. Suffolk, dicunt quod tempore 'Regis Henrici, avi domini Regis nunc, solebant habere talem consueludinem, quod quando maritare volebant filias suas, solebant dare (domino) pro filiabus suis maritandis duas oras, quae valeut xxxii denarios. Plac. coram. Rege Mich. 37 Hen. HI. Rot. 4. Blount, 159. and Customs of Manors. 25 Bermeton, Co. of Durham. In the fourth year of the pontificate of Bishop Hatfield, 1348, Thomas de Bermeton died seised, &c., of one oxgang of land, with the appurtenances, in Bermeton, and it was held in capite of Robert de Skirnyngham, by the service of three grains of pepper yearly.' Bery, Co. of Devon. Geoffery de la Worthy holds one tenement, four acres of land and a half, and two gardens of Henry de la Pomeray, in Bery, rendering at Easter and Midsummer five shillings apd ninepence, and one pound of wax and three capons, the price of the wax sixpence, and of the capons one penny. == BicKNOR, Co. OF Gloucester. Cecilia Muchgrave held the manor of Bicknor of the King in capite, by the service of fifteen shillings, to be paid yearly — viz., by the serjeanty of keeping a certain wood in the forest of Deane, by means of one man with a bow and arrows.3 BiCKTON, JUXTA SHREWSBURY, Co. OF SALOP. The inhabitants of Bickton were bound by their tenure to carry the lord's dung into his fields, to plough his ground at cer- tain days, sow and reap his corn, &c., and even to empty his Jakes. But this was afterwards turned into a rent, now called Bickton silver, and the villanous service excused. Bickton was held of Clun Castle in Shropshire.* BiLSINGTON, Co. OF KENT. The Prior of Bilsington held a certain part of a serjeanty in " Bilsington, in the county of Kent, by serving the lord the King with his cup on Whitsunday.^ 1 Thomas de Bermeton ob'. s'. &c., de una bovat'. terrae, cum pertin'. in Ber- meton, et tenetur in capite de Roberto de Skyrnyngham, per servic'. trium granor' pip'is per ann. Inquis. post mortem Thomae de Bermeton. 4 Hatfield. '^ Galfridus de la Worthy tenet unum ten', iiij ac's terre et dim', duo gardin' r'. ad Pasch'. ei ad nat'. bi'. Johannis Baptiste vs. ix den', j libram cere et iij capon', p't cere vi den', p't capon', id. Extent', terrarum et ten'. Henrici de la Pom'ay in Bery, in com. Devon, &c. Testa de Nevil, p. 185. 2 Cecilia Muchgrave ten', m. de Bicknor de R. in capite, per servic'. xvs. annuatim solvend. per seriantiam — viz., custod. quendam boscum in foresta de Deane, per unum hominem cum arcu et sagittis. 30 Edw. I. Cotton, MS. Brit. Mus. Titus, C. ji.. p. 17. * Blount, Law Did. v. Villenage. * Prior de Bilsington tenet quandam partem serjantiffi in Bilsington, in com. Kantiee, ad serviendum dominum Regem, die Pentecostes, de coupa sua. In Rot. Hundred, anno 3 Edw. I. Rot. 7. Kane. Blount, 62. 2 6 Tenures of Land The ancestors of the Earl of Arundel used to hold the manor of Bilsington, in the county of Kent, which is worth ;^3o a year, by the serjeanty of being butlers of our lord the King on Whit- sunday.' At the coronation of King Henry IV., Thomas Earl of Arundel, chief butler of England, obtained to exercise that office the day of the coronation, and had the fees thereto be- longing granted to him, to wit, the goblet with which the King was served, and other things to that his office appertaining ; the vessels of wine excepted that lay under the bar, which were adjudged to the Lord Steward, the said Earl of Arundel's claim notwithstanding.^ At the coronation of King Charles II., Robert Bernham, Esq., held the manor of East Bilsington,'in the county of Kent, of the King, by the service of presenting the King with three maple cups on the day of his coronation, which service was performed at the coronation of the said King by Erasmus Smith, Esq., in behalf of the said Robert Bernham ;^ and a claim to do the like service was made at the coronation of King James II. by the lord of the manor of Nether Bilsington, in Kent, and allowed.* BiNSTON, Co. OF Norfolk. William de Meaulinges holds his land by the serjeanty of selling the cattle of our lord the King at the market-place of Norwich, and his land in Binston was worth forty shillings.^ Birkenhead Abbey, Co. of Chester. Richard Prepositus (Reeve) holds three oxgangs of land there by keeping the wainhouses of our lord the King.^ Biscopestre, Co. of . King Griffin (Griffith ap Llewelyn ap Sitsyllt, or Griffith ap Conan) had a manor at Biscopestreu ; and he had one carucate of land in demesne, and his men six carucates. When the King himself came thither, every carucate paid to him two hundred fowls, one cask full of ale, and one rusliin of butter. ' ' Antecessores comitis Arundel solebant tenere manerium de Bilsynton, in com. Kantise quod valet per ann ;£xxx per serjantiam essendi pincerna domini Regis in die Pentecostes. Pla. Coron. 21 Edw. I. Rot. 27. Kane. Blount, 61. * Cromp. 85, b. 3 Narrative of Elias Ashmole, Esq. * Sandf. Hist. Coron. ' Willielmus de Meaulinges ten', terram suam per serjantiam vendendi averia diii Reg', ad forum de Norwico, et valet terra sua in Binston xls. Testa de Nevil, p. 284. 8 Ricardus Prepositus tenet 3 bovat'. ter'. per waynag dni R. custodiend'. Feodary for the comity of Lancaster. Harl. MS. No. 2085. p. 434. ' Habuit Rex Griffin unum manerium Biscopestreu, et in domino xmam carucatam habebat, et homines ejus sex carucas. Quando ipse Rex ibi veniebat, reddebat ei unaqusque caruca cc hesthas, unam cuvam plenam cervisia, et unam butyri ruscam. Domesday, tit, Cestre. Blount, 80. and Customs of Manors. 2 7 BISHOP'S-AUCKLAND, CO. OF DURHAM. In the twelfth year of the pontificate of Bishop Shirlawe, 1399, Dionisia, widow of John Pollard the elder, died seised of one piece of land, called Hekes, near the Park of Auckland, which was held of the lord bishop in capite, by the service of showing to the bishop one falchion, at his first coming to Auckland after his consecration.' These lands, now called Pollard's Lands, at Bishop's- Auckland, worth above ;^200 a year, continue to be held by the same service. Doctor Johnson of Newcastle met Bishop Egerton in September 1771, at his first arrival there, and presented a falchion upon his knee, and addressed him in the old form of words, saying, " My Lord ! in behalf of myself, as well as of the several other tenants of Pollard's Lands, I do humbly present your Lordship with this falchion, at your first coming here, wherewith, as the tradition goeth. Pollard slew of old a great and venomous serpent, which did much harm to man and beast : and by the performance of this service these lands are holden." ' This tenure, and that at Sockburne below- mentioned, are the only two performed at this day in the county.^ Bishop's Castle, Co. of Salop. Within the manor of Bishop's Castle, in the county of Salop, Howel de Lydom and William ap John held one yard-land, paying three shillings at the feast of Pentecost, and three shil- lings at Michaelmas, or three ploughshares, three coulters, and to repair the iron-work of three ploughs, at the election of the Bishop's bailiffs. All the burgesses of Bishop's Castle, in the county of Salop, ought to find one man three times a year for the hunting stand, the diversion to be taken whenever the Bishop should please.* BiWELL, Co. OF Northumberland. Hugh de Baliol was certified to hold the barony of Biwell in the county of Northumberland of the King, by the service of five knights' fees, and to find thirty soldiers for the guard of 1 Dionisia, quae fuit uxor Johannis Pollard senior, obit s. in Dom. &c. de una pec. terrje, voc. Hekes, juxta Parca de Aukland, quae tenetur de domino episcopo in capite, per servitium ostend. domino episcopo unum fawchon, in primo adventu suo apud Aukland post consecrac. suam. Inquis. post mortem Dionisiae Pollard, Viduas. 2 Mr Allan's Notes. ^ ibid. * Omnes burgenses de Bishop's Castle, in com. Salop, debent invenire unum hominem ter per annum, ad stabliamentura pro venatione capienda, quando episcopus voluerit. Liber niger Heref. Blount, 165. 28 Tenures of Land Newcastle-upon-Tyne, as his ancestors had done from the time of King William Rufus (whose elder brother Robert built the castle from whence the town takes it name, being before called Monk-Chester), by whom they were enfeoffed of that barony, as the record expresseth/ Blachington, Co. op Sussex. Thomas de Peverel holds lands in Blachington by the service of finding a squire to attend the King for forty days at his own cost, whenever the King should march into Wales.^ Bladene, Co. of Oxford. Walter de Hauvill holds the town of Bladene of the gift of our lord the King, by the serjeanty of keeping the King's birds, and it was worth seven pounds.^ Blakeston, Co. of Durham. In the sixth year of the pontificate of Bishop Bury, 1338, 'Ralph de Rungeton held of Richard, son of Richard of the Park, in Blakeston three messuages, forty acres of land, and four acres of meadow, by fealty, and the service of two shillings and fourpence, and a pair of gloves, and iialf a pound of cummin- seed.* And in the fifth year of the pontificate of Thomas Hatfield, Bishop of Durham, 1349, WilHam de Blaykeston held in the town of Blaykeston, the same premises of Roger de Blakeston, by fealty and homage, and the service of paying to the same Roger, yearly, two shillings and fourpence, and one pair of gloves, and half a pound of cummin-seed, yearly.^ Blandford Bryan, Co. of Dorset. Eve, daughter and heiress of Ralph de Stopham, acknowledged to hold as of the inheritance of the said Eve, a certain tenement in Blandford Bryan, of the King in capite, by the service of ^ Testa de Nevil. Northumb. Blount, 14. ' Et Thomas de Peverel tenet terram in Blachington, per idem servitiuiiv Plac. Cor. 7 Edw. I. Blount, 83. ^ Walterus de Hauvill tenuit villam de Bladene de done dni Regis, per serjantiam custodiendi aves dni Regis, et val'. £y\]. Testa de Nevil, p. 107. * Radus de Rungeton tenet [de] Rico fil. RicI de Parco de Blakeston, tria mess xl acr'. terrse, iiii acr'. p'ti, per fid. et servic'. ii s. iiii d. et unius par cirotecarium, et medietat. unius libre cumini. Inquis. post mortem Radi de Rungeton. ' Willielmus de Blaykeston ten', in villa de Blaykeston tria mess, xl acr'. terrse, et iiii acr'. p'ti, de Roge;o de Blakeston, per fid. et hom. et servic'. red'do eid'. Rog'o per ann. iis. iiiid. et unum par cirotecarum, et medietat'. unius libre cumini, per ann. Inquis. post mortem WiUielmi de Blaykeston. and Customs of Manors. 29 finding for our lord the King, in his army in Wales, one footman, with a bow without a string, and an arrow without feathers.^- Blebury, Co. of Berks. Among the customary services from the tenants in Blebury to the Abbot and convent of Reading, was that the aforesaid Abbot was to have of them two reap-days of every carucate per annum, which are called beverches, and with every plough two men each day to the Abbot's dinner.^ Blechesdon, Co. of Oxford. Anno 1339, thirteenth and fourteenth Edward III., an inquisi- tion was taken on the death of Joan, widow of Thomas de Mus- grave of Blechesdon, wherein it appears that the said Joan held the moiety of one messuage, and one carucate of land, in Blech- esdon of the King, by the service of carrying one shield of brawn, price twopence, to the King, whenever he should hunt in the park of Cornbury, and do the same as often as the King should so hunt, during his stay at his manor of Woodstock.^ Blofield Hundred, Co. of Norfolk. It appears from the register of St Bennet's Abbey, that when an estate, which ought to do suit to the hundred court,'* came to be divided by sale, descent, or inheritance, by divers persons into divers parts, yet but one suit was to be done.^ BOCKHAMPTON, CO. OF BERKS. William Hobbshort (or Hoppshort) held an estate in this parish by the serjeanty of carrying the King's horn, when he came to hunt within the hundred of Lambourn.^ William Hoppeshort holds half a yard-land, in that town, of 1 Eva, filia et heres Radulphi de Stopham, cognovit tenere de hered'. predicte Eve quaedam ten. in Blanford Bryan, de Rege in capita, per servicium inveniendi domino Regi in exercitu, sue Wallie unum servientem peditem cum arcu sine cliorda, et buzone sine pennis. De termino Mich'is. a° 30 Edw. I. Ibid. p. 23. ^ Inter servitia customaria tenentium in Blebury, de domino abbatis et conventus Reading. Predictus abbas habebit de eis duas precarias carucatum per annum, que vocantur beverches, et cum qualibet carruca duos homines qualibet die ad prandium abbatis. Cartular. Reading, MS. f. 223. 3 Jurati dicunt, quod Johanna quse fuit uxor Thomse de Musgrave, de Blechesdon, tenuit medietatem unius messuagii, et unam carucatam terra;, in Blechesdon, de domino Rege, per servitium deferendi domino Regi unam hastam porci, pret. iid. ; et cum idem dominus Rex, in proinria persona sua, fugaverit in parco suo de Cornbury, hoc subintellecto, semel dictam hastam per se vel per alium deferendo ad primam fuga- tionem suam, pro toto tempore quo idem dominus Rex apud manerium suum de Wodestock moram traxerit. Kennet's Paroch. Antiq. p. 450. ■* Reg. Holm. fo. 145. ° Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, vol. iv. p. 2. '' Lysons's Mag. Brit. vol. i. p. 308. 3 o Tenures of Land our lord the King, by the service of keeping for the King six damsels, to wit, whores, at the cost of the King.' This was called pimp-tenure.^ John le Bay holds two hides of land of our lord the King, in Bokhampton, by the serjeanty of keeping a kennel of little harriers, at the King's cost.^ BOGHTON, OR BROUGHTON, CO. OF OXFORD. John Mauduit holds the manor of Boghton, in the county of Oxford, in capite of our lord the King, by the serjeanty of mew- ing a goshawk of the King's, or of carrying it to the King's court.'' [BOLSOVER, Co. OF DERBY. In the manor of Bolsover the lands descend to the eldest daughter in default of sons ; and, if there be no daughter, to the eldest sister. But the custom does not extend to nieces. The Duke of Portland is lord of the manor. ^] BoNDBY, Co. OF Lincoln. Sir Edward Botiler, knight, and Ann his wife, sister and heir of Hugh le Despencer, hold the manor of Bondby in the county of Lincoln, by the service of bearing a white rod before our lord the King on the feast of Christmas, if the King should be in that county at the said feast.^ BOREBACH AND CONELESFELD, Co, OF WiLTS. Henry Sturmey, and M. his wife, hold of our lord the King in capite the manors of Borebach and Conelesfeld, with the appur- tenances, in the county of Wilts, by the service of keeping the bailiwick of the whole forest of Savernake, and the farm which is called La Verme, in the forest aforesaid, and also by the ser- vice of finding one man armed with a coat-of-mail, when the ^ 'WiUielmus Hoppeshort tenet dimidiam virgatam terras in eadem villa de domino Rege, per servitium custodiendi domino Rege sex damisellas, soil, meretrices ad cus- tum domini Regis. Plac. Coron. apud Windesor, 12 Edw. I. Rot. 28 in dorso. Blount, 39. '^ Jacob's Law Did., sub voce Pimp-Tenure. 3 Johannes le Bay tenet duas hidas terrse de domino Rege in Bokhampton per serjantiam custodiendi unaift meutam caniculorum harrectorum, ad custum domini Regis. Plac. Coron. apud Windesor, 12 Edw. I. Rot. 28, in dorso. Blount, 39. '' Johannes Mauduit tenet manerium de Boghton, in com. Oxon, in capite de dominoRege, per serjantiam mutandi unum hostricum domini Regis, vel isum hostricum portandi ad curiam domini Regis. Plac. Coron. 13 Edw. I. Rot. 50, dorso. Oxon. Blount, 74. = [Mr Norwood's MSS. Coll.] " Edwardus Botiler, Chivalier, et Anna uxor ejus, soror et hferes Hugonis le De- spenser, tenent manerium de Bondby in com. Lincoln, per servitium portandi albam virgam, coram domino Rege in festo natalis Domini, si idem Rex in eodem comitatu ad idem feslum interesset. Pas. Fines, 4 Hen. IV. Blount, 135. and Customs of Hanoi's. 3 1 lord the King should require him, on this side the sea ; and for the keeping of the forest and farm aforesaid, they are to enjoy all the rights and appurtenances underwritten. All the foresters in fee of the whole forest aforesaid are to be attendant upon and answerable to them, as to the chief forester of the forest afore- said ; and they are to have the horse and furniture, saddle, bridle, sword, and horn of the foresters in fee when they die ; and they are to have their estovers, housebote, and heybote, through the whole bailiwick aforesaid, and all amerciaments for defaults made in the court of the forest aforesaid ; and all pleas of hares, nets, terriers, badgers, foxes, wild cats, and partridges ; and all amerciaments for the escapes of wild beasts, and for dead wood, through the whole year, except in the fence-month ; and to have all their cattle, except sheep and goats, in the forest aforesaid, quit of herbage through the year, and their hogs quit of pawnage through the whole year, except the fence-month. And they are to have the estrays through all the forest aforesaid, and the amerciaments for the expeditating dogs, and the aieries of sparhawks, honey, and nuts, and hips, through all the forest aforesaid, after every regard made ; and to have their chace through the whole bailiwick of the forest aforesaid, at hares, foxes, wild cats, badgers, and all suchlike vermin. And they are to have the dead wood in the aforesaid farm of the Verme, for three weeks before the feast of St Michael, to be felled without a tool. And they are to have in the same farm whatsoever is blown down by the wind, except the woodfall, which belongs to our lord the King. And after pawnage, from the feast of St Martin unto the feast of the Purification of the Blessed Mary. And all the croppings, or boughs of timber felled for the use of our lord the King, or given by the King. And liberty to dig for gravel, and toll for passage, through all the farm aforesaid ; and the pasturage of a certain nook (or corner) of heath-ground beyond Colput, &C.1 1 Henricus Sturmy, et M. uxor ejus, tenent de domiuo Rege in capita maneria de Borebach et Conelesfeld, cum pertin. in com. Wiltes, perservitium custodiendi balivam totius forestse de Savernake, et censariam, quas vocatur la Verme in foresta pr^edicta, et etiam per servitium inveniendi unum hominem armatum ad loricam, quando dominus Rex, cum habere voluerit, citra mare. Pro qua quidam custodia Forests et Censarise prEedictae habere debent omnia jura et pertinentia subscripta. Omnes forestarii de feodo totius forestse praedictae erunt eis intendentes et respondentes, tanquam capitali forestario forestae prsedictae, et debent habere equitaturam, sellam, frenum, gladium, et cornu forestariorum de feodo, cum obierint. Et debent habere estoverium suum ad housebote et heybote, per totam balivam praedictam, et omnia amerciamenta facta in curia forestae praedictae de defaltis. Et omnia placita de leporibus, rechibus, heymectis, tessonibus, vulpibus, murilegis, et perdicibus, et omnia amerciamenta de escapiis ani- malium, et mortuo bosco, per totum annum, excepto mense vetito. Et omnia averia sua, exceptis bidentibus et capris, in foresta pr^dicta quieta de herbagio per annum, et porcos suos quietos de pannagio per totum annum, excepto mense vetito. Et de- bent habere extrahuras per totam forestam praedictam, et amerciamenta de expedita- tione canum, et aeria espervariorum, mel et nuces et cyppos, per totam forestam prsedictam, post quodlibet regardum factum. Et habent chaceam suam per totam 32 Tenures of Land. BosBURY, Co. OF Hereford. W. M.' holds nine acres of customary land in Bosbury, in the county of Hereford, and a certain water-mill, at the will of the lord, and owes certain customs— viz., tak, and toll, and faldfee, and to buy his blood.'' BosHAM, Co. OF Sussex. William the Conqueror gave the manor of Boseham to WiUiam son of Augeri and his heirs in fee-farm, rendering therefore at the Exchequer yearly, forty-two pounds of silver in solid metal for all service, &c.^ William Papylon holds land in Bosham by the same service as William de Readeham at Midlovent, in the same locality.* Roger Papilon holds one messuage, one mill, and three yard- lands in Bosham in the county of Sussex, by the service of carrying two white capons to our lord the King, as often as he should pass by the gate of the said Roger. ^. BoYTON, Co. OF Essex. William de Reynes formerly held two carucates of land in Boyton, in the parish of Finchingfend (Finchingfield), in the county of Essex, by the serjeanty of keeping for the King five wolf-dogs. And the dean and chapter of London now hold that land.* balivam forestse prsedict^ ad lepores, vulpes, murilegos, tessones, et ad omnimodas hujusmodi vermes. Et debent habere mortuum boscum in prsedicta censaria de la Verme, per tres septimanas ante festum Sancti Michaelis, sine utensili prosternendum. Et debent habere in eadem censaria quicquid vento prosternitur prseter cablicium quod pertinet ad dominum Regem. Et retropannagium a festo Sancti Martini usque ad festum Purificationis Beats Marise. Et omnes Coopertiones de maeremio prostrato ad opus domini Regis, vel dato per dominum Regem. Et sabulonarium et chymin- agium per totam censariam prsedictam. Et pasturam cujusdam anguU brurae extra Colput, &c. Bundel. Petit. Pari. ann. incerto Edw. III. in Turri. Blount, 88. ' W. M. tenet novem acras terrs customarise in Bosbury in com. Heref. et quod- dam molendinum aquaticum ad voluntatem domini, et debet quasdam consuetudines — viz., tak et toll, et faldfey, et sanguinem suum emere. Liber niger Heref. fo. 158. Blount, 155. 2 I suppose by this was meant that the tenant, being a bond-man, should buy out his villanous blood, and make himself a freeman. — Blount. 3 Dns Rex Willielmus qui venit ad Conquestum Anglie dedit manerium de Bose- ham Willielmo filio Augeri et heredibus suis ad feod'. firmam, reddendo Inde Scacc, annuatim xlij lib. argenti, arsas et ponderatas, pro omni servicio, &c. Tenur. Com. Sussex, temp. Regis Johannis. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 313, p. 2i. ^ Et Willielmus Papylon tenet terram in Boseham per idem servitium. Plac. Coron. de ann. 7 Edvif. I. Rot. 93. Sussex. Blount, 82. ^ Rogerus Papilon tenet unum messuagium, unum molendinum, et tres virgatas terrte in Boseham in com. Sussex, per servitium portandi domino Regi duos albos capones, quotiens transierit per portam ipsiuS Rogeri. Plac. Cor. l6 Edw. I. Rot. 67. dorso. Sussex. Blount, 83. * Willielmus de Reynes aliquando tenuit duas carucatas terraa in Boyton, in parochia de Finchingfend in com. Essex, per serjantiam custodiendi domino Regi quinque canes luporarios ; et decanus et capitulum Londoni modo tenant terram illam. Plac. Coron. 13 Edw. I. Essex. Blount, 52. and Customs of Manors. 33 Bradbrugge, Co. of Sussex. Margaret, one of the sisters and heirs of Richard de Whelgh- ton, held a moiety of one toft, one pigeon-house, forty acres of land, and half an acre of pasture, with the appurtenances, at Bradbrugge, in Bosham, in the county of Sussex, of our lord the King in socage, by the service of two white capons to be paid to our said lord the King, when the same lord the King should ride through the land aforesaid, for all services.' Bradeley, Co. of Lincoln. Ralph le Fletcher holds in the town of Bradele, in the county of Lincoln, one messuage and two oxgangs of land, and six acres of wood, with the appurtenances, of our lord the King in capite, by the service of paying yearly twenty fletched arrows at the exchequer.^ Bradford, Co. of Wilts. In this manor, the tenants paid to the Earl of Winchester, their landlord, a small yearly rent, by the name of Larding Money which, I conceive (says Blount) to be for liberty to feed their hogs with the mast of the lord's woods ; the fat of a hog being called lard. Or it may be a commutation for some customary service of carrying salt for meat to the lord's larder. This was called Lardarium in old charters, and Decimam Lardarij de Hoga.^ Ralph de Stopham held in fee of the Earl of Winchester at Bradford six pounds thirteen shillings and four pence, yearly rent of assize, and he was to find for the said manor one footman to serve our lord the King with a bow and arrow (busone), for forty days, at the costs of the said Ralph, for all services.'' The tenants within this manor pay a yearly rent, by the name of Veal Money, to their lord, in lieu of veal paid formerly in kind.^ ' Margareta, una filiarum et heredum Ric'i. de Whelghton, tenuit med. unius tofti, unius columbaris, xl acr'. terr'. et dimid. acr'. pasture, cum pertinentiis, apud Brade- brugge, in Boseham, in com. Sussex, de diio Rege in socagio, per servitium duoru' caponum alborum, eidem dno Regi solvend. cum idem dnus Rex per terram predic- tam equitaverit, pro omni servitio. De termino Hilarii, anno 12 Ric. II. Ro. iij" Harl. MS. Brit. Mas. No. 34, p. 305. = Radulphus le Fletcher tenet in villa de Bradele, in com. Line, unum messuagium et duas bovatas terras, et sex acras bosci, cum pertin. de domino Rege in capite, per servitium reddendi per ann. viginti flectas ad scaccarium domini Regis. Plac. de Libertat. et Quo Warr. 9 Edw. I. Lincoln. Blount, 64. 3 Blount's Law Did. in verbo. Mon. Angl. i. 322. ^ Radulphus de Stopham tenuit de feodo Comitis W3mchester, apud Bradeford, £vi xiij s. ivd. de redd, assis. per ann. et debuit invenire pro dicto m° unum homi- nem peditem, ad servic' domini Regis cum area et bosone, per 40 dies, ad custum dicti Rad'i, pro omnibus servic'. Anno 56 Hen. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 4120, p. n. ^ Jacob's Law Diet, cites Blount's Tenures. C 24 Tenures of Land Bradford, Co. of York. This manor belonged to John of Gaunt, who granted to John Northop of Manningham (an adjoining village) and his heirs three messuages and six bovates of land, to come to Bradford on the blowing of a horn, on Saint Martin's Day in winter and wait on him and his heirs, in their way from Blackburnshire, with a lance and hunting dog for thirty days, to have for yeo- man's board, one penny for himself and a halfpenny for his dog, &c for o-oing with the receiver or bailiff to conduct him safe to the'Castle of Pontefract. A descendant of Northop afterwards granted land in Horton to Rushworth of Horton (another adjoining village), to hold the hound, while Northop's man blew the horn. These are called hornman or hornblow lands, and the custom is still kept up : a man coming into the market-place with a horn, halbert, and dog, is met by the owner of the lands in Horton. After proclamation made, the former calls out aloud, " Heirs of Rushworth, come hold me my hound, whilst I blow three blasts of my horn, to pay the rent due to our sovereign lord the King." He then delivers the string to the man from Horton, and winds his horn thrice. The original horn, resembling that of Tutbury in Staffordshire, is still preserved, though stripped of its silver ornaments.'' Bradpool, Co. of Dorset. Elena de Gorges holds the manor of Bradepole, in the county of Dorset, by the serjeanty of finding an armed esquire (servi- entem), when war shall happen, for forty days.^ Bradwell, Co. of Essex. William de la Donne, son and heir of Robert de la Donne, acknowledged that he held of our lord the King in capite one messuage, one hundred acres of land, four acres of meadow, three acres of pasture, &c., and ten shillings and seven pence rent, with the appurtenances, in the town of Bradwell, in the county of Essex, by the service of the third-part of one knight's fee, and of rendering to our lord the King, whensoever he should pass into Wales, for the defence of the kingdom of England, one lance of the value of two shillings for all services.^ 1 Gough's Camd. Brit. edit. 1789, vol. iii. p. 45. ^ Elena de Gorges tenet manerium de Bradepole, in com. Dorset, per serjantiam inveniendi quendam servientem armatum, cum guerra evenerit, per quadraginta dies. Plac. Coron. apud Schyreburne, 8 Edw. I. Dorset. Rot. 14. Blount, 47. ^ Willielmus de la Donne, Alius et heres Roberli de la Donne, cogn. se tenere de Rege in capite, unum messuag. c acr. terrse, iv acr. prati, iii acr. past. &c. ac xs. vij d. reddit. cum pertin'. in villa de Bradwell, in dco com. Essex, per servic'. iij and Customs of Manors. 35 Boydin Aylet holds four pound-lands in Bradwell, by the hand of William de Dona, by serjeanty of the mace.' And William Cains holds six pound-lands there by the same tenure. Braithwell, Co. of York. In the seventh year of the reign of King Richard II., 1383, William Cownall held a tenement in Braithwell, by homage, fealty, &c., and suit of court (to the manor of Conisborough), and by finding one footman to guard the castle for forty days, in the time of war, at his own proper costs.^ At the court held at Conisborough, the 24th of August, 13 Hen. IV., 14 1 2, William Eylmyn did fealty to the lord, and acknowledged that he held of him one messuage, one toft, and nineteen acres of land, in Braithwell, in right of his wife, late belonging to William Cresey, by homage, fealty, and the ser- vice of ten shillings a year rent, and by suit of court to the court of Conisborough, from three weeks to three weeks, and by suit to the lord's mill at Conisborough, &c.'' Brambelegh, or Bromley, Co. of Middlesex. Richard Cauus and Sabina his wife hold a messuage and sixty acres of land in Brambelegh, in the county of Middlesex, by the service of finding for our lord the King one armed horse- man for forty days, at their own charges, as often as it should happen that the King should go anywhere with his army.^ ptis. i feodi mil. et per servic'. reddendi dno Regi unam lanceam precii ij s. q'uan- doainque eidem R. Walliam transire placuit pro defensione Regni Angl. pro omnibus servicijs. Trin. fin. 20 Hen. VII. Rot. 40. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5173, p. 25. 1 Boydin Aylet tenet quatuor lib. terre in Bradwell, per manum Willielmi de Dona, per serjantiam clavi^. Ex Lib. Rub. Scac. 137, Appendix to Brady's Introduc- tion, 22. " Willielmus Cains tenet sex lib. terre ibidem per serjantiam clavix. Ibid. s Willielmus Cownall ten', tenement', in Braithewell per homagium, fidelit.' &c. et sect', cur', et inveniend'. unum hominem peditem ad wardum Castri, pro xl dies tem- pore guerre, proprijs sumptibus. Ex cop. Rot. Cur. ten', apud Connesburgh die Mercur. vii" die Octobr., anno regni Regis Ric. II. penes edit. ^ Ad cur', ten', apud Connesburgh, xxiv die Mercuris August', anno regni Regis Henri ci IV. post Conquestum xiii, Willielmus Eylmyn fecit dno fidelit'. et cognovit se tenere de dno unum mess., unum toftum, et xix acr'. terre in Braithewell, de jure uxoris eju.s, nuper WiUielmi Cresey, per homagium, fidelitat. et per servic'. de decem solid, per annum de reddit, et sect. cur', ad cur', de Connesburgh ad tribus septima- nas in tres sept', et secta ad molend'. dni de Connesb. &c. Ex cop. Rot. Cur. penes edit. ^ Richardus Cauus et Sabina uxor ejus tenent unum messuagium et sexagmta acras terrse in Brambelegh, in com. Middlesex, per servitium juveniendi domino Regi unum hominem equitem armatum per xl dies sumptibus suis propriis, quotiens contigerit ipsum dominum Regem adire alicubi cum exercitu. Plac. Coron. 22 Edw. I. Blount, 66. 36 Tenures of Land The offensive arms of a horseman, or man at arms, were a sword or swords/ a lance, and a small dagger, called a miseri- corde, either from its being mercifully used in putting out of their misery persons desperately wounded, or frpm the sight of it being apt to cause those against whom it was drawn (commonly knights unhorsed, and lying on the ground) to cry " Miseri- corde " — mercy or quarter. Men at arms also frequently carried iron maces suspended at their saddle-bow. The horses of the men at arms were scarcely less encumbered with armour than their riders. Their faces, heads, and ears were covered over with a sort of mask, so contrived as to prevent their seeing right before them, in order that they might not be terri- fied from charging or shocking with vigour ; this mask was called a chafron or shafront. Frequently from the centre of the fore- head projected an iron spike, resembling the horn given to that fabulous animal a unicorn; their necks were defended by a number of small plates connected together, called a criniere or manefaire ; they had poitrinals (pectoral or breast plates) for their breastSj croupiers and flancois for covering their buttocks and flanks, reaching down to the hocks. All these pieces were generally of iron or brass, though sometimes of cuir-bouilli — i.e., jacked leather. Occasionally they were covered all over with mail, or linen stuffed and quilted like the Gambeson, and adorned with rich embroidery. Horses thus covered were called barded, and, corruptly, barbed horses ; they were also frequently styled covered horses. To prevent their horses from being fatigued under all their own encumbrances, and the enormous weight of their riders, and to preserve their vigour for the charge, the men at arms had commonly hackneys for riding on a march, and did not mount their war-horses till they were certain of coming to action — a circumstance which has frequently occasioned them to be sur- prised and defeated before they could mount their chargers and form. Barded horses were in use in our armies in the time of King Edward VI.= The Prioress of Saint Leonard of Stratford held fifty acres of land in Brambelegh, in the county of Middlesex, by the service of finding for the lord the King a man to hold the towel of the same King at his coronation.^ 1 The ancient knights frequently carried two swords, one in a belt by their side, and the other fixed to their saddle-bow. In the Speculum Regale, written about the twelfth century, among other directions for the arming of a horseman, are these : " Let him have two swords, one in his belt, and the other hanging to his saddle-bowe, with a war-knife," p. 406. In a Military Treatise, attributed to Guillaume de Bellay, it is said, men at arms should have their sword of arms at their side, the estoc (a long sharp-pointed sword) at one bow of their saddle, and a mace at the other. Notef. § Grose's Milit. Antiq, vol. i. pp. 103, 104. ^ Priorissa Beati Leonardi de Stretford tenet quinquaginta acras terrse in eadem villa, per servitium inveniendi domino Regi unum hominem ad tenendum manutergium ipsius Regis in coronatione sua. Pla. Coron. 22 Edw. I. Blount, 66. and Customs of Manors. 37 Braunston, Co. of Northampton. The tenure of a considerable portion of this lordship, being of a peculiar nature, is deserving notice. If the widow of any copy- holder appears in the- manorial court next ensuing the decease of her husband, and there presents a leather purse, with a groat in it, she naay become tenant, and hold his copyhold lands for life ; but to render this continuative tenancy valid, she must attend regularly every court-day.' Bray, Co. of Berks. Hugh de Saint Philibert holds of our lord the King, in the town of Bray, fifty shillings of land, by the serjeanty of serving our lord the King with his boots.^ A custom prevails here as regards descent, similar to that at Bolsover.3 Brayles, Co. of Warwick. In King Edward the First's time, Adam Underwood held one yard-land in Brayles, in the county of Warwick, of William Earl of Warwick, paying therefore seven bushels of oats yearly and a hen, and working for the lord, from Micfeelmas till Lammas, every other day, except Saturday — viz., at mowing, as long as that season lasted, for which he was to have as much grass as he could carry away with his scythe ; and at the end of hay- harvest, he and the rest of his fellow-moWers to have the lord's best mutton, except one, or sixteenpence in money, with the best cheese, saving one, or sixpence in money, and the cheese-vat, wherein the cheese was made, full of salt. From Lammas to Michaelmas, he was to work two days in the week, and to come to the lord's reap with all his household, except his wife and his shepherd, and to cut down one land of corn, being quit of all other work for that day. That he should likewise carry two cartloads and a half of the lord's hay, and seven cartloads of stones for three days, and gather nuts for three days. And in case the lord kept his Christmas at his manor of Brayles, to find three of his horses meat for three nights. That he should plough thrice a year — viz., six selions, and make three quarters of malt for the lord, and pay for every hog he kept above a year.old a penny, and for every one under a halfpenny. And lastly, that he and the rest of the tenants of this manor should give twelve marks yearly to the lord at Michaelmas, by way of aid, and not marry their daughters, nor make their sons priests, without licence from the lord.-t ' Brayley and Britton's Beauties of England and Wales, vol. xi. p. 51. " Hugo de See' Philiberto tenet de dno Rege in villa de Bray 1 solid', terre per serjant' serviendi de ocreis dni Reg'. Esc. com. Berks. Testa de Nevil, p. 108. ^ Levns's Topogr. Diet. v. Bray. - Inquis. per H. Nott. tit. Brayles. Blount, 20. 38 Tenures of Land Bridebroke, Co. of Essex. Simon de Blaveny holds a certain serjeanty in Bridebroke, by making the distresses and attachments of the fee which were of the Earl Marshal' Bridgnorth, Co. of Salop. Ralph de Pitchford behaved himself so valiantly at the Castle of Bridgnorth, upon the revolt of Robert de Belesme, Earl of Shrewsbury, from King Henry I., that the King gave him Little Brug near it, to hold by the service of finding dry wood for the great chamber of the Castle of Brug (Bridgnorth) against the coming of his sovereign lord the King.° Bridshall, Co. of Stafford. Sir Philip de Somerville, knight, holdeth of his lord the Earl of Lancaster the manor of Briddeshalle by these services, that at such time that his said lord holdeth his Christmas at Tutbury, the said Sir Philip shall come to Tutbury upon Christ- mas even, and shall be lodged in the town of Tutbury, by the marshal of the Earl's house, and upon Christmas-Day, he himself, or some other knight, his deputy, shall go to the dresser, and shall sew his lord's mess, and then shall he carve the same meat to his said lord, and this service shall he do as well at supper as at dinner, and when his lord hath eaten, the said Sir Philip shall sit down in the same place where his lord sat, and shall be served at his table by the steward of the Earl's house. And upon Saint Stephen's Day, when he hath dined, he shall take leave of his lord and shall kiss him ; and for his service he shall nothing take, nor nothing shall give. And all these services to-fore rehearsed, the said Sir Philip hath done by the space of xlviii years, and his ancestors before him, to his lords, Earls of Lancaster.^ Brigstock, Co. of Northampton. A singular modification in copyhold tenure is constituted by the custom of this manor. If any man dies seised of copyhold lands or tenements, which come to him by descent in fee, his 1 Simon de Blaveny tenet quandam serjantiam in Bridebroke ad faciend'. distric- tiones et attachiamenta de feodis, que fuere Comitis Mareschalli. Morant's Hist, of Essex, vol. ii. p. 345, note (d). ' Camd. Brit. tit. Shropshire. Blount, 16. ' Blount, 100. and Customs of Manors. 39 youngest son is legal heir ; but if such lands were purchased by him, then the eldest succeeds to the estate.' Brill, Co. of Bucks. In the time of King Edward the Confessor, this was the King's demesne, and was let out in socage for the reserved rent of one hundred capons yearly for the King's table.^ In the simplicity of older times, when gold and silver were scarce, the household of the King was supported by provisions furnished from his demesnes. By degrees the servants here employed obtained a fixed tenure of the estates, rendering certain services, and supplying certain provisions.^ Many lands were from time to time granted on condition of yielding such supplies, but these reservations were small, and many of them only to be rendered, when the King travelled into the country, where the lands lay. In some, special care was taken that he should not make this service burthensome by coming too often ; as in the case of William, son of William Alesbury, who held lands in Alesbury, by finding (amongst other things) three eels for the King when he should come to Alesbury in the winter, and two green geese in the summer ; but this was not to exceed three times in the year.* The town of Yarmouth in Norfolk is bound to send to the sheriffs of Norwich a hundred herrings, which are to be baked in twenty-four pies or pasties, and thence delivered to the lord of the manor of East Carlton, who is to convey them to the King. They are still sent to the clerk of the kitchen's office at Saint James's ; but the pies could never have been of much service as provisions, unless they were made differently from what they now are, or our ancestors had stronger teeth and stomachs than we have.^ In 1778 the sheriffs of Norwich attended with them in person, and claimed the follow- ing allowance in return, viz. : — 6 white loaves ^^ ^^ ^^^ j^j ,^ ]^±c\y^^. 6 dishes of meat J ^ I flagon of wine. I flagon of beer. I truss of hay. I bushel of oats. I pricket of wax. 6 tallow candles. But no precedent appearing of these things having been delivered, they were refused.^ 1 Brayley and Britton's Beauties of England and Wales, vol. xi. p. 201. 2 Kennett's Paroch. Antiq. p. 52. 8 Blackstone's Com. lib. ii. cap. vi. p. 99. * Blount's Tenures, p. 123. ^ Ibid. p. 135. ... , ... 5 Records of the Board of Green Cloth. Archaologia, vol. vm. pp. 330, 331. 40 Tenures of Land Brimington, Co. of Derby. Geoffery, son of William de Brimington, gave, granted, and confirmed to Peter, son of Hugh de Brimington, one toft, with the buildings, and three acres of land in the fields there, with twenty pence yearly rent, which he used to receive of Thomas, son of Gilbert de Bosco (Wood), with the homages and services, reliefs and escheats, rendering yearly to him and his heirs a pair of white gloves, of the price of a halfpenny, at Christmas yearly for all services.' Brineston, Co. of Chester. The manor of Brineston, in the county of Chester, is held of the King in capite, by the service of finding a man in the army of our lord the King going into the parts of Scotland, barefoot, clothed with a waistcoat (or shirt) and breeches (drawers or trowses), having in one hand a bow without a string, and in the other an arrow unfeathered.^ Brinnington, Co. of Chester. The manor of Brinnington, having been parcel of the barony of Dunham-massey, was, with other estates, given by Hamon de Massey to Robert, son of Walthesh, for which the said Robert was retained to serve him in his chambers, and to carry his arms and clothes when the Earl of Chester in his own person should go to Wales ; Hamon was to find him a sumpture, a man, and a sack, whilst in his service in the army ; and the said Robert was to swear, that if Hamon were in captivity, he should help to set him free, and also help to make his son a knight, and to marry his eldest daughter, in token of which Robert gave Hamon a gold ring.^ Brodeham, Co. of Devon. Geoffrey de la Hull, and Millicent his wife, hold one ferling of land in Brodeham, in the county of Devon, by the serjeanty of being bedel of our lord the King in that hundred."^ 1 From a MS. without date in the hands of F. F. Foljamb, Esq. " Manerium de Brineston, in com. Cestri^, tenetur de Rege in capite, per servitium inveniendi unum hominem in exercitu domini Regis in partibus Scotise profecturum, nudis pedibus, camisia et braccis vestitum, habentem in una manu unum arcum sine corda, et altera manu unum tribulum non pennatum. Inquis. 27 Edw. III. n. 40. Blount, 30. ^ Lysons' Mag. Brit, ii, 783. * Galfridus de la Hull, et Millisenta uxor ejus, tenent unum ferlingum terra; in Brodeham, in com. Devon, per serjantiam essendi bedellus domini Regis in himdredo isto. Plac. Coron. 9 Edw. I. Devon. Blount, 45. and Customs of Manors. 41 Brodgate Park, Co. of Leicester. This is the agreement made at Leicester, on the day of St Vincent the martyr (22d January), in the thirty-first year of the reign of King Henry (III.), son of King John (1246), before Sir Roger de Turkilby, Master Simon de Walton, Sir Gilbert de Preston, and Sir John de Cobham, justices in eyre there, between Roger de Quincey, Earl of Winchester, and Roger de Somery— that is to say, that the aforesaid Roger de Somery hath granted for him and his heirs, that the aforesaid Earl and his heirs may have and hold his park of Bradgate, so enclosed as it was on the octaves of St Hilary (20th January), in the thirty-first year of the aforesaid King Henry, with the deer-leaps then made in the same. And for this agreement and grant the said Earl hath granted for him and his heirs, that the same Roger de Somery and his heirs may come at any hour into the forest of the said Earl to hunt in it with nine bows and six hounds, according to the form of the indenture before made between the aforesaid Roger, Earl of Winchester, and Hugh d'Albeny, Earl of Arun- del, in the court of our lord the King at Leicester : and if any wild beast, wounded by any of the aforesaid bows, shall enter the said park by any deer-leap or elsewhere, it shall be lawful to the aforesaid Roger de Somery and his heirs to send one or two of his men, who followed the aforesaid wild beast, with the dogs following the same, within the aforesaid park without bow and arrows, and they may take the same that day on which it was wounded, without hurting the other wild beasts in the afore- said park : so that, if they are footmen, they enter by any leap or hay ; and if they are horsemen, they enter by the gate, if it shall be open, and otherwise, they are not to enter before they have sounded a horn for the parker, if he will come. And more- over, the said Earl hath granted for him and his heirs, that they for the future, every year, will cause to be taken two bucks in the buck season, and two does in the doe season, and cause them to be delivered at the gate of the aforesaid park to any man of the aforesaid Roger de Somery and his heirs, bringing their letters-patent for the said deer. Also the aforesaid Earl hath granted for him and his heirs, that they, for the future, will make no park, nor enlarge the park, within the bounds of the hunting- ground of the said Roger and his heirs, except the ancient enclosure of the aforesaid forest. And the aforesaid Roger de Somery hath granted for him and his heirs, that they in future will never enter the aforesaid forest to hunt, but with nine bows and six hounds, and that his foresters shall not carry in the wood of the aforesaid Roger de Somery and his heirs any barbed, but piled arrows. And that his men of Barwe and his foresters shall, within the octaves of St Michael, at the ford of the park, make oath (fidelitatem facient) to the bailiffs of the aforesaid Earl 4 2 Tenures of Land and his heirs, that they will faithfully keep the venison of the aforesaid Earl and his heirs, and the other things which belong to the said forest, according to the purport of the said indenture before made between the said Earls of Winchester and Arun- del. And this agreement was made between the aforesaid Earl and the aforesaid Roger de Somery, saving to the same Earl and his heirs, and to the aforesaid Roger de Somery and his heirs, all the articles contained in the aforesaid indenture, made between the aforesaid Earls of Winchester and Arundel. And moreover, the same Earl hath granted for him and his heirs, that one or two of the men of the said Roger de Somery and his heirs, who shall follow the aforesaid wounded wild beast, and the dogs which follow it, into the aforesaid park, together with the said wild beast, if they take it, and if not, with the said dogs shall freely go out of the said park, through the gate, and without hindrance. And the aforesaid Earl and his heirs shall cause it to be made known by some of his people to the aforesaid Roger de Somery and his heirs at Barwe, on what day he shall send for the above- said deer, at the aforesaid place, on the times aforesaid ; and this shall be made known six days before the aforesaid day. In witness whereof either party to the other hath fixed his seal to this writing. And be it known that the buck season here is com- puted between the feast of St Peter ad Vincula (ist August) and the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (14th September), and the doe season, between the feast of St Martin (nth November) and the Purification of the blessed Mary (2d February).' 1 Hsec est concordia facta apud Leycestriam die Sancti Vinceutii martyris, anno regni Regis Henrici filii Regis Johannis xxxi coram Domino Rogero de Turkilby, Magistro Sinione de Walton, Domino Gilberto de Preston, et Domino Johanne de Cobliam, justiciariis tunc ibidem itinerantibus ; inter Rogerum de Quincy comitem Wintonise, et Rogerum Somery — viz., quod prsedictus Rogerus de Somery concessit pro se et hseredibus suis, quod prsedictus comes et heredes sui habeant et teneant par- cum suum de Bradgate, ita inclausum sicut inclusus fuit in octabis Sancti Hilarii, anno prsedicti Regis Henrici xxxi cum saltatoriis tunc in eo factis. Et pro hac concor- dia et concessione idem comes concessit pro se et h^redibus suis, quod idem Rogerus de Somery et hseredes sui quacunque hora veniant in foresta ipsius comitis ad bersan- dum in ea cum novem arcubus et sex berseletis, secundum formam cyrographi prius facti inter praedictum Rogerum comitem Wintonise, et Hugonem de Albaniaco com- item ArundelisE, in curia domini Regis apud Leycestriam : et si aliqua fera, per aliquem prsedictorum arcuum vulnerata, intraverit praedictum parcum per aliquem saltatorium, vel alibi, bene licebit prsedicto Rogero de Somery et haeredibus suis mittere unum hom- inera vel duos ex suis, qui sequentur prsedictam feram, cum canibus illam feram sequen- tibus, infra prasdictum parcum, sine arcu et sagittis, et illam capiant eo die quo vul- nerata fuerit, sine laesione aliarum ferarum in prsedicto parco existentium : ita quod, si sint pedites, intrabunt per aliquem. saltatorium vel hayam, et si sint equites, intra- bunt per portam, si aperta fuerit, et aliter non intrabunt, antequam cornabunt pro parcario, si venire voluerit. Et prseterea idem comes concessit pro se et hasredibus suis, quod ipsi de csetero quolibet anno capi facient, duos damos tempore pinguedinis, et duas damas tempore firmationis, et eos liberari facient ad portam prsedicti parci alicui hominum prsedicti Rogeri de Somery et hjeredum suorum, literas patentes ipsorum deferenti pro prsedictis damis. Concessit etiam pr^dictus comes pro se et hxredibus suis, quod ipsi de caetero nullum parcum facient, nee parcum augmentabunt infra metas bersationis predict! Rogeri et hseredum suorum, prseter antiqua clausa prsedictae forestse. Et prsedictus Rogerus de Somery concessit pro se et hseredibus suis, quod ipsi de csetero nunquam intrabunt prsedictam forestam ad bersandum, nisi and Customs of Manors. 43 Brokenhurst, Co. of Hants. Peter Spileman held of the King in capite one carucate of land in Brokenhurst, in the county of Southampton, by the ser- jeanty of finding an esquire (servientem), with a haubergeon, for forty days, in England, &c.^ Peter Spileman paid a fine to the King for the lands which the said Peter held by the serjeanty of finding an esquire (servi- entem), with a hambergell, or coat-of-mail, for forty days in England, and of finding litter for the King's bed, and hay for the King's palfrey, when the King should lie at Brokenhurst, in the county of Southampton.^ Brome, Co. of Suffolk. Bartholomew de Avylers holds land in Brome, in the county of Suffolk, by the serjeanty of leading the foot-soldiers of that county into Wales, as often as it should happen that the King should go into those parts with his army.^ cum novem arcubus et sex berseletis, et quod forestarii sui non portabunt in bosco prsedicti Rogeri de Somevy et hseredum suorum sagittas barbatas set (sed) pilettas, et quod homines sui de Barwe, et forestarii, infra octabas Sancti Michaelis, ad vadum parci fidelitatem facient, quolibet anno, balivis praedicti comitis et hxredum siiorum quod venationem praedicti comitis et hasredum suorum fervabunt iideliter, et alia quse ad dictam forestam pertinent, secundum proportum dicti cyrographi inter praedictos comites Wintonise et Arundelise, prius confecti. Et haec Concordia facta est inter pr^dictum comitem et praedictum Rogerum de Somery, salvis eidem comiti et haere- dibus suis, et praedicto Rogero de Somery et hsredibus suis, omnibus articulis in praedicto cyrographo confecto inter praedictos comites Wintoniae et Arundeliae con- tentis. Et pr^terea idem comes concessit pro se et haeredibus suis, quod unus vel duo hominum praedicti Rogeri de Somery et haeredum suorum, qui sequentur pr^dictara feram vulneratam, cum canibus earn sequentibus, infra praedictum parcum, cum prae- dicta fera si earn ceperint vel non, cum praedictis canibus praedicto parco libere exeant per portam et sine impedimento. Et praedictus comes et liaeredes scire facient ali- quem de suis prsedicto Rogero de Somery et haeredibus suis apud Barwe, quo die mittelur pro supra-dictis damis ad prEedictum locum prasdictis temporibus, et hoc scire eis facient per sex dies ante praedictum diem. In cujus rei testimonium alter alterius scripto sigillum suum apposuit. Et sciendum est quod tempus pinguedinis hie computatur inter festum Beati Petri ad Vincula et Exaltationem Sanctas Crucis, et tempus firmationis inter festum Sancti Martini et Purificationem Beatas Maris. Ex Codice MS. penes Eliam Ashmole Arm. Blount, 126. 1 Petrus Spileman tenuit de Rege in capite, unam carucatam terrae in Brokenerst, in comitatu Southamptoniae, per serjantiam inveniendi unum servientem cum ham- bergello, per quadraginta dies, in Anglia, &c. Fines in WUtes and Southampton, anno i Edw. II. Blount, 54. ^ Petrus Spileman finem fecit cuih Rege pro terris quas dictus Petrus tenuit, per serjantiam inveniendi unum servientem, cum hambergello, per xl dies in Anglia, et inveniendi litteriam ad lectum Regis, foanum ad palefridum Regis, quando Rex jacnerit apud Brokenerst, in com. Southampton. Fines, Hil. I Edw. II. Wilts. Blount, 18. ' Barthol. de Avylers tenet terram in Brom, in com. Suffolk, per serjantiam ducendi pedites istius comitatus in Walliam, quotiescunque contigerit dominum Regem ire ad partes illas cum exercitu. Plac. Coron.de An. 14 Edw. I. Rot. 6. in dorso. Suffolk. Blount, 77. 44 Tenures of Land Brook-House, Co. of York. A farm at Brook-house, in Langsett, in the parish of Peniston, and county of York, pays yearly to Godfrey Bosville, Esq., a snowball at Midsummer, and a red rose at Christmas.' [This is certainly a most extraordinary tenure, and yet the editor has no doubt but it is very possible to perform the ser- vice ; he has himself seen snow in caverns or hollows, upon the high moors, in this neighbourhood, in the month of June ; and as to the red rose at Christmas (as he does not suppose that it was meant to have been growing just before it was presented) he thinks it is not difficult to preserve one till that time of the year. — E. As the things tendered in tenures were usually such as could easily be procured, and not impossible ones, we must suppose that the two here mentioned were redeemable by a pecuniary payment to be fixed at the will of the lord. — P.] Brotherton, Co. of York. Not far from the church of Brotherton, in Norfolk, is a place of twenty acres, surrounded by a trench and wall where, as tra- dition says, stood the house in which the queen of Edward I. was delivered of a son (Thomas Earl of Norfolk). The tenants are still bound to keep it surrounded by a wall of stone.^ Broughton, Co. of Lincoln. The manor of Broughton is held of the lord of the manor of Castor, or of Harden, a hamlet in the parish of Castor, by the following service : On Palm Sunday a person from Broughton attends with a new cart-whip, or whip-gad (as they call it in Lincolnshire), made in a peculiar manner ; and, after cracking it three times in the church porch, marches with it upon his shoulder through, the middle aisle into the choir, where he takes his place in the lord of the manor's seat. There he remains till the minister comes to the second lesson ; he then quits the seat with his gad, having a purse that ought to contain thirty silver pennies (for which, however, of late years, half-a-crown has been substituted) fixed to the end of its lash, and kneeling down on a cushion, or mat, before the reading-desk, he holds the purse suspended over the minister's head all the time he is reading the second lesson, after which he returns to his seat. The whip and purse are left at the manor-house. Some ingenious persons have devised a reason for every circumstance of this ceremony ; 1 Extracted from the writings of Godf. Bosville of Gunthwaite, Esq., and commu- nicated to the editor by John Wilson of Broomhead, Esq. * Gough's Camd. edit. 1789, vol. iii. p. 46. and Customs of Manors. 45 they suppose that the thirty pennies are meant to signify the thirty pieces of silver mentioned in the second lesson, which Judas received to betray his master ; that the three cracks of the whip in the porch allude to Peter's denying Christ thrice, &c. &c.^ Brug, or Burg, Co. of Salop. Be it known, that when any customary tenant of the manor of Burg, in the county of Salop, dies, the Bishop is to have his best beast, all his swine, bees, whole bacon, a young cock, a whole piece of cloth, a brass pan, a rundlet of ale, if it be full. And if he marries his daughter out of the fee, he was to give three shillings. Also he was to give for every lierwyte two shillings.'' Bruham, Co. of Bedford. Bertram le Wyle holds half a hide of land in the town of Bruham, in the county of Bedford, of our lord the King, by the serjeanty of paying yearly one pair of bows for a saddle.^ Brunnesley, or Brunnesleg, and Brocolmstow, Co. OF Nottingham. Gilbert de Brunnesley held lands in Brunnesley, in the county of Nottingham, of the honour of Peverell, by serjeanty of find- ing a horse of five shillings price, with a sack and pin, and a halter of a halfpenny price, for forty days, at his own cost, in the King's army in Wales.* Gilbert de Brunsleg holds half a carucate of land in Brunesleg, and half a carucate of land in Brocolmstow, by the service of finding one bullock or plough-horse, and one sack in the King's army in Wales, by serjeanty.^ Bryanston, Co. of Dorset. Ralph de Stopham holds the manor of Bryanston, in the ^ Gent. Mag. vol. Ixix. p. 940. ^ Sciendum est, quod quando aliquis customarius manerii de Burg, in comitatu Salop, moritur, episcopus habebit melius averium, omnes porcos, apes, baconem in- tegrum, puUum masculum, pannum integrum, oUam Eenam, tenellam cervisise, si sit plena. Et quando maritabit filiam extra feodum, dabit tres solidos ; dabit etiam pro qualibet lierwyte ii s. Liber ruber Castri Episcopi. Blount, 145. 3 Bertrammus le Wyle tenet diraidiam hidam terrse in villa de Bruham, com. Bedf. de domino Rege, per serjantiam reddendi per annum unum par. arceonum ad sellam. Placita coram Joh. de Vallibus et Soc. 15 Edw. I. Bedford. Blount, 37. "Query, if it may not signify a pair of (white) saddle-bows, from the French word arceau (arcon), which denotes as much." — Blount. 4 Testa de Nevill. Blount, 88. ^ Gilbertus de Brunsleg tenet dimidiam came' terre in Brunesleg, et dimid' caruc' terre in Brocolmstow, per servic' inveniendi unum affrum et unum saccum in exercitu Reg". Wallie, per seriantiam. Testa de Nevill, p. 2. 46 Tenures of Land county of Dorset, by the serjeanty of finding for our lord the King, as often as he should lead his English army into Wales, a boy, carrying a bow without a string, and an arrow unfeathered, at his own proper costs, for forty days.' BUCKENHAM, OR BOKENHAM, &C., CO. OF NORFOLK. John Knyvett held the manors of Old Bokenham, New Bokenham, Lathes, with two parts of the manor of Grishag, in the town of Wymondham, in the county of Norfolk, with the appurtenances, which were held of the late King (Richard III.) in capite, by the service of being butler to our lord the King on the day of his coronation.'^ BU.DWORTH, ASHTON, &C., CO. OF CHESTER. John Sutton holds the towns of Budworth and Ashton, near Budworth, two oxgangs of land in the town of Lower Tubbeley, and a certain parcel of the hamlet of Lith, with a third part of the town of Higher Tubbeley, by the service of one knight's fee, and by finding one judger in the court of Halton every fort- night, for his tenements in Budworth ; and for his other tene- ments he did suit by afforciament.^ BuiLTH, Co. OF Radnor. In the manor of Builth, in the county of Radnor, every tenant paid maiden rent — viz., a noble at their marriage, anciently given to the lord for his omitting the custom of merchetta, whereby he was to have the first night's lodging with his tenant's wife ; but it was more probably a fine for licence to marry a daughter.* This tenure is still subsisting, but the lord generally chooses to tap a hogshead of cider rather than have the virgin.' 1 Radulphus de Stopham tenet manerium de Bryanstan in com. Dorset, per serjantiam inveniendi domino Regi, quotiescunque contigerlt ipsum habere exercitum Anglian in Walliam, garcionem, deferentem unum arcum sine corda, et unum buzonem sine pennis, ad sumptus suos proprios, per quadraginta dies. Plac. Coron. apud Schyreburne, 8 Edw. I. Dorset. Rot. 3. Blomit, 45. ^ Et ibm. continetur quod dictus Johannes Knyvett oneratus fuit de xxiii de relevio suo pro castro de Bokenham cum pertac maneriis de veteri Bokenham, nova Bokenham, Lathes, et duobus partibus m. de Grishagh, in villa de Wymondham, cu' ptin' in dec com. Norff. que de dco nup. Rege tenebantur in C. per servic' essendi pincema Regis die coronationis suoe. Mich'is fines anno xj"""- Regis H. Septimj. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5174, p. 13. ' Johannes Sutton tenet villas de Budworth et Ashton juxta Budworth, 2 bovat'. terr'. in villa de Tubbeley inferiori et quandam particula'r. hamletti de Lith, et 3 parteni vill^e de Tubbeley superior, per servic'. i feod. mil. inveniend. unum judica- torem in curia de Halton, de quindena in quin'm pro ten', in Budworth, et pro alijs ten', suis facit sect', per afforciamentum. Harl. MS. 2115, b. 109. * Jacob's Law Diet. tit. Maiden Rent. * Comp. Copyholder, 79. and Customs of Manors. 47 BULEWELL, Co. OF NOTTINGHAM. Roger Rastall held lands in Bulewell, in the county of Not- tingham, of the King, by the service of paying every year a horse with a halter. ^ BuRAM, Co. OF Kent. Richard de Bet held a certain serjeanty in Buram, for which he was to find for our lord the King one ship in every of his passages.^ BURCESTER, Co. OF OXFORD. Robert, son of Nicholas Germeyn, held one messuage, and half a yard-land in villenage, at the will of the Prioress (of Merk- yate), and owed one day's work at the plough in winter, and one day's weeding, and one wedbedrip (bederip), according to the pleasure of the Prioress, and he was to have one repast; also, he was to do the service of mowing once for half a day ; and for an entire yard-land of the same tenure he was to have livery at vespers, which are called evenyngs : as much as a mower could make by his scythe, and carry home by himself ; also for half a yard-land of the same tenure he was to have livery at vespers, with a companion, so much as a mower could make by his scythe and bear home ; and the mower was to have his breakfast of the Lady Prioress, and he the said Robert, and all others customary tenants of the Prioress, were to have grass delivered in the mea- dow, called Gilberdesham, without dinner. They were afterwards to turn and cock the hay, and then make mows or ricks, and every one was to carry four teams of hay to the court of the Prioress, and to have a breakfast of the Prioress ; and for a yard- land of the same quahty he was to do three days' work in autumn — to wit, reaping with three men without dinner — and one day's work without dinner with one man ; and if the binder should be at the said reap-days, he was to have one garb of the grain from the last corn bound, and also owed one day's reaping, at the will of the Prioress, with his whole family, except his wife, and was to be at the dinner of the Prioress, yet as often as the binder had his dinner, he was not to have a garb ; and he was to carry four teams of corn in autumn to the manor of the Prioress, and to have a breakfast, and owed to be taxed (owed tallage) at Michaelmas, at the pleasure of the Prioress ; he was not to sell his male horse, nor an ox of his own nurture, nor put his son 1 Testa de Nevill. Blount, 88. ^ Seriantia Ricardi de Bet in Buram pro qua invenire debuit dno Regi unum navem in qualibet passagio suo. De Serjantijs arentatis in Cotnitat. Kancie per Robertum Passelewe, tempore Hen. Regis filij Regis Johan. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 313, p. II. ^8 Tenures of Land to school, or marry his daughter, without the licence and consent of the Prioress ; and if the Prioress should be present, the said Robert was to find and carry meat and drink for the time which she should stay in the county for her pleasure, and, moreover, pay yearly, at the four usual terms, two shillings and sixpence, and do suit of court.' Richard" de Camvil, and Eustace his wife, gave a virgate of land in Burcester to Robert Clerk, yet so that the aforesaid Robert Clerk, or his heirs, should find one lamp before the altar of St Nicholas, in the great Church of St Mary and St Edburga, in Burcester, burning throughout every night and day while divine service was celebrated, and at canonical hours.^ Lands and rent charges were frequently given to religious houses and parish churches for the maintenance of a lamp or candle, set burning on the altar of any church or chapel. By the ecclesiastical constitutions in Normandy, it was ordained that once in a year, about Pentecost, the priest and capellanes should come with their people in a full procession to the mother church, and for every house should offer on the altar a wax taper, to enlighten the church.^ Bure-Ferrers, Co. OF Cornwall. Sir John de Ferrers, knight, holds of the honour of the Castle of Tremanton, in the county of Cornwall, twenty-one knights' fees ' Robertus, filius Nicholai Gerraeyn, tenet unum messaagium, et dimidiam virga- tam terrae in bondagio ad voluntatem dominse, et debet unam aruram in yeme, et unam sarculaturam, et debet unam wedbedrip, pro voluntate dominte, et habebit unum repastum, et debet unam falcaturam per dimidiam diem, et virgatam terrs integram ejusdem tenurae,habebit liberam ad vesperas, quae vocatur evenyngs, tantam sicut falcator potest per falcem levare, et domum portare per ipsum ; et dimidiam vir- gatam terrae ejusdem tenurae habebit liberam ad vesperas, cum quodam socio, tantam sicut falcator potest per falcem levare, et domum portare ; et falcator habebit jenta- culum suum de domina priorissa, et ipse Robertus, et omnes alii custumarii dominae, liberam falcatam in prata vocata Gilberdesham, sine prandio, debent tornare et inde foenum levare, et mulliones inde facere, et debet quilibet cariare quatuor carucatas foeni ad curiam priorissa;, et habebit unum jentaculum de domina priorissa: et vir- gata terrae ejusdem conditionis faciei tres precarias in autumpno, videlicet, precariam sine prandio cum tribus hominibus, et unam precariam sine prandio cum uno homine, et si sit ligator ad dictas precarias, habebit unum garbum seminis de ultimo blado ligato, et debet etiam unam precariam pro voluntate doming cum tota familia sua, praeter uxorem suam, ad prandium dominae, et quotiens ligator habet prandium non habebit garbam ; et debet cariare quatuor carucatas bladi in autumpno ad manerium dominas, et habebit unum jentaculum, et debet talliari ad festum S. Michaelis pro voluntate dominae priorissa ; nee debet vendere equum masculum, neque bovem de proprio nutrimento suo, neque filium suum ad literaturam ponere, neque filiam suam maritare, sine licentia et voluntate priorissae ; et si domina priorissa sit prsesens, ipse Robertus quaeret et cariabit esculenta et potulenta priorissae pro tempore quo moram fecerit in comitatu pro voluntate sua, et reddet etiam per annum ad quatuor terminos consuetos lis. vid. et sectam curiae. Kennett's Paroch. Antiq. p. 401. ^ Ita tamen quod praedictus Robertus Clericus vel haeredes sui invenient lampadem unam ante altare Sancti Nicholai, in majori ecclesia S. Mariae et S. Edburgae de Berencester qualibet nocte totaliter, et quolibet die dum divina celebrantur, et ad horas canonicales, ardentem. Kennett's Paroch. Antiq. p. i8o. ' Kennett's Paroch. Antiq. p. 598, and Gloss, sub voce Luminare. See also Glossary V, Lampas ardens. and Customs of Manors. 49 in Bure- Ferrers, and elsewhere, by knight's service, paying at the feast of St Michael four boatmen to manage the boats at the passage of Esse, and supporting twenty-one of the battlements of the castle aforesaid, at his own proper costs.' BuREs, Co. OF Essex, William de Bigod holds, with his wife, the town of Bures and the hundred, of our lord the King in capite, to wit, the town of Bures, by the serjeanty of the chandelry, and the town was worth a hundred shillings, and for the hundred he paid at the exchequer eighteen pounds.^ Roger de Leyburn holds Bures, and Robert de Sutton of him, by the serjeanty of scalding the King's hogs.^ BURFORD, Co. OF OXFORD. About the year 750 a battle was fought near Burford, in Oxfordshire, perhaps on the place still called Battle Edge, west of the town, towards Upton, between Cuthrerd or Cuthbert, a tributary King of the West Saxons, and Ethelbald King of Mercia, whose insupportable exactions the former King not being able to endure, he came into the field against Ethelbald, met and overthrew him there, winning his banner, whereon was depicted a golden dragon ; in memory of which victory, the cus- tom of making a dragon yearly, and carrying it up and down the town in great joUity on Midsummer Eve, to which they added the picture of a giant, was in all likelihood first instituted.* Burford, Co. of Salop. This came from the posterity of Theodoric Say to Robert de Mortimer, and from his posterity to Geoffrey de Cornwaile, descended from Richard Earl of Cornwall, and King of the Romans, and his family have, to this present time, enjoyed the name of barons, but not their rank in Parliament. " Burford," says the Inquisition, 40 Edw. III., " is held of the King, to find five men for the army in Wales, and by the service of a barony. " ' ' Johannes de Ferrers, chevalier, tenet de Honore Castri de Tremanton in comi- tatu Cornubiae, xxi feoda militum in Bure-Ferrers, et alibi, per servitium militare, reddend. ad festum Sancti Michaelis, quatuor virones ad batellos passagii de Esse, et sustinend. xxi Kemella Castri prasdicti, sumptibus suis propriis. Antiq. Supervis. Ducatus CornubiEe. Blount, 107. ^ Willielmus de Bigod tenet, cum uxore sua, villam de Bures, et hundredum, de domino Rege in capite ; scil. villam de Bures per serjantiam eschanderife, et valet villa c s. ; et de hundredo reddit ad Scaccarium xviii 1. Plac. Coron. 1 1 Hen. III. Rot. I. apud Chelmsford. Blount, 50. 3 Rogerus de Leyburn ; Robertus de Sutton de eo, tenet Bures per serjantiam escaldandi porcos Regis. Ex Lib. Rub. Scacc. App. to Brady, 23. * Nat. Hist, of Oxfordshire, 348. Blount, 154. ° De Rege ad inveniendos v homines pro exercitu Wallise, et per servitium baronis. Blount's Law Diet. tit. Barony. D ^o Tenures of Land I must observe here, that those who held an entire barony were commonly accounted barons, and, according to the opinions of some of our learned common lawyers, barori and barony were connected like earl and earldom, duke and dukedom, king and kingdom.' BuRGE, Co. OF Derby. Hugh, son and heir of Philip de Stredley, made fine with the King by two marks for his relief for the mill of Burge, in the county of Derby, which the said Philip held of the King in capite, by the service of finding one man bearing a heron falcon, every year in season, before the King, when he should be sum- moned, and to take for performing the said service, at the cost of the King, two robes at Whitsuntide and Christmas.^ Burgh-on-the-Sands, Co. of Cumberland. The barony of Burgh-on-the-Sands, in the county of Cumber- land, with divers other manors and lands in that county, were anciently held by the service of Cornage.^ Lands were given to various settlers in those parts, to hold by the service of blowing such horns, and being bound to go, at the King's command, with his army into Scotland ; in which they were to be stationed in the vanguard going, and in the rearward returning.'' Burgham, Co. of Kent. William Say (amongst other things) held the manor of Burgham, in the county of Kent, by barony, and he was to maintain part of the bridge of Rochester, and a certain house (building) in the Castle of Dover, for his barony in Kent.' Burnham Depedale, Co. of Norfolk. Reinald or Reginald, abbot, by his deed without date, but in the reign of Henry I., granted to Bosceline and Alfnia his wife the land of Ulph in Dfepedene (now called Depedale), on this condition, that they should become the abbot's liege people. 1 Gough's Camd. vol. ii. p. 396. ^ Hugo, filius et heres Pliilippi de Stredley, fecit finem cum Rege per duas marc', pro relevio sue de molend. de Burgo in com. Derby, q. dictus Philippus tenuit de Rege in capite, per servitium inveniendi unum hominem portantem unum falconem heronar'. quolibet anno in seisona coram Rege cum per Regem fuerit premonit' capiend'. pro dicto servitio faciend'. ad sumptibus Regis, duas robas ad fest' Pent, et Nativitatis Dni. De termino Trin. anno 21 Edw. III. Rot. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 167. ^ Reg. de Holm Coltram. Blount, 13. ■> Camd. Brit. tit. Picts Wall. ^ Willielmus Say ten', m. de Burgham in com. Kane', per baroniam, et debet sustinere partem pontis Roffen'. et quandam domum in Castro Douorre pro baronia sua de Kane'. Esc. de anno l Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit, Mus. No. 2087, p. 16. and Customs of Manors. 5 1 " Sciatis me dedisse terram Ulf in Depedene (hodie Depedale) huic Boscelino, et uxori ejus Alfinse, ita bene sicut homines de Brancestre ilium testificant verum habuisse, ea conditione quod effecti sunt homines lieges." This shows that lords of manors had their lieges, who were bound and sworn to pay allegiance to them/ BURSTALL, OliM BoRESTALL, CO. OF BuCKS. King Edward the Confessor gave the rangership of Bernwode forest in Bucks, with a hide of land, to Nigell and his heirs, to be held by a horn. This Nigell had killed a large boar there, and this was his remuneration.'' King Edward the Confessor had a royal palace at Brill, or BrehuU, in Bucks, to which he often retired for the pleasure of hunting in his forest of Bernwood. This forest, it is said, was much infested by a wild boar, which was at last slain by one Nigell, a huntsman, who presented the boar's head to the King ; and for a reward the King gave him one hide of arable land, called Derehyde, and a wood called Hulewood, with the custody of the forest of Bernwood, to hold to him and his heirs by a horn, which is the charter of the aforesaid forest. Upon this land Nigell built a lodge or mansion-house, called Borestall, in memory of the slain boar. For proof of this, in a large folio vellum book, containing transcripts of charters, and evidences relating to this estate (supposed to have been written in or before the reign of Henry VI.), is a rude delineation of the site of Bor- stall House and manor, and under it the figure of a man present- ing, on his knees, to the King the head of a boar on the point of a sword, and the King returning to him a coat-of-arms, argent, a fesse gules, between two crescents, and a horn vert. The same figure of a boar's head was carved on the head of an old bedstead, now remaining in the tower or lodge of that ancient house or castle, and the arms are now to be seen in the windows and in other parts. And what is of greatest authority, the original horn, tipt at each end with silver gilt, fitted with wreaths of leather to hang about the neck, with an old brass seal ring, a plate of brass with the sculpture of a horn, and several lesser plates of silver, gilt, with fleurs-de-lis (supposed to be the arms of Lisures, who intruded into this estate an office at or soon after the Conquest), has been all along preserved by the lords of Borstall under the name of Nigell's Horn, and was in the year 1773 in the possession of John Aubrey, Esq. (son and heir of Sir Thomas Aubrey, Baronet), to whom this estate has descended, without alienation or forfeiture, from before the 1 Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, fol. edit. vol. iii. p. 727. ' Mr Pegge's Observations on the Horn as a charter, Archirolbgia, vol. iii. p. 3. Kennett's Faroch. Antiq. 5 2 Tenures of L and Conquest to the present time, by several heirs female, from the family of Nigell to that of Aubrey. ttt / . ,. An inquisition was taken in the reign of King Henry HI. (A.D. 1266), in which are the following words : " Prffidictus Wilhelmus, filius Nigelli, et antecessores sui tenuerunt dictas terram et ballivam de domino Rege, ante tempus conquestiis Anglise per unum Cornu, quod est charta prsedictse forestae, t.e, ihe aforesaid WilHam Fitz Nigell and his ancestors held the said land and bailiwick of our lord the King, from before the time of the conquest of England, by a horn, which is the charter of the aforesaid forest' And in the reign of King Edward I., John Fitz Nigell holds one hide in Burstall, in the county of Bucks, of our lord the King, in the forest of Bernewode, by the serjeanty which is called the.Derhyde, belonging to his bailiwick of keeper of the forest, whereof the said John was keeper in fee/ Burton, Co. of Nottingham. John Burdon held four bovats of land in demesne in Burton, in the county of Nottingham, of the Honour of Tickhill, by the service of finding one horse and one sack when the constables of Chester marched into Wales in the King's service.^ _ John Burdon, for his land in Burton, owes two suits (to the court of the Honour of Tickhill) ; and in the army in Wales he is to find one horse of the price of five shillings, and one sack and a pin of the price of eightpence ; and when the army shall return, he shall have his horse and his sack, or the price ; and he is to make seven feet of the causey,* Burton, Co. of Sussex. Andrew de Sakevill, and Joan his wife, one of the sisters and heirs of John de la Beth, gave to our lord the King five- pence as the value of one-third part of one ounce of silk, for her relief of the purparty of the said Joan, not yet assigned, ^ Archaologia, vol. iii. p. 15, where see a print of the horn, and another of the plan of Borstall above mentioned. Also a particular description of the horn, and a genealogical account of the families who have possessed the estate, from Nigell to the year 1773. ^ Johannes, filius Nigelli, tenet unam hidam in Burstal, in com. Bucks, de domino Rege, in foresto de Bemewode, per serjantiam qu£B vocatur le Derhyde, pertinentem ad ballivam suam de custodiendo forestam, unde idem Johannes est custos de feodo. Plac. Coron. in com. Bucks, 14 Edw. I. Blount, 41. 3 Testa de Nevil. Blount, 94. * Johannes Burdon, pro terra in Button (Burton), debet duas sectas, et in exercitu Wallife debet invenire unum equum de pretio v s. et unum saccum,. et broch. pretii viii d. et cum exercitus redierit habebit equum suum et saccum, vel pretium. Et debet fac. septem ped. super Calcet. Ex vet. Rot. Feodar. Honoris de Tickhill, penes F. F. Foljambe Arm. and Customs of Manors. 5 3 on one acre of land, with the appurtenances, in Burton near Thynden, which is of the glebe of the advowson of the church of Burton, and which the aforesaid John (de la Beth) held of the King in capite as parcel of the manor of Burton, which said acre of land is held by the service of one ounce of silk.' Bury St Edmund's, Co. of Suffolk. The monks of Bury, to bring grist to their mill, spread an opinion that if any married woman were barren, and had no children, if she would but come with a white bull to the bier of St Edmund (whence that town derives its name) and make her offerings and vows, she should presently afterwards conceive with child ; the manner whereof was thus : a white bull was pro- vided, curiously adorned with garlands of flowers between his horns, ribbons, &c., who being led by one of the monks, the lady or woman followed him, often stroking him, and - the rest of the religious crew attending her, as in a procession. They commonly set forth from the South Gate, and so (to be more publicly seen) passed through Church Street, Guildhall Street, and Cock Row, down to the great gate of the abbey, whence the woman proceeded to St Edmund's shrine, said her prayers, made her offerings, and returned with full assurance of a speedy conception. This got such credit that not only divers eminent women of England frequented it, but even from beyond the seas ladies caused it to be done ; and that a white bull for this sacred use might not be wanting, the tenants of the abbey lands were obliged to find one always in readiness, as appears by several of their leases, viz. : — " This indenture witnesses that Mr John Swaffham, sacrist of the Monastery of St Edmund of Bury, with the assent and will of the prior and convent of that place, has. granted and to farm let, to Simon Lolepeke, of Bury aforesaid, yeoman, the manor called Habyrdon, in Bury aforesaid, &c., to hold, &c., for the term of seven years, &c., yielding therefore yearly, &c. : and the said Simon, his executors and assigns, shall find, or cause to be found, one white bull every year of his said term, as oft as it shall happen that any gentlewoman, or any other woman, out of devotion, or vow by them made, shall come to the bier of the glorious king and martyr St Edmund, to make their oblations ' Andreas de Sakevill et Johanna uxor ejus, una sororum et heredum Johannis de la Beth, dant domino Regi v d. de precio tertie partis unius uncie serici pro relevio suo de purparte ipsam Johannam contingente de una acr'. terr'. cum pertin'. in Burton juxta Thynden, q. est gleba advocationis ecclesie de Burton, et quam predictus Johannes de Rege ten', in capite, ut parcell. manerij de Burton, q. quidem acr'. terr' tenetur per servic'. unius uncie serici. De termino Trin. anno 1 8 Edw. III. Harl MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 156. 54 Temires of Land of the white bull. In witness whereof, &c." Dated the 4th of June, in the second year of King Henry the Seventh [1487]. 2d. "This indenture, made the 12th of September, in the eleventh year of King Henry the Eighth [15 19], between John Eyre, sacrist of the Monastery of St Edmund of Bury, and Richard Skinner, of Bury aforesaid, husbandman, witnesses that the said John, by the assent, &c., hath granted and to farm letten to the said Richard the manor of Habyrdon, &c., for the term of ten years, &c. : and the said Richard shall find one white bull as often as it shall happen, &c." [as in the former deed.] 3d. " This indenture witnesses that John, by divine permission, abbot of the Monastery of St Edmund of Bury, by the assent, &c., hath letten to Robert Right, glazier, and John Anable, pewterer, of Bury aforesaid, our manor of Habyrdon, with the appurtenances, for twenty years, yielding, &c. : and that the said Robert and John shall find yearly one white bull as often [as above]. In witness, &c." Dated the 28th of April, in the twenty- fifth year of Henry VIII., ann. Dom. 1533. 4th. " To all faithful Christian people that shall inspect these presents, John Swafiham, sacrist of the Monastery of St Ed- mund of Bury, an exempt jurisdiction appertaining immediately to the apostolic see, and archdeacon of the same place, health, on [from] the Author of health ; we make [made in the original] known to you all by these presents that Father Peter Minnebode, licentiate in holy theology, and Father Peter Brune, together with Father Cornelius, a lay brother of the order of Carmelites of the city of Gaunt, on the 2d day of the month of June, in the year of our Lord 1474, did, in the presence of many credible persons, off"er at the bier of the glorious king, virgin, and martyr St Edmund, at Bury aforesaid, one white bull, according to the aacient custom, to the honour of God and the said glorious martyr, in relief of the desire of a certain noble lady. Sealed with the seal of our office." Dated the day, place, and year aforesaid. The first and last of these deeds were in the last century [1750] extant, and the originals to be seen in the hands of one Mr James Capin, a public notary, and proctor in the Ecclesiastical court ; the second in the hands of Mr John Malosse, an attorney of the Court of Common Pleas ; the third in the custody of Mr John Hill, an attorney of the King's Bench, — all three persons of repute and unquestionable credit, and at the same time of St Edmund's Bury ; and no doubt those originals are yet remain- ing in the possession of some of the heirs or succeedents of those respective gentlemen. However, we are assured that a transcript of the third of them, under seal, remains on record at the Augmentation Office.' ^ Antiquarian Repertory, vol. i. p. 131. and Customs of Manors. 55 The office of cellarer, for the time being, of the Monastery of St Edmund, in the county of Suffolk, was held 'of the lord abbot by (the payment of) certain seams of oats in the name of fodder-corn, to be paid yearly at the feast of St Martin, in winter, for tenements, and parcels of tenements, lying in several towns.' Butlers, or Herewards, Co. of Norfolk. In 1256 there was a long suit between Nicholas de Pincerna, who assumed the name of Stalham, and William, son of Richer de Bosco, or Bois, for not taking his homage, and demanding an unreasonable relief of him, for lands held of him here, to which Nicholas pleaded that he was his villan belonging to this manor, and that he and the rest of the villans of this manor were taxable at their lord's will, and that they paid a fine for leave to marry their daughters and sisters, and that he took a mark, for leave to marry, as his fine, and that therefore it was not un- reasonable, which being proved the lord recovered. I mention this to show in what a miserable state the under-tenants were in at that time.° BuxsTON, Co. OF Norfolk. John le Marshall held the manor of Buxston of the King in capite, as of the barony of Rye, by the service of paying for guarding the Castle of Norwich from six weeks to six weeks, one mark, and for Wayt-fe, at the said castle, fifteen shillings at four quarterly terms.^ Bynedon, Co. of Cornwall. Richard de Bynedon held one messuage and one carucate of land at Bynedon, of the Abbey of Montes Burgh, by the service of ploughing, sowing, mowing, gathering, carrying (the produce of the land), and being reeve or bailiff of the lord abbot* ^ Memorand. Quod cellerarius Mon. St Edmundi, qui pro tempore, fuit, tenetur dicto domini abbati in certis summis avenae nomine fodyrcorn, solvend. annuatim ad festum Sancti Martini, in hyeme, pro certis tenementis et parcell'. tenementorum in diversis villis jacentibus. Inquis. capta 46 R. Edw. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 4626. 2 Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, vol. iii. p. 676. ' Johannes le Marshall tenuit m. de Buxston, de R. in capite, de baronia de Rye, per servitium solvend. ad ward. Castri Norwici de sex sept, in sex sept., 1 marc, et de Wayt-fe ad idem castrum 15s., ad 4 anni terminos. Esc. anno 10 Edw. I. Harl. MS. No. 2087, p. 30. * Ricardus de Bynedon ten', unum messuagium, et unam carucatam terre apud Bynedon, de Abbe Montes Burg, per servicium arandi, seminandi, falcandi, metendi cariandi, et essendi prsepositus diii abbatis. Inquis. anno 8 Edw. II. Harl. MS, Brit. Mus. No. 6126. 56 Tenures of Land Cabilia, Co. of Cornwall. Walter, son and heir of Ade de St Margaret, gave to the King sixteenpence for his relief for certain tenements in Cabilia, which he held of the King as of his Honour of Lan- ceneton, by the service of paying to the King one grey cloak (or riding hood) as often as he should pass towards Cornwall through Pouleston Bridge.' Caldecote, Co. of Norfolk. Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford and Essex, hdld of the King, in capite, the entire manor of Caldecote by the service of being Lord High Constable of England.^ Calstock, Co. of Cornwall. The native tenants or villains of Calistoke, in the county of Cornwall, paid yearly nineteen shillings of a certain rent called berbiage, at the Hokeday.^ Camberwell, Co. of Surrey. An inferior manor, by the name of Camberwell, held of Camberwell Buckinghams, by the service of a pair of horse- shoes, was the property of the Scotts.* Francis Muschamp died seised of it in 1632.' Cambridge. The same kind of grant was made to Ralph Notton as was accorded to Simon de Rugeby at Stafford, and by the same ser- vice, when the King should come to Cambridge — namely, to hold his stirrup, when the King should mount his palfrey.* Cannay, Island of, one of the Hebrides. The chief use of horses in this little district is to form an ^ Walterus, filius et heres Ade de Sancta Margareta, dat. l5d. de relevio suo pro quibusdam ten. in Cabilia, et tenuit de Rege ut de Honore de Lanceneton, per servitium reddendi Regi unam Capam de panno Criseo, quotiens Rex transitum fecerit versus Cornub. per Pontem de Bouleston. De Termino Pasche a° lo° E. II. Harl. MS. No. 34, p. 74. ^ Humfredus de Bohun, Comes Hereford, et Essex, de R, in c. M. de Caldecote integrum, per ser. Constabulariat' Anglise. Esc. de anno primo Ed. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 24. ' Nativi tenentes de Calistoke, in com. Cornubise, reddunt per annum de certo redditu vocato berbiagium, ad le Hokeday. Gent. Mag. 1790, p. 608. Blount, 133. * Cole's Escheats. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 759, p. 25. ■^ Ibid. No. 7S3> P- 156- Lysons' Environs of London, vol. i. p. 72. * Pat. 16. Edw. III. p. 2. M. 16. Communicated by Tho. Astle, Esq. and Customs of Manors. 57 annual cavalcade at, Michaelmas. Every man in the island mounts his horse, unfurnished with saddle, and takes behind him either some young girl or his neighbour's wife, and then rides backwards and forwards from the village to a certain cross, without being able to give any reason for the origin of this custom. After the procession is over, they alight at some public- house, where, strange to say, the females treat the companions of their ride. When they retire to their houses, an entertainment is prepared with primaeval simplicity : the chief part consists of a great oat-cake, called Struan-Micheil, or St Michael's Cake, composed of two pecks of meal, and formed like the quadrant of a circle : it is daubed over with milk and eggs, and then placed to harden before the fire.' Cannok, Forest of, Co. of Stafford. Humfrey Swynerton, son and heir of Anne, who was the wife of John Mytton, deceased, and before late wife of Thomas Swynerton, father of the aforesaid Humfrey, acknowledged that he held of the King in capite the bailiwick and stewardship of the forest of Cannok, in the county of Stafford, by grand serjeanty — viz., by the service of being steward dnd bailiff of the forest aforesaid.^ Carlcoats, Co. of York. Two farms at Carlcoats, in the parish of Peniston and county of York, pay to Godfrey Bosville, Esq., the one a right-hand, and the other a left-hand, glove yearly .3 Carleton, Co. of Nottingham. Edmund Willoughby held one messuage and six bovats of land in Carleton, in the county of Nottingham, as of the manor of Shelford, by the service of one catapult by the year for all Carleton juxta Rothwell, Co. of York. William Hunt of Carleton by Rothwell holdeth freely from all services and demands (except one rose in the time of roses, 1 Pennant's Voyage to the Hebrides. 2 Humfridus Swynerton, filius et heres Annae, que fuit uxor Johannis Mytton de- functj, et antea nuper uxor Thorns Swynerton, patris predict! Humfridj, cognovit se tenere de Rege in capite ballivam senescalcie foreste de Cannok in com. Staff, per magnam serianciam, viz. per servic' essendi senescallus et ballivus foreste predicte. Pasch. fin. anno 19 Hen. VII. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5174, p. 20. 3 Extracted from the vifritings of Godfrey Bosville of Gunthwaite, Esq. * Edmundus Willoughby tenuit unum messuagium et sex bovatas terr^, in Carlton in com. Nott. ut de manerio de Shelford, per servitium unius catapultse per annum pro omni servitio. Lib. Sched. 14 Hen. IV. Nott. fo. 210. Blount, 3. 5 8 Tenures of Land if demanded) in Carleton aforesaid, one capital messuage, six curtilages, four cottages, two carneals (carucates) of land and "meadow, and six assarts inseparable at all times in the year, with their appurtenances, of the Earl of Lincoln (Henry de Lacy), as of his manor of Rothwell, and the same William and his heirs shall have and for ever enjoy, in the manor of the said Earl there, without the park there, a leash of greyhounds and six hounds, and the said William and his heirs shall be ready and prepared, when they shall be required by the forester there for the time being of the aforesaid Earl and his heirs, with the greyhounds and hunting-hounds aforesaid, to hunt and kill fat venison of the aforesaid Earl and his heirs, in venison season, in the said park.' Carlisle, the City of. At the parliament held the i8th Edw. L, Ralph, Bishop of Carlisle, demanded against the Prior of the church of Carlisle the tithes of two plots of land, newly assorted (converted into tillage), in the forest of Inglewood, whereof one was called Lynthwait, and the other Kirkethwait, and which belonged to the aforesaid Bishop, by reason that the aforesaid places were within the limits of his parish church of Aspatrick. And there- upon likewise came Master H. de Burton, parson of the church of Thoresby, and claimed the same tithes as belonging to his church. And the Prior came and said that the tithes aforesaid belonged to him and to his Church of St Mary of Carlisle, and not to the aforesaid Bishop, for he said that our lord the old King Henry granted to God and his Church of the Blessed Mary of Carlisle, and to the canons there serving God, all the tithes of all the lands which the same lord the King or his heirs. Kings of England, within the forest aforesaid, should cause to be converted into tillage, and enfeoffed the said church thereof by a certain ivory horn, which he gave to his church aforesaid, and which he the said Prior then had ; and he prayed judgment, &c. And William Inge, who sued for the King, said that the tithes aforesaid belonged to the King and to no other person, because they were within the bounds of the forest of Inglewood. And that the King, in his forest aforesaid, might build towns, erect churches, assart (cultivate) lands, and those churches with the tithes of those lands, at his will, to whomsoever he would might confer, &c. And because our lord the King would be certified concerning the premises, that he might give to every one his due, &c. The King was to be certified at the next parliament, %lc^ ^ Ex Record. 13 Edw. VI. " Parliamentum, 18 Edw. I. Radulphus episcopus Karleol. petit versus priorem ecclesise Karleol. decimas duarum placeatum terrae de novo assart, in foresta de Ingle- wood, quarum una vocatur Lynthwait, et alia Kirkethwait, et qu!E ad ipsum episcopnm and CtLstoms of Manors. 59 The horns, now preserved in the cathedral church of Carlisle, are improperly so called, being certainly the teeth of some very large fish." Ray says they have preserved at Carlisle two elephant's teeth, fastened in a bone like a scalp, which they call the horns of the altar f and these are supposed to have been given by King Henry I. to the prior and convent of Carlisle, when he infeoffed them with the tithes of all assart lands within the forest of Inglewood, to be held per quoddam cornu eburneum — i.e., by a certain ivory horn, as above mentioned.^ Carlton, Co. of Norfolk. Eustace de Corson, Thomas de Berkedich, and Robert de Wethen, hold thirty acres of land in the town of Carlton, in the county of Norfolk, by the serjeanty of carrying to our lord the King, wheresoever he should be in England, twenty-four pasties of fresh herrings at their first coming in.* Casham, Co. of Hants. Rowland de Arley and Henry Wade hold the moiety of a certain serjeanty in Casham, in the county of Southampton, by finding a certain footman to keep the Castle of Porchester, in the time of war, for forty days at their own proper costs. And that serjeanty was let upon yearly rent at half a mirk.^ pertinent eo quod pr^^dict^e placas sunt infra limites parochiae ecclesise suae de Aspa- tericho. Et super hoc similiter venit Mr H. de Burton persona ecclesise de Thorisby, et easdem decimas clamat ut pertinen'. ad ecclesiam suam. Et prior venit et dicit quod decimse pr^edict^ ad ipsum et ecclesiam suam Beat^ Mariae Karleol. pertinent, et non ad prasdictum episcopum, dicit enim quod dominus Henricus Rex vetus concessit Deo et ecclesife suk Beatse Mariae Karleol. et canonicis ibidem Deo servientibus omnes decimas de omnibus terris quas idem dominus Rex aut hseredes sui Reges Anglic in foresta praedicta in culturam redigere fecerint ; et ecclesiam prsedictam inde feoffavit per quoddam cornu eburneum quod dedit ecclesi^ su£e prajdiclEe, et quod adhuc habet. Et petit judicium, &c. Et Willielmus Inge qui sequitur pro Rege dicit quod decimsE prajdictse pertinent ad Regem et noii ad alium, quia sunt infra bundas forestae de Inglewood : et quod Rex in foresta sua prasdicta potest villas aedificare, ecclesias construere, terras assartare, et ecclesias illas cum decimis terrarum illarum, pro voluntate sua, cuicunque voluerit conferre, &c. Et quia dominus Rex super praemiss. vult certiorari, ut unicuique tribuatur quod suum est, assignetur, &c. Et certificent Regem ad proxim. Parliamentum, &c. Rot. Plac. Pari, de ann. 18 Edw. I. Rot. 8. 4 Inst. 307. Archceol. vol. iii. p. 22. 1 Archceol. vol. iii. p. 22. ^ Ibid. p. 23. 3 Ibid. p. 22. * Eustachius de Corson, Thomas de Berkedich, et Robertus de Wethen, tenent tri- ginta acras terras in vUla de Carlton in com. Norfolk, per serjantiam ducendi domino Regi, ubicunque fuerit in Anglia, viginti et quatuor pastilles Ae fresh alec, in primo adventu. Pla. Coron. de ann. 14 Edw. I. Rot. 3. Norf. Blount, 67. 5 Roulandus de Arley et Henricus Wade tenent medietatem cujusdam serjantiae in Casham in com. Southampton, ad inveniendum quendam hominem peditem ad custo- diendum Castrum de Porchester, tempore guerrae, per xl dies, sumptibus suis propriis, et arrentata est serjantia ilia per annum ad dimid. marcam. Plac. Coron. 8 Edw. I. Rot. 26, dorso. Blount, 86. 6o ■ Tenures of Land Castle Camps, Co. of Cambridge. This manor, which had belonged to Wulfwin, one of the thanes of King Edward the Confessor, was given by William the Con- queror to Aubery de Vere, ancestor of the Earls of Oxford of that name, and was parcel of the barony by virtue of which they held the office of Lord High Chamberlain of England.' Castle Cary, Co. or Somerset. In the 47th year of King Henry HI., Henry Lovel was found to die seised of the manor of Castle Cary, in the county of Somerset, by him held in capite of the King for a whole barony, by the service of finding two soldiers in the King's army, at his own cost, for forty days.^ Castle RisiisfG, &c., Co. of Norfolk. Roger de Montealto (Monhault) held of the King in capite the manors of Castlerisigh, Snotesham, and Kenninghall, by the service of being his butler.' Cawston, Co. of Norfolk. The whole town is ancient demesne, and enjoys the privileges of that tenure, as also those of the Duchy of Lancaster, of which this manor is a member, and consequently within its liberty, but it was exempted from the jurisdiction of the duchy by John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster : in token whereof at this day a brazen gauntlet (or hand) is still carried before the lord of the manor or his steward, whenever they hold court here, on the same day, as the device or rebus of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, who assigned all the royalties to be held of him by the lords of the manor ; and the plough-coulter in the hand denotes the manor to be held in free socage and not in capite, or by knight's service. This I take to be the real fact, though there are other accounts, that say that this manor was held of the duchy, from its first erection, by the service of being Champion to the IDukes of Lan- caster, of which office the gauntlet is a token, it being the very thing which every one that challenges another to fight, according ' Hundred Roll, Edward I. Lysons' Magna Britannia, vol. ii. p. 156. '^ Eschet. 47 Hen. HL n. ii. Blount, 14. 3 Rogerus de Montealto tenuit de R. in c. m. de Castehisigh, m. de Snotesham, et m. de Kenninghall, per servitium pincernse. Esc. anno 26 Edw. I, Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 42. and Customs of Manors. 6 1 to the law of arms, throws down, and if the challenged takes it up, the combat is agreed on, and now the sending and accepting a glove (the gauntlet being the iron glove of a suit of armour) is the way of giving and accepting an honourable challenge.' Chakedon, Co. of Oxford. All the bondmen (servi) of Chakendon, in the county of Oxford, for the service of mowing, were to have of the lord one ram of the price of eightpence at least, and every mower was to have a loaf of the price of a halfpenny ; and they jointly were to have a cart-load of wood, and a cheese of the price of fourpence, and a certain quantity of small-beer. And every yard-land was to have six tods of grass, and half a yard-land three tods.^ The Lord Great Chamberlain of England.' This office is also of great antiquity. To him belongs livery and lodging in the King's court, and certain fees due from each archbishop and bishop when they do homage or fealty to the King, and from all the peers of the realm at their creation, or when they do homage or fealty ; and at the corona- tion of every King he is to have forty ells of crimson velvet for his own robes ; and on the coronation-day, before the King rises, he is to bring his shirt, coif, and wearing-clothes, and after the King is by him apparelled and gone forth, to have his bed, and all the furniture of his bed-chamber, for his fees, and all the King's night apparel ; and to carry at the coronation the coif, gloves, and linen to be used by the King upon that occasion ; also the sword and scabbard, and the gold to be offered by the King, and the robe-royal and crown, and to undress and attire the King with the robes-royal, and to serve the King that day with water to wash his hands, and to have the basin and towels 1 Blomefield's ^w/. of Norfolk, vol. iii. p. 538. 2 Omnes servi de Chakendon, in com. Oxon. pro servitio falcationis, habebunt domino unum arietem precii octo denariorum ad minus, et quilibet falcans habebit unum panem precii oboli. Et hi conjunctim liabebunt unam carectatam bosci, et unum caseum precii quatuor denariorum, et unum batinum sab. Et quselibet vii'gata terrje habebit sex toddas herbse, et dimidia virgata terrae tres toddas. Inquis. temp. Edw. I. de Hundr. de Langtre. in com. Oxon. Blount, 166. 3 The other great officers of the ■ Crown are — 2. The Lord High Cliancellor ; 3. The Lord High Treasurer; 4. The Lord President of the Council; 5. The Lord Privy Seal ; 6. The Lord Great Chamberlain of England ; 7. The Lord High Con- stable of England; 8. The Earl Marshal of England; and 9. The Lord High Admiral. But as I do not find that any of these great ofScers, except the Lord Great Chamberlain, the Lord High Constable, and the Earl Marshal, perform any honorary services at the coronation, either in respect of their offices or of any baronies, lands or tenements now or formerly annexed thereto, I shall pass by the four first, and the last. 62 Tenures of Land for his fees, &c." To him belongs the government of the whole Palace of Westminster ; he also issues out his warrants for the preparing, fitting, and furnishing of Westminster Hall against coronations, &c. The Gentleman-Usher of the Black Rod, the yeoraan-usher, and doorkeepers are. under his command. He disposes of the sword of state to what lord he pleases, to be carried before the King when he comes to the Parliament, and goes on the right hand of the sword, next to the King's person, and the Lord Marshal on the left.^ Upon all solemn occasions the keys of Westminster Hall and the keys of the court of wards and court of requests are delivered to him.^ This honour was by Henry H., about 1155, conferred on Aubery de Vere, Baron of Bolebec, Carford, and Badlesmere, and' Earl of Oxford, and he and his posterity enjoyed it, for eighteen descents, till the beginning of the last century [1702]. At the coronation of Richard H., Robert de Vere, then Earl of Oxford, exhibited into the court of the Lord High Steward the following petition — viz. : To my most honourable lord the King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster and Steward of England : Your petitioner, Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, prays that as his ancestors, for time out of mind, have in their turns served the noble progenitors of our lord the King that now is, with water, as well before dinner as after, on the day of their coronation, and have had, as their right, the basins and the towels with which the said progenitors have been served on the days of their coronation, as appears in the records of the King's Exchequer, that it would please your most great Highness to grant that he may do the said office, as his ancestors have done before, and have the fees belonging to the said office. The judgment of the Lord High Steward thereupon was: And because, by the records and evidences showed in court, on the part of the said Earl, it sufficiently appears that the said Earl hath a right to the offices aforesaid, as he above prays, to be held in fee ; and proclamation being made, if any one will, that he may contradict his petitions in this part ; and no one having appeared to contradict his said claim : therefore it was considered that the said Earl should personally do and exercise the said office, if the lord the King, notwithstanding the minority of the said Earl, should graciously consent : which said lord the King afterwards willed and granted that the aforesaid Earl, in his proper person, should do the offices aforesaid on the said day of the King's coronation, notwithstanding that he was within age and in custody of the King. And so the said Earl performed the same offices in all things on the said coronation-day, and received to his own use the basins and towels wherewith he served, and the fees of 1 Chamberlayne's Present State of Great Britain, part i. lib. ii. cap. 1 1 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. and Customs of Manors. 63 the chamberlain.' But at the coronation of the succeeding King Henry IV., Sir ^homas Erpingham, Knight, exercised the office of the Lord Great Chamberlain, and gave water to the King when he washed, both before and after dinner ; having for his fees the basin, ewer, and towels, with other things whatsoever belonging to his office, notwithstanding Aubery de Vere, Earl of Oxford, put in his petitions to have that office, as due to him from his ancestors.'' The office of Lord Great Chamberlain continued from this time in the family of the Veres, Earls of Oxford, with some inter- ruptions till the reign of King Charles I., when that monarch, about the year 1626, created Robert Bertie, Lord Willoughby of Eresby, Lord Great Chamberlain and Earl of Lindsey ; and he, his son, Montague Bertie, and grandson, Robert Bertie, succes- sively Earls of Lindsey, executed that office during the reigns of Charles I. and II. At the coronation of James II. the following petitions were exhibited to the Lords Commissioners for hearing claims, &c. — "To the Right Honourable and Illustrious Lords, the Commis- sioners of our most renowned sovereign lord King James the Second, assigned to hear and determine, adjudge and end, all sorts of petitions and claims of all kinds of people who ought to do any manner of service about the King's person on the day of his coronation, by reason of their inheritances or otherwise. " Robert, Earl of Lindsey, Baron of Willoughby, Beke, and Eresby, prays that as he is Great Chamberlain of England in fee of our most renowned lord the King, it would please your Lord- ships to admit him, as well at this present coronation, as at others, to perform the said office and the services thereof, as he and his ancestors have done before ; that is to say, That the said Earl should have livery and lodgings in the King's court for ever ; and that the said Earl, on the day of the said coronation, in the 1 A mon tres honourable snr Roy de Castile et de Leon, Due de Lane, et Seneschall d'Englet' supplie vfe suppiiat Rob. de Veere, CoUnte de Oxenford, q. comet ses auncesters de temps dount memorie ne court servoyet as noble progenitors nostre seigniour le Roy que ore est del ewe si bien devaunt manger comes apres le jour de lour coronment, et ont ewe, come lour droit, les basins et les towels dount les dits progenitors ount este serviez as ditz jours de lour coronment sicome appiert in les recordes de I'Eschequer le Roy : que il pleas a vfe tres graund hautesse a graunt. que 11 puit faire le dit office, come ses auncesters ount fait devant, et aver les fees au dit office appendats. — Et quia per recorda et evidencias ex parte ipsius comitis in curia prolat' sufficienter constat, quod idem comes jus habet ad officia prsdicta prout superius petijt in feodo obtinend' et facta proclam' si quis peticioni suae in hac parte contradicere vellet, nuUus clameo suo preedicto in aliquo contradixit — Ideo conderatum fuit quod idem comes officiu prsedictum personaliter faceret et exerceret (si dominus Rex ad hsec, non obstante minori setate ipsius Comitis), graciose vellet consentire. Qui quidem dominus Rex postmodum voluit et concessit, quod prsefatus comes, in propria persona sua, ofiicia praedicta dicto die Coronationis ipsius Regis faceret, eo non obstante quod infra aetatem et in custodia Regis existit. Et sic idem comes ofBcia ilia, eodem die Coronationis, in omnibus adimplevit, et pelves et manutergia unde servivit,ac feoda camerarij ad opus suum proprium recepit. Crompton, Jm'isdict. 87. 2 Cromp. 85. 64 Tenures of Land morning of the same day, before the King rises, should enter into the said King's chamber, where the King lies, and bring to the said King his shirt, stockings, and breeches ; and that the said Earl, and the Lord Chamberlain' for the time being together, the same, day, should dress the said King with all his clothes, and take and have all the fees, profits, and advantages to this office duly belonging and appertaining, as he and his ancestors hereto- fore have used and taken on every coronation-day, that is to say, forty yards'" of crimson velvet for the said Earl's robes, against the day of the said coronation ; and when the King is dressed, and ready to go out of the said chamber, on the said day of the coronation, that then the said Earl ought to have and take the bed on which the King lay. the night before the said coronation, and all the furniture thereof, curtains, cushions, and linen hanging about in the chamber, on the aforesaid day; and the King's nightgown, which he had on the night before the said corona- tion." " The said Earl of Lindsey also prays, that as his said ancestors. Great Chamberlains of England, time out of mind, served the noble progenitors of our said lord the King with water, as well before dinner as after, on the day of their coronation, and have had, as their right, the basins, towels, and a cup of assay with which the said progenitors have been served on the said day of their coronation, as appears in the records of the King's Exchequer, that he may be received to do the said office likewise, as his ancestors have done before, and have the said fees belonging to it." The Counter-Claim of the Earl of Derby. " To the Right Honourable," &c., as before. " William Richard George Stanley, now Earl of Derby, sets forth that he is cousin and heir to Henry de Vere, lately Earl of Oxford, Great Chamberlain of England ; that is to say, son and heir of Charles Stanley, late Earl of Derby, who was son and heir of James Stanley, late Earl of Derby, who was son and heir of William Stanley, late Earl of Derby, and Elizabeth his wife, which Elizabeth was daughter of Edward de Vere, last Earl of Oxford, Great Chamberlain of England, and sister and heiress to the said Henry Earl of Oxford, who was son and heir of the said Edward Earl of Oxford ; and which Henry was seised in fee of the said office of Great Chamberlain of England, and in possession thereof died so seised without issue of his body : wherefore your petitioner, as he is cousin and heir as aforesaid to the said Henry Earl of Oxford, ought to have to him and his heirs the said office of Great Chamberlain of England; and your said petitioner prays that your Lordships would be pleased to admit him to the said office of 1 The Lord Chamberlain of the King's Household. ^ Query if not forty ells ? anu K^ustoms of Manors. 65 Great Chamberlain of England, with all fees and privileges to it belonging and appertaining." The Judgment of the Court of Claims thereupon. Which petitions being maturely considered, and that the same Earl of Lindsey was lately in possession and execution of the office aforesaid, and that Robert, not long since Earl of Lindsey, his grandfather, was put in possession of the said office by the most serene Prince Charles the First, of most happy memory, then King of England, by advice of the Lords in Parliament ; which office Montague, late Earl of Lindsey, his father, whose heir he is, performed at the coronation of Charles the Second, late King of England : Therefore it is considered by the commissioners aforesaid, that the claim of the aforesaid Earl of Lindsey to the office aforesaid be allowed to the said Earl of Lindsey, to be per- formed on the aforesaid coronation-day ; and that the claim of the aforesaid Earl of Derby be not allowed : but as to the fees and perquisites claimed by the aforesaid Earl of Lindsey, his claim to the cup of assay is not allowed, because it did not appear to the aforesaid commissioners that the Great Chamberlain had the said cup at any preceding coronation ; but as to the other afore- said claims they are allowed to the same Earl of Lindsey. And afterwards, and before the coronation aforesaid, the said forty yards^ of velvet were delivered to the same Earl ; and composi- tion was made for the aforesaid other fees with the aforesaid Earl for £2,00 sterling : and the aforesaid Earl of Lindsey executed the office of Great Chamberlain of England on the day of the coronation.'"^ The above-mentioned Robert, first Earl of Lindsey, was son of Peregrine Bertie, Lord Willoughby, of Willoughby, Beke, and Eresby, by Mary his wife, daughter to John de Vere, Earl of Oxford, and sister and heir of the whole blood to Edward de Vere, the seventeenth Earl of Oxford of that surname. And the said Robert, grandson of the first Robert Earl of Lindsey, was father of Robert, the first Duke of Ancaster, who was grandfather to Peregrine, the third Duke of Ancaster, who performed the office of Lord Great Chamberlain at the corona- tion of George III. on the 22d September 1761. The said Peregrine Duke of Ancaster died in August 1778, and was succeeded in title and estate by his only son, Robert Bertie, who died in July 1779, unmarried, in the twenty-third year of his age, and was succeeded in his title of Duke of Ancaster by his uncle. Lord Brownlow Bertie, the last duke.' But 1 Or forty ells. '^ Sandford's Hist, Coron. Jac. II. pp. 134, 1315. " [He died in 1809.] 66 Tenures of Land the ancient barony of Willoughby of Eresby, which is a barony in fee, descended to his heirs females, and as such fell in abey- ance between his two sisters and co-heiresses. Lady Elizabeth Priscilla, wife of Peter Lord Gwyder, and Lady Georgina Charlotte, wife of George James Earl of Cholmondely.' A question having arisen who should execute the office of Lord Great Chamberlain, the same was referred by the House of Lords to the twelve judges, and in May 178 1 the following opinion was delivered by Sir John Skynner, Lord Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer : That the office of Lord Great Chamberlain of England belongs to both the sisters of the late Duke of Ancaster. That the husband of the eldest is not of right entitled to execute the said office. That both the sisters may execute it by a deputy to be by them appointed, such deputy not to be of a degree inferior to a knight, and such deputy to be approved of by his Majesty. This office appears to have been formerly annexed to sundry manors.^ Charlton and Swineshead, Co. of Stafford, were held by the same tenure as Swineston in that county. Chelsea, Co. of Middlesex. Robert de Heyle in 1368 leased the whole of his manor of Chelchith, except Westbourne and Kingsholt, to the Abbot and Convent of Westminster, for the term of his own life, for which they were to allow him a certain house within the convent, lately occupied by Sir John Molyns, for his residence, to pay him the sum of ;£^20 per annum, to provide him every day two white loaves, two flagons of convent ale, and once a year a robe of esquire's silk.^ [Cheltenham, Co. of Gloucester. In the manor of Cheltenham, in Gloucester, the lands descend to the eldest daughter in default of sons, instead of to the daughters in coparcenary.*] 1 [It is now in abeyance under precisely similar circumstances, and the two sisters of the late Lord Willoughby perform the office by deputy (1873).] ^ [See Fingrette, Castle-Camps, Laveham, Earls Colne, &c.] ' CI. 41 Edw. III. m. l6. dors. The King's licence for this lease is among the records of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. Lysons' Environs of London, vol. ii. p. 74. ^ [Lewis's Topogr. Diet. tit. Cheltenham. Doe d. Riddell v. Gwinnell, i Gale & Dav. 180. S. C. 10 Law Jour. N. S. 2:2, Q. B.] and Customs of Manors. 6 7 Chenes, Co. of Surrey. Otho de Grandison, and John de Valletort and Alice his wife, held the town of Chenes by serjeanty of finding, on the day of the King's coronation, two white cups at dinner ; and now it is rented at viii shiUings.' Cherburgh, Co. of Dorset. In the 7th of Henry V. John Morville died seised of this manor. John, his brother and heir, held it, according to Mr Coker, by the service of one horse-comb, price fourpence, to be paid yearly by the hands of the sheriff at the feast of Saint Michael.^ Chesham, Co. of Bucks. Richard de Wedon gave to the King twelve shillings and six- pence for his relief of two messuages and three parts of one yard-land, 8z;c., with the appurtenances, in Chesham, held of the King by the serjeanty of being Naperer of our lord the King.' Cheshanger, Co. of Norfolk. Bartholomew de Avelers held (amongst other things) in Ches- hanger one messuage and sixty acres of land by this serjeanty — viz., that he should be constable of the foot soldiers in Norfolk and Suffolk, when the King should go with an army into Wales.-* William the Conqueror first gave this province to Gherbord,^ a nobleman of Flanders, who had only the same title and power as the officiary earls amongst the Saxons had enjoyed, the inher- itance, earldom, and grandeur of the tenure being not yet settled. Afterwards Hugh Lupus, son of the Viscount of 1 Othonus de Grandison, et Johannes de Valletorta et Alicia uxor ejus, tenant villam de Chenes de serjantia inveniendi, die Coronatioiiis Regis, duos albos ciphos ad prandium; et modo arrentata est ad viiis. Plac. Coron. 19 Hen. III. Surrey, , Blount, 82. 2 Per servitium unius pectinis equi, pretium iv d. per manus vice comitis annuatim ad festum Sancti Michaelis solvend. Hutchins' Hist. Dorset, vol. ii. p. 184. 5 Ric'us de Wedon dat Regi xii s. vi d. pro relevio suo de duobus messuagiis, tribus partibus unius virg. terrse, &c. cum pertinentijs, in Chesham, de Rege per serjantiam essendi naparius drii Regis. De termino Mich, anno 13 Edw. III. * Barth'us de Avelers tenuit in Cheshanger unum messuagium et sexaginta acras terrse de Rege in capite, per seriantiam talem, viz. q'd erit constabularius peditum Norff. et Suflf. quando Rex ibit cum exercitu in Wallia. Esc. anno 4 Edw. I. 5 Gherbord vras brother of Lady Gundreda, v\'ho married Earl Warren. Order. Vitalis, p. 522. 68 Tenures of Land Avranches, a nephew of William the Conqueror by his sister, received this earldom from the Conqueror under the greatest and most honourable tenure that ever was granted to a subject ; he gave him this whole county to hold to him and his heirs as freely by the sword as the King held the crown of England.' And consonant thereunto, in all indictments for felony, murder, &c., in that county palatine, the form of conclusion was anciently, "against the peace of our lord the Earl, his sword and dignity." ^ Chester, Co. and City of Randall Blundeville, Earl of Chester, towards the latter end of the reign of King Richard I., being suddenly besieged by the Welsh in the Castle of Ruthelent, in Flintshire, sent to his con- stable of Cheshire, one Roger Lacy (for his fierceness surnamed Hell), to hasten with what force he could to his relief It happened to be on Midsummer Day, and a great fair then held at Chester ; whereupon Roger immediately got together a great lawless mob of fiddlers, players, cobblers, and the like, and marched instantly towards the Earl ; and the Welsh, perceiving a great multitude approaching, raised the siege and fled. The Ear), being thus freed, came back with his constable to Chester ; and in memory of this service, by a charter granted to Roger Lacy and his heirs power over all the fiddlers, lechers, whores, and cobblers in Chester. About the latter end of the reign of King John, or beginning of King Henry HL, Roger Lacy being dead, his son, John Lacy, by the following deed, granted to one Hugh Button his steward, and to his heirs, the rule and authority over all the lechers and whores in the county, viz. : — " Know all men present and to come, that I, John, Constable of Chester, have given and granted, and by this my present charter have confirmed to Hugh de Button and his heirs, the government of all the lechers and whores of all Cheshire, as freely as I hold that government of the Earl, saving my right to me and my heirs.^ Though the original grant makes no mention of giving rule over fiddlers and minstrels, yet ancient custom has now reduced it only to the minstrelsy; for probably the rout which the constable brought to the rescue of the Earl were debauched 1 Habendum et tenendum dictum comitatum Cestrise sibi et hjeredibus suis ita liberi ad gladium, sicut ipse Rex totam tenebat Angliam ad Coronam. Camd. Brit. tit. Cheshire. Blount, ro8. 2 Contra pacem domini comitis, gladium et dignitates suas. Blount's Law Did. tit. Pleas of the Sword. 3 Sciant prsesentes et futuri, quod ego, Johannes constabularius Cestrise, dedi et con- cessi, et hac prtesenti charta mea confirmavi Hugoni de Dutton et hferedibus suis, magistratum omnium leccatorum et merelricum totius CestershiriEe, sicut liberius ilium magistratum teneo de comite. Salvo jure meo, mihi et hreredibus meis. Sine dat. circa annum 1220. and Customs of Manors. 69 persons drinking with their sweethearts at the fair, the fiddlers that attended them, and such loose persons as he could get. In the 14th Henry VII. a quo warranto was brought against Lawrence Button of Button, Esquire, to show why he claimed all the minstrels of Cheshire and the city of Chester to appear before him or his steward at Chester yearly, on the feast of St John the Baptist, and to give him at the said feast four flagons of wine and a lance, and also every minstrel then to pay him fourpence halfpenny, and why he claimed from every whore in Cheshire and the city of Chester, exercising her trade, fourpence, to be paid yeariy at the feast aforesaid.' To which he pleaded prescription." In the statutes of the 14th Eliz. cap. 5, and the 39th Ehz. cap. 4— the first intituled " An Act for the Punishment of Vagabonds, and for the Relief of the Poor and Impotent ; " and the latter intituled "An Act for Punishment of Rogues, Vagabonds, and Sturdy Beggars" — both now repealed, is inserted the following proviso — viz. : Provided always, that this act, or anything therein contained, or any authority thereby given, shall not in any wise extend to disinherit, prejudice, or hinder John Button of Button, in the county of Chester, esquire, his heirs or assigns for, touching, or concerning any liberty, pre-eminence, authority, jurisdiction, or inheritance, which the said John Button now lawfully useth or hath, or lawfully may or ought to use, within the county palatine of Chester and the county of the city of Chester, or either of them, by reason of any ancient charters of any kings of this land, or by reason of any prescription, usage, or title whatsoever."^ In the 43th Eliz. cap. 9, which continued the said act of the 39th Eliz., the above clause was continued only for one year, except before the end of the said year the said John Button, or his heirs, should procure the Lords Chief Justices and Lord Chief Baron, or two of them, on hearing his allegations and proofs, to make certificate into the Chancery, to be there enrolled, that the said John Button, or his heirs, ought lawfully (if no statute against rogues or beggars had been made), by charter, tenure, or prescription, to have such liberty of licensing of minstrels as he claimed and used.'* In the statute of the ist Jac. I. cap. 25, the same clause was continued without limitation ; so that it is probable such proof had then been made as is above mentioned.^ And in the act of the 17th Geo. II. cap. 5, commonly called the ^ Laurentius dominus de Dutton clamat quod omnes minstrelli infra civitatem Ces- trise et infra Cestriam manentes, vel officia ibidem exercentes, debent convenire coram ipso vel senescallo suo apud Cestriam, ad festum nativitatis S. Joliannis BaptistEe, annuatim, et dabunt sibi ad dictum festum quatuor lagenas vini et unam lanceam ; et insuper quilibet eorum dabit sibi quatuor denarios et unum obolum ad dictum festum, et habere de qualibet meretrice infra comitatum Cestrias et infra Cestriam manente, et officiam suum exercente, quatuor denarios per ann. ad festum prsedictum, &c. Inter Placita apud Cestriam, 14 Hen. VII. Blount, 157. Law Diet, sub voce Minstrel. ^ Sir Peter heycester's Antig. of C/iesh. 141, 142, 251. 'Bmri 5 Justice, tit. Vagrants, Blount, 158. " Stat. 39 Eliz. cap. 4. ■* Ibid. 43 Eliz. cap. 9. * Ibid, i Jac. I. cap. 25, sect. 20. 70 Tenures of Land Vagrant Act, a like proviso is inserted in favour of the heirs or assigns of John Button of Button, Esquire. So that the right has now been established by act of Parliament (ever since the year 1 5 72) above three hundred years." The heirs of the said Hugh Button enjoy the same power and authority over the minstrelsy of Cheshire even to this day,° and keep a court every year upon the feast of St John the Baptist, at Chester, being the fair-day, where all the minstrels of the county and city do attend and play before the lord of Button upon their several instruments ; he or his deputy then riding through the city, thus attended, to the Church of St John the Baptist, many gentlemen of the county accompanying him, and one walking before him in a surcoat of his arms, depicted upon tafifata ; and after divine service ended, he holds his court in the city, where he or his steward renews the whole licences granted to the minstrels, and gives such new ones as he thinks fit, under the hand and seal of himself or his steward, none presuming to exercise that faculty there without it. But now^ this dominion or privilege is by a daughter and heir of Thomas Button devolved to the Lord Gerard of Gerard-Bromley, in Staffordshire.* The Earl of Chester's barons^ were anciently bound in time of war with the Welsh to find for every knight's fee one horse with caparison and furniture, or two without, within the divisions of Cheshire ; and their knights and freeholders were to have corslets and haubergeons, and defend their own Fees with their own bodies.^ When the King himself came in person to Chester, every caru- cate yielded him 200 fowls, one tun of ale, and one rushin of butter.' A record entitled "The Claims of the Citizens of Chester," after reciting their claim to various privilegesand immunities, states that there were certain customary tenants of the city, sixteen in number, who by their tenure were bound to watch the city three nights in the year, which are specified, and also to watch and bring up felons and thieves condemned, as well in the court of the justiciary of Chester in the county there, as before the Mayor of Chester in full crownmote, as far as the gallows, for their safe conduct and charge, under the penalty which thereto attaches ; for which services the said customary tenants had certain privileges and exemptions,^ • Stat. 17 Geo. II. cap. 5. = So said by Mr Blount, anno 1679. 'Ibid. * Sir Peter Leycester's ^Kft';^. (j/^ Cfe/^. Blount, 156. ^ The first Earl of Chester's barons were — Nigel, Baron of Halton, Constable of Chester ; Robert, Baron de Mont-hault, seneschal or steward of the county of Chester ; William de Malbedenge, Baron of Malbanc ; Richard Vernon, Baron of Sipbroke ; Robert Fitz Hugh, Baron of Malpas ; Hammon de Mascy ; Gilbert Venables, Baron of Kinderton ; and N., Baron of Stockport. Camd. Brit, ex antiq. MS. Blount, 23. * Camd. Brit, ex antiq. MS. Blount, 23. ' Lib. Domesday, tit. Cestre. " Black Book of'the City of Chester, p. 27. Lysons' Mag, Brit. vol. ii. p. 571. and Cusioms of Manors. 71 Chesterton, Co. of Warwick. Gilbert le Harpour held lands in Chesterton, in the county of Warwick, of the King by grand serjeanty — viz., to keep the place called Teddesley Hay, within the forest of Canoke, at his own cost' Chettington, Co. OF Salop. Roger Corbet holds the manor of Chettington, in the county of Salop, of the King in capite, by the service of finding one footman in the time of war, in the King's army in Wales, with one bow and three arrows, and one pale, and carrying with him one bacon or salted hog ; and when he comes to the army, delivering to the King's Marshal a moiety of the bacon ; and thence the Marshal Is to deliver to him daily some of that moiety for his dinner so long as he stays in the army ; and he is to follow the army so long as that half of the bacon shall last.^ Chewton Mendip, Co. of Somerset. There are certain small rents paid by some tenants of this manor, called Sacrafield Rents, which probably originated from some religious institution.^ 'tj' Chichester, Co. of Sussex. Certain lands and tenements in the suburbs of Chichester, in the parish of St Pancras, are held of the King in capite, by the service of paying to him, whensoever he should come through a street, called Goddestrete, on the South Sea, a spindleful ^ of [cord not twisted or plaited] to make a false string for the King's crossbow.' Chilton, Co. of Somerset. In the time of Edward III. the manor of Chilton was the property of the family of De Wigbere or Wigborough, so deno- ^ Eschet. 32 Edw. I. n. 43. Blount, 36. ■'■ Rogerus Corbet tenet manerium de Chettington in com. Salop, de Rege in capite, per servitium inveniendi unum hominem peditem, tempore guerrse, in exercitu Regis Wallise, cem uno arcu, et tribus sagittis, et uno palo ; et deferet secum unum baconem, et cum ad exercitum Regis pervenerit, liberavit Mareschallo Regis medietatem baconis, et inde Mareschallus deliberabit ei, quotidie, ad prandium suum, de praedicto dimidio baconis, dum steterit in praedicto exercitu. Et debet sequi exercitum durante dimidio bacone prasdicto. Lib. de Tenuris, 24 Edw. I. Blount, 136. ^ Coliinson's Ilist. of Somersetshire, vol. ii. p. 118. * See Glossary, v. Fueillum. ^ Quaedam terrse et tenementa in suburbia CicestriK, in parochia Sancti Pancratii, tenentur de Rege in capite, per servitium reddendi Regi quandocunque venerit per quandam venellam, vocatam Goddestrete, super Mari Australi, unum fueillum plenum fili crudi, ad falsam cordam pro balista sua facienda. Rot. fin. 2 Ric. II. Blount, 92. 72 Tenures of Land minated from their manor of Wigborough, near South Petherton. In the first year of that reign Richard de Wigbere held the manors of Chilton, Hunstile, and Wigbere of the King in chief, by the service of being doorkeeper to the King's chamber, and by the rent of forty shillings per annum.' Chingford, or Chingelford, Co. of Essex. Gilbert de Ecclesia was obliged, by the tenure of his lands, to find a man to gather nuts for the lord of the manor. In a survey of this manor (St Paul's), made about the year 1245, two payments are mentioned, called wodeselver and averselver (a composition for labour).^ There is an estate in this parish, called Brindwood's, held under the rectory by the following singular tenure : upon every aliena- tion, the owner of the estate, with his wife, man-servant, and maid-servant, each single on a horse, come to the parsonage, where the owner does his homage, and pays his relief, in the following manner: he blows three blasts with his horn, and carries a hawk on his fist, his servant has a greyhound in a slip, both for the use of the rector that day ; he receives a chicken for his hawk, a peck of oats for his horse, and a loaf of bread for his greyhound. They all dine ; after which the master blows three blasts with his horn, and they depart.^ Morant says that this estate was (1768) lately in the possession of Daniel Haddon of Braxted.'' In a letter from the Rev. Francis Haslewood, rector of Chingford, dated in November 1721, to a friend, trans- mitted by Mr Bunce, and inserted in the Gentleman s Magazine, ^ he says Mr Haddon, the then owner, showed him proofs of the existence of such a custom from Queen Elizabeth's time, inclu- sive, to his time, according to the subjoined form : — " Bee it remembred, that the three-and-twentith day of Octo- ber, in the yeare of our Lord 1659, came Samuell Haddon, and Mary his wyfe, Edmond Cotster his man-servant, and Matthew^ Walle his maide-servant, to the parsonage of Chingford, at the comaund of Thomas Wytham, Master of Artes, and rector of the said parsonage. The said Samuell Haddon did his homage there, and paid his reliefe in maner and forme as hereafter fol- loweth, for one tenement at Chingford, that is called Scottes May- hewes, alias Brendwood, which was lately purchased of Daniel Thelwell, Esq. First, the said Samuell did blowe three blastes with a home at the said parsonage, and afterward received of ^ CoUinson's Hist, of Somerset, vol. iii. p. 89. ' Lib. pilos, f. 40, a. Lysons' Environs of London, vol. iv. p. 131. ^ Morant's Hist, of Essex, vol. i. p. 57. * Lysons' Environs of London, vol. iv. p. 137. ° Gent. Mag. 1790, p. 788. '• Intended for Martha, I suppose. — E. afid Customs of Manors. 73 the said Thomas Wytham a chicken for his hawke, a peck of Gates for his horse, a loafe of bread for his greyhound, and after- ward received his dinner for himselfe, and also his wyfe, his man, and his maide. The maner of his cominge to the said par- sonage was on horseback, with his hawke on his fist, and his greyhound in his sHppe : and after dinner blew three blastes with his home at the said parsonage, and then paid twelvepence of lawfuU money of England for his rehef, and so departed.' All these seremoneys were donne for the homage and reliefe of the said tenement at Chingford-hatch, called Scottes Mayhewes, alias Brendwood, as before hath been accustomed to be donne time out of mind. " Witnesses to the performance of the seremoneyss aforesaid. Ralphe Delle. Jo. Hette. John Woodward." Isabella de Dover, for half the manor of Chyngelford, was bound by the bailiff at Hoke Day to bear a certain staff, called the wardstaff, for keeping the peace of the King, which staff ought to be carried through the towns and hundreds of Essex unto a place called Attewede, near the sea, and there to be thrown into the sea."" Chinting, Co. of Sussex. Thomas Therel had a certain serjeanty in Chinting, in the county of Sussex, by finding a certain esquire (servientem) whenever the King should go with his army into Wales, or elsewhere in England, at his proper costs for forty days.^ Chippenham, Co. of Wilts. Upon inquisition taken, 19 Edw. II., it appeared that the tenants in Chippenham held their tenures there according to the custom of ancient demesne, and pleaded in the court there by the king's writ of right, according to the custom of the manor.* 1 ["John Baker of Epping, mercer, seems to have foreseen the era of excursion- vans and competing public-houses in the Forest. By his will, in 1518, he charged the estate of Stonards for repairing the road between Harlovp and London. "This," says Morant, ' ' seems to have been for the sake of Epping Street, to induce travellers to go that way, and the intention was answered." — Daily News, July 29, 1 871.] ^ Isabella de Dover, pro dimid'. maner'. de Chyngelford, debejjat, per ballivum, ad le Hokeday ferre quoddam baculum vocat'. wardstaif, pro pace Regis servanda, qui baculus deferri debet per vill'. et hundr'. Essex usque locum vocat'. Attewede prope mare, et ibi projici in mare. Rot. Assis. 56 Hen. III. rot. 4. Morant's Hist, of Essex, vol. i. pp. 126, 127, and notes. ' Thomas Therel habuit quandam serjantiam, in Chinting in com. Sussex, per serv. inveniendi quendam servientem, quotiescunque contigerit dominum Regem, cum exercuti suo, ire in Walliam, vel alibi in Anglia, sumptibus suis propriis,'per xl dies. Plac. Coron. de 7 Edw. I. Rot. 81. Sussex. Blount, 83. * Madox's Firma Burgi, 248. 74 Tenures of Land Chirk Castle, Co. of Denbigh. In this county was a barbarous privilege, retained longer than in any other part of Britain, which was that of exempting from capital punishment even the most atrocious assassin by payment of a certain fine. This was practised by the lords marchers of these parts in the fifteenth century, and continued in Mawddy, in Merionethshire, till it was aboHshed in the 27th of Henry VIII.' This custom was derived from the ancient Germans, who accepted a fine of cattle as a compensation for murder, which satisfied the relations, and was not detrimental to the public, which could not fail of being injured by the extension of private revenge.^ The Saxons continued this custom under the name of Were-geld, and accordingly set a price on every rank, from the king to the peasant.^ The head of the king was valued at 30,000 thrymses, or ;^4500, half to be paid to his relations, and half to the kingdom for the loss it had sustained ; that of a countryman was estimated at 266 thrymses, or ;^39, i8s.* The were-geld of a Welshman was very low, for, unless he had pro- perty enough to be taxed for the King's use, his life was not reckoned of higher price than 70 thrymses, or 10 guineas. The money or fine was distributed, as in the times of the ancient Germans, among the relations of the deceased, and oftentimes a part went to the lord of the soil as a compensation for his loss. The Welsh had, in like manner, their galanas and gwerth, of the same nature with' the former ; but their fine was usually paid in cattle, the wealth of the country. But the gwerth was not only a compensation for murder or homicide, but for all species of injuries. Welsh, Saxons, and Normans had each their pecun- iary atonements for lesser injuries. A Welshman, for the loss of his finger, received one cow and twenty pence ; of his nose, six oxen and a hundred and twenty pence ; and for being pulled by the hair, a penny for every finger, and twopence for the thumb, the instruments of the insult.^ The Saxons had similar fines f and the Normans, like persons of nice honour, provided a penalty of five sous for a lug by the nose, and ten pour un coup au derriere, or a kick on the breech.' The Scotch had also similar compensations for homicides and injuries, which in their old laws passed under the name of Cro, Gaines, and Kelchyn f and lastly, the Irish had their ' Gwyder family, 107. " Tacitus De mor. Germ. c. 2. ' Willcins' Leges Sax. p. 7I' ' A thrymsa tiien was equal to 3s. See Seidell's Tit. of Honour, p. 604. s Leg. Wall. p. 278. ^ Wilkins' Leg. Sax. p. 44. ' MSB. notes to Mr Pennant's copy of Les Coustumes de Normandie. * liegiani Majesiatem, p. 74. and Customs of Manors. 75 Eric, or Satisfaction for Blood/ In fact it prevailed over all parts of Europe, with variations conformable to the several complexions of the country. About the latter end of the fifteenth century this privilege was allowed at Chirk Castle." Cholmer and Dancing, Co. of Essex. A Charter of Edward tJte Confessor? Iche Edward Konyng Have yeoven of my forest the keping Of the hundred of Chelmer and Dancing'* To Randolph Peperking, and to his kindling ; With harte and hinde, doe and bokke. Hare and foxe, catte and brocke, Wild foule with his flocke, Partrich, fesaunte hen, and fesaunte cock ; With green and wilde, stob and stokk, To kepen and to yeomen by all her might, Both by day and eke by night, And hounds for to holde. Good swift and bolde: Four grehoundes, and six raches. For hare and fox, and wilde cattes ; And therefore ich made him my booke. Wittenes the bishop Wolston, And booke ylered many on. And Sweyne of Essex our brother. And teken him many other. And our steward Howelin, That besought me for him.^ [Christ's Hospital, London. The family of Greenhill, by virtue of an early bequest by an ancestress to the foundation, enjoys the privilege of, being educated here, and of entering, when of suitable age, without the usual presentation. The Greenhills formerly possessed a similar right at one of the colleges at Cambridge, but this has fallen into disuse.] ' Davies' Hist, of Ireland, p. 109. " Pennant's Tour in Wales, ll'J'i, p. 273. * A manifest forgeiy. — A. A very old one, if a forgery. Camden seems to have thought otherwise of it. — Camd. Brit. tit. Essex. * Now called Dengy. ^ Inter record, de term. sci. Hilarii, 17 Edw. II. penes Thes. et Camerar. Scaccarii Camd. Brit. tit. Essex. Blount 103. Weever's Fun, Monuments, p. 363. 76 Tenures of Land Cinque-Ports. At the coronation of King Henry IV. the barons of the five ports claimed, and it was granted them, to bear a canopy of cloth-of-gold over the King, with four staves and four bells at the four corners, every staff having four of those barons to bear it. And to dine and sit at the table, next to the King, on his right hand, in the hall, the day of his coronation ; and for their fees to have the said canopy of gold, with the bells and staves, notwithstanding the Abbot of Westminster claimed the same.^ And at the coronation of James II. the barons of the Cinque-Ports claimed to carry the canopy over the King, and to have the same, with the staves and bells, for their fees, and to dine in the hall at the King's right hand ; which claim was allowed.^ Claydon, Co. of Bucks. Thomas de Argentein held a certain serjeanty in Claydon, for which he was to find our lord the King one horse, one sack, and one wooden pin, in his army in Wales.^ Clehungre, Co. of Hereford. WilHam de Broynton held half a hide of land there of the gift of the Earl of Hereford by suit of court ; and Robert de Therk- levile and his partners, the other moiety, by making one oblation of seven shillings upon the altar of St Ethelbert.* Clifton, Co. of Westmoreland. In the 40th Edw. III., Gilbert de Engaine gives to William Wybergh and Eleanor his wife, and the heirs of their bodies lawfully begotten, his whole moiety of a moiety of the manor of Clifton, in demesne and in services, with the services of free tenants, and with the bondmen (cum nativis et eorum sequehs) in the said moiety of the moiety of the said manor belonging, where we may observe that the free tenants (liberi tenentes) were not what are now called freeholders, as seised of a freehold estate, 1 Cromp. 86. ^ Sandf. Hist. Cor on. 3 Serjant' Tho'. de Argentein, in Claydon, pro qua debuit invenire dno Regi unum equum, unum saccum, & unam brochiam ligneam in exercitu suo de Wallia. Serj. &c. CO. Bucks, temp. Hen. III. Harl. MS. Prit. Mus. No. 313, p. 53. * WiUielmus de Broynton dimid. hidam de dono Comitis Hereford per sectam curie, et Robertus de Therldevile et socij sui pra^nominati alteram medietatem, faciend'. unam oblacionem septera solid, super altare Sancti Ethelberti. Evidencise extract, de libro Feodorum &c. Com. Hereford, anno primo Regis Edw. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 6765, p, 15. and Customs of Manors. 77 in opposition to tenant right ; but only that they were not bond- men or villains of the lord holding in dringage." In the i8th Hen. VIII., Thomas Wyborgh, Esq., held of Henry Earl of Cumberland the manor of Clifton by cornage, owing also wardship, marriage, relief, and suit to the county court; owing also further, by the custom of the Castle of Burgham, twenty-one quarters and a half of oats issuing out of the manor aforesaid, which custom is called dringage.^ Clun, Co. of Salop. It is the custom of some manors within the Honour of Clun, belonging to the Earl of Arundel, in the county of Salop, that at the entrance of every new lord of that honour, the tenants shall pay him a certain sum of money called mise-money. In consideration whereof they claim to be acquit of all fines and amerciaments which are recorded at that time in the court rolls, and not levied, which they call white books.^ A custom in the honour of Clun : Pretium virginitatis domino solvendum. LL. Eccl. Gul. Howelli Dha Regis Wallie. Puella dicitur esse desertum Regis et ob hoc Regis est de Amoabyr habere. This custom Henry Earl of Arundel released to his tenants, anno 3 et 4 Phil, et Mar. 155.'* Suit-silver is a small rent or sum of money, which, if paid, does excuse the freeholders from their appearance at the courts baron within the honour.^ The tenants of Clun heretofore paid certain rents in meal, called meal rents, to make meat for the lord's hounds, but they are now payable in money.^ Clymeslond, Co. of Cornwall. A. B., A bondman or villain by birth, sometime held one mes- suage, with the appurtenances, in Clymeslond, in the county of Cornwall, and answered for the same yearly, at four terms, two shillings and fourpence, and a rent called berbiage, at the feast of St Philip and James, of sixteenpence : and did suit to the court of the lord from three weeks to three weeks; and was to be reeve, decennier, and bedel when he was chosen. And when our lord the prince should come to Launceston, he was to carry, as often as the lord pleased, one carriage of wood daily from Clymeslond to Launceston, at his own charge. And his ^ Bum's Hist, and Antiq. of Westmorland and Cumberland, vol. i. p. 417. 2 Ibid. p. 418. ^ Antiq. Supervis. Honorii de Clun. Blount, 162. ^ Jac. Law Diet. sub. tit. Amabyr. ' Blount's Law Diet, sub verbo. ^ Jacob's Law Did. tit. Meal Rents, Blount's Law Diet, sub verbo. 78 Tenures of Land youngest son who should be living at his death was to have his lands by a fine, which he was to make with the lord at his will ; and he was not to be removed from his lands for all his lifetime. He was not to send his son to school nor marry his daughter without the prince's licence, and when he died, the lord was to have all his chattels.' Clyxby, Co. of Lincoln. John de Clyxby, parson of the church of Symondesburne, acknowledged himself to hold one messuage, and three oxgangs and a half of land, with the appurtenances, in Clyxby, in the county of Lincoln, of the King in capite, by the service of one hood and one falcon, to be paid to the King yearly at Michaelmas, for all services ; . which said hood was appraised at a halfpenny.'' Coed-Dhu, Co. of Glamorgan. In the year 1666 the Earl of Leicester paid six shillings and eightpence, rent of ward and castle-guard silver, to Lord Windsor for his lordship of Coiety.^ COLESHILL, Co. OF WARWICK. They have an ancient custom at Coleshill, in the county of Warwick, that if the young men of the town can catch a hare, and bring it to the parson of the parish, before ten of the clock on Easter Monday, the parson is bound to give them a calf's head and a hundred of eggs for their breakfast, and a groat in money.* 1 A. B. Nativus de stipite quondam tenuit unum messuagium, cum pertin. in Clyraeslond in com. Cornubise, et respondet inde per annum ad quatuor terminos ii s. iv d. Et berbiagii ad festum Apostolor. Phillippi et Jacobi xvi d. Et faciet sectam ad curiam domini de tribus septimanis in tres septimanas, et erit prsepositus, decennarius, et bedellus, cum electus fuerit. Et cum dominus princeps inierit apud Launceston cariabit, quotiens dictus dominus voluerit, unum carriagium per diem de bosco de Clymeslond usque Launceston, ad custum proprium. Et filius ejus, novissime natus, quem reliquerit superstitem habebit terras suas per finem, quem fecerit cum domino ad voluntatem suam, et non amovebitur a terra sua pro vita sua. Non mittet filium suum ad scholas, nee filiam suam maritabit, sine licentia principis : et cum obierit, dom- inus habebit omnia catalla sua. Antiq. Supervis. Ducatus Cornubise. Blount, 107. " Johannes de Clyxby, persona ecclesie de Symondesburn, attach, tanquam se tenere unum messuagium, et tres bovat terr. et dimid'. cum pertin'. in Clyxby, in com. Lincoln, de Rege in capite, per servitium unius capicij, et pro uno falcone, Regi annuatim solvend'. ad festum Sancti Mich'is, pro omni servitio, quod quidem capitium appreciatur ad ob'. De termino Trin. a" 33 Edw. III. Rot. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 212. ' Ex MS. Supervis. capt. anno 1666, in ciistod. authoris . libri cui tit. "Complete English Copyholder." * Blount, 153. and Cttstoms of Manors. 79 COLEWICK, OR OVER-COLEWICK, Co. OF NOTTINGHAM. Reginald de Colewick owes, for the serjeanty of Colewick, to our lord the King, on his arrival at Nottingham, once a year, twelve arrows/ Reginald de Colewick held lands in Over-Colewick, in the county of Nottingham, of the King in capite, by the service of paying him twelve barbed arrows when he should come to Nottingham Castle/ CoMBE, Co. OF Surrey. Peter de Baldwin holds a certain serjeanty in Combe, in the county of Surrey, by gathering wool for our lady the Queen, if he chose to do it ; and if he refused to gather it, to pay twenty shillings a year at the King's Exchequer.' COMBERTON, OR CUMBERTON, Co. OF CAMBRIDGE. The small manor of Heveds in this parish belonged, when the survey of Domesday was taken, to Erchanger the Baker : it appears that in the reign of Henry III. it was the property of Robert de Herdewyk, who held it by the serjeanty of providing a hot simnel every day for the King's dinner, for which service he was allowed a quarter of wheat every week, and all the bran of the bread made from the King's demesne.'* This estate being then in the family of Heved, is described in a record of the ensuing reign as held by the service of being the King's baker.' In 1296 it was in the family of La Merk,"^ from whom it obtained the name of Merks. It was held by the serjeanty of being keeper of the King's falcons, and descended by female heirs to the families of Hastings and Longueville.' 1 Reginaldus de Colwyke debet pro serjantia de Colwyke domino Regi in adventu suo apud Nottingham, semel in anno, duodecim sagittas. De serjantiis arrentatis per Rob. dePaselew, tempore Hen. III. Blount, 131. 2 Escaet. 36 Hen. III. No. 38. Blount, 94. 3 Petrus de Baldewyn tenet quandam serjantiam in Cumbes, in com. Surrey, ad colligendam lanam doniinEe Reginse, per [albam firmam,] si voluerit, et si nolit earn coUigere, solvet ad Scaccarium domini Regis xxs. per ann. Plac. Coron, de ann. 39 Hen. III. Surr. Blount, 79. * Camb. Serjantia Roberti de Herdewyk in Cumberton, per quam debuit ferre domino Regi unum siminellum calidum singulis diebus ad prandium suum, et pro hoc servicio deberet idem Robertus habere qualibet septimana unum quarterium frum'ti et lotum furfur de pane d'nico Reg'. Testa de Nevil, p. 357, No. 605. = Lysons' Magna Brit. vol. ii. pp. l68, 169, cites Blount's Tenures. « Cart. 25 Edw. I. ' Lysons' Mag. Brit. vol. ii. p. i58. 8o Tenures of Land Alexander Hered holds half a hide of land in Cumberton, in the county of Cambridge, of our lord the King, by the serjeanty of being the King's baker." Combe Keynes, Co. of Dorset. The tithingman of Combe Keynes is obliged to do suit at Winfrith-court ; and after repeating the following incoherent lines, pays threepence, and goes out without saying another word : — " With my white rod, And I am a fourth post. That threepence makes three, God bless the King, and the lord of the franchise ; Our weights and our measures are lawful and true. Good-morrow, Mr Steward ; I have no more to say to you." On default of any of these particulars the court leet of Combe ,is forfeited.^ COMELESSEND, CO. OF HANTS. William de Limeres held of the King in capite, in the county of Southampton, one carucate of land in Comelessend, by the service of hunting the wolf with the King's dogs.^ CONGRESBURY, Co. OF SOMERSET. In the parishes of Congresbury and Puxton are two large pieces of common land, called East and West Dolemoors,'' which are divided into single acres, each bearing a peculiar and different mark cut in the turf, such as a horn, four oxen and a mare, two oxen and a mare, poleaxe, cross, dung-fork, oven, duck's nest, hand-reel, and a hare's tail. On the Saturday before Old Midsummer, the several proprietors of estates in the parishes of Congresbury, Puxton, and Week St Lawrence, or their tenants, assemble on the commons. A number of apples are previously ^ Alexander Hered tenet dimidiam hidam terras in Cumberton, com. Cantabr. de domino Rege, per serjantiam essendi pistor domini Regis. Plac. Coron. 14 Edw. I. Cant. Blount, 42. ^ Hutchins' Hist, of Dorsetshire, vol. i. p. 127. ' Willielmus de Limeres tenuit de R. in ca. in com. Southampton, i caruc. terr. in Comelessend, per servic'. fugandi ad lupum cum canibus Regis. Esc. temp. H. R. fil. R. Johannis. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 708, p. 8. *■ From the Saxon dal, which signifies a share or portion, and is frequently applied to lands of this description. and Customs of. Manors. 8 1 prepared, marked in the same manner with the before-mentioned acres, which are distributed by a young lad to each of the com- moners from a bag or hat. At the close of the distribution, each person repairs to his allotment, as his apple directs him, and takes possession for the ensuing year. An adjournment then takes place to the house of the Overseer of Dolemoors (an officer annually elected from the tenants), where four acres, reserved for the purpose of paying expenses, are let by inch of candle, and the remainder of the day is spent in that sociability and hearty mirth so congenial to the soul of a Somersetshire yeo- man.' CONINGSTON, Co. OF LEICESTER. Thomas Winchard held land in Coningston, in the county of Leicester, in capite, by the service of saying daily five Pater- nosters and five Ave Marias for the souls of the King's progenitors, and the souls of all the faithful departed, for all services.^ The Lord High-Constable of England. This office. Sir Edward Coke thinks, subsisted, though under a different name, before the Conquest.^ He says that in the ancient laws, before the Conquest, you shall read of Herefochijs or Heretogijs, which he explains by leaders or generals of the army, from the Saxon here, an army, and toecu or toga, to lead ; * and with this definition agrees Skinner in his Etymologicon. Sir Edward Coke further says that Herefochius agrees with either of these great offices, the constable or marshal, and that they were elected by the common council, for the common good of the realm, by the provinces and nobles in full folkmote.^ The folk- mote, therefore, seems to have been the Parliament of our Saxon ancestors, notwithstanding some opinions to the contrary ; ^ for amongst the laws of Edward the Confessor' it is said that " all the nobility of the kingdom, and all the knights and freemen of all the kingdom of Britain, ought in full folkmbte to do fealty to the lord the King," ^ &c. And the learned Sir Henry Spelman says that the folkmote was a sort of annual parliament, or ^ CoUinson's Hist, and Antiq. of Somersetshire, vol. iii. p. 586. ^ Inquis. 27 Edw. III. Eschet. 37 Edw. III. Blount, 16. 3 4 Inst. 127. ^ Ibid. ^ Isti vero eligebantur per commune consilium pro communi utilitate regni per pro- vincias at patricios, in pleno folkmote. Hoveden Annal. cap. 35. ^ Glossary to Brady's Introd. sub. tit. Folkmote, pa, 47. ' Cap. 35. 8 Omnes proceres regni, et milites, et liberi homines universi, totius regni Britannise facere debent in pleno folcmote fidelitatem domino Regi, &c. Leg. Edw. Confess. cap. 35. F 82 Tenures of Land convention of the bishops, thanes, aldermen, and freemen, upon every May Day yearly ; where the laymen were sworn to defend one another, and with the King to preserve the laws of the king- dom, and then consulted of the common safety. Mr Somner, in his Saxon dictionary, also says that it is a general assembly of the people for considering and ordering matters of the commonwealth. Some time after the Conquest — viz., about the -year 1141 — King Stephen conferred the dignities of Earl of Hereford and Lord Constable of England on Miles de Gloucester, who held the office of constable for his hfe, and it afterwards descended to his four sons, Roger, Walter, Henry, and Mahel, successively Earls of Hereford, who all died without issue. In the year 1199, I John, Henry de Bohun, grandson of Margaret, daughter of Earl Miles, succeeded Mahel as Earl of Hereford and Lord Constable, and he and his posterity enjoyed these honours till the year 1371, when Humphrey de Bohun, the seventh earl of that house, died without issue male, leaving two daughters, Eleanor and Mary, the former of whom married Thomas de Woodstock, seventh and youngest son of the magnanimous King Edward HI., and the younger married Henry Plantagenet, sur- named of Bolinbroke, afterwards King Henry IV., who was eldest son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, &c., fourth son of the said King Edward. Thomas de Woodstock, in the fiftieth year of his father's reign, sat in Parliament by the title only of Constable of England, which office the King had granted him the same year, it having fallen into his hands by reason of the minority of the heirs of the said Humphrey Earl of Hereford. At the coro- nation of his nephew. King Richard II., the said Thomas de Woodstock officiated as Lord Constable of England, as appears by the following record — viz : as to the office of Constable of England, Thomas de Woodstock, uncle of our lord the King, who married the daughter and heiress of Humphrey de Bohun, late Earl of Hereford and Constable of England, proved as well to our lord the King as to the aforesaid steward, that that office of right belonged to the said Earl Humphrey and his heirs, and that the heir of the said late Earl was under age, and in custody of our lord the King ; and that the said lord the King had committed that office to the said Thomas, to perform during the minority of the heir aforesaid ; and prayed that he might be admitted to perform that office, for the reason aforesaid ; where- upon the premises being duly considered, the said Thomas was admitted to exercise the said office, at the pleasure of the said lord the King : and so he afterwards performed that office in all things.' 1 Quoad officium Constabul. Angl. Thom. de Woodstock avunculus domini Regis, qui fil et hsered. Humfr. de Bohun nuper Com. Hereffoid. et Constabul. Angl. duxit and Customs of ]\Ianors. 83 ■ King Richard II., upon the said day of his coronation, created this Thomas de Woodstock, his uncle, Earl of Buckingham, and soon after confirmed him in the office of Constable ; and in the ninth year of his reign advanced him to the dignity of Duke of Gloucester. But in the twenty-first year of his reign, having conceived a great dislike against him, the poor Duke was surprised , by Thomas Mowbray, then, or soon after, Duke of Norfolk and Earl Marshal of England, at Fleshy, in Essex, and by him conveyed over to Calais, where he was inhumanly murdered by being strangled, by the command,' as it was said, of his nephew. King Richard (1397). Thomas de Woodstock left issue a son and a daughter. His son Humphrey, then a minor, was soon after his father's death, along with Henry, son and heir of Henry de Bolinbroke before- mentioned, sent into Ireland by King Richard, and there impri- soned ; but as soon as Henry IV., had attained the crown, he sent for them immediately from their imprisonment, designing for this Humphrey all his father's honours ; but he unfortunately died of the plague at Chester on his return. Ann, the daughter of Thomas de Woodstock, was first married to Thomas Earl of Stafford, who dying without issue in the six- teenth year of King Richard II., she married secondly, Edmund Stafford, Earl of Staff'ord, brother and heir of her first husband, by whom she had issue Humphrey Stafford, created Duke of Buckingham by King Henry VI., ancestor of the Earls of Staf- ford. At the coronation of Henry IV., Henry Percy, Earl of Nor- thumberland, who was made Lord High-Constable of England by the King's grant, claimed that office, and obtained it to enjoy during pleasure.^ Henry IV., in the fourth year of his reign, granted this office to John of Lancaster, his third son (whom his brother. King Henry V., afterwards created Duke of Bedford), and confirmed the same to him in the eleventh year of his reign. In the first year of Henry VI. this office was granted to Hum- phrey, the good Duke of Gloucester, the King's uncle, and protector of the realm during the King's minority, to hxjld dur- ing pleasure. The same year the office was granted for life to John Duke of Bedford, elder brother to Duke Humphrey and Regent of France. In the eighth year of the same King's reign it was granted to Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, during the in Ux. demonstrabat tam domino Regi quam praefato Seneschall. quod officium illud ad dictum Humfr. Com. et hfered. sues de jure pertinet et quod h^res ipsius nuper Comitis infra Eetatem et in custodia domini Regis fuit, quodq dominus Rex offic. illud eidem Thomje comisit faciend. durante minore setate hsered. praed. et petit se admitti ad officium przed. faciend. ex causi supradictS, per quod habita considei'atione rationa- biliter ad prsemissa, idem Thomas ad officium prsd. faciend. admittitur de voluntate dicti domini Regis nunc, et sic officium illud postmodum in omnibus adimplevit. Cromp. yurisdict. 87, b. ' Cromp. 84, b. 84 Tenures of Land absence of John Duke of Bedford. In the twenty-fifth year of King Henry VI. it was granted to John Viscount de Beaumont ; and in the twenty-eighth year of King Henry VI. to Henry Earl of Northumberland during pleasure ; and again, in the twenty- ninth of the same King's reign, to Edmund Duke of Somerset during pleasure. King Edward IV., in the first year of his reign, granted the office of Lord High-Constable to John Tiptoft, Earl of Wor- cester ; and in the seventh year of his reign to Richard Widville, Earl Rivers, father to his Queen Ehzabeth. The year following he granted the same to his brother, George Duke of Clarence ; and the following year to his other brother, Richard Duke of Gloucester, who was afterwards King Richard III. In the tenth year of his reign he granted the same office again to John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, for life ; and in his sixteenth year to his son, Richard Duke of York, who was afterwards murdered by his uncle. King Richard. It was also granted, during this reign, to Henry Stafibrd, Duke of Buckingham, in fee ; but he being beheaded at Salisbury in the first year of King Richard III., the King, on the' i6th of December in the same year, made Thomas Lord Stanley Constable of England for life, with the fee of ;^ioo per annum, payable out of his revenues in the county of Lancaster, and gave him power to make a deputy. The office of Lord High- Constable was afterwards given in fee to Edward Duke of Buckingham, son of Henry Stafibrd, Duke of Buckingham (who was beheaded at Salisbury) ; and he also being beheaded on Tower Hill the thirteenth of Henry VIII., anno 1521, the office has never been granted except hac vice. The following determination concerning this office was made in Michaelmas Term, sixth Henry VIII., viz. : Humphrey de Bohun, late Earl of Hereford and Essex, held the manors of Harlefield, Newnham, and Whitenhurst, in the county of Glou- cester, of the King, by the serjeanty of being Constable of England, and had issue two daughters, and died seised : they entered, and took two husbands (Thomas de Woodstock and Henry de Bolinbroke), and the husband of the youngest was afterwards made King, and partition was made ; and the King and his wife chose the manor of Whitenhurst for their part, and the two other manors were allotted to the other husband and wife ; whereupon these questions arose : first, If the reser- vation of the tenure, at the beginning, by the King, was good 1 and, by the opinion of all the judges of England, it was good enough. Second, How the daughters, before marriage, could exercise the office .? and to that it was clearly resolved that they might make their sufficient deputy to do it for them; and, after marriage, that the husband of the elder alone might do it. The third and most difficult was, If, by the union of parcel of the tenancy in the King, the office was determined. and Customs of Manors. 85 or had its being and continuance in the other coparcener? And it was resolved also clearly by the judges aforesaid, that it had its continuance in the other coparcener ; for otherwise he would have the two manors without doing any service for them ; and they are compellable, at the pleasure of the King, to exercise the office : and the King might refuse that, at his election and pleasure, as well as the common lord might refuse to receive the homage of his tenant (if it was not homage ancestral) — and the tenure above-mentioned was held to be grand serjeanty. And if a father held of one of his two daughters, and died seised, and he enters, and makes partition, the service is wholly revived, if it be entire, as homage, &c. And these resolutions were by the chief justices reported to the King at Greenwich. But because the office above-said was very high and dangerous, and also very chargeable to the King in fees, the King did not choose to have the office executed. And this was the case and claim of Edward the last Duke of Buckingham, made in Michaelmas Term, sixth Henry VIII." By this case and the resolutions of the judges thereon it manifestly appears that the office was annexed to the manors of Harlefield, Newnham, and Whitenhurst, in the county of Gloucester. The power and jurisdiction of the Lord High-Constable is now the same as that of the Earl Marshal, with whom he can sit as judge in the Marshal's court ; but anciently it was much greater. To him it belongs, at the coronation, to walk in pro- cession on the right hand of the person who bears the sword of State, in his robes, with his coronet and staff of office in his hands. The Duke of Bedford exercised this office at the coro- nation of George III. 1 Humfrey de Bolum, jades Counte de Hereford et Essex tient les manors de Harle- field, Newman, et Whytenhurst, in comitatu Gloucester, del Roy per servitium essendi Constabular. Anglias, et avoit issue deux files, et devie seisie : els enter et prent deux barons, et le baron del puisne est apres fait Roy et particion est fait ; et le Roy et son feme eslyont le manor de W. pur lour part, et les deux auters allot al auter baron et feme, et ore iii. questions sont : — Le primer, si le reservation del tenure al com- mencement per le Roy fuit bone. Et per opinionem omnium justiciariorum Anglise, est assetz bone. Le second coment les files devant mariage purront exerciser Toffice, et a ceo fuit clerement resolve, que els purront fair lour sufficient deputie a ceo faire pur eux, et apres mariage le baron del eigne poet sole. Le iii. plus difficile, viz. si per le unite del parcel del tenancie en le Roy, I'office soit determine, ou avera son esse et continuance en I'auter coparcener. Et resolve auxi clerement per justiciarios prsedictos, que il avera son continuance en Tauter ; car auterrnent ils averot les ii manors sans feasant ascun service pur eux, et sont compellable al pleasure le Roy de exerciser I'office, et le Roy poit ceo refuser a son election et pleasure, sibien come le common seignior poit refuser le receit de homage de son tenant (sil ne soit homage auncestrel) et le tenur supra fuit tenu graiid serjeantie. Et si le pere tient de un de ses ii files et devie seisie, ils enter et font particion, le service est revive en tout, sil soit entier, come homage, &c. Et ceux resolutions fueront per les chiefe justices report al Roy mesme al Greenewich, mes pur ceo que I'office supra fuit very hault et daungerous, et auxy very chargeable al Roy en fees, le Roy voile disclaimer d'aver le service execute. Et ceo fuit le case et claime de E. le dernier Duke de Buckingham, fait anno 6 Hen, Vin. Termino Michaelis. Dyer's Reports, 285, b. 86 Tenures of Land Conway Castle, Caernarvon. This was formerly held of the Crown by Owen Holland, Esq., at the annual rent of six shillings and -eightpence, and a dish of fish to Lord Hertford as often as he passed through the town.' Coperland and Atterton, Co. of Kent. Solomon de Campis (or Solomon At-field) holds certain lands, which are called Coperland (or Keperland) and Atterton, in the county of Kent, of our lord the King in capite, by the serjeanty and service of holding the head of our said lord the King, between Dover and Whitsond, as often as he should happen to pass over sea between those ports towards Whitsond." In another record it is said that Solomon Attefeld held land at Keperland and Atterton, in the county of Kent, by serjeanty — viz., that as often as our lord the King would cross the sea, the said Solomon and his heirs ought to go along with him, to hold his head on the sea, if it was needful.' Hearne, in his edition of the Black Book of the Exchequer, cites the former record at length in the following manner, viz. : " Concerning serjeanties, the jurors say that Solomon de Campis (&c., as above). And the jurors witness that the aforesaid ser- jeanty is entire, and that the aforesaid Solomon fully performed the aforesaid service : therefore," &C.'' Cornsey, Co. of Durham. In the seventh year of the pontificate of Thomas Hatfield, Bishop of Durham, 1351, William-o'-the-Rawe held in Cornsey, of the Chantry of Saint Mary of Lanchester, eight acres of land, with the appurtenances, rendering yearly to the same chantry one pound of wax.^ ' Gough's Camd. edit. 1789, vol. ii. p. 559. ''■ Solomon de Campis tenet quasdam terras quffi vocantur Coperland et Atterton in com. Kane, de domino Rege in capite, per serjantiam et servitium tenendi caput ipsius domini Regis inter Dover et Wiiitsond, quoties contigerit ipsum inter priedictos portus transfretare versus Whitsond. Plac. Coron. 21 Edw. I. Rot. 45, Kane. Blount, 61. ^ Solomon Attefeld tenet terram apud Keperland et Atterton in com. Kancice, per serjantiam, viz. quod quotiescunque dominus Rex vult transire mare, idem Solomon et hseredes sui debent transire cum eo, ad tenendum caput ejus, in mare, si necesse fuerit. Clans, i Edw. I. Blount, 63. * De serjantiis (juratores) dicunt quod Salomon de Campis, &c. Et juratores testantur quod preedicta serjantia Integra est, et quod prsedictus Salomon plene fecit praedictum servitium. Ideo ipse, &c. ex MS. penes P. le Neve, Norroy, f. 72, a. Lib. nig. Scacc. 188. Edit. 1771. ' Willielmus-o'-the-Rawe tenet in Cornsow, de Cantaria Beatse Marine de Lang- cest'. viii acras terrac, cum pertin'. reddendo per ann. eid'. Cantariee unam libram cere. Inquis, post mortem WiUielmi-o'-the Rawe. 7 Hatfteld. and Customs of Manors. 87 Cornwall, Co. of. In Cornwall it was a custom that a freeman, marrying Nativam, if he had two daughters, one of them was free and the other vilain.' CORRINGHAM, CO. OF ESSEX. In the third year of King Edward I., 1275, Sir William le Baud, knight, made a signal grant to the dean and canons of St Paul's, London, of a doe yearly, on the feast of the Conversion of St Paul, and of a fat buck upon the Commemoration of the same saint, to be offered at the high altar in St Paul's by the said Sir William and his household family, and then to be dis- tributed among the canons resident ; which said doe and buck were so given by him in lieu of twenty-two acres of land lying within the lordship of West Lee, in the county of Essex, belong- ing to the said canons, and by them granted to him and his heirs, to be enclosed within his park of Corringham. But about the certain time and formality in offering the said buck and doe, there growing afterwards some dispute, Sir Walter le Baud, knight, son and heir of the said Sir William, by his deed, dated on the ides (iSth) of July, 30 Edw. I., 1302, for the health of his soul, and of his progenitors and heirs, confirmed his said father's grant, and obliged himself and his heirs, his lands and tene- ments, that every year for ever, on the day of the Conversion of St Paul, there should be a good fat doe, brought by one of his fitting servants, and not the whole family, at the hour of pro- cession, and through the midst thereof, and offered at the high altar, without exacting anything for the said service of the dean and canons ; and on the day of the Commemoration of St Paul, in summer (29th June), a fat buck, by some such servant, attended with as many of the family as had heretofore been usual, and so carried through the midst of the procession, and offered at the high altar ; the said dean and canons, after the offering thus performed, giving, by the hands of their chamberlain, one shilling to the persons bringing the buck for their entertainment. And to this grant were witnesses Sir Nicholas de Wokyndon, Sir Richard de la Rokele, Sir Thomas de Mandevyle, Sir John de Rocheford, knights, with divers others.^ The reception of which doe and buck was, till Queen Eliza- beth's days, solemnly performed, at the steps of the choir, by the canons of St Paul's, attired in their sacred vestments, and 1 Bract. lib. iv. cap. 21. Jacob's Lmo Did. tit. Nativi de Stipitc. ^ Diigdale's Hist, of St Paul's. Blount, 105. 88 Tenures of Land wearing garlands of flowers on their heads ; and the horns of the buck carried on the top of a spear in procession, round about within the body of the church, with a great noise of horn-blowers, •as the learned Camden, upon his own view of both, affirms.' Cote and Aston, Co. of Oxford. Robert de Elenorde held the day he died, in his demesne, as of fee, fifty-two acres of land and six acres of meadow, in Cote and Aston, of the King in capite, by the service of being with a bow and arrows, or any other weapons, in every of the wars of our lord the King, within England, for forty days at his proper costs.'' Cotes, Co. of Derby. Sir Stephen de Segrave, in King Henry the Third's time, purchased the manor of Cotes, in the county of Derby, of the daughters and heirs of Stephen de Beauchamp, to hold by the service of one hound yearly.^ COTINGHAM, Co. OF YORK. Margaret Duchess of Clarence, one of the sisters and heirs of Edward, late Earl of Kent, held the manor of Cotingham, in the county of York, of the King by grand serjeanty — viz., by the service of finding one horseman, or esquire, sufficiently armed, to carry the coat-of-mail of our lord the King, in his war with Wales, at her own proper costs, for forty days, if there should be war in Wales.* CoTOM, Co. OF Durham. In the seventeenth year of the pontificate of Bishop Hatfield, 1361, Thomas de Graystanes held of the lord bishop three messuages, the moiety of a water-mill, five score acres of land, and eight acres of meadow, with the appurtenances, in Cotom, by homage and fealty, and ward and marriage, and the service ^ Camden in Middlesex. Blount, 106. ^ Robertas de Elenorde tenuit die quo obijt, in dnicS suo ut de feodo, lij acr terr. vj acr. prati, in Cote et Astone, de R. in capite, per servic' essendi cum arcu et sagittis sive aliqua alia aimatara in qual't guerra dni R. infra Angl. per xl dies, ad custum suum propriu'. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 821, p. 8. 2 Claus. 13 Hen. III. m. 20. Blount, II. * Margareta Ducissa Clarenc', una sororum et heredum Edw. nup. Comit. Kane', tenuit manerium de Cotingham, in com. Ebor, de Rege per niagnam serjantiam ; videlicet, per servitium inveniendi unum armigerum equitem, in competent' armatum, ad deferendum loricam diii Regis in guerra Wallife, sumptibus suis propriis, per 40 dies, si guerra fuer^l in Wallia. De termino Michi', a°. 4 Hen. VI. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, pp. 438, 439. and Customs of Manors. 89 of paying nine shillings and threepence, &c., and by paying into the Exchequer of Durham yearly sixpence halfpenny for ward- silver, and by paying also half a pound of pepper, and for wood- hire a halfpenny.' COTSWOLDS, Co. OF GLOUCESTER. On the Cotswolds is a customary annual meeting at Whitsun- tide, vulgarly called an Ale, or Whitsun-ale. Perhaps the true word is Yule, for in the time of Druidism the feasts of Yule or the Grove were celebrated in the months of May or December. These sports are resorted to by great numbers of young people of both sexes, and are conducted in the following manner. Two persons are chosen previous to the meeting to be lord and lady of the Ale, who dress as suitably as they can to the characters they assume. A large empty barn, or some such building, is provided for the lord's hall, and fitted up with seats for the accommodation of the company. Here they assemble to dance and regale in the best manner their circumstances and the place will afford, and each young fellow treats his girl with a ribbon and a favour. The lord and lady honour the hall with their presence, attended by the steward, sword-bearer, purse-bearer, and mace-bearer, with their several badges or ensigns of office. They have likewise a page or train-bearer, a jester dressed in a party-coloured jacket, whose ribaldry and gesticulation con- tribute not a little to the entertainment of some part of the company. The lord's music, consisting generally of a pipe and tabor, is employed to conduct the dance. All these figures, handsomely represented in basso-relievo, stand in the north wall of the nave of Cirencester church, which vouches sufficiently for the antiquity of the custom. Some people think it a commemoration of the ancient Drinklean, a day of festivity formerly observed by the tenants and vassals of the lord of the fee within his manor, the memory of which, on account of the jollity of those meetings, the people have thus preserved ever since. It may, notwithstanding, have its rise in Druidism, as on those occasions they always erect a May-pole, which is an eminent sign of it. I shall just remark that the mace is made of silk, finely plaited with ribbons on the top, and filled with spices and perfume for such of the company to smell to as desire it. Does not this afford some light towards discovering the original use, and account for the name of the mace, now carried in ostentation before the steward of the court on court days, and 1 Thomas de Graystanes ten', de dfio episcopo tria mess', medietat'. unius molendini aquatici, quinquies viginti acras terrse, et octo acr'. prati, cum pertin'. in Cotom, per horn', et fid', et wardam et maritagium, et servic'. ixs. et iiid. solvend'. &c. et red- dendo Scaccario Dun', annuatim sex denarios et ob'. pro wardesilver, et reddendo eciam dimid. libr. piperis, et pro wodehyre ob'. Inquis. post mortem Tho. de Gray- stanes, 17, Hatfield. go Tenwes of Land before the chief magistrate in corporations, as the presenting of spices by great men at their entertainments was a very ancient practice ? Mr Robert Dover, who Hved in the reign of King James I., instituted certain diversions on the Cotswolds, called after his name, which were annually exhibited at Willersey and Campden. Even now there is something to be seen of them every Thurs- day in Whitsun Week, at a place about half a mile from Campden called Dover's Hill. The Cotswold games and their patron are celebrated in a small collection of poems intituled " Annalia Dubrensia," written by Michael Drayton, Ben Jonson, and about thirty other eminent persons of their time, mostly addressed to the patron of the games/ COTTINGTON, CO. OF NOTTINGHAM. Walter de Marisco (or de Marsh) held the manor of Cottington, in the county of Nottingham, by the service of presenting the King yearly with a pair of scarlet hose.^ Crendon, Co. of Bucks. Robert, son of William Crevel of Crendon, holds one hundred shillings of land there of the Earl of Pembroke, by the service of one chaplet of roses at Christmas, and pays no escuage.^ Cresby, Co. of Lancaster. Robert Fitz Osbert held half a carucate of land by being reeve or bailiff of the manor of Cresby, in the forest of Derby- shire."* 1 Rudder's Hist, of Gloucestershire. West. Mag. March 1780, p. 135. Athena Oxon. vol. ii. col. 812. Granger's Biog. Hist, of Engl. vol. ii. p. 398. The Cotswold games are mentioned by Shakespeare in " The Merry Wives of Windsor," act i. sc. i. where Slender asks Page, " How does your fallow greyhound, sir ? I heard say, he was outrun on Cotsale." Cotswold, in Gloucestershire, where there was an annual celebration of games, con- sisting of rural sports and exercises. — Note on the passage, in Chalmers's edit, of Shake- speare. 2 Testa de Nevill. Blount, 87. ' Robertus, filius Willielmi Creuel, de Crendon, tenet c solid, terre per servic. unius capelle de rosis ad Natal, nee dat scutag. Tenures co. Bucks tempore Regis Hen. HI. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 313, p. 44. ^ Robertus filius Osberti tenet dimid. caruc', ter'. per esse prfcpositus de manerio de Cresby, foreste de Derbyshire. Feodary for the county of Lancaster, Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 20S5, p. 434. and Customs of Manors. 9 1 Creswell, Co. of Berks. Hugh de Saint Philibert holds the manor of Creswell, in the county of Berks, by the serjeanty of carrying bottles of wine for the breakfast of our lord the King, and it was called the serjeanty of the Huse through the kingdom of England.' [CUCKFIELD, Co. OF SUSSEX. The customary freeholder of Thorn-Deane is bound to pay to the lord of the manor of Cuckfield two shillings a year quit-rent] '' CUCKWOLD, Co. OF YORK. Sir Thomas Colvile, knight, holds the manor of Cuckwold, in the county of York, of Thomas, late Lord of Mowbray, as of his manor of Threke (Thirske), rendering one target or shield, with the arms of the said lord painted thereon, yearly at Whitsun- tide.^ CUKENEY, Co. OF NOTTINGHAM. Joceus le Flemmangh came to the Conquest of England in the time of William Duke of Normandy, and purchased in Cukeney the third part of a knight's fee. And the aforesaid Joceus begot a son of the name of Richard. In the same town there lived a certain man who was called Gamelbere, and he was an old dreyinghe before the Conquest ; he held two carucates of land of our lord the King, in capite, for this service, that he was to shoe the King's palfrey upon its four feet, with the King's nails, whensoever he should lie at his manor of Mansfield ; and if he should lame the King's palfrey, he was to give him a palfrey worth four marks. And if the army should be in Wales, he was to perform service a:ccording to the quantity of two carucates, and likewise for homage. The aforesaid Gamelbere died with- out heirs of his body, and his land was an escheat in the hands of King Henry I. And the same King gave that land to Richard, ^ Hugo de Sancto Philiberto tenet manerium de Creswell, in com. Berks, per serjan- tiam ducendi butellos vini ad jentaculum domini Regis, et vocatur ilia Serjantia de la Huse, per regnum Anglias. Plac. Coron. apud Windesore, 12 Edw. I. Rot. 40. in Dorso. Blount, 40. 2 [Communicated by Mr Henry Huth, the present freeholder.] ^ Thomas Colevyle, miles, tenet manerium de Cukwold, in com. Ebor. de Thoma nuper domino de Mowbray, ut de manerio suo de Threke, reddendo unum tergum sive scutum, cum armis dicti domini depictis, annuatim, die Pentecostes, Eschet. 6 Hen. IV. nu, 43. Blount, 92. 92 Tenures of Land son of Joceus aforesaid, and his heirs, to be held of the King by the aforesaid service.' Thomas, the son of the said Richard, founded the Abbey of Welbeck in the reign of King Henry 11.^ From the aforesaid Thomas, son of Richard (surnamed Thomas de Cukeney), the estate descended to Isabel his daughter, who was married to Simon Fitz Simon, and from her to her three daughters — Agnes, married to Sir Walter de Fauconberg; Isabel, married to Walter de Riboef ; and Petronilla, married to Stephen de Fauconberg, brother of Sir Walter. This Stephen was seised of the estate at Cukeney in right of his wife ; and from him descended Henry Fauconberg, who held the manor of Cukeney, in the county of Nottingham, by serjeanty of shoeing the King's horse when he came to Mansfield, as mentioned by Camden ; ^ and afterwards, in the 2d Edw. III., anno 1329, he gave the same, with other possessions, to John de Hotharn, Bishop of Ely, who the same year gave them to the abbot and convent of Welbeck.'* Cutting off the Foot. In former times criminals were punished by cutting off the foot, which was inflicted here instead of death, as appears by the laws of William the Conqueror.^ Dagworth, Co. OF Suffolk. Nicholas de Daggeworth, son and heir of John de Daggeworth, gave to our lord the King three fletched arrows, feathered with eagle's feathers, for his relief for certain lands and tenements in ' Joceus le Flemmangh venit ad Conquestum Anglise, tempore Willielmi Ducis Normannife, et quaesivit in Cukenny tertiam i^ai-tem feodi unius militis : et prsedictus Joce genuit quendam filium nomine Richardum. In eadem villa manebat quidam homo qui vocabatur Gamelbere, et fuit vetus dreyinghe ante Ccnqustum ; temiit duas carucatas terra; de domino Rege in capite, pro tali servitio ; deferendo pale- fridum domini Regis super quatuor pedes, de [clavario] domini Regis, quotiescunque ad manerium suum de Maunsfeld jacuerit ; et si inclaudet palefridum domini Regis, dabit ei palefridum quatuor marcarum. Et si exercitus fuerit in Wallia, faciet servitium secundum quantitatem duarum carucatarum, et similiter pro homagio. Frsedictus Gamelbere obiit sine hserede de se, et terra sua fuit eschaeta in manum Regis Henrici primi. Et ipse Rex dedit illam terram Richardo filio Jocei prsedicti, et htcredibus suis, tenendam de eo per prEEdictum servitium. Ex Registro de Welbec, penes Rob. Comitem Kingstoniee, anno 1630. 2 Mon. Angl. 598, a. Blount, 4. 2 Ex registro praedict. Mon. Angl. ii. 598, b. passim. ^ Henricus Fauconberge tenebat manerium de Cukeney, in hoc comitatu in serjan- tia, per servitium ferrandi palfredum Regis quando Rex veniret ad Mansfeld. Camd. Brit. edit. i. p. 124, Nottinghamshire. * Ex registro de Welbec pra:dict. iVIon. Angl. ii. 598 et seq. passim. Eschet. 3 Edw. III. n. 108. Blount, 4. ^ Interdicimus ne quis occidatur vel suspendatur pro aliqua culpa, sed eruantur oculi, abscindantur pedes, vel testiculi, vel manus. Leg. Will. I. cap. 7. Fleta, lib. i. c. 38. Bract, lib. iii. c. 32. and Customs of Manors. 93 Daggeworth, which the said John held of the King in capita, by the service of three fletched arrows, feathered with eagle's feathers, to be paid to the King yearly.' Dalemayn, Co. of Cumberland. Near Dacre is Dalemayn, the mansion-house of the Hassels, and holden of the barony of Greystoke in cornage."' Danegate, Co. of York. John Thwaytes, and Joan his wife, held the manor of Dane- gate, in the county of York, called the Prison of the Lardonary, with the appurtenances, of our lord the King, by the service of keeping the King's gaol in his forest of Galtres, to receive every year of our lord the King and his heirs for keeping the said gaol, /•/, I2S. id. by the hands of the sheriff of the county aforesaid, for the time being, at Easter and Michaelmas, by equal portions, and two oaks every year in the forest aforesaid, and one buck in summer, and one doe in winter, every year within the said forest, also with liberty to hunt foxes and hares in the said forest at all times in the year.^ Degembris and Egloskeri, Co. of Cornwall. William Trevelle holds one Cornish acre of land in Degembris and Egloskeri by the serjeanty of finding one boat and nets for fishing in Helston Lake, whensoever our lord the King should come to Helston, and so long as he should stay there.'* ■■ Nicholaus de Daggeworth, filius et lieres Johannis de Daggeworth, dat drio Regi tres flecch. pennat. de aquila pro relevio suo, de quibusdam terr. et ten. in Dagge- worth, quia dictus Johannes tenuit de Rege in capite, per servitium trium flecch. pennat. de aquila, Regis annuatim redd. De termino Mich. a° 8 Edw. III. Harl. MS. No. 34, p. 119- 2 Camd. Brit. tit. Cumberland. 3 Johannes Thwaytes, et Johanna uxor ejus, tenent manerium de Danygate in com. Ebor'. vocatum Prisona Lardonarie, cum pertin'. de Rege, per servitium custodiendi gaolam Regis foreste sue de Galtris, praecipiend'. quolibet anno de dno Rege et hered'. suis pro custodia gaole predicte, £,^% xij s. I d. per manus vie', com. predicti pro tem- pore existen., ad festa Pasche et Sancti IVIichi's, per equales portiones, ac duas quercos quohbet anno in foresta predicta, ac unum damum tempore estival. et unam damam hiemal. singulis annis infra forestam predictam, ac ad venandum vulpes et lepores in foresta' predicta, omni tempore anni. De termino Hil. anno 4 Hen. VI. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 441- ^ n ^- • ts ,. • ^ , « Willielmus Trevelle tenet unam acram terrse Cornubiensem m Degembris et Eglos- keri per serjantiam inveniendi unum batellum et rethia ad piscandum in Lacu de Heliestone, quandocunque dominus Rex venerit apud Hellestone, et quamdiu moram ibi fecerit. ' Plac, Coron. de anno 12 Edw. I. Cornub. Blount, 54. 94 ■ Tenures of Land Delamere, the Forest o-f, Co. of Chester. The Dones of Utkinton were foresters by inheritance of this forest ; they were of an honourable family, descended from Ra- nulph'of Kingleigh, to whom Ranulph, the first [de Meschines] Earl of Chester, gave the inheritance of that office of forester." Mr Cole^ says that in 1755, being at Tarporley in Cheshire, he took notice of these arms in one of the windows ; argent, a bugle- horn stringed sable : they were also painted on the walls of the church. His worthy friend, that good antiquary, Mr John Allen, rector of the parish, and senior fellow of Trinity College, "Cambridge, told him that they belonged to the lords of the manor of Utkinton, in this parish, as hereditary foresters of the forest of Delamere in that neighbourhood. H e afterwards showed him the horn of office itself in the library at Utkinton, since pulled down, and formerly belonging to Sir John Crew, a curious antiquary of that county, and a descendant from the family of Done of Utkinton. On Sir John Crew's decease it came to his heir, John Arden of Yorkshire, Esq., descended from the Done family. By a monument in Tarporley church it appears that Sir John Done, who died in 1629, bore the said coat on an escutcheon of pretence over his own quarterings, as chief forester of Delamere. The office and estate came to Henry Done by Johanna, daughter of Richard de Kingley, about 1233. Utkin- ton, with the village of Kingley or Kingsley, was given, as before stated, by Randal Meschines, Earl of Chester, to Randal de Kingsley, together with the bailiwick of the forest of Dela- mere. It appears by a deed (6 Edw. H.) that Richard Done held the fifth part of the village of Kingsley, &c., by a quarter- part of a knight's fee, and the master forestership of Mere [Delamere] and Mottram by himself, and a horseman and eight footmen under him, to keep the forest, then valued at £io, los. 3d. [Denton, Co. of Norfolk. Among some MSS. memoranda inserted in an interleaved copy of Partridge's Almanac for 1 720 are the following : " A rental for the manor of Denton called the Serjeants Rent, payable to His Grace the Duke of Norfolk ; " "A copy of the suit-silver paid to His Grace the Duke of Norfolk ; " and a list is added of the sums paid by various persons under this head, beginning with Mr Robert Snell of Norwich. The town of Denton is between Harleston and Bungay.] 1 Camd. Biit. tit. Cheshire. " Mr Cole on the Horns given by Henry I. to the Cathedral of Carlisle. Archa- olagia, vol. v. pp. 343, 344. and Customs of Manors. 95 Derby, Co. of In Derbyshire the King's baihffs anciently took 6d. of every bovate of land in the name of Sheriff Tooth/ And it is said to be a common tax levied for the sheriff's diet.^ DODBROKE, Co. OF DEVON, is remarkable for its custom of paying tithe for a sort of liquor called white ale. This is commonly pronounced whit-ale, which may be a corruption from wheat ; but more probably derives its appellation from the quantity of air which rises from it, and gives it a turbid whiteness.^ DONCASTER, Co. OF YORK. At this place on the 5 th November, yearly, whether it happens on a Sunday or any other day in the week, the town waits play for some time on the top of the church steeple, at the time when the congregation are coming out of the church from morning service, the tune of " God save the King." This has been done since 1700 at least, and very possibly ever since the 5 th of No- vember has been a festival ; except that formerly the tune played was " Britons, strike Home." The waits always receive from the churchwardens sixpence apiece for this service.* Dorchester, Co. of Dorset. In Dorchester, in the time of King Edward, were one hundred and seventy-two houses which contributed for every service due to the King for ten hides — viz., for the use of the huscarles one mark of silver, except the customs appertaining to the firm of one night.^ DoRE, Co. of Derby. Matthew de Haversegge (now called Hathersage) for his land in Dore did the same service as the tenants at Lound and Clumber.* 1 Ryl. Plac. Pari. 653. 2 Jacob's Law Did. tit. Sheriff Tooth. 3 Gough's Camden, vol. i. p. 34. [See also Lysons' Mag. Brit. vi. 165.] *" Letter from the Rev. Mr Scott of Doncaster, dated 17th November 1780. ' Gough's Camd. Brit. edit. 1789, vol. i. p. 44. ^ Mattheus de Haversegge pro terra sua in Dor. facit idem servicium. Ex Rot. feod. Hon. de Tickhill. 96 Temtres of Land Dover, Co. of Kent. In the time of King Edward the Confessor, Dover paid eighteen pounds, of which sum Edward had two parts, and Earl Godwin the third part of one moiety, and the canons of St Martin the other. The burgesses furnished the King with twenty ships once in each year, for fifteen days, and in each ship were twenty-one men ; this they did because he had freed them from sac and soc.^ It was an ancient custom, if any tenant holding of the Castle of Dover failed in paying his rent at the day, that he should forfeit double ; and for the second offence treble ; and the lands so held are called Terrse Cultse et Terrae de Warnoth/ When Hubert de Burgo was made constable of this castle, he, considering that it was not for the safety of the castle to have new guards every month, procured, by the assent of the King, and of all that held of the castle, that every tenant for one month's guard should send ten shillings, out of which certain persons elected and sworn, as well horse as foot, should be maintained for guarding the castle.^ Drakelow, Co. of Derby. William de Greseley holds the manor of Drakelow, in the county of Derby, in capite, and pays one bow without a string, and one quiver of Tutesbir, and twelve arrows, fledged or feathered, and one unfeathered,* Drascombe, Co. of Devon. Walter de Bromhall held certain land in Drascombe, in the county of Devon, by the serjeanty of finding for our lord the King, whensoever he should hunt in the forest of Dartmoor, one bow and three barbed arrows. And it was let at five shillings a year rent.' ' See the Domesday Survey, torn. i. fol. 75. '' Comp. Cop. 167. ^ Comp. Cop. 167, cites Camden's Brit. 249, 250. * William de Gresely tenet manerium de Drakelaw in com. Derby, in capite, et reddlt unum arcum sine corda, et unam pharetram de Tutesbir, et duodecim sagittas flectatas, et unum buzonem. Veredict. de singulis Wapent. in com. Nott. et Derb. Blount, 15. 5 Walterus de Bromhall tenuit quandam terrain in Droscombe, in com. Devon, per serjantiam inveniendi domino Regi, quotiescunque contigerit ipsum fugare in Foresta de Dertmore, unum arcum et tres sagittas barbatas ; et arrentata est ad v s. per ann. Plac. Coron. 9 Edw. I. Devon. Blount, 44. and Customs of Manors. 97 DUNELSSHE AND TVLEY, Co. OF DORSET. The jurors said that Alured de Lincoln held a certain parcel of the park of Dunelsshe and Tyley of the Abbot of Cerne, by the service of holding his stirrup when the Abbot was to mount his horse.' DuNMOw, Co. or Essex. Robert Fitzwalter, living long beloved of King Henry, son of King John, as also of all the realm, betook himself in his latter dayes to prayer and deeds of charity, gave great and bountifull almes to the poor, kept great hospitality, and re-edified the de- cayed priory of Dunmowe, which one Juga (Baynard) a most devout and religious woman, being in her kinde his ancestor, had builded ; in which priory arose a custom, begun and insti- tuted either by him or some other of his successors, which is verified by a common proverb or saying — viz., That he which repents him not of his marriage, either sleeping or waking, in a year and a day, may lawfully go to Dunmow and fetch a gammon of bacon. It is most assured that such a custom there was, and that this bacon was delivered with such solemnity and triumphs as they of the priory and the townsmen could make. I have inquired of the manner of it, and can learn no more but that it continued until the dissolution of that house, as also the abbies. And that the party or pilgrim for bacon was to take his oath before prior and convent, and the whole town, humbly kneeling in the churchyard upon two hard-pointed stones, which stones some say are there yet to be seen in the prior's churchyard ; his oath was ministred with such long pro- cess, and such solemn singing over him, that doubtless must make his pilgrimage (as I may term it) painful : after, he was taken up upon men's shoulders, and carried, first about the priory churchyard, and after through the town, with all the friars and brethren, and all the town's-folk, young and old, following him with shouts and acclamations, with his bacon borne before him, and in such manner (as I have heard) was sent home with his bacon ; of which I find that some had a gammon, and others a fleck or a flitch ; for proof whereof I have, from the records of the house, found the names of three several persons that at several times had it. ^ Juratores dicunt quod Aluredus de Lincoln tenuit quandam perticulam parci de Dunelsshe et Tyley de abbate de Cerne, per servitium tenendi stropem suum quando abbas debet ascendere equum suum. Inquis. anno 48 Hen. III. No. 19. Dorset, post mortem Aluredi de Lincoln. Communicated by Thos. Astle, Esq. This Alured de Lincoln is mentioned in Dugdale's Baronage, vol. ii. pp. 412, 413, G 98 Tenures of Land Anno 23 Hen. VI. (1445). Memorandum, that one Richard Wright of Badbury, near the city of Norwich, in the county of Norfolk, labourer (plebeius), came to Dunmow and required the bacon, to wit, on the 27th of April, in the 23d year of the reign of King Henry VI., and, according to the form of the charter, was sworn before John Cannon, prior of the place and the con- vent, and very many other neighbours, and there was delivered to him the said Richard a side or flitch of bacon. Anno 7 Edw. IV. (1467). Memorandum, that one Stephen Samuel of Eyston Parva, in the county of Essex, husbandman, on the day of the Blessed Virgin, in Lent (25th March), in the 7th year of King Edward IV., came to the Priory of Dunmow, and required a gammon of bacon ; and he was sworn before Roger Bulcott, then prior of the place and the convent, and also before a multitude of other neighbours, and there was delivered to him a gammon of bacon. Anno 2 Hen. VIII. Memorandum, that in the year of our Lord 1 5 10, Thomas le Fuller of Cogshall, in the county of Essex, came to the Priory of Dunmow, and on the 8th day of September, being Sunday, in the 2d year of King Henry VIII., according to the form of the charter, was sworn before John Tils, then prior of the house and the convent, and also before a multitude of neighbours, and there was delivered to him, the said Thomas, a gammon of bacon. Hereby it appeareth that it was according to a charter, or dona- tion, given by some conceited benefactor to the house ; and it is not to be doubted but that at such a time the bordering towns and villages resorted, and were partakers of their pastimes, and laughed to scorn the poor man's pains. The following is the form of the oath taken by those at Dun- mow who are to have the bacon : — You shall swear by the custom of our confession. If ever you made nuptial transgression. Be you either married man or wife. If you have brawls or contentious strife ; Or otherwise at bed or at board, Offended each other in deed or word : Or since the parish clerk said amen, Yo wished yourselves unmarried agen, Or in a twelvemoneth and a day Repented not in thought any way ; But continued true in thought and desire, As when you joined hands in the quire. If to these conditions, without all fear, Of your own accord you will freely swear, A whole gammon of bacon you shall receive. And bear it hence with love and good leave : and Customs of Manors. 99 For this is our custom at Dunmow well known, Though the pleasure be ours, the bacon 's your own.' Since the suppression of the priory, this custom is still kept up, and the ceremony is performed at a court baron for this manor by the steward, of which we have the following in- stances : — At a court baron of Sir Thomas May, knight, holden on the 7th of June 1701, before Thomas Wheeler, gentleman, steward, the homage being five fair ladies, spinsters — namely, Elizabeth Beaumont, Henrietta Beaumont, Annabella Beaumont, Jane Beaumont, and Mary Wheeler ; they found that John Reynolds of Hatfield Brodoke, gentleman, and Anne his wife, and William Parsley of Much Easton, butcher, and Jane his wife, by means of their quiet- and peaceable, tender and loving cohabitation for the space of three years last past and upwards, were fit and qualified persons to be admitted by the court to receive the ancient and accustomed oath, whereby to entitle themselves to have the bacon of Dunmow delivered unto them according to the custom of the manor. Accordingly, having taken the oath, kneehng on the two great stones near the church door, the bacon was delivered to each couple. The last who received it, [in the elder' Beckwith's time,] were John Shakeshanks, wool-comber, and Anne his wife, of Wethersfield, on the 20th of June 175 1 ; ^ [but it is still given away from time to time (1873).] In the year 1285 it was found that Nicholas Attenasse held a virgate of land here by the tenure of providing a pound for the King's bailiffs of this hundred to impound cattle, by the sheriff's precept and summons of the Exchequer; and the bailiffs used to receive sixpence.^ Dunstable, Co. of Bedford, The King of England gave to the King of Scotland three hundred pounds of land for his homage, and for the annual service of one gerfalcon.* DuNTON, Co. OF Norfolk. King Henry II. is said to have given this town, with Doketon and Kettleston, to Ralph de Hauvill, to be held by petit ^ Ex Collectan. D. Richardii S. Georg. Equit. Aurat. Armorum Regis, 1640, 2 Mon. Angl. 78. See the same account, with some variations, Ex Reg. Priorat. de Dunmow. Blount, 162. See also \_Pofular Antiquities of Great Britain, 1870, ii^ 118-22, where a differing version is given.] " Morant's Hist, of Essex, vol. ii. p. 430. ^ Ibid. p. 423. ' Rex Angli£E dedit ei (Regi Scotia) trecentas libratas terras pro homagio suo, et pro annuo servitio unius Erodii. Annals of Dunstable, p. 234. lOO Tenures of Land serjeanty, the keeping of the King's hawks or falcons; and in another record it is said by keeping of two gerfalcons for the King. Of this family were Henry and Hugh de Hauvile ; and King John, in his sixth year, ordered the bailiffs of several ports to secure all the hawks and gerfalcons which should be brought beyond sea, till the said Henry- and Hugh should choose what they thought fit for the King's use ; and no one was allowed to buy any till this was done/ It is remarkable that in Wales, the Penhebogydd, or Master of the Hawks, was the fourth officer in rank and dignity, and sat in the fourth place from his sovereign at the royal table ; that he was permitted to drink no more than three times, lest he should neglect his birds from intoxication; and that when he was more than usually successful in his sports, the prince was obliged, by law and custom, to rise up to receive him as he entered the hall, and sometimes to hold his stirrup as he alighted from his horse.'' Durham, Co. Palatine and City of. In the year 1276 the following constitution was made by Robert de Insula (de I'lsle), Bishop of Durham — viz.. Concerning tithes which arise from cows, we have thought proper to ordain, that wheresoever there shall be a receptacle of them, although it be in neighbouring parishes, horn with horn, according to the English language, where they seek their pasturage, yet the whole tithes shall remain where their abode and residing-place shall be.^ In the tenth year of the pontificate of Bishop Bury, 1342, John - o' - the - Orchard held one garden, with buildings and appurtenances, in Durham, by the service of finding potherbs, leeks, and other herbs for pottage, at the kitchen of the Lord Bishop, on all his arrivals at the Castle of Durham ; and the constable for the time being was to receive those leeks, pot- herbs, and other herbs, for his kitchen every day in the year : and the aforesaid John, or his heirs, ought to receive of the said Lord Bishop with his family, being at Durham, daily, two white loaves, two flagons of ale, and two dishes of meat, with one. garment, which is called Bedman : and in the same manner ' Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, vol. iii. p. 781. [See further Charnock's Tenures of Essex, 1870, pp. 27-38.] ' Polewhele's History of Cornwall, vol ii. p. 8l. ^ De decimis quse de vaccis proveniunt statuendum duximus, quod ubicunque fuerit receptaculum earum, licet in vicinis parochiis horn with horn, secundum Anglicam linguam, pascua quasrant, ilia remaneat tota decima ubi fuerit domicilium et reman- entia. Constitut. Rob. Dunelm. Episc. Ann. 1276. Blount, 145. and Customs of Manors. i o i he ought to receive of the constable of the castle for the time being, for eight principal days in the year/ In the fourth year of the pontificate of Bishop Hatfield, 1348, Sir Jordan de Dalden, knight, died seised in his demesne, &c., of six shillings rent, yearly, issuing out of a certain tenement which Hugh de Whittonstall held in the bailiwick of Durham, and he held it of the aforesaid Jordan by the service of six shillings a year, and by finding the said Sir Jordan, for himself and his retinue, a sufficient chamber and stable in the time of war.^ In the fifth year of the pontificate of Bishop Hatfield, 1349, John de Wodesende, the day of his death, held of the Lord Bishop in capite one burgage with the appurtenances in the borough of Durham, by service for Landmale in the bailiwick of the borough of Durham.^ In the sixth year of the pontificate of John Fordham, Bishop of Durham, 1386, Thomas Umframvill held of the Lord Bishop one curtilage near Durl;iam, by the service of finding daily for the kitchen, within the Castle of Durham, potherbs and leeks ; and on the arrivals of the Bishop, being at the castle aforesaid, the said Thomas Umframvill and his heirs were to receive daily two loaves and a flagon of ale, and one dish of meat, from the kitchen of the said Lord Bishop/ The commons of the Bishop of Durham, standing upon their ancient privilege, did refuse to serve under the King in his wars which he waged with Scotland, for they pleaded, and proved it, that they were halywerk folks, and held their lands to safeguard and defend the corpse of holy St Cuthbert, neither ' Johannes-o'-the-Orchard ten', unum gardin'. cum edificijs, et pertin'. suis in Dunelm. per servic'. inveniendi olera, porros, et al. herbas pro potagio, ad coquinam dui episcopi, pro omnibus adventibus suis ad castrum Dun. et constab. qui pro tem- pore fuerit porros, olera, et herbas pro coquina sua omnibus diebus ani ; et p'd. Johannes vel her. suus debet percipere de dno episcopo ipso, cum familia sua exist, ap. D. cotidie, duos albos panes, duas lagenas cervisie, et duo fercula cum uno garniamento quod voc. Bedman : et eod. modo debet percipere de constab. castri, qui pro tempore fuerit, per viii dies principales anni rem. ut s'- Inquis. post mortem Johannis-o'-the- Orcheyard. lo Bury. ^ Jordanus de Dalden, mil. ob'. seis'. in domlnico, &c. de sex solidat. reddit'. per annum, exeunt, de quodam ten', quod Hugo de Whittonstall tenet in ballivo de Dunelm. et iUud tenuit de predicto Jordano, per servic'. sex solidor. per annum, et ad inveniend. dictum dominum Jordanum, pro se et suis, cameram et stabulum sufficient', tempore guerrae. Inquis. post mortem Jordani de Dalden, militis. 4 Hatfield. The inhabitants of the county of Durham were particularly liable to war in these times, by reason of their vicinity to Scotland. See Goswyk, p. 374. — Pegge. 5 Johannes de Wodesende ten', de dno episcopo in capite, die quo ob., unum burgag. cum pertin'. in burgo Dunelm. per servic'. pro landmal ballivo. burg. Dunel. Inquis. post mortem Johannis de Wodesende. 5 Hatfield. * Thomas Umframvill ten', de dno episcopo unum curtilag'. juxta Dunelm. per servic' inveniend'. cotidie coquine infra Castrum Dun', olera et porros, et in adventibus episcopi exist', apud Castrum predictum, idem Thomas Umframvill et heredes sui habebunt cotidie duos panes et unam lagenam cervisise, et unum ferculum de coquina dicti dni episcopi. Inquis. post mortem Thomas Umframvill. 6 Fordham. I02 Tenures of Land ought they to go out of the precincts of the bishopric — namely, between Tyne and Tees— for King or Bishop.' At the coronation of King James II. the Bishops of Durham and Bath and Wells claimed to support the King in the pro- cession ; which claim was allowed, the King having graciously consented thereto, and the Bishops of London and Winchester being appointed to support the Queen.^ Dylew, or Dylwin, Co. of Hereford. Adam de Dyleu holds in Dilew, in the county of Hereford, two yard-lands and a half, rendering therefor yearly to William Fitz-Warin three shillings in silver, and finding in the time of war, for the said William, every year for fifteen days, one man with a horse and a prick, one iron helmet, and one lance, at the cost of the said William; and if his horse should die or be killed in the service of the aforesaid William, the said William was to give him twenty shillings for that horse.^ [Dymock, Co. of Gloucester. The custom of the manor of Dymock is very peculiar, the tenant holding to himself, " and the heirs of his body lawfully begotten ; " on failure of which the copyhold escheats to the lord, the heir at law not taking.]* Dynevor, Co. of Caermarthen. By the custom of this manor (whereof Sir Edward Rice was heretofore lord) every tenant at the marriage of his daughter pays I OS. to the lord, which in the British language is called Gwobr Merched — i.e., a maid's fee.^ The Premier Earl of England. At the coronation of George III., the Duke of Norfolk, as Premier Earl of England, claimed to redeem the sword offered 1 Camd. Brit. 736. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5127, p. 11. ^ Sandf. Hist. Coron. * Adam de Dyleu tenet in Dylew, in com. Heref. duas virgatas et dimid. terr£e, reddendo- inde annuatim Willielmo Filio Warini tres solidos argenti, et inveniendo tempore giierr^e dicto Willielmo singulis annis, per quindecini dies, unum hominem cum uno equo et uno compuncto, et uno capello ferreo, et una lancea, ad custum dicti Willielmi. Et si equus ejus morieretur vel esset interfectus in servitio prsedicti Willielmi, idem Willielmus daret ei xxs. pro equo ipso. Carta 34 Edw. III. Blount, 125. 4 [MSS. Collect, of J. D. Norwood, Esq. of Ashford, Kent, communicated to the present editor.] ^ Jacob's Law Diet. tit. Merchet. and Customs of Manors. 103 by the King at the altar, and to carry it before his Majesty in his return to his palace, and reservation of other rights and dignities, with fees, &c. But his claim was not allowed, not being made out, and the same being disallowed at the last coronation/ The Earl Marshal of England. He is the eighth great officer of the Crown : he is an earl, as some say, by his office ; whereby he takes cognizance, as the Lord Constable does, of all matters of war and arms, determines contracts touching deeds of arms out of the realm upon land, and matters concerning wars within the realm, which cannot be determined by the common law; and in these matters he is chiefly guided by the civil law. He had anciently several courts under him, and until recent times the Marshalsea, where he sat in judgment against criminals offending within the verge of the King's Court. This office is of great antiquity in England, and anciently was of greater power than now. It has been for many years hereditary in the title of Norfolk. The first Lord Marshal of whom I find mention was Gilbert de Clare, who was created Earl of Pembroke by King Stephen in the year 1139. He was succeeded by Richard de Clare, surnamed Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke and Lord Marshal, who died anno 11 76. To him succeeded John, surnamed Mar- shall from his office, which was conferred upon him by King Henry H. upon the death of Richard Strongbow, and he by William Marshall, his grandson who, having married Isabel, daughter and heir of Richard Strongbow, was by King John created Earl of Pembroke in the year 1201. In his family the office of Lord Marshal continued till the death of his five sons, William, who was Lord Chief Justice of England, Richard, Gilbert, Walter, and Anselm, all successively Earls of Pem- broke, the last of whom died in the year 1245. Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, in right of his mother, Maud, one of the sisters and heirs of the five last Lord Marshals, succeeded ; and after him, Roger Bigod, his son. Earl of Norfolk, whose estate being confiscated to the Crown, the office, upon his death in 1305, came into the hands of King Edward II., who in the year 1307 granted it, durante betie placito, to Robert de Clifford, and, the year following, to Nicholas de Segrave, Lord Segrave. The same King, in the ninth year of his reign, made his half-brother,, Thomas de Brotherton (whom he had before created Earl of Norfolk), Marshal of England, by patent, to him and his heirs male lawfully begotten ; and his descendant, the present Duke of Norfolk, now enjoys that office. But it has several times since the death of Thomas de Brotherton been in other families. > Saiidf. Hist. Coron. 104 Tenures of Land Margaret, daughter and heir of Thomas de Brotherton, was created Countess (and afterwards Duchess) of Norfolk for hfe,. and was often honoured with the title of Lady Marshal ; but whether by right or of courtesy does not plainly appear ; for in her lifetime the office was exercised by William de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury ; Thomas Beauchamp the elder, Earl of War- wick; and Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, successively. They might so exercise it as deputies to her ; for at the corona- tion of Rjchard II. her claim seems by the following record to have been left undecided :— Also, as to the office of Marshal of England, Margaret Countess of Norfolk exhibited her petition before the aforesaid Steward in these words: "To the Most Honourable Lord, the King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lan- caster, and Steward of England. Margaret, daughter and heir of Thomas de Brotherton, late Earl of Norfolk and Marshal of England, prays that you will accept her to do the office of Mar- shal at the coronation of our lord the King, as her right of inheritance, after the death of the said Thomas her father; doing the office by her deputy, as Gilbert Marshall, Earl of Strygel, did at the coronation of Henry II. — to wit, to appease the debates in the King's house on the day of his coronation, and to dispose of the places in the bed-chambers, and to guard the door of the King's chamber ; having from every baron and earl made knight on that day one palfrey with a saddle." Whereupon, the said petition being heard, it was alleged for the King there, that the office remained in the person of the King, to be assigned unto and conferred upon whomsoever the King should please ; and upon this hearing, there were many reasons and allegations urged concerning this matter, as wellfor the lord the King, as for the aforesaid Countess. But because it appeared to the court that the final discussion of the business aforesaid could not be made, on account of the shortness of the time before the coronation aforesaid, Henry de Percy, with consent, and by the command of the same King, was assigned to perform the said office, and to take the fees due and accus- tomed ; saving the right of every one. And so the same Henry took that office.' ' Item quoad officium Marresc. Anglise, Margaretta Comitissa Norf. petitionem suam coram prsefato Senesc. in haec verba exhibuit.^ — Al tres honorable seignior le Roy de Castile et Leon, Duke de Lane, et Seneschall d'Engl. supplie vous Margaret file et heire Thom. de Brotherton nadgaires Counte de Norf. et Marshall d'Eng. destre accept al office de Marshalsey ore al coronment nostre seignior le Roy come a son droit d'heritage apres le mort le dit Thom. son peere, fesant I'office per son deputie, come Gilbert Marshall, Countie de Strygel fist al coronment Henry le Second, ss de Payser le Bis in la Meason le Roy al jour de son coronment et faire lewes de Her- bergages, et de garder les Huis de Chamb. le Roy per ayant de chescun baron et countie suis chivaler a eel jour un palfreye ove un sell. Super quo, audita petitione prsedicta, dictum fuit pro domino Rege ibidem, quod officium illud in persona domini Regis remansit, ad assignandum et conferend. cuicunq. ipsi Regi placeret. Et super hoc audit, tam pro domino Rege quam pro prjefata comitissa pli(ri:bus ralionibus et allegat. in hac parte, pro eo" quod videbatur and Customs of Manors. 105 Thomas Lord Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, second and only surviving son of John Lord Mowbray of Axholme, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter and sole heir of the Lady Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, and heir of Thomas de Brotherton, as above mentioned, had, by patent from King Richard II., in the eighth year of his reign, the title and office of Earl Marshal of England, being the first who had the title of Earl Marshal, for before that time they were only Marshals. This Thomas was, by the same King, afterwards created Duke of Norfolk ; but being, along with Henry Duke of Hereford (afterwards King Henry IV.), banished the realm, he went to Venice, and there died anno 1400. Upon the banishment of Thomas Duke of Norfolk, King Richard created Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent and Duke of Surrey, Earl Marshal ; but Thomas Lord Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, upon his father's death or banishment, assumed the title of Earl Marshal, though the office was .executed by John Montacute, Earl of Salisbury. King Henry IV., in the beginning of his reign, made Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmorland, Lord Marshal of England for the term of his life. King Henry V., in the beginning of his reign, restored to John Lord Mowbray, brother of Thomas, called Earl Marshal, and younger son of the banished Duke of Norfolk, the titles of Earl of Nottingham and Earl Marshal ; and in the third year of King Henry VI. he was also restored to the title of Duke of Norfolk, his father having died without attainder. This John was succeeded in all his titles by his son John, and he by his son John, the fourth and last Duke of Norfolk, of the surname of Mowbray, who died without issue male, leaving an only daughter, Ann, married to Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, second son of King Edward IV, when he was only four years of age. He was by his father, King Edward, created Duke of Norfolk and Earl Marshal, but soon after his father's death, was cruelly murdered by his uncle, Richard III., and the Lady Ann dying without issue, that branch of the Mowbray family became extinct, and the inheritance was divided between John Lord Howard, husband of Margaret, eldest daughter of Thomas Mowbray, the first Duke of Norfolk, and William Lord Berkley, eldest son of James Lord Berkley, second husband of Isabel, the second daughter of the said Duke ; and King Richard III., on the 28th of June 1483, in the first year of his reign, when his said nephew was certainly alive, conferred on this John Lord Cur', quod finalis discussio negotii pradicti propter temporis brevitatera ante Corona- tionem prsidict. fieri non potuit, Henricus de Percy ex assensu et per praeceptum ipsius Regis assign, fuit ad officium pr^dictum faciend. et percipiend. feoda debita et consueta. Salvo jure cujuslibet. Et sic idem Henricus officium illud percepit. Cromp. yurisdict. 87, b. io6 Tenures of Land Howard the office of Marshal of England in tail male, and empowered him, either in the presence or absence of the King, to bear a golden staff, tipped at each end with black, the upper part thereof to be adorned with the royal arms, and the lower end thereof with those of his own family ; and, for the better support of 'the dignity of his office, he got a grant to himself and his heirs aforesaid for ever of ;^20 annually, payable half-yearly out of the fee-farm rent of the town of Ipswich, in Suffolk ; and on the same day was advanced to the dignity of Duke of Norfolk ; and Thomas, his son and heir, was created Earl of Surrey. He was also, on the 30th of that month, constituted High Steward of England for the ceremony of King Richard's coronation, and attended there on the 6th of July following, with his son, Thomas Earl of Surrey, who bore the sword of State, the Duke himself carrying the King's crown, and walking next before him. He continued in great favour with Richard during his short reign, and was slain with him in the battle of Bosworth Field, on the 22d of August 1485, being in the front of the army. King Henry VII., on his attaining the crown, created Wil- liam Lord Berkley, Earl of Nottingham, son of the Lady Isabel Mowbray, the younger daughter of Thomas Mowbray, the first Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal of England ; and he dying without issue in 1492, the King created his second son, Henry, afterwards King Henry VIII., Earl Marshal of England. After King Henry VIII. came to the throne, he, in the second year of his reign, created the said Thomas Earl of Surrey, son of John Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal, and afterwards Duke of Norfolk ; who continued those honours till his death, on the 2 1st of May 1524, when he was succeeded by his eldest son, Thomas, who had been created Earl of Surrey in his lifetime. He continued in the possession of his dignities and honours till the 1 2th of December 1546, when he and his son were suddenly apprehended and committed prisoners to the Tower, and both attainted by special bills in Parliament soon after. On the 28th of January following, the Lieutenant of the Tower received a warrant for beheading the Duke, but the King dying that day, the executors of his will did not choose, at that critical juncture, to put the warrant into execution ; yet his enemies were so great, that in the beginning of the reign of King Edward VI., when pardon was given by proclamation to all persons, for all crimes whatsoever, six only excepted, he was the chief of those six, and remained prisoner in the Tower dur- ing all that reign, and till Queen Mary made her triumphant entry into London on the 3d of August 1553 ; when, without any pardon or restitution, he was allowed to be Duke of Nor- folk, and had all his lands restored ; but during the reign of and Customs of Manors. 107 Edward VI. the office of Earl Marshal was executed by Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, uncle to the King and Lord Protector. On the death of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, which happened the 25th of August 1554, he was succeeded by his grandson, Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, and Earl Marshal who was the eldest son of Henry Earl of Surrey, beheaded the 19th of January 1546, for high treason, in the hfetime of his father. He continued to enjoy his grandfather's titles 'and honours till January 1571-2, when he was tried by his peers for, and convicted of, high treason, and was beheaded on Tower- hill the 2d of June 1572. On his attainder, 'Queen Elizabeth made George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, Earl Marshal ; and after his death, her favourite, Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, who was also beheaded the 25th of February 1600-1. At the coronation of King James I. in 1603, Edward Somer- set, Earl of Worcester, executed the office of Earl Marshal • after which it was generally executed by commission till the year 162 1, when King James I. constituted Thomas Earl of Arundel and Surrey, grandson of Thomas the last Duke of Norfolk by his son Philip Earl of Arundel, Earl Marshal of England for life, with a pension of ;^2ooo a year, he having before been appointed one of the commissioners for executing that office ; and continued in the office till his death on the 4th of October 1646. He was succeeded by his second and eldest surviving son, Henry Frederick, Earl of Arundel, &c., who enjoyed the title of Earl Marshal till his death on the 7th of April 1652, when he was succeeded in the titles of Earl of Arundel, &c., by Thomas, his eldest son and heir, who was restored by Parliament to the title of Duke of Norfolk on the 8th of May 1664! He dying unmarried at Padua, in Italy, on the ist of December 1667, was succeeded by his brother Henry Howard, who on the 19th of October 1672 was, by King Charles II., created Earl of Norwich, to him and the heirs male of his body ; and also, by the same patent, had granted to him the office and dignity of Earl Marshal of England, to him and the heirs male of his body, with divers remainders over. He died the nth of January 1683, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Henry, the seventh Duke of Norfolk, who dying without issue the 2d of April 1701, was succeeded by Thomas Howard, eldest son of Thomas Lord Howard, younger brother of the last Henry Duke of Norfolk ; who also dying without issue the 23d of December 1732, was succeeded by his brother Edward, Duke of Norfolk ; and he also dying without issue on the 20th of September 1777, at the great age of ninety-two, was succeeded by Charles Howard, second son and heir of Charles Howard of Greystock; Esq., who was eldest son and heir of Charles Howard, fourth son of io8 Temires of Land Frederick Earl of Arundel, who died in 1652, as above men- tioned.' Sir Edward Coke says^ that the office of Marshal ever passed by the grants of the King, and never belonged to any subject by reason of tenure, as. the stewardship and constableship of England sometime did.^ The business of the Earl Marshal at the coronation has been in a great measure shown before, so that there will be no necessity of enlarging upon it here, further than to observe that, previous to the coronation of King James II., the Earl Marshal of England claimed to appease the debates that might arise in the King's house on that day, to keep the doors of the same, and of the abbey, &c., and to dispose of the places to the nobles, &c., with all fees belonging thereto ; which was disallowed as unprecedented, and several of the particulars were counter-claimed by the Lord Great Chamberlain. But such determination was made with a salvo jure to the said Earl Marshal." At the coronation of George III, the office was executed by the late Earl of Effingham, as deputy for Edward Duke of Norfolk, who being a person professing the Roman Catholic religion, was disqualified by law from executing it in person. And the Earl of Effingham dying in November 1763, his grace then appointed Henry, Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, to be his deputy. Upon the death of the Duke, his successor ap- pointed the Earl of Effingham to be deputy Earl Marshal of England. Earl's Colne, Co. of Essex. Richard Harlakenden held Earl's Colne in capite by the grand serjeanty of being Great Chamberlain of England.^ Easington, Co. of Durham. In the sixth year of the pontificate of Bishop Bury, 1338, John Fayrey died seised of one messuage and thirty acres of land in Easington, and they were held of the Lord Bishop in capite by fealty and the service of three capital suits at the court of Durham yearly. And he was to drive the distresses with the bailiff of the Lord Bishop, and to witness the summonses, and to ' Collins' Peerage, passim. 2 Inst. 128. ' ^ [See, however, under Nemsteaii-Marshall] * Gent. Mag. vol. xxxi. p. 324. ' Richard Harlakenden, in cap. per magnam serjantiam essendi magnus Camavius Angl. Harl. MS. No. 5195, pa. 83. and Customs of Manors. 109 oversee the carriage of one hogshead of wine yearly, and to grind at the mill of the Lord Bishop to the thirteenth sheaf East and West Enborne, Co. of Berks. The manors of East and West Enborne, in the county of Berks, have this custom, that if a copyhold tenant die, the widow shall have her free-bench in all his copyhold lands whilst she continues sole and chaste (dum sola et casta fuerit) ; but if she commits incontinency, she forfeits her widow's estate ; yet, after this, if she comes into the next court held for the manor, riding backward upon a black ram, with his tail in her hand, and says the words following, the steward is bound by the custom to readmit her to her free-bench : — " Here I am, Riding upon a black ram, Like a whore, as I am ; And for my crincum crancum, Have lost my bincum bancum ; And for my tail's game. Am brought to this worldly shame : Therefore, good Mr Steward, let me have my lands again. '"' East Betchworth, Co. of Surrey. John de Warren granted to John, son of Adrian de London, a virg'e of land in East Betchworth, paying certain gloves of fur of gris, or forty pence, at three terms in the year.^ Eastbrig, Co. of Kent. Hubert de Burgo, Earl of Kent, had a grant in fee from King Henry HI. of the manor of Eastbrig, in Kent, to hold by the service of a sore* sparhawk at Lammas yearly.^ ' Johannes Fayrey ob. seis. de uno mess, et triginta acr'. terrse in Esington, et tenentur de dno episcopo in cap', per fid', et servic'. trium sectar'. capital', apud Dun. per ann. Et fugabit namea cum ballivo diii episcopi, et testificabit summoniciones et supervidebit carriagium unius dolei vini per ann. et molet ad molend'. diii episcopi ad tercium decimum vas. ''■ Blount, 144. [This tenure is mentioned by Cowell in his Interpreter, 1607 ; and is quoted in the Spectator for November I, 1714.] ^ Reddendo quasdam cyrothecas furratas de gris, vel quadraginta denarios, ad tres anni terminos. Watson's Memoirs oj the Earls of Warren and Surrey, vol. i. p. 295, from a deed, dated 38 Hen. III. * I suppose it should be soar, vphich may mean one trained for the net, and taught to soar to make the game sit close. This term, I see, several times occurs, and is called sore by Blount. — W. » Carta, 17 Hen. III. p. i, M. 24. Blount, 12. no Tenures of L and East Cranmore, Co. of Somerset. In Cart. 41 Hen. III., m. 5, there is extant a curious deed, printed by Upton de Studio Militari, 1654, wherein one Henry de Fernbureg engages, for the sum of thirty marks sterHng, to be always ready to fight as the Abbot of Glastonbury's champion, in defence of the right which he had in the manors of Cranmore and Pucklechurch, against the Bishop of Bath and Wells, the Dean of Wells, and all other his champions whatsoever ; dat. Lond. 28 die Apr., 42 Hen. III.' East Gareston or Esegarston, Co. of Berks. In the eleventh year of King Edward I., Painell de Chaworth ^ was found to be seised of a messuage and four hundred acres of land in East Gareston, in the county of Berks, held by the service of finding a knight, armed with plate armour, in the King's army, when it should be in the territory of Kidwelly, in Wales.3 Patrick de Chaworth holds the manor of East Gareston, in the county of Berks, by the serjeanty of finding one armed esquire, to be in the front of the army of our lord the King in West Wales, in the time of war, for forty days, at his own costs.* Lady Hawis de London held the manor of Esegarston of the King in capite by serjeanty — viz., as part of Kidwelly, with Wiremestur Kidwelly — to conduct the vanguard of the King's army as often as he should go into Wales with one, and in returning to bring up the rereward of the said army.' This is singular ; but in the Third Part of King Henry VI., act iii. sc. 3, Queen Margaret bids Warwick tell King Edward IV.— " My mourning weeds are laid aside, And I am ready to put armour on." It was once no unusual thing even for queens themselves to appear in armour at the head of their forces. The suit which ^ CoUinson's Hist, of Somersetshire, vol. ii. p. 208. ^ Paganellus de Cadurcis. 3 Eschet. II Edw. I. n. 35. Blount, 14. » [Elsewhere he is called Patrick de Chaworth.] Patricius de Cadurcis tenet mane- rium de East Gareston in com. Berks, per serjantiam inveniendi unum armigerum armatum, essendi in anteriori parte exercitus domini Regis in Westgales, tempore guerrse per xl dies, sumptibus propriis. Plac. Coron. apud Windesor. 12 Edw. I. Rot. 28, in dorso. Blount, 38. = Dna Hawesia de London tenuit m. de Esegarston, de R. in c, per seriantiam, viz. tanquam membrii de Kidwelly, viz. cum Waremestur' Kidwelly, ad conducend' ante- gard exercit' R. quoties R. ierit in Walliam in exercitu, et in rediendo ad conducendum letrogardam dci' exercitus. Escaet. de anno i Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit Mus No 2087, p. 23. and Customs of Manors. 1 1 1 Elizabeth wore when she rode through the hnes at Tilbury, to encourage the troops on the approach of the Armada, may be still seen in the Tower.' East-Ham, Eystan, or Eston at the Mount, Co. OF Essex. Ralph le Moigne [or the Monk] held East-Ham, in Essex, by serjeanty, that he should be caterer (or purveyor) of the lord the King in his kitchen '^ or lardinary. Henry, son and heir of William le Moigne, was fined in ;^xviii for relief of his land of Eystan, which he held of the King in capite by the serjeanty of the King's lardinary. Ralph le Moigne, ancestor of Henry, held the land by the same serjeanty; and the land was worth ;£'xviii a year, as appeared by the roll.^ At the coronation of King James H. the lord of the manor of Eston at the Mount, in Essex, claimed the offices of larderer and caterer ; but his claim was at that time disallowed, with a salvo jure; and the King appointed the lord of the manor of Sculton to exercise the same pro h&c vice."* East-Hendred, Co. of Berks. John Pater-Noster holds one-yard land, with the appurten- ances, in East-Hendred, in the county of Berks, by the serjeanty of saying, for the soul of our lord the King, one paternoster daily, and it was worth five shillings yearly.^ Eastley, or Estley, Co. of Southampton. Isabella, late wife of Hugh le Dispenser, held the manor of Estly by the serjeanty of being Chamberlain of the King's Exchequer.*" John de Estley held of the King (amongst other things) the manor of Estley in capite by service (to wit) that when the King should take a journey towards Wales, in the time of war. 1 See Chalmers' edit, of Shakespeare. " Radulphus le Moigne, &c. ut sit emptor domini Regis m coquina sua. Plac. Coron. apud Chelmesf. ii Hen. III. Blount, 26. 3 Madox's Excheq. 220. 4 Sandf. Hist. Coron. 133. . . ^ Johannes Pater-Noster tenet unam virgatam terrs, cum pertm. m East-Hanred in com. Berks, per serjantiara dicendi, pro anima domini Regis, unum Pater noster quotidie, et valet per ann. vs. Plac. Coron. apud Windesor, 12 Edw. I. Rot. 29, in dorso. Blount, 39. , t^ , . . " Isabella, quse fuit uxor Hugonis le Dispenser, m. de Estly, per seriantiam essendi Camerarius Scaccarij Regis. Esch. anno 34 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 49- 1 1 2 Tenures of Land the lord of Estley was to find two horsemen, who were to follow the King's victuals, for forty days, at his proper costs.' East Rudham, Co. of Norfolk. In the town of East Rudham, the custom of all the lands which are held within the borough (burgagium) concerning inpenny and outpenny, is this, that he who will sell or give the said tenure to any one, shall give for his going out of the same tenure one penny, and the like for the entry of the other ; and that the bailiff of the lord shall be present at the delivery of every livery of seisin : and if the aforesaid pennies shall be in arrear, the bailiff of the lord may distrain for the said pennies in the same tenure." East-Smithfield, London. John de Moyse, who is under age, by assize impleads Thomas de Weylaund, and Margaret his wife, for one messuage, two mills, four a;cres of meadow,' and forty-two shillings rent in East-Smithfield without Aldgate. They call to warranty Ralph de Berners, who warrants them, and says that he claims nothing except custody, for that John, father of the said John, held of him the aforesaid tenements by homage and the service of sixpence, and by finding a certain man for him in the Tower of London, with bows and arrows, for forty days in the time of war ; John says that he holds the tenements aforesaid by hom- age and service of certain spurs, or sixpence for all services : and so omitting many things on both sides, it will manifestly appear, by the verdict of the jury and the judgment of the court, what was determined in this assize. The jury say that the aforesaid tenements are held of the aforesaid Ralph by homage and service of one pair of gilt spurs, or sixpence, and by finding a certain man for the said Ralph, in the Tower of London, with bows and arrows, for forty days in the time of war, in the north angle of the Tower aforesaid, for all services ; and because it was found, &c., that the said Ralph acknowledgeth in his answer that the aforesaid heir ought to hold the same tene- ments by the aforesaid homage and service of the aforesaid 1 Johannes de Estley tenuit de Rege manerium de Estley, in capite, per servitium ; scilicet, quod cum dnus Rex itiner. accipit versus Walliam, in guerra, diis de Estley inveniet duos equites, qui debent sequi victual' Regis, per quadraginta dies, ad sumptum suum proprium. Anno 3 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 821, p. 12. " De inpeny et outpeny, consuetudo talis est in villa de East Rudham, in com. Norf. de omnibus terris qus infra burgagium tenentur, viz. quod ipse qui vendiderit vel dederit dictam tenuram alicui dabit pro exitu suo de eadem tenura unum dena- rium, et simile pro ingressu alterius ; et quod balivus domini erit ad deliberationem ■ cujuslibet seisinse deliberandse : et si praedicti denarii ar^tro fuerint, balivus domini distringet pro eisdem denariis in eadem tenura. Reg. Priorat. de Cokesford. Blount, 151. and Customs of Manors. 1 1 3 spurs, or sixpence, and by the serjeanty of finding a man for him in the aforesaid Tower, for forty days ; and it manifestly appears that petit serjeanties of this sort (which ought to be done for their lords, of whom they hold their tenements, by others except themselves) neither give nor ought to give any custody thereupon to the same lords, although the same lords, by neglect of the parents, have got the custodies of heirs within age in this manner; and the said Ralph cannot say that he hath any seisin of the aforesaid custody, unless by his own occu- pancy, and the neglect of the parents of the aforesaid heir of his ancestors, whilst he was within age, and not by any other right : therefore it was considered that the said John should recover his seisin thereupon, &c., and his damages, &c.' Thomas de Meose [or Moyse] holds a messuage, and one water-mill, and eight acres of meadow, with the appurtenances, in East-Smithfield, by the service of finding for our lord the King a footman with a bow and arrows, for forty days at his own charges, in the Tower of London, in time of war.'' East-Wordham, Co. of Hants. John le Unz holds East-Wordham, in the county of South- ampton, of our lord the King, by the serjeanty of bearing a rod before our lord the King ; and it is rented at one hundred shillings a year.^ 1 Per assisam, Johannes de Moyse, qui est infra setatem, implacitat Thom. de Wey- laund, et Marg. ux. ejus, pro uno messuag'. ii molendin'. iv acris prati, et xlii s redd'. in East Smithfield, extra Aldgate : ipsi voc'. ad warr'. Rad. de Bemers, qui warr'. et dicit quod nihil clamat' nisi custod'. eo quod Johannes, pater dicti Johannes, tenuit de eo prsedicta ten', per homag'. et servic'. vid., et inveniendi quendam hominem pro eo in Turr. London, cum arcubus et sagittis, per quadraginta dies tempore guerrse. Johannes dicit quod tenet tenementa prsedicta per homagium et servitium quorundam calcariorum, vel vi d., pro omni servitio : et sic, omittendo multa ex utraque parte, mani- feste patebit per vered. jur*. et per jud'. cur', quid in hac ass', terminatum fuit. Jur'. die', quod prsedicta tenementa tenent'. de prsedicto Radulpho per homagium et servic'. unius paris calcariorum deauratorum, vel sex denar'. et inven'. quendam hominem pro ipso Radulpho in Turri Lond'. cum arcubus et sagittis, per xl dies tempore guerrse, in boreali angulo Turris prsedicta, pro omni servic'. Et quia compertum est, &c. quod Radulphus cognoscit in respons'. quod prsedict'. hssres tenere debet eadem tenemen'. per prasdict'. homag'. et servic'. prsedict'. calcar'. vel sex denar'. et per serjantiam inveniendi unum hominem pro eo in predicti Turri pro xl dies : et manifeste liquet, quod hujusmodi minores serjantise quae debent fieri pro dominis suis de quibus tenent tenementa sua, per alios quam seipsos, nullam inde dabunt custodiam eisdera dominis, nee dare debent, licet ijdem domini infra setatem haeredum per negligentiam propin- quorum parentum hujusmodi custodias occupaverint ; et iste Radulphus non potest dedicere quod unquam aliquam habuit seisinam de prsedict'. custod'. nisi per occupa- tionem suam et negligentiam parentum prsedicti hseredis antecessoris sui, dum infra setatem fuit, et non alio jure : considerat'. est quod prsedict'. Johannes rec'. inde seis'. &c. et damn'. &c. Hil. 8 Edw. I. in Banco. Rot. 86. 2 Inst. 6. ^ Thomas de Meose tenet unum messuagium, et unum molendinum aquaticum, et octo acras prati cum pertin. in East Smithfield, per servitium inveniendi domino Regi unum hominem peditem, cum arcu et sagittis, per xl dies, sumptibus suis propriis, in Turri London, tempore guerre. Pla. Coron. 22 Edw. I. Blount, 66. ^ Johannes le Unz tenet Est Wordham in com. Southampton de domino Rege, per serjantiam portandi unam virgam coram domino Rege, et arentatur ad Qs. per annum. Pla. Cor. 8 Edw. I. Rot. 13, South. Blount, 84. H 114 Tenures of Land EccLES, Co. OF Norfolk. All the tenants of William le Parker, lord of this manor, had (amongst other customs) that of Bedgeld, as appears by inquisition taken at Eccles in the 33d of Edward I., before Robert Hereward, Sheriff of Yorkshire.' ECHEMENDON, CO. OF SALOP. In the second year of King Edward I., John de Audeley rendered a mewed sparrow-hawk at the Exchequer for the manor of Echemendon, which he held of the King in capite.^ Edburton, Co. of Bucks. This, in WiUiam the First's time, was a royal manor, and some virgates of land here were given by the King, that the owner should find litter or straw for the King's bed, when he came there.^ Edgware, Co. of Middlesex. The first mention I find of the manor of Edgware is in the year 1171, when Henry Becointe paid one mark into the King's Exchequer that he might implead William de Reymes for that manor.* Soon afterwards it belonged to Ela Countess of Salis- bury, daughter and heir of William d'Evreux, and wife of William Longespee, who granted it to her son Nicholas and his espoused wife, to be held of her by the service of a .sparrow- hawk.^ Gilbert de Grauncestre held a hundred acres of land under the manor of Edgware, anno 1328, by the service of a pair of gilt spurs, and William Page fifty acres by the rent of a pound of cummin.* Sir William Blackstone says that it was usual for the lord of this manor to provide a minstrel or piper for the diversion of the tenants while they were employed in his service. He refers to the manor rolls, which are among the archives of All Souls' College, but does not mention the year or period of the record. 1 Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, edit. I77S, vol. v. p. 799. » Salopsire. Redditus. Jacobus de Audithele reddit ad Scaccarium unum sper- varium mutarium pro manerio de Echemendon, quod de Rege tenet in capite. Mich. Commun. i c& 2 Edw. I. Rot. 2, a. Madox's Hist. Excheq. p. 612. * Gough's Camd. edit. 1789, vol. i. p. 314. * Madox's Hist, of the Exchequer, p. 296. '^ Cart. Ant. Brit. Mus. 53, B. 12. Lysons' Environs of London, vol. ii. p. 242. ^ Lysons' Environs of London, vol. ii. p. 244. and Customs of Manors. \ \ 5 By permission of the College I examined the rolls, which are very numerous, to search for that or any other curious entries which might occur. I had not the good fortune to find what Blackstone refers to ; but there can be no doubt of the fact upon his authority.' Eggefeild, Co. of Lancaster. Walter le Rus and Alice his wife hold twelve acres of land in Eggefield by the service of repairing the iron-works of the Kings ploughs." Egmundun and Newport, Co. of Salop. King Henry III. gave to Henry de Alditheley (ancestor to the Lord Audley, Earl of Castle-Haven) the lordships of Egmundun and Newport, in the county of Salop, for the yearly rent of a mewed sparhawk, to be delivered into the King's Exchequer every year at the feast of St Michael.^ Egremont Castle, Co. of Cumberland. This was the ancient seat of William de Meschines, to whom Henry L gave it by the service of one knight's fee, that he should march at the King's command, in the army, against Wales and Scotland.* Eldresfeld, Co. of Worcester. Richer de Eldresfeld holds one hide of land in Eldresfeld, of the honour of Gloucester, of the gift of Robert Earl of Glou- cester, by the service of providing him with hose of scarlet on his birthday.^ Elkesley, Co. of Nottingham. John Fleming gave to Adam de Wellum all the meadow which he had between the mill of Elkesley and the bridge of Twifort, paying him and his heirs one spur (calcariam) of Lincoln, or fourpence at Christmas, for all yearly services.^ ^ Lysons' Environs of London, vol. \\. p. 244. ^ Waltems le Rus, et Alicia uxor ejus, tenent duodecim acras terr^e in Eggefeild, per servitium reparandi ferramenta ad carucas Regis. Plac. Coron. 30 Hen. IH. Lane. Blount, 93. ' Carta, 11 Hen. III. p. i, M. 5. Blount, 10. * Gough's Camd. vol. iii. p. 169. " Richerius de Eldresfeld tenet j hydam ter'. in Eldresfeld, de honore Glouc'. de dono Roberti com. per servicium serviendi in rubeis caligis die nat'. Testa de Nevil, p. 43. ^ Thoroton's Hist, of Nott. p. 445. 1 1 6 Tenures of L and Elmesale, Co. of York. John Besett (amongst other things) gave to the King eight- pence for his relief for forty-eight acres of land in Elmesale, in the county of York, which John his father held of the King by the service of paying at the Castle of Pontefract one pair of gloves furred with fox's skin, or eightpence, yearly.' Elston, Co. of Nottingham. Thomas Rooper and William Wright claimed against Francis Leek, Esq., the manor of Elston, in the county of Nottingham, with the appurtenances, and the rent of one pound of cummin- seed, two pairs of gloves, and a steel needle, in Elston, Thorpe, and Stoke-by-Newark.' Elyng, Co. of Hants. Roger de Elyng holds certain land in Elyng, in the county of Southampton, "by the service of carrying the writs which were to be sent to the Sheriff of Southampton, in the Isle of Wight, and in the hundreds of Christ's Church, Ringwood and Fording- bridge,' Enfield, Co. of Middlesex. Richard de Plessetis holds twenty-pound lands in Enfield, in the county of Middlesex, of our lord the King, by the serjeanty of being Chief Forester of the King in the forests of Mendip, Exmoor, Rychiche, and Selewode, in the county of Somerset.* Ensham, Co. of Oxford. It has been the custom at Ensham, in Oxfordshire, for the town's people on Whit-Monday to cut down and bring away (wherever the church-wardens pleased to mark it out by giving the first chop) as much timber as could be drawn by men's hands 1 Johannes Besett dat Regi 8d. pro relevio suo pro 48 acr'. terr'. in Elmesale, in com. Ebor. quod Johannes pater tenuit de Rege per servitium redd', ad Castrum de Pontefract unum par cirotecaram de pelle vulpino furrat', vel 8d. per annum. De terraino Mich, anno 2° Edw. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 96. " Mich. 32 Hen. VIII. Rot. 122, Nottingh. Blount, 87. > Rogerus de Elyng tenet quandam terrain in Elyng, in com. Southampton, per servitium ad ferenda brevia domini Regis, quK mittenda sunt vicecomiti Southampton, in Insula de Wight, in Hundredis de Christ Church, Ringewode, et Ford. Plac. Coron. 8 Edw. I. Rot. 30, South. Blount, 87. * Richardus de Plessetis tenet viginti libratas terrse in Enefeud, in com. Middlesex, de domino Rege, per serjantiam essendi capitalis forestarius domini Regis in forestis de Menedop, Exemore, Rychiche, et Selewode, in com. Somerset. Plac. Coron. apud Crucem lapideam. See p. 73, Rot. 15. Blount, 65. and Customs of Manors. W] into the abbey-yard, whence if they could draw it out again, notwithstanding all the impediments that could be given by the servants of the abbey, and since that by the family of the lord, it was then their own, and went, in part at least, to the reparation of their church ; and by this custom, as some will have it, they hold both their Lammas and Michaelmas common.' Epping and Waltham, Co. of Essex. Richard Fitz-Aucher holds his tenement in Epping and Wal- tham by serjeanty to attend before the King.^ Cecilia Welis held the manor of Maddels, in Epping, &c., of the Lord Duke, by the service of keeping the wardstaff instead of all services.^ Eresby, Co. of Lincoln. John de Wileghby died seised of the manor of Eresby, with its members — viz., Spilesby, Greby, Ingoldmels, Flyxburgh, Tonelby, Friskeny, Biscopthorp, Askeby, Kyrkeby-super-Bayne, Tatersall, and Thorpe ; all which he held of the Bishop of Durham by the service of one knight's fee, and by the service of being bailiff to that Bishop for the time being of all his lands in the county of Lincoln, of his fee — viz., to hold his courts, and to make summons, attachments, distresses, and whatsoever belonged to the same office, at the own proper costs of himself and his heirs ; and also to levy all the issues and profits arising thereby, by himself or his sufficient deputy, and to be answerable to the Bishop and his successors for the same. Likewise by the service of being steward to him and his successors, and to carry the messes of meat to the table upon the day of their con- secration, as also at Christmas and Whitsuntide, by himself or his eldest son, in case he were a knight, or some other fitting knight thereunto deputed by letters-patent. "* ESPERETT, Co. OF SOMERSET. Thomas, son and heir of Thomas de Wellesk, paid to the King for his relief of a certain serjeanty which he holds of the King in capite in Esperett by the service of four shillings [or] one soar sparhawk.' 1 Nat. Hist, of Oxfordshire. Blount, 155. ^ Ricardus filius Aucheri tenet tenementum suum in Eppinges et Waltham per ^ Cecilia Welis ten', maner'. de Maddels, in Epping, &c. de eodem Duce per servic'. serjantiam attendre coram Rege. Lib. Rub. Scacc. custodiendi le wardstaffe pro omni servic'. &c. Inquis. 23 Hen. VIL 4 Escaet. Roll. 46 Edw. III. n. 78. Dugd. Baronage, vol. ii. p. 84. Blount, 133. ' Thomas, filius et heres Thomse de Wellesk, dat Regi pro relevio suo de quadam serjanc. quam de Rege tenet in capite in Espett (Esperett) per servic'. iv solid, unum sp'uar. sor'. De termino Trin. anno 18 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 9. 1 1 8 Tenures of Land EssEBY, Co. OF Northampton. William Fitz Warin holds a third part of the town of Esseby, in the county of Northampton, of the King of Scotland, by a certain service, that he should hold his stirrup on his birthday ; and the same King holds of the King of England in chief.' EssiNGTON, Co. of Stafford. The lord of the manor of Essington (either by himself, deputy, or steward) oweth, and is obliged yearly to perform, service to the lord of the manor of Hilton, a village about a mile distant from this manor. The lord of Essington is to bring a goose every New-Year's Day, and drive it round the fire, in the hall of Hilton, at least three times (which he is bound to do as mesne lord), whilst Jack of Hilton is blowing the fire. This Jack of Hilton is an image of brass, of about twelve inches high, kneehng on his left knee, and holding his right hand upon his head, and his left upon pego, or his viretrum, erected, having a little hole at the mouth, at which being filled with water, and set to a strong fire, which makes it evaporate like an aeolipile, it vents itself in a constant blast, so strongly that it is very audible, and blows the fire fiercely. When the lord of Essington has done his duty, and the other things are performed, he carries his goose into the kitchen of Hilton Hall, and delivers it to the cook, who having dressed it, the lord of Essington, or his deputy, by way of further service, is to carry it to the table of the lord paramount of Hilton and Essington, and receives a dish of meat from the lord of Hilton's table for his own mess, and so departs. This service was per- formed by James Wilkinson, then baihff to Sir Gilbert Wakering, lord of this manor of Essington, to the Lady Townsend, who was lady of the manor of Hilton, as was testified in 1680 to Doctor Plot by Thomas and John Stokes, two brothers, who were present at the performance of it.° ESTON, Co. OF OXON. In the fifty-second year of King Henry III., a writ issued to the Sheriff of Oxfordshire, reciting that it appeared by inqui- sition that Roger de I'Exchequer and his ancestors held their land of Eston, in the county of Oxford, of the King, and his ^ Willielmus Filius Warini tenet tertiam partem villse de Esseby, in com. Northampt. de Rege Scotise, per quoddam servitium, quod teneat strepe suum die natalis. Et idem Rex tenet de Rege Anglite in capite. Lib. Feed. 24 Edw. I. fo. 292. Blount, 33. ^ Plot's Hist, of Staffordshire, p. 423. and Ctistoms of Manors. \ i n ancestors Kings of England, by the service of Iceeping the door ot the King s Exchequer, and not by knight's service, of the Honour of Wallingford.i 1 ^^v*"^ t^^^ ^^^^ ^°^'^^ ^^ *^^ *°^^ °f Eston two marks of land by the serjeanty of keeping the women-servants or laun- dresses who followed the court of our lord the King.° ESTWERLDHAM AND NUTTEL, CO. OF HANTS. John de Wenoye held a certain serjeanty in Estwerldham and Nuttel, m the county of Southampton, for which he was to bear a marshal's wand through the year in the household of our lord the King.^ Eton, Co. of Bucks. Reginald de Grey holds the manor of Eton, in the county of Buckingham, of our lord the King, by the service of keeping one falcon until it could fly; and for the keeping of it, when he took it to the King, he is to have the King's horse, with all its furniture and clothes ; and is also to have the King's table, with the trestle and tablecloth, and to have all the vessels' with which the King was served that day ; and he is to have a cask of wine immediately after the King shall have tasted of it."* EwE, Co. of, in Normandy. Henry V., King of England, after his conquest of France, by his charter dated the loth of June 1419, in the seventh year of his reign, granted the county of Eu, or, as he then spelt it, Ewe, together with the title of earl, to William Lord Bourchier, who had married Eleanor Plantagenet, widow of Edmund Earl of Stafford, and daughter of Thomas de Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, youngest son of King Edward III.,^ rendering to the said King and his heirs, at the Castle of Rouen, one Garde- brache yearly at the feast of St George, &c.^ ' Madox's Excheq. p. 720. ^ Henricus de la Mere tenet in villa de Eston ij marc' terre per serjantiam custo- diendi meretrices sequentes curiam dni Regis. Testa de Nevil. 3 Johannis de Wenoye, in Estwerldham et Nuttel, — pro qua debuit portare unam virgam Marescalcie per totum annum in hospicio domini Regis. Serjantice, &c. in com. Suhantone temp. Regis Hen. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 313, p. 34. * Reginaldus de Grey tenet manerium de Eton, in com. Buckingham, de domino Rege, per servitium custodiendi unum falconem usque ad volatum, et pro custodia iUa, cum falconem ilium duxerit ad Regem, habebit equitaturam Regis, cum toto apparatu et indumentis domini Regis : et etiam habebit mensam domini Regis, cum tressello et mappa, et habebit omnia vasa de quibus dominus Rex servatus fuerit eo die : et habebit dolium vini immediate postquam dominus Rex ex ipso vino gustaverit. 9 Jan. 17 Edvp. III. Inq. in com. Buck. Blount, 138. ' Ducarel's Anglo-Norm. Antiq. p. 2. ^ Reddendo dicto Regi et heeredibus suis apud castrum Rothomagi, unum Garde- brache, ad festum Sancti Georgii, singulis annis, &c. Bar. of E. 2 Par. Blount, 104. 1 2 o Tenures of L and Exchequer Office. Andrew Billesby, son and heir of John Billesby, Esq., acknow- ledged himself to hold the office of door-keeper of the Exchequer, and one chamber or lodging, built within the Exchequer — viz., in the edifice which leads from the passage there. on the north part unto the chamber of our lord the King there, called Chester Chamber, on the south part ; and also the office of marshal, door-keeper, crier, and keeper of the bar, as well in the common bench, as before each of the King's Justices in Eyre, wheresoever they should travel in England, of the King in capite by grand serjeanty.' Exeter, City of The citizens of Exeter had granted to them, by charter from King Edward I., a collection of a certain tribute or toll upon all manner of wares brought to that city to be sold, towards paving of the streets, repairing of the walls, and maintenance of the city, which was commonly called, in old English, Begavel, Bethugavel, and Chipping-gavel.^ The ancient custom of this city is, when the lord of the fee cannot be answered rent due to him out of his tenement, and no distress can be levied for the same, the lord is to come to the tenement, and there take a stone, or some other dead thing, of the said tenement, and bring it before the mayor and bailiffs, and thus must he do seven quarter-days successively; and if on the seventh quarter-day the lord is not satisfied his rent and arrears, then the tenement shall be adjudged to the lord to hold the same a year and a day, and forthwith pro- clamation is to be made in the court, that if any man claims any title to the said tenement, he must appear within the year and day next following, and satisfy the lord for the said rent and arrears ; but if no appearance be made, and the rent not paid, the lord comes again to the court, and prays that, according to the custom, the said tenement be adjudged to him in his demesne as of fee, which is done accordingly ; so as the lord hath from thenceforth the said tenement, with the appurtenances. ^ Andreas Billesby, filius et hseres Joliannis Billesby, ar'. cognovit se tenere officium hostiarij huius Scaccarij, ac unam cameram sive mansionem, infra hoc Scaccarium edificat' viz. ab ostro quod ducit in hoc Scaccarium ex parte borialj^ usque cameram diii Regis ibm. voc' Chester Chamber ex parte australj ; ac officia marescall' hostiar', proclamator' et barriar' tam in communj banco, quam in singulis itineribus justiciariorum Regis itinerantium ubicunque in Anglia ; de R. in c. per magnam serianciam. Pasch. fines a°. 22 Hen, VII. Rotulo pmo. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5174, P- 23. * Antiq. of Exeter. Jacob's Law Diet. sub. tit. Begavel. and Customs of Manors. 1 2 1 to him and his heirs ; and this custom is called Shortford, being as much as in French to foreclose.' ExMORE, Co. OF Somerset. King Henry III. gave to William de Plessets the bailiwick of Exmore, in the county of Somerset, by the service of paying to the King for the same fourteen little heifers and a young bull, or for each of them tenpence.^ Faintre, Co. of Salop. Peter le Chamberleyn, who married Isabella, the only daughter and heir of Ade de Faintre, came to the Exchequer, and made for his relief half a mark, for land held of the King in capite in Faintre, as of the inheritance of the aforesaid Ade, by the serjeanty of being ostler in the King's army.^ [Farnborough, Co. of Berks. The course of descent in Farnborough manor is the same as that prevailing with regard to freehold land, except that in default of a male heir the land descends to the eldest female alone, and not to the females in coparcenary.] '' Fede, Co. of Hants. Thomas de la Fede holds the town of Fede by the service of weighing the (King's) money at the Exchequer.^ Felsted, or Falsted, Co. of Essex. Adam de Glanville holds twenty acres of land in Falsted by the service of keeping two palfreys at the livery of our lord the King.« And Walter de Glanville holds forty acres of land in Falsted, in ' Izack's Antiq. of Exeter, 48. 2 Henricus III. dedit Willielmo de Plessets balivam de Exmore in com. Somerset per servitium reddendi eidem Regi proinde xiv juvenculus et unum tauriculum, vel pro quolibeteorum xd. Orig. de anno 35 Edw. III. Blount, 29. ^ Petnis le Chamberleyn, qui habet in ux. Isabell'. unica fil'. et heredem Ade de Faintre, ven'. ad Scacc. et finem fecit pro relevio per dimid'. marcam, pro terr'. de Rege te'n't in capite, in Faintre, de her'. predictEE Ade, per seriantiam hostiarii Regis in exercitu sue. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 4. « [Mr Norwood of Ashford's MSS. Coll.] ^ Thomas de la Fede tenet viUam de Fede, per ponderacoem denar ad Scaccarium. Esc. &c. Co. Suhantone, tempore Regis Johannis. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 313, '« Adam de Glanvile tenet xx acras terrse in Felstede, by the service of keeping two palfreys, ad liberationem domini Regis. Plac. Coron. apud Chelmsf. 11 Hen. III. Blount, 26. 1 2 2 Tenures of Land the county of Essex, by the serjeanty of carrying one seam of oats, at his own proper costs, to the horses of our lord the King, whilst he resided in the county of Essex, between the bridge of Stratford without London, and the bridge of Colchester ; and how that land pays a rent.' Fernham, alias Farnham-Royal, Co. of Bucks. The Barons Furnival held Fernham, in the county of Bucks (now called Farnham-Royal), by service of finding their sovereign lord the King, upon the day of his coronation, a glove for his right hand, and to support his right arm the same day, whilst he held the regal verge or sceptre in his hands.'^ At the coro- nation of King Henry IV., Sir Thomas Neville, Lord Furnival, by reason of his manor of Fernham, with the hamlet of Cere, which he held by the courtesy of England, after the decease of his wife, the Lady Joan, gave to the King a glove for his tight hand, and sustained the King's right arm, so long as he bore the sceptre.^ From the Furnivals, this manor, by the daughter of the said Sir Thomas Neville, descended to the Talbots, Earls of Shrewsbury who, though they exchanged it with King Henry VHL, yet they reserved this honourable service to them and their heirs for ever.* But the service seems now not to be annexed to this manor. FiNCHINGFIELD, CO. OF EsSEX. John Compes held this manor of King Edward III. by the service of turning the spit at his coronation.' FiNCHLEY, Co. OF MIDDLESEX. Sir William Marche died anno 1398, seised of an estate called the manor of Finchley, with eighty acres of land in Finchley and Hendon. He held it (jointly with William Brynkley and John Beestchurch) of Philip Pelytot by the annual rent of a pound of pepper.* ' Walteras de Glanvile tenet quadraginta acras terrse in Falsted in com. Essex per serjantiam cariandi unam summam avense sumptibus suis propriis, ad equos domini Regis, dum tamen dominus Rex moram fecerit in com. Essex, inter pontem de Stratford extra London, et pontem de Colcester, et modo terra ilia arrentata est. Plac. Coron. 13 Edw. I. Essex. Blount, 52. 2 Esc. 10 Edw. II. 11. 17. Orig. de 39 Edw, III. Rot. 3. Blount, 22. * Cromp. 85. ■* Blount. " Camd. Btil. tit. Essex. " Lysons' Environs of London, vol. ii. p. 336. and Customs of Manors. 1 2 3 FiNGRETH, Co. OF EsSEX. Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, held the manor of Fingreth, in the county of Essex, by the serjeanty of being Chamberlain of the lord the King on the day of his coronation.' FiSKERTON AND MORETON, Co. OF NOTTINGHAM. The custom was here for the natives and cottagers to plough and harrow for the lord, and to work one boon-day for him every week in harvest, when every two workmen had three boon-loaves with companage allowed them. Each customary tenant in Fiskerton and Moreton, one day in the year, found a man to cleanse the dam of Fiskerton Mill. If any ale-wife brewed ale to sell (si quis braciatrix braciaverit cerevisiam), she was bound to satisfy the lord for Tolsester. If any native or cottager sold a male youngling after it was weaned, he paid fourpence to the lord as a fine ; or if he killed a swine above a year old, he paid the lord one penny, which was called thistletac. Every she-native that married, or committed fornication, paid for redemption of her blood (pro redemptione sanguinis) five shillings and four- pence to the lord, which was in lieu of mercheta mulierum.° Flamsted, Co. of Hertford. Thomas de Bello-campo (Beauchamp), amongst other things, held the manor of Flamsted, in the county of Hertford, of the King in capite, by the service of keeping the highway, called Watling Street, leading from Redborn towards Markeyate.^ The Fleet Prison, London. William Babington, brother and heir of Edward Babington, deceased, acknowledged himself to hold, and his said brother to have held the day he died, of the King in capite one messuage, with the appurtenances, in the suburbs of London, which is called the Prison of Fleet, and a certain rent in the same suburbs and city, by the serjeanty of keeping all the prisoners to be ^ Robertus de Vere, Comes Oxonias, tenet manerium de Fingreth, in com. Essex, per serjantiam essendi camerarius domini Regis die Coronationis suae. Placit. Coron. 13 Ed. I. Essex. Blount, 53. " Reg. Priorat. de Thurgarton, Blount, 153. ' Thomas de Bello-campo ten', ni. de Flamsted in com. Hertf. de R. in capite, per servitium custodiendi altam viam vocat'. Watling Street ducent' a Redborn versus Markeyate. Anno secundo Regis Henrici IV. Karl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 257. 124 Tenures of Land committed there, and also of repairing the Bridge of Fleet as often as it should be needful.' Floyers Hays, Co. of Devon. The family of Floyers were anciently seated at Floyers Hays, in the parish of St Thomas the Apostle, near Exeter, which they held by this.ancient tenure, that if the Courtenays, Earls of Devon, came at any time into Ex Isle, they were to attend them decently apparelled, with a clean towel on their shoulders, a flagon of wine in one hand, and a silver bowl in the other, and offer to serve them with drink. This tenure was confirmed with a grant of the land to Richard, son of Nicholas, grandson of Richard Fitz-Floyer, by Robert, son of Henry , and afterwards by one of the Earls of Devon. '^ FORDINGBRIDGE HUNDRED, CO. OF HANTS. Richard de Carevile held six pounds a year of land in capite of our lord the King, in the same hundred, by the service of finding a certain sergeant-at-arms in the King's army, every- where in England, at his own costs, for forty days.^ FOTEBURNE, SNYTERBY, AND FOLLINGHAM, Co. OF Lincoln. Robert Wakelyn holds in Foteburne, and Thomas de Nevill in Snyterby, and Henry de Horkestow in Follingham, six pounds and six shillings a year of land by the serjeanty of finding one balistar, with six quarrels and a sumpter-horse, in the King's army, for forty days, at their proper costs, and afterwards at the cost of the King.4 ' Willielmus Babington, frater et heres Edwardj Babington, defunctj, cognovit se tenere et dictum fratrem suum tenuisse die quo obijt, de Rege in capite, unum messu- agium cum pertin'. in suburbijs London, quod vocat' . Prisona de Flete, et quasdam redd', in eisdem suburbijs et in dicta civitate, per seriantiam custod'. omnes prisonas ib'm committend'. Et etiam ad reparand'. pontem de Flete, quotiescunq. necesse fuerit. Mich. fin. anno xvj° R. Hen. vii., rotulo quarto. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5174, p. 17. ^ Hutciiins' Hist, of Dorset, vol. i. p. 472. ^ Richardus de Carevile tenuit sex libratas terrse in capite de domino Rege, in eodem hundredo, per serjantiam inveniendi quendam Serjantium ad arma ubique in exercitu domini Regis in Anglia, sumptibus suis, per xl dies. Plac. Coron. 8 Edw. I. Rot. 23. South. Blount, 86. * Robertus Wakelyn tenet in Foteburne, et Thomas de Nevill in Snyterby, et Henricus de Horkestow in Follingham, vj librat. et vj solid, terr. per Serjeant, inven.' balistar' cum vj quarrellis, et uno runcino, in exercitu Regis, per xl dies, ad custum proprium ; et postea ad cust' Reg. Inquis. anno regni Henrici fil. Regis Johannis xxviii", Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 3875, p. 165. and Customs of Manors. \ 2 5 FULBECK, &C., Co. OF LINCOLN. rj^l^ ^°,^?'' ^^ Hyngoldyeby [Ingleby] held in Fulbeck. Hetham, Westby, and Heryerby, three knights' fees, rendering yearly to the said Earl for castle-ward thirty shillings.' Frollebury, Co. of Hants. William de Wintershull holds the manor of Frollebury in the county of Southampton, in capite of our lord the King'by the serjeanty of keeping the doors of the King's wardrobe." _ Henry de Edmunsthorpe holds one yard-land in Frollebury in the county of Southampton, by the serjeanty of keeping the King's forest of Wytel.^ ^ Fromynton, Co. of Hereford. Richard Freman, nephew and heir of William le Freman made fine with the King by half a mark for his relief of certain lands and tenements which the said William held of the King in capite the day he died, in Fromynton, in the county of Hereford, by the service of carrying one rope without the wall of the Castle of Hereford, whilst it should be measured.'' FuLHAM, Co. OF Middlesex. Some lands in the manor of Fulham, in the county of Middle- sex and elsewhere, are held of the Bishop of London by bord service, and the tenants do now pay sixpence per acre in lieu of finding provision for their lord's board or table.^ FuLMER, Co. OF Bucks. Sir Marmaduke Darel, knight, holds of our lord the King the manor of Fulmer, in the county of Bucks, by the service of one red rose yearly.* 1 Dns Rogerus de Hyngoldyeby tenet in Foulbeck, Hetham, Westby, et Herierby, tria feoda militis redd', pro ward Castri xxx s. ^ Willielmus de Wintershull tenet manerium de Frollebury, in com. Southampton in capite de domino Rege, per serjantiam custodiendi hostium garderobse domini Regis. Plac. Cor. 8 Edw. I. Rot. 23, South. Blount, 85. ^ Henricus de Edmunsthorpe tenet unam virgatam terrae in Frollebury, in com. Southampton, per serjantiam custodiendi forestam domini Regis de Wytel. Plac Cor' 8 Edw. I. Rot. 23. Blount, 85. ^ Ricardus Freman, nepos et heres Willielmi le Freman, finem fecit cum Rege per dimidiam marcam pro relevio suo de quibusdam ter'. et ten', q. predictus Willielmus tenuit de Rege in capite die quo obijt, in Fromynton, in com. Heref. per servitium portandi unam cordam citra murum Castri Hereford, dum mensurat' fuerit. De termino Mich'. a° 3 Edw. II. Ibid. pp. 57, 58. * Blount's Law Diet. tit. Bord Lands, jac. Law Diet. tit. Bord Service. ' Marmaducus Darel, miles, tenet de domino Rege manerium de Fulmer, in com. Bucks, per servitium unius rosse rubes per annum. Eschet. 3 Hen. VI. Blount, 41. 12 6 Tenures of Land Gargawall, Co. of Cornwall. Walter, Bishop of Exeter, holds the manor of Gargawall of the gift of Roger de Valetor (or Vautor), which is held of the Prior of Bodmin in free socage (to wit) by rendering two oxen yearly.' [Garminster, Co. of Wilts. This manor, like several of those in the vicinity — Amesbury, &c. — was bound to provide one night's entertainment for the King, when he passed that way, with its usual customs.^ Garthynwch, formerly Garthennough, Co. OF Denbigh. It appears from the survey of 1334,^ that David Lloyd or Loyt held at will one acre, one rood, price per acre sixpence, rendering sixpence halfpenny in equal portions at Whitsuntide and Michaelmas annually.] Gateshill, [or Catteshill,] Co. of Surrey. Robert de Gatton holds the manor of Gateshill, in the county of Surrey, by the serjeanty of being Marshal of twelve girls who followed the King's court.* Hamo de Gatton holds the manor of Gateshill, in the county of Surrey, of our lord the King, by serjeanty of being Marshal of the [laundresses] ' when the King should come into those 1 Walterus, episcopus Exon'. habet manerium de Gargawal de dono Roger! de Valle Torta, et tenet', de priore de Bodm'. in libero socagio, scilicet, redd', duos boves per annum. Rotuli Hundredorum, voL i. p. 56. 2 [Doomsday of Wilts, by Wyndham, 1788, p. 23.] ^ {Denbigh and its Lordship, by John Williams, i860, p. 28. The same work recites several other tenures connected with the same lordship.] * Robertus de Gatton tenet itianerium de Gateshill, in com. Surrey, per serjantiam Marescalli duodecim puellaruni quae sequuntur curiam domini Regis. Plac. Coron. 19 Hen. III. Surrey. Blount,' 80. ^ The word meretrices was heretofore used for lotrices, or laundresses. — Blount. Tralatitious Terms, meretrix meant formerly what it now means. Gustos meretricium pubUce venalium in Lupanari de Roth. — A. In the Gent. Mag. for 1773, p. 302, it is [erroneously] said that, ' ' among other strange customs in England, there is one, that whenever the King comes to Lothesly manor, near Guildford, the lord is to present his majesty with three whores." At p. 358 a correspondent in some measure rectifies the mistake by informing us that, " instead of Lothesly, it was the manor of Catteshill that was meant ; " and that this manor "was holden by the service of being Marshal of the meretrices when the King came that way ; that it is well known that meretrix, in later Latin writers, is equivalent to lavatrix or lotrix ; and therefore that these twelve young women " (for such, as he observes, are they called, and .such is their number said to have been by Blount, in his Account of Ancient Tenures, p. 80) "were to follow the Court in the capacity of laundresses, to be furnished by the lord of the manor of Catteshill." Another correspondent, in vol. xlix. p. 341, carries the custom back again to Lothesly, which he tells us " was holden in grand serjeanty by being the master of the King's meretrices — i.e." (says he) "laundresses." and Customs of Manors. 127 parts. And he was not to hold it but at the will of the King.' Perhaps a more full and accurate account of this matter may not be unacceptable. From the accession of King Henry II. our kings had a mansion-house and park at Guildford, where they occasionally resided and kept their court ; during which time certain of the inferior offices of the household were supplied by the tenants of two different estates, holden of the Crown in this neighbourhood, i. One of these was what is now called the manor of Poyle, in Guildford, which had been given in earlier times to the family of Testard. During the minority of William, an heir of this family, in the time of Henry II., the wardship of him and his estate was given to one Ranulph de Broc, from whom it descended to Edeline, his daughter, who held it "per serjantiam mareschalli in curia domini Regis."^ Stephen de Turnham, who married her, succeeded to the trust and held it by the same service.^ To this WiUiam, who died in the 14th of Henry III., anno 1230, succeeded Robert, his son, who is described as holding it in 19 Henry III., 1235, " per serjantiam custodiendi meretrices in curia domini Regis." ■* Thomas succeeded to the inheritance ; and after him Richard, his brother, in the account of whose serjeanty it is set forth as a part of his office of mareschal, that he was "servare lotrices curia; domini Regis."^ About this time Richard sold this estate to Thomas de la Puille or Poyle (from which it took its present name), who held it by the same service ;^ and in his family it continued till 9 Hen. V. But this whimsical tenure having before this been converted into knight's service, we hear no more of it after the nth Edw. II. or thereabouts. 2. The other estate holden by this tenure was the manor of Catteshill, in Godalming, distant about four miles from the Court at Guildford. Ranulph de Broc, already spoken of as guardian of the heir of Testard, had a grant of this manor from King Henry II., to hold by the service of " ostiarius in camera domini Regis." ' Edeline, his daughter, and Stephen de Turnham, her husband, held it by the same service.^ Robert de Gatton, who married a granddaughter and co-heir of Stephen's, is called " mareschallus custodiendo meretrices de curia domini Regis," ' and "mareschallus duodecim puellarum que sequuntur curiam 1 Hamo de Gatton tenet manerium de GateshuU, in com. Surrey, de domino Rege, per serjantiam ut erit Marescallus meretricum cum dominus Rex venerit in partfcus illis, et non tenet nisi ad voluntatem ipsius Regis. Plac. Coron. 19 Hen. III. Surrey. Blount, 82. 2 Test, de Nev. in Esch. ^ Test, de Nev. « Blount, p. 8. Plac. Com. Surr. 19 Hen. III. '> Blount, p. 79. Plac. Cor. 39 Hen. III. " Ibid. ' Test, de Nevil. ' Ibid. " Plac. Cor. 25 Hen. III. 128 Tenures of Land domini Regis." ' Hamo de Gatton, his son and heir, was " mares- challus meretricum cum dominus Rex venerit in illis partibus," " and "ostiarius camerse Regis." ^ Hamo the younger, " mare- schallus de communibus foeminis sequentibus hospitium do- mini Regis." * Robert de Northwode, who married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of the last Hamo, and died seised of this manor in 34 Edw. IH., anno 1360, is styled, " ostiarius in camera Regis." = Joan and Agnes, daughters and at length heirs of Robert, on a partition made between them in 37 Edw. IH., are said to have holden by the service of " mareschallus in hospitio Regis."* After which we hear no more of it except that Nicholas Hering, who married Agnes, claimed in her right the office of usher (Ostiarius) of the King's chamber at the corona- tion of Richard II. ; but the consideration thereof was postponed. What we collect from all this is, that the office of Marshal of the King's household, as often as the Court resided at Guildford, was executed by the lords of the manors of Poyle and Catteshill, who held their lands by this tenure ; and that though they are respectively styled, in different records, Marshal of the King's court, Marshal of the King's household, and Ostiarius or usher of the King's chamber, their office was one and the same ; it being part of the office of Marshal, by himself or deputy, to keep the door of the King's chamber.' We learn, moreover, that it was part of their duty (as often as the King came into those parts, not otherwise) to provide women-servants for the meaner offices of the household, and that these women-servants were on different occasions called by different names, and amongst the rest by that of meretrices ; which last hath given occasion, it seems, to ludicrous reflections on the Court of that time, as if the grants of the Prince had been made subservient to his pleasures. Whereas, in truth, the word meretrices was here used in an in- different sense, and agreeably to the known import of the word mereo or mereor, from which it is derived, as a general descrip- tion of such women as served for hire, and who in the present instance are accordingly called, in the different records, puellae, communes feminse, and lotrices, the service here spoken of being, after all, no other than this — viz., that whereas the Court, in those days, was frequently removed to Guildford, certain persons who held immediately of the King in that neighbourhood, were obliged, by the terms of their respective grants, to provide, as often as this should happen,- a certain number of female servants for the laundry and other inferior offices of the household. 1 Blount, p. 80. » Blount, 82. Plac. Cor. 7 Edw. I. " Esch. 20 Kdw. I. n. 25. < Esch. 29 Edw. I. n. 58. ^ Esch. 34 Edw. III. n. 72. " Rot. Commun. ' Spelm. Gloss. Madox, Excheq. c 2, s. 5. and Customs of Manors. 129 r•7'^^T'"^"°'^ °^ Shirefield, in Hampshire, was holden, temp, ii-dw. II and III., by John de Warbleton, by the same serjeanty ; and probably with a view to the occasional residence of the Court at Odiham, in its neighbourhood.' [Gatton, Co. of Surrey. In 1 301, Hamo de Gatton died seised of this manor, held of the Kmg in capite, as of the Honour of Peverel, by the service of one knight's fee, and the payment of castle-guard to Dover Castle ; also twenty shillings every twenty weeks, and providing one man with horse and arms in time of war for forty days.] 2 Gidding-Magna, Co. of Huntingdon. John Engayne holds one carucate of land in Great Gidding, m the county of Huntingdon, by the serjeanty of hunting the wolf, fox, and cat, and driving away all vermin out of the forest of our lord the King in that county.^ Gillingham, Co. of Kent. Within this manor the custom is such that the Port reeve is to be elected by the homage.* Gillingham, Co. of Somerset. Walter Joce held of the King in capite one carucate of land in the manor of Gillingham, and he was to keep the forest and deer at his proper costs.^ GiMMINGHAM, CO. OF NORFOLK. John Earl of Warren and Surrey, in the I2th of Edward II., granted this lordship to Thomas Earl of Lancaster and his heirs, with many others, reserving his own right therein for life ; and on his death, in the 21st of Edward III., it came to Henry Duke of Lancaster. At this time there was a capital messuage, a park, eleven score acres of arable land ; and it was held in free socage by the service of a bell.* * Gent. Mag. 1789, p. 320, et seq. ' [Brayley and Britton's Surrey, iv. 309.] ' Johannes Engayne tenet unam carucatam terrse in Magna Gidding in com. Hunt, per seijantiam currendi ad lupum, vulpem, et cattum, et amovendi omnem verminam extra forestam domini Regis in comitatu isto. Plac. Coron. 14 Edw. I. Rot. 7, Dorse. Hunt. Blount, 60. * Madox's Firma Burgi, 67. ' Walter Joce tenuit de R. in capite unam car', terr'. in maner'. de Gellingham, et custodiet forestam virid. et venae, ad proprium custum, &c. Abridg. Inquis. post mortem, County of Somerset, anno 49 Edw. III. Harl. MS. No. 4120, p. 8. « Blomeiield's Hist, of Norfolk, fol. edit. vol. iv. pp. 317, 318. I 130 Tenures of Land In this manor the ancient custom of socage is still kept up ; the tenant not paying his rent in money, but in so many days' work.' GissAG, Co. OF Dorset. Imbert Fogeys holds the manor of Gissag All-Saints o the gift of King Henry by the service of one pair of gilt spurs. And the same Imbert gave the said land to the Abbey of Tarent, &c.^ Glapton, Co. of Nottingham. Gervase de Glapton, John de Skerrington, and others hold a moiety of one messuage and of three oxgangs of land in Glapton by the service of finding an under-bailiff, for the fee of Peverell, in the county of Nottingham.^ Glastonbury, Co. of Somerset. In the 33d Edward I. William Pasturell held twelve oxgangs of land in Glastonbury, of the Abbot thereof, by the service of finding a cook in the kitchen of the said Abbot, and a baker in the bakehouse,'* Glentworth, Co. of Lincoln. Ralph Holmesworth held land in Glentworth by the service of being Usher before the Justices in Eyre of our lord the King at the Common Pleas. ^ Gloucester, the City of. In the time of King Edward (the Confessor) the city of Glou- cester paid thirty-six pounds by tale, and twelve sextaries of honey, according to the town's measure, and thirty-six dickers of iron, and a hundred slender iron rods for making nails for the King's ships, and some other small customs (customary payments) in the King's hall and chamber.* 1 Camd. Brit. 467. ''■ Imbertus Fogeys tenet manerium de Gissag Omnium Sanctorum de dono Henrici Regis, per servitium unius paris calcariorum deauratorum : et idem Imbertus dedit dictam terram Abbathise de Tarent, &c. Plac. Coron. apud Schyreburne, 8 Edw. I. Dorset. Rot. 4. Blount, 46. 2 Gervasius de Glapton, Johannes de Skerrington, et alii, tenent medietatem unius messuagii et trium bovatarum terrse in Glapton, per servitium inveniendi unum sub- baUivum pro feodo Peverelli, in com. Nottingham. Plac. Coron. de anno 3 Edw. III. Rot. 6, in dors . Notting. Blount, 74. * CoUinson's Hist, of Somersetshire, vol. ii. p. 261, note. " Radiis Holmeswell terr' de Glentworth per ser'. essendi Hostiarius coram Justi- ciaries R. in itinerationibus ad Placita Communia. Esch. tempore Hen. filij Regis Johannis. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 12. * Tempore Regis Edwardi reddebat civitas de Gloucestre xxxvi libras numeratas, et ii sextaria mellis ad mensuram ejusdem burgi, et xxxvi ferri, et c virgas ferreas ductiles ad clavos navium Regis, et quasdam alias minutas consuetudines in aula et in camera Regis. Domesday, tit. Gloucestre. Blount, 33. and Customs of Manors. 1 3 1 Gloucester, the Co. of. A custom, savouring of the Scotch Bel-tein,' prevails in Glou- cestershire, particularly about Newent and the neighbouring parishes. On the Twelfth Day, or on the Epiphany, in the evening, all the servants of every particular farmer assemble together in one of the fields that has been sown with wheat ; on the border of which, in the most conspicuous or elevated place, they makfe twelve fires of straw, in a row ; around one of which, made larger than the rest, they drink a cheerful glass of cider to their master's health, success to the future harvest, and then returning home, they feast on cakes, made of carraway, &c., soaked in cider, which they claim as a reward for their past labours in sowing the grain. This seems to resemble a custom of the ancient Danes who, in their addresses to their rural deities, emptied, on every invocation, a cup in honour of them. Niordi et Fresse memoria poculis recolebatur, annua ut ipsis contingeret felicitas, frugumque et reliquse annonae uberrimus proventus.^ [GODMANCHESTER, OR GRANTCHESTER, CO. OF Huntingdon. Leigh says : " Godmanchester, a very great country town, and of as great name for tillage ; situate in an open ground, of a light mould, and bending for the sun. There is not a town in all England which hath more stout and lusty husbandmen, or more ploughs a-going ; for they make their boast that they have in former time received the kings of England, as they passed in their progress this way, with nine score ploughs, brought forth in a rustical kind of pomp for a gallant show. When King James came first into England, here the bailiffs of ^ On the 1st of May the herdsmen of every village (in Scotland) hold their Bel- tein, a rural sacrifice. They cut a square trench on the ground, leaving the turf in the middle ; on that they make a fire of wood, on which they dress a large caudle of eggs, butter, oatmeal, and milk ; and bring, besides the ingredients of the caudle, plenty of beer and v/hisky, for each of the company must contribute something. The rites begin with spilling some of the caudle on the ground, by way of libation : on that, every one takes a cake of oatmeal, upon which are raised nine square knobs, each dedicated to some particular being, the supposed preserver of their flocks and herds, or to some particular animal, the real destroyer of them ; each person then turns his face to the fire, breaks off' a knob, and flinging it over his shoulders, says, "This I give to thee, preserve thou my horses ; this to thee, preserve thou my sheep ; " and so on. After that, they use the same ceremony to the noxious animals : " This I give to thee, O fox ! spare thou my lambs ; this to thee, O hooded crow ! this to thee, O eagle ! " When the ceremony is over, they dine on the caudle ; and after the feast is finished, what is left is hid by two persons deputed for that purpose ; but on the next Sunday they reassemble, and finish the relics of the first entertainment. Pennant's Tour in Scotland, \1T2., pp. 94, 95- 2 Worm. Monum. Dan. lib. i. p. 28. Pennant's Tour in Scotland, 1772, pp. 94, 95, note. 132 Tenures of Land the town presented him with seventy team of horses, all traced to fair new ploughs, in show of their husbandry, of which, when his Majesty demanded the reason, he was answered that it was their ancient custom, whenever any King of England passed through their town, so to present him. Besides, they added, that they held their lands by that tenure, being the King's tenants. His Majesty took it well, and bade them use well their ploughs, being glad he was landlord of so many good husband- men in one town." ' GODSTONE, ANCIENTLY CALLED WACHELESTEDE, Co. OF Surrey, In 13 17, John de St John died seised of a moiety of this manor, and also of a tenement called Lagham, held of Alicia de Dammartin by the service of a pair of gilt spurs, value six- pence.] 2 GoswYCK, Co. OF Durham. In the twenty-fifth year of Bishop Hatfield, 1369, Thomas de Beyll was seised of two messuages and fifty-six acres of land, with the appurtenances, in Goswyck, held of the Lord Bishop in socage, and by the service of eight .shillings and tenpence.^ In the thirty-sixth year of Bishop Hatfield, 1380, Robert Gray of Cornale held lands and tenements in Goswyck of the Lord Bishop in Dringage, and Sowthfar, Biresilver, Burdsilver, Oughtrape, and Wamelade.* In the eighth year of the pontificate of Bishop Skirlawe, 1395, Loretta de Butery was seised in her demesne, &c., in twenty acres of demesne land, and in nine husband lands in the town of Goswyck ; and they were held of the Lord Bishop in capite, and paid to him yearly at the four usual terms, by equal portions, twenty shillings and tenpence halfpenny ; and she used to pay plough silver yearly, but at that time it was not paid because of the devastation made by the Scots.^ \ {.England Described, 1659, p. 95. Leigh quotes Howes, the continuator of Stowe.] ^ [Brayley andBritton's Surrey, iv. 132 et seq.] ' Item, fuit seis. (de) ii mess, et Ivi acr'. terr'. cum pertin'. in Goswyck, et tenentur de dno episcopo in socagio, et per servic'. viiis. xd. Inquis. post mortem Tho. Beyll. 25 Hatfield. * Robertus Gray, de Comale, ten', terr'. et ten', in Goswyk, que tenentur dno episcopo in Dring. et Sowthfar, Biresilvir, Burdsilver, Oughtrape, et Wamelade. Inquis. post mortem Roberti Gray, 36 Hatfield. Loretta de Butery fuit seis'. in dominico, &c. in xx acr'. terra2 dnicalis, et in novem terris husband' in villa de Goswyk, et ea ten', de dno episcopo in capite, et reddendo ei per ann. ad quatuor term', usual', per equal', porcioes, xxs. xd. et un'. ob'. Et solebat reddere per ann. plugh silver, sz. modo diu non reddidit causa destructionis Scottorum. Inquis. post mortem Lorettse de Buttery, 8 Skirlaw. and Customs of Manors. 1 3 3 Gotham, Co. of Nottingham. Cuckoo Bush, near Gotham, tradition says, was planted or set to commemorate a trick which the inhabitants of Gotham put upon King John.' The tale is told thus : King John, passing through this place towards Nottingham, intending to go over the meadows, was prevented by the villagers, they apprehending that the ground over which a king passed was for ever after to become a public road. The King, incensed at their proceedings, sent from his Court soon after some of his servants, to inquire of them the reason of their incivility and ill-treatment, that he might punish them by way of fine, or some other way he might judge most proper. The villagers, hearing of the approach of the King's servants, thought of an expedient to turn away his Majesty's displeasure from them ; when the messengers arrived at Gotham, they found some of the inhabitants engaged in endeavouring to drown an eel in a pool of water; some were employed in dragging carts upon a large barn, to shade the wood from the sun ; others were tumbling their cheeses down a hill, that they might find their way to Nottingham for sale ; and some were employed in hedging in a cuckoo which had perched upon an old bush which stood where the present one now stands ; in short, they were all employed in some foolish way or other, which convinced the King's servants that it was a village of fools ; whence arose the old adage, "The wise men," or "The fools of Gotham." The words of an humble poet may be here applicable : — " Tell me no more of Gotham fools. Or of their eels in little pools, Which they were told were drowning ; Nor of their carts drawn up on high When King John's men were standing by, To keep a wood from browning. "Nor of their cheese shoved down the hill, Nor of a cuckoo sitting still. While it they hedg&d round ; Such tales of them have long been told, By prating boobies, young and old, In drunken circles crowned. " The fools are those who thither go To see the cuckoo bush, I trow. 1 [For further information as to the Gothamite tales, see Wright's Early Mysteries, &c. 1838, pp. xxi-xxiv, 93 et seq. and Hazlitt's Old English Jest-Books, vol. iii.] 134 Tenures of L and The wood, the barn, and pools ; For such are seen both here and there, And passed by without a sneer By all but errant fools." ' GOWTHORP, BiLLINGLEY, AND SWINTON, CO. OF YORK. Our lord the King had eighteen bovates of land and a half in Goulthorp, Billingelay, and in Swinton, which were his escheats, and he gave them to Daniel Pincerne by the service of one sex- tary of wine, with the flaskets, to be rendered at London at the feast of Saint Michael, and that land was worth five marks.^ GowER, Co. OF Glamorgan. The Englishmen and Welshmen of Gower fined fifty marks and two hounds to the King, to be quit of entertaining the King's sergeants at Swansea Castle.^ Gradele, Co. of Lincoln. Ralph le Fletcher holds eight pounds of land in Gradele, of the gift of our lord the King, by the payment of four marks yearly, and two oxgangs of land for twenty fletched arrows yearly.* Grafton, Co. of Wilts. John de Holt, cousin and heir of William Baxman of Grafton, gave to the King one mark for his relief, for certain tenements in Grafton, in the county of Wilts, which were worth fifteen shillings yearly, held of the King by the service of finding one horse to carry two budgets or satchels with the King, as often as he should come to hunt in the forests of Sannerk (Savernake) and Chute.' Great Useworth, Co. of Durham. Ahce Bedick was seised in her demesne, &c., of two parts of the town of Great Useworth, with the appurtenances, by the 1 Thoroton's Hist, of Nottingham, vol. i. pp. 42-44. ^ Rex habuit xviij bovat' terre et di' in Goulthorp, Billingelay, et in Swinton, que fuerunt eschaete sue et illas dedit Danieli Pinc'ne per serviciu unius sextar' vini, cum flaschetis, reddend' apud London, ad festum Sci' Mich'is, valet v m'r. Testa de Nevil, p. 375. ^ Mag. Rot. II Joh. Rot. 16, b. tit. Glamorgan. Madox's Firma Burgi, 85. ^ Radulphus le Fletcher tenet viij libr' terrse in Gradele, de dono dni Regis, per iiij raarcas per annum, et duas bovatas terrse pro xx fletchis per annum. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 3875, p. 196. ^ Johannes de Holte, consanguineus et heres Willi' Baxman, de Grafton, dat Regi unam marcam pro relevio suo de quibusdam ten' in Grafton, in com. Wiltes, val. per annum 15s. Tenet de Rege per servitium inveniendi unum equum ad cariand' duas bulgeas cum Rege, quotiescunque Rex venatum venerit in foresta de Sauemak et Chut. De termino Trin. a°. 7 Edw. II. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 68. and Customs of Manors. 1 35 service of fifty shillings and eightpence a year, and by the ser- vice of three quarters and a half of barley malt, called statmalt, yearly ; and by the service of three quarters and a half of oat- meal yearly, called statmeal, and by the service of seven quarters of oats, called stat-avoine, yearly ; and the aforesaid two parts of the said town were held in capite of the Lord Bishop/ Greencroft, Co. of Durham. Nicholas Roughhead held in capite of the Lord Bishop the moiety of the town of Greencroft, with the appurtenances, by fealty and the service of two shillings a year, and doing all suits to the court of Durham yearly, and, with his parceners, carrying or overseeing the carriage of the third part of a hogshead of wine yearly ; and, with his parceners, repairing or making the third part of the mill and mill-dam of Langchester : and he was to grind his corn, to the thirteenth dish, at the mill of Lang- chester ; and pay, with his parceners, to the chief forester of the Lord Bishop, yearly and for assize, two shillings and tenpence, and to the same forester, with his parceners, yearly seventeen hens.° Greens-Norton, Co. of Northampton. This, so named of the Greens (persons famed in the sixteenth century for their wealth) called before Norton-Dauney, was held of the King in capite by the service of lifting up their right hands towards the King yearly, on Christmas Day, wheresoever the King should then be in England.^ Grendon, Co. OF Bucks. Amory de St Amand held the manor of Grendon, in the county of Bucks, and the advowson of the church of Beckley, ^ Alicia Bedick fuit seis' in domiiiico, &c. de duabus partibus villse de Magna Use- worth, cum pertin'. per servic'. quinquaginta sol. et octo den', per ann. et per servic'. trium quarterior et dimid. bras ordei vocat'. statmalt per annum, et per servic'. trium quarter' et dimid. farine avernar' per annum, vocat'. statmele, et per servic'. septem quarterior' avenar' vocat'. statha[voine] per annum, et predictas duas partes predicte villse ten', in capite de dno episcopo. Inquis. post mortem Alicise Bedick. 15 Hat- field. ^ Nich'as Rougheved ten', in capite de, dno episcopo mediet'. villee de Grencroft, cum pertin'. per fid. et servic'. duor'. solidor'. per ann. et oes sectas cur. Dun. per ann. et [cariando vel] faciendo [cariare] cum p'cenar'. suis tertiam p'tem unius dolei vini per ann. et faciendo cum p'cenar'. suis terciam p'tem molendini et stagni de Lang- chestre. Et molet blada sua ad tercium decimum vas ad molendin. de Langchestre. Et reddendo cum p'cenar'. suis capit'li forestar'. dni episcopi per ann. et pro ass. ii s. X d. et eid. forestar. cum p'cenar. suis per ann. xvii gallin. Inquis. post mortem Nich'i Rougheved. ^ Fines 18 Ric. II. Blount, 10. Camd. Brit. tit. Northamptonshire. Inquis. 44 Edw. III. 136 Tenures of Land in the county of Oxford, by the petty serjeanty of furnishing the lord of the honour with one bow of ebony and two arrows yearly, or sixteenpence in money.^ Grendon, Co. of Hereford. Omnes customarij "" tenentes de manerio de Grendon debent sanguinem suum emere.' This was where villains were bound to buy or redeem their blood, and make themselves freemen.'' Grenocle, Co. of Sussex. Matthew de Hastings held the manor of Grenocle, in the county of Sussex, of the King by this service, that he should find an oar for the King's use, when he should pass over the sea at the haven of Hastings.' Gressinghall, Co. of Norfolk. In the 8th of Edw. I., Jordan Foliot was lord of this town, with its members, and Thomas de Rotheband being one of his villains, he was found to have a right of taxing him high or low at his will, and the custom of merchet ; and in the fourteenth of that King, he claimed free-warren, and assize of bread and beer of his tenants, frank-pledge by view of the King's bailiff, and a weekly market on Monday, and a fair on the vigil, the day, and the day after St Michael.* Gressingham, Co. of Lancaster. The heirs of William and Benedict held two oxgangs of land in Gressingham by the serjeanty of keeping the aeries of hawks of our lord the King.' Grimston, Co. of Norfolk. In the reign of Edward III. there belonged to this manor a profit called love-bone ; to wit, that all residents in Grimestone having horses with a cart, should work for the lord, for the redeeming of the common of Grimston, one day's journey of barley-seed time, each to have for his breakfast one penny half- penny ; and all keeping cows on the common were to do a day's 1 Gul. Dugd. MS. A. I, p. 177. Kennett's Paroch. Antiq. p. 358. ^ See Glossary. ^ Lib. niger Heref. * Jac. Law Did. tit. Sanguinem emere. ° Inquis. 5 Edw. I. Blount, no. Is this within the tenure of Voyage-Royal, abolished by the stat. 12 Car. II. cap. 24? Complete Copyholder, p. 282. * Parkins' edit, of Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, 8vo, vol. ix. p. 512. ' Heres Willielmi et Bened'cti ten', ii bovat. terre ibm. per seriant'. custodiendi heieras accipitrum dni Regis. Test, de Nevil. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2085, p. 431- and Customs of Manors. 137 work in harvest, and at three o'clock each to have flesh to eat and ale to drink, and three loaves every evening ; and if they refused, then it was lawful to distrain on the said common, &c.' Grishawe and Topcroft, Co. of Norfolk. John de Clyfton held a part of the manor of Grishawe in Wymondham, in the county of Norfolk, by the service of being butler at the King's coronation, and the manor of Topcroft by the aforesaid service."" Grosmunt, &c., Co. of Monmouth. William de Braosa gave to the King eighty marks, three great horses, five coursers, twenty-four hounds, and ten greyhounds, to have seisin of his castles of Grosmunt, Skenefrith, and Llant- elly, in the county of Monmouth.^ GUEDDING, Co. OF CAMBRIDGE. Roger Malharteis holds two carucates of land at Guedding by the serjeanty of keeping watch about our lord the King.* Richard Engaine holds one hundred shillings of land in the town of Guedding by the serjeanty of taking wolves, and he does this service daily.' Borough of Guildford, Co. of Surrey. [Edeline (or Adeline), daughter and heiress of Ranulph de Broc, being the guardian of William Testard in the reign of Henry II., held possession of his lands in Guildford, enjoyed by the family since the Conquest, by the service of being marshal (or door-keeper) in the King's Court ; and that lady having married Stephen de Turnham, the latter held the property by the same service.]^ Robert Testard held certain land in the town of Guldeford '" From an old parchment roll. Blomefield's Norfolk, vol. iv. p. 548. " Johannes de Clyfton partem m. de Grishawe in Wymondham, per servicium pincemae ad Coronationem Regis, et m. de Topcroft per prasdictum servitium. Esc. II Rici'. scdi'. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 218. ^ Willielmus de Braosa dedit Regi octingentas marcas, tres dextrarios, quinque chacuros, viginti quatuor seusas, et decern leporarios, pro habenda seisina Castrorum de Grosmunt, Skenefrith, et Llantely, in com. Monmouth. Rot. Fin. 7 Joh. M. 7. Blount, 134. * Guedding. Rogerus Malharteis tenet ij car' per s'jant' custod. vigil' circa dnm R. Testa de Nevil, p. 50. ° Ricardus Engaine habet in villa de Guedding c s. terre per serjant'. capiendi lupos, et facit servic'. suum cotidie. Testa de Nevil, p. 358. ^ Edelina de Broks tenet quandam seriantiam in villa de Geldeford, et extra, per Mariscall. in cur', dni Regis, et valet per annum c solid. Escheta, &c. Com. Surrey, temp. Regis Johannis. Harl. MS. Brit, Mus. No. 313, p. 22. 138 Tenures of Land by serjeanty of keeping the laundresses in the Court of our lord the King. And it is let at xxv s. a year rent? Richard Testard held a certain serjeanty in Guildford, for which he was to be Marshal in the household of our lord the King, and to dismember condemned malefactors, and measure the gallons and bushels in the King's household.^ Thomas de la Puille holds one serjeanty in the town of Guldeford of the gift of Richard Testard, for which he formerly used to keep the laundresses of the King's Court ; and now he pays at the Exchequer xxvs.^ [In 4 Eliz. the Mayor of Guildford gave a tenement at Wonersh, worth los. a year, for the maintenance of the clock and dial at the market-house, then newly erected.] * Near Rye, in the parish of East Guildford, the inhabitants have a peculiar way of tithing their marsh lands, whereby they pay only 3d. an acre while in pasture, but, if ploughed, 5s.' GUNULTHWAITE, NOW GUNTHWAITE, CO. OF YORK. In the year 1588 the following rents were paid to Francis Bosville, lord of this manor, ancestor of Godfrey Bosville, Esq., viz : — George Blunt, gent., paid .two broad arrows, with heads. James Bilcliffe paid a pair of gloves ; and Thomas Wardsworth, for Roughbanks, paid a thwittle.^ [Haconby, or Hackenby, Co. of Lincoln. This manor was held in capite by the serjeanty of receiving at St Both'en (.') the gerfalcons sent to the King.] ' Haddenham, Co. of Bucks. The tenants of the manor of Haddenham, in the county of Bucks, heretofore paid a rent in kind, called Booting Corn, to the Prior of Rochester. Perhaps it was so called as being paid by the tenants by way of bote, boot, or compensation to the lord for his making them leases.^ 1 Robertus Testard tenuit quandam terrain in villa de Guldeford, per serjantiam custodiendi meretrices in curia domini Regis. Et arrentata est ad xxv s. Plac. Cor. 19 Hen. III. Surrey. Blount, 8. ^ Serjantia Rici' Testard, in Geldeford, pro qua debuit esse Marescall' in Hospicio' dni Reg', et dismembrare malefactores in hospicio dni Regis adjudicates, et mensurare gallones et bussellos in hospicio dni Regis. Seriantis, &c. comitatu Su^rei^^ tempore Hen. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 313, p. 23. ' Thomas de la Puille tenet unam serjantiam in villa de Guldeford de dono Richardi Testard, per quam aliquando solebat servare lotrices curia; domini Regis, et modo reddit ad Scaccarium xxvs. Plac. Coron. de ann. 39 Hen. III. Surrey. Blount, 97. ■■ [Brayley and Britton, iv. 297.] ^ Camd. Brit. 212. « jr^om the Bosville MSS. ' \Excerfta Historica, 1833, p. 19, 20.] * Blount's Law Diet. tit. Booting Corn. and Customs of Manors. 139 Hale, Co. of Northampton. William, son and heir of William de Hale, pays to the King nine shillings and one penny for his relief for certain parts of his serjeanty, which he holds of the King in capite, in Hale, for which he is to follow the King in his army in England with a bow and arrows for forty days.' [Halesworth, Co. of Suffolk. The manor of Halesworth has this peculiar custom, that a copyhold tenant cannot lease for a longer term than one year without the licence of the lord.] "" Halifax, Co. of York. The inhabitants within the forest of Hardwick claimed a custom from time immemorial, that if a felon be taken within their liberty, with goods stolen out or within the liberty or precincts of the said forest, either hand-habend, back-berand, or confessand, any commodity of the value of thirteenpence half- penny, he should, after three markets or meeting-days, within the town of Halifax, next after such his apprehension, and being condemned, be taken to the gibbet, and there have his head cut off from his body. But the felon was not to die, merely because some or all of these circumstances were against him, without further examina- tion into the matter, for it was to be solemnly and deliberately examined by the frith-burghers within the said liberty ; which liberty included the townships and hamlets of Halifax, Oven- den, Illingworth, Mixenden, Bradshaw, Skircoat, Warley, Sow- erby, Rishworth, Luddenden, Midgley, Eringden, Heptonstall, Rottenstall, Stansfield, Cross-stone, Langfield, and perhaps Wadsworth, because this, as well as all the above, was tlae estate of the Earls of Warren, and one of the berewics belong- ing to the manor of Wakefield, to which manor, with its append- ages, this power was originally given. Out of the most wealthy and best reputed men for honesty and understanding in the above liberty, a certain number were chosen for the trial of such offenders ; for when a felon was apprehended, he was forthwith brought to the lord's bailiff in Halifax who, by virtue of the authority granted him from the 1 Will"'- filius et heres Will'- de Hale, dat Regi 9s. id. pro relevio suo, pro qui- busdam partibus serjantis suk, quas tenet de Rege in capite, in Hale, pro qua debet sequi Regem in exercitu suo, in Anglia, cum arcu et sagittis, per 40 dies. De termino Mich. a°. 24 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 17. 2 [Suckling, ii. 330-31.] 140 Tenures of Land lord of the manor of Wakefield (under the particular seal belonging to that manor), kept a common gaol in the said town, had the custody of the axe, and was the executioner. On receipt of the prisoner, the said bailiff immediately issued out his summons to the constables of four several towns within the above precincts, to require four frith-burghers within each town to appear before him on a certain day, to examine into the truth of the charge laid against him ; at which time of appearance the accuser and the accused were brought before them face to face, and the thing stolen produced to view ; and they acquitted or condemned, according to the evidence, without any oath being administered. If the party accused was acquitted, he was directly set at liberty, on paying his fees ; if condemned, he was immediately executed, if it was the principal market-day : or kept till then, if it was not, in order to strike the greater terror into the neighbourhood ; and in the meantime set in the stocks, on the lesser meeting-days, with the stolen goods on his back, if portable : if not, before his face. And so strict was this cus- tomary law, that whoever within this liberty had any goods stolen, and not only discovered the felon, but secured the goods, he must not by any underhand or private contract receive the same back without prosecuting the felon, but was bound to bring him, with what he had taken, to the chief bailiff at Halifax, and there, before he could have his goods again, pro- secute the stealer, according to ancient custom ; otherwise he both forfeited his goods to the lord, and was liable to be accused of theft-bote for his private connivance and agreement with the felon. After every execution, also, it seems that the coroners for the county, or some of them, were obliged to repair to the town of Halifax, and there summon a jury of twelve men before them, and sometimes the same persons who condemned the felon, and administer an oath to them to give in a true and perfect verdict relating to the matter of fact for which the said felon was executed, to the intent that a record might be made thereof in the Crown Office.' The gibbet stood a little way out of the town, towards the west end, in a place still distinguished by the name of the Gibbet Lane. Here was formerly to be seen a square platform of earth, considerably raised from the level of the ground, walled about, and ascended by a flight of stone steps ; on this were placed two upright pieces of timber, five yards in height, joined at the top by a transverse beam ; within these was a square block of wood, of the length of four feet and a half, which rose up and ' The proceedings at the trials of the last malefactors — viz. , Abraham "Wilkinson and Andrew Mitchell — who suffered at Halifax gibbet, on the 30th of April 1650, are preserved in an account of Halifax, published by William Bentley, London, 1708, and in the Reverend Mr Watson's History of Halifax, p. 214, &c., from which this account is taken. and Customs of Manors. 141 down between the said uprights by means of grooves cut for that purpose ; to the lower end of this sliding block an iron axe was fastened, which is yet to be seen at the gaol in Halifax ; its weight is seven pounds twelve ounces, its length full ten inches and a half, it is seven inches over at the top, and very near nine at the bottom, its middle is about seven inches and a half, and towards the top are two holes made to fasten it to the block above mentioned. The axe thus fixed was drawn up to the top by means of a cord and pulley, and at the end of the cord was a pin which, being fixed either to the side of the scaffold or some part below, kept it suspended till, either by pulling out the pin or cutting the cord, it was suff'ered to fall, and the criminal's head was instantly separated from his body. Some authors say that every man present took hold of the rope, or put forth his arm as near to it as he could, in token that he was willing to see true justice executed, and that the pin was pulled out in this manner ; but if the offender was apprehended for stealing an ox, sheep, horse, &c., the end of the rope was fastened to the beast, which being driven, pulled out the pin. The bailiff, jurors, and the minister, chosen by the prisoner, were always on the scaffold with him, and the fourth Psalm was played round the scaffold on the bagpipes ; after which the minister prayed with him a while, till he underwent the fatal stroke. It appears by the register-books at Halifax, that from the year 1541, when entries of such transactions were first begun to be made, to the year 1650, when this custom of beheading criminals at Halifax ceased, there were executed in all forty- nine persons.' This was the ancient privilege of infang-theof and utfang- theof, often mentioned in ancient charters, and was continued to be exercised at Halifax later than at any other place in England. Hallaton, Co. of Leicester. This is distinguished by a singular and ridiculous ancient annual custom. A piece of land was bequeathed to the use and , advantage of the rector, who was then to provide "two hare-pies, a quantity of ale, and two dozen of penny loaves, to be scrambled for on Easter Monday annually." The land, before the enclosures took place, was called Harecrop Leys ; and at the time of divid- ing the fields, in 1770, a piece was allotted to the rector in lieu of the said Leys. The custom is still continued ; but instead of hare, the rector provides two large pies made of veal and bacon. These are divided into parts, and put into a sack ; and about two gallons of ale, in two wooden bottles, without handles or Watson's History of Halifax, p. 214 et seq. 142 Tenures of Land strings, are also put into a sack : the penny loaves are cut into quarters, and placed in a basket. Thus prepared, the men, women, and children form a procession from the rector's, and march to a place called Hare-Pie Bank, about a quarter of a mile south of the town. In the course of this journey the pieces of bread are occasionally thrown for scrambling ; but the pies and ale are carried to the grand rustic theatre of contention and confusion. This is of old formation, and though not upon so great a scale, or destined for such bloody feats, as the Roman amphitheatres, yet consists of a bank, with a small trench round it, and a circular hole in the centre. Into this the pies and ale are promiscuously thrown, and every froHcsome, foolish, and frantic rustic rushes forward to seize a bit or bear away a bottle. Confusion ensues, and what began in puerile sport, occasionally terminates in that common, but savage custom, a boxing- match.' Hallingbury, [otherwise Hastingbury,] Co. of Essex. Walter de Hauvill held sixty shillings of land in Hallingbury de Walla by the serjeanty of falconry, which he had of the grant of King Richard I.^ Roger, sometime tailor to our lord the King, held one caru- cate of land in Hallingbury, in the county of Essex, by the serjeanty of paying at the King's Exchequer one silver needle yearly on the morrow of St Michael.^ [Halmer and Hinton, Co. of Gloucester. Some lands here, called Freme's lands, are mentioned in an account drawn up about 1630, and printed by Fosbroke."* At that time the portion of them situated in Halmer was held by Thomas Freme of Lypiatt of Lord Berkeley by suit of court and heriot service — viz., twenty horse-shoes and their nails for his lands in Berkeley, &c.] Halton, Co. of Chester. Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester, created Nigel or Neale, Baron of Halton, in Cheshire, Constable and Marshal of Chester, by condition of service to lead the vauntguard of the Earl's army when he should make any expedition into Wales ; so as the 1 Brayley and Britton's Beauties of England and Wales, vol. ix. pp. 436, 437. ''■ Walterus de Hauvill tenuit Ix sol. terr. in Hallingbury de Walla, per serjantiam fakonarise, per Regem Richardum. Lib. Rub. Scacc. Append, to Brady's Introduct. ' Rogerus, quondam cissor domini Regis, tenuit unam carucatam terrae in Halling- bury, com. Essex, per serjantiam solvend. ad Scaccarium domini' Regis unam acum argenteam quolibet anno in crastino Sancti Michaelis. Plac. Coron. de 13 Edw. I. Blount, 28. * ^Berkeley Manuscripts, 1821, p. 43.] and Customs of Manors. 143 said Baron should be the foremost in marching into the enemy's country, and the last in coming back.' In this manor there was a custom, that if in driving beasts over the common the driver permitted them to graze, or take but a thistle, he should pay a halfpenny a beast to the lord of the fee ; and this custom was called Thistletake.2 Ham, Co. of Middlesex. The custom here is, that if any copyholder will sell his land, and agree upon the price, at the next court, the next cleivenor (i.e., he that dwelleth next to him) shall have the refusal, giving as much as another will ; and he who inhabits on the east first, then he on the south, and the west, and last the north.^ [Hame, Co. of Surrey. Lands and tenements here were held of the men of Kingston upon condition of rendering to the said men three clove gilli- flowers at the King's coronation.]* Hampslap, Co. of Bucks. Margaret, who was wife of Thomas de Beauchamp, late Earl of Warwick, held the manor of Hampslap, in the county of Buck- ingham, by the service of being one of the Chamberlains of the King's Exchequer.^ [Hampstead, Co. of Middlesex. The copyholders of this manor claimed, until the recent purchase of the Heath for the public use, the right of using the space as pasture ; of cutting wood for fuel ; of taking such loam, gravel, and sand as might be necessary for their gardens ; and of enjoying the Heath as a place of recreation. In 1806 the Court of Queen's Bench granted the lady of the manor an injunction to restrain the copyholders from excess of turbary, or cutting turf in unreasonable quantities ; but this was doubtless partly in the interest of the copyholders themselves as a body. The copyholders used to meet under the lord in a curious feudal assembly called " the Homage." This " Homage " had a right to "approve" the alienation and enclosure of any part of the Heath, and the custom of the Hampstead manor — a custom in which, we believe, it differed from all others — was that the ^ Chronicon Cestrias. Blount, 109. ^ Reg. Priorat. de Thurgarton. Jacob's Law Diet. tit. Thistletake. ' 2 Brownl. Rep. 199. * \Excerpta Historiea, 1833, p. 19, 20.] ^ Margareta, quae fuit uxor Thomse de Bellocampo, nuper Comitis Warwici, m. de Hampslap, per ser. essendi unius Camerar'. Scaccarij R. Esc. anno octavo Henrici Quarti. Harl. MS. Brit Mus. No. 2087, p. 268. 144 Tenures of Land proceeds of such enclosure should be divided between the lord and the Homage. " This parish," says Lysons," " enjoys a singular benefaction of ;^2 per annum, given for the purpose of distributing halfpenny loaves among all the inhabitants of Hampstead, both rich and poor, young and old, on Good Friday morning. It arises from the sum of ;^40 given for that purpose about the year 1643, by an unknown benefactress, and laid out, together with Lady Campden's donation, in the purchase of lands at Child's Hill." The same writer notices several other small trusts of the same description connected with the manor.] Hampton, Co. of Hereford. The tenants at Hampton-Bishop, in the county of Hereford, were to get yearly six horse-loads (summas) of rods or wattles, in the hay wood near Hereford, and bring them to Hereford to make booths at the fair when they should be required ; and for every load (summa) of the said rods they were to be allowed a halfpenny at the fairs.'" This tenure, I conjecture, relates to one particular fair only, and not to all the fairs held at Hereford. The word nundinae is indeed in the plural number ; but as it has no singular number, it is from thence that the uncertainty arises. The fair which I suppose the tenure concerns begins on the 19th of May, and from its continuing nine days, is called the nine-day fair. From time immemorial this fair is proclaimed with certain formalities by the Bishop of Hereford's bailiff or his deputy, and the tolls of the fair belong to one or both of these officers. During the continuance of the fair, the Bishop's bailiff supersedes the Mayor of Hereford, and is the acting magistrate. The fair also is not held in the usual place, but in a street before the Bishop's palace. The Bishop of Hereford has likewise had at all times an intimate connection with the parish of Hampton-Bishop (as may be insinuated from its name), being the patron of the rectory, and keeping in repair a large embankment of the river Wye. He is, I believe, paramount lord over the greatest part, if not the whole, of the parish. These are my grounds for supposing the nine-day fair only to be alluded to in the foregoing tenure ; and could it be made to appear that the hay wood had ever any dependence on the Bishop of Hereford, my conjecture would be more strongly supported. This tenure may properly enough use the plural of fair, and yet apply (as it seems certainly to do) only to one fair, because ' {Environs of London, 1st edit. ii. 550.] ° Tenentes de Hampton Episcopi in com. Hereford, debent quasrere annuatim sex summas virgarum, apud boscum de Haya juxta Hereford, et apportare ad Hereford ad cletas nundinarum faciendas, quando fuerint requisiti, et pro qualibet summa dic- tarum virgarum allocabitur eis obelus de nundinis. Lib. nig. Heref. Blount, 160. and Customs of Manors. 145 the tenure looks forward to an annual fair, and , consequently provides for the service to be performed at all the nine-day fairs thereafter. — W. Hamstead-Marshal, Co. of Berks. This place was held of old by grand serjeanty of the kings of England, conditioned that the grantees should for ever be Knights Marshal, according as the offices of Steward, Con- stable, and Lord High Chamberlain in those times were granted.^ The office of Knight Marshal appears to have been substituted in the room of the Lord or Earl Marshal, for anciently they that had this office were only marshals of the King's house, according as the same is now discharged by the Knights Marshal ; but in succeeding times it grew to be a place of great power and honour, as it still continues." Hanley, Co. of Suffolk. Robert Bardolf holds a certain tenement in Hanlegh, in the county of Suffolk, in capite of our lord the King, by the ser- jeanty of being, and doing the office of, bailiff of the Honour of Hanlegh.^ Hants, Co. of. In the accounts of Magdalen College, in Oxford, there is a yearly allowance, pro mulieribus hockantibus, in some manors of theirs in Hampshire, where the men hock the women on Monday, and contra on Tuesday ; the meaning of it is, that on that day the women in merriment stop the ways with ropes, and pull passengers to them, desiring something to be laid out in pious uses.* Harkercet, Co. of Salop. Sir John de Charleton of Apley, Knight, held, the day he died, the manor of Harkercet, to him and the heirs of his body, by finding one footman, with a bow and three arrows, when our lord the King should go into Wales, in the time of war, to abide with the King, until the said arrows should have been drawn upon the enemies of our lord the King.^ 1 Heylin's Help to Eng. Hist. sub. tit. Marshall. ^ Ibid. ' Robertus Bardolf tenet quoddam tenementum in Hanlegh, in com. Suffolk, per serjantiam essendi et faciendi officium ballivi Honoris de Hanlegh, in capite de domino Rege. Plac. Coron. de ann. 14 Edw. L Rot. 9, Suffolk. Blount, 77. * Jacob's Law Diet. tit. Hokeday. ^ Johannes de Charleton, de Apley, miles, tenuit die quo obijt, m. de Harkercet, sibi et hered. de corpore, ad inveniendum unum hominem pedit' cum arcu, et iij sagittis, quando dominus Rex adiret Wall, tempore guerre, ad comorand. cum Rege donee tractasset sagittas praedictas hostibus dni Regis. Cotton MSS. Titus, C. x. p. 91- K 146 Tenures of Land Harrow-on-the-Hill, Co. of Middlesex. In 21 Rich. II. the lord of the manor had a custom, that by- summons of his bailiff upon a general reap-day, then called Magna Precaria, the tenants should do a certain number of days' work for him ; every tenant that had a chimney being obliged to send a man. This manor belonged to Sir John Rushout, Bart, in 1735.' Hartlepool, Co. of Durham. Robert de Brus hath at Hartlepool, in the county of Durham, a seaport, and there takes keelage — to wit, of every ship with a boat arriving there, eightpence ; and of every ship without a boat, fourpence.'' Isle of Harty, Co. of Kent. The manor of the mote in this isle affords, in the account of its descent, one of the last instances in which trial by battle was demanded and awarded on a claim of right. This occurred in the reign of Elizabeth, in whose third year John Chevin, while a minor, sold this estate to Mr Thomas Paramour ; but, on his arrival at full age, again passed it away to John Kyne and Simon Lowe, who having brought a writ of right to recover, trial by battle was demanded by Paramour, and it was deter- mined that it should be fought before the judges of the Court of Common Pleas, in Tothill Fields, Westminster. At the appointed time the champions of the parties met in the field, properly accoutred ; and after much formal ceremony, and in the presence of several thousand people, proclamation was made for the appearance of the claimants, Kyne and Lowe, who not answer- ing, a nonsuit was prayed, and allowed, with costs of suit, on the part of Paramour. That battle was not joined was owing to the interposition of the Queen ; yet all the requisite forms were gone through, that the defendant's right might be ascertained.' 1 Jacob's Law Diet. tit. Magna Precaria. ° Robertus de Brus habet apud Hartlepool, in com. Dunelm. portum maris, et capit ibi killagium, scil. de qualibet navi cum batello, applicante ibi, octo denarios, et de qualibet navi sine batello, quatuor denarios. Rot. Pari. 21 Edw. I. Blount, 146. s Brayley's Beauiies of England and Wales, vol. viii. p. 717. [But see Elton's Tenures of Kent, 1867, ch. v., for a fuller account of this matter. "The manor of Harty," observes Elton, " was held by knight-serv^pe in the reign of Henry III., Robert de CampaniS, or de Champagne, holding it of the superior lord, John de St John, at half a knight's fee, as is recorded in the Testa de Nevil."} and Customs oj Manors. 147 Hashwell, Co. of Essex. Simon de Hashwell holds a certain tenement in the town of Hashwell, in the county of Essex, by the serjeanty of being a spearman of our lord the King.i _ The spear or lance is among the oldest weapons recorded in history, and is nearly coeval with the sword or bow, and even seenis a much more obvious weapon than the latter, probably originating in a pole or stake sharpened at one or both ends ; afterwards armed with a head of flint ; and in process of time, on the discovery and use of metals, with copper, brass, or iron. Flint heads for both spears and arrows are frequently found in England, Scotland, and Ireland, as are also spear, javelin, and arrow heads of a metal nearly resembling brass.2 Hastings, Co. of Sussex, called in Saxon eaj-cmsa-ceaj-ceji, is the chief town of the Cinque Ports, and had a mint in the time of King Athelstan. It, with its members, Winchelsea, Rye, &c., was bound to find twenty-one ships for any naval expedition at the King's sum- mons ; and there ought to be in every ship twenty-one men, able, fitly qualified, well armed and well furnished for the King's service ; yet so that the summons be made on the King's behalf forty days before : and when the aforesaid ships and men were come to the place whereunto they were summoned, they were to abide there in the King's service for fifteen days, at their own proper costs and charges ; and if the King should have further need of their service after the fifteen days aforesaid, or would have them stay there any longer, those ships, with the men, while they remained there, were to be in the King's service at the King's costs and charges so long as the King pleased. The master of each ship was to have sixpence a day, and the con- stable sixpence a day, and every one of the rest threepence a day.^ From the certificate of Stephen de Pencester, Constable of Dover Castle and Warden of the Cinque Ports in the reign of Edward III., it appears that the manor of Grange was obliged to furnish one ship and two able and well-armed men towards the quota which the port of Hastings was bound to supply for the King's service for forty days. This manor was held by the noble family of Hastings during several centuries by the tenure ^ Simon de Hashwell tenet quoddam tenementum in villa de Hashwell in com. Essex, per serjantiam essendi Hastilarius domini Regis. Pla. Coron. 13 Edw. I. Essex. Blount, 52. '■' Grose's Milit. Antiq. vol. ii. p. 275. ^ Camden, Brit. 249, cites an ancient record in the King's Exchequer. 1 48 Tenures of Land of grand serjeanty; and Matthew de Hastings, who died in the fifth of Edward I., was found to have possessed it by the service of finding one oar whenever the King should sail towards the port of Hastings.' Hatfield, olim Heathfield, Co. of Essex. Godfrey de Barenton (Barrington) holds half a yard land in Heathfield by the serjeanty of keeping theKing's park and wood in the same town.^ Hatfield Broad Oak, Co. of Essex. King Edward VI. in 1547 granted to Sir Richard Rich, Lord Rich, and his heirs, the manors of Hatfield Braddock and Bromshobury, otherwise King's Hatfield ; Hatfield Park ; the Forest, Chace, and Springs of Hatfield, and Hatfield Manor ; and a windmill, then worth £,Zo, 9s. 8d. per ann. clear ; to be holden of the King by the service of one knight's fee.^ He died 12th June 1566, holding of the Queen by the twentieth part of a knight's fee, and the yearly rent of ;^I3, i6s. 4d. The manor, park, chace, &c., with the hundreds of Ongar and Harlow, and the wardstaff of the same hundreds, were then valued at ;^ioi, 15s. lod."^ Hence it appears that the service of the wardstaff came as low as Queen Elizabeth's reign. In the valuation of the revenues of the priory in this parish, we find that there was paid into the King's hands lis., and to the King's baihff of the hun- dred of Harlow, for the wardstaff, 3s. 4d. There was a rate, by the name of ward-penny, collected in the hundred from all estates but those particula.rly excepted. The procession of the wardstaff, and the landowners under it, is entirely lost, unless a copy might be found in the evidence-house in Hatfield church, where are great numbers of writings relating to the monastery and lordship.' As the wardstaff of this hundred (Ongar) and that of Harlow make a considerable figure in records, it will be proper to insert the following account of it here : * — Aungr. Hundr. The order of the gathering and yearly making of the wardstaff of the King there, with the due course and circumstance of the yearly watch, ward, and service royall incident to the same, that is to say : — 1 Beauties of England and Wales, vol. viii. p. 686. ''■ Gofridus de Barenton tenet dimid. virgat. in Hethfeld, per serjantiam custodiendi parcum Regis et boscum in eadem villa. Ex Lib. Rub. de Scacc. Append, to Brady's Introduct. fo. 23. * Lett. pat. I Edw. VI. * Inquis. 19 Eliz. num. 141. ^ Morant, vol. ii. p. 503 and note. ' The manuscript vehence this was taken is an account of the rents of the hundred in the time of John Stoner (of Loughton), who had a grant of it for his life, in the 34th year of Henry VIII. &c. Morant, vol. ii pp. 126, 127, note (p). and Ctistonis of Manors. 1 49 First. The bailiffe of the said Hb'tie or hundred shall gather and yearly make the wardstaffe of some willow-bough growing in Abbasse Rothing Wood, the Sunday next before Hock Mun- day, which shall containe in length iii quarters of a yard and viii inches rounde in compasse or thereabout ; and hee shall convey the same ymediately unto the mannor place of Ruck- wood Hall in Abbasse Rothing afores'd, where the lord of the said manor for the tyme being shall reverently the same receive into his house, and shall rowle itt upp in a faire fine lynnen cloth or towell, and so lay it upon some pillowe or cushion on a table or cubberd standing in the chiefe or highest place in the hall of the said manor place, there to remaine untill the said bailiffe shall have relieved and refreshed himself. And when the said bailiffe shall see convenient tyme to dep'te, he shall convey the same staffe bysunne-shineing unto Wardhatch Lane, besides Long Barnes in Roothing aforesaid, when and where the said lord of Ruckwood Hall, and all and everie other tennant and tennants, landowners, which by reason of their tenure doe hould their lands likewise by service royall, to watch and warde the s.aid staff there upon convenient summons and warning to be given unto them yearly by the said lord of Ruckwood Hall for the time being, with their full ordinarie number of able men, well harnished with sufficient weapon, shall attend : whereuppon the lord of Ruck- wood Hall shall then and there yearly, at his proper costs and charges, have readie prepared a great rope, called a barr, with a bell hanging on the end of the same, which he shall cause to be extended overthwart the said lane, as the custom hath beene, to stay and arrest such people as would pass by. Att the end of which said barr, not far from the said bell, shall be laid down reverently the said staffe, upon a pillowe or cushion, on the grounde ; which done, forthwith the said bailiffe shall severally call the names^ of all the aforesaid tenants, landowners, who shall present their said ordinarie number of men accordingly. Then shall the said bailiffe, in the King our soveraigne lord's name, straightlie charge and comand them and everie of them to watch and keep the ward in due silence, soe that the King be harmless, and the countrie scapeless, untill the sunne arrising, when good houre shall be for the said lord of Ruckwood Hall to repaire unto the said staffe, who, in the presence of the whole watch, shall take the same staffe into his hand, and shall make uppon the upper rind of the same, with a knife, a score or notch as a marke or token, declaring their loyall service done for that year in this behalf And soe shall deliver the said staffe unto the bailiffe, sending it unto the lord or landowner of the manner of Fiffeild, or unto the tenants resiant, saying this notable narracon of the wardstaffe, written in the Saxon tongue ; which done, they may hale up the said barr, and depart at their pleasure. 1 50 Tenures of Land The Tale of the Wardstaffe. Iche ayed the staffe by lene Yane stoffe iche toke by lene, By lene iche will tellen, How the staffe have I got, Yotlie stoffe to nie com As he oughten for to don, Faire and well iche him underfang, As iche oughten for to don, All iche yer on challenged That theareon was for to challenge, Nameliche this and this, And all that ther was for to challenge. Fayer iche him upp dede As iche oughten for to don, All iche warnyd to the ward to cum. That thereto oughten for to cum. By sunne-shining We our roope yeder broughten, A roope celtan, as we oughten for to don And there waren and wakeden, And the ward so kept, That the King was harmeles, And the country scapeless ; And a-morn, when it day was. And the sun arisen was, Faier honour waren to us take, Als us oughten for to don, Fayre on the staffe we scorden. As we oughten for to don, Fayre we him senden, Thether we hawen for to sende, And if their is any man, That his witt siggen can, Iche am here ready for to don, Ayens himself iche one Yother mind him on Yender midlyyn feren Als we yer waren. Sir, by leave take this staffe : This is the tale of the wardstaffe. The Munday following, called Hock Munday, the said staffe shall be presented yearly unto the lord and owner of the mannor of Fiffeild for the time being, or his resient, who shall ymediately unfold the clothes it is wrapped in, that it may appear by the score made thereon, how the aforesaid lord of Ruckwood Hall and other tenants, which by reason of their and Customs of Manors. 1 5 1 tenures of their lands, owe suit and service to watch the said staffe at Abbass Rothing aforesaid, have done their watch and service royall accordingly the night before. Then shall he cloth it again, lay it in order, and use it in every degree as the lord of Ruckwood Hall hath done, &c. This is called Abbass Rothing- Watch. This procession seems to have been a yearly muster of fencible men, who were appointed to guard the hundred against murders and robberies, for both which it was liable to pay a fine. If, by preventing these, the King receives no harm, as in the loss of a subject or the felonious breach of his peace, the subject escapes a fine otherwise due for suffering a murderer or thief to escape. The ceremony began at Abbasse Rothing, as at the extremity of the hundred, went on to Chigwell, the other extreme, and returned to High Laver, which was in the neigh- bourhood of Ruckwood Hall. At one of these two manor- houses we may suppose it deposited, with due regard to royal authority. What we learn from records concerning the design of this ceremony of the wardstaff is, that it was to represent the King's person, and to keep the King's peace. Some lands were held by the service of finding two men to watch with the ward- staff, of keeping the wardstaff, and of paying ward silver, and doing white service at the wardstaff. To conclude, this ward- staff was to be carried through the towns and hundreds of Essex, as far as a place called Attewode, near the sea, and be thrown there into the sea. This custom has been long neglected.' Hathersage, Co. of Derby. There is a well near North Lees, by Hathersedge, in Derby- shire, near the remains of a Popish chapel, to which the Papists resort one day in the year, early in the morning, and every person puts in a pin ; which custom was kept up a few years ago, as John Wilson, Esq. of Broomhead, was told by the Rev. Mr Hadfield, vicar of Hathersedge, and Mr Wilson says he believes it is still observed.^ Havering, Co, of Essex. William Hures holds his tenement in Havering by the serjeanty of keeping the park.^ John Derwine holds his tenement there by serjeanty of keep- ing the outwood.* ' Morant's Hist, of Essex, vol. i. pp. 126, 127, and notes. ' Letter from John Wilson, Esq., to the editor's father, dated 5th November 1780 ^ Willielmus Hures tenet tenementum suum in Havering per serjantiam custo- diendi parcum. * Johannes Darwine tenet tenementum suum ibidem per serjantiam custodiendj forinsecum boscum. Ex. Lib. Rub. de Scacc. Append, to Brady's Introduct. fo. 23. 1 5 2 Tenures of Land The King granted to Richard, son of William de Havering, for his homage and service, six score acres of land in Havering, by the service of finding litter in the chamber of Havering on every coming of the King there.' Haverisholme, Co. of Cumberland. John de Appleby gave to our lord the King twenty-two shillings and twopence for his relief— viz., twenty-two shillings for the manor of Haverisholme, in the county of Cumberland, held of the King in capite by grand serjeanty— viz., by the service of finding one tree for the King's pannage, in the forest of our lord the King in Inglewode (Inglewood), and by the ser- vice of keeping his hogs in that forest until they were appraised, for which service the same John was to receive one hog by the hands of the keeper of the forest aforesaid, or of his deputy there.2 Hawarden and Bosele, &c., Co. of Chester. The manors of Hawarden and Bosele, with the appurtenances, in the county of Chester, are held of the King in capite by Robert de Monhault, Earl of Arundel, by being Steward of the county of Chester — viz., by the service of setting down thefirst dish before the Earl of Chester, at Chester, on Christmas Day ; and the manors of Leston and La Lee, with a moiety of the town of Wrichholme, with the appurtenances, in the county of Chester, are held of our lord the King by the service of two knights' fees and a half, and by the service of finding one judger in the county of Chester from six weeks to six weeks.* Roger de Montealto held of the King the manor of Hawarden by the service of being Steward of Chester.'' 1 Rex concessit Ricardo, filio Willielmi de Havering, pro homagio at servicio suo sexies viginti acras terras in Havering, per servicium inveniendi litteriam in camera de Havering in quolibet adventu Regis, &c. Claus. 19 Hen. HI. M. 5. Communicated by Thomas Astle, Esq. ' Johannes de Appleby dat domino Regi xxiis. ij^d. de relevio suo, viz. xxiis. inde pro manerio de Hauerisholme in com. Cumbr'. tent, de Rege in capite per magnam serjantiam, viz. per servitium inveniendi unum libr'. ad pannagium Regis in forest', dni Regis in Inglewode, et per servitium custodiendi porcos in eadem foresta donee appretiantur, pro quo servitio idem Johannes percipere debet unum porcum per manus custodis foreste predicte vel ejus locum tenentis ibidem. De termino Hilarij, anno 9 Ric. II. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, pp. 293, 294. 5 Maneria de Hawardyn et Bosele, cum pertinentijs, in com. Cestr'. tenentur de Rege in capite (per Robert', de Montealto Com. Arundell) per servicium Senescal- latus com. Cestr'. viz. servitium assidendi primum ferculum coram domino Com. Cestr'. apud Cestr'. die Natalis Domini. Et quod maneria de Lestone et La Lee, et medietas ville de Wrichholme, cum pertinentijs, in com. Cestr'. ten', de domino Rege per servicium duorum feod'. mil', et dimid'. et per servicium inveniendi unum judica- torem in com. Cestr'. de eex septimanis in sex septimanas. De termino Hil. anno 31 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 31. * Rog. de Montealto tenet de Rege in capite man', de Castlerisinge, Snottesham, et Kemynghall, in com. Norfolk, et ten', man. de Hawardyn, per servic'. Senescall. Cestr'. &c. Inquis. anno 17 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2079, p. 64. and Customs of Manors. 1 5 3 Hecham, Co. of Norfolk. In the soke of Hecham, in the county of Norfolk, are twenty- four\husbandmen, the custom of whom it is, that every one of them ought to work from Michaelmas to autumn, every week for one day, either with a fork or with a spade, or a flail, at the pleasure of the lord, with a corredy at noon, and one loaf at evening ; or if this work was dispensed with, every one of them was to give in lieu of it sixpence.' Every alepiman of the whole soke of Hecham owes each year one penny of chevage ; and he is to work for three days in autumn, except those who are free from this servitude.^ Heckington, Co. of Derby. Gilbert de Gaunt holds three carucates of land in Heckington of our lord the King in capite, and he was to defend his whole barony by the service of fifty knights.^ Hedsor, Co. of Bucks. An estate in this parish, called Lambert Farm, was formerly held under the manor by the service of bringing in the first dish at the lord's table on St Stephen's Day, and presenting him with two hens, a cock, a gallon of ale, and two manchets of white bread ; after dinner the lord delivered to the tenant a sparrow-hawk and a couple of spaniels, to be kept at his costs and charges, for the lord's use : a composition is now paid in lieu of this service."* Heighington, Co. of Durham. In the tenth year of Bishop Skirlawe, 1397, William del North was seised in his demesne of one messuage and three oxgangs of land, with the appurtenances, in Heighington, held of the Lord Bishop in capite by knight's service, and the service of two shillings annual rent, at the four usual terms 1 In soca de Hecham, in comitatu Norfolk, sunt xxiv lancetee ; consuetude eorum est, ut unusquisque eorum debet operari a Sancto Michele usque ad autumpnum una- quaque hebdomada per unam diem, sive cum furca, sive cum besca, vel flagello, ad libitum domini, ciim corredio ad nonam, et uno pane ad vesperam, vel si eis remittitur hoc opus, quisque eorum dabit pro hoc opere sex denarios. Customar. Prior Lewensis. Blount, 146. ^ Omnis alepiman de tota soca de Hecham debet singulis annis unum denarium de chevagio, et operabitur per tres dies in autumpno, exceptis illis qui ab hac servitute liberi sunt. Consuetudinar. de Hecham, Prior Lew. MS. p. 21. Blount's Zata Diet. sub verb. Alepiman. ^ Gilbertus de Gaimt tenet tres carucat'. terre de domino Rege in capite, et defendit tot. baron', per servicium 1 militum. Inquis. fca. Wapintag. de Aswfardburg. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 3875, p. 112. ■» Lysons' Magna Brit, i. 577, 578. 154 Tenures of L and of payment in the bishopric of Durham, and by the service of paying two shillings yearly for cornage at the times aforesaid ; and by the service of paying two shillings to the common aid, when it runs in the bishopric of Durham ; and by the ser- vice of going on the embassies of the Lord Bishop when there should be occasion.' Hemingston, Co. of Suffolk. Rowland le Sarcere held one hundred and ten acres of land in Hemingston, in the county of Suffolk, by serjeanty ; for which on Christmas Day, every year, before our sovereign lord the King of England, he should perform altogether, and once, a leap, a puff, and a fart (or, as Mr Blount has it, he should dance, puff up his cheeks, making therewith a sound, and let a crack) ; and because it was an indecent service, therefore it was rented, says the record, at xxvi s. viii d. a year, at the King's Ex- chequer. "" One Baldwin, also, formerly held those lands by the same service ; and was called by the nickname of Baldwin le Petour, or Baldwin the Farter.' Hemmingeford, Co. of Cambridge. The serjeanty which was formerly William Russi's, in Hem- mingeford, was held, for which he was to find for our lord the King one spindleful of yarn (or worsted), when the King should go into Ireland, to repair the pavilion of our lord the King.* Henley, Co. of Warwick. Lands in Henley, in the county of Warwick, were held by Edmund Lord Stafford, by the service of three shillings or a pair of scarlet hose.^ ' Willielmus del North seis'. fuit in dominico de unum mess, et tribus bovat'. terr'. cum pertin'. in Heighington, que tenentur de d°o dno episcopo in capite, per servic'. mil', et per servic'. duor'. sol', annue firme ad quatuor term', in epatum Dun', us'- et per serv'. solv'. duos sol. ann. pro cornag. ad ter'. predictos ; et per servic'. solv'. duos sol. ad coe auxilium, q{i currit in epatum Dun', et per servic'. eundi in legal', dni episcopi cum opus fuerit. Inquis. post mortem Willielmi del North. 10 Skirlaw. ^ Simul et semel, unum saltum, unum sufflum, et unum bombulum, or as we read elsewhere in French un saut, un pet, et un syflet, simul et semel. Et quia indecens servitium, ideo arrentatur ad xxvis. viiid. per annum, ad Scaccarium Regis. Pla. Coron. 14 Edw. I. Rot. 6, Dorso Suff. Blount, lo. ^ Blount's Law Diet. tit. Serjeanty. * Serjantia que quonda fuit Willielmi Russi, in Hemmingeford, per quam debuit invenire^no R. unam fussellata fill lanei quando Rex ierit in Hibn' ad reparand' papi- lonem dni Reg'. Testa de Nevil, p. 357. ' Escaet. 24 Edw. I. n. 59. Blount, 2. and Customs of Manors. 155 Hereford, the Town of. \ The Prior of Hereford holds one messuage in Hereford, ^!khich Richard de Hay left to the Church of St Guthlac in alre^, and that messuage was held of our lord the King by the servi-e of being his baker.' The Knights Hospitallers hold in Hereford one messuage, with the appurtenances, which Philip Fitz Odo held by the serjeanty of being a catchpoll or bailiff, and which he left to them in pure alms, or frank almoigne.2 The Knights Hospitallers held a certain place in Hereford in capite of the gift of King Henry, father of King John, by the service of mending the causeys in Hereford/ When the King went a-hunting, from every house, by the custom, there was to go one man to drive the deer to a stand in the forest ; other men, not having dwelling-houses entirely their own, were to find inner-guards for the hall when the King was in the city. When a burgess, serving with a horse, died, the King was to have his horse and arms ; from him who had not a horse, the King, on his death, was to have either ten shillings, or his land and houses. If any one, prevented by death, had not devised his substance or effects, the King was to have all his cattle, Sc." In this county there is a custom observed under the name of Wassailing (which I need not say is a Saxon custom), in the following manner : On the eve of Twelfth Day, at the approach of evening, the farmers, their friends, servants, &c., all assemble, and near six o'clock all walk together to a field where wheat is growing. The highest part of the ground is always chosen, where twelve small fires and one large one are lighted up. The attendants, headed by the master of the family, pledge the com- pany in old cider, which circulates freely on these occasions. A circle is formed round the large fire, when a general shout and hallooing takes place, which you hear answered from all the villages and fields near ; as I have myself counted fifty or sixty 1 Prior de Hereford tenet unum messuag'. in Hereford quod Ric'us. de Haya legavit eccl'ie. S"- Guthlaci in Elymosinam, et messuagium illud tenebatur de d^o Rege per servicium pistoris. De Seriancijs temp. Hen. II. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 6765, p. 34, from Testa de Nevil. ^ Hospitalarii tenent in Hereford unum messuagium cum pertin. quod Philippns filius Odonis tenuit per serjautiam cachepolli, quod eis legavit in puram eleemosynam. Testa de Nevil. Blount, 49. 3 Hospit'. tenent quandam placeam in Hereford in capite de dono Henrici Regis, patris Regis Joh'is pro cauceis emendandis in Hereford. Testa de Nevil. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 6765, p. 33. * Quando rex venatui instabat de unaquaque domo per consuetudinem ibat unus homo ad stabilitionem in sylva ; alii homines non habentes integras masuras invenie- bant inewardos ad aulam quando rex erat in civitate ; burgensis cum caballo serviens, cum moriebatur, habebat rex equum et arma ejus ; de eo qui equum non habebat, si moreretur, habebat rex aut decem solidos aut terram suam cum domibus. Si quis morte prseventus non devisisset quae sua erant, rex habebat omnem ejus pecuniam, &c. Domesday, tit. Heref. Blount, 166. 1 5 6 Tenures of Land fires burning at the same time, which are generally placed on some eminence. This being finished, the company all return to the house, where the good housewife and her maids are pre- paring a good supper, which on this occasion is very plentiful. A large cake is always provided, with a hole in the middle. After supper, the company all attend the bailiff (or head of the oxen) to the wainhouse, where the following particulars are observed : the master, at the head of his friends, fills the cup (generally of strong ale) and stands opposite the first or finest of the oxen (twenty-four of which I have often seen tied up in their stalls together) ; he then pledges him in a curious toast ; the company then follow his example with all the other oxen, addressing each by their name. This being over, the large cake is produced, and is with much ceremony put on the horn of the first ox, through the hole in the cake; he is then tickled to make him toss his head : if he throws the cake behind, it is the mistress's perquisite ; if before (in what is termed the boosey), the bailiff" claims this prize. This ended, the company all return to the house, the doors of which are in the meantime locked, and not opened till some joyous songs are sung. On entering, a scene of mirth and jollity commences, and reigns through the house till a late, or rather an early hour the next morning. Cards are introduced, and the merry tale goes round.' Herlham, Co. of Norfolk. Ralph de Herlham holds the manor of Herlham, in the county of Norfolk, by the serjeanty of finding in the Castle of Norwich one Balistar, in the time of war, for forty days, at his own proper costs.^ Herst-Faucover, Co. of Kent. Henry Michelgrove held (amongst other things) the manor of Herst-Faucover, in the county of Kent, which was held of the King in capite by homage, and the service of keeping yearly one falcon for our lord the King.^ And Godfrey le Hutton held a certain serjeanty there, for which he was to keep the falcons of our lord the King.* 1 Letter signed J. W. Gent. Mag. Feb. 1 791. ' Radulphus de Herlham tenet manerium de Herlham in com. Norf. per serjantiam inveniendi in Castro de Norwico unum Balistarium, tempore guerras, xl dies, sump- tibus suis propriis. Plac. Coron. de anno 14 Edw. I. Rot. 3, Norf. Blount, 67. ^ Henricus Michelgrove (int'. al'.) m. de Herst-Faucouer, in com. Kent, quod tenetur de R. in capite, per homagium et servic'. custodiendi unum falconem dicti dni R. annuatim. Esc. anno 17 Ric'. IL Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 236. * Seriantia Godefr'. le Huton, in Hurst, pro qua debuit custodire falcones dni Reg. De serjantijs, &c. com. Kancie, temp. Hen. IL Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 313J p. II. and Customs of Manors. 1 5 7 Hertlegh, Co. of Hants. Patrick de Chaworth holds the manor of Hertlegh, in the county of Southampton, by performing the service of Cham- berlain at the Exchequer of our lord the King.' Hertrug, Co. of Berks. Philip de Hertrug held certain land in Hertrug, in the county of Berks, which was worth forty shillings a year, by the serjeanty of mewing and keeping one goshawk for the lord the King.° Heschin, Co. of Lancaster. Wiman Gernet holds two carucates of land of our lord the King in Heschin by the service of coming towards the King at the borders of the county, with his horn and white wand, and of conducting him into the county, and of remainingwith him, and also of reconducting him ; and it is worth five marks.^ Heston, Co. of Middlesex. Edmund Fauconer, who died in 1398, was seised of a house and lands in the parishes of Heston and Isleworth, which he held for term of life, under Queen Isabel, by a grant of Edward III. The value of the premises was five pounds per annum ; and the record adds that the tenant was bound to ride among the reapers in the lord's demesnes at Isleworth, upon the Bedrepe day, in autumn, with a sparrow-hawk in his hand.* This estate (called Fawkner Field) is now part of the Childs' property.^ Heurst, Co. of Berks. William Maynard, who held lands in Heurst, acknowledged himself to be villein of the Abbot of Abbendon, and to hold of him in villenage, and by the customs of villenage — viz., by ' Patricius de Cadurcis tenet manerium de Hertlegh in com. prsedict. faciendo ser- vitium Camerarii ad scaccarium domini Regis. Pla. Cor. 8 Edw. I. Rot. 13, South. Blount, 84. * Philippus de Hertrug tenuit quandam terram in Hertrug, in com. Berks, qu^ valet per ann. xls. per serjantiam mutandi et custodiendi unum osturcum domini Regis. Plac. Coron. apud Windesor, 12 Edw. I. Rot. 46. Blount, 40. 2 Wimanus Gernet tenet duos caruc' terre de dno Rege in Heschin, per serviciu veniendi cont' dnm ad fines com' cu comu suo & alba virga & ducendi eum in com' & esse cii eo & iterum reducendi eum & valet v. mrc. Testa de Nevil, p. 372. < CI. 21 Ric. II. pt. 2. m. 3. 5 Lysons' Environs, vol. iii. p. zg. 158 Tenures of Land the service of i8d. per annum, and of giving for marriage and merchet with his daughter and sister, at the Abbot's will, and in performing all villeinous customs.' Heydon, Co. of Essex. Peter Picot held the half of Heydene by the serjeanty of serving with a towel at the coronation of the King; and Peter, the son of Peter Picot, held the other moiety by the serjeanty of serving with the basins.2 In 13 Edward I., John Picot held a certain tenement in the town of Heydon, in the county of Essex, by the serjeanty of holding the towel before our lord the King on the day of his coronation ; and Peter Picot held a certain tenement in the same town by the serjeanty of holding the basins of water at the coronation aforesaid.-' At the coronation of King Richard II., John Wiltshire, citizen of London, exhibited into the court of the Lord High Steward of England a petition to the following effect, viz. : — " To the Most Honourable Lord the King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster, and Steward of England. Your petitioner, John Wiltshire, shows, that whereas the said John holds certain tenements in Heydon, held of our lord the King by the service of holding a towel when our lord the King shall wash his hands, before dinner, on the day of his coronation ; and that the moiety of the said manor lately was in the seisin of J. Picot, who held the same of the Lord Edward, late King of England, great- grandfather to our lord the King that now is, by the same ser- vices, as appears by the record of the Exchequer of our said lord the King, and prays that he may be accepted to do the said office of serjeanty, in the form aforesaid. "And it appearing by the record of the Exchequer of our lord the King, in court shown, that the aforesaid tenements are held of our lord the King by the services aforesaid ; therefore he is admitted to do his service by Edmund Earl of Cambridge (the King's uncle), his deputy ; and so the same Earl, in right of the 1 Willielmus Maynard, qui tenuit terras in Heurst, cognoscit se esse villanum abbatis de Abbendon, et tenere de eo in villenagio, et per villanas consuetudines, viz. per servitium l8d. per annum, et dandi maritagium et merchelura pro filia et sorore sua ad voluntatem ipsius abbatis, et faciendo omnes villanas consuetudines. Placita de Banco, Pasch. 34 Hen, III. Rot. 20. Berks. " Petrus Picot tenet dimid. Heydene, per serjantiam serviendi, cum una toalia, ad Coronationem Regis. Petrus filius Petri Picot tenet aliam medietatem, per serjantiam serviendi de bacinis. Lib. Rub. Scac. 137. ' Johannes Pycot tenet quoddam tenementum in villa de Heydon, in com. Essex, per serjantiam tenend. manutergium coram domino Rege, die Coronationis. Et Petrus Pycot tenet quoddam tenementum, in eadem villa, per serjantiam tenendi pelves, ad aquam dandam, ad Coronationem praedictam. Pla. Coron. 13 Edvif. I. Blount 27. and Customs of Manors. 159 said John, held the towel when the lord the King washed his hands, the said day of his coronation, before dinner." ' At the coronation of King James II., the lord of the manor of Heydon, in Essex, claimed to hold the basin and ewer to the King by virtue of one moiety, and the towel by virtue of another moiety of the said manor, when the King washes, before dinner ; which claim was allowed as to the towel only.^ [HiGHAM, Co. OF Sussex. This manor was granted in i486 to Sir Richard Guldeford, Knight, by letters-patent, and to his heirs male lawfully begot- ten ; with the office of bailiff of New Winchelsea, the rents of assize of all and singular free tenants and bondmen, residents and non-residents ; with the custom of ships and fishing-boats, called shares ; and the custom of divers merchandises, as well arriving by water as brought by land ; and also the custom of wood for tanning, corn, &c. ; and also lastage, stallage, &c., and also fines, forfeitures, and amerciaments of bakers, maltsters, &c., and other victuallers whatsoever ; and for trespasses against the peace, and the chattels of felons, &c. ; waifs, strays, &c., to the office of bailiff belonging.] ' Highbury, Co. of Middlesex. Lands in this manor descend according to the custom of gavelkind, being equally divided between male heirs in the same degree of consanguinity ; and in default of male heirs, among females in like manner. The copyholders pay a fine uncertain, it being arbitrary and at the will of the lord. No heriots are now demanded, nor has there been any for many ages, but 6s. 8d. appears to have been once paid on that account 1 J. W. Counte (citoyen) de L. porrexit in Cur. quandam petitionem in h^c verba. Al treshonorable seignior le Roy de Castile et de Leon, Duke de Lane, et Seneshal d'Angl. vfe suppl. J. W. que come le dit. J. tient certeine tenements in Heydon quels sont le moytie del maner de Heydon tenus de nostre seigniour le Roy, per son service le teyner un towell quant nostre seignior le Roy lavera ses maynes devant manger le jour de son Coronment, et que le moytie de dit man. jades fuit in le season J. Pygot q. le tyent de seign. E. nadgayers Roy d'Engleter. Besayle nostre seigniour le Roy que ore est per les services suisdits, coe appiert perrecord de I'eschequer nostre dit seigniour le Roy, et prya que il poet estr. accept, au dit office de serjeantie faire in le forme suisdit. Et hoc appiert de record de scaccario domini Regis in Cur. monstrat quod praedicta tenementa tenentur de domino Rege per servitia pr^dicta. Ideo admittatur ad servitium suum hujusmodi faciend. per Edm. comitem. Cant, deputatum suum. Et sic idem comes in jure ipsius Johannis manutergia tenuit quando dominus Rex lavavit manus suas dicto die Coronationis suae ante prandium. Crompt. Jurisdict. 86. b. ^ Sandf. Hist. Coron. ' [Cooper's Hist, of Winchelsea, 1850, p. 169. This grant viras renewed 8th James I. for a pecuniary consideration, to Sir Henry Guldeford. The character of the tenure viras subsequently altered, and the property frequently changed hands. ] 1 60 Tenures of L and in the reign of Henry VII. Widows are not entitled to dower of the copyhold.' [HiGHGATE IN DENBIGH, CO. OF DENBIGH. In 1702, John Webster, alias Roberts, made over this property for £100 to Christopher Sharke of the Inner Temple for a term of 500 years at the annual rent of one pepper-corn.] "" HiGHTESTY, Co. OF NORTHAMPTON, was held upon condition to find dogs for the destruction of wolves, foxes, &c.^ * HiLDSLEY, Co. OF BERKS. At this court John Rede made fine with the lord for his tenement, by the service of 8s. and one Bederip in autumn.* [Hill and Nympsfield, Co. of Gloucester. Sir Nicholas Pointz had the correction, it is said,^ of the breaches of assize of bread and ale, which he punished per denarios, by the purse, because he had not tumbril, pillory, sok, sak, thol, thun, or infang-thef] HiNDRINGHAM, Co. OF NORFOLK, About the time of King John, mention is made of certain tenants belonging to the prior and convent of Norwich, called Lanceti, who were to have their sheep in the lord's fold from Martinmas to Candlemas, and then to have their ewes out of the fold, and to pay foldage ; but their other sheep continued in the lord's fold the whole year.* Ho, Co. OF Essex. Jeremy del Ho and Ralph de Coggeshale hold the fee of Ho, in Rivahale, which is of the Honour of Bologne, and worth forty shillings (yearly) ; and they ought to hold it by the service of the chamberlainship in the county of Devon, and now they do no service for it except payment of two ward-pennies a year to the hundred of Witham.' 1 Nelson's History of Islington. => \_Ancient and Modern Denbigh, by John Williams, 1856, p. 151, note.l » Camd. Brit. p. 525. * Ad istam curiam Johannes Rede fecit finem cum domino pro tenemento suo per servitium octo solidorum et unius Bederip in autumno. Rot. Curiae maner. de Hildeslegh, in com. Berks, 12 Ric. II. Blount, 19. ° Fosbroke's Berkeley Manuscripts, 1821, p. 75. 8 Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, vol. v. p. 799. ' Jeremy del Ho, et Radulfus de Coggeshale tenent feodum del Ho in Rivahale quod est de Honore Bononise, et valet xl s. et debent tenere per servitium Chamber- langeriae, in com. Devon, et modo nullum servitium faciunt, nisi duos wart-penys per ann. ad hundredum de Wyham. Plac. Coron. 11 Hen. III. Rot. I, apud Chelms- ford. Blount, 49. HoDNET, Co. OF Salop. This town was formerly inhabited by a family of that name, from whom, by the Ludlows, it came by inheritance to the Vernons. It was anciently held of the Honour of Montgomery by the service of being steward of the same honour.' 1 Inquis. lo Edw. II. Blount, 23. and Customs of Manors. 1 6 1 HOCHANGRE, CO. OF HANTS. James de Hochangre holds Hochangre, in the county of Southampton, by the serjeanty of finding a valet in the army of our lord the King, for forty days, and of making the bridge at Hochangre ; and it was worth by the year a hundred shillings.' HOCKNORTON, OR HOKENORTON, Co. OF OXFORD. Henry the Third granted Hocknorton and Cudlington to John de Plessetis, or Plessy, which were- the inheritance of Henry d'Oily, and fell into the King's hands upon the death of Margaret Countess of Warwick, wife of the aforesaid John, as an escheat of the lands of the Normans, to have and to hold till such times as the lands of England and Normandy should be made common.'" The ancient barony of Hokenorton now lies dormant in the family of Sir John Doily of Chiselhampton, county of Oxford, Bart., which family is related to the above- mentioned John de Plessetis, and Ela Countess of Warwick, as appears by their pedigree, in the English Baronets, vol. ii. p. 445.^ Ela Countess of Warwick holds the manor of Hokenorton, in the county of Oxford, which was of the barony of D'Oyly, of our lord the King in capite, by the serjeanty of carving before the lord our King on Christmas Day, and to have the knife of our lord the King with which she carved."* HOKINDEN, Co. OF KENT. It appears by an inquisition taken at Hokinden, before the King's escheator, in the second year of the reign of King Edward I., that Isabella de Monte Alto, who had been deceased three years, held in gavelkind, on the day of her death, of the Prior of Christ Church, in Canterbury, one messuage and forty-two acres of land, with the appurtenances, in Hokinden, by the service of los. iid. per annum, and by the service of ploughing, mowing, and carrying the produce of certain lands of the Prior to his grange at Orpington, and other services therein men- tioned ; and by the making suit at the court of the Prior there from three weeks to three weeks.' ^ Jacobus de Hochangre tenet Hochangre in com. Southampton, per serjantiam inveniendi unum valectum in exercitu domini Regis, per quadraginta dies, et ad faciendum pontem de Hochangre, et valet per ann. c s. Plac. Coron. 8 Edw. I. Rot. 13, South. Blount, 84. 2 Camd. Brit. 297. Blount, 73. ' Comp. Cop. 299. Ela, (^omitissa Warwici, tenet manerium de Hoke-Norton, in com. Oxon. quod est de bar'onia de Oyly, de domino Rege in capite, per serjantiam scindendi coram domino Rege die natalis domini, et habere cultellum domini Regis de quo scindit, Pla. Coron. 13 Edw. I. Rot. 30, Oxon. Blount, 73. ^ Hasted's Kent, i. 142. L 1 62 Tenures of Land [HOKENHALE, Co. OF NOTTINGHAM. William de Grey held two parts of five bovates of land at Hokenhale by the service of carrying a gerfalcon from Michael- mas till Lent at the King's Court.] ' HoLicoTE, Co. OF Somerset. Walter Barun held certain lands and tenements in the town of Holicote, of the King in capita, by the service of hanging, upon a certain forked piece of wood, the red deer that died of the murrain in the King's forest of Exmore ; and also of lodging or entertaining the poor strangers, weakened by infirmities, that came to him, at his own proper costs, for the souls of the ances- tors of our lord King Edward.^ [Holt, Co. of Denbigh. By the charter granted, or rather renewed, i March, 5 Eliza- beth, the burgesses of Holt were left in the free and peaceable enjoyment of all their ancient rights and privileges in consider- ation of certain payments, that is to say : " Rendering to us, our heirs and assigns, , . . every of the said burgesses, their English heirs and assigns, for every burgage twelvepence, for every curtilage twelvepence, and for every acre of land apper- taining to his free burgage twelvepence, and for every acre of land which used to be in our demesne two shillings of silver yearly. Also doing suit yearly at our two general courts of our town aforesaid, [at Easter and Michaelmas ;] . . . and that every heir of such burgesses, their heirs or assigns, after the death of his ancestor, shall give to us and our heirs double of his rent of one year in the name of his relief." Each burgess was also required to provide a man-at-arms to guard Holt Castle for forty days, yearly, in time of war, till the completion of a wall, when each of the said burgesses should be bound to furnish a man to guard the same, or in default of doing so, either in person or by deputy, the Crown should be entitled to seize the burgage till compensation was given. After the recitation of various other details foreign to the immediate purpose, the charter proceeds : " Also we have granted to our same burgesses, their heirs and 1 \Excerpta Historica, 1833, p. 19, 20.] ' Walterus Baron tenuit quasdam terras et qusedam tenementa in villa de Hole- cote, de Rage in capite, per servitium pendendi super quoddam lignum furcatum cervos de morina defunctos in foresta Regis de Exemore ; ac etiam hospitandi pauperes supervenientes, de infirmitate debilitatos, sumptibus suis propriis, pro animabus antecessorum domini Edwardi Regis. Inquis. 35 Edw. I. n. i, Somerset. Blount, 30. and Customs of Manors. 163 successors, that when any stranger' or other person whomsoever shall die upon the free tenement or free land of any of the burgesses whomsoever, their heirs or assigns, within our town aforesaid, or the liberty thereof, the same deceased, if he be not a burgess of our town aforesaid, shall give to the burgess upon whose land or tenement he shall die, his best live beast in the name of his heriot, and there being no such beast, chattel in the name of the principal aforesaid. . . . Also we have granted to the same our aforesaid burgesses, their English heirs and assigns, and their tenants, that they may have com- mon of pasture in a certain parcel of land, called the Common Wood, for all their cattle within our town aforesaid, levant and couchant, with free ingress and egress for the same. . . . Also we will that all our aforesaid burgesses, their heirs and assigns, resident within our town, who have not their own oven, shall be bound to bake in our common oven of the same town, paying the person occupying the said oven for every London bushel one halfpenny, and so only for every bushel. Also we have granted to our same burgesses, their English heirs and assigns, and their tenants, of our town aforesaid, licence of digging, taking, and freely carrying sea coals and turves in our wastes of Coilpoith and Brymbo, [and] in all other wastes and places, where other our English or Welsh tenants dig coal and turves for their fuel in their houses. . . . Also we have granted to our aforesaid burgesses, their heirs or assigns, that hereafter it shall not be lawful to any of our tenants of our lordship aforesaid, resident within two miles next our town aforesaid, to draw or sell the beer of Salop or Chester, or any other victuals, within our precincts aforesaid, to the prejudice and nuisance of our town aforesaid, nor any other beer except the beer brewed within our town of Holt, under the penalty of six shillings and eightpence; . . . and that all and singular the burgesses of our town aforesaid, their heirs and successors, shall grind all their corn and malt at our mills, within our lord- ship there, at the twentieth measure."^ Holt, like Wrexham and a large portion of the surrounding neighbourhood, lies within the widespreading boundaries of the hundred of Bromfield and Yale, connected with which were for- merly many curious customs. The older records of the court- leet of Holt itself appear to have been destroyed. The Common Wood, mentioned in the foregoing extracts from the charter of 1563, was partly enclosed under the Act of 1846 ; but the portions which remain are still held to the use of the freeholders of Holt, being residents in severalty for ever. On * [A person belonging to another parish.] ■■' [Letters-patent of an Innotessimus of a charter of Thomas Earl of Arundel and Surrey, made in the 13th year of Henry IV. to the burgesses of Holt. Translated by H. W. Hewlett, 1848.] 164 Tenures of Land the death of every freeholder, his heir or heirs pay to the lord of the manor a fine certain of six shillings and eightpence as a heriot, which seems to be the commutation of the ancient pay- ments specified in the charter. This borough has also the right of holding an assize of bread and ale. Holywell, Co. of Flint. Within this parish is St Winifred's Well, which is common, and does not belong to the lord of the manor. This was decided by the Court of Chancery in the time of James I. Lord Chancellor Ellesmere decreed, that "on calling to mind that within the said manor [of Holywell] there is a fountain or well of ancient and worthy memory, he doth not think fit that the petitioner, [Sir John Egerton] or any other, should have the property thereof, notwithstanding the general words of the grant of the manor ; and therefore his Lordship doth order that, notwithstand- ing the said grant, the well shall continue as now it is, or hereto- fore hath been : saving to the petitioners, and his heirs and assigns, the benefit of the stream and watercourse, with the appurtenances."] ' Home Beddington, Co. of Surrey. The records relating to Azor's manor, sometimes called Home Beddington, are very complete and satisfactory. The Watevils, who held it of Ric. de Tonbridge, in the Conqueror's time, were possessed of it in the reign of Hen. H.^ The right- of the mesne, or intermediate, lord was probably either purchased by or granted to that family, as their successors held it immedi- ately of the King by the service of rendering annually a wooden crossbow, as all the records express.^ HoMET, IN Normandy. King Henry V. granted to Sir Walter Hungerford the castle and barony of Hornet, in Normandy, in special tail ; rendering to the King and his heirs one lance, with a fox-tail hanging thereat, yearly, upon the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, and finding ten men-at-arms and twenty archers to serve him or his lieutenant during his wars with France.* ' [Pennant's Hist, of Whiteford and Holywell, 1796, p. 224.] ^ Dugdale's Monasticon, vol. i. p. 61. ' Lysons' Environs, vol. i. pp. 49, 50. ° Rot. Norman. 6 Hen. V. p. 1, m. 2. Blount, 19, and Customs of Manors. 165 HONINGTON, Co. OF WARWICK. The tenants of the manor of Honington, in the county of Warwick, were by ancient custom to perform several services to the lord, every other day, from Midsummer to Michaelmas. To pay six shillings and eightpence yearly for maintenance of the lord's corn-cart, and none of them to sell his horse-colt without licence from the lord.' Hook, Co. of Dorset. The manor of Hook pays Cert Money to the hundred of Egerdon.'' Hope, Co. of Derby. William Heyr held lands in the town of Hope by the service of keeping the forest of High Peak, in Hopdale.^ HoPTON, Co. of Salop. To the heyrs male of the Hopton, lawfully begotten. To me and to myne, to thee and to thine, While the water runs, and the sun doth shine; For lack of heyrs to the King againe, I William, King, the third year of my reign, Give to the Norman Hunter, To me that art both line and deare, The hoppe and hoptoune. And all the bounds up and downe, Under the earth to hell, Above the earth to heaven. From me and from mine. To thee and to thine, As good and as faire As ever they myne were. To witness that this is sooth, I bite the white wax with my tooth. Before Jugg, Marode, and Margery, And my third son Henry, For one bow and one broad arrow. When I come to hunt upon Yarrow.'* ^ Inquis. per H. Nott. Blount, i6o. '^ Jac. Law Diet. tit. Cert Money. ^ Willielmus Heyr ten' terras in villa de Hope, per serj. custod. forestam de Alto Pecco in Hopdale. Esch. anno 26 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2037, * MS. Rob. Glover, in com. Salop. Blount, 102. 1 6 6 Tenures of Land " This grant, made by William the Conqueror to the ancestor of the ancient family of the Hoptons, I copied out of an old manuscript, and John Stow has it in his Chronicle ; but in both it wanted the four first lines, which seem to create that estate tail, by which Richard Hopton, Esq., a gentleman of low fortune, but maybe the right heir of the family, hath of late years, by virtue of this charter, made several claims, and commenced divers suits, both for this manor of Hopton-in-the- Hole, in the county of Salop, and for divers other the manors and lands of Ralph, late Lord Hopton ; but hitherto, for aught I hear, without any success." ' William Rastall, a reverend and learned judge, who was made one of the justices of the King's Bench in 1558, in his treatise entitled Les Termes de la Ley, under the word fait or deed, says, the like to this was showed me, by one of my friends, in a loose paper, but not very anciently written, and therefore he willed me to esteem of it as I thought good. It was as follows : " I William, King, give to thee Plowlen Royden, my hop and my hop-lands, with all the bounds up and down, from heaven to earth, from earth to hell, for thee and thine to dwell, from me and mine, to thee and thine, for a bow and a broad arrow, when I come to hunt upon Yarrow. In witness that this is sooth, I bit this wax with my tooth, in the presence of Magge, Maud, and Margery, and my third son Henry." ^ These were certainly both meant for the same grant, though so very different from each other ; but which of them was a true copy of the original, or whether either of them was so, is a matter of great doubt. Both copies are ancient. Robert Glover, Somerset Herald, from whose manuscript Mr Blount's copy was taken, was contemporary with Judge Rastall, being made Somerset Herald in 1571, and-was a man of infinite industry and incredible pains, and of an excellent wit and learning.^ HORNMEDE, Co. OF HERTFORD. The jurors say that the manor of Horflmede, in the county of Hertford, which the Lady Lora de Saundford holds in dower, is a serjeanty of our lord the King by being Chamberlain to our lady the Queen.* ' MS. Rob. Glover, in com. Salop. Blount, 103. => Les Termes de la Ley, tit. Fait. Weever's Fun. Monum. p. 364. 3 Weever's Fun. Monum. p. 424, edit. 1767. * Juratores dicunt quod manerium de Hornmede in com. Hertford, quod domina Lora de Sandford tenet in dotem, est serjantia domini Regis, essendi Camerarius doming Reginje. Ha. 7 Edw. I. Rot. 39. Blount, 60. and Customs of Manors. 1 6 7 HoRwooD, Co. OF Lancaster. John Bradshaw held one acre and a half of land, &c., in the town of Horwood, of Sir Edward Trafford, Knight, in socage, by rendering one iron arrow to be paid yearly, and it was worth three shillings and fourpence.' HOTHFIELD, Co. OF KENT. This manor was anciently held of the see of Canterbury by the tenure of executing the office of chamberlain to the Arch- bishop on the day of his enthroniaation, for which service the person thus officiating was entitled to all the furniture of the Archbishop's bed-chamber.2 HoTON, Co. OF Cumberland. The manor of Hoton, in the county of Cumberland, is held of our lord the King in capite by the service of being keeper of the forest in the Haya of our lord the King at Plompton ; and besides this, by the service of holding the stirrup of our lord the King whilst he should mount his horse in his Castle of Carlisle, and by the service of paying 33s. 4d. a year at the King's Exchequer at Carlisle, by the hands of the Sheriff of Cumber- land for the time being.^ HoTON, Co. OF Durham. In the twenty-fifth year of Bishop Hatfield, 1369, John Warde of Hoton died seised in his demesne, &c., of one mes- suage and sixty acres of land, with the appurtenances, in Hoton, which were held of the Lord Bishop in capite by homage and fealty, in dringage, by six bushels of oats, to be delivered at the manor of Middleham, and three bushels of barley at the aforesaid manor.* ^ Johannes Bradshaw ten'. I acr'. et dim', cum pertin'. in villa de Horwood, de Edw. Trafford;milite, in soc. per redd', i sagitt. ferri annuatim solv. val. 3s. 4d. A° 2 Edw. VI. Tenures, &c. co. Lancaster. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2085, p. 486. 2 Beauties of England and Wales, vol. viii. p. 1 189. 3 Manerium de Hoton in com. Cumbr. tenetur de domino Rege in capite, per servitium forestse custodis in Haya domini Regis de Plompton, et ultra hoc, per servitium tenendi stippam sellse domini Regis, dum equum suum in Castro suo Car- leoli scanderit, et per servitium reddendi per ann. 33s. 4d. ad Scaccarium Regis Carliol. per manus vicecom. Cumbrise, qui pro tempore fuerit. Esc. de anno 5 Hen. VII. Blount, 31. * Johannes Warde, de Hoton, ob'. s'. in dominico, &c. de uno mess, et Ix acr'. terr'. cum pertin'. in Hoton, que tenentur de diio episcopo in capite, per hom'. et fid', in dringag. per vi bz. aven'. ad man', de Middleham, et iii bz. ordei ad pre- dictum man'. Inquis. post mortem Johannis Warde. 25 Hatfield. 1 6 8 Tenures of Land [HoTON, Co. OF Wilts. At the time of the Doomsday survey, the two churches on this manor belonged to the Abbey of St Michael's Mount (m Normandy ?) and were valued at 20s.] ' HOTON ROEF, Co. OF WESTMORELAND. Thomas de Redeman, holding lands and tenements which were William Stornell's, gave to our lord the King three shil- lings for the relief of the said William— viz., for two messuages, thirty-seven acres of land, four acres of meadow, &c., with the appurtenances, in Hoton Roef, in the county of Westmoreland, held of the King in capite by fealty, and fortypence yearly, and tenpence for the maintenance of the King's bailiff in the same county, called the Serjeant's fee.^ Houghton, Co. of Leicester. The manor of Nicholas Malory of Draughton, in Northamp- tonshire, part of which he gave to Roger his brother, and part to John Fitz-Sampson, to hold of him in villenage ; a tenure, says John de Breton, as ancient almost as Noah, when it was agreed that captives in war should not be killed, but become villeins or bondmen. The nature of this tenure was, i. That the lord might use the villein at his pleasure, and he must do whatever his lord commanded him. 2. If a villein purchased any lands, his lord might put him out and seize it ; and if he bought any goods, the lord might take them for his use. 3. If any man took away a villein by force, the lord might have an action of trespass, and if he ran away, the lord might have a writ de nativo habendo, directed to the sheriff to bring him again.^ [Howell's Charity. In 1838 the Drapers' Company of London reported, in answer to certain proceedings at law taken against them, that they paid yearly, in respect of property in the city of London 1 [Doomsday of Wilts, by Wyndham, 1788, p. 40.] ^ Thomas de Redeman tenens terr'. et ten', que fuere Willielmi Stomell, dat d"°- Regi 3s. pro relevio ipsius Willielmi, viz. pro duobus messuagiis, 37 acr'. terr'. 4 acr'. prati, &c. cum pertinentiis, in Hoton Roef, in com. Westmorl. ten', de Rege in capite per fidelit'. et 40d. per annum, at lod. pro putura ball. Regis in eodem Com. vocat'; serjanc'. feod. De termino Hil. anno 35 Edw. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, pp. 214, 215. ' Magna Brit. vol. ii. p. 1345. and Cttsioms of Manors. 169 belonging to this well-known and well-abused charity, namely, ;^i quit-rent to the Grocers' Company, and 5 s. 4d. quit -rent to the parish of St Edmund the King.] i HUCKNALL-TORCARD, Co. OF NOTTINGHAM. Sir John Leeke ° holds the manor of Hucknall-Torcard, in the county of Nottingham, and certain messuages, lands, and tene- ments in Hucknall-Torcard, of our lord the King in capita, by the service of carrying one gerfalcon, from the feast of St Michael the Archangel until Lent, at the costs of the King, with three horses, for two shillings a day, and half a sextary of wine, and two robes, when he should be summoned to do this service. And if his horses should die in the King's service, the King was to restore his horses to him.^ HUNGERFORD, CO. OF BERKS. Simon Punchard holds two yard-lands in Hungerford by the serjeanty of being the King's spearman, and they were worth ten shillings.'' HUNSHELFE, PARISH OF PENISTON, Co. OF YORK. A farm called Unshriven Bridge (vulgo Unsliven Brigg), in Hunshelfe, in the parish of Peniston, in the county of York, pays yearly to Godfrey Bosville, Esq. of Gunthwaite, in the same parish, two broad-headed and feathered arrows.' Huntingdon, Co. of Huntingdon. At Huntingdon the people have a custom of receiving any King of England that passes in progress that way with a great number of ploughs brought forth in a pedantic or rustic pomp ; and they boast that in former times they have brought out at once nine score ploughs. When King James the First came to 1 \^The Charity of Thomas Howell, a.d. 1540, by Thomas Falconer, i860, p. 5.] 2 This Sir John Leeke (who was ancestor to the Lords d'Eyncourt) died in the reign of King Henry VIII. Another Sir John Leeke held this manor by the same services in the 37th Hen. VI. See Blount, 93, and Escaet. 37 Hen. VI. — E. " Manerium de Hucknall-Torkard, ac certa messuagia, terr. et ten. in Hucknall- Torkard, tenentur de domino Rege in capita, per servitium ad portand. unum ger- falconera a festo Sancti Michaelis Archangeli usque ad Quadragesimam, sumptibus domini Regis, cum tribus equis, pro duobus solidis per diem, et dimidium sextarii vini, et duobus robis, quando premunitur ad hoc faciendum. Et si equi sui moriantur in servitio domini Regis, dictus Rex equos sues sibi restaurabit. Ex MS. penes F. F. Foljambe, Arm. * Simon Punchard tenet duas virg' terre in Hungerford, per serjantiam hastillar' et val. X sol. Esc. in com. Berks. Testa de Nevil, p. 107. 5 Extracted from the writings of Godfrey Bosville, Esq . 170 Tenures of Land England, the bailiffs of this town presented him with three score and ten team of horses, all traced to handsome new ploughs, to show their husbandry; of which, when the King demanded the reason, they told him that it was their ancient custom whensoever any King of England passed through their town so to present him, and added further that they held their lands by that tenure, being the King's tenants.' Huntingdon, Co. of Stafford. Richard Lytelton, and Alicia his wife, daughter and heir of William Wynnesbury, acknowledged that they held, as in. right of her the said Alicia, one messuage, one yard-land, and twenty- seven shillings rent in Huntingdon, in the county of Stafford, of the King in capite, by grand serjeanty — viz., to keep the Hay of Tedesley, in the forest of Cannok, in the county aforesaid.^ . HUNTLESHAM, CO. OF SUFFOLK. John Pypard paid to the King (amongst other things) two shillings for his relief for twelve pounds of land, in Huntlesham, in the county of Suffolk, held of the King by the service of one sparhawk yearly.^ [HURST-PlERPOINT, CO. OF SUSSEX. It seems useless to do more in regard to this article, omitted by Blount and his former editors, than to refer to Mr Ellis's monograph in the eleventh volume of the Sussex Archceo logical Collections^ HUTTON-CONYERS, CO. OF YORK. Near this town, which lies a few miles from Ripon, there is a large common, called Hutton-Conyers Moor, whereof William Aislabie, Esq. of Studley-Royal (lord of the manor of Hutton- Conyers), is lord of the soil, and on which there is a large coney- warren belonging to the lord. The occupiers of messuages and cottages within the several towns of Hutton-Conyers, Melmerby, 1 Universal Library, or Complete Summary of Science, edit. 1722, p. 351. ^ Ricardus Lytelton et Alicia uxor eius, filia et heres Willielmi Wynnesbury, cognoverunt se tenere ut in iure ipsius Alicie, unum mess', unam virgat'. terr'. et xxvij s. redd', in Huntingdon, in com. Staff, de R. in capite, per magnam serianciam, viz. custodiendi hayam de Tedesley in foresta de Cannok, in com. predicto. Mich'is fin. anno 19 Regis Henrici VII. Rotulo quarto. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5174, p. 19. 3 Johannes Pypard dat Regi 2s. de relevio suo pro ;^xii ter'. in Huntlesham, in com. Suff. tenet, de Rege per servitium unius nisi per annii. De termino Pasche, a° 31 esparuareum sor'. annuatim vel ij s. ad man', vie. Hertf. pro tempore existen. Mich's fin. anno 6 Hen. VH. Rot. i. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 33. and Customs of Manors. 1 7 1 Baldersby, Rainton, Dishforth, and Hewick have right of estray for their sheep to certain Hmited boundaries on the common, and each township has a shepherd. The lord's shepherd has a pre-eminence of tending his sheep on any part of the common, and wherever he herds the lord's sheep, the several other shepherds are to give way to him, and give up their hoofing-place, so long as he pleases to depasture the lord's sheep thereon. The lord holds his court the first day in the year, and to entitle those several townships to such right of estray, the shepherd of each township attends the court, and does fealty by bringing to the court a large apple-pie and a two-penny sweet-cake, except the shepherd of Hewick, who compounds by paying sixteenpence for ale (which is drunk as after men- tioned) and a wooden spoon ; each pie is cut in two, and divided by the bailiff, one half between the steward, bailiff, and the tenant of the coney-warren before mentioned, and the other half into six parts, and divided amongst the six shepherds of the before- mentioned six townships. In the pie brought by the shepherd of Rainton an inner one is made filled with prunes. The cakes are divided in the same manner. The bailiff of the manor pro- vides furmety and mustard, and delivers to each shepherd a slice of cheese and a penny roll. The furmety, well mixed with mustard, is put into an earthen pot, and placed in a hole in the ground, in a garth belonging to the bailiff's house, to which place the steward of the court, with the bailiff, tenant of the warren, and six shepherds, adjourn, with their respective wooden spoons. The bailiff provides spoons for the steward, the tenant of the warren, and himself The steward first pays respect to the furmety, by taking a large spoonful ; the bailiff has the next honour, the tenant of the warren next, then the shepherd of Hutton-Conyers, and afterwards the other shepherds by regular turns ; then each person is served with a glass of ale (paid for by the sixteenpence brought by the Hewick shepherd), and the health of the lord of the manor is drunk ; then they adjourn back to the bailiff's house, and the further business of the court is proceeded in.' In addition to the above account, which the editor received from the steward of the court, he learned the following particulars from a Mr Barrowby of Dishforth, who has several times attended the court, and observed the customs used there. He says that each pie contains about a peck of flour, is about sixteen or eighteen inches diameter, and as large as will go into the mouth of an ordinary oven ; that the bailiff of the manor measures them with a rule, and takes the diameter, and if they are not of a sufficient capacity, he threatens to return them, and fine the town. If they are large enough, he divides them with a rule ' From a letter addressed by Henry Atkinson, Esq. of Ripen, to the editor, dated iglh January 1778. 1 72 Tenures of Land and compasses into four equal parts, of which the steward claims one, the warrener another, and the remainder is divided amongst the shepherds. In respect to the furmety, he says that the top of the dish in which it is put is placed level with the surface of the ground ; that all persons present are invited to eat of it, and those who do not are not deemed loyal to the lord ; that every shepherd is obliged to eat of it, and for that purpose is to take a spoon in his pocket to the court, for if any of them neglects to carry his spoon with him, he is to lay him down upon his belly, and sup the furmety with his face to the pot or dish ; at which time it is usual, by way of sport, for some of the by- standers to dip his face into the furmety; and sometimes a shepherd, for the sake of diversion, will purposely leave his spoon at home. HuxTHON, Co. OF Berks. Ralph Russel held one carucate of land in Huxthon, in the county of Berks, of the King in capite, by knight's service, and by the service of bearing one cup before the King on Christmas Day.^ Hywishe, Co. of Wilts. John, son and heir of Nicholas de Cotteley, holds the manor of Hywishe of the King in capite by grand serjeanty (to wit), by finding for our lord the King onp armed horseman, or esquire, in the King's army in England, at his proper costs, for forty days.2 ILMER, Co. of Bucks. At the coronation of King James II., the lord of the manor of Ilmer claimed to be Marshal, Surveyor, and Conservator of his Majesty's hawks in England, with divers fees, and the nomina- tion of under officers; which claim was not allowed, as not respecting the coronation, but the claimant was left to take his course at law, if he thought fit.^ 1 Radus Russel tenuit j caruc. terr. in Huxthon in com. Berk, de R. in capite, per servic' militare, et per servic' portandi unam coupam die Natalis dni coram R. Esc. anno R. R. E. primi. 39. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 708, p. 4. ^ Johannes, filius et heres Nicholai de Cotteley, tenet manerium de Hywishe, de Rege in capite, per magnam serjantiam, scilicet inveniendi Regi unum servientem equitem et armatum in exercitu sue in Anglia ad custos suos proprios, per xl dies. De termino Pasche, a° 38 Edw. III. Rot. ij°. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 229. s Sandf. Hist. Coron. Gent. Mag. vol. xxxi. p. 323. and Customs of Manors. 173 IMMERE, Co. OF WILTS. William Rouce, son and heir of John Rouce, Esq., held of the King in capite (amongst other things) the manor of Immere, in the county of Wilts, by the service of being one of the Chamberlains of our lord the King.' [Ipstone, Co. of Bucks. The manor and parish of Ipstone, which extends over 720 acres, is partly in Buckinghamshire and partly in Oxfordshire, the division of the counties passing through the parlour of the manor-house. It has been immemorially so divided, as appears from the account of Doomsday Book.] ^ IRCHINFIELD, [OR URCHENFIELDJ CO. OF HEREFORD. The King has in Arcenfelde one hundred men, minus four, who hold seventy-three carucse with their men, and pay for custom forty-one pints of honey and twenty shillings, in lieu of the sheep which they used to furnish, and ten shillings smoke- money, and no other toll or custom, except serving in the King's army, if required. If a freeman dies there, the King has his horse and arms ; and if a villein, one ox. These ninety-six men here spoken of, Mr Blount reckoned to be liberi homines, yet such as held in gavelkind ; and the seventy-three ploughs, with their men, he looked upon as their villani ; and that both held all their lands in this territory in gavelkind, which are so continued to this day. They were free from payments and customs anciently imposed upon the rest of the nation, because as a special remark it is said, " nee dant geldam aut aliam consuetudinem," unless it be to march in the King's army when they are commanded, yet paying (as the rest of Wales doth) their talu-fwch and talu-furn, this last being the fumagium above mentioned, a payment for fire, and elsewhere called smoke silver, which is still paid to the lords of manors in Wales, and in some parts of England to the minister of the parish. They had the chief honour in the army given them, and led the van to fight, and brought up the rear in its retreat.3 They have, within their circuit, a liberty to arrest for 1 WiU'us Rouce, filius et heres Johannis Rouce, ar'. tenuit de Rege in capite mane- rium de Immere, in com. Wilts, per servitium essendi unus de Camerarijs dni Regis. De termino Pasche. a°. i Hen. VI. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 427. " [Ijungley's J/isiory and Aniij. of Desborough, &c. 1797, p. 309.] ' Cum exercitus regis in hostem pergat, homines de Urclienfeild, in com. Hereford, per consuetudinem faciunt avantward, et in reversione le rerewarde. Jurati hundredorum de Irchenfeild, Webtre, et Greytre, dicunt quod Botholin, qui tenuit villam de Com- 1 74 Tenures of Land any sum of money whatsoever ; and whoever purchases lands there may bequeath them to whom he pleases, as it was adjudged inter Martinstow and Gloditha, 20 Edw. I. The wife here hath the moiety of her husband's lands for her dower ; nor is here any forfeiture of lands for felony ; besides, the King's writ runs not here. They have also a formal mode of judicature of their own, much after the British fashion : the steward, with his officers belonging to the court, being seated, there are certain chiefs among them who hold their lands of the lord by suit and doom in the court of this his liberty, and therefore called doomsmen — that is, men of judgment, or such as are to judge of matters in controversy. Accordingly, in the quo warranto roll of Irchenfeld, 20 Edw. I, it is recorded that "jurati hundredorum de Irchenfeld, Webtre, et Greytre dicunt quod Botholin qui tenuit villam de Camboglin solebat facere sectam ad hun- dred predict, et esse unus doomsman de eodem hundredo, &c." And whereas the King had three churches within this liberty, the priests of those churches were bound to carry the King's messages into Wales, and each of them to say two masses every week for the King, as appears by Domesday Book. Besides, the learned author before cited affirms he has seen a record, where- in the inhabitants of Irchenfeld are said to be left, as it were, to their own liberty, and to be extra comitatum, not bound up to any strictness by the country laws. Lastly, the tenure whereby they hold their lands is gavelkind, which is a parti- tion among all female children, with this difTerence only to the eldest son, that certain principals (as they call them) pass to him as heirlooms, and are not subject to partition, such as the best beast, the best bed and furniture, the best table, &c., which tenure, and those other enumerated customs, they do, for the most part, still retain, as derived to them from great antiquity, even before the Norman Conquest, for they are recorded to have been consuetudines Walensium tempore Regis Edwardi Confessoris. These customs were as follow : If any stole from the Welsh a man or woman, horse, ox, or cow, he was, on conviction, to restore the thing stolen, and forfeit twenty shillings ; but for a sheep or bundle of manipuli, two shillings. Whoever killed one of the King's men and fled, was to forfeit to the King twenty shiUings for the murder, and one hundred shillings forfeit ; if the man belonged to a thane, the forfeit to the man's master was to be ten shillings. If one Welshman killed another. boglin, solebat facere sectam ad hundredum prEedictum, et esse unus domesman de eodem hundredo. Whenever the King's army should go against the enemy, the men of Urchenfeild, in the county of Hereford, by custom, made the avantward (vanguard), and in returning the rereward. The jurors of the hundreds of Irchenfeild, Webtre, and Gretre say that Botholin, who held the town of Comboglin, ought to make suit to the hundred aforesaid, and to be a domesman of the same hundred. Domesday. Rot. de Quo Warr. 20 Edw, I. Heref. Blount, 165. and Customs of Manors. 1 75 the relations of the deceased were to meet and plunder the goods of the murderer and his relations, and burn their houses till the body was buried, about noon of the following day. The King was to have his third of the booty, and all the rest was to remain to them. Whoever was charged with firing a house, and could not clear himself by forty compurgators, was to for- feit twenty shillings to the King. Whoever was convicted of concealing one pint of honey in the custom, was to forfeit five pints for one, if his lands yielded as much. If the sheriff called them to the shiremot, six or seven of the best were to go with him, and whoever refused to go on summons, was to forfeit two shillings or an ox to the King, " et qui de hundret remanet," was to pay as much ; the like fine for disobeying the sheriff's precept to go with him into Wales ; for, if the sheriff did not go, no one else need.' [" That Herefordshire was not won since the Conquest," says Pennant,2 " appears from the lordship of Urchinfield, which is ancient demesne-lands ; such as is not to be found in England, but what was in the possession of its kings before the Con- quest."] Irish Gavelkind. The inferior tenancies below the degree of a Tanist were partable, by the custom of the Irish gavelkind, among all the males of a sept, the spurious not excepted. And if, after such a partition, any one of them died, his proportion was not shared among his sons, nor did it go by inheritance to the next of kin, but a new division was made of all the lapds of the sept in equal parts by the chief; a practice very different from the Welsh or Kentish gavelkind, and of which the consequence was, that the landed property of the commons was perpetually changing from one man to another. ISLEHAM, Co. OF CAMBRIDGE. The manor of Isleham was held in ancient times under the Earl of Arundel, by the singular service that, whenever the Earl, in going to the wars, should pass Haringesmere, in this parish, the tenant should meet him, and present him with a gammon of bacon on the point of a lance.^ ISLEWORTH, Co. OF MIDDLESEX. An ancient custom prevailed in this manor, that the tenants should pay to the lord a certain sum of money, amounting to eight marks, called the dyseyne, over and above the customary ^ Domesd. f. 170. Taylor, on Gavelkind, pp. log- 1 11. Gough's Camd. vol. ii. p. 447- ^\Toursin Wales., l8lO, iii. 299.] ' Hundred Roll, 8 Edw. I. Lysons' Mag. Brit. vol. ii. p. 221. 1 76 Tenures of Land rents. This sum was raised by a tax levied, in an equal pro- portion, upon all the male inhabitants of fifteen years of age and upwards. I Lands in this manor descend according to the strict custom of Borough-English.2 Islington, Co. of Middlesex. Ralph de Berners, who died in 1297, was seised of the manor of Yseldon, held under the Bishop of London, as of his Castle of Stortford, by a certain quit-rent, and the service of warding the castle.^ [IssALET, Commote of, Co. of Denbigh. The Lord William Montacute holds the Castle of Denbigh, which is situated in the Commote of Issalet ; and that is not surveyed by reason of the greatness of its charges. And he holds that castle, with the honour, from the lord the King in capite.] * Jersey, the Island of. By the custom of this island, estates both real and personal are equally divided among the sons and daughters.^ Manor of St John of Jerusalem. Lands in this manor descend according to the custom of Borough-English, whereby the youngest son of a copyholder inherits, or, in default of issue, the younger brother.'^ The fines are arbitrary, and at the will of the lord, whose custom is to take two years improved rent on a descent, and one year and a half on alienation. No heriots are taken. Widows are entitled to dower of the copyhold.' Kelvedon, Co. of Essex. John Wright held the manor of Kelvedon of Robert Lord Rich, as of the wardstaff, and by the service of finding two men to watch with the aforesaid wardstaff for all services, &c.^ ^ CI. 9. Ric. II. m. 47. ° Lysons' Environs of London, vol. iii. p. 96. ' Esch. 25 Edw. I. No. 29. Lysons' Environs of London, vol. iii. p. 128. * [See further in Denbigh and its Lordship, by J. Williams, i860, p. 57 et seq.] ^ Falle's Account of Jersey, p. 85. Robinson, on Gavelkind, p. 14. ^ It has been observed that the origin of this custom proceeded from the lords of certain lands having the privilege to lie with their tenants' wives the first night after marriage ; wherefore in time the tenants obtained this custom, on purpose that their eldest sons (who might be the lords' bastards) should be incapable to inherit their estates. But Littleton says, the reason of the custom is, because the youngest is presumed, in law, to be the least able to provide for himself. — Jacob's Law Dictionary. ' Nelson's Hist, and Antiq. of Islington. ^ Johannes Wright ten', maner'. de Kelvedon de Robto Diio Rich, ut de la ward- staffe, et per servic'. inveniendi duos homines ad vigiland'. cum predicta wardstaffe, pro omnibus serviciis, &c. Inquis. 6 Jaco. July 16. and Customs of Manors. i f"] Kenninghall, Co. of Norfolk. At the coronation of King James II. the Duke of Norfolk, as Earl of Arundel, and lord of the manor of Kenninghall, in Norfolk, claimed to perform, by deputy', the office of chief butler of England, and to have, for his fees, the best gold cup and cover, with all the vessels and wine remaining under the bar, and all the pots and cups, except those of gold or silver, in the wine-cellar after dinner : which claim was allowed, with only the fee of a cup and ewer. ' [Kennington, Co. of Surrey. By the customs of this manor, a year's quit-rent is paid for a relief, on the death of the freeholder, by the heir to whom it descendeth, but not on alienation ; and no heriot is paid for the same land. When a new freeholder does his fealty, he is to pay one penny to the steward, and no more. When a freeholder is sworn the lord's tenant, coming to it either by descent or pur- chase, he is to pay a penny to the steward. As to the copy- holds, the best live beast is due for a heriot on death ; but if there be no such, 3s. 6d. is paid for a dead heriot. If a copy- holder surrender a heritable copyhold to the use of another for term of his life, after the death of the then copyholder, 3s. 6d. is to be paid for a heriot ; but at the death of the tenant, to whom the estate for life was surrendered, none is due. If one who is a copyholder purchase other copyholds within the manor, he is to pay a year's quit-rent of the new copyhold for a fine. If one, who is not already a copyholder, purchase a copyhold, the fine is at the will of the lord, but no relief is due. On death of a copyholder, if the estate descend to the heir by custom, the fine is a year's quit-rent, and no more. The youngest son is heir; daughters take equally. Surrenders must be made to the steward, either in open court, or, if he be steward by patent, out of court, or else to two copyholders. All surrenders delivered out of court into tenants' hands must be presented by those tenants to the steward at the next court, on pain of forfeiting their own copyholds. All copyholders may strip and waste on their own copyholds. No copyholder may lease his estate for more than three years without the lord's licence, on pain of forfeiture.2 Customs of the Manor (1728).^ Imprimis. There is a court baron kept at some known place within the said manor, at the will of the lord thereof, and also a court leet kept once in every year. ' Sandf. Hist. Coron. 2 [Tanswell's Hist, of Lambeth, 1858, p. 21.] ^ [Tanswell, ubi supra, pp. 29, 30.] M 1 7 8 Tenures of Land Item. The freeholders hold their land by doing their suit and service at the lord's court leet, and by paying their ancient rent; and for want of appearance to be amerced. Item. The freeholders which do ■ hold the said manor do usually pay to the lord thereof, by way of relief. Item. The copyholders of the said manor hold their lands by doing their suit and service at their lord's court baron, and by paying their ancient and accustomed rents; and for want of appearance to be amerced. Item. That the copyholders of the said manor pay upon descent or alienation, when they take up their several lands and tenements, fines merely arbitrable at the will of the lord. N.B. Usually one year's improved rent. Item. That if a copyholder die, leaving two or more sons in life, the youngest son is heir to his father as to the copyhold. Item. That if a copyholder die without sons, having daughters, the land descends to all his daughters as coheirs ; and if he die without sons and daughters, having brothers, the land descends to the youngest brother ; and if he die without sons, daughters, or brothers, having brother's children living, the land descends to the youngest son of the youngest brother. Item. That a copyholder may, out of court, before the steward or two tenants, surrender his lands to the use of his will, and then by this will may devise his land to whom he pleases. Item. That a copyholder may let and set his land from three years to three years, but no longer without licence from the lord, which licence being desired, the lord, upon a small fine arbitrable, must grant the same for one-and-twenty years, and no longer. N.B. There are licences granted by the present steward for ninety-nine years. Item. That a woman, being married, cannot pass her estate, unless safely and secretly examined by the steward. Item. That a copyholder may at any time, out of court, before two copyholders and customary tenants, surrender his lands and tenements to whose use he pleases. Item. That the freeholders and copyholders of the said manor, and their under-tenants, have a right to put on their horses, cows, and other cattle, in and upon the commons belonging to the said manor, without number, stint, or licence ; but they are to be marked with a commonable and known mark. Nov. 28th, 1728. Matthew Lant, Esq., Lord Chief Baron of that part of Great Britain called Scotland, the present steward. Edward Whitaker,jun., Esq., Chancellor-at-Law, deputy steward. John Summersell, bailiff.] Lands in this manor descend to the youngest son ; and in default of sons, are divided equally amongst the daughters.' ' Lysons' Environs of London, vol. i. p. 326. and Customs of Manors. 179 Kent, Co. of. In this county principally is still retained the custom of gavel- kind, which signifies a tenure or custom whereby the lands of the father are equally divided at his death among all his sons, or the land of the brother among all the brethren, if he have no issue of his own. But this custom was afterwards altered, upon the petition of divers Kentish gentlemen in much of the land of that county, by stat. 31 Hen. VIII. cap. 3, which enacts that " all the lordships, manors, lands, tenements, &c., lying and being within the county of Kent, of which Thomas Crumwell, Knight of the Garter, Lord Crumwell of Wimbledon, Lord Privy Seal, and thirty-three other lords, knights, esquires, and gentle- men, therein named, should be changed from the said custom, nature, and tenure of gavelkind, and in no wise thereafter be departed or departable by the said custom of gavelkind between heirs males, but should remafn, revert, abide, descend, come, and be, after and according as lordships, manors, &c., do or may descend, &c., according to the common law of this realm, &c." ' There is a special and ancient kind of cessavit used in Kent, where the custom of gavelkind continues, called Gavelet, where- by the tenant shall forfeit his lands and tenements to the lord, if he withdraw from him his due rents and services ; after this manner. The lord must seek, by the award of his court, from three weeks to three weeks, to find some distress upon the tenement, until the fourth court, always with witnesses, and if in that time he can find none, then at the fourth court let it be awarded that he take the tenement into his hand in the name of a distress, and keep it a year and a day without manuring ; within which time, if the tenant pay his arrears, and make reasonable amends for the withholding, let him have and enjoy his tenement as before ; and if he come not before the year and day be past, let the lord go to the next county court with his witnesses of what passed at his own court, and pronounce there this process to have further witnesses ; and then, by the award ■ of his own court, he shall enter and manure the tenement as his own : and if the tenant will afterwards re-have it, and hold it as he did before, let him make agreement with the lord according to this old saying : Neghesith selde and neghesith geld, and £ 5 for his were, ere he become healder ; i.e., He has not since anything given, nor anything paid. Then let him pay £^ for his were, ere he become healder again. Other copies have the first part thus written and expounded : — Nigondsith yeld and nigondsith geld : Let him nine times pay, and nine times repay.2 1 Blount's Law Diet. tit. Gavelkind. ^ Ibid. tit. Gavelet. i8o Tenures of Land Certain land in this county, and elsewhere, is held by service of driving, as well of distresses taken for the lord's use as of the lord's cattle, from place to place, as to and from markets, fairs, and the like ; more particularly in Kent, of driving the lord's hogs to and from the Weald of Kent, and the downs there ; and this land is called Drof Land/ The lords of the wood in the wealds of Kent used to visit those places in summer-time, when their under-tenants were bound to prepare little summer-houses for their reception, or else pay a composition in money, called summer-hus silver.^ [About the year 1280, in reply to a quo warranto, the attorney of the Prioress and Nuns of Davington pleaded a charter of Henry III., from which it appeared that "the Prioress and her successors, in all places whatsoever, be quit of suits of counties and hundreds, of views of frank-pledge and law days, of the tournes and aids of sheriffs, and other bailiffs and ministers whomsoever."] ' Kenton, Co. of Devon, a manor that had this pretty custom, that if the issue of any of the tenants hold their tenements, one after the other, three descents, they may claim the inheritance of the tenement.* [Kettleston and Dunton, Co. of Norfolk. This manor was held in capite by the serjeanty of keeping one of the King's falcons.] ' Kibworth-Beauchamp, Co. of Leicester. At the coronation of King Henry IV., Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, was panterer by right of inheritance.^ But whether he claimed the office as being lord of this manor, or otherwise, does not plainly appear. But Queen Elizabeth, in the first year of her reign, granted to Sir Ambrose Dudley (after- wards Earl of Warwick) the manor of Kibworth-Beauchamp, in the county of Leicester ; to hold by the service of being pantler to the kings and queens of this realm at their coronations.' Kidderminster, Co. of Worcester. At Kidderminster is a singular custom. On the election of a bailiff, the inhabitants assemble in the principal streets to throw ' Somner, of Gavelkind, 117. ^ Custum. de Sittingbourne, MS. Jacob's Law Diet. verb. Summer- Hus Silver. ' [Willement's Hist, of Davington, 1862, p. 9.] •* Lysons' Mag. Brit. vol. i. p. 483. ' \Exeerpta Historiea, 1833, p. 19.] » Cromp. 85. 7 Pat. i Eliz. Blount, 36. and Customs of Manors. 1 8 1 cabbage-stalks at each other. The town-house bell gives signal for the affray. This is called Lawless Hour. This done (for it lasts an hour), the bailiff elect, and corporation in their robes, preceded by drums and fifes (for they have no waits), visit the old and new bailiff, constables, &c. &c., attended by the mob. In the meantime the most respectable families in the neighbour- hood are invited to meet and fling apples at them on their entrance. A correspondent in the Gentleman's Magazine says he has known forty pots of apples expended at one house.' KiDLINGTON, Co. OF OXFORD. At Kidlington, in Oxfordshire, the custom is, that on Monday after Whitsun-week there is a fat live lamb provided, and the maids of the town, having their thumbs tied behind them, run after it, and she that with her mouth takes and holds the lamb is declared Lady of the Lamb, which being dressed, with the skin hanging on, is carried on a long pole before the lady and her companions to the green, attended with music, and a morisco dance of men, and another of women, where the rest of the day is spent in dancing, mirth, and merry glee. The next day the lamb is part-baked, boiled, and roast, for the lady's feast, where she sits majestically, at the upper end of the table, and her com- panions with her, with music and other attendants, which ends the solemnity.^ Kidwelly, Co. of Caermarthen. The heirs of Maurice de London, for this inheritance, were bound, if our lord the King, or his Chief Justiciary, should come into the parts of Kidwelly with an army, to conduct the said army, with their banners and all their people, through the midst of the land of Neath to Loghar.^ KiLEBY, Co. of Lincoln. Ralph de Fauconer held of the King in capite four pounds and twopence rent in Kileby by the petit serjeanty of bearing one lanar falcon at the costs of our lord the King.'* 1 Gent. Mag. vol. Ix. p. II91. = Ex relatione habitantium. Blount, 149. 2 Haeredes Mauricii de London, pro hac hzereditate tenebantur, si dominus Rex vel capitalis ejus justiciarius venerit in partibus de Kidwelly cum exercitu, deberent conducere prsedictum exercitum cum vexillis suis et tota gente sua per mediam terram de Neth usque ad Loghar. Camd. ex vetusta Inquisitione. Blount, 138. * Radas de Fauconer tenuit de Rege in capite quatuor libras et duos denarios redditus in Kileby, per parvara seriantiam portandi unum falconem laneri, sumptibus domini Regis. Anno 4 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 821, p. 34. 1 8 2 Tenures of Land KiLMERSDON, CO. OF SOMERSET. At Kilmersdon, in Somersetshire, by the custom of the manor, the wife has widow's estate, which she loseth if she marries or is found incontinent ; but to redeem this last, if she come into the next court riding astride upon a ram, and in open court do say to the lord, if he be present, or to his steward, these words, " For mine a — e's fault take I this pain, Therefore, my lord, give me my land again," she is by the custom to be restored to it without further fine, doing this penance. ' KiNDERTON, Co. OF CHESTER. In the 14th of Henry VII., 1498, Thomas Venables claims, that if any tenant or resiant within the lordship or manor of Kinderton, in the county of Chester, committed felony, and his body was taken by the said Thomas for the fact, and the party convicted, he should have pelf — viz., he was to seize all his goods and chattels ; and that which belonged to the Earl he was to present at Chester Castle, and to have all his household furniture (inventa domestica), and of all kind of oxen, cows, steers, heifers, pigs, and sheep, one, to wit, the best ; and if he had none except one of those kinds, he claimed to have that one, with all the small animals, as cocks, hens, geese, and suchlike, and all the pieces of cloth cut and begun with, and all the joints of meat begun with or cut in part (carnes attainiatas), and all the malt except one quarter : and from every stack of corn he claimed to have a whole groundstall of each stack, and all the lead out of the furnace, and all the wooden vessels, all the tablecloths, towels, and all belonging to the bed, linen and woollen, and all the carts not bound with iron, and all the ploughs, with all their furniture, &C.2 ^ MS. penes Sam. Roper, arm. Blount, 149. Leland's Itin. vol. iii. p. 106. 2 Thomas Venables clamat quod si aliquis tenentium vel residentium infra domi- nium sive manerium de Kinderton, in com. Cestriae, feloniam fecerit, et corpus ejus per ipsum Thomam super factum illud captum, et convictus fuerit, habere pelfram, viz. omnia bona et catalla hujusmodi seisire ; et ea quas domino comiti pertinent, ad Castrum Cestrix prsesentare, et habere omnia inventa domestica et de omni genere boum, vaccarum, boviculorum, juvencarum, porcorum, bidentium, unum, viz. melius ; et si de aliquo genere non habuerit nisi unum, clamat habere illud unum, cum aliis minutis animalibus, ut gallis, gallinis, aucis, et hujusmodi, et omnes pannos talliatos et attainiatos, et omnes carnes attainiatas, et totum brasium infra unum quarterium, et de quolibet tasso bladi clamat habere groundstal integrum cujuscunque tassi, et totum plumbum extra fornacem, et omnia vasa lignea, omnes mappas, manutergia, et omnia ad lectum pertinentia, linea et lanea, et omnes carrectas ferro non ligatas, et omnes carrucas, cum tota apparura, &c. Plac. in Itin. apud Cestriam, 14 Hen. VII. Blount, 151. and Customs of Manors. 183 King's-Brome, Co. of Warwick. In the 14th year of King Edward II. Richard de Sandford held one toft and four yard-lands and a half in King's-Brome, in the county of Warwick, of the King in capite, hy the service of a pair of tongs to be delivered yearly into the Exchequer by the hands of the sheriff of that county.' KiNGSHAM, Co. OF GLOUCESTER. John de Daubeny holds his manor at Kingsham, in the county of Gloucester, by the serjeanty of keeping the door of the pantry of our lord the King ; and the said John said that on the day of the coronation of our lord the King that now is (Edward the First) he did his service in his proper person.^ Kingsham, Co. of Sussex. John Taverner, son and heir of Elizabeth Taverner, holds the manor of Kingsham, with the appurtenances, together with the advowson of the church of the same manor, of the King in capite, by the service of paying to him one spindleful of thread (to make a string) for the King's crossbow, when he should come into those parts, for all services.^ King's-Stanford, Co. of Hereford. Richard Pygot holds two yard-lands in Stanford Regis, in the county of Hereford, of our lord the King in capite, by the service of conducting the King's treasure from Hereford to London at the King's costs, and returning at his own proper costs. And of summoning the Bishop of Hereford at the gates of the said Bishop's manor of Bromyard, if the King should happen to implead the said Bishop.* 1 Escket. 14 Edw. II. n. 39. Blount, 15. '^ Johannes de Daubeny tenet manerium suum apud Kingesham in com. Glouc. per serjantiam custodiendi ostium panetrias domini Regis. Et prasdictus Johannes dicit quod die Coronationis domini Regis nunc, fecit serjantiam suam in propria persona. Pla. Coron. 15 Edw. I. Glouc. Blount, 58. ^ Johannes Taverner, filius et heres Elizabethe Taverner, tenet manerium de Kynge- sham, cum pertin'. una cum advoc'. ecclesie eiusdem manerij, de Rege in capite, per servitium reddendi Regi unum fusillum fill lindi pro balista Regis, cum ipse venerit in partes illas, pro omni servitio. De termino Trin. a°. 19 Ric. II. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 340. * Richardus Pygot tenet duas virgatas terrse in Stanford-Regis, in com. Hereford, de domino Rege in capite, per servitium conducendi thesaurum domini Regis de Hereford usque ad London, sumptibus domini Regis, et in redeundo sumptibus suis propriis ; et etiam summonendi episcopum Hereford, ad portas manerii dicti episcopi de Bromyard, si contingat dominum Regem prasdictum episcopum implacitare. Plac. Coron. de anno 20 Edw. I. Heref. Blount, 58. 1 84 Tenures of Land Kingston, Co. of Hereford. Henry le Fraunceys held half a hide of land in the town of Kingston, for which he ought to carry the letters of our lord the King as often as they should come to Clyfiford, in the county of Hereford.' Simon de Stanfforde held one yard-land in Kyngestone by the serjeanty of summoning the Bishop of Hereford before the Justices of our lord the King.2 KINGSTON-RUSSEL, CO. OF DORSET. William Russel holds Kingston, in the county of Dorset, in capite of our lord the King, by serjeanty of being keeper of the door of his butlery at the four principal feasts yearly.^ Nichola, who was wife of Nicholas de Morteshore, held at her death, 3 Edw. HI., this manor for term of hfe, of the feoffment of Sir William Russel, who held it in chief of the King by ser- jeanty, to count or tell out the King's chessmen in his chamber, and to put them in a bag, when the King should perform the game with him.* KiNWALDMARSH, CO. OF DERBY. Nicholas, son and heir of Sir Nicholas de Longford, Knight, holds four messuages, forty acres of land, ten acres of meadow, and forty shiUings rent, with the appurtenances, in Kinwaldmarsh (now called Killamarsh), of the King in capite, by the service of finding one horse, one sack, and one pin in the war of Wales, whensoever it should happen that the King made war there.' [KiRBY- Lonsdale, Co. of Westmoreland. In the manor of Lupton, in the parish of Kirby- Lonsdale, Westmoreland, it appeared from the evidence of the steward and ^ Henricus le Fraunceys tenet in villa de Kingeston, dim. hid. Debet portare I'ras dni Regis, quotiescunque venerunt in com. Hereford apud Clyfforde. De Ser- ianciis, temp. Hen. II. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 6765, p. 24. " Simon de Stanfforde ten. unam virgatam per serianciam summonendi Epum Hereford coram Justiciarijs dni Regis. De Serianciis tempore Henrici Regis filij Regis Johannis. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 6765, p. 21. * Willielmus Russel tenet Kingeston, in com. Dorset in capite de domino Rege, per serjantiam essendi custos ostii botilarii domini Regis, per quatuor principalia festa per annum. Plac. Coron. apud Schyreburne, 8 Edw. I. Rot. 14. Blount, 47. * Ad narrand. familiam Schachii [the Chessmen] Regis in camera Regis, et pon- end. in loculo, cum Rex ludum suum perfecerit. Hutchins' Hist. Dorset, vol. i. p. 298. " Nicholas, filius et hseres Nicholai de Longford, Chivalier, tenet quatuor mes- suagia, xl acras terrae, decem acras prati, et xl s. redditus, cum pertinentiis, in Kinwald- raersh, de Rege in capite, per servitium inveniendi unum equum, unum saccum, et unum pryk, in guerra Walliae, quandocunque contigerit Regem ibi guerrare. Fines I Ric II. Derby. Blount, 17, 125. and Customs of Manors. 185 two aged witnesses, who were examined in the case of Doe d. Hamilton, v. Clift,' that the reputation of the custom is, that in case of a dying person seised, leaving only daughters, the eldest daughter takes as heir; leaving only sisters, the eldest sister takes; and that if the eldest daughter die, leaving issue, in the lifetime of the person last seised, her heir takes in exclusion of the other daughters ; and if the eldest sister die, leaving issue, in the life- time of the person last seised, her heir takes in exclusion of the other sisters.^ A similar custom is said to prevail in the manor of Castlerigg and Derwentwater, in Cumberland.] ^ KiRKBY, Co. OF Westmoreland. Adam de Kierkebi held four acres of land there by Cornage."* Knelton-Ollevrthin, &c., Co. of Salop. Griffin de Sutton holds Knelton-Ollevrthin, Sutton, and Brock- ton of the gift of King Henry, father of our lord King John, by the service of being Latiner between the English and the Welsh- men.' Knutsford, Co. of Chester. On the marriage of any inhabitant of Knutsford, the friends and acquaintance of the parties practise the very singular custom of strewing their doorways with brown sand, and on this they figure various fanciful and emblematical devices, with diamond squares, scollops, &c., in white sand; and over the whole are occasionally strewed the flowers of the season.^ 1 [4 Perry and Dav. 579, S. C. 12 Ad. & Ell. 566.] ^ [This limitation, in default of male issue, to the eldest daughter, and through her to her eldest son, is by no means an uncommon form of entail. It is said that in the manor of Penrith, in Wales, daughters inherit in preference to sons ; but at any rate, in that principality daughters are very usually placed on a footing of equality. Mr Norwood, in his MSS. collections, notices the custom of a manor where the youngest son or daughter of the first wife, being married a virgin, is entitled to inherit. Some property in Wales was recently left, in default of issue on the part of the immediate devisees, to the youngest daughter of the nearest of kin of the testatrix. In connec- tion with the subject of Borough-English, Mr Norwood observes that it is somewhere (place not specified) the practice, if the tenant dies seised of five acres or less, the youngest son takes as heir ; but if above, then all the sons in coparcenary. As regards what has been said in a note respecting the scarcity of Borough-English, com- pare Chamock's Tenures of Essex, 1870.] 3 [See Doe d. Foster v. Sisson, 12 East, 62.] ^ Mag. Rot. 3. T. Rot. 18. b. Westmerieland, tit. Nova Oblata. Madox. Excheq. 458. 5 Griffinus de Sutton tenet Knelton-ollevrthin, Sutton, et Brockton, de dono H. R. Patr'. dni R. Johannis per servic'. esse Latiner, int'. Angl. et Wall. Nomina tenentium de dominicis Regis a tempore Henrici Regis II. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 1087, p. 18. ' Brayley and Britton's Beauties of England and Wales, vol. ii. p. 287. 1 86 Tenures of Land La Barr, Co. of Devon. Morinus de la Barr held eight acres of land at la Barr, in the county of Devon, of our lord the King in capita, by the serjeanty of paying him one salmon and two barbed arrows whensoever he should hunt in the forest of Exmoor.i Lakestoke, Co. of Wilts. William Randolf held, the day he died, in his demesne, as of fee, one messuage, and one fulling-mill, with fifty acres of land, three acres of meadow, and twelve acres of pasture, with the appurtenances, in Lakestoke, of the King in capite, paying therefore yearly to our lord the King six barbed arrows, at the feast of the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist, to be received by the hands of the keeper of the forest of Charidon.2 [Laleham Borough, or Burway, Co. of Surrey. This is a tract of meadow-land in the parish of Chertsey, about i6o acres in extent. It belongs to the manor of Laleham, on the Middlesex side of the river; and the land is common of pasture for the owners of estates in that manor, and is free from all taxes in either parish. In the Chertsey Enclosure Act of 1808 this land was specially exempted.] ' Lambourn, Co. of Essex. Reginald Bysmere held the manor of Daweshall, in Lambourn, of the Duke of Buckingham, as of his Castle of Ongar, by fealty and the rent of two shillings per annum, called ward silver, and by doing white service to the Lord Duke at the wardstaff in the hundred of Ongar.* Lancaster, the Town and Duchy of. Margaret Docket held nine messuages, four tofts, and one hundred and forty acres of land, &c., in the town of Lancaster, of the King, as of his Duchy of Lancaster, by serjeanty, and to find 1 Morinus de la Barr tenuit octo acras terrse apud La Barr, in com. Devon, de domino Rege in capite, per serjantiam reddendi domino Regi unum salmonen et duas sagittas barbatas, quotiescunque contigerit ipsum dominum Regem fugare in Exmore. Plac. Coron. de 9 Edw. I.' Devon. Blount, 43. ^ Willielmus Randolf tenuit die quo obijt, in diiico suo, ut de feodo, unum mes- suagium, unum molendinum fuUonicum, cum 1 acr'. terrse, iij acr'. prati, et xii acr'. pasturse, cum pertinen'. in Lakestoke, de Rege in capite, per parvam seriantiam, redd', inde annuatim Regi sex sagittas barbatas, ad festum Nativitatis Sci. Johannis BaptistEe, percipiend. per manus custod. Forests de Charidon. Esc. 35 Edw. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 138. ^ [Brayley and Britton's Surrey, vol. iv. p. 172.] * Reginald Bysmere ten', maner'. de Daweshall, in Lambourn, de Duce Buck, ut de Castro de Ongar, per fid', et reddit'. 2s. per ann. vocat'. ward silver, ac ad faciend' diio duci album servic'. ad le wardstaffe in hundred', de Ongar. Inquis. 22 Hen. VII. and Customs of Manors. 187 one bricklayer for the works of the castle of our lord the King, at Lancaster, to take one penny per day ; which said work was rented at five shillings yearly, and suit to the county court of Lancaster and wapentake of Lonsdale, and suit to mill of Loune for one bushel of wheat.' William Gardinar holds seven acres of land in Lancaster by the service that he should find in the castle potherbs and leeks, and his land is worth two shillings and fourpence.2 Lancaster. Roger de Hesam holds two carucates of land by the service of sounding his horn, when the King enters or leaves the county of Lancaster.' At the coronation of King Henry IV. the Lord Henry, the King's eldest son, whom the King, in right of his Duchy of Lancaster, had appointed to that office, claimed to bear before the King the principal sword, called curtana, and had his suit granted."* Langley, Co. of Oxford. Thomas de Langley, son and heir of John de Langley, held (amongst other things) the manor of Langley, in the county of Oxford, apd one hide of land in the hanjlet of Middleton, by the service of bearing a horn to keep the forest of Whiche- wode.' Langley, Co. of Salop. William Hurnell holds the town of Langley of our lord the King by the service ofbearing one falcon at the cost of the King.^ [Langley, Abbot's,- Co. of Hertford. Thomas Greenhill, gentleman, who died May 21, 1641, with- out issue, left this manor between Sidney Sussex College, Cam- bridge, and Trinity College, Oxford, for the educating in piety and learning the descendants of his own and his wife's kindred for ever.] ' 1 Marg'ta Docket ten'. 9 mess'. 4 toft. 140 acr'. ter'. &c. cum pertin'. in villa de Lancaster de Rege ut de, &c. per seriant' et inveniend'. i cement', pro op'ibus Castri dni R. Lane, capiend'. per diem id. q. q'd. opera arentat' ad 5s. per ann. et sect, com. Lane, et wapentake de Lonesdale, et sect, molend de Loune, pro i b. gran A° 20 Hen. VII. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2085, p. 456. " WUlielmus Gardinar tenet vij acras terre in Lane', per servic' quod inve'iat' in castro olera et porrecta : terra sua valet ij s. iiij den'. Testa de Nevil, p. 372. ^ Rogerus de Hesam tenet duas carucatas terrse, per servitium sonandi cornu suum quando Rex intrat et exit comitatum Lancastriae. Pla. apud Lane. 30 Hen. III. Rot. 21. Blount, 58. * Cromp. 84, b. * Thomas de Langeley, filius et heres Johannis de Langeley, ten', manerium de Langeley in com. predicto, et unam hidam terr'. in hamletto de Middleton de Rege, per servitium portandi cornu ad faciend'. custod'. foreste de Whichewode, &c. De termino Pasche, anno 5 Edw. III. Rot. i. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. iii. ^ Willielmus Hurnell tenet villam de Langeley de dno Rege per sei-vic'. portandi unum [accipitrem] ad custum dni Regis. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 1087, p. 13. ' [Clutterbuck's Herts, i. 166.] 1 88 Tenures of Land Langwath. On the 13th of the calends of January (20th December) 1279 the Chapter of Saint Peter of York granted to farm to I. S. all their Hay of .Langwath, with the soil of the same Hay, heath, marsh, and all other the appurtenances, rendering therefor yearly to them, in the buck season one buck, and in the doe season one doe, &c.' Lanton, Co. of Hereford. The Baskervilles anciently held lands there, in chief, as of the Honour of Montgomery, by the service of giving the King a barbed-headed arrow when he came to hunt in Corndon Chace.2 La Oke, Co. of Hereford. Thomas de Holeford and Cecilia his wife, sister and heir of Sibilla de Apetot, gave 1 2s. for their rehef for certain tenements in La Oke, which the same Sibilla held of the King in capite by the serjeanty of conducting the King's treasure from .the Castle of Hereford to London, and by the service of summoning the Bishop of Hereford at Bromyard, when he should be impleaded by the King.^ Lastres, Co. of Hereford. John de la Hay took of William Barnaby, Lord of Lastres, in the county of Hereford, one parcel of land of the demesne lands, rendering therefor twentypence a year, and one goose fit for the lord's dinner, on the feast of St Michael the Archangel, suit of court, and other services thereupon due, Stc* Laton, Co. of Durham. In the fourth year of the pontificate of Bishop Hatfield, 1348, Peter de Brackenbury and Agnes his wife held the manor of 1 Universis, &c. Capitulum Beati Petri Ebor. concessisse ad firmam J. S. totam hayam nostram de Langwath, cum solo ejusdem haya, bruera, marisco, et omnibus aliis pertinentiis, reddendo inde annuatim nobis, tempore pinguedinis, unum damum, et fermisouae tempore unam damam, &c. dat. xiii. calend. Januar. anno MCCLXXIX. Ex ipso autographo. Blount, 17. 2 Fin. Hil. 20 Edw. III. Blount, 24. * Thomas de Holeford et Cecilia uxor ejus, soror et heres Sibillae de Apetot, dant I2S. de relevio suo pro quibusdam tent', in la Oke, que eadem Sibilla tenuit de Rege in capite, per scrianc'. conducend'. thesaurum Regis de Castro Heref. usq. London, et per servic'. summonendi Episcopum Hereford apud Bromyard, quando impli'tat' per Regem. De termino Mich, anno 12 Edw. \. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 2. ^ Johannes de la Hay cepit de Will. Barnaby, domino de Lastres in com. Heref. unum parcellum terrae de terris dominicalibus. Reddend. inde per annum xx d. et unam aucam habilem pro prandio domini in festo Sancti MichDelis Archangeli, sec- tam curijE et alia servitia inde debita, &c. Rot. Cur'. 10 Edw. IV. Blount, 8. and Customs of Manors. 189 Laton of Robert de Mundevill and his heirs, rendering every year to the same Robert one barbed arrow for all services.' And in the twenty-fifth year of the pontificate of Bishop Hat- field, 1 369, Cecily, the wife of Peter de Brackenbury, died seised, &c., of the manor of Laton, with the appurtenances, which were held of the heirs of Mundevill by the service of X)ne arrow at entry, and if it was not given, they were to give fortypence 2 for the said arrow.^ Launceston, Co. of Cornwall. Robert Hurding holds an acre of land and a bakehouse in the town of the Castle of Lanceveton by the serjeanty of being in the Castle of Lanceveton with an iron helmet and a Danish hatchet for forty days in the time of war at his own proper costs ; and after the forty days, if the lord of the castle chooses to detain him in the same castle, it was to be at the cost of the said lord.* [Launceydon, Co. of Caermarthen. This manor was held in capite by homage and the service of half a knight's fee — that is, with an armed man and a horse with- out caparison, or with two men on foot, according to the custom of those parts, for three days, at the party's own costs, on being summoned by the King's bailiffs of Caermarthen, as often as it shall be necessary, to render suit in the county of Caermarthen from month to month. And all the tenants, on a like summons, are at their own costs to come with their lord or his bailiff there, as often as it shall be necessary, for the accommodation of the lord of Caermarthen for three days, like their lord.^ Lavassok, Township of, Co. of Denbigh. This township, called also Llewesog or Llawesog (having out- skirts) from its woody glen and ravines, forming the outskirts of 1 Petrus de Brackenbiry, et Agn'. uxor ejus, tenuerunt maner'. de Laton de Ro- berto de Mundevill et h*r'. eju^, reddendo quolibet anno eidem Roberto unam sagittam barbatam, pro omnibus serviciis. Inquis. post mortem Petri de Brackenbiry. 4 Hatfield. ^ " Fortypence is a large sum for a single arrow ; but I conceive it not to be so much the price of the arrov\r as a forfeiture for omission, "—/"^^^i?. 3 Cecilia, uxor Petri de Brackenbiry, ob'. seis'. &c. de manerio de Laton, cum pertin'. quod tenetur de heredibus del Mundevill, per servitiura unius sagitte ad introitum, et si non detur sagitta, dabuntur xld. pro dicta sagitta. Inquis. post mortem Cecilia de Brackenbiry. 25 Hatfield. * Robertus Hurding tenet unam acram terrse et unum fumum in villa Castri de Lanceveton, nomine serjantis essendi in Castro de Lanceveton cum uno capello ferreo et una hachet Denesh, per xl dies, tempore guerrse, ad custum suum proprium, et post xl dies, si dominus castri velit ipsum tenere in eodem castro, erit ad custus ipsius domini. Pla. Coronse de An. 12 Edw. I. Cornub. Blount, 54. 5 [Excerfta Historica, 1833, p. 19.] I go Tenures of L and the ancient forest of Postyn, contained at the survey of 1334 upwards of 478 acres, which in the time of the Princes was in the occupation of free and native tenants ; but the greater portion was escheated before 1334, in consequence of the tenants having died contrary to the peace. Those native tenants who then remained paid a yearly tung of eightpence, and performed the same services as those at Segrot. Each gave towards provision for the Prince's servants twenty-one pence, three farthings, half a farthing, and the fourth part of a farthing annually at Christmas, Mid- Lent, Midsummer, and the Exaltation of the Cross. There was a water-mill here, and a water-course which served for the use of the mill at Brynlluarth, and for which the owner of the latter paid 1 2s. a year.] ' Laveham, or Lavenham, Co. of Suffolk. Hugh de Vere, Earl of Oxford, held the manor of Laveham, in the county of Suffolk, which belonged to his barony, by being Chamberlain of our lord the King.2 He also held the manors of Kensenton, in the county of Oxford, and Hougham, in the county of Essex, both of which appertained to his barony by the like service.* The inhabitants have a tenure of land, which Littleton, the famous lawyer, calls Borough-English — viz., that the younger sons inherit the lands and tenements which their fathers had in this manor, if they happen to die intestate. Laxton, Co. of Northampton, Sir Thomas de Aylesbury, Knight, and Katherine his wife, held of the King in capite, as of his crown, the manor of Laxton (amongst other things), with the appurtenances, in the county of Northampton, by grand serjeanty — viz., by the service of takings wolves, foxes, wild cats, cats, and other vermin, in the counties of Northampton, Rutland, Oxford, Essex, Huntingdon, and Buckingham.' ' {Denbigh and its Lordship, by J. Williams, i860, p. 42. The mill at Brynll- uarth itself was held free. ] 2 Hugo de Vere, Comes Oxonise. M. de Laveham, et pertinet ad baroniam ut sit Camerarius R. Esc. t. Henrici Regis filij Regis Johamiis. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 8. 3 Harleian MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 6. « Ibid. p. 14. » Thomas de Aylesbury, chr'. et Katerina uxor ejus, tenuerunt de Rege in capite, ut de corona sua, manerium de Laxton cum pertin'. in com. Northt'. per magnam serjantiam, viz. per servitium capiendi lupos, vulpes, murelegos, catos, et alia vermina, in com. Northt. Rotel. Oxon. Essex, Hunt, et Buk. De termino Pasche, anno 30 Hen. IV. Testa de Nevil, p. 363. and Customs of Manors. 1 9 1 Leatherhead, Co. of Surrey. William Frankelen holds certain land in Lederede, in the county of Surrey, of the King's fee, by finding a pavilion or hall for the county court as often as the county court should happen to be there held. And Walter le Hore holds certain land in the same town, of the King's fee, by finding a certain house for a prison, when any prisoner should happen to be taken at the sheriff's turn ; but the prison ought to be in the custody of the sheriff. And WiUiam de Oxencroft holds certain land, in the same town, of the fee of the lord the King, by finding a pound for cattle, when any cattle should be taken for the debt of our lord the King.' Legre, Co. of Essex. William Fitz-John holds a tenement in Legre by the serjeanty of going in the army to Wales with our lord the King, with one horse, a sack, and a skewer.^ William, son of John de Legre, held certain lands in Legre, in the county of Essex, by serjeanty to find one horse, one sack, and a [skewer] in the service of our lord the King in Wales, at the cost of the King.^ Leicester, the City of. The city of Leicester, in the time of King Edward, paid yearly to the King thirty pounds by tale (every ore of the value of twentypence) and fifteen sextaries of honey. When the King marched with his army through the land, twelve burgesses of that borough attended him. If the King went over sea against the enemy, they sent four horses from that borough as far as London, to carry arms or such things as circumstances required.'' 1 Willielmus Frankelen tenet quandam terram in Lederede, in com. Surrey, de feodo Regis, inveniendo scaunam ad comitatum quotiescunque contigerit comitatum ibi teneri. Et Walterus le Hore tenet quandam terram in eadem villa de feodo Regis, inveniendo quandam domum ad prisonem, cum contigerit aliquem prisonem capiari ad tumam vicecomitis, sed prisones debent esse in custodia vicecomitis. Et WUlielmus de Oxencroft tenet quandam terram in eadem villa de feodo domini Regis inveniendo parcum ad averia, cum aliqua averia capta fuerint pro debito domini Regis. Plac. Coronse, 19 Hen. III. Surrey. Blount, 81. 2 Willielmus filius Johannis tenet tenementum in Legre per serjantiam eundi in exercitum in Walliam cum domino Rege cum uno equo, sacco, et brochil Lib. Rub. Scacc. tit. Essex. Hertford. Append, to Brady's Introduct. p. 22. 8 Unum equum, unum saccum, et unam brochiam, in servitio domini Regis in Wallia, ad custum domini Regis. Plac. Cor. apud Chelmsf. 1 1 Hen. HI. Blount, 26. * Throsby's Leicest. vol. i. p. 30, from Domesday. 1 9 2 Tenures of Land Lenyngburn, Co. of Kent. William, son of William Bek, holds his land in ^Lenyngburn by the serjeanty of finding, when the King crossed the sea towards Gascony, one ship, which is called a Baard, at his own proper charges.' Leominster, or Lempster, Co. of Hereford. The vicar of Lempster has a certain payment, called Trug Corn, allowed him for officiating at some chapels of ease (as Stoke and Dorklay) within that parish. Tres trugge frumenti vel avenae faciunt 2 bushels infra prebendam de Hunderton in ecclesia Heref. MS. temp. Edw. III. Perhaps it may come from the Saxon Troj, which signifies a great hollow vessel or trough.^ Lesto and Sutton, Co. of Kent. The heirs of Robert Wallens held a certain field in the hundred of Sutton, called Rede, which was worth yearly ten shillings, and they paid therefor to our lord the King thirteenpence ; and their ancestors were keepers of the pleas of the crown of our lord the King in Lesto and Sutton.^ Lettewelle [or Letwell], Co. of York. Thomas de Lettewelle holds one acre of land in Lettewelle by serjeanty, and he is to receive one hound at the Nativity of the blessed Mary, and to keep it the whole winter, and to have every day for keeping it threepence halfpenny. It appears in the book of fees that eight oxgangs of land were held of the Honour of Tickhill by the same service.* Leuneston, or Loston, Co. of Devon. Geoffery de Alba-marlia (Albemarle or d'Aumarle), amongst other things, held the hamlet of Leuneston of our lord the King 1 Willielmus, filius Willielmi Bek, tenet terram suam in Lenyngburn, per ser- jantiam inveniendi ad transfretationem domini Regis unam navem quae vocatur Baard, versus Vasconiam, sumptibus suis propriis. In Rot. Hundred, anno 3 Edw. I. Kane. Blount, 62. "^ Blount's Law Diet. tit. Trug. ' In hundredo de Sutton, heredes Robert! Wallens tenent quendam campum, qui vocatur Rege, et valet per annum x sol. et reddunt inde dno Regi xiij d. Et ante- cessores sui erant custodes de Placit. Corone dni Regis de Lesto [et] de Sutton. Testa de Nevil, temp. Regis Hen. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 313, p. 10. * Thomas de Lettewelle tenet unam acram terrse in Lettewelle per serjantiam, et debet recipere unum brachettum ad Nativitatem Beatse Marise, et custodire ilium per totum yemen, et debet habere quolibet die pro custod. iii d. ob. Inqui. de residue ist. serjantiae quia in libro feod. patet quod octo bovat. terrse tenent. fuer. de Honore praedicto per servicium praedictum. Ex Rot. Feodar. Honoris de Tickhill. and Customs of Manors. 193 in capite, rendering therefor to the King, as often as he should hunt in the forest of Dartmoor, one loaf of oat bread of the value of half a farthing, and three barbed arrows feathered with peacock's feathers ; and [fixed in the aforesaid loaf.] ' In the 43d year of Edward III., Margaret d'Aumarle (or Albemarle), one of the sisters and heirs of William, son of Sir William d'Aumarle, Knight, and Elizabeth d'Aumarle, another sister of the said William, gave to the King seventy-five shillings and sixpence farthing for their relief for three parts of one knight's fee for the manor of Woodbury, and sixpence for the price of three barbed arrows, and a farthing for the price of one loaf of oat bread, for the manor of Leuneston, held of the King, viz., for the said manor of Leuneston^ which is held of the King in capite by the serjeanty of giving to our lord the King, when he should come to hunt in the forest of Dartmoor, three barbed arrows fixed in a loaf of oat bread, whence eight loaves were then worth one penny; but it is not said how the manor of Woodbury is held." William de Albemarle holds the manor of Loston, [or Leunes- ton,] by the serjeanty of finding for our lord the King two arrows and one loaf of oat bread when he should hunt in the forest of Dartmoor.3 Levington, Co. of York. Adam de Brus,"* lord of Skelton, gave in marriage with his daughter Isabel to Henry de Percy, eldest son and heir of Joceline de Lovain (ancestor to the present Duke of Northumber- land), the manor of Levington, for which he and his heirs were to repair to Skelton Castle every Christmas Day, and lead the lady of that castle from her chamber to the chapel, to mass, and thence to her chamber again, and after dining with her, to depart.^ 1 Galfridus de Albamarlia tenet hamlett' de Leuneston de domino Rege in capite, reddendo inde domino Regi quotiens fugavit in Dertemore, unum panem avenum valoris dimid'. quadrantis, et tres sagittas barbatas, pennis pavonum pennat. et super preed'. panem positas. Inquis. post mortem Galf. de Albamarlia, anno 14 Edw. II. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 6126, Inq. 33. ^ Margareta de Albemarla, una sororura et heredu Willielmi filij Willielmi de Albamarlia, ch'r. et Elizabeth de Albamarlia, soror et heres dicti Willielmi, dant Regi Ixxv s. vj d. q^ pro relevio suo, pro tribus partibus unius feodi mil. in Wodbury; et vj d. de precio trium sagittarum barbilF. et q». de precio unius panis aven. pro manerio de Leuneston, tent, de Rege, viz. dictum manerium de Leuneston de Rege in capite, per serjantiam dandi domino Regi, cum venerit ad chaceand'. in Foresta de Dertmore, tres sagittas barbell', fixas in uno pane de aveii. unde octo panes valent id. ; non dicit ib'm. quomodo dcum manerium de Wodbury tenet. De ter- mino Trin. a°. 43 Edw. III. Rot. 2°. Hari. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, pp. 249, 250. * Willielmus de Albemarle tenet manerium de Loston per serjantiam inveniendi domino Regi duas sagittas et unum panem avense, cum dominus Rex currit in Foresta de Dertmore. Plac. Coron. de 9 Edw. I. Devon. Blount, 44. ^ Woodifield Beckwith, Esq. (who, as well as the editor, was a descendant of the family of Brus of Skelton Castle), died seised of an estate at Kirk Levington, alias Castle Levington, near Yarm, in the county of York, in the year 1779. ° Circ. temp. Ric. I. vel Joh. Regis. Great Percy Chartulary, fo. 60. Collins' Peerage, vol. ii. p. 297, edit. 5. N 194 Tenures of Land Lewe, Co. of Oxon. Robert de Eylesford holds three yard-lands in Lewe, in the county of Oxford, of our lord the King, by the service of finding a man, with a bow and arrows, for forty days, at his own proper costs, whensoever it should happen that the King went into Wales with his army.' Robert de Eleford, son and heir of Robert de Eleford, made fine with the King by one hundred shillings for his relief — ^viz., for four yard-lands which he holds of the King in Lewe, in the county of Oxford, by the serjeanty of keeping a falcon in season at his own proper costs.^ Lewes, Co. of Sussex. In the Saxon, Llaefe. In the reign of Edward the Confessor it paid £6, 4s. for tax and toll. The King had there 127 burgesses. It was their custom, if the King had a mind to send his soldiers to sea without them, that of all of them, whosesoever the lands were, should be collected twenty shillings, and they had it who served in the ships. Whoso sells a horse within the borough gives the provost one penny, and the buyer gives another ; for an ox or cow a halfpenny ; for a man fourpence, wheresoever within the rape he buys. He that sheds blood pays seven shillings ; he that commits adultery or rape, eight shillings and fourpence, and the woman as much; the King hath the adulterer, and the Archbishop the woman. When the money is new-made, every mint-master gives twenty shillings. Of all these payments, two parts went to the King, and the third to the Earl.^ [Lewisham, Co. of Kent. Many Crown lands in this and other neighbourhoods have been leased of late years at a pepper-corn rent for the early part of the term, in consideration of expenses to be incurred by the tenants.] * ^ Robertas de Eylesford tenet tres virgatas terrje in Lewe in com. Oxon. de domino Rege, per servitium inveniendi unum hominem cum arcu et sagittis per xl dies, sumptibus suis propriis, quotiescunque contigerit dominum regem ire in Walliam cum exercitu suo. Plac. Coron. 13 Edw. I. Rot. 50. dorso. Oxon. Blount, 75- " Robertus de Eleford, filius et heres Roberti de Eleford, finem fecit cum Rege per loos. pro relevio suo, viz. pro quatuor virgat'. terr'. quas tenet de Rege in capite in Lewes in com. Oxoii. per serjanc'. custod'. unum falconem, sumptibus suis propriis, in seisona. De termino Mich, anno 23 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 1$. ' Camd. Brit. 206, from Domesday. ^ [Forty-second Report of thi Commissioners of her Majesty's Woods and Forests, 1864, p. 19 et seq.] and Customs of Manors. 195 Leyham, Co. of Suffolk. Philippa Roos, Lady le Roos, widow, one of the sisters and heirs of John late Earl of Worcester, Joan Ingoldesthorpe, an- other sister and heir of the said late Earl, and Edward Dudley, then Lord Dudley, the next of kin and another heir of the said late Earl, acknowledged that they held of the King in capite a third part of a capital messuage in the manor of Leyham, in the county of Suffolk, and one hundred and eighty acres of land and a half, four acres of pasture, &c., rendering one capon, and the third part of one capon, and the third part of one pound of pepper, rent for the service of the fortieth part of one knight's fee.^ [LiBENNITH, Co. OF MONMOUTH. The lands are held by socage tenure, subject to a fine certain of 5 s. on alienation, and to a heriot of the best beast ; or if there be no beast depasturing in the manor, of one year's chief rent on the death of a tenant] ° LiDFORD, Co. OF Devon. Lidford law has grown to a kind of a proverb, to hang men first, and indict them afterwards ; so called from a town of that name in Devonshire, where a court is held, which was heretofore of great extent, the course whereof is very summary.^ The proverb alluded to above is this : — " First hang and draw, Then hear the cause by Lidford law." ^ This was a most extraordinary custom,' if it was ever used, which Mr Ray seems to dispute, and calls it a libellous proverb ; and yet I find that " the custome of some country is such, that if one hath committed burglary, or other felony, and he be pursued by huy and crie from towne to towne, and so taken flying, he must be beheaded in the presence of the inhabitants of foure townes, and so by the usage of that countrie he is accounted a ^ Philippa Roos, vidua, Dna le Roos, una sororum et heredum Johannis nuper Comitis Wigorn. Johanna Ingoldesthorpe, altera sororum et heredum ipsius nuper coraitis, et Edwardus Dudley, tunc Dns Dudley, consang'. et alter hered. ipsius nuper Comitis cogn' se tenere de R. in capite, tertiam p'tm. capitalis mess. m. de Leyham, in com. Suff. i8o acr. terr. et dimid'. 4 acr. pastur'. &c. redd, vn' caponis, et tertiam p'tem unius caponis, et tertiam p'tem unius libre piperis, de redd, per servicium xl"'^ p'tis unius f. mil. Hill. fin. anno 3 Hen. VII. Ro. 3. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. S174, p. 3. ^ \Forty- second Report of the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, 1864, p. 137.] 5 Blount's Law Diet. tit. Lidford Law. * Ray's Proverbs, 225. [But see Hazlitt's Proverbs, 1869, p. 132.] ° [It is mentioned in a poem written probably in the beginning of the fifteenth century. See Hazlitt's Proverbs, loco citato.] ig6 Tenures of Land felon. And this must be recorded in the coroner's roll, and after the coroner must present it before the justices, and they will adjudge him a felon : and so he must be first put to death, and after judged a felon." ' I- make no doubt but this might be the custom at Lidford, and give rise to the proverb, [but] Mr Pulton alluded [evidently to Halifax] law, though he mentions neither town nor county where it was practised. A writer in the European Magazine for March 1789 gives the following illustration of the subject : Lidford, a place about seven miles from Oakhampton, in the road to Tavistock, was formerly of some note, though now an obscure village. It is famous for its castle, under which there is a most horrid, and, I may add, infernal dungeon. This dungeon was the prison for criminals proceeded against in the stannary courts of Tavistock, Ashburton, Chagford, and Plympton ; it being expressly ordained by the charter or grant made by Edward I. that the warden of the stannaries, in the county of Devon, should have full power to justify the tinners, &c. ; and if any of the said tinners should in anything offend, whereby they ought to be imprisoned, they should be arrested by the warden ; and in the King's prison at Lidford, and not elsewhere, be kept and detained until they were delivered according to the law and custom of the realm. This charter was confirmed by Parliament in the 50th Edward III., on the petition of the commonalty to prevent several abuses complained of by the petitioners, and amongst the rest, that there was not a delivery of the said gaol above once in ten years. Offenders being detained in this dismal hole, which is very small and totally dark, and frequently for trifling offences, has given rise to the proverb above mentioned ; clearly intimating that it is much better to be brought immediately to trial, and to suffer a more severe punishment than the crime deserves, if it be almost death itself, than to be confined in this terrible unwhole- some prison. In support of what I have said, I shall quote some verses from a poem which was written by Mr Browne,^ and inserted in Mr Grose's Local Proverbs : — " I oft have heard of Lidford law, How in the morn they hang and draw, And sit in judgment after ; At first I wondered at it much. But since I find the reason 's such, That it deserves no laughter. " They have a castle on a hill, I took it for an old windmill, 1 Pulton de pace Regis et Regni, 243. ^ Author of Britannia's Pastorals. See his Works. and Customs of Manors. 1 9 7 The vanes blown off by weather. To lie therein one night, 'tis guest 'Twere better to be stoned and prest, Or hanged, now choose you whether. " Ten men less room within this cave Than five mice in a lanthorn have ; The keepers they are sly ones ; If any could devise by art To get it up into a cart, 'Twere fit to carry lions. " When I beheld it, Lord, thought I, What justice and what clemency Hath Lidford ! when I spy all : They know none gladly there would stay, But rather hang out of the way Than tarry for the trial. " One lies here for a seam of malt, Another for three pecks of salt. Two sureties for a noble.'' ' . '> I By this you will perceive that the proverb is applicable to those unfortunate wretches who are thrown into prison for petty offences, and by the confinement suffer a much greater punish- ment than their crime deserves. Lidford law, the editor of the work adds, is mentioned in A brief Relation of tlte Death and Sufferings of Archbishop Laud, in these terms : Lidford law, by which they used to hang men first, and indict them afterwards. LiGHTHORN, Co. OF WARWICK. The Earl of Warwick is lord of Lighthorn, in the county of Warwick, and holds it of the King in capite, &c. The whole town is geldable, and pays escuage and ward- [money], and comes to the two great sheriff's turns.2 LiLLESTON, Co. OF MIDDLESEX. In the 22d year of King Edward I., Otho Fitz William held the manor of Lilleston, in the county of Middlesex, of King 1 [Collated with Browne's Works, edit. Hazlitt, ii. 352. This is only an extract from the poem.] ^ Comes Warwici est dominus de Lighthorn in com. Warwic. et tenet de Rage in capite, &c. Tota villa est geldabilis, et dat scutagium et warth, et venit ad duos magnos tumos vicecomitis. Inquis. 7 Edward I. in Scacc. Blount, 60. 198 Tenures of Land Henry, father of the present King, in capite, by the serjeanty of keeping the King's money-stamp. But the master of the Knights Templars now holds it, &c.i Lincoln, City and Co. of. The King commands the Barons (of the Exchequer) to allow to Robert de Chadworth, Sheriff of Lincoln, Ivis. viid. which by the King's command he delivered to John de Bellovent, for the maintenance (food) of seven greyhounds, and three falcons and a laner hawk, and for the wages of a master of the hounds, from the day of St John the Baptist to the Vigil (Eve) of Saint Michael next following, both days inclusive ; to wit, for the maintenance of each dog and hawk, a penny halfpenny a day, and for the wages of the aforesaid master twopence a day.^ Hamo, son and heir of Robert Sutton of Lincoln, holds three messuages in the suburbs of Lincoln, in the parish of St Andrew, of the King in capite, in free burgage, paying to the King yearly threepence, called lancol-penys, for all services.^ The cathedral church of Lincoln was obliged yearly for its lands to pay the King of England a rich cloak furred with sables, which custom was bought out with one thousand marks of silver by Hugh, Bishop thereof, temp. Richard I.* At the coronation of King Henry IV., John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, half-brother to the King, to whom the King, in right of his earldom of Lincoln, had granted to be carver the day of his coronation, claimed that office, and had it granted.^ Linderby, Co. of Nottingham. John de Metham, and Sybilla his wife, held of the King in capite the moiety of the town of Linderby by the service of 1 Otto filius Willielmi tenuit manerium De Lilleston in com. Middlesex de domino Rege Henrico, patre domini Regis nunc, in capite, per serjantiam custodiendi cuneum monetae domini Regis. Sed magister Militia Templi modo tenet, &c. Plac. Coron. 22 Edw. I. Blount, 65. ^ Rex mandat baronibus, quod allocent Roberto de Chadworth, vicecomiti Lincoln, Ivis. viid. quos per prseceptum Regis liberavit Johanni de Bellovento, pro puturasep- tem leporariorum et trium falconum, et alanararii, et pro vadiis unius bracenarii, a Die Sancti Johannis Baptistse usque ad Vigiliam Sancti Michaelis prox. sequen. utroque die computato ; viz. pro putura cujuslibet leporarii et falconis per diem id. ob. et pro vadiis prasdicti bracenarii per diem iid. Communia 16 Edw. I. Pasch. Rot. 10. in dorso. Blount, 125. J Hamo, filius et heres Roberti Sutton de Lincoln, tenet tria messuagia in suburbis Lincoln, in parochia Sancti Andree, de Rege in capite, in libero burgagio, redd. Regi per annum 3d. voc'. lancol-penys, pro omni servitio. De termino Hil. anno 6 Hen. VI._ Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p, 455. * Daniel's Chron. p. 105. Polewhele's Hist, of Cornwall^ vol. ii. pp. 60, 61. ^ Cromp. 84, b. and Customs of Manors. 199 paying only a coat or cloak of grey furred skins at the Ex- chequer of our lord the King.' The town of Linderby, in the county of Nottingham, was an escheat of the King's of the Honour of Peverell, and William de St Michael had one moiety of it by the gift of King John, paying yearly in the King's chamber a fur of grise.^ LiNDESHULL, OR LYNDESHULNE, CO. OF HANTS. Sir Henry Moigne, Knight, son and heir of John le Moigne (or the Monk), gave to the King_^32, i8s. 2d., for his relief of £6, IIS. 4d. rent, with the appurtenances (amongst other things) in Lyndeshulne, arising from the rent of free tenements there, held of the King in capite by grand serjeanty (to wit) of being the King's lardiner, and caterer (or purveyor) in his kitchen.^ William le Moyne holds two hides of land in Lindeshull, in the county of Southampton, of our lord the King in capite, by the serjeanty of keeping the door of the King's larder.'* LiSTON, Co. OF Devon. William de Gatesden holds the manor of Liston by one pound of frankincense for the King's chapel.^ Liston, Co. of Essex. John de Liston held the town or farm of Liston, in the county of Essex, by the serjeanty of making baskets for the King.^ In the 41st of Edward III., Joan, the wife of William Leston, held the manor of Overhall, in this parish, by the service of paying for, bringing in, and placing of five wafers before the King as he sits at dinner upon the day of his coronation.' Richard Lions held the said manor after her, by the service of making wafers upon the day of the King's coronation, and of serving the King with the same wafers as he sits at dinner the ' Johannes de Metham et Sibilla uxor ejus tenuerunt de Rege in capite medietatem villse de Lyndeby, per servitium reddendi pellicium de griseo ad Scaccarium domini Regis tantum. Eschaet. 5 Edw. III. Blount, 38. '^ Testa Nevilli. Blount, 93. ^ Henricus Moigne, Miles, filius et lieres Johannis le Moigne, dat Regi;^32, i8s. 2d. de relevio suo de;^l7, lis. 4d. redd, cum pertinentijs, in Lyndeshulne, provenieii de redd, liberorum ten' ibm' tent' de Rege in capite per magnam serjantiam, scil. essendi Lardenarius Regis, et Emptor coquina; Regis. De termino Pasche, a°. 39 Edw. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 234. * WlUielmus le Moyne tenet duas hidas terr^ in Lyndeshull, in com. Southampton, de domino Rege in capite, per serjantiam custodiendi hostium lardarii domini Regis Plac. Cor. 8 Edw. I. Rot. 23, South. Blount, 85. ^ Willielmus de Gatesden ten', maner'. de Lyston, per imam libram thuris ad capel- lam Regis. Testa de Nevil, p. 198. •• Ex Lib. Rub. Scacc. 137. Append, to Brady's Introduct. 22. '' Abstract. Rec, in Scaccar. anno 41 Edw. Ill, Weever's Fun. Monum. p. 384. 200 Tenures of Land same day.' Godfrey Fitz John 2 held certain lands in Liston, in the county of Essex, of our lord the King, by the service of making wafers at his coronation.^ At the coronation of King Henry IV., William la Veneur, by reason that he was tenant of the manor of Liston, claimed and obtained to exercise the office of making wafers for the King the day of his coronation.'' At the coronation of King James II., the lord of the manor of Liston, in Essex, claimed to make wafers for the King and Queen, and serve them up to their table; to have all the instruments of silver and other metal, used about the same, with the linen, and certain proportions of ingredients, and other necessaries, and liveries for himself and two men : which claim was allowed, and the service, with his consent, performed by the King's officers, and the fees compounded for at ;^30.^ At the coronation of George III., William Campbell of Liston Hall, Esq., as lord of this manor, claimed to do the same service, which was allowed ; and the King was pleased to appoint his son, William Henry Campbell, Esq., to officiate as his deputy, who accordingly attended, and presented the wafers to their Majesties. [LiswERY, Co. OF Monmouth. In this manor the copyholds are held according to the tenure of Borough-English, subject to a fine certain of 5s. on alienation, and to a heriot of the best beast ; or if there be no beast depasturing in the manor, of 5 s. on the death of a tenant ; and a similar fine is also due on the death of a resiant, provided he has a beast depasturing in the manor.] ^ Little Bruge, Co. of Salop, was long held by the Pichfords by a double tenure : that mentioned by Mr Camden, of finding dry wood for the castle, when the King was there, which their tenants performed ; and that of finding a horseman with his furniture (habergerium), in Wales, to be paid by the King, which it was allowed at the assizes, 20 Edward I., that the lord might perform.' Little Charlton, Co. of Kent. Daniel de Charleton possessed this manor in the reign of King Edward II., as did his descendant John de Charleton in ' Anno 5 Ric. II. Weever's Fun. Momim. p. 384. " Godefridus filius Johannis. ' Blount, 25. * Cromp. 86. 6 Sandf. Hist. Conn. 129. ' \_Forty-second Report of the Commisswners of Woods and Forests, 1864, p. 1 3 7.] ' Cough's Camd, vol. ii, p. 409. and Customs of Manors. 2 o i the twentieth year of King Edward III., when he paid respective aid for it, at the making the Black Prince a knight, as one knight's fee, which he held of William de Leybourne.' Little Holland, Co. of Essex. William Drury, who died 7th May, 31 Eliz. 1589, held the manor of Little Holland, in the county of Essex, of the Queen, as of her manor of Wickes, alias Parke Hall, late parcel of the Duchy of Lancaster, by the service of one knight's fee, and the rent of one pair of gloves turned up with hare's skin."" Little Messenden, Co. of Bucks. Walter Mauntel held a certain serjeanty in Little Messenden by being naperer of our lord the King.^ Little Useworth, Co. of Durham. In the seventeenth year of Bishop Hatfield, 1361, Dionisia de Oseworth died seised in her demesne, &c., of the moiety of the town of Little Useworth, with the appurtenances, and she held it of the Lord Bishop by fealty, and by the service of finding for the aforesaid Bishop one man with a greyhound in his great chace, if summoned.* Llantrissaint, Co. of Glamorgan. Ralph ap Howel ap Philip, bailiff of Llantrissaint, in the county of Glamorgan, was amerced because he had in his hand, before the justices in eyre, at Cardiff", a black and dirty rod, whereas he ought to have had a white and handsome rod of a certain length, as it became him.^ '^ Hasted's Hist, of Kent, vol. ii. p. 419. ^ Per servic. i feodi mil. et reddit. unius paris chirothecarum de pelle leporina duplicat. Inquis. 27 Apr. 32 Eliz. No. 210. Communicated by Thomas Astle, Esq.. ° Serjantia Walteri Mauntel, in Parva Messenden, pro qua debuit esse naparius diii Regis. Serj. &c. com. Bucks. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 313, p. 53. ^ Dionisia de Oseworth obijt seis'. in dominico, &c. de medietate villae de Parva Oseworth, cum pertin'. et illam ten', de dno episcopo per fid', et per servic'. inveni- endi predicto episcopo unum hominem cum lepor. in magna chacea sua, s. moneatur, &c. Inquis. post mortem Dionisiae de Oseworth. 17 Hatfield. "Si moneatur, i.e. if she be required or summoned, a phrase of the same nature as si petatur, as in Wickham, and see the tenure of Agnes Tomson in West Auckland, infra" — Pegge. ^ Ra"= ap Howel ap Philip, prsepositus de Llantrissin, in com. Glamorga!n, amer- ciatus fiiit, pro eo quod habuit in manu sua, coram justiciariis hie, virgam nigram et inhonestam, ubi habere debuisset virgam albam et honestam de certa longitudine, prout decet. In Sessione Itin. de Kerdiff. 7 Hen. VI. Blount, 147. 202 Tenures of Land [Llewenv, Co. of Denbigh. This ancient township was divided in 1334 into three free and eighteen bond gavels. The former paid 2S. 1 1 Jd. tune- rent, and 15s. 2jd. for provisions for the Prince yearly, besides other obligations. A portion of the land was held by knight's- service. At that period Robert de Hulton paid 2s. a year for permission to dig turf and grindstones in the lord's mine ; and Richard del Peek farmed Lleweny and Heullan mills at £y, los. a year, and paid for licence to have a fulling-mill on his land 13s. 4d. A furlong of land, near the great fish-pond of the manor, called the Polflat, rendered 58s. 1 1 Jd. and one mite a year. The tenants of Lleweny, with those of Astret Canon and the borough of Denbigh, had common of pasture in Denbigh Green, which contained in 1334 more than 937 acres.] ' LODEBROOK, Co. OF WARWICK. In the manor of Lodebrook, in the county of Warwick, whereof the Catesbys were heretofore lords, each tenant paid swarf-money yearly, which was one penny halfpenny ; it must be paid (says the rental) before the rising of the sun, the party must go thrice about the cross, and say, " The swarf-money," and then take witness, and lay it in the hole ; and when he hath so done, he must look well that his witness do not deceive him, for if it be not paid, he giveth a great forfeiture, thirty shillings and a white bull. 2 London. King John granted to William de Ferrars, Earl of Derby, a house in London, in the parish of Saint Margaret, which was Isaac's the Jew of Norwich, to be held of the King and his heirs by this service, to wit, that he and his heirs should serve before the King and his heirs at dinner, on all annual feasts, when they celebrated a feast, with his head uncovered, without a cap, with a garland of the breadth of the little finger of him or his heirs, for all service. Dated the 27th of June, in the iSth year of his reign.' ' {Denbigh and its Lordship, by J. Williams, i86o, pp. 184-87. To that interesting volume the reader is referred for more minute particulars respecting this and other townships situated in Denbigh.] ^ Ex antiq. Rentali ejusd. Man. Blount,' 156. ' Rex Johannes concessit Willielmo de Ferrarijs, comiti Derby, domum quae fuit Isaac Judjei de Norwico, in London, in parochia SanctEB Margaretse. tenend. de nobis et heeredibus nostris per tale servitium, scil. quod ipse et hseredes sui servient coram nobis et heredibus nostris ad prandium omnibus festis annualibus, quando festum celebrabimus, capite discooperto, sine capello, cum vma garlanda de latitudine minoris digiti sui, vel hseredum suorum, pro omni servitio. Dat. 27 Junii, 15 regni. Ex libro magno Ducat. Lane. Blount, 32. and Customs of Manors. 203 Robert de Clifford (amongst other things) held a messuage in the parish of St Dunstan-in-the-West, in the suburbs of London, of the King in free burgage, as the whole city of London is held.' Walter le Brun, farrier, in the Strand, in Middlesex, was to have a piece of ground in the parish of St Clement, to place a forge there, he rendering yearly six horse-shoes for it.2 This rent was anciently wont to be paid to the Exchequer every year — for instance, in the first year of King Edward I.,' when Walter Marescallus paid at the Stone Cross six horse-shoes, with nails, for a certain building, which he held of the King in capite opposite the stone cross ; in the second year of King Edward I.,* in the fifteenth year of King Edward 11.,^ and afterward^. It is still rendered at the Exchequer to this day by the Mayor and citizens of London, to whom in process of time the said piece of ground was granted.* In the year 1337 the following petition was exhibited to the King in Council, viz. : — " To our lord the King and his Council, Richard de Bettoyne of London showeth ; that whereas, at the coronation of our lord the King that now is, he being then Mayor of London, per- formed the office of butler, with three hundred and sixty valets, clothed in the same livery, each one carrying in his hand a white silver cup, as other Mayors of London have time out of mind used to do at the coronation of the King's progenitors ; and the fee appendant to that service — that is to say, a gold cup with a cover, and a ewer of gold enamelled — was delivered to him by the assent of the Earl of Lancaster, and other great men, then of our lord the King's Council, by the hands of Sir Robert de Wodehouse ; and now there comes an estreat out of the Exchequer, to the Sheriffs of London, for the levying of ^89, I2s. 6d. for the said fee, upon the goods and chattels of the said Richard, wherein he prays that remedy may be ordained him. And the Mayor and citizens of Oxford are bound by charter to come to London at the coronation, to assist the Mayor of London in serving at the feast, and so have always used to do. Or, if it please our lord the King and his Council, 1 Robertus de Clifford ten', unum messuagium in parochia Sancti Dunstani West, in suburbijs London, de R. in libenim burgagium, prout tota civitas London tenetur. Esc. anno l8 Edw. III. Testa de Nevil, p. 105. 2 Walterus le Brun, marescallus, de Stranda, r. c. de vj ferris equorum, pro habenda quadam placea in parochia S. dementis, ad fabricam ibidem locandam, sicut conti- netur in originali, in th. liberavit. See also Mag. Rot. 19 Hen. III. Lond. et Midd. m. 2, b. ^ Middlesex Redditus. Walterus Marescallus ad crucem lapideam reddit sex ferra equorum cum clavibus pro quadam fabrica, quam de Rege tenet in capite ex opposite crucis lapidese. Memor. I Edw. I. Rot. I, a. * Mich. Communia I et 2 Edw. I. Rot. I, b. 5 Ibid. 15 Edw. II. Rot. 29, a. ^ Madox's Bist. Excheq. p. 61 1. 204 Tenures of Land we will willingly pay the fee, so that we may be discharged of that service."' This Richard de Bettoyne, who was Lord Mayor of London in the years 1325-6, 20 Edw. II., is by Stowe called Richard Britaine, goldsmith, and by Maitland, Betayne. At the coronation of King Henry IV. the citizens of London, chosen forth by the city, served in the hall as assistants to the lord chief butler, whilst the King sat at dinner, the day of his coronation. And when the King entered into his chamber after dinner, and called for wine, the Lord Mayor of London brought to him a cup of gold with wine, and had the same cup given to him, together with the cup that contained water to allay the wine. After the King had drunk, the said Lord Mayor and Aldermen of London had their table to dine at, on the left hand of the King, in the hall.2 At the coronation of King James II. the Lord Mayor and citizens of London claimed to serve the King with wine, after dinner, in a gold cup, and to have the same cup and cover for their fee ; and, with- twelve other citizens by them appointed, to assist the chief butler of England in the butlership, and to have a table on the left hand of the hall : which claim was not allowed, because the liberties of the 9ity were then seised into the King's hands, by virtue of the judgment, in quo warranto, given against them, in Trinity Term, 35 Car. II., then unreversed ; but yet they executed the office ex gratia, and dined in the hall, and had a gold cup for their fee.' At the same time the said Lord Mayor and citizens of Lon- don claimed to serve the Queen in like manner, and were only disallowed at that time for the same reason."* At the coronation of George II. the same service was per- formed by Sir John Eyles, Baronet, Lord Mayor of London, and John Boyce, Esq., Mayor of Oxford, who was knighted on that occasion.^ And at the coronation of George III. this service was performed by Sir Matthew Blackiston, Knight (afterwards 1 A nostre seignour le Roy et a son Conseil monstre Richard le Bettoyne de Loundres, qe come au Coronement nostre seignour le Roy q'ore est, li adonque Meire de Londres fesoit I'ofEce de Botiller avec ccclx vadletz vestuz d'une sute, chescun portant en sa maime un Coupe blanche d' argent, come autres Meirs de Londres ount faitz as Coronementz des progenitours nostre seignour le Roy, dont memorie ne court, et le fee q'appendoit a Cel jorne, cest asavoir un Coupe d'or ove la covercle et un Ewer d'or enamaille, lui fust livere per assent du Counte de Lancastre et d'autres grantz qu' adonques y furent du conseil nostre seignour le Roy per la Maine Sire Robert de Wodehouse ; et ore vient en estreite as Viscountes de Londres hors del Chekker de faire lever de biens et chateux du dit Richard ;^lxxxix xii s. vi d. pur le fee avantdit, dont il prie que remedie lui soit ordeyne. Et le Metre et les Citeyns d'Oxenford ount per point de chartre, quils vendront a Londres a I'en Coronement d'eyder le Meire de Londres pur servir a la fest et toutz ount usee. Et si il plest a nostre seignour le Roy et a son Conseil, nous payerons volenters le fee, issent que nous soyoms descharges de la service. Petit, in Pari. Ann. II Edw. III. Blount, I2i. 2 Cromp. 85, b. ' Sandf Hist. Coron. 4 Ibid. * Compl. Copyholder, 372. and Customs of Manors. 205 created a baronet), assisted by Thomas Munday, Esq., Mayor of Oxford, who was knighted on that occasion. At the coronation of James II. the church-wardens of St Margaret's, Westminster, claimed to have the cloth lying in their parish, whereon the King goes in procession, for the use of the poor. But that claim was not admitted." The vicar and church- wardens of St Martin's-in-the- Fields also claimed a share of the said cloth for their poor. But their claim was not admitted.^ In an action of debt in London, the course of proceeding in it is thus : The action being entered, the officer goes to the shop or warehouse of the defendant when there is nobody within, and takes a padlock and hangs it upon the door, &c., using these words — viz., " I do sequester this warehouse, and the goods and merchandises therein of the defendant in the action, to the use of the plaintiff, &c.," and so puts on his seal, and makes return thereof at the Compter ; then four court days being past, the next court after the plaintiff may have judgment to open the doors of the shop or warehouse, and to appraise the goods therein by a Serjeant, who takes a bill of appraisement, having two free- men to appraise them, for which they are to be sworn at the next court holden for that Compter ; and then the ofificer puts his hand to the bill of appraisement, and the court granteth judgment : though the defendant in the action may put in bail before satisfaction, and so dissolve the sequestration ; and after satisfaction may put in bail ad disprobandum debitum, &c.^ LONGDON, Co. OF WARWICK. Reginald de Botereus held the manor of Longdon of our lord the King by the serjeanty of findging two esquires, one with a lance, the other with arrows, in the time of war.* [Lords Marchers of Wales and the Borders. " These lords," says Pennant, " held their lordships of the 1 Sandford. = Ibid. ^ Pract. Solic. 429. [" We have a custom in London that the Corporation of the City should annually present to her Majesty's Ministers cloth wherein to array them- selves. It costs the City;^230 a year to find raiment for these great oificers of State. The French have another custom, which is, that when a statesman attains to the dignity of office the Paymaster-General should present him with a sum of 10,000 francs by way of outfit. Great was the surprise of the Paymaster when, having presented this sum to the new French Chancellor of the Exchequer, it was refused. This is, if not an absolute novelty, a great rarity in French official life. People look back to the days of Chateaubriand for a parallel. Yet it is very doubtful if the acceptance of the 10,000 francs should be allowed to imply a reproach. In this country we are not likely to forget the celebrated announcement of Lord Russell, that he never had a debt till he entered upon office, and that then he could not help himself, but was obliged to incur debt." — DaUy News, January 11, 1870.] ■* Reginald le Botereus tenuit m. de Longdon, per seriantiam inveniendi duos ser- vientes, unum cum lancea, et alium cum sagittis, in guerra. Eschet. de anno prime Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No, Z087, p. 24. 2o6 Tenures of Land King of England in chief, as of the Crown immediate, by serving the King in his wars. . . . They executed the English laws, for the most part, within their lordships, and brought them to be of English tenure ; and to pass the same according to the laws of England by fine, recovery, feoffment, and livery of seisin. But such parts as they left to the ancient inhabitants to possess, were by same lords suffered to be held after the old Welsh custom, the laws of Howel Dha, which was to pass the same by surrender in court. . . . The laws of England were brought in by the Lords Marchers, because the laws of the land were unknown to the English ; but they suffered the ancient tenants to retain some part of the old Welsh laws, such as the use of gavelkind, for parting the lands between the brothers, and the passing of lands by surrender in court ; and for this, in many lordships, there is a Welsh court for the Welshmen, called Welchrie, and another for the English, called Englishrie. In some lordships the lands were divided by gavelkind, but passed by feoffments ; from whence comes English tenure and Welsh dole. And the lords had the wardship of all the brethren, as if they had been sisters.' Lords Marchers seized on the goods of their tenants who died intestate.] ^ The Hundred of Loseberg, Co. of Dorset. Thomas, son of Richard de Mareschal of Cerberg, held certain land in the hundred of Loseberg, in the county of Dorset, in capite of our lord the King, by the serjeanty of find- ing i. certain horse-comb, or curry-comb, &c.^ LOSTWITHIEL, Co. of CORNWALL. There was a certain custom, which is called Censure, arising from those who abide in the borough of Lostwithiel.* This is a custom observed in divers manors in Cornwall and Devon, where all the persons residing therein, above the age of sixteen, are cited to swear fealty to the lord, and to pay elevenpence per poll, and one penny per annum ever after, and those thus sworn are called Censors.^ Upon Little Easter Sunday the freeholders of the town and 1 [Pennant's Tours in Wales, 1810, iii. 290-91.] ''■ [Pennant, ut supra. See, for further particulars, pp. 296-98.] ' Thomas, filius Richardi de Mareschal de Cerberg, tenuit quandam terram in hun- dredo de Loseberg, com. Dorset, in capite de domino Rege, per serjantiam inven- iendi quendam Strigulum, &c. Plac. Coron. apud Schyrebume, 8 Edw. I. Dorset, Rot. 7. Blount, 46. * Item erat quedam custuma que vocatur Censure proveniens de illis qui manent in burgo de Lestwithiel. Survey of the Diichy of Cornwall. Jac. Law Diet. sub. tit. Censure. ^ Survey of the Duchy of Cornwall. Jac. Law Diet. sub. tit. Censure. and Customs of Manors. 207 manor, by themselves or their deputies, did there assemble ; amongst whom,one (as it fell to his lot by turn), bravely apparelled and gallantly mounted, with a crown on his head, a sceptre in his hand, a sword borne before him, and dutifully attended by all the rest, also on horseback, rode through the principal street to the church : there the curate, in his best beseen, solemnly received him at the churchyard stile, and conducted him to hear divine service ; after which, he repaired with the same pomp to a house foreprovided for that purpose, made a feast to his attend- ants, kept the table's end himself, and was served with kneel- ing, assay, and all other rights due to the estate of a prince ; with which dinner the ceremony ended, and every man returned home again. The pedigree of this usage is derived from so many descents of ages that the cause and author outreach remembrance ; howbeit, these circumstances offer a conjecture that it should betoken the royalties appertaining to the Honour of Cornwall.' LOTHINGLAND, THE HUNDRED OF, Co. OF SUFFOLK. John le Baliol holds the moiety of the hundred of Lothing- land, which was seised into the hands of the King because he did not offer himself personally to bear the rod before the justices in eyre in the same county.^ [This island, as part of the ancient demesne of the Crown, was held in .the time of Edward the Confessor by Earl Guert, in the time of William the Conqueror by Earl Warren, and in the time of Henry HI. by Roger Fitz-Osbert. Afterwards it descended to the Baliols ; but upon John le Baliol's forfeiture, it passed, with Yarmouth, to John of Brittany,^ The Prior of Bromeholme, in the reign of Edward I., held the manor and castle of Burgh in Lothingland of the Crown in capite.] LouND AND Clumber, Co. of Nottingham. Thomas de Heyton and EUas Fitz Hubert held their lands in Lund and Clumber by the same service * as John Burdon, at Burton, in the same county ; and Adam de Heyton and William Fitz Hubert hold two parts of one carucate of land in Lunde, Clumber, Retford, and Misterton, of the Honour of 1 Carew's Survey of Cornwall, edit. 1769, lib. ii. p. 137. * Johannes de Balliolo tenet medietatem hundred! de Lidingeland, qu^ seisita fuit in manus Regis, eo quod ipse non optuht se personaliter ad portandum virgam coram justiciariis itinerantibus in eodem comitatu. Claus. 15 Edw. I. Suffolk. Blount, 24. 3 [Gillingwater's Hist, of Lowestoft, 1790, pp. 22, 23, where further particulars will be found.] "■ Thomas de Heyton, et Elias filius Hub. pro terra sua in Lund et Columb. facerint idem servicium. Ex Rot. Feod. Hon. de Tickhill. 2o8 Tenures of Land Tickhill, for one horse and one sack to the Constable of Tick- hill, when he should go into Wales, and pay no escuage." LoviNTON, Co. OF Sussex. William de Gundevill holds a certain serjeanty in Lovinton — to wit, one hide of land — by rendering four white capons when our lord the King shall come to the Rape of Arundel ; and the land is worth yearly twenty shillings.^ [Lowestoft, Co. of Suffolk. The vicar of Lowestoft received from the owner of every boat employed in the herring-fishery half a guinea, and from that of every boat employed in the mackerel-fishery half a dole. When the North Sea and Iceland fisheries flourished at Lowes- toft, the vicar received half a dole for every voyage made annually to those parts. The vicar was also entitled to tithe of hay, herbage, lactage, &c. Sixty-seven acres of land in this manor are charged with the expenses connected with the repairs of the church, and 30I acres with poor-relief; the latter includes two acres of common, enclosed in 1772 with the consent of the lord of the manor and the copyholders.] ^ LowLYN, Co. of Durham. In the twenty-fifth year of Bishop Hatfield, 1369, Thomas de Beyll was seised of two messuages and forty acres of land, held of the Lord Bishop in thynage by the service of twenty shillings a year.'* LUDEWELL, Co. of OXFORD. Robert de Eston and Jordan de Wotton hold of our lord the-. King one hide of land in the town of Ludewell by the serjeanty of preparing or dressing the herbs of our lord the King in Woodstock.^ 1 Adam de Hayton, et Willielmus filius Huberti, tenent duas partes unius caruc. terrse in Lunde, Clumber, Retford, et Misterton, de Honore de TykhuU, pro uno, equo et uno sacco, constab. de Tikhull, quando ibit in Wal. et nul. scutag. dant Ex Rot. prsedicto. " Will, de Gundevill tenet quandam serjantiam in Louinton, soil, unam hydam terre, per quatuor albos capones, redd, quando dns Rex venerit ad Rapum de Arun- dell ; et terra valet per ann. xx solid. Eschet. in com. Sussex temp. Hen. III. Harl. M.S. ^rit. Mus. No. 313, p. 24. 3 [Gillingwater's Hist, of Lowestoft, 1790, pp. 260, 261, 281, &c.] * Tho. de Beyll fuit seis. de duo mess, et xl acr'. terr'. cum pertin'. in Lowlyn, et tenentur de dno episcopo in Thynagio per servic'. xx s. per ann. Inquis. post mortem Tho. Beyll. 25 Hatfield. ° Robfertus de Eston et Jordanus de Wotton ten', de dno Rege una hidam ter". in villa de Ludewell, per serjantiam parandi herbarios dni Regis in Wodestoke. Testa dt Nevil, p. 107. • and Customs of Manors. 209 LUFFENHAM, CO. OF RUTLAND. Thomas Beauchamp held South Luffenham and other lands in the county of Rutland by service to be the King's Chamber- lain in the Exchequer.' Lymbury's, Co. of Cambridge. Lymbury's, so called from its possessors, was held under the Earls of Oxford, of the Honour of Evenyngham, by the service of holding the Earl's stirrup whenever he should mount his palfrey in the presence of the owner of that manor." [Maghenbet (now Bachinbyd), Township of, Co. of Denbigh. This township contained anciently (1334) upwards of 840 acres of wood, land, and waste, of which one-third was held by Ralph of Meredith. Meredith's share fell by escheat to the lord, because all the tenants died "contrary to the peace" — i.e., in insurrections against the constituted authority. Such escheats were very usual in Denbighland. A water-mill here paid to the lord thirty-four shillings and fourpence a year.] ■ 13 Magna Gatesden, Co. of Hertford. Alan la Zouche held the manor of Great Gatesden, with the advowson of the same church, of Thomas Earl of Lancaster, as of the inheritance of Alicia his wife, by the service of one knight's fee, and rendering one pair of gloves furred with grise at Christmas.* Malden, or Maldon, Co. of Essex. The inhabitants of Maiden, in Essex, anciently held that town by serjeanty to find the King a ship with its furniture or tackle, as often as it should happen that he should go with his army out of the kingdom of England, for forty days, at .their own proper costs ; and this they were to do on the King's summons.^ ' Fines, 14 Edw. III. Blount, 23. ^ Escheat Roll, Lysons' Mag. Brit. vol. ii. p. 216. ^ [Denbigh and its Lordship, by J. Williams, i860, p. 41.] * Alanus la Zouche ten', manerium de Alagna Gatesdene, cum advocacone eiusdem ecclesiEe, de Thoma Comite Lancastrias, ut de hereditate Alesise uxoris sue, per servicium unius feodi milit". et reddendo unum par cirotecarum furretar" de griso, ad fm Natalis dni. Inquis. p. m. Alanl le Zuche, anno 7 Edw. II. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 6126, p. 10. ' Unam navem cum apparatu suo quotiescunque contigerit dictum Regem ire cum exercitu extra regnum Angliae, per xl dies sumptibus suis propriis, et hoc ad summoni- tionem domini Regis. Plac. Coron. de 13 Edw. I. Blount, 27. O 2 1 o Tenures of L arid In this town there is a custom, claimed by the name of Landcheap, which is that for certain houses and lands sold within that borough, xiij d. in every mark of the purchase- money shall be paid to the town ; which custom of Landcheap is claimed by a grant (inter alia) made to that town by the Bishop of London, anno 5 Hen. IV.' There is the same custom at this place as at Levenham, in Suffolk ; but it is limited to the youngest son. [Malmesbury, Co. of Wilts. The King has twenty-six messuages in the borough of Malmes- bury, and twenty-five other messuages, in which are tenements that, considered as waste land, pay no taxes. Each of these houses pays tenpence rent, and altogether the sum of forty-three (forty-two) shillings and sixpence. Half a ruined messuage, part of the see of Bayeux, does no services.^ The Earl Harold had an acre of land in this borough, in which are four messuages. . . . All this paid tempore Regis Edwardi one hundred shillings, and when the King undertook any expedition, either by sea or land, he accepted either twenty shillings towards the maintenance of his sailors, or took with him a man for the honour of five hides.] ' Man, the Isle of. Magnus III., King of Norway and Man, the last King of that island of the Danish or Norwegian race, dying without issue about the year 1266, Alexander III., King of Scotland, partly by arms and partly by money, brought this and the rest of the Western Islands under his obedience : after which it was some- times dependent on the Crown of Scotland, and sometimes on England, as their fortunes varied ; till in the end, about the year 1340, William de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, descended from the Norwegian kings of Man, won it from the Scots, and sold it to William Lord Scrope, Earl of Wiltshire, and Lord Treasurer to King Richard II., who being attainted of high treason by King Henry IV. in the first year of his reign, and beheaded, the king- dom and island, by his attainder, came to the Crown, and was the same year granted by King Henry to Henry de Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Lord Constable of England, in fee ; by the service of bearing on the day of the coronation of the King and his heirs, at the left shoulder of him and his heirs, by him- self or his sufficient and honourable deputy, that naked sword ^ Blount's Law Diet, in verbo. [See further Charnock's Tenures of Essex, 1870, p. 26.] ^ {Doomsday of Wilts, by Wyndham, 1788, p. 3.] ' [Ibid. p. IS.] and Customs of Manors. 2 1 1 with which he was girded when he arrived in the part of Holderness, called Lancaster Sword, during the procession, and for all the time of the solemnisation of the coronation afore- said.' In the fifth year of the reign of King Henry IV., the said Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, was attainted of treason; and by Act of Parliament, ist March, seventh Henry IV., it was enacted that the King should have the forfeiture of all his lands and tenements which came to him by descent or purchase.'' Afterwards, in the same year, the King granted the Isle of Man, together with the patronage of the bishopric, to Sir John Stanley for life ; and afterwards, in the same year, he granted the same isle to the said Sir John Stanley and his heirs for ever, with all the royalties and franchises thereto belonging, and the patronage of the bishopric there, with the style and title of King of Man, in as full and ample manner as it had been granted to any former lord thereof ; to be held of the King, his heirs and successors, by liege homage ; rendering to the said King two falcons once only — viz., immediately after the homage done; and rendering to his heirs, kings of England, two falcons on the day of the coronation of his said heirs, for all other services, customs, and demands ; as freely, fully, and entirely as William Scrope, Knight, or any other, held the same.' This island is now held by the Duke and Duchess of Athole, in right of the said Duchess, as Baroness Strange of Knockyn, who is lineally descended from the said Sir John Stanley, in whose family it has ever since been ; and is now held by the same honorary service of rendering two falcons on the day of the coronation of the kings of England."* There are a great many laws and customs which are peculiar to this place, some of which, I hope, it will not be thought impro- per to insert here. The eldest daughter (if there be no son) inherits, though there be more children.^ The wives through the whole island have a power to dispose by will (though their husbands be living) of one moiety of the goods, movable and immovable, except in the six northern parishes, where the wife, ^ Per servicium portandi diebus coronationis nostrse et hseredum nostrorum, ad sinistrum humerum nostrum, et sinistros humeros haeredum nostorum, per se ipsum, aut sufficientem et honorificum deputatum suum, ilium gladium nudum quo cincti eramus quando in parte de Holderness applicuimus, vocatum Lancaster Sword, durante processione, et toto tempore solemnizationis Coronationis supradictse. 4 Inst. 283. 2 Ibid. ' Tenend. de Rege, heredibus et successoribus suis, per homagium ligeum. Red- dend onobis duos falcones semel tantum, viz. immediate post homagium hujusmodi fact, et reddendo hasredibus nostris Regibus Anglic duos falcones, diebus Corona- tionis eorundem hasredum nostrorum, pro omnibus aliis servitiis, consuetudinibus, et deraandis, adeo libere, plene, et integre sicut Willielmus Scrope, Chivalier, vel aliquis alius, &c. 4 Inst. 283. Kot. pat. 7th Hen. IV. par. 2, m. 18. ^ Stat. S Geo. HI. cap. 26. ' Camd. Brit. 1454, 1455. 2 1 2 Tenures of Land if she has had children, can only dispose of a third part of the hving goods. A widow has one-half of her husband's real estate if she be his first wife, and one quarter if she be the second or third ; but if any widow marries, or miscarries, she loses her widow-right in her husband's estate. When any of the tenants fell into poverty, and were not able to pay their rents and ser- vices, the sitting quests, consisting of four old moars or bailiffs in every parish, were obliged to find such a tenant for the estates as would secure the lord's rent, &c., who, after his name was entered into the court rolls, had an unquestionable title to the same. A child got before marriage shall inherit, provided the marriage follows within a year or two, and the woman was never defamed before with regard to any other man. Executors of spiritual men have a right to the year's profits, if they live till after twelve of the clock on Easter Day. They still retain a usage (observed by the Saxons before the Conquest) that the Bishop, or some priest appointed by him, do always sit in their great court along with the governor till sentence of death (if any) be to be performed. The governor and officers of the island do usually call the twenty-four keys, being the chief commons thereof, especially once every year — viz., upon Midsummer Day — at St John's Chapel, to the court, parliament, or annual convention of the people,' kept there, called the Tinewald Court ; where, upon a hill near the said chapel, all the inhabitants of the island stand round about, and in the plain adjoining, and hear the laws and ordi- nances agreed upon in the Chapel of St John, which are published and declared unto them ; and at this solemnity the lord of the island sits in a chair of state, with a royal canopy over his head, and a sword held before him, attended by the several degrees of the people, who sit on each side of him, &c.' But now let us come to their laws and jurisdiction of this isle, the like whereof we find not in any place. Their judges they call deemsters (from dema, a Saxon word, to judge), which they choose out of themselves. All controversies they determine without process, pleading, writing, or any charge or expense at all. If any case be ambiguous, and of greater weight, it is referred to twelve, which they call Claves Insula, the keys of the island. They have coroners (quos annuos vocant), who supply the office of a sheriff.^ Manefene and Nakerton, Co. of Lincoln. The heirs of P. de Ulcets hold Manefene and Nakerton by the service of being coroners.' ' King's Descrijst. of the Isle of Man. Jac. Law Diet. tit. Tinewald. ^ 4 Inst. 284. Vide Hist, of the Isle of Man and House of Stanley, pp. 194, 221, » Hered. P. de Ulcets tenent Manefene et Nakerton, per servic.' quod sit Coronator. and Customs of Manors. 2 1 3 [Manningtree, Co. of Essex. This place, it appears, formerly enjoyed the privilege of holding fairs by the tenure of exhibiting a certain number of stage-plays yearly.] ' Mansfield-Woodhouse, Co. of Nottingham. Alan, son and heir of Walter de Wulfhunte,^ made fine with the King by two shillings and fourpence for his relief for one messuage and one oxgang of land, with the appurtenances, in Mansfield-Woodhouse, in the county of Nottingham, which the aforesaid Walter held of the King in capite by the service of hunting wolves out of the forest of Sherwood, if he should find any of them.^ Sir Robert Plumpton, Knight, was seised of one bovate of land in Mansfield-Woodhouse, in the county of Nottingham, called Wolf-hunt-land, held by the service of winding a horn, and chasing (driving) or frightening the wolves in the forest of Sher- wood."* Maperdeshale, Co. of Bedford. Land in Maperdeshale, in the county of Bedford, is held in capite by the service of being in the King's war, with a horse, not appraised, an habergeon (or coat-of-mail), a sword, a lance, an iron head-piece (or helmet), and a whittle at his own proper costs. ^ Maplescamp, or Maplescombe, Co. of Kent. William de Valoignes holds of our lord the King in capite a moiety of the manor of Maplescamp by this service, that if the Inquis. anno regni Regis Henrici II. xxviij de serjeanc'. Regis, &c. Harl .MS. Brit. Mus. No. 3875, p. 188. ' [See farther in Nares, Glossary, ed. 1859, in v.] * It is probable that the persons called Wolvehunt, mentioned by Camden as holding lands at Wormhill, in the county of Derby, were ancestors of, or descendants from, this Walter de Wulfhunte.. ' Alanus, filius et heres Walteri de Wulfhunte, fecit finem cum Rege per 2s. 4d. pro relevio suo pro uno messuagio et una bovata terrse cum pertinentijs in Mammes- feld-Wodehous in com. predicto, q. dictus Walterus tenuit de Rege in capite per ser- vitium fugandi lupos extra forestam de Shirewode, si aliquis eos invenerit . De ter- mino Trin. anno 21 Edw. III. Rot. 1°. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. l66. * Eschet. II Hen. VI. n. 5. Blount, 94. Archaol. vol. iii. p. 3. * Terra in Maperdeshale in com. Bedford tenetur in capite per servitium essendi in guerra Regis cum uno equo non appreciato, una habergione, gladio, lancea, capello ferreo, et uno cultello, sumptibus suis propriis, Pasch. 14 Edw. II. dors. Blount, 31- 2 1 4 Tenures of Land King should come to Maplescamp to hear mass, then the said William was to find him a penny for an oblation.' Harden, Co. of Hereford. John Freeman held one yard-land in Marden, in the county of Hereford, by the serjeanty of measuring the ditches and works of our lord the King at the cost of the said King.^ Marham, Co. of Norfolk. It appeared in a case concerning the parsonage of Marham, that in the county of Norfolk there is a special manor of Com- mon called Shacke, which is to be taken in arable land, after harvest, until the land be sowed again, &c. ; which prac- tice began in ancient time in this manner : the fields of arable land in this county do consist of the lands of several persons, lying intermixed in several small parcels, so that it is not possible for any of them, without trespass to others, that they can feed their cattle in their own land ; and therefore every one doth put in their cattle to feed promiscuously in the open field. These words, "to have Shacke," is as much as to say. Go at liberty, or at large ; in which the policy of old times is to be observed, that the severance of fields in such small parcels, to so many several persons, was to avoid enclosure and to maintain tillage.^ Marlborough, Co. of Wilts. In this place, every freeman, by ancient custom, gave to the Mayor at his admission a couple of greyhounds, two white capons, and a white bull. Now they only pay something in money in lieu of it ; but the arms of the town plainly point to this custom, being blazoned thus : party per saltier, gules and azure ; on the first quarter, gules, a bull argent ; on the second, azure, a cock or capon argent ; the third as the second ; and on the base, gules, are three greyhounds current, argent, between two roses, gules.'' Marston, Co. of Hereford. John le Wafre held two virgates of land here by the service of conducting the treasure of our lord the King from Hereford 1 Willielmus de Valoignes tenet de domino Rege in capita medietatem manerii de Maplescaump per talem servitium quod, si dominus Rex venerit usque Maplescaump ad missam suam audiendam, tunc idem Willielmus inveniet ei unum denarium ad oblationem. In Parvo Rot. Hundredor. Kantise. Blount, 29. * Per serjantiam mensurandi fossatos et opera dofflini Regis ad custum ipsius domini Regis. Lik Niger Heref. Blount, 16. ^ 7 Rep. 5. Sir Miles Corbet's case. « Camd. Brit. tit. Wiltshire. and Customs of Manors. 215 to London, as often as he should be summoned by the Sheriff, with one horse and an iron helmet, at the costs of the King, to wit, twelvepence a day towards London, and returning at his own proper costs/ [Maryland, in America. By letters-patent, dated June 20, 1632, King Charles L gave the province of Maryland to Cecil Calvert, second Lord Balti- more, to hold of the Crown of England in common socage, as of the manor of Windsor, paying yearly on Easter Tuesday two Indian arrows of those parts at the Castle of Windsor, and the fifth part of the gold and silver ore that should be found in the country. The American lands, for the most part, seem to have been granted by the Crown to be held as of the manor of East Greenwich.] Master of the Horse. At the coronation of James II. he claimed to attend the coronation as Serjeant of the Silver Scullery, and to have all the silver dishes and plates served on that day to the King's table, with the fees thereto belonging, and to take assay of the King's meat at the kitchen-dresser bar. This was not allowed, . because not claimed thentofore ; the Master of the Horse, how- ever, left to make his application to the King, who was pleased to allow the said service and fees, as the Duke of Albemarle enjoyed them on the coronation of King Charles II. by virtue of the same post.^ Mawardyn, Co. of Hereford. Walter de Monmouth holds one yard-land in Mawardyn, in the county of Hereford, by the serjeanty of conducting the treasure of our lord the King to London, as often as he should be summoned by the Sheriff, with one horse and an iron hel- met, at the costs of the King, to wit, twelvepence a day towards London, and returning at his own proper costs. And William Caperon held two yard-lands there by the serjeanty of keeping the gate of the Castle of Hereford, and of having twelvepence a day of our lord the King.^ ' John le Wafre ten', ii virgat' ter'. per servitium conducendi thesaunim diii Regis de Hereford usque ad London, quotiescunque summonitus fuerit per vicecomitem, cum uno equo et capello ferreo sumptibus dni Regis, viz. xii d. quolibet die versus London, et in redeundo sumptibus suis propriis. Plac. Coron. 20 Edw. I. Gough's Camd. vol. ii. p. 461. ^ Sandford, Hist. Coron. ^ Walterus de Monemuwe tenet unam virgatam terrse in Mawardyn, in com. Heref. per serjantiam conducendi thesaurum dom. Regis usque London, quotiescunque 2 1 6 Tenures of Land Mayford, Co. of Surrey. Mayford is a serjeanty of our lord the King, and the owner of it ought to find an esquire with an habergeon and a lance, for forty days, at his own costs.' [Melton, Co. of Gloucester. In 30 Elizabeth, Lord Berkeley brought an action of cove- nant against Nicholas Browne of Melton for not repairing the common bakehouse at Melton, with the oven there, and not baking at it. And a similar action was brought 5 James I., against William Archer, for not baking his bread thereat, according to the custom of the town. In 8 James I. a bill was exhibited in the Exchequer against four persons on a similar ground.] ' Mendip Hills, Co. of Somerset. The customs here being very particular, I shall make no excuse for inserting them. The hills abound with many lead mines ; and it is free for any Englishman to work therein, except he has forfeited his right by stealing any of the ore or tools of others. And their law or custom in that case is very remarkable. The groviers (for so the rriiners are called, as the pits they sink are called groves) living at some distance,, leave their tools, and the ore they have got, sometimes .open upon the hill, or at most only shut up in slight huts ; whoever among them steals anything, and is found guilty, is thus punished : he is shut up in a hut, and then dry fern, furzes, and such other combustible matter are put round it, and fire set to it ; when it is on fire, the criminal, who has his hands and feet at liberty, may with them (if he can) break down his hut, and making himself a passage out of it, get free and be gone ; but he must never come to work, nor have any more to do on the hill. This they call Burning of the Hill.^ Menestokes, Co. of Hants. John le Roches, who married Alicia, the daughter and heir of William de la Tour, made fine with the King by forty shillings for the relief of her, the said Alicia, for one tenement in Mene- summonitus fuerit pre vicecomitem, cum uno equo et capello ferreo sumptibus domini Regis, viz. xii d. quolibet die versus London, et in redeundo sumptibus suis propriis. Et Willielmus Caperon tenuit duas virgatas terrae ibidem per serjantiam custodiendi portam Castri Hereford, et habendi xii denarios per diem de domino Rege. Plac. Coron. de anno 20 Edw. I. Heref. Blount, 59. 1 Mayford est serjantia domini Regis, et debet invenire unum servientem, cum uno hambergello et una lancea, per xl dies, ad custum suum. Plac. Coron. 19 Hen. IIL Surrey. Blount, 79. * [Fosbroke's Berkeley Manuscritts, 1821, p. lO'j.l •* Camd. Brit. 185. ' J- yj J and Customs of Manors. 2 1 7 stokes, in the county of Southampton, held of the King in capite by the service of finding one archer in the army of our lord the King for forty days at the costs of the King." Merdeselde, Co. of Leicester. John, son of Agnes, late wife of John, son of John de St Piers, gave to the King fifteen shillings for six oxgangs of land in Merdeselde, held of the King by grand serjeanty — to wit, to carry the writs of our lord the King through England for forty days, at the King's summons, at his proper costs.'' Merphull and Wibreslegh, Co. of Chester. Richard de Vernon holds Merphull and Wibreslegh by the service of free forestery, and he was to come at the summons of our lord the King, and follow his standard, with the same arms with which he kept his bailiwick (of the forest of Macclesfield) — viz., with bows and arrows — and whilst he was in the army, he was not to be charged with the custody of his forest.' [Merstham, Co. of Surrey. The tenants in this manor owed ten ploughshares, at gd. each ; and they were also bound to furnish ropes, instead of harness, for the oxen or horses in ploughing. Gavelsest, or the customs in brewing, yielded here 13s. 4d. a year; each tenant, wheh he brewed, whatever might be the quantity, paid 3 pottles of ale, value i|d. In Doomsday Book, Merstham is mentioned as appropriated by the Archbishop of Canterbury to the clothing of the monks of Christchurch. In 1396 the Prior and convent of Christ- church (Canterbury) grknted a lease of the manor, in which it was set out, inter alia, that tenants were not to demise without leave of the lessors, and at the end of their terms to deliver all the goods mentioned, or their prices specified, at the option of the lessors.] * ^ Johannes le Roches, qui Aliciam, fiUam et heredem Willielmi de la Tour, duxit in uxorem, fecit finem cum Rege per xl s. pro relevio ipsius Alicia, scilicet pro uno ten'to in Menestok, in com. Sutht. ten. de Rege in capite per servitium inveni- endi unum sagittarium in exercitu Regis, per xl dies, sumptibus Regis. De termino Mich, a" 38 Edw. III. Rot. iij°. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 225. ^ Johannes, filius Agnetis que fuit uxor Johannis filij Johannis Sancto Petro, dat Regi XV s. pro sex bovat'. terr'. in Merdeselde ten. de Rege per magnam serjan- tiam, viz. quod tenetur portare brevia domini Regis per Angliam, per 40 dies, ad summonitionem Regis, ad custum proprium. De termino Pasche, anno 30 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 25. ' Riucs de Vernon tenet Merphull et Wibreslegh per liberam forestar' ; et veniet ad summontionem dni Regis et sequetur vexillum suum cum eisdem armis quibus custodit ball, suam, viz. cum arcubus et sagittis, et dum sit in exercitu non erit oneratus de custodit forestse. Inquis. p. m. Hamonis Massey, 16 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2115, p. 137. * [Brayley and Britton, iv. 320.] 2 1 8 Temires of L and Mertok, Co. of Somerset. Robert de St Clare holds ten pounds a year of lands in the hundred of Mertok, of our lord the King in chief, by the ser- vice of finding an armed servant (or esquire) with a horse in the King's army in Wales, for forty days, at his own costs." [Merton, Co. of Surrey. At the time of the Doomsday Survey (1080), this manor, which had been held by Earl Harold, belonged to the Crown. Sixteen messuages in Southwark, valued at i8s. 2d., formed part of it. One Orcus held two hides, which lay in Merton, though in another hundred. The Bishop of Lisieux also held land in the manor. After numerous vicissitudes, Merton was granted by James I., in March 1609-10, on payment of ;^828, 8s. gd., to Thomas Hunt and his wife Joyce, to be held as of the manor of East Greenwich, in free and common socage, by fealty only, and not in chief, or by knight's service.] "^ Mexborough, Co. of York.^ The tenants of the land of Roger Bacon * did fealty, and ac- knowledged that they held in Mexborough four oxgangs of land, and paid every two years for keeping the Castlfe (of Tickhill), in each year two shillings and fourpence, and the third year they paid nothing ; and they came to the two great courts.^ MiCKELHAM, Co. OF SURREY. Ralph de Belvoir holds two carucates of land in Mickelham of Roger de Mowbray,' rendering yearly certain hose of scarlet at Christmas for all services.^ 1 Robertas de Sancto Claro tenet decern libratas terrae in hundredo de Mertok, de domino Rege in capite, per servitium inveniendi unum servientem armatum cum uno equo, in exercitu domini Regis in Wallia, per xl. dies, sumptibus suis propriis. Pla. Coron. de Ann. 8 Edw. I. Somen Blount, 76. ^ [Brayley and Britton's Surrey, iii. 457-] ' Tenentes terras Rogeri Bacon feceriut fidelit. et cognover. quod tenent in Melees- burgh iiii bovat. terrse et reddunt singulis duob. annis ad custod. castri, utroque anno lis. ivd. et tercio anno nichil reddunt ; et facerint duos adventus ad duos magn. cur. Ex Rot. Hon. de Tickhill. * Query if this was not the famous friar, Roger Bacon ; for there is a tradition that he was a native of this part of Yorkshire, and that his brazen head was set up in a field at Rothwell, near Leeds, where the editor was bom ? — E. ^ Two great courts — i.e. at Easter and Michaelmas. The courts leet for this part of the Honour of Tickhill continue to be held at Mexborough twice a year. The before- mentioned manors and lands at Burton, Lound, Clumber, Retford, Misterton, Dore, Tinsley, Letwell, Bentley, Osberton, Adwick, and Mexborough, are all held of the Honour of Tickhill, parcel of the Duchy of Lancaster ; the owners of which duchy, before it was annexed to the Crown, were palatines, and had jura regalia. — E. " Radulfus de Belvoir tenet duas carucatas terras in Michleham, de Rogero de Mowbray, reddendo annuatim quasdam caligas de scarleto ad Natale domini pro omnibus servitiis. Ex Carta antiqua. Blount, 121. and Customs of Manors. 219 [III 143S. Roger de Fridele demised to James Janin and Nicho- las Glover tenements in Mickelham called Fridley, which had devolved on him at the death of John Davey, his father, with the advowson of the living, to hold to the grantees for one hun- dred years at the rent of a red rose.] ' MiDDELTON LiLLEBON, CO. OF WILTS. William Michell, son and heir of John Michell, made fine with the King, by two shillings, for his relief for one messuage, forty acres of land, one acre of meadow, and two shillings and one penny rent, in Middelton Lillebon, held of the King in capite by the serjeanty of keeping his wolf-dogs.'" [Richard Michell held land here by the^ service of keeping two wolf-dogs, for which ^\A.. was to be paid daily from the King's purse.] ^ Middlesex, Co. of. Fulk de Payfover held a certain serjeanty in the county of Middlesex, as of the inheritance of Margaret his wife, by the law of England, by the service of keeping the King's palace at Westminster and the free prison of Fleet.* MiDDLETON, Co. of LANCASTER. The Prior of Norton held the town of Middleton by the service of the fourth part of one knight's fee, and of finding one judger in the court of Halton every fortnight' Middleton Cheney, or Chenduit, Co. of Northampton. It is the custom in summer to strew the floor of this church with hay cut from Ash Meadow, and in winter straw is found at the expense of the rector. A peculiar tenure also prevails in the lordship of this parish : when estates descend in the female line, the eldest sister inherits by law.* ^ [Brayley and Britton's Surrey, iv. 456.] 2 Willielmus Michell, filius et heres Johannis Michell, fecit finem cum Rege per ij s. de relevio suo de uno messuagio, xl acr'. terr'. una acr'. prati, ij s. i d. redd, in Middelton Lillebon tent, de Rege in capite per serjantiam custodiendi canes luparios Regis. De termino Mich, anno 14 Edw. XI. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 80. ' \Excerpta Historica, 1833, p. 19, 20.] ^ Fulco de Payfover tenuit de hsereditate Margerise uxoris suse per legem Anglise, per seriantiam custodise palacii Regis Westm'. et liberse prisonse de Flete. Esc. anno 4 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 28. = Prior de Norton ten', vill. de Midleton per servic'. 4 partis feod. milit'. et per servic'. inveniendi unum judicatorem in cur', de Halton de quindina in quindinam. Extenta Castri de Halton, 2 Edw. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 21 15, p. 109. * Brayley and Britton's Beauties of England and Wales, vol. xi. p. 82. 2 20 Tenures of Land MiDDLETON Hundred, Co. of Kent. William de Leyburn holds his land of our lord the King by serjeanty of keeping the larder of our lord the King the day on which our lord the King shall wear his crown.' He that has a bastard in the hundred of Middleton, in the county of Kent, forfeits all his goods and chattels to the King.' MiDLINTON, Co. OF OXFORD. , Henry Fitz William holds of our lord the King one piece of land in Midlinton by the serjeanty of finding one towel to wipe the hands of our lord the King when he shall hunt in the forest of Witchwood, in the parts of Lankeleg, and that land was worth forty shillings.^ MiDLOVENT, Co. OF SUSSEX. William de Thadeham holds two hides of land at Midlovent, in the county of Sussex, of our lord the King in capite, and he used to pay for the same unto him yearly two white capons, and now he pays a mark.* MiDRIDGE, Co. OF DURHAM. In the eleventh year of the pontificate of Bishop Bury, 1343, Thomas de Midrigg held of the Lord Bishop in capite one mes- suage and twenty acres of land, with the appurtenances, in Mid- ridge, paying in the Exchequer of Durham ' six shillings a year, and doing three suits at the county court of Durham yearly, and paying one wood-hen ; and he was to mow in autumn at the Grange of Midridge, or pay one penny ; and to carry the millstones of the mill of Kempilmilne, if required.* 1 Willielmus de Leyburn tenet terram suam de domino Rege per serjantiam ad custodiendum lardarium domini Regis, die quo dominus Rex portabit Coronam. In Rot. Hundred, anno 3 Edw. I. Rot. 7, Kane. Blount, 62. ^ MS. de temp. Edw. III. Blount's Law Diet. tit. Bastard. * Henric' filius Willielmi ten', de diio Rege in Midelinton, una terra per serjantiam inveniendi una tualliam ad manus diai Regis tergend', quando venat' in foresta de Wigewode in p'tibus de Lankeleg, et valet xls. terra ipsa. Eschet' dnl Regis de com. Oxon. Testa de Nevil, p. 107. * Willielmus de Thadeham tenet duas hidas terrse apud Midlovent in com. Sussex, de domino Rege in capite, et solebat reddere pro eadem terra domino Regi per annum duos chapones albos, et modo reddit unam marcam. Plac. Coron. de ann. 7 Edw. I. Rot. 93, Sussex. Blount, 82. ^ Durham, being a county palatine, had its own Exchequer. See Pencher, Cotom, West Auckland, and Redworth, alibi. — Pegge. ' Si petatur. If required. Millstones not being to be carried every year. Tho. de Midrigg ten', de diio episcopo in capite unum mess, et xx acr', terr'. and Customs of Manors. 2 2 1 MiLLAN, Co. OF Norfolk. The custom of this manor is, if any copyholder wilFsell his land, and agree upon the price, at the next court the next of his blood, and if he refuse, any other of his blood may have the land. I Milton, Co. of Kent. In a presentment made of the customs of Milton, in 1575, it is mentioned that the occupiers of the three mills holden of the manor should gather yearly, for the lord of it, nine bushels of chestnuts, in Chestnut Wood, or pay eighteenpence by the year to the Queen, who had then the manor in her own hands, and was possessed of three hundred acres of Chesnut Wood within this hundred.^ [North Mimms, Co. of Hertford. It appears that this manor was held, 7 Henry VI., by Thomas KnoUes of the Honour of Mandeville and Gloucester by the service of one knight's fee, and that it had view of frank pledge, assize of bread and ale, waifs and estrays, and all other privileges belonging to a court leet ; a gallows erected at Wamborough Hill, a tumbrel, with a pillory, .... and free warren over all the demesne ; and that the lord and his tenants were exempt from the sheriff's toru upon the payment of half a mark for each exemption, and also from tolls in all markets, as the rest of the tenants of the Honour of Gloucester.]^ MiTCHAM, Co. of Surrey. WiUiam Figge, who died 24th Edw. III., was seised of a house and lands at Mitcham, which he held by the service of receiving the King's distraints for the hundred of Wallington.* And Agnes, wife of Geoffry Prior, who died 7th Hen. IV., held a house and lands by the same service.^ [A messuage and land here were held, 6 Edw. III., in capite of the King by a rent of five shillings a year, and by rendering suit at the hundred of Waleton from three weeks to three cum pertin'. in Midrigg, red'do in Scaccario Dun. vi s. per ann. et iii sectas ad com. Dun. anuatim et unam wodhenne, et metebit in autumpno apud gngiam de Midrick annuatim vel dabit unum den : et ad cariand. molas molendini de Kempilmilne, si petatur. Inquis. post mortem Thomae de Midrigg, 1 1 Bury. ' 2 Brownl. p. 199. ^ Brayley's Beauties of England and Wales, vol. viii. p. 702. ' \Q,\\A\s-c\sa.<^s Herts, i. 442-43.] •» Esch. 23 Edw. III. pt. 2, No. 15. ' Esch. 6 Hen. IV. No. 45. Lysons' Environs of London, vol. i. p. 352, and notes. 2 2 2 Tenures of Land weeks, and receiving for one night and a day the distresses levied by the King's bailiff in Mitcham, and keeping within the tenant's close there for one day and a night the thieves taken in the town/ The Salters' Company has some land here by right of keep- ing a dovecote in repair ; and it appears from a survey recently (1873) undertaken that this condition has of late been rather negligently discharged.] MOLESHAM, Co. OF SUFFOLK. William de Regdon and Agnes his wife, sister and heir of John Querdebeef, made fine with the King by ten shillings for their relief of certain lands and tenements which the said John held of the King in capite, the day he died, in Molesham, in the county of Suffolk, by the service of providing the King, for forty days, in his army, with one balista and two horses in England and the marches of Wales.^ Montgomery, the Town of. Whereas through scolds and whores many evils arise in the town, viz., strifes, fightings, defamations, &c., and many other disturbances, by their shouting and bawling, our practice con- cerning them is, that when they are taken they are adjudged to the goging-stool, and there to stand with their feet naked, and their hair hanging and dishevelled, for such time as they may be seen by all persons passing that way, according to the will of our chief bailiffs.^ [MONYMUSK, Co. OF ABERDEEN. In the Inventory of the estate of Sir Archibald Grant of Monymusk, made in i/so,* it is stated that his father had charged the rents of Monymusk with a payment in kind, or to the value of one chalder of oatmeal, yearly for teaching poor ^ [Excerfita Historica, pp. 19-21.] " Willielmus de Regdon, et Agnes uxor ejus, soror et heres Johannis Querdebeef, finem fecit cum Rege per decern solidos pro relevio suo, de quibusdam ter. et ten. quod dictus Johannes tenuit de Rege in capite, die quo obijt, in Molesham, in com. Suff., per servitium serviendi domino Regi per 40 dies in exercitu Regis, cum una balista et duobus equis in Anglia et march. Walhe. De termino Mich. a°. 3 Edw II. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, pp. 57, 58. * Quia per objurgatrices et meretrices multa mala in villa oriuntur, viz. lites, pugnse, diffamationes, &c. ac alise multse inquietationes per earum hutesias et cla- mores ; igitur utimur de eisdem, quod cum capt« fuerint, habeant judicium de la goging-stoole, et ibi stabunt, nudis pedibus et suis crinibus pendentibus et dispersis, tanto tempore ut aspici possint ab omnibus per viam transeuntibus ; secundum volun- tatem balivorum nostrorum capitalium. MS. LL. liberi Burgi de Mountgomery. Blount, 150 * [Tnventory, 1732, p. 14.] and Customs of Manors. 223 children to read, and after the determination of Sir Archi- bald's mother's life, a second chalder. A chalder was worth ^S, IIS. ojd. Moor, in Rickmersworth, Co. of Hertford. Queen Elizabeth, in the eighteenth year of her reign, granted this manor, by her letters-patent, under the seal of the Duchy of Lancaster, to Francis Russell, Earl of Bedford, to hold in free socage, and not in capite, as of her Castle of Hertford, in right of her Duchy of Lancaster, in fee farm, at the annual rent of ^120.]^ MORDEN, Co. of Hereford. Henry de Monmouth held Morden by service, for which he was to summon the lords of Wigmore at Wigmore, Broos at Gingston, and of Cary at Webbeley, and distrain on them for the debts of our lord the King when it should be needful, and to conduct the King's treasure from the Castle of Hereford to London, and to have every day twelvepence. And because it was a disused service, therefore it was changed by the consent of the same Henry, so that the said Henry should pay to the King yearly twelvepence, and do service for a moiety of the fortieth part of one knight's fee, and thus be quit of the service aforesaid. 2 More, Co. of Salop. Roger de la More held, the day he died, in the town of La More, in the county of Salop, one messuage with a curtilage, one hundred and ten acres of land, ten acres of meadow, and one water-mill, by the serjeanty of bearing the King's banner in front of his army, when it should happen that the King went through the parts of Montgomery, with an army, into Wales ; and by the service of being High Constable of the foot-soldiers in the county of Salop ; to receive daily from the King twelve- pence, and also by the service of paying to the King yearly thirteen shillings and fourpence.^ ' [Clutterbuck's Herts, i. 192.] ^ Henry de Monemouth held Morden by service, pro qua debet summonire dominos de Wiggmore apud Wiggmore, Broos apud Gingston, et de Cary apud Webbeley, et distringere eos pro debitis dni Regis cum necesse fuerit, et conducere thesaurum dni Regis a Castro Hereford usque London, et habere quolibet die xii d. Et quia servicium debile est, ideo mutatur de consensu ejusdem Henrici, ita quod dictus Henricus reddat dno Regi per an. xii d. Et faciet servicium 40™^= partis feodi unius militis, et sic quietus sit de predicto servicio. Plac. Corori. 20 Edw. I. Cough's Camd. Brit. edit. 1789, vol. ii. p. 461. ^ Rogerus de la More tenuit, die quo obijt, in villa de la More, in com. Salop, per seriantiam portandi vexillum Regis in anterior! exercitu Regis, cum contigerit 2 24 Tenures of L and Walter de Aldeham holds land of the King, in the More, in the county of Salop, by the service of paying to the King yearly, at his Exchequer, two knives (whittles), whereof one ought to be of that value (or goodness) that at the first stroke it would cut asunder, in the middle, a hazel rod of a year's growth, and of the length of a cubit (half a yard), &c., which same service ought to be done in the middle of the Exchequer, in the presence of the treasurer and barons, every year, on the morrow of St Michael ; and the said knives (whittles) to be delivered to the Chamberlain to keep for the King's use.i Nicolas la More rendered at the Exchequer two knives, one good and the other a very bad one, for certain land, which he held in capite, in the More.'" Mortimer, Co. of Kent, was anciently the patrimony of gentlemen of that name who, for this estate and other lands, were obliged to provide an hobler, or light horseman, for the security of the coast about Genlade in Hoo.3 Morton and Elerch, Co. of Cornwall. William Larcedekene, brother and heir of Stephen Larce- dekene (amongst other things), holds Morton and the manor of Elerch of the King and his heirs by the yearly rent of one hare- dog or greyhound, to be paid at Easter, at Bodmin, by the hands of the steward of the said county of Cornwall, for all services.* [Morton, Co. of Essex. Henry de Averying held the manor of Morton, in the county, of Essex, in capite of our lord the King, by the serjeanty of find- Regem per partes de Montgomery in exercitu ire in Wallia ; et per servic' essend superior Constabular' de peditibus com. Salop, percipiend' per diem de R. xij d. et etiam per servic' reddendi R. per annum xiij s. iiij d. Et sunt ib'm. unum mess, cum curtilag, ex acr. terr. x acr. prati, et unum molend. aquaticum. Esch. anno R R. E. primi. xxiij. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 708, p. 72. 1 Walterus de Aldeham tenet terram de Rege, in la More, in com. Salop, per servitium reddendi Regi per annum ad Scaccarium suum duos cultellos, quorum unus talis valoris esse debet, ut virgam coryleam unius anni, et lorigitudinis unius cubiti, ad primam percussionem per medium scindere debet, &c. Quod quidem servitium in medio Scaccarii in presentia thesaurarii et baronum, quolibet anno, in crastino Sancti Michaelis fieri debet. Et dicti cultelli liberentur Camerario ad opus Regis custodiend. Com. Mich. 3 Ric. II. Rot. I, Salop. Blount, 135. ^ Salopsire. Nicolaus de Mora reddit ad Scaccarium ij cultellos, unum bonum et alterum pessimum, pro quadam terra quam de Rege tenet in capite in Mora. Mich. Commun. 29 Hen. III. Rot. i, b. Madox's Hist. Excheq. p. 611. ^ Magna Brit. yo\.\\.-g.l\Oi^ * Willielmus Larcedekene, frater et heres Stephani Larcedekene, tenet Morton et manerium de Elerkey de Rege et heredibus suis, per an. redd, unum leporarium ad festum Pasche, apud Bodmyn, per manus Senescalli ipsius com. Comub. pro omnibus servitijs. De termino Hil. anno 2 Ric. II. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 276. and Customs of Manors. 225 ing one man with a horse of the price of ten shilhngs, and four horse-shoes, and one leather saclc, and one iron pin, as often as it should happen for the King to go into Wales with his army, at his own charges for forty days." Edmund Bush holds lands in Morton of the King in capite by the service of finding one iron spear-head [ ? ] for a plough- man, besides or in addition to [super] a certain cloth sack, when- ever our lord the King should ride in the army towards Wales in the time of war.^ MouLSEY, Co. OF Surrey. Walter de Molesey holds his land in Moulsey of our lord the King by the serjeanty of being his Balistar in his army for forty days at his own costs ; and if he should stay longer, at the costs of the King.^ MUGDRUM, Co. OF FIFE, SCOTLAND. This shire, as well as the rest in the kingdom, was formerly subject to a Thane — i.e., in the old Saxon language, as in the present Danish, a servant to the King ; but Malcolm Canmore appointed Macduff, who before was Thane of Fife, first liereditary Earl of Fife, for his services, granting to his posterity the right of placing the King in his chair at his coronation, the command of the van in the King's army, and power to compound for a sum of money for the accidental murder of a nobleman or com- moner by any of them. There still remains, not far from Lun- doris, a stone cross, which served as a boundary between Fife and Strathern, with an inscription in barbarous verses, which had such a right of sanctuary, that a murderer within the ninth degree of relation to Macduff Earl of Fife, if he could reach this cross, and pay nine cows with a heifer, should be acquitted of the murder.* Narborough, Co. of Norfolk. Thomas Spelman, son of John, who died the 12th of March, 1st Elizabeth, 1558, is said, in the Inquisition, to have held the ^ Henricus de Averying tenuit manerium de Morton in com. Essex, in capite de domino Rege, per serjantiam inveniendi unum hominem cum uno equo precii x s. et quatuor ferris equorum, et uno sacco de corio, et una Brochia ferrea, quotiescunque contigerit dominum Regem ire in Walliam cum exercitu, sumptibus suis propriis, per quadraginta dies. Plac. Coron. i3Edw. I. Essex. Blount, 50. ^ Edmundus Busche tenet terras in Morton in com. Essex per servitium inveni- endi unum stimulum ferreum pro uno warrocks super quoddam cloth sack, quando- cunque dominus Rex equitaverit in exercitu versus partes Walliae tempore guerrae. Hil. 22 Ric. II. Essex. Blount, 32. ' Walter de Molesey tenet terram suam de domino Rege in Molesey, per serjantiam existendi Balistarius domini Regis in exercitu suo, per xl dies, ad custum suum pro- prium, et si amplius ibi moram fecerit, ad custum domini Regis. Pla. Coron. 39 Hen. III. Rot. 29, dorso. Surrey. Blount, 57. * Gough's Camden, edit. 1789, vol. iii. p. 371. P 2 26 Tenures of L and manor of Narborough, with the third part of the advowson of the church, &c., of our lady the Queen, as of her manor of Wingrave (Wirmegay), by knight's service, and by paying four- teen shillings for Wayte-fee and Castle-guard. And it was worth yearly clear ^^31, 17s. lojd., as appears in the schedule of livery of John Spelman, his brother/ Nedding and Kettilberston, Co. of Suffolk. William de la Pole, Marquis of Suffolk, had a grant from King Henry VI. of the manors of Nedding and Kettilberston, in the county of Suffolk, to hold by the service of carrying a golden sceptre, with a dove on the head of it, upon the coronation-day of the King, his heirs and successors. As also a sceptre of ivory, with a golden dove on the head of it, upon the day of the coro- nation of the queens of England.^ Nethercot, Co. of Oxford. William Buffin holds a fourth part of one knight's lee in Nethercot by serjeanty to be with a wambais and an iron head- piece, against the King's enemies, for forty days, at his proper costs.^ Nether Overton, Co. of Oxon. Robert de la Sale holds two yard-lands in Nether Overton by the serjeanty of finding, in the army of our lord the King, a man bearing an ensign, for forty days, at his own proper costs ; and now it pays a rent at the Exchequer.* Nettlebed, Co. of Oxon. Oliver de Stanford held certain land in Nettlebed, in the county of Oxford, by the serjeanty of being sealer of the writs in the Chancery of our lord the King.' 1 Thomas Spelman (qui obiit 12 Martii, I Eliz.) dicitur in Inquisitione tenuisse manerium de Narborough in com. Norfolk cum tertia parte advocationis ecclesiae, &c. de domina Regina ut de manerio suo de Wirmegay per servitium militare, et per redditum xiv s, pro Wayt-fee et Castle-guard. Et valet clare per annum ;£'xxxiv, xvii s. X d. quadrantem. Patet in schedula liberationis Johannis Spelman fratris sui, 7 Aug. 5 EHz. Blount, 7. Blount's Law Diet. tit. Wayte-fee. ^ Carta 24 Hen. VI. n. 20. Blount, 20. ' Willielmus BufSn tenet quarta partem feodi unius militis in Nethercot, per ser- jant' habend' perpunctum et capellum ferreum in host' R. per xl dies, ad custum suum proprium. Tenentes per serjant' in com. Oxon. Testa de Nevil, p. 108. * Robertus de la Sale tenet duas virgatas terr^ in Nether Overton, per serjantiam inveniendi, in exercitu domini Regis, hominem portantem unum penicillum, per quad- raginta dies, sumptibus suis ; et modo arrentata est ad Scaccarium. Plac, Coron. 13 Edw. I. Rot. 37, dorso. Blount, 73. ^ Oliverus de Stanford tenuit quandam terram in Nettlebed, in com. Oxon. per serjantiam espicurnantise in Cancellaria domini Regis. Plac. Coron. Blount, 72. and Customs of Manors. 227 Newbiggin, Co. of York. The Knights of St John of Jerusalem in England had at Newbiggin thirteen oxgangs of land of assize held by these men. Baldwin held one oxgang for two shillings and a half, and two hens, and twenty eggs, and four days' work in autumn with one man, to plough twice, to harrow twice, to mow once, to make hay once, and when there should be occasion, to repair the mill-dam, and draw or carry the millstones, and to wash sheep one day, and another day to shear them. Bertram and Osbert, for one oxgang of land, paid thirtypence, and the aforesaid service, &c. And it is to be known that all the cottagers ought to spread and cock hay once, and to wash and shear the sheep, and repair the mill-dam, as those which held an oxgang of land.' Newburgh, Co. of Salop. Alexander de Newburgh owes the service of being vintner to our lord the King for Newburgh.^ New College, Oxford. There is an ancient custom (the original whereof we cannot find) of the Fellows of New College, in Oxford, who every Holy Thursday, between eight and nine o'clock in the morning, go to the Hospital of St Bartholomew, and a httle without the city eastward, where, in the chapel, they hear certain prayers read and an anthem sung ; from whence they go to the upper end of the grove adjoining to the chapel (the way being strewed with sweet flowers), and place themselves round the well, where they chant forth a song composed of three, four, or more parts ; after the performance of which they refresh with a morning draught, and then retire to Oxford to be present at the sermon.3 New Elvet, Co. of Durham. In 1382, John de Elvet held of the Prior of Durham ten messuages, with the appurtenancesj in New Elvet, as of bur- ^ Apud Newbiggin xiii bovatae assisae de hiis hominibus ; Baulduinus una bovata, pro ii s. et dim. et ii gallinas, et xx ova, et quatuor precarias in autumpno, cum i homine ; bis arrare, bis herciare, semel falcare, semel fsenum levare, et cum opus fuerit, stagnum reparare et molas attrahere, et oves, uno die levare, et altero tondere. Bertramus et Osbertus, pro una bovata xxx d. et prsedictum servitium, &c. Et sciendum quod cotarii omnes debent faenum spargere et levare semel, et oves lavare et tondere, et stagnum reparare, sicut illi qui tenent unam bovatam. Inquis. capt. anno 1 185. Mon. Angl. torn. ii. p. 539. Blount, 24. ^ Alexander de Novo Burgo debet servic'. vinar' dni Regis de Novo Burg. Salopp. Tenentes in cap. de dno Rege per seriant'. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 1087, p. 15. ' Universal Librarv. or Complete Summary of Science, edit. 1722, p. 357, 2 28 Tenures of Land gage, and by doing three suits to the court of the borough of Elvet, and paying to the said hostillary yearly, for landmale, four shillings and twopence/ [Newenham, Co. of Kent. The Priory of Davington paid two marks and a half a year towards the food and maintenance of the monks of Faversham Abbey, in consideration of its enjoyment of proprietary rights over the church at Newenham.'" Newenton, Co. of Wilts. The Church of St Mary of Wilton owned this manor at the time of the survey. It then had a right by custom to 86 cartloads of wood, and to the feed of eighty hogs in Milchet Wood, and to whatever timber might be necessary for the repairs of the buildings and fences.] ^ Newington, Co. of Oxford. Emma de Hamton holds of our lord the King in the town of Newington forty shillings of land, by the service of cutting out the linen clothes of the King and Queen.* Newington Butts, Co. of Surrey. In the reign of Henry III. the Queen's goldsmith held an acre of land in Newington by the service of rendering a gallon of honey to the King.^ Newton Regny, Co. of Cumberland. John Crubbe made fine with the King for himself and others (his partners) by forty shillings, for their relief for the manor of Newton Regny, in the county of Cumberland, held of the King by the serjeanty of finding for our lord the King, in his army, ^ Johannes de Elvet ten', de dicto pr'. dec. mess, cum pertin'. in Novo Elvet, ut de burgagio, et faciend'. tres sect', ad cur', burgi de Elvet, et reddend'. dicto hostillar'. per ann. pro landmale, iiiis. et iid. Inquis. post mortem Johannis de Elvet. 2 Fordham. ^ [Willement's ^ir/. of Davington, 1862, p. 11.] ' [Doomsday of Wilts , p. 167.] * Emma de Hamton tenet de dno Rege in villa de Niwenton, xls. terre per ser- viciii scindendi linos pannos dni Regis et Regine. Eschet' dni Regis de com. Oxon. Testa de Nevil,"^. loy. ^ = Lysons' ^aaw-owj-, vol. i. p. 391. Niweton. Reginse Aurifaber tenet unam acram in Niweton de domino Rege in capite, per servitium unius galonis de melle reddendo domino Regi. Inquis. Co. Surrey temp. Regis Johannis. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 313, fol. 21. and Customs of Manors. 229 one esquire, or horseman (servientem equitem), with an aketone, habergeon, an iron helmet, lance, sword, and long knife, for forty days at their costs/ Newton Sermanvile, Co. of Somerset. John Burnell, son and heir of Henry Burnell, Esq., holds three messuages, eleven tofts, one pigeon-house, one garden, one caru- cate, one hundred and sixty acres of land, &c., with the appur- tenances, in Newton Sermanvile, in the county of Somerset, of our lord the King, by the service and rent of one tablecloth and one towel, of the price of twenty shillings yearly, at the feast of St Michael the Archangel, for all services.^ NiEVETON, Co. OF SOMERSET. Richard Wrotham held of Roger Stawle two yard-lands in Nieveton by the service of one white rod.^ [Nigra VRE, Co. of Wilts. At the time of the Doomsday Survey, five burgesses in Wilton, belonging to this manor, paid six shillings. Among other hold- ings was the church, which belonged to Nigellus the physician, with one hide.] * Norfolk, Co. of. In Norfolk there are some grounds which it is not known to what parish they certainly belong, so that the minister who first seizes the tithes does, by that right of pre-occupation, enjoy them for that year ; and the land of this dubious nature is there called Catchland, from this custom of seizing the tithes.^ In this county they have a custom called Shack, which is to have common for hogs, from the end of harvest till seed-time, in ■^ Johannes Crubbe fecit finem cum Rege, pro se et aliis particibus, per 40s., pro relevio eonindem participum, pro manerio de Newton Reign, in com. Cumbr. Tenet de Rege per serjantiam inveniendi domino Regi, in exercitu suo, unum servientem equitem, cum uno aketon, uno haubergeon, uno capello ferri, una lancea, uno gladio, uno cultello longo, per 40 dies, sumptibus suis. De termino HU. a°. 17 Edw. II. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 86. ' Johannes Burnell, filius et heres Henrici Bumel, Ar". tenet tria mess', xi toft, unum columbar', unum gardinum, unam canicatam, clx acr'. terr'. &c. cum pertin'. in Newton Sermanvile, in com. predict', de dno Rege per servic'. et redd', vnius mappse, et vnius manutergij, precij xx s. annuatim, ad festum Sancti Michaelis Archangeli pro omnibus servicijs. Michi's f. anno 7 Henricj VII. Rotulo tertio. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5174, P- 9- ^ Ricardus de Wrotham tenuit de Rogero Stawle, in Nieveton, ij viigat'. terr'. per serv'. unius albe virge. Abridgm. Inquis. post mortem, co. Somerset. Anno 35 Hen. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 4120, p. 2. * [See further Z'w?«j(/(y of Wilts, 1788, p. 45.] ' Cowell. 230 . Tenures of Land all men's grounds without control ; and in that county to go at Shack is as much as to go at large." Northampton. William the Conqueror gave to Simon St Liz, a noble Nor- man, the town of Northampton, and the whole hundred of Fausley, then valued at forty pounds per annum, to provide shoes for his horses." Northamptonshire. In the I2th of King Henry II., anno 1165, Richard de Lizures was certified to be forester in fee to the King for Northampton- shire, and was by his office obliged to attend him in his army, well fitted with horse and arms, his horn hanging about his neck.^ By the custom of the county of Northampton, in the absence of the sheriff, the frank pledge may make deliverance of goods distrained.'* North Gyneldall, &c., Co. of York. Thomas de Walkingham, son and heir of John de Walking- ham, gave to the King six marks, for his rehef, for tenements in North Gyneldall and East Gyneldall, which he held by the ser- vice of finding one balistar towards fortifying the Castle of York in the time of war.^ North Walsham, Co. of Norfolk. William de St Clere, who had a moiety of the inheritance of Sir Richard Butler in this county and town, conveyed it by fine, in the 57th of King Henry III., to William, son of William de Hevingham, to be held of him and his heirs by the service of a sparrow-hawk. This extended into Swafield, Worsted, and Westwick. Wil- liam, son of Reymer, had an interest therein, Beatrix, his wife, being the relict of Sir Nicholas Butler, she being in court, and doing homage with the said William ; which shows how strict the law of homage was at that time.* ' 7 Rep. 5, Corbet's case. ^ Jorval, id est, Joh. Brompton. Blount, 1 6. ^ Lib. Rub. Scacc. tit. Northamptonshire. Blount, 131 * Complete Attorney and Solicitor, edit. 1676, p. 158. " Thomas de Walkingham, filius et heres Johannis de Walkingham, dat Regi sex marcas pro ten' in North Gyneldall, et Est Gineldale, per servicium inveniendi unum balistarium in munitione Castri Eboraci, in tempore guerree. De termino Hil. a°. 30 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 24. ' Parkins' edit. Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, vol. xi. p, 74. and Customs of Manors. 2 3 1 Norton and Clun, Co. of Salop. William Fitz Allen gives two catzuros to the King, to have two fairs, one at Norton, to continue for four days, and the other at Clun, to continue for three days, according to the tenor of the charter of the lord the King, which he had.i 't>! Norwich, the City of. In the time of King Edward (the Confessor) there were num- bered in the city of Norwich one thousand three hundred and twenty burgesses, at which time it paid twenty pounds to the King, and ten pounds to the Earl, and besides these, it paid twenty shiUings, and four prebendaries, and six sextaries of honey, and a bear, and six dogs for the bear. After the Conquest, it paid seventy pounds by weight to the King, and a hundred shillings for Queen-gold, and a hawk, and twenty pounds blanch money to the Earl, and twenty shillings of fine by the tale." Nottingham. Gilbert Glutun holds certain land, with a bakehouse, in the town of Nottingham, which were worth yearly forty shillings, by the service of being summoner, and bearing the writs of our lord the King through both counties — to wit, Nottingham and Derby — at his proper costs.^ [Oakenwood, Co. of Denbigh. Roger de Warton holds in the Oakenwood thirteen acres in herbage, and takes nothing from the wood (timber), rendering annually for the whole three shillings and fourpence 1 Willielmus filius Alani dat duos bonos Catzuros pro habendis duobus feriis, una apud Norton, per quatuor dies duratura, et alia apud Clunne, per tres dies duratura, secundum tenorem chartce domini Regis, quam inde habet. Rot. Fin. 6 Joh. M. 13. Bleunt, 68. 2 Tempore Regis Edwardi in civitate Norwici mcccxx burgenses numerabantur, quo tempore reddebat xx libras Regi, et comiti x libras, et prseter hjec xx solidos et quatuor prasbendarios, et sex sextarios mellis, et ursum, et sex canes ad ursum : mode vero reddit bcx libras pensas Regi, et centum solidos de gersuma Reginas, et astur- conem, et xx libras blancas comiti, et xx solidos de gersuma ad numerum. Domesday. Blount, 137. ^ Gilbertus Glutun tenet quandam terram cum quodam furno in villa de Nottingh'. que valet per annum xls. per servic'. existendi sumonitor et ferendi brevia'. diii Reg'. per utriusque com. sell'. Not', et Derb'. ad custum suum proprium. Testa de Nevil, p. 17. 232 Tenures of Land at Whitsuntide and Michaelmas. This, they say, he holds by relief.] ' Oakham, Co. of Rutland. Here is an ancient custom, continued to this day, that every baron of the realm, the first time he comes through this town, shall give a horse-shoe to nail upon the castle gate ; which if he refuses, the bailiff of that manor has power to stop his coach, and take one off his horse's foot ; but commonly they give five, ten, or twenty shillings, more or less, as they please ; and in proportion to the gift, the shoe is made larger or smaller, with the name and titles of the donor cut upon it, and so it is nailed upon the gate.^ [Oakhampton, Co. of Devon. William the Conqueror gave this manor to Baldwin de Sap or de Brioniis, to which the shrievalty of Devon was annexed. It was held of the King in capite by the service of three knights, and had privileges of frank pledge, free warren, &c., with certain advowsons, and the patronage of the Abbey of Ford. The vicar of Oakhampton was bound to supply a chaplain to perform the service in the lord's castle. Until the time of John de Courtenay, who was lord in the time of Henry HI., the lords of Oakhampton kept Exeter Castle in fee. They held of the Bishop three fees as two — viz., Slapton, Youwe, near Crediton, and Addesham — and were bound to act as stewards to the bishops at their enthronement, for which they were entitled to receive the dishes and vessels with which the Bishop was served in the first course at the banquet. The tenants of the lordship were free from toll in all fairs and markets throughout the county of Devon. John Floier held thirty acres of land of John Lord Courtenay in capite, in consideration of finding one pitcher or flagon of wine as often as it should happen that the said John or his heirs desired to lunch or dine in the island of Exe.] ^ Ogres, or Owres, Co. of Dorset. William le Moyne held the manor of Ogres of our lord the King in capite by the service and serjeanty of being caterer (or purveyor) in the King's kitchen, and keeper of his larder.'' ' [Survey of 1334, printed in Williams's Denbigh and its Lordship, i86o, pp. 29, 30. Some other holdings of the same character, on similar terms, the timber reserved to the lord in each case, are cited ibid^ ^ Camd. Brit. 545. ' [Cleaveland's General Hist, of the Family of Courtenay, 1735, pp. I0> 17) App. The tenure last noticed was a very ancient one — see ibid. pp. 10, 11.] * Willielmus le Moyne tenuit m. de Ogres, de R. in capite, per ser. [et] seriantiam quod esset emptor coquinse, et custos lardenarij Regis. Esc. anno 23 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 38, and Camd. Brit. Dorset. and Customs of Manors. 233 Okenardson, &c., Co. of Hants. John de Plessetis, some time Earl of Warwick, held the manor of Okenardson, with the manors of Kedelinton and Bradeham, by the service of a barony, and to find in the' King's army two knights or thirteen esquires, for forty days, at his proper cost.' Oketon and Dalton, Co. of York. Anketil Malore holds certain land and ten shillings rent, in Oketon and Dalton, in the county of York, by serjeanty to the King by archery, which land the King gave to the said Anketil in marriage with the daughter and heir of William de Muletorp ; and he holds the aforesaid land of one archery for finding an esquire (servientem) to keep the Castle of York, in the time of war, for forty days, at his own proper charge. He was also to find an esquire (servientem) to conduct the treasure of our lord the King through the whole county at his own proper charge, and out of the county at the King's charge.^ Ordeals. I. Trial by Bread. It was a kind of superstitious trial used among the Saxons to purge themselves of any accusation by taking a piece of barley bread and eating it, with solemn oaths and execrations that it might prove poison, or their last morsel, if what they asserted or denied were not punctually true. These pieces of bread were first execrated by the priest, and then offered to the suspected guilty person, to be swallowed by way of purgation ; for they beheved a person, if guilty, could not swallow a morsel so accursed, or if he did, it would choke him. The form was thus : " We beseech Thee, O Lord, that he who is guilty of this theft, when the exercised bread is offered to him, in order to discover the truth, that his jaws may be shut, his throat so narrow that he may not swallow, and that he may cast it out of his mouth and not eat it." ^ The old form, or exorcismus panis hordeacei vel casei ad probationem veri, is extant in Linden- 1 Johannes dePlesset. quondam Comes Warwici, m. de Okenardson, cum. m. de Kedelinton et Bradeham, per ser' unius baronise, inveniendi in exercitu Regis duos milites, vel 13 servientes, per 40 dies, ad custum suum proprium. Prima pars Eschet. tempore Henrici Regis, filij Regis Johannis. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 2. ^ Anketil Malore tenet quandam terrem et x s. redditus in Oketon et Dalton, in com. Ebor. de serjantia domini Regis, per archeriam quam terram dominus Rex dedit eidem Anketilo in maritagio cum filia et hserede Willielmi de Muletorp ; et tenet prsedictam terram unius archeris, quod inveniet unum servientem ad custodiam Castri Ebor, tempore guerrae, per xl dies, ad custum proprium. Debet etiam invenire unum servientem ad duceudum thesaurum domini Regis, per totum comitatum ad custum proprium, et extra com. ad custum domini Regis. Plac. Coron. 15 Hen. III. Ebor. Rot. 1, dorso. Blount, 48. 3 Du Cange. 234 Tenures of Land brogius, p. 107. And in the laws of King Canute, cap. 6 : " Si quis altari ministrantium accusetur, et amicis destitutus sit, cum Sacramentales non habeat, vadat ad judicium quod Anglice dicitur Corsned, et fiat sicut Deus velit, nisi super sanctum corpus domini permittatur et se purget." From which it is con- jectured that corsned bread was originally the very sacramental bread consecrated and devoted by the priest, and received with solemn abjuration and devout expectance that it would prove mortal to those who dared to swallow it with a lie in their mouth ; till at length the bishops and clergy were afraid to pros- titute the communion bread to such rash and conceited uses, when, to indulge the people in their superstitious fancies and idle customs, they allowed them to practise the same judicial right in eating some other morsels of bread, blessed or cursed to the like uses. It is recorded of the perfidious Godwin Earl of Kent, in the time of King Edward the Confessor, that on his abjuring the murder of the King's brother by this way of trial : as a just judgment of his solemn perjury, the bread stuck in his throat, and choked him. " Cum Godwinus comes in mensa Regis de nece sui fratris impetretur, ilia post multa sacramenta, tandem per Bucellam deglutiendam abjuravit, et bucella gus- tata continuo sufFocatus interiit."' This, with other barbarous ways of purgation, was by degrees abolished, though we have still some remembrance of this superstitious custom in our usual phrases of abjuration ; as, " I will take the sacrament upon it ; " " May this bread be my poison ; " or, " May this bit be my last," &C.2 2. Ordeal by Fire and Water. The several methods of trial and conviction of offenders, established by the laws of England, were formerly more numer- ous than at present, through the superstition of our Saxon ancestors who, like other northern nations, were extremely addicted to divination, a character which Tacitus observes of the ancient Germans.^ They therefore invented a considerable number of methods of purgation or trial to preserve innocence from the danger of false witnesses, and in consequence of a notion that God would always interpose miraculously to vindi- cate the guiltless. The most ancienf species of trial was that by ordeal, which was peculiarly distinguished by the appellation of Judicium Dei (the judgment of God), and sometimes Vulgaris Purgatio (the vulgar purgation), to distinguish it from the canonical purgation, which was by the oath of the party. This was of two sorts,* either Fire-ordeal or Water-ordeal; the former being confined to persons of higher rank, the latter to the common people. ' Ingulph. ^ Jacob's Law Diet. tit. Corsned Bread. ^ De Mor. Germ. p. 10. * Leges Ina. c. 77. ^ Mirror, c. iii. sect. 23. and Customs of Manors. 235 Glanville, who wrote in the time of King Henry II., says," "He who is accused ought to purge himself by the judgment of God, to wit, by hot iron, or by water, according to the difference of his condition ; by hot iron if he be a free man, and by water if a rustic." Both these might be performed by deputy ; but the principal was to answer for the success of the trial, the deputy only venturing some corporal pain for hire, or perhaps for friendship.^ Fire-ordeal was performed either by taking up in the hand unhurt a piece of red-hot iron, of one, two, or three pounds weight, or else by walking, barefoot and blindfold, over nine red- hot ploughshares laid lengthwise at unequal distances ; and if the party escaped being hurt, he was adjudged innocent ; but if it happened otherwise, as without collusion it usually did, he was then condemned as guilty. However, by this latter method Queen Emma, the mother of Edward the Confessor, is men- tioned to have cleared her character, when suspected of famili- arity with Alwyn, Bishop of Winchester. ^ Speed, speaking of this event, says that she used this speech to her leaders, as not knowing she was past all danger: "O Lord ! when shall I come to the place of my purgation } " but having her eyes uncovered, and seeing herself clearly escaped, fell upon her knees, and with tears gave thanks to her deliverer, whereby she recovered both the love and her former estate of the King, with the good esteem and applause of the people; in memory whereof she gave nine manors — viz., Brandesbyri, Borchefelde, Howthtone, Fyfide, Mechelmeiche, Yuingeo, Wy- combe, Woregrave, and Haylinge'' (according to the number of ploughshares) — to the minister of Winchester, wherein she had that trial, and adorned the same with many rich ornaments ; as likewise the King, repenting the wrong he did her, bestowed on the same place the island, so then it was called, Portland, in Dorsetshire, being about seven miles in compass ; for so the chance in those days was set, that whosoever lost, the monks ever won.^ Bishop Alwyn also, who was so accused of familiarity with Queen Emma, gave to the same church nine manors — viz., Stoneham, the two Meones, Newton, Witeney, Heling, Melbrok, Polhampton, and Hodingtone.^ The former method of trial by fire-ordeal was practised in England so late as the time of King John. ^ Tenetur se purgare is qui accusatur per Dei judicium scilicet per callidum ferrum, vel per aquam, pro diversitate conditionis hominum ; per ferrum callidum si fuerit homo liber; per aquam si fuerit rusticus. Glanvil. lib. xiv. cap. I. " This is still expressed in that common form of speech, "of going through fire and water to serve another." 3 Tho. Rudbome's Bist. Maj. Winton, lib. iv. c. i. , * Mon. Angl. tom. i. p. 980. '' Speed, in Vita Edw. Confess, p. 419. ^ Mon. Angl. tom. i. p. 980. See a full account of Queen Emma's purgation in Mon. Angl. tom. i. p. 34 et seq. 236 Tenures of Land Orleton, Co. of Hereford. At Orleton, in the county of Hereford, the relict of a copy- hold tenant is admitted to her free-bench — that is, to all her husband's copyhold lands, during her life, the next court after her husband's death.' OsBERTON, Co. of Nottingham. Maunesumus "^ de Hersey holds the whole town of Osberton of the Countess of Ewe ^ by the service of being her steward ; and the heir of Alfirton had the land, and kept it by the like OswELBECK Soke, Co. of Nottingham. By a statute of the 32d Hen. VHI., cap. 29, all lands lying in Oswelbeck Soke shall be inheritable according to the common law, and not partable between heirs male, as they have been. OVENHELL, Co. OF KENT. Sir 0.sbert de Longchamp, Knight, holds certain land, which is called Ovenhell, in the county of Kent, by the service of fol- lowing our Lord the King in his army into Wales forty days, at his own costs, with a horse of the price of five shillings, a sack of the price of sixpence, and with a pin or skewer to the same sack.^ OXENHALE, Co. OF DURHAM. In the fourth year of Bishop Bury, 1336, Nicholas de Oxen- hale held of the Lord Bishop in capite the manor of Oxenhale by homage and fealty, and the service of sixty shillings ; and he was to do three suits to the county court at Durham ^ yearly ; ^ Blount's Law Diet. v. Free-bench. ^ This Christian name seems to be a corruption of Onesimus. — P. 3 This Countess of Ewe, whose Christian name was Alice, I take to have been the daughter of that Earl and Countess of Ewe who are mentioned p. 119, for she was living the 5th of King Edw. IV., 1465, as appears by the feodary roll of the Honour of Tickhill, from which these extracts are made. She_held thirty-nine knights' fees, a third part, and a fiftieth part of a knight's fee, in the county of Nottingham, of the Honour of Tickhill. — E. * Maunesumus de Hersy tenet totam villam de Osberton, de Comitissa Augy, per servicium quod sit dispen. ejus, et heres de Alfirton habet terram, et defendit earn per tale servicium. Ex. Rot. Feodar. Honoris de Tickhill, MS. Foljambe. ^ Osbertus de Longchamp, Miles, tenet quandam terram qute vocatur Ovenhelle in com. Kancise, per servitium quod debet exequi dominura Regem in exercitu sue usque in Walliam xl diebus propriis sumptibus, cum uno equo precii v s. et cum uno sacco precii vi d. et cum brochia ad eundem saccum. In Rot. Hundred, anno 3 Edw. I. Rot. 7, Kane. Blount, 61. < * This means the county of Durham, in opposition to' the wapentake of Sadberg, which, notwithstanding the old general grants, was withheld from the church till and Customs of Manors. 237 and he was to perform the fourth part of one drengage — to wit, he was to plough four acres, and sow it with the seed of the Bishop, and harrow it, and do four days' work in autumn— viz., three with all the people of his whole family, except the house- wife, and the fourth with one man of any house, except his own house, which was to be quit ; and he was to keep a dog and a horse for a quarter of a year ; and he was to pay tribute when such was imposed in the bishopric.i OXENHOATH, Co. OF KENT. Oxenhoath is now the property and residence of the Geary family, who obtained it by marriage with the Bartholomews. It was anciently the property of the Culpeppers, and was for- merly held of the manor of Hoo, near Rochester, by the yearly payment of a pair of gilt spurs.2 Oxford, Mayor and Burgesses of. The Mayor and burgesses of Oxford, by charter, claim to serve in the office of butlership to the King, with the citizens of London, with all fees thereunto belonging; which claim was allowed at the coronation of King James II., and to have three maple cups for their fee. They had also, ex gratia, allowed a large gilt bowl and cover.^ OxsPRiNG, Co. OF York. In the year 1572, John Waynwright of Wytwell Hall, in Hallamshire (in the manor of Bolsterstone), paid to Godfrey Bosville, Esq., lord of the manor of Oxspring, " two grett brode arrows well hedyd, and barbyd ordrly."* OXTRAND, Co. OF NORFOLK. Agnes de Ratelsdon, wife of Adam de Ratelsdon, in the 34th Hen. III., impleaded Richer de Reymes for a fourth part of a fee Bishop Hugh (Pudsey, Earl of Northumberland) purchased it of Richard I., in exchange for other manors in Lincolnshire ; hence it is distinctly named with Durham in the title of a county palatine as a separate wapentake, which formerly compre- hended most of the east side of the county. Camd. Brit. tit. Bishopric of Durham. —Pegge. ^ Nich. de Oxenhale ten', de dno episcopo in capite, maner'. de Oxenhale per hom. et fid. et servic'. Ixs. et faciet tres sect, ad com. Dim. per ann. et faciet quartam partem unius drengagij, scilicet q'd aret quatuor acras et seminet de semine epis- copi, et herciet et faciet quatuor p'cacoes in autumpno, scil. tres de omnibus hominibus suis, cum tota familia domus excepta husewia, et quartam cum uno homine de quacunq. domo, excepta propria domo sua, que quieta erit ; et custo- diet canem et equum per quartam partem anni, et faciet veware qn positum fuerit in episcopatum. Inquis. post mortem Nichi. de Oxenhale. ^ Beauties of England and Wales, vol. viii. p. 1285. ' Sandford, Hist. Coron. * Extracted from the writings of Godfrey Bosville of Gunthwaite, Esq., and com- municated to the editor's late father by John Wilson of Broomhead, Esq. — Beckwith. ■J 8 Tenures of Land in this town (then written Overstrand ') and in North Repps ; Richer had released it to Roger de Herleberge for eighty marks of silver ; Roger was called to warrant it, and a duel or combat of trial was fought on this account between the said Roger and a free man of Simon, son of Hugh, in the behalf and right of Agnes, and after that they came to an agreement.'' Paddington, Co. of Middlesex. Some lands, said to have been given by two maiden gentle- women for the purpose of distributing bread, cheese, and beer among the inhabitants on the Sunday before Christmas Day, are now let at £2\ per annum: the bread was formerly thrown from the church steeple to be scrambled for, and part of it is still distributed in that way.^ Padeworth, Co. of Berks. Peter de Condrey holds the manor of Padeworth, in the county of Berks, in capite of our lord the King, by the serjeanty ot finding one servant (servientem) in the Queen's ship, as often as she should pass the sea to the parts of Normandy, to hold one of the cords or ropes of the said ship. And that serjeanty was worth yearly ten marks.* Pamber, Co. of Hants. The court leet holden annually for the manor of Pamber, near Basingstoke, in Hampshire, is opened in a small piece of ground, called Lady Mead (probably a corruption of Law-day Mead), which belongs to the tithingman for the year. Thence an adjournment is made to a neighbouring public-house. The pro- ceedings of the court are recorded on a piece of wood called a tally, about three feet long and an inch and a half square, fur- nished every year by the steward. These tallies do not seem to be well calculated to preserve the records inscribed upon them, as one which I have seen for the year 1745 was worm-eaten, and part of the writing had become illegible. Some years ago, when their number had accumulated, many of them were burnt, being considered as useless lumber. In a lawsuit at Win- chester, one of these singular records was produced in evidence, which occasioned a counsellor on the opposite side of the ques- ^ Plita 34 Hen. III. Rot. 20, in dorso. 2 Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, folio edit. vol. iii. p. 331. ^ Lysons' Environs of London, vol. iv. p. 341. ' Petrus de Condrey tenet manerium de Padeworth, in com. Berks, in capite de domino Rege, per serjantiam inveniendi unum servientem in navi dominse Reginas quotiescunque contigerit ipsam transfretare ad partes Normannie, ad tenendam unam cordam ejusdem navis in eadem. Et valet per ann. serjantia ilia x marcas. Plac. Coron. apud Windesor, 12 Edw. I. Rot. 46. Blount, 40. and Customs of Manors. 239 tion to denominate it a wooden cause. The lord of the manor is chosen annually, to whom belong stray cattle, &c., and who has a right to hunt and hawk as far as Windsor. The custom of commencing the court in the open air is not peculiar to this manor, as similar ones are mentioned in Plot's Natural History of Oxfordshire, and in Hutchinson's Cumberland. Whether the wooden records may be altogether singular I know not. The custom, however, appears to be a remnant of remote antiquity. The Tally-writer (teller) of the Exchequer is still an office. Shakespeare makes Jack Cade say, in accusation of Lord Sands {Hen. I. part ii.), "Whereas, before our forefathers had no other books but the score and the tally, thou hast caused printing to be used, and, contrary to the King, his crown and dignity, thou hast built a paper-mill." Solon's laws, which were to continue in force for a hundred years, were written upon wooden tables, which might be turned round in the oblong cases which contained them. They were called cyrbes, as Aris- totle tells us ; and Cratinus, the comic poet, thus spoke of them : " By the great names of Solon and of Draco, Whose cyrbes now but serve to boil our pulse."' The Scytale Laconica was a [secret mode of writing in use among the Spartans, &c., of which an account may be found in Dr Smith's Diet, of Antiq. v. Scytale.] In the Apocrypha, 2 Esdras xiv. 24, 37, 44, we read of books made of box-trees, written in the field, and Horace has " leges incidere ligno." Pannington, Co. of . By the custom of this manor, an infant of twelve years of age may surrender. "" Papworth-Anneys, County of Cambridge. John Russell holds in the town of Papworth-Anneys, in the county of Cambridge, two hides and a half of land of the King in capite, by the serjeanty of feeding two poor persons for the souls of his ancestors ; and it is rated at eight shillings a year at the Exchequer.^ [Papworth in Send, Co. of Surrey. In 1332 Roger de Eynham, Prior of Newark, granted this manor to William, son of William de Weston, the latter having ' Mayor's Plutarch, Life of Solon, p. 58. 2 Trin. IS Car. Lyde v. Somister. Tothill, 109. = Johannes Russell tenet in villa de Papworth-Anneys in com. Cantabr. duas hidas terrse et dimidiam de domino Rege in capite, per serjantiam pascendi duos pauperes pro animabus antecessorum suorum, et arrentatur ad Scaccarium pro viiis. Plac. Coron. 14 Edw. I. Cant. Blount, 41. 240 Tenures of Land to give, on account of a tenement called Hullond, a pair of gilt spurs or 6d. yearly at the feast of St James ; and op account of a field called Stoughton-ryde, 8s. annually, and double that rent as a relief on the death, deposition, or removal (amotion) of any prior.] ' Parva Orton, Co. of Oxford. Richard, son and heir of John Bray of Netherotton, gave to the King twenty-one shillings and eightpence for his relief for two messuages, three yard-lands, and seven virgates of land, with the appurtenances, in Parva Orton, held of the King as parcel of the serjeanty which was formerly of William Fitz Alan, in the said town of Parva Orton, in the hundred of Wotton, in the county of Oxford, held of the King by the service of bearing an ensign in the King's army before the foot- soldiers of the said hundred of Wotton.^ Parva Somerton, Co. of Dorset. The family of Erles held the manor of Parva Somerton, or Somerton Erleigh, 1st Edward II., by grand serjeanty of being the King's Chamberlain; and 45th Edward III, by the service of pouring water on the King's hands on Easter or Christmas Day.3 Patton, Co. of Wilts. John de Patton, son and heir of William de Patton, deceased, made fine with our lord the King by thirty shillings for his relief (amongst other things) of all the lands and tenements which the said William his father held of the King in capite the day he died — viz., for one messuage and one yard-land in Patton, in the county of Wilts, which he held of the King> in capite by the service of one horseman and one footman to keep the forest of our lord the King in Clarendon, at the proper costs of the said John."* ' [Brayley and Britton's Surrey, iv. 126.] ^ Richardus, filius et heres Johannis Bray, de Netherotton, dat Regi 2is. 8d. de relevio suo, pro ij messuagiis, iij virgat', et vij virgat' terr. cum pertinentijs in Parva Orton, tent, de Rege ut p'cell. serjanti& que quondam fuit Willielmi Filij Alani, in dicta villa de Parva Orton, in hundredo de Wotton, in com. Oxon. tent, de Rege per servitium portandi pencelliim, in exercitu Regis, ante pedites dicti hundred! de Wotton, &c. De termino Mich. a° 27 Edw. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 192. » Hutchins' Hist. Dorset, vol. ii. p. 184. * Johannes de Patton, filius et heres V\fillielmi de Patton, defuncti, finem fecit cum domino Rege per xxx s. pro relevio suo de omnibus ter' . et ten. quod dictus Willielmus pater tenuit de Rege in capite die quo obijt, viz. de uno messuagio, et una virgat. ter'. in Patton in com . Wiltes, q. tne. de Rege in capite, per servitium unius equitis et unius peditis custod'. forestam domini Regis de Clarendon, ad custos proprios ipsius Johannis. De termino Pasche, anno 35 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, pp. 45, 46. and Customs of Manors. 241 Peak, Co. of Derby. The following, among other customs (relating to the Minery),- appear to be observed here : — " The bare master, and the lord, and the steward shall hold courts on the minery when he list, two great courts in the year. And if any miner either be attainted for stealing of ore, first he shall be amerced vs. iiij d., of the which iiij d. the bare master shall have. And if he be again attainted, he shall be amerced xviij d., of the which viij d. the bare master shall have. And if he be attainted the third time for stealing of mine, he shall be taken and smitten through the palm of the hand with a knife up to haft into the stoure, and there shall stand till he be dead, or else cut himself loose, and then he shall forswear the franchise of the mine. And if any man be taken by occasion of any article belonging to the mine, he shall abide in the bare master's keep- ing ; and if he will be mainprised, in pain of a hundred shillings, to be brought again before the steward at the next court of the mine. And if he that is so mainprised, be attainted of felony in the court, the steward shall do by him as the law will upon the same place*; and, if he will, put him on the miners. And each trespass of oaths and of bloodshed he shall be amerced to v s. iiij d., the which iiij d. the bare master shall have. If any other trespass be done upon the minery, it shall be fared to ij d., and that shall be paid to the bare master the first of a fermont, or else the ij d. aye be doubled, and so from day to day till it come to v s. iiij d. ; and then the bare master shall have the iiij d. and the lord v s." ' Peckham, Co. of Kent. John Peckham holds the manor of Peckham, in the county of Kent, in capite of our lord the King, by the service of mewing one goshawk yearly.^ Peckham (West), Co. of Kent. This manor was held, in the time of King John, by the ser- vice of bearing one of the King's goshawks beyond sea, when demanded, from the feast of St Michael to that of the Purifica- tion. The manor was afterwards divided, and one part is now the property of Lord le Despencer, and the other of the Earl of Torrington.^ 1 Ex MS. penes Francis Ferrand Foljambe, Arm. ,. . . . , 2 Johannes Peckam tenet manerium de Peckam, in com. Kanciae, m capite de domino Rege, per servitium mutandi unum osturcum per ann. Plac. Coron. 21 Edw. I. Rot 27, Kane. Blount, 61. ' Beauties of England and Wales, vol. vui. p. 1285. 242 Tenures of Land [Pedington, Co. of Gloucester. Two ancient capital messuages, called Kendall Court, and afterwards Pedington Farm, were held till i Henry VII. by John Kendall, who in that year forfeited them to the King by siding with Richard III. The property remained in the Crown till it was granted, 4 Henry VIII., and confirmed, 9 Henry VIII.,' to John Dingley and his heirs male to hold in capite, and by pay- ing two greyhounds as often as the King should come within two miles of Pedington.] ' Peine Fort et Dure, Punishment by. This punishment used to be inflicted upon those that, being arraigned of felony, refused to put themselves upon the ordinary trial of God and the country, and thereby were mute, or such in the interpretation of law. And the manner of doing it was this : He shall be sent back to the prison whence he came, and laid in some low dark house, where he shall lie naked on the earth, without any litter, rushes, or other clothing, and without any raiment about him, but only something to cover his privy mem- bers : and he shall lie upon his back, with his head covered and his feet, and one arm shall be drawn to one quarter of the house with a cord, and the other arm to another quarter ; and in the same manner it is to be done with his legs, and then there is to be laid upon his body iron and stone, so much as he may bear, or more ; and the next day following he is to have three morsels of barley bread without drink, and the second day drink three times, and as much at each time as he can drink of the water next to the prison door, except it be running water, without any bread, and this is to be his diet until he die."^ Pelawe, Co. of Durham. John de Birteley died (in the tenth year of Bishop Bury, 1345) seised in his demesne, &c., of twelve acres of land, with the appurtenances, in Pelawe, which are held of Richard Pelawe in capite by the service of paying twelvepence to the said Richard, and one quarter of beans to the rector of the church of Boldon for the time being.' Pembroke, Earldom and Castle of. At the coronation of Henry IV., Leonard Lord Grey of ' [Fosbroke's Berkeley Manuscripts, 1821, p. 45.] * Stamf. PI. Cor. lib. ii. cap. 60. Black, lib. iv. 325. ' Johannes de Birteley ob'. seis'. in dominico, &c. xii acr'. terr'. cum pertin'. in Pelawe, que tenentur de Ric. Pelawe in capite, per servic'. redd', xii denar'. dictq Ricardo, et unum quarterium fabarum rectori ecclesi^ de Boldon, qui pro tempore fuit. Inquis. post mortem Johannis de Birteley. 10 Bury. and Ciistoms of Manors. 243 Ruthyn bore the King's great spurs before him, in the time of his coronation, by right of inheritance, as heir to John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke.' At the coronation of King James II., Anthony de Grey, Earl of Kent, claimed to carry the great spurs before the King ; but not being made out, his claim was not allowed. The same was counter-claimed by the Lord Grey of Ruthyn, and allowed. The same was also counter- claimed by the Duke of Norfolk, as Earl of Surrey, but dis- allowed for want of evidence, and because it was not admitted at the preceding coronation.'" At the same coronation, Leonard Lord Grey of Ruthyn, by petition exhibited before the Lord High Steward, claimed to bear the second sword before the King at his coronation, by reason of his castle and tower of Pembroke, and of his town of Denbigh ; but his claim was at that time disallowed, and the office executed by John Earl of Somerset by assignment from the King.3 Pencher, Co. of Durham. In the fifth year of Bishop Hatfield, 1349, Cecily, then late wife of Nicholas de Carlelle, held of the Lord Bishop in capite, on the day of her death, six score and four acres of land, with the appurtenances, in Pencher, rendering yearly at the Exchequer of Durham six marks, and finding the Lord Bishop, for the afore- said land of Pencher, in the great chacc* (at the great hunt) one man and two greyhounds.^ And in the fifth year of Bishop Fordham, 1385, Robert de Carlelle was seised in his demesne, &c., of six score and fourteen* acres of land, with the appurtenances, in Pencher, called Berne- welle, which were held of the Lord Bishop by fealty, and render- ing therefor to the Exchequer at Durham, at the usual terms, six marks, and finding for the Lord Bishop, for the said lands, in his great chace, one man and two greyhounds.' 1 Cromp. 85, b. 2 Sandf. Hist. Coron. ' Cromp. 85, b. * The Bishop had many chaces : quaere which was the great or principal one?— Pegge. ° Cecilia, que fuit uxor Nicholi de Carlelle, ten', de dno episcopo in capite, die quo obiit, sexcies viginti quatuor acr'. terr«, cum pertin'. in Pencher, reddendo per ann. Scaccario Dun. sex marcas, et inveniendo dno episcopo, pro terra predicta de Pencher, in magna chacea, unum hominem et duos leporarios. Inquis. post mortem Cecilias de Carlelle. 5 Hatfield. ^ Only four in the preceding article. — Pegge. ' Robertus de Carlelle fuit seis'. in dominico, &c. de sexcies viginti et quatuordecim acr'. terr'. cum pertin'. in Pencher, vocat Bernewelle, que tenentur de diio episcopo per fid', et redd', inde Scaccario Dun . ad terminos usual, sex marc', et inveniendo dno episcopo, pro dicta terr'. in magna chacea sua, unum hominem et duos leporarios. Inquis. post mortem Robert! de Carlelle. 5 Fordham. 244 Tenures of Land Pencoed, Co. of Cornwall. Hence was denominated an ancient family of gentlemen sur- named De Pencoit ; and here lived John de Pencoit, temp. Hen. III. and Edw. I., who held a Cornish acre at the rent of Ss. in LlameHn, by the service of keeping guard there for forty days when the King came into Cornwall.' Pencomb, Co. of Hereford. The lord of the manor of Pencomb, by ancient custom, claims a pair of gilt spurs, as an heriot, from every mayor of Hereford who dies in his office.^ Pengevel, Co. of Cornwall. Robert de Wena holds three Cornish acres of land in the town of Pengevel in capite of our lord the King by the serjeanty of finding five soldiers at the gate-fords of the Castle of Lance- veton, &c.^ [Peniarth, Co. of Denbigh. This is one of the townships of Bettws-y-Rhos. " There were here," says Mr Williams,'* " as in many other parishes, some curious customs respecting the collection of tithes, as described a terrier of 1791." The master of the charity-school at Bettws, who should be the sexton for the time being, if qualified and willing, was entitled to half-a-crown when the child had learned his lesson-book ; five shillings when he could master his primer ; and two and sixpence more when he could read a chapter or psalm, proper names excepted. Among other things, it was the master's duty to keep them from all dancing-banks, inter- ludes, and all such unlawful assemblies on the Sabbath. Every boy who could say his Catechism in Lent was entitled to five shillings.] Penkelly, Co. of Cornwall. John de Treveilly holds in Penkelly, in the county of Corn- wall, half a Cornish acre of land by the serjeanty of receiving a grey riding-hood at Pouleston Bridge when the King .should be coming towards Cornwall, and entering, from the lord of Cabilia who, on the coming of the King, ought to carry it thither and ^ Carew's Survey of Corn-wall, p. 45. Polewhele's Hist, of Cornwall, ii, 60. ^ Blount. Gough's Camd. vol. iii. p. 86. ^ Robertus de Wena tenet tres acras Cornubienses terras in villa de Pengevel, in capite, de domino Rege, per serjantiam inveniendi quinque soldatos ad Vada Gayte Castri de Lanceveton, &c. Plac. Coron. de ann. 12 Edw. I. Cornub. Blount, 55. ^ [Denbigh and its Lordship, i860, p. 220-21.] and Customs of Manors. 245 deliver it to the said John ; which said John ought to carry- that hood, with our lord the King, through all Cornwall.i Perton, Co. of Stafford. In or about the 5th year of King Edward III. John de Perton held the manor of Perton, in Staffordshire, of the King in capite by grand serjeanty — to wit, by the service of one man, armed with an aketon, an habergeon, a steel cap, and a lance, in the King's army, when he was engaged in a war with Wales.^ PiGHTESLEY, Co. OF NORTHAMPTON. Sir John d'Engayne, Knight, and Elena d'Engayne hold of our lord the King in capite twenty pounds of land, with the appurtenances, in Pightesley, in the county of Northampton, by the service of hunting the wolf for his pleasure in that county.' Thomas Engaine held certain lands in Pightesle (now called Pitchley), in the county of Northampton, by the service of finding, at his own proper costs, certain dogs for the destruction of wolves, martens, cats, and other vermin within the counties of Northampton, Rutland, Oxford, Essex, and Buckingham.'' PiNLEY, Co. OF Warwick. Adam de Oakes was found by inquisition to have died seised of certain tenements in Pinley, in the county of Warwick, which he held of the King by the payment of a halfpenny per annum, called warth.s Plansworth, Co. of Durham. In the second year of the pontificate of Bishop Fordham, 1382, John de Elvet of Durham held of the Lord Bishop in 1 As to the Cornish acre, see Glossary, v. Acre, and Heame, Lib. nig. Scacc. 95. ^ Et memorandum quod compertum est per inquisitionem, quod prsedictus Johannes tenuit in dominico suo, ut de feodo, die quo obijt, manerium de Perton, cum pertinentiis in comitatu Staff, de Rege in capite, per magnam serjantiam, viz. per servicium unius hominis armati, cum aketon. hauberon. capello ferr. et lancea, cum duobus equis discoopertis, per quadraginta dies in exercitu dicti Regis WaUias, &c. Staff. Originale, 5 Edw. III. Rot. 15. Madox's Baronia, p. 243. 3 Johannes d'Engayne, miles, et Elena d'Engayne, tenent de domino Rege in capite, viginti libratas teiTK, cum pertin. in Pightesle, in com. Northampton, per servitium fugandi ad lupum pro voluntate sua in comitatu isto. Plac. Coron. 3 Edw. I. Rot. 20, in dorso. Blount, 71. " Rot. fin. 42 Edw. III. m. 13. Blount, 15. 5 Rot. fin. 18 Edw. II. n. 26. Blount, 8. 246 Tenures of Land capite four messuages and sixty-four acres of land, with the appurtenances, in Plansworth, by fealty, and the service of paying five shillings and fourpence to the Exchequer at Dur- ham at the four usual terms (yearly), and four hens at the office of the master forester, at the feast of St Martin.' Plimpton, Co. of Devon. This was the capital seat and barony of the Redversies, or De Ripariis, now called Rivers. It was given to them by King Henry I., and they had a castle here, of which many tenants held their lands adjoining by a certain tenure which the lawyers called Castle-guard, because they were bound to defend it and repair the walls of it, when it was needful."" Plompton, Co. of Warwick. In King Henry the Third's time Walter de Plompton held certain lands in Plompton, in the parish of Kingsbury and county of Warwick, by a certain weapon, called a Danish axe, which being the very charter whereby the said land was given to one of his ancestors, hung up for a long time in the hall of the capital messuage, in testinaony of the said tenure.^ It appears, by several authorities, that the heirs of Sir John Bracebrigg were afterwards seised thereof by the title of the manor of Plompton.'* POKERLEY, Co. of DURHAM. In the first year of the pontificate of Bishop Skirlawe, 1388, Bertram Monboucher died seised in his demesne, &c., of divers lands and tenements, and the service of the freeholders of Pokerley, with all their appurtenances, which were held of the heirs of the lords of Urpath by one clove on St Cuthbert's Day in September' for all other services.^ 1 Johannes de Elvet, de Dunelm'. ten', de diio episcopo in capite, iiii mess', sexaginta iiii acr'. terr'. cum pertin'. in Plansworth, per fid', et servic'. reddend'. vs. et iiii d. Scaccario Dun' ad quatuor terminos usual', et quatuor gallin. offic. mag" forest, ad festum S. Martini. Inquis. post mortem Johannis de Elvet. 2 Fordham. ^ Magna Britannia, vol. i. p. 469. * Dugdale's Warwickshire, fol. 765, a. Blount, 18. ■' Dugd. Warm. 765. Comp. Copyholder, 430. " The 4th of September, the day of his translation. — P. * Bertramus Monboucher ob'. seis'. de dominico, &c. de diversis terris et tenement', cum servic'. libera tenent'. de Pokerley, cum omnibus suis pertin'. que tenentur de hser'. dominorum de Urpath, per unum clavium gariophili die Sancti Cuthberti in Sept. pro omnibus alijs servic'. Inquis. post mortem Bertvami Monboucher. I Skirlaw. and Customs of Manors. 247 Pole, Co. of Cumberland. William Montacute obtained a grant from King Edward III. of the manor of Pole, with the advowson of the church, in the county of Cumberland, paying the King, his heirs and succes- sors, wheresoever he or they should happen to be, a sword of three shiUings and fourpence price, in lieu of all services.' PoLEv, Co. OF Warwick. Richard de Herthull, the day he died, held the manor of Foley, in the county of Warwick, in his demesne as of fee, by fealty and the service of one sparhawk, or two shillings, at the feast of St James, &c.^ POLLINGTON, CO. OF YORK. The manor of PoUington, near Snaith, is copyhold, and the custom is there that if a copyholder dies seised of lands, having no issue male, but daughters, and does not surrender it to them in his lifetime, the same shall escheat to the lord of the said manor, and the daughters shall not inherit. Sir Henry Saville of Methley, Baronet, purchased this manor of Sir Thomas Metham, Knight, and John Saville of Methley aforesaid, Esquire, now enjoy eth the same, 1674.3 PoNTHOP, Co. OF Durham. In the eighth year of the pontificate of Bishop Skirlaw, 1395, William de Gourlay was seised in his demesne as of fee of the manor of Ponthop, containing sixty acres of land by estimation, which was held of the Lord Bishop in capite by the service of offering and paying yearly one besant at the shrine of St Cuth- bert,"* at his feast in Lent,^ to support the oblation of the said Lord Bishop ; * and by the service of paying yearly another besant, or two shillings, to the Lord Bishop and his successors ^ Carta. Edw. III. No. 26. Blount, 12. ^ Ricardus de Herthull, die quo obijt, tenuit manerium de Foley, in com. War. in dominico sue, ut de feodo, per fidelitatem et servitium unius esparvarij , vel ii s. ad festum Sancti Jacobi, &c. Eschet. de anno 19 Edw. II. No. 53. Blount's Law Diet. tit. Esparvarius. ^ Ex MS. in Bibliotheca Monast. Ebor. * The shrine of St Cuthbert, interred at last at Durham. — P. It is now called St Cuthbert's Feretory, from feretrum. — E. ° Ad festum suum in Quadragesima. 20th March.— /"c^^^. * So that as the Bishop always made his offering then, this besant of two shillings' value was to be part of it. — Pegge. 248 Tenures of Land at the time aforesaid ; and by the service of appearing ' at the three principal county courts,'' and by foreign service.' PORCHESTER, BOROUGH OF, CO. OF HANTS. Roger de Wanstede holds half a serjeanty there by the service of finding one valet for eight days, at his own proper costs, with a wambais, an iron head-piece, and a lance, to keep the Castle of Portsmouth, in the time of war ; and it is let upon rent at ten shillings yearly .■• PORSCAUNDEL, CO. OF DORSET. Juliana, the wife of John Fitz Alan, held half a hide of land in Porscaundel, in the county of Dorset, in capite of our lord the King, by serjeanty of keeping the lame (hurt or wounded) dogs, if there should be any such, as often as the King should hunt in his forest of Blakemore ; and by giving one penny for enclosing the King's park of Gillingham.* [Powis, Lordship of. Griffith, lord of Powis, made submission to Henry I., and elected to hold his lands in Powisland of the King in capite, like the Lords Marchers. " His descendant, Hawys gadarn," says Pennant,^ " fell to-be the King of England's ward, by reason of the alteration of the tenure in capite ; who gave her in marriage to a valiant gentleman of his, named John Charlton ; and so the lordship of Powys came to the possession of the Enghsh lords. . . . The lord of Powys thus submitting himself to the King of England, the comots in that lordship continue whole and entire to this day ; and there is a court baron in every one of them. . . . The like may be found in the counties of Anglesey, Caernarvon, ' Com. i.e. comparandi, of appearing at the county courts. — E. ' QuEere these, as the sheriff turn was but twice a year. — Pegge. ' Willielmus de Gourlay seis'. fuit in dnico suo ut de feodo maner'. de Pontop, contin'. Ix acr'. terr'. per estim'. que ten', diio epo in capite, per servic'. offerendi et reddendi annuat. unum bisancum ad feretrum Sancti Cuthberti, ad festum suum in Quadragesima, ad oblationem dicti dni epi'. sustinend'.et per serv'. reddend. an', aliud bisancum [bizantium], vel ii s. dno epo'. et succ'. suis ad predictum temp, et per ser'. com', ad tres principal' com. et per forins'. serv'. Inquis. post mortem Wilhelmi de Gourlay. 8 Skirlaw. ^ Rogerus de Wanstede tenet dimid. serjantiam, ibidem, per servitium inveniendi unum valectum, per octo dies, sumptibus propriis, cum perpuncto, capella ferrea, et lancea, custodire Castrum de Portsmue tempore guerrje, et arrentata est per annum ad decern sohdos. Plac. Coron. 8 Edw. I. Rot. 41. Blount, 87. ^ Juliana, uxor Johannis filii Alani, tenuit dimidiam hidam terrae in Porscaundel in com. Dorset, in capite de domino Rege, per serjantiam custodiendi canes domini Regis lesos, si qui fuerint, quotiescunque dominus Rex fugaverit in foresta sua de Blakemore. Et ad dandum unum denarium ad clausturam parci domini Regis de Gillingham. Plac. Coron. apud Schyrebume, 8 Edw. I. Rot. to, Dorset. Blount, 46. ^ \Tours in Wales, 1 810, iii. 292, 293.] and Customs of Manors. 249 Merioneth, Flint, Carmarthen, and Cardigan, where the ancient comots remain entire without alteration, and retain their ancient names and bounds, and keep the same courts."] Presthill, Co. of Durham. In the first year of the pontificate of Richard de Bury, Bishop of Durham, 1335, Catherine Hornechffe held of the lord of Twyssil four acres of land at Presthill by mesne and by foreign service.' Prestwich and Farlesworth, Co. of Lancaster. Adam de Prestwich holds ten oxgangs of land in Prestwich and Farlesworth in capite of our lord the King in thanage.2 [Prion (or Pereion), Township of, Co. of Denbigh. At the time of the survey of Denbighland in 1334, this town- ship was partly divided into small holdings, which paid to the lord from twopence to eightpence an acre a year at Whitsun- tide and Michaelmas. The whole township paid the lord for right of herbage over the woodland and waste, upwards of 1 1 1 acres, six shillings a year.^ In the adjoining township of Kerney- nevet (Cernyfed) were upwards of 220 acres of woodland and waste, which paid the lord similarly fifteen shillings a year for herbage.] Pukereleston, Co. of Somerset. Lady Custance de Pukereleston holds Pukereleston by finding one man and a horse, with a sack and an axe (or hatchet), at the summons of our lord the King, in his army in Wales." Pusey, Co. of Berks. Alice Pater-Noster holds one yard-land in Pusey, in the county of Berks, in capite of our lord the King, by the service of saying every day five Paternosters for the souls of the 1 Catherina Homecliff ten', de dno de Twyssil iv acr'. terrse per med'm, et per forinsecum servicium. Inquis. post mortem Catharine Homecliff. I Bury. ^ Adam de Prestwych tenet lO bovatas terrffi in Prestwych et in Farlesworth in capite, de dno Rege in thanag'. Testa de Nevil. Inquis. temp. Hen. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5172, p. 17. 3 [Denbigh and its Lordship, l85o, p. 32. It appears from the same work that at the time of the survey of 1334 there was a good deal of controversy between the lord and his tenantry as to enclosures and common of pasture.] * Dna Custancia de Pukereleston tenet Pukereleston inveniendo unum hominem et unum equum, et unum saccum et unam securim ad summonitionem dni Regis ad exercitum suum in Wallia. Testa de Nevil, p. 162. 250 Tenures of Land King's ancestors ; and it was worth five shillings a year." And Richard Pater-Noster, for his relief, said three times, before the present Barons (of the Exchequer) the Lord's Prayer, with th^ Salutation of the Blessed Mary, as John, his brother, had done for his relief.^ The manor of Pusey was long in the possession of a family of that surname, and held by a horn given to their ancestors by King Canute. Ingulphus has expressly told us that in those days it was common to make grants of land, among other things, by horns.^ Hickes informs us that both the horn and manor were in his time (about 1685) possessed by Charles Pusey, who had recovered it in Chancery before Lord Chancellor Jefferies ; the horn itself being produced in court, and with universal admiration received, admitted, and proved to be the identical horn by which, as by a charter, Canute iiad conveyed the manor of Pusey seven hundred years before."* This horn [which in Beckwith's time was in the possession of Mrs Jane Allen of Pusey,] representative of the family, has the following inscription in Saxon characters, round it, viz. : — i;^j0 Some to tioltie bp tljp lonOe.* PusHiLL, Co. OF Oxford. Pushill, in the chiltern parts of Oxfordshire, was held by the family of D'Oyly by paying yearly to the King a tablecloth of three shillings' price, or three shillings, for all service.* [Putney, Co. of Surrey. The ferry and fishery here are mentioned in the most ancient accounts of the place. In 1663 the latter was let for an annual rent of the three best salmon caught in the months of March, April, and May ; but this obligation was afterwards commuted for a pecuniary payment. In the 42 Elizabeth, at a court held for the manor of Wimbledon, it was ordered that if any water- ^ Alicia Pater-Noster tenet unam virgatam terrse in Pusey in com. Berks, in capite de domino Rege, per servitium dicendi quolibet die quinquies Pater noster, pro animabus antecessorum domini Regis, et valet per ann. vs. Plac. Coron. 12 Edw. I. Rot. 35, dorso. Blount, 51. ^ Et Richardus Pater-Noster, pro relevio suo, ter dixit, coram baronibus modo hie Orationem Dominicam, cum Salutatione Beatse Marise, sicut Johannes frater ejus fecerat pro relevio suo. Rot. fin. Pasch. 31 Edw. III. Blount, 51. * Conferebantur etiam primo multa praedia, nudo verbo, absque scripta vel charta, tantum cum domini gladio, vel gale^ vel CORNV, vel cratera ; et plurima tenementa, cum calcari, cum strigili, cum arcu ; et nonnuUa cum sagitta. Ingulphus, p. 70. Archaolo^, vol. iii. p. 2. Camd. Brit. tit. Berkshire. * Thesaurus. Praef. p. xxv. Archmolog. vol. iii. p. 13. 5 Ibid. p. 14. ^ Holland's Addit. to Camden's Brit. tit. Oxfordshire. and Customs of Manors. 251 man should neglect to pay a halfpenny for every stranger, and a farthing for every inhabitant of Putney, crossing the river, to the proprietor of the ferry, he should forfeit to the lord of the manor of Wimbledon 2s. 6d. The shareholders of Putney Bridge are entitled to vote for Middlesex and East Surrey. The additional halfpenny charged to passengers over the bridge on Sundays was imposed to meet the annual sum of £62, which the proprietors have to pay to the widows and children of the watermen of Putney and Fulham. Sir Charles Howard, Keeper of Putney Park in the time of James I., and Master of the Game, had £15 a year allowed to find hay for the deer.] i QUEENHULL, CO. OF WORCESTER. In the IS Edw. II., William de Kerdyff, who held the manor of QueenhuU, in Worcestershire, of the King, by the service of rendering yearly a dog of the kennel,.rendered at the Exchequer six dogs of the kennel for six years past, which were delivered to Sir David de Betoigne to be carried to the King, who was then in Kent.° Queen's College, Oxford. Speed, in the Life of Henry V., tells us that when he was Prince of Wales, " he came into his father's presence in a strange disguise, being in a garment of blue satin, wrought full of eylet-holes, and at every eylet the needle left hanging by the silk it was wrought with." The following custom, observed annually on the feast of the Circumcision at Queen's College, explains it. The bursar gives to every member a needle and thread, in remembrance of the founder, whose name was [Robert] Egglesfield, falsely deducing it from two French words, aiguille fil, a needle and thread, according to the custom of former times, and the doctrine of rebuses. Ecclesfield, however, is pure Saxon, and not French, and the founder of Queen's College was an Englishman born in Cum- berland. He was, however, confessor to a queen of Dutch extraction,' daughter to the Earl of Hainault and Holland, a ' [Brayley and Britton's Surrey, iii, 472-75.] 2 Wygornia. Redditus. Willielmus filius et heres Paulini de Kerdyff, qui tenet manerium de QueenhuU in comitatu Wygorniae per servicium reddendi domino Regi per annum unum canem de meutS, reddidit hie ad Scaccarium xxix° die Octobris sex canes de meuta pro sex annis prseteritis. Et memorandum quod prtedicti canes liberantur eodem die Davidi de Betoygne, militi, ad ducendum domino Regi existenti in comitatu Kancise, in partibus de Leedes. Trin. Visores, 15 Edw. II. Rot. 28, a. Madox's Hist. Excheq. p. 612, and note. 3 Philippa, Queen to King Edward III. 252 Tenures of Land circumstance which probably gave rise to the false derivation 01 his name/ Now, Prince Henry having Ween a student in that college, this strange garment was probably designed by him to express his academical character, if it was not indeed his academical habit, and such as was then worn by the sons of noblemen. In either case, it was the properest habit he could appear in, his father being at that time greatly apprehensive of some trouble, from his active and ambitious temper, and afraid of his taking the crown from him, as he did at last ; and the habit of a scholar was so very different from that of a soldier in those days, that nothing could better efface the impressions the king had received against him than this silent declaration of his attachment to literature and renunciation of the sword.' QUICHAM (WiCKHAM). Quintain (Running at the).^ This was a pastime much used in England in Queen Eliza- beth's time and before, and having been long disused, is now but little known. It was practised, amongst other things, at Kenilworth Castle, in the year 1575, for the entertainment of Queen Elizabeth. Running at the Quintain was a ludicrous kind of tilting at the ring, generally performed by peasants to divert their lord, and was thus done : — A strong post was set upright in the ground, about the height of a man on horseback, having on the top a pivot, which ran through a long horizontal beam, unequally divided, and at the least stroke revolving freely about its centre, somewhat in the nature of a turnstile. On the upright post the head and body of the figure of an unarmed man was fixed. The horizontal beam represented his arms; the shortest hand had a target, nearly covering the whole body, except a small spot on the breast, marked with a heart or ring, and at the end of the longest was a wooden sword, a cudgel, or a bag of wet sand. At this figure, peasants armed with poles for lances, and mounted on sorry jades of horses, ran full tilt, attempting to strike the heart or ring. Their poles were of such a length, that if they struck the shield instead of the heart or ring, the short arm of the lever retiring, brought round that armed with the cudgel or sand-bag at such a distance, and with such a velocity, as commonly to meet and dismount the awk- ward assailant. ^ I cannot find that he (Robert Egglesfield) had any higher preferment in the church than the rectory of Brough, in Westmoreland. He founded Queen's College, anno 1340. — Grainger's Biograph. Hist, of Engl. vol. i. p. 48. ^ Gent. Mag. vol. xxvi. p. 119. 2 [See Popular Antiquities of Great Britain, ii. 326-28.] and Customs of Manors. 253 This amusement, somewhat diversified, was not long ago practised in Flanders at their wakes or festivals. In some, one arm presented a ring, whilst the other held the club or sand-bag ; in others, the revolving arms were placed vertically, the lower showing the ring, whilst, the upper supporting a vessel full of water, whereby the want of dexterity in the tilter was punished with a wetting. Representations of this exercise may be seen among the prints published after Philip Wouvermans, who died anno 1668.' Stowe, in his History of London^ gives the following account of this kind of sport : " The marching forth of citizens' sons, and other young men on horseback, with disarmed lances and shields, there to practise feats of war, man against man, hath long since been left off, but in their city they have used on horseback to run at a dead mark called a Quinten. For note whereof I read, that in the year of Christ 1253, the 38th of Henry III., the youthful citizens, for an exercise of their activity, set forth a game to run at the quinten, and whosoever did best should have a peacock, which they had prepared as a prize. Certain of the King's servants, because the Court lay then at Westminster, came as it were in despite of the citizens to that game, and giving reproachful names to the Londoners, which, for the dignity of the city, and the ancient privilege which they ought to have enjoyed, were called barons ; the said Londoners being wrongfully abused, fell upon the King's servants, and beat them shrewdly, so that upon complaint made to the King, he fined the city to pay a thousand marks. This exercise of run- ning at the quinten was practised by the youthful citizens as well in summer as in winter, namely, in the feast of Christmas. I have seen a quinten set upon Cornhill by the Leaden Hall, where the attendants of the lords of merry disports have run and made great pastime ; for he that hit not the broad end of the quinten was of all men laughed to scorn ; and he that hit it full, if he rode not the faster, had a sound blow in his neck with a bag full of sand hanged on the other end."^ Raby, Co. of Durham. About the 13 Edw. I., 1285, Ralph Nevill, lord of Raby, held Raby, with the eight adjoining townships, of Hugh de Darling- ton, then Prior of Durham, by the yearly rent of four pounds and a stag, to be offered every year in the Abbey of Durham, upon St Cuthbert's Day, Sept. 4.'* In the 23 d year of the pontificate of Bishop Hatfield, 1367, Sir Ralph de Nevyll, ' Grose's Antiquities, vol. iv. in his account of Kenilworth Castle. ^ [Edit. 1720, book i. p. 249.] ' Stowe, ut supra. " Mr Allan's notes. Dugdale's Baronage, tit. Neville, v^here there is a full account of it. 2 54 Tenures of Land Knight, held of the Prior of Durham, the manor of Raby, with the appurtenances, by the service of one stag and one hundred shilHngs a year.' And in the first year of the pontificate of Bishop Skirlawe, 1388, Sir John de Nevyll, Knight, held in capita of the Prior of Durham the manor of Raby and Stayn- drop, with the appurtenances, by the same services.^ Radcliffe, Co. of Nottingham. The manor of Radeclyve is held of our lord the King in capite, by the service of mewing one goshawk, and finding a person to carry it at the cost of the King.^ Raghton, Co. of Cumberland. Simon de Raghton, and Sir Robert de la Ferte, and Ivo, son of Hugh de Fornecostes, hold one petit serjeanty in Raghton by keeping the King's aeries of goshawks. And it was worth yearly nine shillings, which they paid at the King's Exchequer.'' Rakev, Co. of Norfolk. Walter de Burgh and his partners hold sixteen pound lands in Rakey by the serjeanty of paying two mues (or muids) of red wine, and two hundred of pears called permeines, to be paid at the Feast of St Michael yearly at the King's Exchequer.^ Ratby, Co. of Leicester. There is a singular custom at this place, thus related by Throsby : " That there shall be two persons chosen annually by a majority, to be called caterers, which shall on every Whit- Monday go to Leicester, to what inn they shall think proper, ^ Radus de Nevyll, chiv. ten', de pr. Dunel. mailer', de Raby, cum pertin'. per servic'. unius cervi, et c sol. per annum. Inquis. post mortem Rad' Nevill, chiv. 23 Hatfield. 2 Johannes de Nevyll, chiv. ten', in capite de priore Dunelm. manerium de Raby et Stayndrop, cum pertin'. per servic' . unius cei-vi, et c s. per annum. Inquis. post mortem J'ohannis Nevyll, chiv. I Skirlaw. 2 Manerium de Radeclyve tenetur de domino Rege in capite, per servitium mutandi unum estricium, et inveniendi unum portatorem ad custos domini Regis. Plac. Coron. de ann. 3 Edw. III. Rot. 6. in dors. Netting. Blount, 72. * Simon de Raghton, et dominus Robertus de la Ferte, et Ivo filius Hugonis de Fornecostes, tenent unam parvam serjantiam in Raghton, in com. Cumbrise, cus- todiendi aerias austercorum domini Regis. Et valet per ann. ixs. quos reddit ad Scaccarium domini Regis. Plac. Coron. 20 Edw. I. Cumbria. Blount, 42. ^ Walterus de Burgh et participes sui tenent xvi libratas terras in Rakey, in com. Norf. per serjantiam duorum mues vini rubei et ducentorum pirorum de permeines, solvendorum ad festum Sancti Michaelis quolibet anno ad Scaccarium domini Regis. R'ot. Fin. 6. Joh. m. 39. Blount, 69. and Customs of Manors. 255 where a calf's head shall be provided for their breakfast, and when the bones are picked clean, they are to be put into a dish and served up with the dinner. Likewise the innkeeper is to provide two large rich pies for the caterers to take home, that their families may partake of some of their festivity. Likewise there shall be provided for every person a short silk lace, tagged at both ends with silver, which, when so equipped, they shall all proceed to Enderby, and sell the grass of the Wether (a meadow, so called) to the best bidder ; from thence they shall go to the meadow, and all dismount, and each person shall take a small piece of grass from the before-mentioned Wether, and tie it round with their tagged lace, and wear it in their hats, and ride in procession to the High Cross in Leicester, and there throw them among the populace ; from thence proceed to their inn, and go in procession to St Mary's Church, where a sermon shall be preached for the benefit of an hospital founded by Henry Earl of Lancaster. When service is over, a deed shall be read over by the clergyman concerning the gift of the above Wether, and ttie church shall be stuck with flowers. When the ceremony is over, they are to return to their inn to dinner, and close the day with mirth and festivity." i Ravensworth, Co. of Durham. In the seventh year of the pontificate of Bishop Hatfield, 1 35 1, Ralph Clerk held in capite of the lady of Ravenshelme one messuage, called Fengerhouses, and sixty acres of land, with the appurtenances, in Ravensworth, by fealty and the ser- vice of two arrows, feathered with peacock's feathers, 2 yearly at Christmas.^ Redburgh, Co. of Hants. Roger Baudet held a certain serjeanty in Redburgh, for which he was to pay yearly at the Exchequer one hundred barbed arrows.-* And he also held one yard-land in Yeutis and An- dover by the like service.^ 1 Throsby's Leicester, vol. iii. p. 85. ^ " It is singular that these should be fletched with peacock's feathers. It was more for beauty and ornament, I presume, than any great advantage."— /'^^^f. " Mr Pegge is mistaken in supposing it was for beauty and ornament that peacock's feathers were used, for the reddish feathers of a peacock's wing are anxiously sought for by the archers, as they surpass every feather known for that purpose." — Sir 3 Radiis Clerk ten', in capite de dna de Ravenshelme unum mess, vocat'. Fenger- houses, et Ix acr'. terr'. cum pertin'. in Ravensworth, per fid', et servic'. duar'. sagittar'. pennat'. pennis pavonum per annum, die Natal. Diii. Inquis. post mortem Rad! Clerk. 7 Hatfield. " Serjantia Rogeri Baudet, in Redburgh, pro qua debuit reddere per annum ad Scacc. centum sagittas barbellatas. Serjantia, &c., in com. Suhantone, tempore Regis Hen. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 313, p. 34. 5 Rogerus Baudet tenet ibidem unam virgatam terrse per centum sagittas solvend. dno Regi annuatim. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No 313, p. 34- 256 Tenures of Land Reden Court, Co. of Essex. Joan Swinderton, sister and heir of Thomas Newenton, died in 144s, possessed of the manor of Redene, alias Reden Court. She had in 1422 passed this manor to trustees, I suppose, for a settlement. It contained one messuage and one hundred acres of arable, formerly William Fleming's, holden of the King by the service of finding litter in the King's chamber, as often as he came to Havering.' Redenhall, Co. of Norfolk. Peter, son of Robert le Espicier, holds certain lands in Reden- hall, in the county of Norfolk, by the serjeanty of keeping one of the King's goshawks at the costs of the King from the feast of St Michael till Lent ; and afterwards he is to mew the same at his own costs.^ Redworth, Co. of Durham. In the fourth year of Bishop Skirlawe, 1391, John de Red- worth died, seised in his demesne, &c., of two messuages and twenty-six acres of land and meadow, with the appurtenances, in Redworth, held of the said Lord Bishop in capite by homage and fealty, and the service of four shillings and tenpence a year, to be paid at the Exchequer at Durham, and the rent of one hen and two parts of a hen,^ to be paid at the same Exchequer yearly at Christmas ; also every '• five acres of the said twenty- six were to find one man to work one day at the works of the manor of Midridge in autumn yearly ; and the said two messu- ages and twenty-six acres of land and meadow were to find a servant to mow, make, or cock and carry away^ the hay of one acre and a half of meadow belonging to the said manor ; and they were to grind the corn growing upon those lands at the mill of the lord of Rykenal, to the sixteenth dish.® 1 Morant's Hist, of Essex, vol. i. p. 64. " Petrus, filius Robert! le Espicer, tenet quandam terram in Redenhall, in com. Norf. per serjantiam custodiendi unum aiisturcum domini Regis, sumptibus doraini Regis, a festo Sancti Michaelis usque ad Quadragesimam ; et postmodum ipsum mutare debet sumptibus suis propriis. Plac. Coron. de ann. 14 Edw. I. Rot. 3. Norf. Blount, 67. ' We are not to suppose the hen was divided, but having a current value set upon her, two-thirds of that value were to be paid. — P. ' T'm et quelibet quinque acr'. I know not what to make of this abbreviation (t'm.), unless it be for turn or item. — P. 5 Limit. Foeni. I cannot but think limit, is mis-read ; however, I can make nothing of it.— P. ^ Johannes de Redworth ob'. seis. in dominico, de duob'. mess, et xxvi acr'. terr'. et prati, cum pertin'. in Redworth, que ten', de dicto dno episcopo in capite, per homag'. et fid', et servic'. quatuor s'. et x den', per ann. sol', ad Scaccarium Dun', et redditus un'. gallinse et duar'. partium un'. gall', sol', ad eund'. Scaccarium per ann'. and Customs of Manors. 257 Refhop, Co. of Durham. In the eighth year of the pontificate of Bishop Bury, 1340, Phihp de Refhop was seised in his demesne, &c., of one mes- suage and thirty-two acres of land, with the appurtenances, in Refhop, by fealty and the service of five shillings yearly; and domg cutware and common aid when it should happen ; and he held them of the Lord Bishop in capite.i Reigate, Co. of Surrey. John Earl of Warren and Surrey quit-claimed to God and St Mary, and the prior and canons of the Holy Cross at Reigate, his right in nineteen shillings and fourpence yearly rent, and one ploughshare, and four horse-shoes with nails, which the' said prior and canons used to pay to his ancestors for several tene- ments in Reigate.'' By the custom of this manor, any tenant may fell timber trees upon his copyhold without licence from the lord, provided such timber be employed about building and repairing his copyhold ; and likewise, if a tenant dieth seised of several free- hold lands and tenements, there is but one heriot due to the lord ; and if a tenant dieth seised of several copyhold lands and tenements, the lord shall have but one heriot.^ Renham and Ikenham, Co. of Middlesex. Laurence de Broke holds the hamlet of Renham, in the county of Middlesex, of our lord the King in capite, by the service of finding for him in his army, wheresoever it should be within the four seas of England, one horseman, the price of the horse to be five shillings, and a sack of the price of fivepence, and one pin (or skewer) at the price of two- pence three farthings, for forty days, at the costs of the said ad Natale Dni t'lti. et quselibet quinque acr'. dictar'. xxvi acr'. ter' et prati invenient unum hominem ad opus unius diei ad opera manerij de Midrigg operanda in autumpno per annum, et dicta duo mess', et xxvi acr'. ter' et prati invenient unum s'vum ad falcand'. levand'. et cariand'. limit', foeni unius acr'. et dimid. prati pertin'. ad dictum manerium, et molent bl'. super easdem terras crescent', ad molendinum dni de Ry- kenal ad xvi vas. Inquis. post mortem Johannis de Redworth, 4 Skirlaw. ^ Philus de Refhop fuit seis. in diiico, &c. de uno mess, et xxxii acr'. terrae cum pertin'. in Reflrop per fid. et servic'. v sol. per ann. et faciendo Cutware et Co'e Auxiliu'. quod contigerit, et ea tenet de dno episcopo in capite. Inquis. post mortem Philippi de Refhop, 8 Bury. ^ Pat. of Inspeximus, 10 Edw. II. p. 2, m. 12. 3 Mon. Angl. 346. Memoirs of the Earls of Warren and Surrey, by the Rev. Mr Watson, vol. i. p. 291. 2 Comf. Cop. 490, from a MS. Presentment in the [Record Office,] dated 1665. R 258 Tenures of Land Laurence. Also he holds the hamlet of Ikenham by the same service.' Richmond, Co. of Surrey. Lands in this manor are held by the rod, or copy of court roll, and descend to the youngest son ; or in default of sons, to the youngest daughter. The same customs prevail in the manors of Petersham and Ham. Richard IL granted as a privilege to his tenants within this manor, that his officers should make no demand upon them for corn or other provision.^ RiDDESDALE, CO. OF NORTHUMBERLAND. In the tenth year of William the Conqueror, Robert de Um- franvil. Knight, obtained from that King a grant of the lordship, valley, and forest of Riddesdale, in the county of Northumber- land, by the service of defending that part of the country for ever from enemies and wolves with that sword, which King William had by his side when he entered Northumberland, with liberty also to hold and determine pleas of the Crown.' RiLLATON, Co. OF CORNWALL. Richard de Okebeare, brother and heir of Roger de Okebeare, paid twelve shillings and sixpence for his relief for a fourth part of the manor of Rillaton, held of the King as of his Duchy of Cornwall, by the service of two shillings yearly, and by the ser- vice of doing suit at the court of Rillaton from month to month, and of finding one man every fourth year to oversee the baili- wick of the said manor, and to collect the dues arising from the pleas and perquisites of the court.* RiPON, Co. OF York. There are the remains of a very ancient custom once gene- rally observed here by the inhabitants. On Midsummer Eve, ^ Laurentius de Broke tenet villatam de Renham in com. Middlesex, de domino Rege in capite, per servitium inveniendi domino Regi in exercitu ubicunque fuerit infra quatuor maria Angliae, unum hominem equitem, precii equi v s. et unum saccum precii V d. et unam Brochiam precii duorum denariorum ob. qr. per xl dies sumptibus ipsius Laurentii. Idem tenet villatam de Ikenham per idem servitium. Esson. capt. apud Crucem Lapideam, 3 Edw. I. Midd. Rot. 18. Blount, 64. This Crux Lapidea, noted above, stood near the May-pole, in the Strand, where the Judges Itinerant in old time used to sA.— Blount. '' Lysons' Environs of London, vol. i. pp. 437, 438. 3 Testa Nevilli, Blount, 15. * Ricardus de Okebeare, frateret heres Rogeride Okebeare, dat 12s. 6d. derelevio suo pro quarta parte manerij de Rillaton ten. de Rege ut de Ducatu Cornubie, per serv'. duorum solidorum per annum, et per servitium faciendi sectam ad curiam de Rillaton de mense in mensem, et inveniendi unum hominem quolibet quarto anno ad intend', ball'io dictj manerij, ad levand' debita de placitis et perquisitis curie. De termino Pasche, anno 9° Edw. II. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 72. and Custoyns of Manors. 259 every housekeeper who has in that year changed his residence into a new neighbourhood (there being certain hmited districts called neighbourhoods), spreads a table before his door in the street with bread, cheese, and ale for those that choose to resort to it, where, after staying a while, if the" master is of ability, the company are invited to supper, and the evening is concluded with mirth and good humour. The introduction of this custom is immemorial, but it seems to have been instituted for the pur- pose of introducing new-comers to an early acquaintance with their neighbours ; or it may have been with the more laudable design of settling differences by the meeting and mediation of friends. The feast of St Wilfrid, celebrated annually at this place, continues nearly a week. On the Saturday after Lammas Day, an &^gy of the prelate is brought into the town, preceded by music ; the people go out to meet it, and with every demon- stration of joy commemorate the return of their former patron from exile. The next day is dedicated to him, being here called St Wilfray's Sunday.' RiVENHALL, Co. OF ESSEX. Ralph Scales gave the Knights Templars one hundred and sixty-two acres of arable, three of meadow, and five of pasture in Rowenhalle. And they had other lands here, the tenant of some of which was to eat in lieu of all services — " manducabit pro omni servitio." " Eustace de Ho held one carucate of land, with the appurte- nances, in Rewenhall (or Rowenhall), in the county of Essex, by the serjeanty of finding one horseman with a Gambesone in the army of our lord the King, when it happened that he should go into Wales, at his own proper charges, for forty days.^ Felicia, wife of William Martell, died 36 Hen. HI., holding of the King in capite ninety-eight acres of arable, four and a half of meadow, three of pasture, and 14s. 4d. rent of assize, in Rywehall, by the service of finding one esquire, with a purple lance and an iron cap, for forty days.* Rochester Priory, Co. of Kent. Memorandum, that on the first day of the coming of our lord the King to Rochester, the sealers of his writs ought to have four loaves of esquires' bread, and four loaves of grooms' bread ; also they ought to have four gallons of convent ale, and four a Monast. Angl. vol. ii. pp. 526, 543. &<:• Morant's Hist, of Essex, vol. 11. p. 149- 3 Eustach de Ho tenuit unam carucatam terra cum pertm. in Reweuhall in com. Essex per seriantiam inveniendi unum hominem equitem cum uno Gambesone m exer- citu domini Regis, cum contigerit ipsum regem ire in Walha, sumptibus suis proprus, per xl dies. Plac. Coron. de 13 Edw. I. Blount, 27. ■■ Inquis. 36 and 43 Hen. HI. Morant's Hist, of Essex, vol. u. p. 147. 26o Temcres of Land gallons of common ale ; also from the kitchen, four dishes of meat with which the convent is served, and four dishes of com- mon meat — to wit, twenty-four herrings and twenty-four eggs ; also for provender seven small bushels ; also they ought to have eight halfpence to buy hiy. And this was provided and ordained by the lord, King Henry III., son of King John, and by Hubert de Burgo and G. de Craucumbe. And for this provision and grant, the prior and convent of Rochester, wheresoever our lord the King shall be, ought to be quit for wax for the seal. And if the King should make a stay in Rochester for two days or more, the sealers of writs were not to have the things aforesaid ; but if he went out of Rochester and returned, then they were to have them as at his first coming, as aforesaid.' ROCHFORD, Co. OF ESSEX. On King's Hill, in Rochford, on every Wednesday morning next after Michaelmas Day, at cock's crowing, there is by ancient custom a court held by the lord of the Honour of Raleigh, which is vulgarly called the Lawless Court. The steward and suitors whisper to each other, and have no candles, nor any pen and ink, but supply that office with a coal ; and he that owes suit or service thereto, and appears not, forfeits to the lord double his rent every hour he is absent. The court is called Lawless, because held at an unlawful or lawless hour, or quia dicta sine lege. The title of it in the court rolls runs thus to this day.° ' Memorandum, quod prime die advenlus domini Regis ad Roffensen, debent Spigur- nelli habere quatuor panes de pane armigerorum, et quatuor panes de pane garcionum. Item debent habere quatuor galones certisiae conventualis, et quatuor galones cervisise communis. Item de coquina, quatuor fercula quibus conventus servitur, et quatuor fercula de communi, scil. xxiv haleces et xxiv ova. Item ad praebendam septem parvos bussellos. Item debent habere octo obolos ad emendum foenum ; et hoc provisum et statutum est per dominum Regem Henricum, filium Regis Johannis, et per Hubertum de Burgo et G. de Cracumbe. Pro ista autem provisione et conces- sione debet prior et conventus Roffensis, ubicunque dominus Rex fuerit, quieti esse pro cera ad sigillum. Item si dominus Rex fecerit moram in Roffense per duos dies vel amplius, non habebunt Spigurnelli de prEedictis ; sed si exierit et redierit, habebunt sicut in primo adventu, ut prsedictum est. Liber de Consuetud. Eccl. Roff. fact. 1314. Blount, 163. '■' So said by Mr Blount in 1679. [See Charnock's Customs of Essex, 1870, pp. 24. 25]. King's Hill, 1 (Curia de domino Rege, .„ Rochford.; " I Dicta sine lege, Tenta est ibidem Per ejusdem consuetudinem ; Ante ortum solis, Luceat nisi polls, Nil scribit nisi colis. Totius voluerit, Gallus ut cantaverit ; Per cujus solum sonitum Curia est summonita. Clamat clam pro Rege, In curia sine lege, and Customs of Manors. 261 Rode, Co. of Northampton. Robert Maunsel holds forty acres of land, with the appurte- nances in Rode, in a certain place called Somerhale and Lidgate, of the Honour of Peverell, by the serjeanty of finding for our lord the King in his war in Wales, when it should happen, one horse of the price of five shillings, and one sack of the price of fourpence halfpenny, with one small pin, for forty days, at his own proper costs.' RoDELEY, Co. of Gloucester. Certain tenants of the manor of Rodeley, in the county of Gloucester, do pay to this day, to the lord thereof, a rent called Pridgavel, in duty and acknowledgment to him, for their liberty and privilege of fishing for lampreys in the river Severn."^ The tenants of this manor pay to the lord a certain rent, Et nisi cito venerint, Citius pcenituerint ; Et nisi clam accedant, Curia non attendat ; Qui venerit cum lumine, Errat in Regimine, Et dum sunt sine lumine Capti sunt in crimine ; Curia sine cura Jurati de injuria. Tenta ibidem die Mercurii (ante diem) proximo post festum Sancti Michaelis Archangeli, anno regni Regis, &c. This Lawless Court is imperfectly mentioned by Camden in his Description of Essex ; who says, tliis servile attendance was imposed on the tenants of that manor for conspiring, at the like unseasonable time to raise a commotion. Ex. Rot. Curije, ib. Blount, 147. Mr Blount refers to Camd. Brit. fo. 441, and the reader will find it amongst Dr Holland's insertions in the text of Camden, though not in the text itself. Mr Camden (in his Supplement to the Topographical Description of Britain in MS. under the author's own hand, penes me inter Codd. Smithianos, n. vii. p. 27) says that this strange kind of punishment may seem to be inflicted for the negligence of the inhabitants in guarding the sea-coasts ; and in another place he observes (in p. 65 of the same work) that it seemeth to be a remainder of the old feodary custom used by the emperors of Almain and kings of France who, when they passed into Italy to receive the imperial crown at Roncalia, near to Placenlia, encamped, and hanging up a shield upon a high pole, summoned with a low voice all that held in fee of them to be present and answer to their names at midnight, which whosoever neglected was amerced with the loss of his lands. Of this you may read (says he) Gunther, the old Gennan poet, in his second book. Mr Weever {Fun. Mon. p. 605 > likewise gives a particular account of this odd custom, &c. (Leland's Itinerary, Oxford, 1712, vol. ix. pp. 169, 170.) ^ Robertus Maunsel tenet xl acras terrte, cum pertin. in Rode, in quodam loco vocato Somerhale et Lidgate, de honore Peverelli, per serjantiam inveniendi domino Regi, in guerra sua WaUias, cum acciderit, unum equum precii quinque solidorum, et unum saccum precii ivd. ob. cum uno brochetto, per quadraginta dies, sumptibus suis propriis. Inq. 13, Joh. Rot. 35. Blount, 71. ^ Taylor's Hist, of Gavelkind, fo. 1 1 2. Blount, 18. 262 Tenures of Land called Sand Gavel, for liberty granted them to dig sand for their uses.' ROLLESTON, &C., CO. OF NOTTINGHAM. Sir Hugh de Babington and Sir Henry de Perpont held in RoUeston, Cottington, Barneby, and CoUingham one knight's fee, paying for castle-ward to the Earl of Richmond yearly ten shillings.'' Roll-Right, Co. of Oxford. Sir John Hungerford, Knight, son and heir of Sir Thomas Hungerford, Knight, deceased, acknowledged himself to hold, and his said father, the day he died, to have held, the manor of Rowland-Right, with the appurtenances, in the county of Oxford, by grand serjeanty — viz., by serving our lord the King in his dispensary, when he should be commanded.^ RONNEHAM, Co. OF NORFOLK. In 9 Edw. n., Ranulph de Helebek rendered at the Ex- chequer two hundred pearmains, and two modia of wine, for the manor of Ronneham, which he held of the King in capite. The pearmains were delivered to John de Eggemere, usher of the Exchequer, to be sent to the treasurer's wife, and the wine was delivered to the same person, to be kept by him till the treasurer came to the Exchequer.'' [ROTHERHITHE, CO. OF SURREY. By an inquisition, taken after the death of Gilbert Earl of Gloucester, in 15x4, it is stated that one Drokenesford had held of him, as of the Honour of Gloucester, certain lands ^ Taylor's Hist, of Gavelkind, 113. Blount's Law Diet. tit. Sand Gavel. " Dns Hugo de Babington et Dns Henr. de Perpont tenant in Rolliston, Cotyng- ton, Barneby, et Colyngham, I feed', militis, reddend'. pro warda castri x s. From an original MS. roll of knights' fees, held of the Earl of Richmond, in the counties of Nottingham and Lincoln, in the time of Edw. II. (before the suppression of the Knights Templars), in the hands of F. F. Foljambe of Aldwarke, county of York, Esq. 3 Johannes Hungerford, Miles, filius et heres Thomze Hungerford, Mil. defuncti, cogn se tenere, et dictum patrem suum tenuisse die quo obijt, man'r de Rowland Right, cum pertin'. in com. Oxon. per magnam seriantiam ; viz. serviendi dno Regi in dispenss' sua, quando precipiatur, &o. Pasch. fin. 17 Hen. VII. Rot. fol. 18. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5173, p. 24. * Norfolcia. Redditus. Ranulphus de Helebek reddit ad Scaccarium ducenta piremanna, et duo modia vini, pro manerio de Ronneham, quod de Rage tenet in capite, in comitatu Norfolcias. Et memorandum quod piremanna predicta liberantur Johanni da Eggamare hostiario ad mittendum consorti Thesaurarij par pr^ceptum J. de Foxle, et vinum prsedictum liberatur prsedicto Johanni de Eggemere, custodi- endum usque ad adventum dicti Thesaurarij. Mich, fines, &c. 9 Edw. II. Rot. 109. Madox's Hist. Excheq. p. 611. and Customs of Manors. 263 and tenements in Rotherhithe, of the annual value of loos., by the service of half a knight's fee. It was probably the same tenure which is^said in 1348 to have been in the enjoyment of William Bohun. On August 26, 15 16, Henry VIII. granted lands here, which had formerly belonged to the Lovel family, to the Abbot and Convent of Bermondsey, to hold of the Crown in frank-almoigne for ever, on condition of celebrating an obit on the anniversary of the King's death, whenever it should happen, for the souls of the King, of Queen Katherine, of his (the King's) father and mother, and of all faithful people departed. It appeared by an inquisition taken 7 Henry IV., that the Prior of Bermondsey was then in possession of 22 acres of land and 8 acres of meadow in Rotherhithe, called Brokeshall, formerly parcel of the common of the village of Rotherhithe, without the King's licence.] ' ROTHLEY, Co. OF LEICESTER. The manor is extensive, and is invested with peculiar juris- diction in ecclesiastical affairs, being free from all higher courts, and as the lord of the manor can grant licences of marriage, is exempt from the jurisdiction and visitation of the Bishop of the diocese. "The custom of gavelkind prevails throughout the soke ; a sokeman's widow holds all her husband's real property therein, so long as she continues such ; and the lord receives an alienation fine for every first purchase made by a foreigner — i.e., a non-sokeman. These several privileges are holden in virtue of a patent of the land heretofore of the Knights Templars, and afterwards of the Knights Hospitallers, who originally enjoyed it by special and express words conveyed by the patent which, with all its privileges, was conveyed to the ancestor of the sub- sequent owner (Thomas Babington, Esq. of Rothley Temple, lord of the manor). The soke of Rothley enjoys, moreover, the privi- leges of court leet, court baron, &c., oyer, terminer, and gaol delivery, independent of the county." 2 [RuARDiN, Co. OF Gloucester. This manor was held in capite by serjeanty and the annual payment of twenty-three shillings, and attendance on the sum- mons of the Constable of the Castle of St Briavel with a horse and a coat-of-mail, to accompany him within the bounds of the forest, at the tenant's own cost.] ^ 1 [Brayley and Britton's Surrey, iii. 411 et seq.] " Nichols' Hist, of Leicestershire, vol. iii. p. 955 ; Brayley'and Britton's Beauties of England and Wales, vol. ix. p. 406. ' [Excerpta Historica, 1833, p. 19.] 264 Tenures of Land RuDHAM, Co. OF Norfolk. If any fight together in Rudham, and shall have drawn blood, the Prior of Cokesford shall have an amerciament, called blod- wite, in his court.' RuNHAM, Co. OF Norfolk. Walter de Hevene held the manor of Runham in capite of our lord the King by the serjeanty of two hogsheads of wine made of pearmains, to be paid to the King at his Exchequer yearly, at the feast of Sf Michael.2 Sadburg, Co. of Durham. In the third year of Bishop Fordham, 1383, R. de Gretham of Sadburg held of the Lord Bishop in capite two messuages, twenty-six acres of land and a half, with the appurtenances, in Sadburg, by homage and fealty, and suit to the county court of Sadburg,3 and by keeping the gaol of Sadburg, along with the baron of Greystoke, Walter Talboys, and others.-* Saint Briavels, Co. of Gloucester. Robert le Bocer, son and heir of William Bocer, made fine by one mark for his relief of land, which he holds of the King in capite, in the forest of St Briavels, by the service of finding one footman to keep the forest aforesaid.' William de Stanry, son and heir of William de Stanry, gave to the King twenty shillings for his relief for certain lands and tenements at St Briavels, held of the King in capite by the ser- jeanty of being his forester in the forest of Deane, and making ^ Si aliqui pugnantes ad invicem in Rudham, et extraxerint sanguinem, prior de Cokesford habebit inde amerciamenta (vocata Blodwite) in curia sua. Ex Regist. Priorat de Cokesford. Blount's Law Diet. tit. Blodwite. ^ Walterus de Hevene tenuit manerium de Runham, in com. Norf. in capite de' domino Rege, per serjantiam duarum mutarum vini facti de permains, solvend. domino Regi ad Scaccarium per annum ad festum Sancti Michaelis. Rot. fin; 6 Joh. m. 48, in dorso. Blount, 69. ^ Elsewhere it is called the Wapentake of Sadberg, but here it is expressly styled comitatus or county. This place must not be confounded with Sedburg in York- shire, where the famous school is. Vide Camden. — Pegge. * R. de Gretham, de Sadberg, ten', de diio episcopo in capite duo mess', viginti et sex acr'. terrse, et dimid'. cum pertin'. in Sadberg, per hom'. et fid', et sect', com. Sadberg, et custod'. gaolse Sadberg, cum barone de Graystock, Waltero Talboys, et alijs. Inquis. post mortem R. de Gretham. 3 Fordham. •■ Robertus le Bocer, filius et heres Willielmi Bocer, finem fecit per unam marcam pro relevio suo de ter'. quam de Rege tenet in capite de foresta Sancti Briavell, per servic'. inveniendi unum hominem peditem ad custodiam forestse preedictje. De ter- mino Mich, anno 16 Edw. I. Rot. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 5. and Customs of Manors. 265 attachments of the vert and venison, and leading the persons attached to the Castle of St Briavels.' Saint Stephen's Parish, Co. of Hertford. All surrenders of copyhold estates holden of this manor must be taken by the lord or the steward of this court, unless the copyholder making such surrender lie in extremis : then two tenants sworn to take surrender in extremis may take it ; but if such copyhold tenant that make such surrender shall recover and go abroad, such surrender shall be void. The wife of a copyhold tenant shall be endowed of the thirds in his customary estate. The husband of a copyholder shall be tenant by the courtesy. Copyholders may demise their customary lands with- out licence for three years, but no longer. Copyhold tenants may fell timber without licence. If a copyholder die seised of any customary lands, leaving no issue male, only daughters, the eldest daughter only shall inherit ; and in case of no daughters, but two or three sisters, the eldest sister shall be sole heir by the custom. The like customs are in the manor of Cashiobury.' Saling, Co. of Essex. Ralph Picot (or Pigot) holds one carucate of land in Saling, by the serjeanty of keeping one sparhawk at the cost of our lord the King. And the King was to find him maintenance for three horses, three grooms, and three greyhounds. And the said Ralph was to mew the said sparhawk at his own proper costs.^ Samford, Peverell, &c., Co. of Devon. John de Hillesdon held the manor of Samford Peverell and the hamlet of Aire Peverell, with the appurtenances, of our lord the King in capite, in fee in serjeanty, by finding for our lord the King in his army in Wales, and elsewhere in England, whensoever war should happen, one man with a horse capa- risoned or armed for war at his proper costs for forty days, to abide in the war aforesaid.* 1 Willielmus de Stanry, filius et heres Willielmi de Stanry, dat Regi xx s. prb rele- vio pro quibusdam ter'. et ten. apud Sanctum Briavellum tent, de Rege in capite, per serjantiam essendi forestarius Regis in foresta de Deene, et faciendi attach', de virid. et venatione, et ducendi attachiatos ad Castrum de Sancto Briavello. De termino Trin. anno 3 Edw. II. Karl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 56. 2 Chauncy's Hist. Antiq. of Hertfordshire, p. 505. ' Radulfus Picot tenet unam carucatam terrae in Saling, in com. Essex, per ser- jantiam custodiendi unum spervarium ad custos domini Regis. Et dominus Rex in- veniet eidem sustentationem suam ad tres equos, tres garciones, et tres leporarios, et idem Radulfus mutabit prsedictum spervarium sumptibus suis propriis. Plac. Coron. 13 Edw. I. Essex. Blount, 51. 4 Johannes de Hillesdon ten', maner. de Samford Peverell, et hamlett' de Aire Peverell, cum pertin'. de dno Rege in capite, in feodo, [et] in serjantia, ad inveniend' dno 266 Tenures of L and Sandford, Co. of Devon. Hugh Peverell holds the manor of Sandford, by the ser- jeanty of finding for our lord the King in his army through all England, at his own proper costs, one armed horseman and two footmen.' Sandwich, Co. of Kent. In the upper story of the Guild Hall or court hall, at this place, were kept the cucking stool and wooden mortar, formerly used in this town for the punishment of scolds. Several entries in the records, quoted by Boys in his Sandwich, mention this instrument of punishment ; one of them under the date of 1637, occurs in these words : " A woman carries the wooden mortar throughout the town, hanging on the handle of an old broom upon her shoulder, one going before her tinkling a small bell, for abusing Mrs Mayoress," &c. The execution of felons, condemned to death within this hun- dred, in the 14th and 15 th centuries, and probably much earlier, was by drowning ; and in 131S, complaint was made against the Prior of Christ Church, for " that he had directed the course of a certain stream called the Gestlyng, so that felons could not be executed for want of water.'"' Sandyacre, Co. of Derby. Richard de Sandiacre holds ten pounds of land in Sandiacre, by the serjeanty of keeping a goshawk, and of finding twelve carriers, and himself to bear a tabor.^ Savernake, Co. of Wilts. John Mautravers, keeper of the King's forests south of Trent, claims to have from every forester, as well within the forest of Savernake, as elsewhere in the county of Wilts, when he should Regi in exercitu Wallie et alibi in Anglia, quandocunque guerra eveniat, unum homi- nem, et unum equum coopertura, ad custos suos proprios, per xl dies, morando in guerra predicta. Inquis. p. m. Tho'. Peverell, anno xxviij Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 6126, p. 43. 1 Hugo Peverell tenet manerium de Saundford in com. Devon, per serjantiam inveniendi domino Regi in exercitu suo, per totam Angliam, sumptibus propriis unum horainem equitem armatum et duos homines pedites. Plac. Coron de an o Edw. I. Blount, 45. 2 Brayley's Beauties of England and Wales, vol. viii. pp. 1008, icxjg. ' Ricardus de Sandiacre tenet x librat'. terr'. in Sandiacre, per serjantiam ad cus- todiend'. ostur'. et inveniendum xij portatores, et seipsum ad ferend'. taborem. Testa de Nevil, p. 20. and Customs of Manors. 267 die, his horse, saddle with bridle, horn, and sword, and his bow and barbed arrows.' Savoy, London. Henry III. granted to Peter of Savoy, uncle to his Queen Elinor, daughter of Berenger of Provence, all the houses upon the Thames, where this building afterwards stood, to hold to him and his heirs, yielding yearly at the Exchequer three barbed arrows for all services.'' Saxby Bondby, Co. of Lincoln. Richard de Grey and Matilda de Seretaand, and Geoffrey Constantyn, held the whole town of Saxby Bondby of William Solers, for their service to cross over the sea with him, at his costs into Normandy for forty days.^ SCARGERTHORPE, BECKINGHAM, AND SUTTON, CO. OF Lincoln. The Abbot of Nutley holds in Scargerthorpe, Beckingham, and Sutton a certain manor, with the appurtenances, which he has of the gift of Walter de Burgo, who held it of our lord the King in capite, by the service of giving him one head-piece, or helmet, lined with syndon or fine linen, and one pair of gilt spurs for all services.* Sceperdeslond, Co. of Bucks. William Lorens (amongst other things) holds one acre of land, five acres in the fields, and one portion of meadow, which is called Sceperdeslond, by the service of seven shillings and one penny, or to keep the sheep of our lord the King ; and if he did this service, he was to give nothing, s 1 Johannes Mautravers, custos forestarum Regis citra Trentam, clamat habere de quolibet forestario tarn infra forestam de Savernake quam alibi in com. Wiltes, cum obierit, equum, sellam cum frseno, comu, et gladium ejusdem, et arcum et sagittas barbatas. Inquis. temp. Edw. I. Blount, 133. ^ Pennant's London, p. 146. * Ricardus de Grey et Matilda de Seretaand, et Galfridus Constantyn tenent totam villam de Saxby Bondeby de Willielmo Solers, pro servicio suo ad transfretand' . cum eo ad custum suum in Normand. per xl dies. Inquis. facta in Wapentagio de Wals- croft. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 3875, p. 83. ^ Abbas de Nutley tenet in Scargerthorpe, Beckingham, et Sutton, in com. Lin- coln, quoddam manerium cum pertin. quod habet de dono AValteri de Burgo, qui illud tenuit de domino Rege in capite, per servitium reddendi domino Regi unam capellam lineatam de syndone, et unum par calcariorum deauratorum pro omni ser- vitio. Plac. de Libertat. et quo Warn 9 Edw. I. Lincoln. Blount, 64. 6 Willielmus Lorens (inter al'.) tenet unam acram, et quinque acras in campis, et unam porcionem prati, quod vocatur Sceperdeslond, per vij s. et unum den', vel cus- todire oves dni Regis, et si fae'. servicium, nihil dabit. Rotiili Hundredorum, vol. i. P- 35- 268 Tenures of Land ScHiPTON, Co. OF Gloucester. William le Moyne holds the manor of Schipton, in the county of Gloucester, of our lord the King, by the serjeanty of keeping the larder of the King.' SCHURNETON, Co. OF DURHAM. In the fourth year of the pontificate of Bishop Hatfield, 1348, Hugh de Teesdale died seised in his demesne, &c., of one acre of meadow, with the appurtenances, in the town of Schurneton, and it was held of the Lord Bishop in dringage.^ SCIREDUN AND SiPLEGH, CO. OF DEVON. David de Sciredun held lands in Sciredun and Siplegh, in the county of Devon, of the King, by the service of finding two arrows, when the King, his sovereign lord, should come to hunt in the forest of Dartmoor.^ Scotland, Marches of. A custom that lands should descend always to the heirs male — viz., to the males in the collateral line, excluding females in the line, was held good, which it was said was allowed anciently in the Marches of Scotland, in order to the defence of the realm, which was there most to be looked to, though it it is said in Davis's Reports that the custom of gavelkind, which was pre- tended in Ireland and Wales to divide only between males, was naught. But the former custom was adjudged good. 4 ScRivELSBY, Co. of Lincoln. Robert de Marmion, Lord of Fonteney in Normandy, and hereditary champion to the dukes thereof, was by King William the Conqueror for his services rewarded with the Castle of Tamworth, in the county of Warwick, and territory adjacent, which had been the royal demesnes of the Saxon kings, receiv- ing about the same time the office of hereditary champion to the King of England, his heirs and successors, to him and his heirs ; to be held either by tenure of this castle or of the manor of Scrivelby in Lincolnshire, it is not quite certain which. 1 Willielmus le Moyne tenet manerium de Schipton, in com. Glouc. de domino Rege, per serjantiam cugtodiendi lardarium domini Regis. Plac. Itin. de anno. 5 Hen. III. Glouc. Blount, 56. ^ Hugh de Tesedale ob'. s'. in dominico, &c. de una acr'. prati cum pertin'. in villa de Schurneton, et tenetur de dno episcopo in dringagio. Inquis. post mortem Hugonis de Tesedale. 4 Hatfield. ' Camd. Brit. tit. Devon. Blount, 11 1. < Hil. 18 Car. II. 2 Rot. 718. Trin. 20 Car. II. Rot. 719. B. R. \ Vent. 88. and Customs of Manors. 269 From this Robert de Marmion there were four successive Barons de Marmion, of Tamworth Castle, and hereditary cham- pions of England in regular descent ; the last whereof, Philip, a great baron of his time, dying in 20 Edw. I. without issue male, his inheritance came to be divided amongst his four daughters ' and heirs, the eldest of whom, Joan, then the wife of William Moretein, upon partition of the lands, having the Castle of Tam- worth for her share, died seised thereof about three years after, leaving no issue ; whereupon, by agreement between the rest of the co-heirs, the same was allotted to Alexander de Freville, who had married Mazera, daughter and heir of Ralph de Crom- well, by Mazera, the second of the daughters ' and co-heirs of Philip, last Lord Marmion of Tamworth, which Alexander, then Sir Alexander de Freville, Knight, performed the office of champion at the coronation of Edward III., as owner of the said castle. At the coronation of Richard II., Sir Baldwin Freville, Knight, Lord of Tamworth, grandson of Alexander de Freville, exhibited his claim to be the King's champion on that day, and to do the service appertaining to that office by reason of his tenure of the Castle of Tamworth — viz., to ride completely armed upon a barbed horse into Westminster Hall, and there to challenge the combat with whomsoever should dare to oppose the King's title to the crown ; which service the Barons de Marmion, his ancestors, lords of that castle, had thentofore performed. But Sir John Dymock, Knight, counter-claimed the same office, as Lord of Scrivelby, in Lincolnshire, which had descended to him by an heir female of Sir Thomas Ludlow, Knight, husband of Joane, the youngest of the daughters ' and co-heirs of Philip, the last Lord Marmion of Tamworth before mentioned ; where- upon the Constable and Marshal of England appointed the said Sir John Dymock to perform the office for that time, with a salvo jure to Freville, since which time the Dymock family have ever retained this honour,^ for the space now of nearly five hundred years. At the coronation of Henry IV., Thomas Dymock, in right of his mother, Margaret Dymock, by reason of the tenure of his manor of Scrivelby, claimed to be the King's champion at his> coronation, and had his suit granted him, notwithstanding a claim exhibited by Baldwin Freville (son of the former Bald- win) demanding that office, by reason of his Castle of Tamworth in Warwickshire. The said Dymock had for his fees one of the best coursers in the King's stable, with the King's saddle, and all the trappers and harness appertaining to the same horse or courser. He had likewise one of the best armours in the King's armoury for his own body, with all that belonged wholly thereunto,^ At the coronation of Charles II., Sir Edward 1 Or sisters. ^ Collins' Peerage, Sth edit. vol. vi. p. 338. 3 Cromp. 85, b. 270 Tenures of Land Dymock, to whom the Court of Claims had adjudged the office of the King's champion, in right of his manor of Scrivelby, entered Westminster Hall, a little before the second course was served up, on a goodly white courser, armed at all points in rich armour, and having a plume of blue feathers in his helm. He there made a stand for some time, and then advanced, in manner following, way being made for him by the Knight- marshal. First, two Trumpets. The Serjeant Trumpeter. The Serjeant-at-Arms. An Esquire, carrying a target, having the champion's own arms depicted thereon. An Esquire, carrying the champion's lance, upright. Mr Owen, York Herald. The Earl Marshal, The Lord High Con- on horseback, The Champion P'^^^' °\ h°'^!«- on the left i he champion. back, on the right hand. hand. At the lower end of the hall, York Herald proclaimed the challenge in these following words — viz., " If any person, of what degree soever, high or low, .shall deny or gainsay our Sovereign Lord King Charles the Second, King^ of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, son and next heir to our Sovereign Lord Charles the First, the last King deceased, to be right heir to the imperial crown of this realm of England, or that he ought not to enjoy the same, here is his Champion, who saith that he lieth, and is a false traitor, being ready in person to combat with him ; and in this quarrel will adventure his life against him, on what day soever he shall be appointed." Thereupon the champion threw down his gauntlet, which lying some small time, and nobody taking it up, it was delivered to him again by York Herald. Then all advanced forward, until the champion came to the middle of the hall, where York Herald made the like proclamation, and the gauntlet was again thrown down, and after some time returned to the champion, who advanced to the foot of the steps ascending to the State ; and at the top of the steps, the said herald proclaimed the 'challenge the third time, whereupon the champion threw down his gauntlet again, which nobody taking up, it was finally delivered to him. This being done, the Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, with Viscount Montague and the Lord Paget, his assistants, presented on the knee to the King a gilt cup with a cover, full of wine, who drank to his champion, and by the said Earl sent him the cup, who after three reverences, drank it all off, went a little backward, and so departed the hall, taking the cup for his fee, according as had been adjudged him by the Court of Claims.' Narrative of Ettas Ashmole, Esq., i66i. Blount, 4. and Customs of Manors. 271 At the coronation of James II., the King's champion claimed to perform his ofifice as lord of the manor of Scrivelby, and to have a gold cup and cover, with the horse on which he rides, the saddle, armour, and furniture, and twenty yards of crimson satin ; which claim was allowed, except as to the said twenty yards of satin. The said office was also counter-claimed by another branch of the family, but not allowed.' At the corona- tion of George III., 22d September 1761, the office of champion was performed by John Dymock, Esq. 2 ScuLTON, Co. OF Norfolk. At the coronation of Henry IV., Edmund Chambers claimed and obtained the office of principal larderer for him and his deputies, by reason of his manor of Sculton, otherwise called Burdelbyn-Sculton, Burdos or Burdelois, in the county of Norfolk.^ The manor was held by this tenure; that the lord thereof, on the coronation day of the Kings of Eng- land, should be chief lardiner."* At the coronation of James II., the lord of the manor of Sculton, alias Bourdelies, in Nor- folk, claimed to be chief larderer, and to have for his fees the provisions remaining after dinner in the larder ; and on refer- ence to the King, it appearing that other manors were also severally held by the same service, the lord of this manor was appointed, pro hale vice, to do the office, but with a salvo jure to the other claimants.^ Seaport Towns. King Edward I. ordained * that his seaport towns should pro- vide for his service certain ships at their own proper costs, and double shippage.' Seaton, Co. of Kent. Bertram de Criol held the manor of Seaton of the King by serjeanty — viz., to provide one man called veltrarius, a vautrer, to 1 Sandf. Hist. Conn. ^ For an historical account of the coronation of King James the II. and his Queen Mary, and of George III., see the appendix at the end of this work. ' Cromp. 86. * Camden Brif. tit. Norfolk. Blount, lo. « Sandf. Hist. Coron. 133. ^ Claus. i Edw. I. Blount, 62. ' Sir Robert Cotton, in his Answer to Motives for War, interprets it double ship- page, by which I suppose he means double tackle or furniture for the ships. — Blount. I should suppose this double shippage rather to be shipment, and means a conveyance to and from a place. It cannot be applicable to the tackle, as the ships were of course to be fit to go to sea, and the after words seem to allude to the nature of the service to be required of them, namely double shipment, though it may probably apply to a double proportion of men, which was not an unfrequent obligation. — Sir Patrick Walker. 272 Tenures of Land lead three greyhounds when the King should go into Gascony, so long as a pair of shqes of fourpence price should last.' Sir Richard Rokesley, Knight, held lands at Seaton, in the county of Kent, by the serjeanty of being the King's vautrer in Gascony, until he had worn out a pair of shoes of the price of fourpence.2 Sedgley, Co. of Stafford. The custom of the manor was, if a copyholder made a lease without licence of the lord for one year, and died within the term, it should be void against the heir. And this was adjudged to be a good custom by the court in the case of Turner and Hodges.' [It also appears to be the custom here for the youngest kins- woman to inherit, in default of direct issues, and of brothers, sisters, nephews, and nieces of the person last seised.* Segrovt, or Segrot, Co. of Denbigh. Robert de Hilton, junior, holds three acres of a new appor- tionment of this manor, close by Kechlyforit, which was pre- viously held by the community of the township, price sixpence per acre. . . . And the same Robert holds fifty acres of waste at Kevynmayn, price per acre sixpence, paying at Whitsuntide and Michaelmas twenty-five shillings (1334).^ In the same township were 766^ acres of woodland and waste, on which the members of the township paid to the lord yearly, for the herbage of their cattle, six shillings and eight- pence apiece. There were also, at the same time, four natives of the soil, who are not tenants, every one of whom pays the lord twelvepence a year, at Whitsunday and Michaelmas, as a yearly recognition, so long as they hold no land. Segrot Park formerly consisted of 1066J acres, of which, in 1334, according to the survey quoted below, William Custis held 1 20 (for which he had previously paid £6 a year) in quit, by the charter of Lord William Montacute, in feof, rent free, in exchange for the hamlets of Penmaen and Llysmaen. All the other tenants of the same park held by relief from the time 1 Eschet. 34 Edw. I. n. 37, Kent. Blount, 9. 2 Richardus Rokesley, Miles, tenebat terras Seatonias in com. Kantiae, per ser- jantiam esse vautrarium Regis in Gasconia donee perusus fuit par solitanim pretii ivd. Rot.fin.Mich.iiEdw.il. Blount, 35. ' Litt. Rep. 233. Conip. Cop. 496. • [5 Term. Rep.. 26. Mr Norwood's MSS. Coll.] = [Survey of Denbigh by Hugh de Beckete, A.D. 1334, printed in DenUgh and itsLordship,hy]6hn Williams, i860, p. 21 et seq., where will be found a hst of other tenures of a similar character at Segrot. Some of the land paid as little as twopence an acre.] and Customs of Manors. 273 of Thomas Plantagenet, Earl of Lancaster, grandson of Henry- Ill., who was executed in 1321-22. In Segrot and the other townships ' in Denbighland, as they existed in 1334, when De Bockele made his survey, every free tenant, not having an under-tenant, paid for provision for dog- trainers ( pro pastu luctrarii cum canibus), and for provision for the penmackewc and waisson bagheyn, three-halfpence annu- ally ; but a free tenant having an under-tenant was quit thereof. This custom of provision for dogs was worth, on an average, eight shillings and three-halfpence a year. Bond-servants paid a yearly dog-tax of three-halfpence only. There were also pro- visions of six shillings and eightpence a year from every free tenant for stallions and grooms for the lord, and twopence 5,-day, or board, for two satellites or serjeants-at-mace. The tax for stallions and grooms was estimated as being worth sixty shillings and eightpence a year to the lord. It was collected even from the Bishop's tenants, and was payable half-yearly at Pentecost and Michaelmas. If a married tenant died intestate, the lord had half his goods, excepting the corn, which went to the raglot. If the intestate person was unmarried, the lord took all, the rights of the raglot and the Church reserved. The son of a free tenant gave ten shillings to the lord as his relief. Descendants in the third degree paid twenty shillings ; beyond that degree it was at the lord's will. A fine of ten shillings was levied on daughters of free tenants convicted of wantonness or adultery. Sons of bond tenants paid a relief of five shillings, and in the third degree ten shillings. Fines of five shillings were levied upon their wives and daughters convicted of immorality. Bees, honey, and sparrow-hawks found in the lord's wood belonged to him ; those found in the tenants' wood, to the tenants. The lord had the forests, but the tenants reserved housebote and haybote.] Selford, Co. of Cambridge. Agnes de Valencia, who holds the lands of Theobald le Moigne, gave to our lord the King twenty shillings for a relief for three hides of land 2 in Selford, held of the King in capite by the serjeanty of being his goldsmith.^ • [Williams, ut supra, p. 45.] ^ Hida terrse. [See Gloss, in v.] ^ Agnes de Valencia que ten', terr'. Theobaldi le Moigne, dat dno Regi xx s. pro relevio pro tribus hidis terr'. in Selford, ten', de Rege in capite, per serjanciam aurifabrie. De termino Pasche, anno 22 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 15. S 2 74 Ten ures of Land Selneston, Co. of Northampton. Geoffery de Brauntesdon, son and heir of John de Brauntes- don, made fine with our lord the King for his relief for one messuage, three cottages, and three yard-lands, in Selneston, which the said John held of the King in capite by the service of keeping the King's wines, when they should happen to be in his cellar at Selneston.' [Send, Co. of Surrey. Robert de Lodeham held this manor under John de Tregoz, 19 Edw. I., by the service of attending annually the guard of his Castle of Ewyas Harold, in the county of Hereford, either in person or by substitute, with a horse properly accoutred, which service was valued at 1 3s. 4d. a year. Of this Robert, Ruald Mabank held one knight's fee as mesne land.]^ , Shaldburne, Co. of Berks. Robert de Tateshale held the manor of Shaldeburne of the King in capite by serjeanty — viz., by the service of mewing and keeping one falcon gentle for the King, and of carrying it by himself, or another, to the King at his command, at the charge of the said Robert, to abide with the falcon aforesaid, in obedi- ence to the King so long as he should please, at the wages of the said [King], whilst he resided there, for all services.' Shaldforth, Co. of Durham. In the fifth year of the pontificate of Bishop Bury, 1337, Matilda, the wife of Thomas de Tesedale of Tudhowe, was seised of the fourth part of a messuage and ten acres of land, with the appurtenances, in Shaldforth, and they were held of the Lord Bishop in capite, rendering fourpence ; and the said Matilda, together with her parceners, was to oversee the carriage of a hogshead of wine, once a year, wheresoever the Bishop chose to have that wine, within the bishopric of Dur- ^ Galfridus de Brauntesdon, filius et heres Johannis de Brauntesdon, fecit finem cum dno Rege, pro relevio suo, pro uno messuagio, 3 cotagiis, et tribus virgat. terise in Selneston, quas dictus Johannes tenuit de Rege in capite, per servitium cus- todiendi vina dni. quando sunt in celario apud Selneston. De termino Trin. anno 33° Edw. I. Karl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 43. ' [Brayley and Britton's Surrey, iv. 123.] " Robertas de Tateshale tenuit maner'. de Shaldeburne in com. Berk, de R. in capite, per seriantiam, viz. per servic'. mutand'. et custod'. falconem gentle R. et illu'. deferend. per se vel per aliu'. R. ad mandatu'. ipsius R. cust'. predicti Roberti morando cum falcone predict' in obsequio R. quamdiu R. placnit ad vad. ipsius R. dum moram fecerit pro omni servicio. Esc, anno 31 R. Edw. I. Harl, MS. Brit. Mus. No. 708, p. 28. and Customs of Manors. 275 ham ; and he was to give evidence with the bailiff of the jury concerning the jurors and summonerS) and to help the bailiff of the Bishop to drive the distresses for the Bishop's farm.' Sheen (now Richmond), Co. of Surrey. This manor, in the reign of King John, was ]the property of Michael Belet, who held it by the service of being the King's butler, it having been granted to his ancestors, with that office annexed, by Henry I.' [Master Michael Belet, who is stated to have been a canonist and civilian by profession, held this manor and the said office in the reign of King John. Dugdale says he was lord of Wrokestone, in Oxfordshire, and that he served as chief butler at the coronation of Henry HI. One of the co-heiresses of Belet married John de Valletort, who in 28 Hen. HI. paid 20s. for the half knight's fee of his serjeanty in the manor, towards an aid for knighting the King's eldest son. On the 2d November 1511, Henry VH I. granted Shene to Massey Villard and Thomas Brampton for thirty years at a yearly rent of ;f 23, 8s. ; and also the office of keeper of the palace, &c., for life.] ^ Sheepshead, Co. of Leicester. Every resiant within this manor pays id. per poll to the lord at the court held after Michaelmas, which is there called com- mon fine.* Sheffield, Co. of York. [What follows is a revised translation of the title of a roll, as given by E. G. in a letter to the Gentleman's Magazine : — ] From the office of the Escheator, in the 39 Edw. HI., after the death of Thomas Lord of Furnival. County of York ; the ' Matilda, ux. Tho. Tesedale, de Tudhowe, fuit seisit' de quarta parte unius mess. et decern acr'. terr'. cum pertin'. in Shaldforth, et tenentur de dno episcopo in capite, red'do iv denarios. Et eadem Matild. simul cum percenarijs suis supervidebit cariagium uniUs dolei vini, semel in anno, ubicunq. epQs voluerit habere illud vinura infra epatum Dunelra. Et perhibebit testimonium cum ballivo jur. de jurat, et sum. et adjuvabit ballivum episcopi ad fugand'. distr'. pro firma dni episcopi. Inquis. post mortem Tho. de Tesedale. According to Pegge, a sister of the Matilda here named appears to have married Johannes de Fayrey of Essington. ' No. 313, Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. i. 21, called a transcript of knights' fees, and other tenures of lands, and also of escheats and wards belonging to the Crown in the reign of Hen. III. and King John. There is a charter in the Tower which confirms the office of butler to Michael Belet, with the lands which his ancestors enjoyed. This office was esteemed of a Very honourable nature, and the Belets appear to have had a seat in Parliament. See Dugdale's Barotiage. Lysons' Environs, vol. i. pp. 236. 237- ^ [Brayley and Britton s Sumy, m. $9 et seq.] * Blount's Lam Diet, sub verbo. 276 Tenures of Land castle and lordship of Sheffield, with its members and appurte- nances, in the county of York, are held of our lord the King in capite, as of his crown, by homage and fealty, and by the service of one knight's fee, and by the service of paying to the King and his heirs, yearly, two white hares on the feast of the Nativity of St John the Baptist/ At this place there was a custom formerly used, that those persons who held lands of the manor of Sheffield, by knight's service, met yearly in the Wicker, near that town, on Easter Tuesday, dressed in armour on horseback, and were there drawn up by a captain, and proceeded from thence to the Town's Hall and back again ; after which parade they had a dinner provided 1 39 Edw. III. de officio Esc. anno tricesimo nono Edvardi Tertii, post mortem T. domini de Fournyvale. Com. Ebor. Castrum et dominium de Sheffield, cum membris et pertinentibus suis in com. Ebor. tenentur de domino Rege in capite, ut de corona, per homagium et fidelitatem, et per bonum unum feodum militis et per servitium reddend. domino Regi et heredibus suis per annum duos lepor[es] albos in festo Nativitatis Sancti Johannis Baptistes. From a MS. written in the reign of King Henry VII. by Mr Henry Jakes, in the possession of the Rev. Mr E. Goodwin of Sheffield, 1764. Cent. Mag. vol. 34, p. 329. "It stands now in the MS. Lepar, but it has been corrected so by some ignorant per- son, for originally it was Lepor, which means Leporarios, greyhounds, and white dogs of that species could easily be obtained ; it was, moreover, the custom of tenures, as appears from Blount, to present such things as hawks, falcons, dogs, spurs, &c. See also Sir James Ware's Antiq. of Ireland, vol. ii. p. 167." — Pegge. Notwithstanding the great scarcity of white hares in this kingdom, as mentioned by the learned author of the above observations, yet the editor has been informed of several instances of such creatures having been seen and caught ; and amongst others of the following — viz. , that a few years ago a white hare was killed in a farm called Wood Nook, adjoining to Wentworth Park, in Yorkshire, by Mr William Parker, the then occupier of that farm, and Joshua Cobb, park-keeper to the late Marquis of Rockingham. — E. And about seven years ago, a white hare was found in the grounds near Great Aycliff, in the county of Durham, which for upwards of two years had been several times hunted by many dogs, and as often beat them ; for which reason the hare was reputed a witch by the vulgar. At last she was killed. Mr Allan of Darlington got the skin, had it stuffed, and hung up as a curiosity for above two years, till it decayed and was thrown away. It was not of a very white fiir, but rather a grey.— /i. Yet these instances are not mentioned as militating against the observa- tion of the learned author of the above note, but merely as being matters of curiosity, things given in tenures being usually such as are commonly had and procured. — E, There is no occasion to alter words or misconstrue terms to remove doubts which do not exist, as the author of the notes in the Gentleman's Magazine has done, and I am of opinion that hares, and not hounds, were intended by the grant. There are two distinct species of hares in this country, the common and the varying hare. The com- mon does sometimes turn white, but rarely ; the other is smaller than the common, of a lead colour in summer, and regularly turns whiter as the winter approaches, and in winter becomes all white, except the ears and a bluish tinge on the ridge of the back, and regains its blue or lead colour with the spring. This species of hare may now be extinct in the manor of Sheffield, but it continues in the Highlands of Scotland, where I have often seen them, and is acknowledged by naturalists to be a distinct species, called the varying hare. — Sir Patrick Walker. [The original editor of Blount thought that for lepores we should read leporarios (greyhounds), from the difficulty of obtaining white hares at that season of the year. But the correction is unnecessary and inexpedient on two grounds — namely, because white hares would probably be as common then as white greyhounds ; and secondly, it was usual to name some contribution which had the character of rarity, and was, therefore, supposed to be difficult of access. The remarks which are printed below could not very well be omitted, and have been, therefore, left pretty much as they stood in the former impression. ] and Customs of Manors. 277 for them by the lord's steward. The person whose duty it was to act as captain of this company was John Wilson, Esq. of Broomhead, who for several years employed one Thomas Bam- forth, a scissor-smith, as his deputy to officiate for him, to whom he used to lend his horse and sword for the day ; and this Bamforth, by heading up the men in that manner for several years, acquired the name of Captain Bamforth. In the pleadings upon a writ of quo warranto brought against Thomas de Furnival, before John de Vallibus and other justices itinerant, at York, 7 Edw. I., 1279, he claimed to cause an assembly of all his men in Hallamshire to be held every year after Easter, for the confirming of the peace of the King, in the place of the Great Tourne. This account the editor [Beckwith's] father was favoured with by John Wilson, Esq. of Broomhead, a gentleman well skilled in the science of antiquities, son to the Mr Wilson whose deputy Captain Bam- forth was. Mr Wilson says he does not know how his ancestors came to head up the men, as there were gentlemen of more landed property in the manors which comprehended Sheffield, Hands- worth, Whiston, Treeton, &c., but thinks it took rise from Adam Wilson of Broomhead, his ancestor, who was shield-bearer or esquire to the said Lord Furnival, and had lands given him in Wigtwisle, near Broomhead, which Mr Wilson still possesses, for his good services in the wars against the Scots, in which grant Thomas de Furnival calls him " Scutiger mens," and gives him the lands " pro bono servitio suo in guerram contra Scotos." This custom, Mr Wilson says, was kept up till the year 1715 or 17 16, when it was quite dropped, but for what reason he knows not, unless the Duke of Norfolk, who was then lord of the district of Hallamshire, and was a Roman Catholic, thought it prudent so to do, lest some hundreds of his tenants so arrayed should give offence to Government, especially at that time. Mr Wilson fur- ther says, he was told by Mr Andrew Wade and Mr Thomas Redford, two old master cutlers, who could remember this cus- tom several years, that it was usual to hang a large bag filled with sand upon the bough of a tree in the Wicker, with a number of small rings fastened to it, at which they tilted full gallop with their swords drawn ; if they missed running their swords intp one of the rings, the bag came back with such force that it knocked them off from the horse's back, which was good sport for the bystanders. [According to a writer in the Builder, March 26, 1870, there is a custom here of granting leases for 800 years.] Shelfhanger, Co. of Norfolk. John, son of Bartholomew de Aveyleres, held a certain ser- jeanty in the town of Shelfhanger, in the county of Norfolk, and in Brome and Everwarton, in the county of Suffolk, by the 278 Tenures of Land service of being Marshal of the foot-soldiers of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk in the King's army in Wales, when the' King should happen to go thither with his army, at the costs of the counties aforesaid.' Shenley, Co. of Hertford. Thomas Pulteney acknowledged that he held the manor of Shenley, in the county of Hertford, and the advowson of the church of the same manor, of the King by petit serjfianty — viz., bythe service of one pair of gilt spurs to be rendered to the King and his successors at the Exchequer, for all services, and paid fortypence for the price of the said spurs.' Shirefield, Co. of Hants. John de Wintershul holds the manor of Shirefield, in the county aforesaid, by the serjeanty of finding a. serjeant to keep the hired female servants in the army of our lord the King.3 John de Warbleton holds the manor of Shirefield ■• of the King in capite by grand serjeanty — viz., by the service of being Mar- shal of the Meretrices, or hired women servants, and dismem- bering condemned malefactors, and measuring the gallons and bushels in the King's household.^ ' Johannes filius Bartholomsei de Avyleres tenuit quandam serjantiam in villa de Shelfhanger in com. Norf. et in Brome et Evenvarton in com. Suffolk, per serjantiam essendi Mareschallus peditum com. Norf. et Suff. in exercitu domini Regis in Wallia, cum contigerit dominum Regem ibidem ire cum exercitu, sumptibus comitatuum praedictorum. Plae. Coron. de ann. 14 Edw. I. Rot. 3, Norf. Blount, 68. 2 Thomas Pulteney cognovit se tenere m. de Shenley cum pertin'. in com. Hertf., _et advoc'. ecclesie eiusdem m. de R. per parvam seriantiam, viz. per servic'. unius paris calcariorum deauratorum Regi et successoribus suis ad Scaccarium reddend. pro omnibus servicijs, et dat R. 4od. de precio vnius paris calcar'. deaurat'. &c. Hilar. F. anno 24 Hen. VII. Rot. i. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5174, p. 25. ^ Johannes de Wintreshul tenet manerium de Shyrefend, in com. prsedicto, per ser- jantiam inveniendi unum serjantum ad custodiendum meretrices in exercitu domini Regis. Plac. Coron. 8 Edw. I. Rot. 13, South. Blount, 85. * Johannes de Warbleton tenet manerium de Shirefeld, in com. Southampton de Rege in capite, per magnam serjantiam, viz. per servitium essendi Mareschallus de Meretricibus, dismembrandi Malefactores adjudicatos, et mensurandi Galones et Bus- sellos in hospitio Regis. Fin. Hil. 13 Edw. II. et Pasch. i Edw^ III. Blount, 126. ° Lord Lyttleton, in his history of Henry II., denies this tenure to be grand ser- jeanty, and says it was a petit serjeanty of the meanest and most dishonourable nature ; and so it really is, if the definition in Lyttleton's Tenures, cap. viii. sect. 153, be true, for there it is said that grand serjeanty is where a man holds his lands of our sove- reign lord the King by such services as he ought to do in his proper person to the King, of which kind this is not ; for though it was to be done for, it was not to be done to, the King. And yet, if Mr Blount has cited the itcord truly, it was certainly at that time understood to have been a tenure by grand serjeanty ; and his lordship allows that Mr Madox calls it so, and that the record traces it up as high as to the reign of King Henry II, and Customs of Manors. 279 Shorn, Co. of Kent. Anciently Sir Roger Northwood held the manor of Shorn, in Kent, by service to carry, with other the King's tenants, a white ensign forty days at his own charges, when the King should make war in Scotland.' Flags, banners, pencils, and other ensigns are of great anti- quity ; their use was, in large armies, to distinguish the troops of different nations or provinces, and in smaller bodies those of different leaders, and even particular persons, in order that the prince and commander-in-chief might be able to discriminate the behaviour of each corps or person. They also served to direct broken battalibns or squadrons where to rally, and pointed out thestation of the King, or those of the different great officers, each of whom had his particular guidon or banner, by which means they might be found at all times, and the commander-in- chief enabled from time to time to send such orders as he might find necessary to his different generals. The ancient ensigns were of different kinds : some were to be fixed or planted, being too heavy to be carried by one man ; others were attached to different corps or persons, and carried about with them. Carrying a banner or standard in the day of battle was always considered as a post of honour; and in our histories we frequently meet with several instances of persons rewarded with pensions for valiantly performing that duty.' The office of the royal standard-bearer was usually granted for life, with a very large salary .^ An entry in the wardrobe account gives a description of some of the ensigns of King Edward I., which were thus charged : two with the arms of England, one with those of St George, one with the arms of St Edmond, and one with the arms of St Edward ; they were all fixed in lances. The standards were originally large flags fixed on the tops of towers, or other elevated places, and from their being stationary were called standards, though this term was afterwards given to movable ensigns, as at present to those borne by the cavalry. Banners were small, and of a square figure, somewhat about the make and size of the standards now borne by the horse or dragoons. Banners were borne before knights bannerets, whose arms were embroidered on them.* 1 Camd. Brit. tit. Kent. Blount, no. ^ A.D. 1350, 24 Edw. III. there is in Rymer that King's writ to the Treasurer of the Exchequer, directing the payment of 200 marks for life to Guido de Bryan, for his gallant behaviour in the last battle against the French, near Calais, and for his pru- dent bearing of the standard there against the said enemies, and there strenuously, powerfully, and erectly sustaining it. 3 Raufe Vestynden held £10 per annum, by letters-patent under the great seal, till rewarded with an office. This was granted to him by Edward IV. for the good and agreeable service which (says the record) he did unto us, in beryng and holdyng of oure standard of the black bull, at the batayl of Sherborne, in Elmett. — Rat. Pari. * Grose's Mi/it. Antiq. vol. ii. pp. 51, 52. 28o Tenures of Land Shottesbrook, Co. of Berks. In the time of Henry II., Hugh de Sottebroc held one knight's fee at Shottesbrook by the service of finding coals for making the crown of our lord the King and his royal ornaments, taking sixty shillings and tenpence a year for finding the said coals.' Shouldham, Co. of Norfolk. In 1413, John Shouldham was lord of this manor, and per- formed homage to the Prior, in the chapter-house of the priory, on Sunday before the feast of St Simon and Jude, in these words : " Her I become yoman from this tyme forth, and truth shall you bear ; and never arm again you in land of peace nor of werr, for lands and tenements which I clemyd to hold of you by knyghtes service, so help me God and holydom.'' Shrewsbury, Co. of Salop. In William the Conqueror's time this city (for so it was then called) paid yearly seven pounds, sixteen shillings, and eight- pence de Gablo. They were reckoned to be two hundred and fifty-two citizens, whereof twelve of the better sort were bound to watch about the kings of England when they lay in this city ; and as many to attend them, with horse and arms, when they went forth a- hunting; which last service, the learned Camden believes, was ordained, because, not many years before, Edric Streon, Duke of the Mercians, a man of great impiety, lay in wait near this place for Prince Afhelm, and barbarously murdered him as he rode a-hunting.' A custom there was in use in this town, that a woman taking (howsoever it were) a husband, if she were a widow, she gave the King twenty shillings, if a maid, ten shillings, in what manner soever it was she took a man.* [The first charter extant (for that of Henry I. is lost) was one in 1 189 from Richard I. It confirms all the ancient customs and privileges, for which the town was to pay forty marks in silver, including ten for the purpose of providing a brace of hunters for the King.] ^ Shrivenham, Co. of Beri^s. At the time of the Norman Survey, Becket, or, as it was then written, Becote, belonged to the Earl of Evreux ; it was not long afterwards in the Crown, and became for some time one of the royal palaces. King John occasionally resided ^ Lib. Niger Scacc. edit. Hearne, p. 187, inter notas. ^ [Blomefield's Norfolk, iv. 150.] " Domesday, tit. Sciropescire. Camd. Brit. Blount, m. •" Camd. Brit. 595. ' [Pennant's Tours in Wales, ed. l8lo, iii. 237.] and Customs of Manors. 281 there, as appears by a mandate to the sheriff of Oxfordshire, signed by the King at Becket, in the seventh year of his reign. In the reign of Edward III. this manor was in the family of Bacote, or Becket,' who held lands in Shrivenham, by the service of coming before the King, whenever in his progress he should pass by Fowyeares Mill Bridge, in Shrivenham, bringing him two white capons, and addressing him with the following singulai:,.s^ech : " Ecce, domine, istos duos capones, quos alias JistJSEis sed non nunc." * SiBERTOFT, Co. OF NORTHAMPTON. Thomas Curzonn holds the manor of Sibertoft, in the county of Northampton, of our lord the King in capite, by the service of finding a footman, with bows and arrows, in the King's army, for forty days, within the four seas, at his own proper costs.' This manor was held by Nicholas le Archer by the service of carrying the King's bow through all the forests in England.* Singleton-Parva, Co. of Lancaster. Thomas de Singleton holds Little Singleton by the service of making attachments and executions of the writs of our lord the King, and attachments of pleas of the Crown, in the wapen- takes of Amonderness and Blackburnshire, from the day his father died seised.^ Skeffington, Co. of Leicester. Thomas Randoll, son and heir of John Randoll, gave to the King fortypence for his relief for one messuage, a moiety of one yard-land, and eighteenpence rent in Skeffington or Skeftynton, held of the King in capite, which same messuage or tenement 1 Esch. Edw. III. 2 Johannes de Backote ten' terras in Shrivenham de R. in c. per tale servitium. Quod quotiescunq. dns R. itinerari placuerit super pontem de Fowyares mull, quod tunc dominus illius messuagij et terrarum deveniet coram diio Rege, et afferret sibi duos albos capones, cum hijs verbis. Ecce drie istos duos capones quos alias habebis et non nunc. " Behold, my lord, these two capons, which you shall have another time, but not now." Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 177. Lysons' Mag. Brit. vol. i. p. 366. 3 Thomas Curzonn tenet maneriura de Sibertoft, in com. Northampton, de domino Rege in capite, per servitium inveniendi unum hominem peditem, cum arcubus et sagittis, in exercitu domini Regis, per xl dies, infra quator maria, sumptibus suis propriis. Plac. Coron. 3 Edw. I. Rot. 14, Northamp. Blount, 70. ^ Camd. Brit. 524. Compl. Copyholder, 502. ° Thomas de Singleton tenet Parvum Singleton, in com. Lane, per servitium faciendi attachiamenta et executiones ad brevia domini Regis, et attachiamenta ad Placita Coronse in wapentachiis de Amonderness et Blakeburnschire, die qua pater suus obiit seisitus. Plac. Coron. ut supra. Blount, 63. 282 Tenures of Land was of the serjeanty which Baldwin de Skeftynton sometime held, and for which he was to carry the King's writs in his wars in England.' [Skellingthorpe, Co. of Lincoln. This was in 1730 a farm forming part of the Lincolnshire property of Sir Robert Sutton. It appears that out of it a chief rent or chevage of is. per annum was claimed by Christ's Hospital in London ; but this customary payment had not been made since Sir Robert Sutton's purchase of the estate.] ^ Skye, Isle of, Scotland. In this part of the United Kingdom are yet kept up some very ancient, but now singular customs : one is, of the Luag- hadh, or walking of cloth, a substitute for the fulling-mill : twelve or fourteen women, divided into two equal numbers, sit down on each side of a long board, ribbed lengthways, placing the cloth on it : first they begin to work it backwards and forwards with their hands, singing at the same as at the Quern : when they have tired their hands, every female uses her feet for the same purpose, and six or seven pair of naked feet are in the most violent state of agitation, working one against the other ; as by this time they grow very earnest in their labours, the fury of the song rises ; at length it arrives to such a pitch that, without breach of charity, you would imagine a troop of female demoniacs to have been assembled. They sing in the same manner when they are cutting down the corn, when thirty or forty join in chorus. The subject of the songs at the Luaghadh, the Quern, and on this occasion, are sometimes love, sometimes panegyric, and often a rehearsal of the deeds of the ancient heroes, but the tunes of all are slow and melancholy. Singing at the Quern is now almost out of date, since the introduction of water-mills. The laird can oblige his tenants, as in England, to make use of this more expeditious kind of grind- ing ; and empowers his miller to search out and break any querns he can find, as machines that defraud him of his toll. Many centuries past, the Legislature attempted to discourage these awkward mills, so prejudicial to the landlords, who had been at the expense of others. In 1 289, in the time of Alexander ' Thomas RandoU, filius et heres Johannis Randoll, dat Regi xl d. pro relevio suo de uno messuagio, mediet' unius virgat'. terr'. et l8d. redditus in Skeftyngton, tent, de Rege in capite, que quidem tenementa sunt de serjantia quam Baldewinus de Skeftyngton aliquando tenuit, et pro qua debet portare Brevia Regis in guerra Anglie. De termino Hil. anno 3 Edw. II. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 54. " [Inventory of the Estate of Sir Robert Sutton^ 1732, p. 12.] and Customs of Manors. 283 III., it was provided that " na man sail presume to grind quheit, maistlock, or rye with hand-mylne, except he be compelled by storm, or be in lack of mills quilk suld grinde the samen. And in this case, gif a man grindes at hand-mylnes, he sail gif the threttein measure as multer, and gif any man contraveins this our prohibition, he shall tine his hand-mylnes perpetuallie." The Quern or Bra [used to be] made in some of the neighbour- ing counties, and cost about 14s.' Slapton, Co. of Devon. Hugh Courtenay, Esq., son and heir of Sir Hugh Courtenay, Knight, held the manor of Slapton, in the county of Devon, of the Bishop of Exeter, by the service of being steward at the installation feast of every bishop of that see, the particulars whereof were, after some controversy, thus ascertained by Walter Stapledon,2 then Bishop of Exeter, and his dean and chapter, under their seals, at Newton-Plympton, the morrow after the feast of St Thomas the Apostle, anno Dom. 1308, 2 Edw. H. That the said Hugh, or his heirs, shall, at the first coming of the Bishop to Exeter, meet him at the east gate of the city, when he descendeth from his horse, and then going a little before him on the right hand, shall keep off the press of the people, and attend him into the choir of the cathedral church, there to be installed ; and shall, at the installing feast, serve in the first mess at the Bishop's own table. In consideration of which service, the said Hugh Courtenay and his heirs shall have, for their fee, four silver dishes of those which he shall so place at the first mess, four salt-cellars, one cup, wherein the Bishop shall drink at that meal, one wine-pot, one spoon, and two basins, wherein the Bishop shall then wash, all which vessels are to be of silver : provided the said Hugh, or his heirs, being of full age, do attend this service in person, if not hindered by sickness, or the King's writ, &c., then to appoint some worship- ful knight to supply the place by deputation, who shall swear that his lord is sick, &c.^ Slapton (West), Co. of Devon. In this manor, if any tenant die possessed of a cottage, he is by the custom to pay to the lord sixpence for a farley which, I suppose, may be in lieu of a heriot ; for in some manors west- 1 Pennant's Voyage to the 'Hebrides. [See Glossary, v. Graddan.] ^ He came to the see in 1307, was Lord Treasurer, and founder of Exeter College, Oxford. ^ Antiq. of Exeter. Blount, 34. [According to an inquisition taken in 1527, the Lady Catherine Courtenay, Countess of Devonshire, had at that time lands in Exeter, which were held in socage, and subject to a relief of two shillings on her death. — Cleaveland's Genealogical His- tory of the Courtenay Family, 173S, p. 247.] 284 Tenures of Land ward they distinguish farleu to be the best good, as heriot is the best beast payable at the tenant's death.' [Slimbridge, Co. of Gloucester. The rector of Slimbridge, in the diocese of Gloucester, is bound to pay ten pounds a year to Magdalen College for " choir music on the top of the college tower on May Day."] " Sloley, Co. of Warwick. Richard Sloley held of the King in capite one messuage and four acres of land in Sloley, in the county of Warwick, by ser- jeanty — that is, by giving to the King, upon every expedition with an army towards Scotland, one pole-axe, or twelvepence in silver, for all services.^ Smallies, Co. of Durham. In the twenty-second year of Bishop Hatfield, 1366, John de Bradley held of the Lord Bishop in capite one messuage and thirty-two acres of ploughed land, with the appurtenances, in Smallies, near Wolsyngham, and twenty-eight acres of waste land, according to certain bounds, by fealty, and the service of one besant or two shillings.'* Sockburn, Co. of Durham. In the eighth year of the pontificate of Walter Shirlawe, Bishop of Durham, 1395, Sir John Conyers, Knight, died seised in his demesne, as of fee-tail, to him and the heirs male of his body issuing, of the manor of Sockburn, with the appurtenances ; which same manor was held of the Lord Bishop in capite by the service of showing to the Lord Bishop, upon his first entrance into his diocese, as an emblem of his temporal power, one falchion which, after having been seen by the Bishop, was to be restored to him in lieu of all other services.* This valuable manor of Sockburn (the seat of the ancient family of Conyers, in the bishopric of Durham) was in 1771 the estate of Sir Edward Blackett,* by whom it was purchased of the grand- ^ Blount's Law Diet, sub voce Farley or Farleu. 2 [Rudder's Gloucestershire, quoted in Oxoniana, ii. 155.] 3 Eschet. 9 Hen. V. No. 17. Blount, 11. * Johannes de Bradley ten', de diio episcopo in capite, un'. mess, et xxxii acr'. terrse de terra culta, cum pertin'. in Smallies, juxta Wolsyngham, et xxviii acr'. de vast', per certas divisas, per fid', et servic'. unius besanti, vel duor'. sol. Inquis. post mortem Johannis de Bradley. 22 Hatfield. ^ Inquis. post mortem Joh. Conyers, Chr. ' Mr Allan's Notes. and Customs of Manors. 285 daughter of the last of the family of Conyers of Sockburti, whose mother was married into the family of the Earl of Shrewsbury. The family of Conyers were barons of the palatinate, and lords of Sockburn from the Conquest and before, till the inheritance was so carried, within a century past, by the marriage of the heiress into the family of the Earl of Shrewsbury, as above mentioned, and by her daughter was sold amongst other estates to Sir William Blackett.i Sir Edward Blackett represented through his purchase the person of Sir John Conyers'' who, as tradition says, in the fields of Sockburn slew with this falchion ^ a monstrous creature, a dragon, a worm, or flying serpent,^* that devoured men, women, and children. The then owner of Sockburn, as a reward for his bravery, gave him the manor, with its appurtenances, to hold for ever, on condition that he should meet the Lord Bishop of Dur- ham with this falchion on his first entrance into his diocese, after his election to that see.^ In confirmation of this tradition, there is painted in a window of Sockburn church the falchion we just now spoke of; and it is also cut in marble upon the tomb of the great ancestor of the Conyers, together with a dog, and the monstrous worm or serpent lying at his feet, of his own killing, of which the history of the family gives the above account.^ When the Bishop first comes into his diocese, he crosses the river Tees either at the ford at Nesham or Croft Bridge, where the counties of York and Durham divide. At one of which places Sir Edward Blackett, either in person or by his representative, if the Bishop comes by Nesham, rides into the middle of the river Tees with the ancient falchion drawn in his hand, or upon the middle of Croft Bridge ; and then presents the falchion to the Bishop, addressing him in the ancient form of words. Upon which the Bishop takes the falchion into his hands, looks at it, and returns it back again, wishing the lord of the manor his ^ Camd. Brit. tit. Durham. ^ Legend gives some other particulars of this valiant knight, which Mr Allan extracted from the Catalogue of the Harleian MS. No. 21 18, p. 39. "Sir Jn° Conyers de Sockburn, kn'. whoe slew the monstrous venom'd and poison'd wiveme, ask, or worme, w'^'^ overthrew and devour'd many people in feight, for the scent of the poyson was so strong, that noe person was able to abide it, yet he by the providence of God overthrew it, and lies buried at Sockburn, before the Conquest. But before he did enterprise (having but one childe), he went to the church in com- plete armour, and offered up his sonne to the Holy Ghost, w'^'" monument is yet to see, and the place where the serpent lay is called Graystone." ' "On the pommel are three lions of England, guardant. These were first borne by King John, so that this falchion was not made before that time, nor did the owner kill the dragon. The black eagle, in a field gold, was the arms of Morkar Earl of Northumberland. This, too, might be the falchion with which the earls were in- vested, being girt with the sword of the earldom. " * "The Scots seem to have been intended by these dreadful animals; and the falchion bestowed with an estate as a reward for some useful service performed by a Conyers against those Invaders. " ' ' Mr Allan's Notes. " Camd. Brit. vol. ii. p. 132. 286 Tenures of Land health, and the enjoyment of his estate.' "At Croft Bridge the Bishop used also to be met by the High Sheriff of the county palatine (who is an officer of his own by patent during pleasure), by the members of the county and city of Durham, and by all the principal gentlemen in the county and neighbourhood, to welcome his lordship into his palatinate, who conducted him to Darlington, where they all dined with him, after which they proceeded to Durham. Before they reached the city, they were met by the dean and chapter with their congratulatory address ; the Bishop and the whole company alighting from their carriages to receive them. When the ceremony of the address and his lordship's an^er was finished, the procession moved on to the city ; here they were met by the corporation, the different conj- panies with their banners, and a great concourse of people; they proceeded immediately to the cathedral, where the Bishop was habited upon the tomb of the Venerable Bede, in the Galilee, at the west end of the church, from whence he went in procession to the great altar, preceded by the whole choir singing Te Deum ; after prayers the Bishop took the oaths at the altar, and was then enthroned in the usual forms, and attended to the castle by the High Sheriff and other gentlemen of the county." 2 SoFTLEY, Parish of Peniston, Co. of York. A farm at Softley, in the parish of Peniston, pays yearly to the Bosvilles of Gunthwaite a whittle.^ SOKYRTON, Co. OF DURHAM. In the seventeenth year of Bishop Hatfield, 1361, Margaret, late wife of Robert de Orleans, held of the Lord Bishop in capite one messuage and fifteen acres of land, with the appurtenances, in Sokyrton, by fealty, and paying towards the repairing of the millstones and the [cogwheels] of the Lord Bishop's mill at Darlington,* . . . yearly, and one hen, called a wood-hen.* SOMERTON, Co. OF SOMERSET. Sir John Stowell, lord of this manor, prescribed to have a lawful court in a great moor, part of the said manor, for the 1 Mr Allan's Notes. " Pennant's Tour in Scotland, edit. 1 722, vol. iii. pp. 339, 340. ' Extracted from the writings of Godfrey Bosville of Gunthwaite, Esq., and com- municated to [Mr Beckwith the elder] by John Wilson of Broomhead, Esq. * The sum or quantity of payment by some means is here omitted. — Pegge. 5 Margareta, qus fuit uxor Roberti de Orlyenes, ten', de dno episcopo in capite, unum mess', et quindecim acras terrse, cum pertin'. in Sokyrton, per fid', et reddendo repacoi molarum, et del cogges molendini dni episcopi de Derlyngton . . . per annum, et unam gallinam, voc'. Wodhen. Inquis. post mortem Margarets de Or- leyenes. 17 Hatfield. and Customs of Manors. 287 better ordering the cattle of the tenants, in which moor they had a right of common ; and at which court all the commoners ought to appear by custom, &c., and that an homage hath been used to be sworn there by the steward, which homage hath used to present all offences in the common, and to make bylaws for the better ordering thereof, which the commoners ought to obey under a reasonable penalty to be assessed on them, and to be forfeited to the lord." [Southampton, Co. of. John Bandet held a hide of lan,d here of the King in capite by the service of sending to the Crown annually 100 barbed arrows.] ^ SOUTHAUTON, CO. OF DORSET. Guy de Beauchamp, late Earl of Warwick, held the manor of Southauton as of the inheritance of Alicia, sometime his wife, of our lord the King, by the serjeanty of bearing a rod before th-e Justices in Eyre in the county aforesaid.^ SOUTHFLEET, CO. OF KENT. Two women came into the town of Southfleet, who had stolen many cloths in the town of Croindone, and the men of the same town of Croindone, whose cloths were feloniously carried away, followed them to the town of Southfleet, and there they were taken and imprisoned, and had their judgment in the court of Southfleet to carry hot iron ; one of them was acquitted and the other condemned, whereupon she was drowned in Bikepole. All this happened in the time of Gilbert Lord Bishop of Rochester,"* and in that judgment were present the coroners of our lord the King. Paul de Stanes was then Cacherell of the hundred of Acstane. And at that time Robert de Hecham, a monk, was kefeper of the manor of Southfleet. And in judging the women there was Sir Henry de Cobham, and many other eminent men of the country.^ 1 Adjudged a good custom in the case of James v.Tutney. Cro. Car./^yj. Comp. Cot. 506. ^ \_Excerpta Historica, 1833, pp. 19, 20.] ^ Guido de Bello-Campo, nuper>com. Warr'. ten. maner. de Southauton de hereditate Alicie, quondam uxoris sue, de dno Rege, per serieantiam portandi virgam coram Justi c. in com. predicto itinerantibus. Inquis. Guid. de Bello-Campo, anno 9 Edw. II. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 6126, p. 21. •* Gilbertde Gl anville was Bishop of Rochester from 1 185 to 1214, which con- firms the date of the extract— viz. , 1200.— Pegge. ■* Duse mulieres venerunt in villam de Suffliete in comitatu Kantise, quse furatae 288 Tenures of Land OBSERVATIONS UPON THIS RECORD, By Dr Harris. In this remarkable account there are several things well worth observing: i. That the women were tried, and one of them executed, where they were taken, and not in the county where the fact was committed ; if Croindene be Croydon, in Surrey, as is very probable. 2. That this court of Southfleet, though but belonging to the manor of that name, had a power of trying and executing felons, which was not unusual in ancient times. 3. That the trial and judgment of these women was very solemn, and before a great many eminent and sober per- sons. 4. That she who was found guilty was not hanged, but drowned, which was a way of execution (I believe) peculiar to that sex ; and I take it that she-thieves were usually drowned ; which, perhaps, they judged to be a modester way of putting women to death. 5. Though the goods were taken upon them, as it appears by this account, yet they were both put to the ordeal trial of carrying a hot piece of iron in their hands to a certain distance ; and she, that was burnt by it, was adjudged guilty, and drowned ; and the other who, we must suppose, was not burnt by the iron, was acquitted. South Malling, Co. of Kent. The tenants of South Malling, in the county of Kent, ought, by a custom amongst them, to make scot-ale of sixteenpence halfpenny ; so that from every sixpence there be given a penny half-penny to drink with the bedel of the Lord Archbishop, [besides] the aforesaid fee.' In an old rental of this manor, mentioned by Somner in his Treatise on Gavelkind, mention is made of a service called servitium liberum armorum, which was a service done by feuda- tory tenants, who were called liberi homines, and distinguished from vassals, as was their service ; for they were not bound to fuerunt multos pannos in villa de Croindone, et secuti sunt eas homines ejusdem villae de Croindone, quorum pannos furtive asportaverunt usque in villam de Suf- fliete et ibi captse fuerunt et incarcerate, et habuerunt judicium suum in curia de Suffliete, ad portandum calidum ferum, quarum una fuit salva, et altera . damnata, unde submersa fuit in Bikepole. Et hoc totum contigit tempore Gilberti domini episcopi Roffensis, et in quolibet judicio fuerunt coronarii domini Regis. Et Paulus de Stanes fuit tunc Cacherellus de hundredo de Acstan. Et per illud tempus Ro- bertus de Hecham monachus fuit custos manerii de Suffliete, et ad mulieres judi- candas fuit dominus Henricus de Cobham, et alii plures discreti homines de patria. E Monumentis Roffensis Ecclesi^ sub anno 1200. Blount, 161. 1 Tenentes de South Malling, in com. Cantiae, debent, de consuetudine inter eos, facere scotalium de sex decim denariis et ob. Ita quod de singulis sex denariis detur unum denarium et ob. ad potandum cum bedello domini archiepiscopi super prje- dictum feodum. Ex vet. Consuetud. in Archivis Archiep. Cant. Blount, 150. and Customs of Manors. 289 any of the base services of ploughing the lord's land, &c., but were to find a man and a horse, to go with the lord into the army, or to attend his court, &c.i South Molton, olim Snow Moulton, Co. of Devon. This town was formerly held by the Martyns by serjeanty to find a man, with a bow and three arrows, to attend the Earl of Gloucester when he should hunt thereabouts.^ SOUTHWARK, THE BOROUGH OF. Thomas English, son and heir-male of William English, deceased, acknowledged himself to hold, and his said father to have held the day he died, a certain annual rent of ten pounds, with the appurtenances, in the vill of Southwark, to be received in fee from the fee-farm of the vill of Southwark, by the hands of the sheriff of London, farmer of the same vill, by grand serjeanty — viz., by the service of keeping a certain greyhound or harehound, of the King, at the command of our said lord the King.^ Southwell, Co. of Nottingham. Among other customs in the soke of Southwell are the following : — " If a man die seised of lands or tenements, his heir, being within the land, out of prison and the King's wars, shall come to the court within one year and a day, or else the next of the blood shall come in ; and if not, the lands and tenements shall be seised into the lord's hands ; also the lord shall have to his fine as much as they pay to the lord for one year's rent. Also the custom is, if a man be seised of lands after the custom, and take a wife, and have issue, and die seised, the wife shall have the lands after the custom for term of her life, whether the heir be admitted tenant at any time in the life of the woman or no. Also the custom js, that after the father being dead, his wife being feoffee for term of her life, the next heir shall come into the court, and take up the lands at any time in her life, and make sale of the reversion, if he be disposed so to do. 1 Somner on Gavelkind, p. 56. Jacob's Law Diet. tit. Servitium liberum. ^ Camd. Brit. tit. Devonshire. ' Thomas English, filius et heres masculus Willielmi English defunctj, cognovit se tenere et dictum patrem suum tenuisse, die quo obijt, quendam annualem redd'. £1^ cum pertin'. in villa de Suthwerke precipiend. de feod. firma de villa de Suthwerke, per manus vie'. London firmar' eiusdem ville, per rnagnam serianciam, viz. per servicium custodiendi quend' leporarium R. ad mandat' ipsius dni Regis. Trin. fin. anno 17 Hen. Vll. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5174, pp. 18, 19. T 290 Tenures of Land " Also the custom is, that if a man be in estate of lands of tenements, and have children by divers wives, the youngest son of the first wife shall inherit the said lands and tenements, if he make no surrender to the contrary ; and if he have no son, the youngest daughter shall be heir after the same manner ; and if the same man have a second wife, and purchase lands, now the youngest son of the second wife shall be heir after the same manner in that land purchased ; and if they have more wives, after the same manner ; and in likewise as the youngest son of the first wife, so shall the first wife have for term of her life all the lands and tenements which he is possessed in, except a surrender be made to the contrary. Also the custom is, if a man be seised of lands, he may for eighteen years give his land away from his heir, what place soever he be in without the soke, having two of the lord's tenants by, without paying a fine ; and if it fortune that the person to whom the lands were given do die before the eighteen years be ended, it shall return to the heir. And if there be any lands pledged for eighteen years, if he to whom the lands are pledged die before the eighteen years be ended and complete, his heirs or assigns shall have for the years." ' Springsend, Co. of Essex. Peter the Marshall holds a certain tenement in Springsend, in the county of Essex, by the serjeanty of keeping one palfrey in the stable of our lord the King, at the costs of the King.2 Stafford. King Edward III. granted to Simon de Rugeley and his heirs the fish-pond near Stafford, by the service of holding once the stirrup of the King at his first mounting upon his palfrey every time of his coming to Stafford.^ Ralph de Waymer held of the King in fee and inheritance the Stew, or fish-pond, without the eastern gate of the town of Stafford, in this manner — viz., that when the King should please to fish, he was to have the pikes and breams, and the said Ralph and his heirs were to have all the other fishes, with the eels, coming to the hooks, rendering therefor to the King half a mark at the feast of St Michael* ^ Comp. Cop. 506. From an ancient copy in the hands of the author. " Petrus le Marshall tenet quoddam tenementum in Springsend in com. Essex, per serjantiam custodiendi unum palfridum in stabulo domini Regis, sumptibus ipsius domini Regis. Pla. Coron. 13 Edw. I. Essex. Blount, 53. ' Rex concessit Simoni de Ruggelei, et hered' vivarium juxta Stafford, per servic. tenendi semel stripe Regis ad primum ascensum suum super palefridum suum in quo- libet adventu suo apud Stafford. Pat. 20. Edw. III. Mem. 35. Communicated by Tho. Astle, Esq. ^ Radus de Waymer tenuit de R. in feed, et hereditate Vivar'. extra portam orient' ville Staff, in hunc modum, viz. quando placuerit R. piscar'. R. habebit lupos and Customs of Manors. 291 Stafford, Bradeley, and Madeley, Co. of Stafford. Edmund Lord Stafford held the manors of Stafford, Bradeley, and Madeley, in the county of Stafford, of the King in capite by barony, that is, by the service of finding, for forty days, at his own charge, three armed men, with three horses, caparisoned or armed for war, as often as there should be war with Wales or Scotland.' Stamford, Co. of Lincoln. William Earl Warren, lord of this town in the time of King John, standing upon the castle walls, saw two bulls fighting for a cow in the Castle Meadow, till all the butchers' dogs pursued one of the bulls (maddened with noise and multitude) clean through the town. This sight so pleased the Earl, that he gave the Castle Meadow, where the bulls' duel began, for a common to the butchers of the town, after the first grass was mowed, on condition that they should find a mad bull the day six weeks before Christmas Day, for the continuance of that sport for ever.^ It is very observable that here they have the custom which Littleton, the famous common-lawyer, calls Borough-English — i.e., the younger sons inherit what lands or tenements their fathers die possessed of within this manor.^ Stanbridge, Co. of Bedford. Richard le Chamberleyn, who married Joan, the daughter and heir of John Gardener, made fine with the King for himself and his wife by one hundred shillings for their relief for the ser- jeanty of keeping the King's falcons in Stanbridge.'' [Stancombe, Stinchcombe, and Alkington, Co. OF Gloucester. In 1605 the inhabitants of these three hamlets agreed to intercommon from the Lake or Grip in Cresway, which divided the waste lands of that copse, to Cresway Head ; the men of Alkington to impound the Stinchcombe cattle, if they came over aquaticos et breymas, et idem Radus et hered. sui habebunt omnes alios pisces cum anguillis ad hamos venien'. reddend. inde R. dimid. marc', ad festum Sancti Mich'is. Esc. anno 2 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 708, p. 27. ' Eschet. 2 Edw. II. Blount, 25. ^ Butcher's Survey of Stamford, p. 40. Blount, 19. ' Camd. Brit. tit. Lincolnshire. '[The custom of Borough-English is of very unusual occurrence, and a friend who has had great experience in these questions has met in his oiiicial researches with only one example of it. But it is not quite so rare as that, and in some counties still prevails much.] ^ Ricardus le Chamberleyn, qui Johanna filiam et heredem Johannis Gardener duxit in uxorem, fecit finem cum Rege pro se et uxore sua per ickjs. pro relevio suo, per serjantiam custodiendi falcon. Regis in Stanbriggs. De' termino Pasche, anno 29 Edw. L Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 21. 292 Tenures of Land Cresway, and the men of Stinchcombe those of Alkington, if they passed over the Grip.] ' Standbury, Co. of Berks. Robert de Tadeshale holds twenty pounds of lands in Stand- bury of our lord the King by the serjeanty of keeping one gerfalcon for him.^ Stanesby, Co. of Derby. John, son and heir of Roger de Sannage, gave to the King one soar sparhawk for his relief for the manor of Stanesby, in the county of Derby, which he holds of the King in capite by the service of a soar sparhawk.^ Stanford, Co. of Hereford. Hugh Pantulf holds Stanford by the gift of King Henry, father of King John, by the service of one small hound."* Henry Pygot holds two yard-lands, with the appurtenances, in Stanford, by the serjeanty of conducting the King's treasure to London, and of summoning his barons to the army at the costs of our lord the King.^ Stanhope, Co. of Durham. In the eighth year of the pontificate of Bishop Bury, 1 340, John Power was seised in his demesne, &c., of one messuage and two acres of land, with the appurtenances, in Stanhope, which he held of the Lord Bishop in capite by homage, fealty, and the service of five shiUings and sixpence ; and he was to watch with one man for a month to keep the wild beasts of the Bishop in the forest in fawning-time.* In the eighteenth year of the pontificate of Thomas Hatfield, ^ [Fosbroke's Berkeley Manuscripts, 1821, p. 48.] ^ Robertus de Tadeshale tenet viginti libratas terras in Standebury, in com. Berks, de domino Rege, per serjantiam custodiendi unum girefalconem pro domino Rege. Plac. Coron. apud Windesor, 12 Edw. I. Blount, 37. " Johannes filius et heres Rogeri de Sannage dedit Regi unum spervarium sori de relevio suo pro manerio de Staynesby, in com. Derby, quod de Rege tenet in capite per servicium unius spervarij sori. De termino Mich'. a°3i Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 27. * Hugo Pantulfus tenet Stanfforde de dono Henrici Regis patris Regis Johannis, per servicium unius bracheti. Testa de Neml. De Serianciis, &c. temp. Hen II Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. [No. 313,] p. 32. " Henricus Pygot tenet duas virgatag terre cum pertin'. in Stanfforde per serianciam ad conducend. thes'. dni Regis apud London, ad custum diii Regis ; et ad summon- end. Baron ad exercitum. De scutagio com. Hereford, temp. Edw. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 6765, p. 19. ° Johannes Power fuit s. in dnico, &c. de uno mess, et duabus acr". terr'. cum pertin'. in Stanhop, et ea ten', de diuo episcopo in capite, per hom. fid. et servic'. quinq'. sol. et sex denar'. Et faciet stagia cum uno homine per unam mens, custod'. feras dni episcopi in foresta tempore fonnagij. Inquis. post mortem Johannis Power. and Customs of Manors. 293 Bishop of Durham, 1362, William Colynson held of the Lord Bishop in capite, &c., two tofts and four acres of land, with the appurtenances, in Stanhope, by fealty, and the service of sixteen- pence yearly ; also, he was to find a man to keep the deer of the said Lord Bishop, with the forester, for four weeks in the fence month, for the quantity of land which he held of William MerlSy.' Stanhope, Wolsingham, and Auckland, Co. OF Durham. Stanhope, together with Wolsingham and Auckland, in the bishopric of Durham, were held of the Bishop by forest services, besides demesnes and other tenures ; particularly upon his great huntings, the tenants in these parts were bound to set up for him a field-house or tabernacle, with a chapel, and all manner of rooms and offices, as also to furnish him with dogs and horses, and to carry his provision, and to attend him during his stay, for the supply of all conveniences ; but now all services of this kind are either let fall by disuse, or changed into pecuniary payments.^ It may be noted that a count palatine, who has jura regalia granted to him, may create a tenure in capite to hold of him- self ; for by the grant it is in a manner disjoined from the Crown, and out of the King j and he is made a petty King.^ Stanhow, Co. of Norfolk. Joan, late wife of John King, holds a certain serjeanty in Stanhow by the service of keeping [one small brache or hound, as she was bound] of our lord the King.* Stanlake, Co. of Oxford. At Stanlake, the minister of the parish, in his procession in Rogation Week, reads the Gospel at a barrel's head, in the cellar of the Chequer Inn in that town, where some say there was formerly an hermitage, others that there was anciently a cross, at which they read a Gospel in former times ; over which the house, and particularly the cellar, being built, they are forced to continue the custom in manner as above. ^ * Willielmus Colynson ten', de dno episcopo in capite, &c. duo tofta et iiii"' acr'. terr'. cum pertin'. in Stanhop, per fid. et servic'. sexdecim denar'. per ann. Item inveniet unum hominem ad custodiend. venacionem dicti dni episcopi cum forestar. per iiii" septi'as tempore defensionis pro q'ntitate terrse quam tenet de W" Merley. Inquis. post mortem Willielmi Colynson, i8 Hatfield. 2 Camd. Bril. English Copyholder, 511. Mr Allan's Notes. ' Davis' Reports, 62, 66. * Johanna, quae fiiit uxor Johannis King, tenet quandam serjantiam in Stanhow in com. Norf. per serjantiam custodiendl unum bracelettura demeritum domini Regis. Rot. fin. 6 Joh. m..58. Blount, 70. I Nat. Hist, of Oxfordshire, fo. 203. Blount, 154. 294 Tenures of Land Stanle and Lechampton, Co. of Norfolk. Adam le Despenser held the manors of Stanle and Lechamp- ton of the King in capite by the serjeanty of serving him^ in the office of steward at Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide.' [Stansty, Co. of Denbigh. Mrs Foulkes pays is. a year quit-rent to the lord of the manor, Sir Watkin Wynn, in respect to a tenement in this lordship otherwise freehold. Tenures of this description, it may be stated generally, are not uncommon. Mrs Foulkes is the lay-rector of Stansty, and takes commuted rent-charge on the great tithes. Till the payment in kind was discontinued, it was usual to distinguish the rector's sheaves by the insertion of a small twig or stick.] Stanton, Co. of Wilts. Reginald Fitz Piers, amongst other things, held the manor of Stanton, in the county of Wilts, of the King in capite by the service of being constable (for his lands held in parcenary) in the King's army.' Stapeley, Co. of Hants. Edmund Synagor holds the manor of Stapeley by the service of finding a serjeant-at-arms in the army of our lord the King, everywhere in England, at his own costs for forty days.^ Staplehurst, Co. of Kent. The tenement of Newstead, with the appurtenances, in the town of Staplehurst, is held of the manor of East Greenwich by fealty only and in free socage (by a patent dated the 3d February, 4 Edw. VI.), and by the payment of sixpence for smoke-silver yearly to the sheriff."* Stapleton, Co. of Gloucester. John de Allebyr holds one yard-land in Stapleton by serjeanty of carrying the writs of our lord the King from the Castle of 1 Adam le Despenser, m. de Stanle, de R. in cap. ac m. de Lechampton, per seriantiam deserviendi R. in officio Dispensatoris, diebus Natalis, dni Paschae, et Pentecostes. Esc. anno 23 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 38. " Reginaldus filius Petri, tenuit m. de Stanton, in com. Wilt' de R. in c. per ser. constabulariK in exercitu Regis, pro parceneria sua. Esc. anno 13 Edw. I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 2087, p. 32. ^ Edmundus Synagor tenet manerium de Stapele, in com. Southampton, per ser- jantiam inveniendi unum serjantium ad arma ubique in exercitu domini Regis in Anglia, sumptibus suis propriis, per xl dies. Plac. Coron. 8 Edw. I. Rot. 13, South. Blount, 84. * Tenementum Newstede, cum pertln. in villa de Stapleherst, in comitatu Cantiee, tenetur de manerio de East Greenwich, per fidelitatem tantum et in libero socagio, per paten, dat. 3 Feb. 4 Edw. VI. &c. Inquis. post mortem Domini Wotton, 1628. Blount, 123. and Customs of Manors. 295 Gloucester one day's journey at his own proper charge, and further at the charge of the King.i Stapleton, Co. of Somerset. Geoffry de St Clare holds Stapleton of our lord the King by serjeanty — to wit, of bearing one towel before our lady the Queen at Easter, Whitsuntide, and Christmas, and at the King's coronation.2 Staunton, Co. of Oxford. Heniy de la Wade holds ten pounds of land in Staunton by the serjeanty of carrying a gerfalcon every year before our lord the King, whenever he shall please to hawk with such falcons, at the cost of the said lord the King.^ Staveley, Co. of Derby. In the 17th year of King Edward I., John Musard was found to be seised of the manor of Staveley, held of the King in capite by barony ; finding for that and his other lordships two soldiers in the King's army in Wales.-* [Steeple, Co. of Dorset. In the inventory of the personal and real estate of Denis Bond, made in 1730-31,^ a note states, "There is payable to John Banks, Esq., out of the farm called Lutton, a chief rent of thirteen bushels of wheat yearly, or £2^ 12s. in lieu thereof, being after the rate of 4s. a bushel."] SjENE AND HiNTON, CO. OF NORTHAMPTON. Sir William Sandes, Knight, and Margaret his wife, acknow- ledged to hold in right of her, the said Margaret, of the King in capite the manor of Stene and Hinton, with the appurtenances, by the service of one rose only, to be paid yearly at the feast of St John the Baptist, for all services ; and they gave to the King one penny for the price of the said one rose, as it was appraised by the Barons (of the Exchequer.) * 1 Johannes de Allebyr tenet unam virgatam terrae in Stapelton, in com. Glouc. per serjantiam ad portandum brevia domini Regis de Castello Gloucestrise, per imam dietam ad custum suum proprium, et ultra ad custum domini Regis. Plac. Itin. 5 Hen. III. Glouc. Blount, 56. " Galfridus de S'^"- Claro tenet Stapelton de dno R. per serjantiam, scilicet per unam tualliam ferendarn coram daa Regina ad festum Pasch' & Pentecost'. & nativitatem drii & ad dim Regis Coronationem. Testa de Nevil, p. 162. 3 Henricus de la Wade tenet decem libratas terrse in Staunton, in com. Oxon, per serjantiam portandi unum Gerefalconem quolibet anno coram domino Rege, quando domino Regi placuerit spaciari cum hujusmodi falconibus, ad custos ipsius domini Regis. Pla. Coron. 13 Edw. I. Rot. 26, Oxon. Blount, 73. * Eschet. 17 Edw. I. n. 6, Derb. Blount, 14. ^ ^Inventory, 1732, p. 5.] ^ Willielmus Sandes, miles, et Margeria uxor eius, &c. cognoverunt se tenere in iure ipsius Margerie de R. in capite m. de Stene et Hynton, cum pertin'. in com. pre- 296 Tenures of Land [Sterborough, Co. of Surrey. By the custom of this manor, the freehold estates held thereof are subject, on the death of the tenant, to a heriot of the best live beast, if there be any ; and if none, to a payment of three shillings and sixpence as a dead heriot ; and the same on sale, if the free- holder sell his whole estate.] ' Stert, Co. of Somerset. Matthew de Chamfleur holds the manor of Stert in capite of our lord the King by the serjeanty of one [gallon] of wine, to be paid yearly at the King's Exchequer, at the feast of St Michael. It is rated at iii s. a year rent."' Steward, the Lord High, of England. This was the first great officer of the Crown, according to the account of our ancestors ; he was called also Viceroy or Lieu- tenant. Previous to every coronation he has a commission under the great seal, hac vice, to hear and determine the claims for Grand Serjeanty^ and other honourable services, to be done at the coronation, for the solemnisation thereof ; for which purpose he holds his court some convenient time before the coronation. At the coronation he marches immediately before the King, above all other officers of the Crown, and bears in his hand St dicto per servicium unius rose ad festum Nativitat'. Scj Johannis Baptiste annuatim solvend'. t'ra pro omnibus servicijs. Et dant Regi unum denar'. de p'cio dee unins rose sicut per Baron Esch. appretiatur. Mich. Fin. anno 22 Regis Henricj VII. Rotulo I. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5174, p. 23. 1 [Brayley and Britton's Surrey, iv. 1 58.] ^ Mattheus de Chamfleur tenet manerium de Sterte, in com. Somerset, in capite de domino Rege, per serjantiam unius [gaunse] vini, solvend. per annum ad Scaccarium domini Regis, ad festum Sancti Michselis. Arrentata est ad iii s. per annum. Plac. Cor. de ann. 8 Edw. I. Somerset. Blount, 76. [Blount printed ^a«(?.] ° Tenure by Grand Serjeanty is where a man holds his lands or tenements of our sovereign lord the King by such services as he ought to do in his proper person to the King ; as to carry the banner of the King, or his lance, or to lead his army, or to be his marshal, or to carry his sword before him at his coronation, or to be his sewer at his coronation, or his carver, or his butler, or to be one of his chamberlains of the receipt of his Exchequer, or to do other like services, &c. And the cause why this service is called Grand Serjeanty is, for that it is a greater and more worthy service than the service in the tenure of escuage. For he which holdeth by escuage is not limited by his tenure to do any more especial service than any other which holdeth by escuage ought to do ; but he which holdeth by Grand Serjeanty ought to do some special service to the King, which he that holds by escuage ought not to do (Little- ton's Tenures, sec. 153). Tenure by Petit Serjeanty is where a man holds his land of our sovereign lord the King by giving to him yearly a bow, or a sword, or a dagger, or a knife, or a lance, or a pair of gloves of mail, or a pair of gilt spurs, or an arrow, or divers arrows, or other small-things belonging to war (Littleton's Tenures, lib. ii. cap. 9, sec. 159). [See the art. Serjeanty in Tomline's Law Diet. 1835.] And such service is but socage in effect, because such tenant, by his tenure, was not obliged to go, or do anything, in his proper person, touching the war ; but to render and pay yearly certain things to the King, as a man paid a rent (Littleton's Tenures, sec. l6o). Note, a man cannot hold by Grand Serjeanty, or by Petit Serjeanty, but of the King, &c. (Littleton's Tenures, sec. 161). and Customs of Manors. 297 Edward's crown. The other parts of his office, respecting the trials of peers of the realm, &c., do not properly belong to this treatise, and therefore shall be omitted. The office of Lord High Steward of England is of great anti- quity, and was before the Conquest, for it is said that Godwin Earl of Kent, in the time of King Edward the Confessor, for his evil deeds and counsels, was adjudged by the Steward of Eng- land, and forfeited his earldom.' In the time of the Conqueror, William Fitz-Eustace was Steward of England ; and in the reigns of William Rufus and Henry I., Hugh de Grantesmenel, Baron of Hinkley^ held that barony by the said office. Of ancient time this office was of inheritance, and appertained to the earl- dom of Leicester, as it also appears by the Custumier, though other records testify that it belonged to the barony of Hinkley. The truth is, that Hinkley was parcel of the possessions of the Earl of Leicester ; for Robert Bellomont, in the reign of Henry II., married Petronilla, daughter and heir of the said Hugh sGrantesmenel, Baron of Hinkley and Lord Steward of Eng- land, and in her right was Steward of England ; and so it con- tinued in that family until, by the forfeiture of Simon de Mountfort, Earl of Leicester, and grandson of the said Petronilla, it came, in 1265, to Henry III. who, in the 50th year of his reign (1266), created his second son, Edmund, surnamed Crouch- back, Earl of Leicester, Baron of Hinkley, and High Steward of England, and also Earl of Lancaster, Derby, and Lincoln. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Thomas who, being beheaded at Pontefract in the year 1322, was succeeded by his brother Henry, who in the 9th year of the reign of Edward III. had a grant from that King of the office of Steward of England to him and the heirs of his body. This Henry was succeeded by his son Henry, surnamed Grismund, from the place of his birth (Grismund Castle, in Monmouthshire), and Tort-col. or Wry- Neck, who was created Duke of Lancaster by Edward III., and he by his two daughters, Maud and Blanch, of whom the elder married William V., Duke of Bavaria, Earl of Hainault, Holland, Zeeland, and Friezland, who died without issue; and the younger, Blanch, was married to John of Gaunt, fourth son of Edward III., who, in her right, succeeded as Steward of England, and exercised that office at the coronation of King Richard II. His son Henry, surnamed of Bolinbroke, was the last that had any estate of inheritance in the office of Steward of England ; •«jfor, upon the deposing of King Richard, he succeeded him in the throne, and the office of Steward became vested in the ^ Sicut accidit Godwino Comiti Kanciss, tempore Regis Edwardi antecessoris Wil- lielmi Ducis Normandise, prohujusmodi male gestis et conciliis suis (per Seneschallum Anglise) adjudicatus et forisfecit comitivam suam. — Coustumier de Normandie, cap. 10, 4 Inst. 58. [For further particulars respecting the Lord High Stewardship, see the monograph by Ed. S. 1680, entitled, A Survey of the Lord High Steward of England ; his Office., Dignity, and Jurisdiction^ 298 Tenures of Land Crown, since which time it has never been granted to any sub- ject, but only hie vice. The first who was created hac vice was Thomas, second son to Henry IV. (afterwards Earl of Albemarle and Duke of Clarence) who, previously to his father's coronation, sat as Lord High Steward of England, by the King's commandment, in the Whitehall of the King's palace at Westminster, and, as belonging to his office, he caused inquiry to be made what offices were to be exercised by any manner of persons, on the day of the King's coronation, and what fees were belonging to the same; " causing proclamation to be made that what noble^ man or other that could claim any office that day of the solemnising of the King's coronation, they should come, and put in their bills comprehending their demands ; whereupon divers offices and fees were claimed, as well by bills, as other- wise by speech of mouth." ' At that coronation the said Lord Thomas, as Steward of England, claimed and had for his fee the vessels of wine that lay under the bar; notwithstanding that the same were claimed by Thomas Earl of Arundel, as Chief Butler of England.'" The reason why the office of Steward of England has never, since it merged in the Crown, been granted to any subject, but only hac vice, was because his power was so transcendent that it was not held fit to be in any subject's hands ; for his office was to oversee and rule, under the King and immediately after the King, the whole kingdom of England, and all the ministers of the law within the kingdom, both in time of peace and of war, &c.^ When the Lord High Steward sits by force of his office, he sits under a cloth of estate, and such as direct their speech to him say, "Please your Grace, my Lord High Steward of England." * The style of the said John of Gaunt was, John, son of the King of England, King of Leon and Castile, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, Steward of England.' Stockwood, Co. of Dorset. Within this manor the custom is, that the widows of copy- holders for lives shall enjoy, during their widowhoods, the cus- tomary lands whereof their husbands die seised.^ ^ Cromp. Jurisdict. 84, b. = Ibid. 85, b. ' Et sciendum est quod ejus officium est supervidere et regulare sub rege et im- mediate post regem totum regnum Anglic et omnes ministros legum infra idem regnum teraporibus pads et guerrarum, &c. * 4 Inst. 59. ^ Johannes filius Regis Anglise, Rex Legionis et CastellEe, Dux Aquitanije et Lancastriae, Comes Derbise, Lincolnise, et Leicestrise, Seneschallus Anglise.— 4 Inst. 59. « Hob. Rep. 181. and Customs of Manors. 299 Stoke, Co. of Gloucester, Nicholas le Archer holds two carucates of land in the town of Stoke, in the county of Gloucester, by the serjeanty of finding for our lord the King, in his army in Wales, a man with a bow and arrows at his own costs, for forty days.' [Stoke d'Abernon, Co. of Surrey. In 1253, Sir John d'Abernon obtained a grant of free-warren in the demesne lands of his manors of Stoke and Fecham, and in 7 Edw. I. he obtained the same privilege for all his demesne lands in Surrey and elsewhere, on the ground of immemorial usage. In 3 James I. the Attorney-General, Coke, was defeated in an attempt to show that the family had usurped the liberties of court-leet and free-warren.] ^ Stoke Wake, Co. of Dorset. By the Inquisitions of the Wakes and Keynes, 22d and 34th Edw. III., 20th Edw. IV., and 37th Eliz., they are said to have held this manor of the Abbess and Convent of Shaftesbury by the service of being stewards of the household, to set the house in order on the day of the instalment of every abbess.^ Stokelynch-Ostricer, Co. of Somerset. In the 14th Richard II., John Denbaud held at his death the manor of Stokelynch-Ostricer, with the advowson of the church, of the Earl of Huntington, as of his manor of Haselborough, by the service of keeping a hawk (osturcum) every year till it should be completely fit for service. And when the said hawk should be so fit, he was to convey it to the lord's manor-house, attended by his wife, together with three boys, three horses, and three greyhounds, and to stay there forty days at the lord's expense, and to have the lady's second-best gown for his wife's work.'' Stoneley, Co. of Warwick. In the manor of Stoneley, in the county of Warwick, there were anciently four bondmen, whereof each held one mes- suage and one quartron of land, by the service of making the ' Nicholas le Archer tenet duas carucatas terrse in villa de Stoke, in com. Glouc. per serjantiam inveniendi domino Regi in exercitu Wallise, unum hominem, cum arcu et sagittis, sumptibus suis propriis, per xl dies. Pla. Cor. 15 Edw. I. Glouc. Blount, 57. 2 [Brayley and Britton, iv. 457, 458.] ^ Seneschallus intrinsecus ad arraiandum domum. Hutchins' Hist, of Dorset, vol, ii. p. 449. * Collinson's Hist, and Antiq. 0/ Sometseishire, vol. Hi. p. 115. 300 Tenures of Land gallows and hanging the thieves. Each of which bondmen was to wear a red clout betwixt his shoulders, upon his upper gar- ment; to plough, reap, make the lord's malt, and do other servile work." Sir Edward Coke says the worst tenure he has heard of is to hold lands to be ultor sceleratorum condemnatorum, utalios suspendio, alios membrorum detruncatione, vel aliis modis juxta quantitatem perpetrati sceleris puniat — that is, to be a hangman or executioner, &c.'' Stony-Aston, Co. of Somerset. Bartholomew Peytevyn (Poictouvin) holds two carucates of land in Stony-Aston, in the county of Somerset, of our lord the King in capite, by the service of one sextary of clove wine, to be paid to the King yearly at Christmas. And the said land is worth ten pounds a year.^ [Stonycroft, Co. of Lancaster. This is a place near Liverpool, and certain land there is held by a London corporation " so long as grass doth grow, and water doth flow."] Stow, Co. of Cambridge. John de Curtese held thirty acres of land in Stow, in the county of Cambridge, by the serjeanty of carrying a truss of hay to the necessary-house of our lord the King, when the King passed through those parts, and it is rated at the Exchequer at ten shillings a year.'' Strafford, the Wapentake of, Co. of York. Thomas Carnifex holds of our lord the King, in chief, the manor of R., in the county of York, by the serjeanty of finding for him in his army in Wales one horse, a bill, one pin, and one sack, &c., and the aforesaid Thomas was amerced for the unjust detention.^ ^ Reg. de Stoneley Monast. Blount, 3. " Coke Litt. fo. 86, a. Blount, 139. ' Bartholomseus Peytevyn tenet duas carucatas terrse in Stoney-Aston, in com. Somerset, de domino Rege in capite, per servitium unius sextarii vini gariophilati, reddendo domino Regi per annum, ad Natale Domini. Et valet dicta terra per ann. xl. Plac. Coron. de ann. 8 Edw. I. Somerset. Blount, 76. * Johannes de Curtese tenuit xxx acras terree in Stow, in com. Cantabr. per serjan- tiam adducendi unam trussulam fceni ad cloacham domini Regis, cum ipse Rex tran- sient per partes illas, et arrentatur ad Scaccarium domini Regis adxs. per ann. Placita Coronse apud Cantabrigiam, 21 Edw. I. Blount, 28. " Thomas Carnifex tenet de domino Rege in capite manerium de R. in com. Ebor. per serjantiam inveniendi domino Regi in exercitu suo in Wallia unum equum, unam falcem, unam brochiam, et unum saccum, &c. et prsedictus Thomas in misericordia pro injusta detentione. Pla. Coron. 7 Edw. I. Ebor. Blount, 49. and Customs of Manors. 301 [Strathfeldsey, Co. of Hants. The Duke of Wellington holds this estate of the Crown by- virtue of 55 George III. c. 186, by the nominal rent of a tri- coloured flag, to be sent to Windsor annually on the i8th of June, the anniversary of the battle of Waterloo.] ' Streatham, Co. of Surrey. The lord of the manor of Leigham's Court has a court-leet and view of frank-pledge; the lands therein descend to the youngest son. The tenants are subject to the payment of pan- nage, or id. to the lord for every swine, and to another customary payment called rump-pence, being id. to be paid by every per- son who has cattle to the value of sos.'" Stretford Hundred, Co. of Oxford, The custom of the hundred of Stretford, in the county of Oxford, is that the heirs of tenements, within the hundred afore- said, existing after the death of their ancestors, shall have principal — i.e., an heirloom, viz., of every kind of cattle ; the befet waggon, best plough, best cup, &c.^ Sturminster Marshall, Co. of Dorset. Thomas Gorges, brother and heir of Bartholomew Gorges, held seven messuages, and a third part of two water-mills, with the appurtenances, in Sturminster Marshall, &c., of the King in capite, by the service of rendering to the King, at every of his arrivals to hunt in the forest of Purboke, one pair of gilt spurs, or sixpence.* Suicides (Almoner, Lord High). Surrey, the Earldom of. In the 6th Edw. I. (anno 1278), after the making the statute of Quo Warranto in the Parliament held at Gloucester, the •' [Compare Woodstock.^ " Lyspns' Environs of London, vol. i. p. 481. ' Consuetude hundredi de Stretford in com. Oxon. est, quod h^redes tenemen- torum infra hundredum prsedict. existen. post mortem antecessorum suorum habebunt, &c. Principalium, anglicfi, an heir-loome, viz. de quodam genere catallorum, utensillum, &c. optimum plaustrum, optimam carucam, optimum ciphum, &c. i Inst. 18, b. * Thomas Gorges, frater et heres Barth' Gorges, tenuit septem mess, et tertiam partem duorum molend. aquat' cum pertin' in Sturmynster Marshall, &c. de R. in c. per servic' redd. Regi ad quemlibet adventu' suu' venand' in foresta de Purboke, unu' par" calcar' deaurat' vel sex denar. De termino Michis Sinno xx™" Hen. VIII. Rot. 2. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5174, p. 44. 302 Tenures of Land King, by his justices, questioning certain of his great subjects by what title they held their lands : among others, John Earl of Warren and Surrey being called, and demanded by what war- rant he held his, showed them an old sword, and unsheathing it, said, " Behold, my lords, here is my warrant. My ancestors, coming into this land with William the Bastard, did obtain their lands by the sword, and I am resolved by the sword to defend them against whomsoever shall endeavour to dispossess me ; for that King did not himself conquer the land and subdue it, but our progenitors were sharers and assistants therein." i And good sharers were they ; for it appears that William, the first Earl Warren, was at the time of making the general survey (Domesday) possessed of two hundred lordships in several counties of England, whereof Conisbarough, in Yorkshire, was one, which had twenty-eight towns and hamlets within its soke." He married Gundreda, daughter to the Conqueror, and was founder of the Abbey of Lewes, in Sussex. He had issue by her William de Warren, the second Earl, who had issue William de Warren, the third Earl, and he had issue Isabel de Warren, his daughter and heir, who married to her second husband Hameline Plantagenet, base son of Geoffrey Earl of Anjou, and half-brother to King Henry H., and by him had issue William Plantagenet, Earl of Warren and Surrey, father of the above* mentioned John who showed the judges by what warrant he held his estate. At the coronation of King James II. the Duke of Norfolk, as Earl of Surrey, claimed to carry the second sword before the King, with all the privileges and dignities thereto belonging ; which claim was disallowed, not being made out, and the same having been disallowed at the last coronation.^ SUTHERTON, CO. OF LANCASTER. Ralph Barun holds half a bovat of land in Sutherton by ser- vice that he should be bricklayer in the Castle (of Lancaster), or for five shillings yearly, at the King's election.'* Sutton, Co. of Bedford. Alexander de Summersham holds half a knight's fee in the town of Sutton, in the county of Bedford, of our lord the King in capite, by the serjeanty of being in his proper person with ' Bar. of Eng. vol. i. Blount, 9. 2 Blount, 9. 2 Sandford, Hist. Coron. 4 Rad"" Barun tenet dimidiam bovatam' terre (in Sutherton) per servicium quod sit cementarius in Castro (Lancastrise) vel per v sol', per annum, ad elecoem dfii Reg. Testa de Nevil, p. 372. and Customs of Manors. 303 our lord the King, wheresoever he should be in war/ in England or elsewhere.^ Sutton, Co. of Chester. The manor of Sutton, being within the purlieus of the forest of Macclesfield, was held formerly by the service of free forestery, by which its owner was bound to follow the King's standard in war, with the same arms (bows and arrows) with which he guarded his bailiwick of the forest, and whilst attending in the wars, he was exonerated from the custody of his bailiwick.^ The foresters were entitled to timber and firewood within their own districts, with other perquisites, and they had liberty of fishing within the forest, and of taking foxes, hares, squirrels, bawsons (badgers), otters, muskets, and eagles.* Sutton, Co. of Salop. Robert Sutton holds two yard-lands in Sutton by the service of finding one horse to carry the King's treasure towards London twice a year.' And Osbert de Sutton held a certain serjeanty there, for which he was to find for our lord the King one horse with a collar, to conduct his treasure every year at Michaelmas from the town of Salop.^ Sutton-Colfield, Co. of Warwick. An inquisition of the jury taken at this view (of frank-pledge) before Geoffery de Okenham, steward ; by the oath of Anselm 1 In Bibl. Cott. Tiberius, E. viii. is a MS. written about the time of Henry VIII., wherein, among divers military arrangements, is one entitled the " Order of a kynge, if he entered to fyghte." " The Kynge, arrayed in his own coat-of-armes, must be on horseback, on a good horse, covered also with his armes : the Kynge must also wear a crown upon his head-piece." Henry V. wore his crown at the battle of Agin- court, and part of it was cut off by the Duke of Alenfon with a stroke of his sword. King Richard III. wore his crown at the battle of Bosworth, which was, according to Rapin and others, after his death found in the field of battle by a soldier, who brought it to the Lord Stanley. — Grose's Milit. Antiq. vol. i. p. 102, note (d). ^ Alexander de Summersham tenet dimidium feodi militis in villa de Sutton (in com. Bedf ) de domino Rege in capite per serjantiam essendi in propria persona cum domino Rege, ubicunque fuerit in guerra, in Anglia seu alibi. Pla. Coron. 15 Edw. 1. Blount, 37. 3 Woodnoth's Collections, pp. 122, 123. ■* MSB. in the possession of David Browne, Esq. (Lysons' Mag. Brit. vol. ii. p. 744-) ^ Robertus Sutton tenet duas virgat'. terr . m Sutton, per servic . inveniendi unum equum ad ducend. thesaur' Regis versus London, bis in anno. Nomina tenentium per serjantiam de dSo Rege Joh'is in com. Salop. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 1087, P- 13- * Seriant. Osbart de Sutton, in Sutton, pro qua debuit invenire dno R. unum equum cum capistro ad conducend. thesaur' dfiii R. quolibet anno ad festum Sancti Mich'is a villa de Saloppe. Tenentes de domino Rege Hen. II. De Eschetis Gerardi de Thuraay. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 1087, p. 18. 304 Tenures of Land de Clifton, &c., jurors charged to inquire of the ancient customs of this lordship, as well of freemen as of bondmen ; what customs they were wont to do and have, before the coronation of our lord King Henry, grandfather to the present King, from the time of Athelstan, sometimes King of England, &c. Who say, that every freeman of Sutton ought to hold his lands and tene- ments by the force and effect of his original charter, &c. Also those who held half a yard-land, or a nook of land, or a cottage of bondage-tenure, were used to be bedell of the manor, and decenary. Also, all those who held in bondage-tenure were wont to be called customary tenants (custumarii). And when- soever the lord should go a-hunting, those customary tenants used to drive the wanlass' to a stand, in hunting the wild beasts, according to the quantity of their tenure, as those who held a whole yard-land for two days, and so of others. And they used to have among them the half part of the fee of a wood- ward of the venison taken. And they used to be keepers of Colfield Heath, as often as they were chosen by the neighbours at the Court, &c. Also, if any of those customary tenants intended to go out of the lordship, they used to come into court, and surrender into the hands of the lord their bondage-tenure, with all their male horses and young male foals, and carts bound with iron, with their male hogs, their whole pieces of cloth, their wool not spun (non fbrmata), and their best brass pan, and then go and stay wheresoever they would, without challenge of the lord ; and he and all his family were to be free for ever. And also they say, that they have heard their ancestors say, that at the time when the manor of Sutton aforesaid was in the hands of the kings of England, all the chace was afforested, and all the dogs within the forest use to be lawed, and the left claw of the foot cut off ; and after it came into the hands of the Earl of Warwick, they had leave to have and hold dogs of all kinds unlawed. And also all the freeholders used to be summoned three days before the court, and the customary tenants likewise; and if there was any plea between neighbours, and the defendants denied and waged law ' against the plaintiff, they used to make their law with the third hand ; and they used to essoign themselves twice by common suit of court, and the third time to appear and warrant the essoign. And in like manner of the plea, as well of the plaintiff as of the defen- dant, to be essoigned twice of the plea and twice of the law, and the third time to appear or have the judgment (considera- tionem) of the court. ^ To drive the deer to a stand, that the lord may shoot. — Blount. ^ To make law (wage law) by bringing three others to swear besides himself.— Blount. For the nature of the law wager, see Blackst. Comment, lib. iii. ch. 22, sect. 6. and Customs of Manors. 305 And the aforesaid customary tenants were wont to repair the ford about the mill-dam' of the lord of Sutton with earth.* SUTTON-COURTENAY, Co. OF BERKS. Richard de Harrecurt gave and granted to William de Sutton, for his homage and service, all that virgate of land in Sutton, with one messuage, and the appurtenances ; but the said Wil- liam and his heirs were to plough one selion of land at winter seed-time, and one selion at Lent seed-time, and one selion at fallow, and to weed for one day with one man, and to mow for one day with one man in summer, and they were to find one man to make hay, and to carry the said hay with one cart, until it was all fully carried to the court of Sutton (which was their lord's house) ; and they were to find one man to make cocks or ricks of hay till they were finished ; and to do four days' work in autumn with two men, the three first days at their own diet, and the fourth at their lord's ; and to carry corn for one day with one cart, and to find one man for one day to make mows in the grange or barn, &c.^ ^ To repair the ford of the mill-pond. — Blount. * Inquisitio xii juratorum capta ad hunc visum coram Galfrido de Okenham, seneschallo, per sacramentum Anselmi de Cliftona, &c. juratorum oneratorum de antiquis consuetudinibus istius dominii, tam de libertate quam de bondagio, quales consuetudines solebant facere et habere, ante coronationem domini Henrici Regis, avi domini Regis nunc, a tempore Athelstani quondam Regis Angliae, &c. Qui dicunt, quod unusquisque liber homo de Sutton solebat terras et tenementa sua vi et effectu cartse suk originalis tenere, &c. Item, illi qui tenuerunt dimidiam virgatam terree, vel nocatam terrae, vel cotagium de bondagii tenura, solebant esse bedellum manerii et decennarium. Et etiam omnes illi, qui tenuerunt in bondagii tenura, solebant vocari customarii. Et quotiescunque dominus ad venandum verierit, illi customarii solebant fugare wanlassum ad stabulum in fugatione ferarum bestiarum, secundum quantitatem tenurse suas, ut illi qui tenuerunt integram virgatam terras per duos dies, et sic de aliis. Et solebant habere inter eos dimidiam partem feodi woodwardi de venatione capta. Et solebant esse custodes Bruers de Colfeild, quotiescunquse fuerint electi per vicinos ad curiam, &c. Et etiam si aliqui de hujusmodi customariis exierint de dominio, solebant venire in curiam et sursum reddere in manum domini tenuram suam bondagii, cum omnibus equis suis masculis, et puUis masculis, et carectam ferro ligatam, cum porcis masculis, panna sua Integra, lana non formata, et meliorem oUam suam seneam ; et exire, et trahere moram ubicunque voluerit, sine calumpnia domini, et ipse, cum omni sequela sua, esse liber in perpetuum. Et etiam dicunt quod audierunt antecessores dicere, quod tempore quo manerium de Sutton prsdicta fuit in manibus regum Angliae, tota chasea fuit afforestata, et omnes canes infra forestam solebant impediari et amputari sinistro ortello. Et postquam devenit in manum'comitis Warwici, licentiam habere tenere canes apertos, ex omni genera canum, et non impediatos. Et etiam omnes liberi tenentes solebant summoneri per tres dies ante curiam, et customarii similiter ; et si aliquod placitum fuerit inter vicinos, et defendentes negaverint et vadierint legem versus qusrentem, solebant • facere legem cum tertia manu, et solebant se essoiniare de communi secta curiae bina vice, et tertia comparere et vfarrantizare essoinium. Et similiter de placito tarn quaerentis quam defendentis, bis de placito, et bis de lege essoiniari, fet tertia vice venire, seu habere considerationem curiae. Et praedicti custumarii solebant reparare vadum circa stagnum molendini domini de Sutton in opere terreno. . Antiq. of Warwickshire, by Sir W. Dugdale. Blount, 140. 2 Sciant praesentes et futuri, quod ego Ricardus de Harrecurt dedi et concessi Willielmo de Sutton pro homagio et servitio suo, totam illam virgatam terrae in Sutton, cum uno messuagio et pertin'. Dictus vero Willielmus et haeredes sui arabunt U oo6 Tenures of Land SWANSCOMBE, CO. OF KENT. Many estates in this county, Surrey, and Essex are held of the Castle of Rochester by the tenure of castle-guard ; of these the manor of Swanscombe is the principal, the owner of which, as well as the rest holding their lands of this castle, had anciently the charge of it committed to them, and owed their particular services to the defence of it, called castle-guard. These services have been long since converted into annual rents of money.' SWINNERTON, CO. OF STAFFORD. This manor was held by the family of Broughton, of the Bishop of Lichfield's manor of Eccleshall, by the third part of a knight's fee, and other services — viz., i. To find fourteen men at the chace of Padmore for three days thrice every y^ar. 2. To find two ploughs in winter, and as many in Lent, for two days each time, to plough the lord's demesne, wherever the lord pleases in this manor. 3. To find fourteen men to reap in harvest, or to pay five shillings and ninepence. 4. To keep ward at the Castle of Eccleshall, for the space of forty days, at his own proper costs and charges. SwiNTON, Co. OF York. William Fitz-Daniel holds four oxgangs and a half of land in Swinton, in the county of York, paying therefor yearly one flasket, &c." Two farms, lying in this township, which belong to Earl Fitzwilliam, late in the occupations of John Mercer and Richard Thompson, every year change their parish ; for one year, from Easter Day at twelve at noon, till next Easter Day at the same hour, they lie in the parish of Mexborough, and then till the Easter Day following, at the same hour, they are in the parish of Wath-upon-Derne, and so alternately. These farms consist of about 302 acres.^ unam seilonem ad yevernagium, et unum seylonem ad semen quadragesimale, et unum seylonem ad warectam, et sarclabunt per unum diem cum uno homine, et falcabunt cum uno homine per unum diem in esteia. Et invenient unum hominem ad levandum prata, et cariabunt dicta prata cum una carecta, quousque cariata sint plenarie in curiam de Sutton, et invenient unum hominem ad faciendum muUones foeni quousque perficiantur, et facient quatuor precarias autumpnales cum duobus hominibus, scil. tres ad cibum illorum proprium et quartam ad cibum domini, et cariabunt bladum per unum diem cum una carecta, et invenient unum hominem per unum diem ad faciendum meyas in grangia. Hasc omnia Servitia, &c. Hiis Testi- bus. Ex ipso Autographo, penes The. Wollascot, Arm. Blount, 130. ^ Hasted's Hist, of Kent, vol ii. p. 15. ° Willielmus filius Daniel tenet quatuor bovatas terrje et~ dimid. in Swinton in com. Ebor. reddendo inde per annum unum flaskettum, &c. Plac Coron. 15 Hen. III. Ebor. Rot. 17. Blount, 48. " [Mr Beckwith's addition.] and Customs of Manors. 307 Sythynge, Co. of Norfolk. John, son and heir of William de Calthorpe, holds of the King in capite one messuage and fifty acres of land in Sythynge by the service of one barbed arrow, of the price of a penny, to be paid to the King yearly by the hands of the sheriff.' Tachbrook, Co. of Warwick. Roger de Wellesburne held the moiety of one hide of land in Tachbrook, in the county of Warwick, and was to come at the great reap-day in autumn with all his reapers, and to be at the lord's diet twice a day.^ Tamworth Castle, Co. of Warwick. This was held by the family of Marmion, and after it by that of Ferrers, of the King in capite, by knight's service, and to find three knights at their own costs, for forty days, in the wars of Wales. Tanistrv Law, in Ireland. Anciently Ireland (as we learn from Giraldus Cambrensis) was divided into five almost equal portions — namely. North and South Munster, Leinster, Ulster, and Connaught ; but afterwards Meath, which in that partition of the country had been annexed to the monarchy of the whole island as a royal demesne, was separated from it and given to a prince of the Ui Niall family ; in consequence of which it became one kingdom of the pent- archy, another being composed of the two Munsters united. There were also a great number of lesser districts or lordships contained within these five realms, and governed by chiefs of septs or clans, some of whom were called kings, and all ex- ercised a kind of regal authority over their own people. In each dynasty, great or small, the prince or chief was elected under the same regulations as the supreme monarch ; the rule of suc- cession being called the Tanistry Law, because the successor, so appointed in the lifetime of the person who governed the seignury, bore the title of Tanist.^ Tatenhull and Drycot, Co. of Stafford. Sir Philip de Somerville, Knight, holds of his lord the Earl of Lancaster the manors of Tatenhull and Drycot, in parcenary by ^ Johannes, filius et heres Willielmi de Calthorp, tenet de Rege in capite ununi messuagium et 50 acr' terrae in Sythynge, per servitium unius sagitte barbate, precij i d. redd. Regi annuatim per manus vie.' De termino Trin. anno 39 Edw. III. Rot. 1°. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 235. ^ Roger de Wellesburne tenuit medietatem unius hidae terrae in Tachebroke, in comi- tatu Warwici, et veniet ad magnam precariam in autumno, cum omnibus messoribus suis ad puturam domini bis in die. Lib. niger Lichfeldiee. Blount, 1 10. ^ Lord Lyttelton's Hist, of Hen. II. vol. iii. p. 20. 3o8 Tenures of Land these services, that the said Sir Philip, or his attorney for him, shall come to the Castle of Tutbury upon St Peter's Day in August, which is called Lammas, and shall show the steward or receiver that he is come thither to hunt and catch his lord's greese at the costages of his lord. Whereupon the steward or the receiver shall cause a horse and saddle to be delivered to the said Sir Philip, the price fifty shillings, or fifty shillings in money, and one hound, and shall pay to the said Sir Philip every day from the said day of St Peter to Holyrood Day, for himself two shillings and sixpence a day, and every day for his servant and his hound during the said time twelvepence. And all the wood- masters of the forest of Nedewood and Duffield, with all the parkers and foresters, shall be commanded to await and attend upon the said Sir Philip while their lord's greese be taken in all places of the said forests, as upon their master, during the said time. And the said Sir Philip or his attorney shall deliver to the said parkers or foresters that which shall belong to their lord's larder, commanding them to convey it to the Earl's lardiner abiding at Tutbury, and with the remnant the said Sir Philip shall do his pleasure. And upon Holyrood Day the said Sir Philip shall return to the Castle of Tutbury upon the said horse with his hound, and shall dine with the steward or receiver ; and after dinner he shall deliver the horse, saddle, and hound to the steward or receiver, and shall kiss the porter, and depart. Taunton, Co. of Somerset. In this manor there are two sorts of lands, bondland and overland. The bondland is that whereon there have been, and commonly are, ancient dweUing tenements, and is held by a customary fine and rent certain, paying heriots, and doing other suits and services to the same belonging. The overland is that whereon, in ancient time, there were no dwellings, and is held by a fine and rent certain and fealty; but the tenants thereof pay no heriots, and do no other customs, suit, or service for the same.' An attorney of the Court of King's Bench was chosen tithing- man of Taunton, where there was a custom that every one shall be a tithing-man or constable dwelling in such houses, and the attorney brought his writ of privilege, and it was allowed.^ And the custom of this manor is, that the wife of the copyholder shall have the inheritance of her husband,^ [to the exclusion of the issue ; and if there be no widow, then the youngest son, the youngest daughter, and the youngest brother successively in- herit.] " ^ CoUinson's Hist, and Antiq. of Somersetshire, vol. iii. p. 233. 2 Cro. Car. 389. Prouse's Case. 3 j Siderfin, 267. ' [Mr Norwood's MSS. Coll. See 2 Jurist. 171 ; Locke v. Colman, i Mylne and '-'■,■ 4?.3 ; 2 ibid. 42, 635 ; Lewis's Topogr. Diet. v. Taunton Dean ; Gent. Ma^. vol. Im.] * and Customs of Manors. 309 Taxall, Co. of Chester. It appears by the depositions of some old persons, taken in the year 1720, that the manor of Taxall was anciently held by the service of blowing a horn on Midsummer Day, at a high rock near Taxall, called Windgather ; and that there was a tradition that the lord of this manor was to hold the King's stirrup, and rouse the stag, when he should come to hunt in Macclesfield forest.' Temple Tisoe, Co. of Warwick. Within the precincts of this manor is cut, upon the side of Edge Hill, the figure of a horse in a large shape, and because the earth is red, it is called the Red Horse, and gives a denomi- nation to the fruitful vale about it, called the Vale of the Red Horse. The trenches about the horse are cleansed every year by a freeholder, who holds his land by that service.^ Terley Castle, Co. of Stafford. At Terley Castle, in this county, the lordship whereof belonged in Plot's time to the Right Honourable the Lord Gerard of Brom- ley, Sir Charles Skrymsher, Knight, and Richard Church, Esquire, the lords enjoyan odd custom or privilege of Lotherwits, or Lyer- wits, at this day ; that is, the liberty of taking a compensation or amerciament for bastards got or born within the lordship, so called from the Saxon Leger or Logher, a bed, and Wit, a pen- alty ; whence Fleta expounds the wordLierwit to import as much as mulcta adulteriorum^ which anciently, as the books unani- mously inform us, extended only to such as did defile a bond- woman within the manor without licence. But the charter of this manor, it seems, extends further ; for here the delinquent, oath being made that the bastard was begot within the manor, and paying ten shillings to the lords, not only avoids the cog- nisance of the Bishop and all ecclesiastical courts, and discovery of the father, but also, if a bastard child be brought hither from without the lordship, paying ^^i, 19s. iid. ob. to the lords, they shall have no cognisance of it neither. Nay, so great a privilege had a certain oak in Knoll Wood, three miles south of the castle, but within the lordship in this respect, as Sir Charles Skrymsher, to whom the wood belonged, told Plot, tha<- in case oath were made that the bastard was got within the umbrage or reach of its boughs, neither the Bishop nor lords of the manor themselves could take any cognisance of it.'' ^ Lysons' Mag. Brit. vol. ii. p. 8oi. ' Dugdale's Antiquitus of Warwickshire, p. 422. Bray's Tour, p. 35. ^ Fleta, lib. i. cap. 47. ' Plot's Hist, of Staffordshire, p. 279. 3 1 o Tenures of L and Terring, Co. of Sussex. Within this manor the tenants are obliged to do certain work by the rod, which is called Rod Gavel." [Tey-Magna, or Great Tey, Co. of Essex.' This manor was paramount to, and had jurisdiction over many- other manors in very early times. These were held by various rents and services, as well civil as military. The military services were abolished in the reign of Charles II., but most of the ancient rents are still paid. The lords had both courts-leet and courts-baron, wherein they held pleas of different kinds. This manor is of considerable extent, being about seventeen miles in circumference ; the lands, which are mostly arable, are remarkably productive, and have long been in a high state of cultivation. The ancient possessors of this estate seem to have considered both convenience and security in the disposal of their lands. On an elevated spot, which commands an extensive prospect over a great tract of country, stood the lord's mansion in the centre of the manor^ surrounded by a moat ; this house was occasionally the summer residence of the Lords Fitz-Walter from the reign of King John to that of Henry VI. Several manors and lands were granted to knights and to freemen to be holden of the lords of this manor on vari- ous conditions and by different rents and services, the most remarkable of which shall be mentioned hereafter. The free tenants were chiefly placed on the southern part of the manor, towards the great Roman road leading from Kelve- don to Colchester, or that leading from Coggeshall to the same place. The base tenants or villani were placed in the northern part, and were in a great measure surrounded by the lord's demesnes and by the Lords of Bacons and Flories ; the lands on the north of the manor are most of them copyhold at this day. On the north-east side of the capital mansion, at the distance of about a mile and a half, stood the mansion-house of the Lords of Bacons, which in early times was a subinfeudation made by one of the great lords of Tey to a vavasour or rear vassal. This manor was held by knight's service, homage, fealty, suit of court, a reasonable aid to marry the lord's daughter, and by the rent of ;^i, 6s. 6d. payable half-yearly. On the west side of the lord's mansion, at about the distance of a mile, stands the manor-house of Flories, which has for ages been held of this manor by knight's service, homage, fealty, suit 1 Somner, 22. ' {On the Tenures, Customs^ &=€., of his Manor of Great Tey. In a Letter addressed to the President of the Society of Antiquaries, by Thomas Astle, May 22, 1794, {Archteol. xii. 25-40). This article has been substituted for the very meagre and unsa- tisfactory one which appeared in the former editions.] and Customs of Manors. 31 1 of court, and by the yearly rent of us. 3d., which is still paid. The manor of Uphall is on the south-west part of this manor, . which, with its demesnes, came into the possession of the Lords Fitz-Walter in the reign of Richard II., when it was absorbed in the paramount manor ; and the estate is to this day a part of the demesnes of the manor of Great Tey. A capital messuage and half a carucate of land, called Trumpington's, was likewise within the said manor. In the 13th of Edward I., Robert de Trump- ington held this estate by the service of finding the King one horse, one sack of canvas, and one [pin or skewer] in his army in Wales, during forty days, at his own charge.' By an inquisition taken the 30th Edw. I., it appears that this estate was held of the King in capite." In 1398, it was given to the Priory of St Botolph in Colchester, and after the dissolution it was granted to Lord Chancellor Audeley, and since that time it has been part of the demesnes of the lords of Great Tey. The following fiefs were held of this manor by knight's ser- service, homage, fealty, suit of court, and by several rents and services : — Ramsay Hall. Two-third parts of the manor of Ram- say Hall, in Essex, were held of the manor of Great Tey by the third part of a knight's fee, and by the third part of los. payable at the end of every twenty-four weeks for castle-ward, and by homage, fealty and suit of court.^ Parker s or Roydon Hall. Lagenhoo in Essex. The tenement of Avenalls in Gamlinghay. The master of Martinage Hall holds the manor of Martynage, in Gamlinghay, in the county of Cambridge. The master of Fleshy College, in Essex, held in Fleshy half a knight's fee. Westley Manor, in Cambridgeshire. Steeple Moreden, alias Bryse's Fee, in Cambridgeshire. The estates called Vernons, in Wake's Colne, formerly possessed by Hugh de Crepping, and afterwards by John de Vernon, are held of this manor by knight's service, homage, fealty, and suit of court, under the rent of 3d. at Easter, and the like sum at Michaelmas, a pair of gilt spurs at Fente- cost, or 1 2d. and three pounds of pepper, and one pound and a half of cummin ; and the possessor of these estates was to find one man to attend the justices itinerant in Essex at his own cost. ^ Robertus de Trumpeton tenet dimid, carucatam terrae in Tey-Magna in com. Essex, per serjantiam inveniendi domino Regi, unum equum, et unum saccum de canabe, et unam brochiam, in exercitu domini Regis in Walliam, per xl dies sumpti- bus suis propriis. Plac. Coron. 13 Edw. I. Essex. Blount, 53. '^ Morant's Hist, of Essex, vol. ii. p. 207. * In an ancient extent of the manor made 12 Edward I., A.D. 1284, it appears that Robert de Vere, Earl o£ Oxford, held three fees in Ramsey, Gosfield, and Beauchampe, by the farm or rent of xls. payable every 24 weeks. In the 48th Edward III. the Countess of Oxford paid to the Lord Walter Fitz-Walter, Lord of Tey, as an aid to marry his daughter, three pounds for the said three fees. On the 25th of November, 15th Richard IL, ten shillings were paid for Castle-guard, and the further sum of ten shillings were also paid on the same account. In the 22d of Henry VI., John Earl of Oxford paid at the end of 24 weeks x s. In the I ith of Queen Elizabeth, William Ayloffe, Esq., was distrained for his relief of lOOs. due on the death of William Ayloffe, his father, for the manor of Ramsey Hall, held of this manor as a knight's fee, and for " rent of x s. payable at the end of 24 weeks for Castle-guard silver. 3 1 2 Tenures of Land The lands called Sompnors, in Aldham, were held by knight's service, homage, fealty, suit of court, and by the yearly rent of 5 s. ; and the proprietor was to find one man at his own cost to attend the justices itinerant in Essex. The tenement called Georges was held by knight's service, fealty, suit of court, and paid scutage 20s. 6d. when scutage was to be levied. Many other estates were held by knight's service of this manor by homage, fealty and suit of court ; but as there is nothing remark- able in their tenures, they are omitted. In ancient times rents in kind were paid by several of the free tenants within the manor. The Creffield family paid yearly one pound of cummin for certain lands called Cookes, containing twenty-five acres.' The Upcher family paid yearly a gilliflower for land called Langley. The family of Pudney paid annually a red rose at Midsummer for a cottage and a garden called God- sons. This was probably a gift from a lord to his godson. The Moteham family paid a quit-rent of 6d. and a dish of honey, or 8d. in lieu thereof There were also other rents, as capons, hens, geese, eggs, and a ploughshare for Collops tenement, two years together and the third year none, and two seams of wheat within fourteen days after Hallowmass. The villani or copyhold tenants belonging to this manor were bound by their tenures to plough the lord's land, to mow his grass, to reap his corn, and to cut underwood in his woods for fire. They were also obliged to make the lord's fences round his woods within the manor, who furnished the materials for making them by permitting the tenants, whose lands border thereon, to enter one rod within the woods, and to cut the under- wood for that purpose ; and after they were repaired, the tenants were allowed to take the overplus of the underwood so cut to their own use ; and from this service grew a custom, which pre- vails at this day, called rod-fall, which the tenants now claim as a privilege. Many particulars concerning the villain services and customs of this manor are fully exemplified in a survey made thereof in the year 1593 by a jury on oath consisting of forty-eight persons, composed of both free and copyhold tenants, in which survey are enrolled many charters and records relating to the manor. These villain services are also referred to by several inquisi- tions remaining in the Tower of London. I shall only mention a few of them. By an inquisition taken in 1326, after the death ^ This family possessed estates in this county in very early times. In the Clause roll of the 1st of Edward II., a.d. 1307, is a writ directed to Walter de Gloucester, the King's escheater on this side Trent, to grant seisin to Andrew de Creffield of all the lands of his father Robert Creffield, who held of the King's father in capite, the said Andrew having obtained his fiiU age and done homage. The estate called Pope's has been enjoyed by the posterity of the said Andrew Creffield, and descended in the direct line for several centuries until the year 1782, when Edward Creffield, Doctor in Divinity, dying unmarried, devised it to me, I having married the heir general of the family. — 7; Astle. and Customs of Manors. 3 1 3 of Robert Lord Fitz- Walter, the jury found that he held on the day of his death in his demesne, as of fee, the manor of Great Tey, in the county of Essex, and that there were within the said manor 500 acres of arable land, worth ^12, los. per annum, the value of each acre 6d., and that there were 20 acres of meadow, which were worth per annum 60s., and 10 acres of pasture, of the yearly value of los., and 10 acres of wood and under- wood, which were worth per annum 3s. 4d., and there were 2000 villain services, called Winter Works, to be performed annu- ally by the base tenants or copyholders of the manor, between the feast of St Michael and the gules of August, which were of the annual value of ^4, 3s. 4d., the value of each man's labour one halfpenny per diem; and also 580 villain services, called Autumnal Works, to be performed by the copyholders of the manor between the gules of August and the feast of St Michael, which were valued at 48s. 4d., the value of each day's labour id., and there were sixty days' ploughing to be done by the customary tenants, which were of the value of 30s., &c." By this inquisition it appears that the state of agriculture must have been very low at this period, the arable land being valued at only sixpence per acre. The comparative value of the meadow was as six to one, and that of the pasture as two to one. By another inquisition taken 2 Edw. III., after the death of the Lord Robert Fitz- Walter, lord of this manor : " Juratores dicunt, &c., quod est ibidem de servitiis et consuetudinibus villanorum ij mil. c opera Yemalia que valent iij /. vij s. vj d. pretium operis obolum. Item, sunt ibidem 680 opera Autumpnal' que valent 48s. 4d., pretium operis id. Item, sunt ibidem 60 arurse quse valent 30s., pretium arurse 6d. Item, sunt ibidem viij Aucupes que valent ij s." 2 By the same inquisition it was found that capons, hens, and eggs were annually paid to the lord. Several singular customs prevailed in this manor, which appear to be worthy of observation. In one of the manor books I find the following entry : — " Memorandum, Anno Dom. 161 8, Robert Audeley, Esq., then lord of the manor of Much Tey, required of the customary tenants or copyholders a duty due to him, as he and his steward, Ezekiel Raynor, affirmed, of forty shillings, called Onziell, which of long time had not been paid, and no copyholder could remember any such duty in their time de- manded ; whereupon the tenants required of the* lords a day until the lord's court next following. The tenants retained for their counsel Mr Wakering of Kelvedon and Mr Beriffe of Col- chester. The lord by his steward then showing to these coun- sellors all such rolls as they supposed would have proved that ^ By the survey of the manor above mentioned, it appears that in the reign of King Henry V. several villain services vpere commuted for by rents, which is the reason why many small copyhold estates pay large quit-rents. ^ Esc. 2 Edw. III. n. 59, a.d. 1328. 3 1 4 Tenures of L and this duty of onziell ought yearly to be paid, the counsellors' answer was — viz., that it did appear to them to be true that in the time of Montgomery, who was then lord of the said manor, his copyholders, which held of that manor, paid him that duty of forty shillings per annum, called onziell, during his life, and were still to continue payment of the same so long as the said manor continued in that blood unsold (which seemed to them to be the meaning of the word onziell) ; but after his death one Wiseman marrying Montgomery's widow, and the said Wiseman purchasing the manor of Montgomery's heirs, who sold the same, the said duty of forty shillings per annum, called onziell, ceased payment, and so hath continued ever since, as being no such duty due to the lord." These opinions manifest that neither the lord's steward nor the counsel understood the nature of the claim ; for it is absurd to suppose that an ancient right or custom could have been anni- hilated by an alienation of the manor : but still it was difficult to discover what this customary payment oi onziell ox ouziell-waa.^ On inspecting the old survey of the manor above-mentioned, I found that the word was written unjelt) which, in an inquisition remaining in the Tower of London, hereafter to be quoted, will appear to be a tallage, payable by ancient custom, called unjela or unsel*, as it ought to have been written ; but, the Saxon let- ters having long been disused, the Norman scribes adopted the Gothic 3, a character which was familiar to them, instead of the Saxon s, to them unknown. This word uns&lo is frequently to be met with in the ancient records, charters, and grants of the emperors and princes of Germany, whereby they discharged their vassals from the payment of ungeldt.'^ Gassar, in AnnaL Augs- burg, has the following passage, which seems a probable etymo- logy : " Tributa seu collectse, quas plebs suo idiomate ungeltam, hoc est indebitum, appellare consuevit." The people seem to have thought it a payment which ought not to have been made. Skinner, in his Etymologicon, explains this word insolutus, which he derives from the Saxon negative Un and Gilioan solvere. Somner cites the same word in his Glossary from John Bromp- ton's Chronicle, which is explained unpaid. In Germany this word is still written ungeld, umbgeld, omgeld, omgelt, and it is often made synonymous with tributum? The inquisition above alluded to, which was taken at Chelmsford in the first year of the reign of Henry VI., A.D. 1422, after the death of Humphry Lord Fitz- Walter, shows that unjclt) or MwyVa, as it was cor- ruptly written, was a tallage of forty shillings to be annually 1 At first I supposed that there might have been a custom which obliged the base copyholders to feed the lord's young hawks, for onziel or oisel is an obsolete French word for a bird, and oiselet is a little bird, particularly a hawk, says Cotgrave in his French Dictionary ; but this supposition is proved by records to be erroneous. ' See Du Cange's Glossary. 3 See Adelung's German Dictionary, voc. Unguelt. and Customs of Manors. 3 1 5 paid to the lord, according to ancient custom, at the feast of St Michael,' which was an arbitrary tax imposed on the base ten- ants of this manor by one of its ancient possessors before the Conquest, and I am inclined to think so, because the word is Saxon, derived from the Teutonic or German. It is well known that it was customary for the chieftains among the Germans, and for the great lords in the times of the Saxons, to subject their villani of the lower order to arbitrary impositions. Thus it appears that the payment of unselti was a tallage paid to the lords of the manor in ancient times, long before the family of Montgomery acquired it, and therefore it could not have been a personal payment to Sir John Montgomery for his life only, as was suggested by the counsel. Many estates in this manor were subject to the Mercheta Mulierum, which custom has commonly been supposed to be a right which the lord had of passing the first night after marriage with his female villain. I am persuaded that I shall be able to prove that the Mercheta was a compact between the lord of a manor and his villain for the redemption of an offence committed by the unmarried daughter of his vassal ; but more generally it was a fine paid by a soke- man or a villain to his lord for a licence to marry his daughter, and if the vassal gave her away without obtaining such licence, he was liable to pay a fine. This was sometimes termed Mari- tagium, but that word must be distinguished in this sense from the same word in its more general import. There are two records quoted by Sir Henry Spelman which explain this custom.'' The probable reason of this custom appears to have been this : Persons of low rank residing on an estate were generally either ascripti glebce, or were subjected to some species of servitude similar to the ascripti glebce, the tenants who were bound to reside on the estate, and to perform several services to the lord. As women necessarily followed the residence of their husbands, the consequence was that, when a woman of low rank married a stranger, the lord was deprived of part of his live stock ; he therefore required a fine to indemnify him for the loss of his pro- perty. In process of time this composition was thrown into the aggregate sum of quit-rents, as appears by the ancient survey of this manor above referred to. 1 Inquisitio capta apud Chelmesford, in com. Essex, coram Johanne de Kirkeby, Eschetore domini Regis, per sacramentum Johannis Semy, et al'. Qui dicunt, &c., quod manerium de Magna Tey cum pertinentiis, in Comitatu predicto, et alia maneria, &c., in manu domini Regis devenerunt ratione minoris etatis Walteri Fil' Walteri, &c. Et dicunt quod omnia predicta maneria de Magna Teye ac manerium de Uphalle, &c., tenentur de domino Rege ut Parcel'. Baroniae de Baynard's Castle, per servitium militare. In quo quidem manerio de Magna Teye, sunt, <&=<:. Et Tallagium custu- marium, de quadam antiqua consuetudine, vocat. unjelft, xl s. solvend'. ad Festum Sancti Michaelis per ann. et placiiaet perquis. curiae, &c. Esc' i Hen. VI. n. 56. ' Extenta manerii de Wivenho (Com. Essex), 18 Dec. 40 Edw. III. [Both are quoted at length in the present volume, and need not therefore be repeated. ] 3 1 6 Tenures of L and The Guild Hall, where the lord's courts have been immemori- ally held, is an ancient structure, which for several ages has been granted by copy of court-roll to trustees for the use of the poor of the parish, the lords reserving to themselves their right of holding their courts therein according to ancient usage. Near to the Guild Hall there is a field called the Playfield or Playing- place, where the young men exercised themselves in archery and other'manly diversions ; i the herbage is at this day held by copy of court-roll, but in the year 1727, John Lay, the copyhold ten- ant, forbad the inhabitants to play in the said field as formerly, and in order to prevent them broke it up, and sowed the same with oats, notwithstanding their remonstrances ; whereupon they assembled on Trinity Monday, made bonfires, and diverted themselves as usual, and of course destroyed the oats. Lay indicted them for the trespass, the inhabitants joined issue, and pleaded that they and their predecessors had used the said field as a common playing-place, time whereof the memory of man was not to the contrary, and the cause was tried before Lord Chief-Justice Eyre, at the assizes at Brentwood, on Friday, 19th August, 1728. The defendants proved that for upwards of seventy years the young people of Tey, and of the neighbouring parishes, had used the said field as a common playing-place every Trinity Monday, which was the time of holding the fair at Great Tey, and they produced an arrow which had been used' in shooting at butts in the said playing-place above sixty years before, which butts were standing in the memory of most of the witnesses, and that the plaintiff and his predecessors were only admitted to the feeding and pasturage, and that the lord of the manor and another magistrate refused the plaintiff" a warrant against the young men for playing in the said field. The defen- dants were found not guilty, and the Lord Chief-Justice Eyre said that he did not think an action of trespass would hold, but that the defendants might justify their action of right. Upon the hearing of this cause, a question arose whether townsmen could be witnesses; the Chief-Justice allowed of them, because it was not only the parishioners of Great Tey who had a right to play in the said field, but those of other parishes. In the Saxon times this manor was possessed by Earl Alfgar, who was succeeded by his daughter ^Iflede, or ^Egelfiede, the wife of Brithnorth, Duke of the East Angles, and after her de- cease by ^thelflede, her sister, who was married to Duke .^thel- 1 In n Hen. VII. A.D. 1496, John Warren surrendered to Robert Knight and others the herbage of a parcel of land, containing one rood, for the enlargement of a common playing-place ! "pro architeneutibus licitis, ea intentione per dominum istius manerii ex antiquo sic concessum." Tenend. per annual Reddit. 2d. In the 24th of Queen Elizabeth, Samuel Moteham was admitted to the herbage and pasture of the common playing-place, per Redditum 2d. " Et permittendo architenentes sagittarios, et lusores villse pred^ct^^ ibidem habere uti et gaudere Joca sua, more solito et con- sueto, absque impedimento seu vexatione, secundum veram intentionem predicti To- hannis Warren donatoris inde." Survey of the manor made 35 Eliz. A.D. 1593 and Customs qf Manors. 317 Stan, on whose death it was given to the Monastery of Stoke, near Neyland, which was the burying-place of the family, and perhaps, says Tanner, founded by some of them. Earl Alfgar lived in the tenth century.' At the time of the survey it was possessed by Eustace Earl of Boulogne ; from Earl Eustace it came to his third son Eustace, also Earl of Boulogne, whose daughter Maud brought it in marriage to her husband Stephen, Count of Blois, afterwards King of England. King Stephen gave it to his third son, William Earl of Mortagne and Surrey, who granted it to Richard de Lucy, Lord of Diss, in Norfolk, and Chief-Justice of England in 1162, who died without male issue, 14th January 1179. Maud, his eldest daughter, was married to Walter Fitz-Robert, great-grandson of Gislebert Earl of Eu, in Normandy, who came into England with the Conqueror, and was ancestor of the noble family of Fitz- Walter. This lady brought Great Tey, and many other estates in the counties of Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk, to her husband Walter Fitz-Robert, on whose death, in 1158, his estates descended to Robert Fitz- Walter, his son, whose descendants enjoyed this manor, with other large possessions, till the death of Robert Lord Fitz-Wal- ter in 1432. Soon after it was possessed by Sir John Mont- gomery, Knight. Sir Thomas, his son, succeeded him, who died 2d January 1494 without issue, whereupon his sister Philippa brought this manor to her husband, Francis Bryan, Esq., who in 1532 had licence to sell it to Thomas Lord Aude- ley, Lord Chancellor of England, in whose family it continued till the 24th of June 1704, when Henry Audeley, Esq., sold this manor, with its demesnes and dependencies, to George Cressener of London. In May 1771, his son, George Cressener, Esq., his Majesty's Minister Plenipotentiary to the Electors of Mentz, Triers, and Cologne, and to the Circle of Westphalia, with other necessary parties, conveyed the said manors and estates to Thomas Astle.] Tevnton, Co. OF Gloucester. Hugh de Kilpec holds the manor of Little Teynton, in the county of Gloucester, of our lord the King, by the serjeanty of keeping the Hay of Hereford ^ at his own cost. He had two daughters, who were his heirs, of whom Philip Marmion mar- ried one, and William de Cantilupe had the custody of the other for the King.^ ^ See the testaments of the two daughters of Earl Alfgar, in Wotton's Short View ofJHickes's Thesaur. London, 1708, 4to, pp. 60, 68; and Tanner's Notitia, p. 508. ^ This Hay of Hereford was a great woodland ground near the city, and heretofore reputed a forest. — Blount. [See further in Glossary sub voce.] ' Hugo de Kilpec tenet manerium de Parva Teynton, in com. Glouc, de dom. Rege, per serjantiam servandi Hayam de Hereford ad custum suum. Idem ha- buit duas filias, quae sunt ejus hseredes, quarum Philippus Marmion desponsavit unam, et Willielmus de Cantilupo habet custodiam alterius per dom. Regem. Plac. Coron. 32 Hen. IH. Rot. 10 in dorso. Blount, 57. 3 1 8 Tenures of Land Thamewell, Co. of Oxford. Robert de Grant held one messuage and thirteen acres of land in the hamlet of Thamewell, in the county of Oxford, of our lord the King, by the serjeanty of keeping the gate, called Woodgate, at Woodstock, in the King's presence, when he should make a stay there.' Theobalds, Co. of Middlesex. In the year 1441 the manor of Theobalds, being then vested in the Crown, was granted to John Carpenter, Master of St Anthony's Hospital, in London : John Somerset, Chancellor of the Exchequer: and John Carpenter, junior, to be held of the Crown by the annual tender of a bow valued at 2s., and a barbed arrow value sd.'' Thetford, Co. of Norfolk. Within the town of Thetford there was a custom, that all ecclesiastical causes arising within the said town should be determined before the Dean there, having a peculiar ecclesias- tical jurisdiction ; and that no inhabitant of the same town should be drawn before any other ecclesiastical judge; and that every person, suing contrary to that custom, the same being presented before the Mayor of Thetford, should forfeit 6s. M? Thethercote and Cheddich, Co. of Oxon. Peter de Chetwode holds half a carucate of land in Thether- cote and Cheddich by serjeanty of finding in the army of our lord the King, at his own proper costs, in the time of war, one footman, with a lance and an iron skull-cap, for forty days.* [Thorncroft, Co. of Surrey. By an inquisition taken in 1348, it was found that the warden and scholars of Merton College, Oxford, held this ^ Robertas de Grant tenuit unum messuagium et xiii acras terrs in hamletto de Thamewell, in com. Oxon. de domino Rege, per serjantiam custodiendi portam de Wodegate, apud Wodestock in presentia domini Regis, cum idem dominus Rex moram ibidem faceret. Plac. Coron. 13 Edw. I. Rot. 46, dorse. Oxon. Blount, 74. " Pat. 19 Hen. VI. p. 2. The substance of this grant is expressed in the calendar of that year at the Tower, but it appears that the roll has been lost. Lysons' Environs, vol. iv. p. 39. 2 3 Inst. 121. * Petrus de Chetwode tenet dimidiam carucatam terrse in Thethercote et Cheddich, per serjantiam quod solebat invenire, in exercitu domini Regis, sumptibus suis pro- priis, tempore guerrae, unum hominem peditem, cum una lancea, et uno bacino ferreo, per xl dies, qu^re. Plac. Coron. 13 Edw. I. Rot. 37, dorso. Blount, 74. and Customs of Manors. 3 1 9 manor of Hugh le Despenser, as parcel of the earldom of Gloucester, by knight's service ; and they obtained licence to hold it in future in free-alms, exempt from the burden of pur- veyance, and of all taxes usually paid to the King.] ' Thornhill, Co. of Dorset. In the 14th of Richard II., John Thornhull de Hargrave held six virgates of land here, liber^ of the Abbot of Sherborne, paying at Candlemas yearly a halfpenny .° Thornton, Co. of Bucks. John de Chastilon gave to the King two shillings by a certain besant for a relief for the manor of Thornton, in the county of Buckingham, held of the King as of his Honour of St Valery, then being in the hands of the King by the death of John de Eltham, by the service of rendering one besant at Michaelmas.^ Thorp Kirby and Walton, Co. of Essex. These are included within the ancient liberty called the Liberty of the Soke. In these no man may be arrested by any kind of process, but of the bailiff of the liberty ; and not by him, but with the consent of the lord first obtained. The sheriff hath no power within this liberty in any case whatsoever ; but the bailiff executeth all matters, as if he had viscountile authority.* Thorpe, Co. of Lincoln. The Prior of Kyme, in the county of Lincoln, holds two carucates of land in Thorpe by the service of ten pounds of money yearly, for aid to the sheriff.^ Thurcaston, Co. of Leicester. This manor (as is evident by an old feodary book) was granted by Robert Earl of Leicester, about the time of King Henry II., to William, one of his followers, to hold of him by this service — 1 [Brayley and Britton's Surrey, iv. 430.] ^ Sherborn Register. Hutchins' Hist, of Dorset, vol. ii. p. 245. ^ Johannes de Chastilon dat Regi 2S. nomine cujusdam besanti pro relevio pro manerio de Thornton in com. predicto, ten', de Rege ut de Honore Sancti Walerici in manu Regis per mortem Johannis de Eltham existen'. per servitium unius besanti ad festum Sancti Mich'is reddend'. De termino Hil. anno 13 Edw. III. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 147. * Camd. Brit. 424. " Prior de Kime, com. Line, tenet duas carucatas terrse in Thorpe, per servitium xl denariorum per annum, ad auxihum vice-comitis. Mon. Ang. torn. ii. p. 245, a. Kennett's Gloss, to Paroch. Antiq. v. Auxilium. 320 Tenures of Land viz., to keep his falcons ; which office gave unto his posterity the surname of Faulconer, who thereupon also bare argent, three falcons gules.' Thurgarton and Horsepoll, Co. of Nottingham. The tenants of these manors held their lands by these customs and services. Every native or villain (which were such as we now call husbandmen), paid each a cock and a hen, besides a small rent in money, for a toft and one bovate of land, held of the Priory of Thurgarton. These cocks and hens were paid the second day in Christmas, and that day every one, both cottagers and natives, dined in the hall ; and those who did not, had a white loaf and a flagon of ale, with one mess from the kitchen. Every villain gave a halfpenny towards cleansing the mill-dam. The freeholders were bound to three plough-days for the lord with one plough, which were then valued at twelvepence, and likewise three days' work in harvest — the first day with one man, the second day with two, and the third day with five work- men, and one of themselves in person, and every day to have their refection. The natives were likewise bound to give three plough-days each, and every plough was to be allowed four boon loaves, and to harrow three days, and every harrower was allowed a brown loaf and two herrings a day. Likewise all the natives and cottagers were to reap every other day in harvest ; the first day every two were to have one brown loaf and two toillects, the second day two brown loaves and one toillect, and after- wards every two men to have every day three brown loaves ; and on the day of the great bidrepe, which was called the Prior's bopn, every native was to find three workmen, and each cottager one. Every of the said natives were to make carriage from the foreign granges thrice a year, each with one horse, and every time to have a miche, or white loaf; and all the reapers in har- vest, which were called hallewimen, were to eat in the hall one day in Christmas, or afterwards, at the discretion of the celleler. Likewise every naif, or she villain, that took a husband or com- mitted fornication, paid merchet for redemption of her blood, five shillings and fourpence, and the daughter of a cottager paid but half a merchet. And every native paid for paunage of every swine in the park, threepence, &C.'' TiDESWELL, Co. OF DERBY, Sir Richard Daniel of Tideswell, Knight, by his charter with- out date, gave, granted, and confirmed to Master Thomas de 1 Burton's Hist, of Leicestershire, p. 287. ' Reg. Priorat. de Thurgarton, cited by Dr Thoroton in his Antiq. of Nottingham- shire, Blount, 142. and Customs of Manors. 3 2 1 Wymundeham, precentor of Lichfield, for his service, and for fifteen marks which he gave him in hand, twelve acres of his land m Tideswell, to hold to him, his heirs and assigns for ever, rendering yearly to the said Sir Richard and his heirs one pair of white gloves at Easter, and sixpence at Michaelmas, for all services.' TiNMOUTH, Co. OF NORTHUMBERLAND. A copyholder in fee, who held of the manor of Tinmouth, had issue two daughters, and died ; and, in a special verdict in eject- ment, the jury found the custom of that manor to be, that the eldest daughter shall have the whole copyhold for her life ; and that, after her death, the next heir male to the father shall have it to him and his heirs, who can derive a descent from the males, exclusive to the females ; and that if there is no such heir male, it shall escheat to the lord. The widow entered after the death of her husband, she having a widow's estate by the custom, and then the eldest daughter died, and afterwards the widow : it was adjudged that this general custom for the males of the collateral line to inherit, exclusive of the females of the right line, may be good ratione loci, &c., and that the surviving daughter was within this custom ; for the eldest daughter in this case shall not be only primogenita filia of the father, but the eldest at the death of the mother, who had the estate by the custom." TiNSLEY, Co. OF York. William de London holds Tinneslowe by serjeanty, and he is to receive a hawk at the feast of St Michael, and to train and teach it the whole winter, and to have for training it sevenpence halfpenny every day out of the lord's purse for his service ; and his horses'were to be appraised if they died in the same service, and the lord was to pay him the price.^ William Wyntworth holds his tenements in Tynneslowe by the service of training and teaching a hawk ; and he was to have every day for his charge sevenpence halfpenny out of the lord's ' Ricardus Daniel de Tideswell, miles, per cartam suam sine dat. dedit, concessit, et confirmavit Magistro Thome de Wymundeham, precentori Lichfielden. pro servitio suo, et pro quindecim marcis quas sibi dedit premanibus, duodecim acras terre sue cum pertinentijs in Tydeswell, tenendas eidem et heredibus suis vel suis assignatis imperpetuum, reddendo inde annuatim dicto Ricardo, et heredibus suis, unam par albarum cyrotecarum ad Pascha, et sex denar". ad festum Sancti Michaelis, pro omni servitio. Ex Autographo penes Fr. Ferrand Foljambe, arm. ^ I Sid. 267. Jacob's Law Diet. v. Tynmouth. 3 Praeterea Willielmus de London tenet Tineslowe per serjantiam, et debet recipere unum accipitrem ad festum Sancti Michaelis, et custodire ilium per totum yemem, et debet habere pro custodia quolibet die vii d. ob. de bursa domini, pro servicio suo. Et equi sui debent appretiari [et] si moriant. in eodem servicio, debet ei reddere pro praetio. Ex Rot. Feodar. Honoris de Tickhill. X 322 Tenures of Land purse.i And Thomas Denman holds the other moiety in Tyn- neslowe by the same service.^ TONBRIDGE, Co. OF KENT. In the reign of Henry III. an accord was made, by which it was agreed that the De Clares, Earls Gloucester, should hold Tonbridge and its lowy^ by the grand serjeanty of being chief butlers and high stewards at the instalment of the metropolitans, and grant them wardship of their children. Whenever one of them attended upon the solemnity of enthronisation, he was to receive for the service of steward seven robes of scarlet, thirty gallons of wine, fifty pounds of wax for the use of his own lights on the feast, the livery of hay and corn for eighty horses for two nights, and the dishes and salts which should be placed before the prelate at the first course of the feast ; and when the noble- man should take his leave, entertainment for three days at the expense of the Archbishop and his successors at their nearest manors by the four quarters of Kent, wheresoever the peer should make his election, so that he did not go thither with more than fifty horses ; and when the castle went into the hands of the Stafford family, we find that these services were retained ; but instead of provisions it was, in the fourteenth century, both to the De Clares and the Staffords, compounded for a sum of money, generally two hundred marks, and the silver gilt cup with which the Earl should serve before the Archbishop. So late as the reign of Henry VIII., we find Edward Duke of Buckingham executing in person the ofiice of steward at the enthronisation of Arch- bishop Warham, and the butlership by his deputy, Sir Thomas Bourchier.* In an account roll of the archbishops for this manor in Henry III.'s time, there is this word, work-gavel, which signifies rent- work, which was of two sorts, the one personal by the tenant's person, called manu-opera ; and the other by his carriages, then termed carr-opera.^ ToNGE, Co. OF Salop. Roger la Zouch, being lord of the manor of Tonge, in the county of Salop, did, by a fair deed in King Henry III.'s time, grant to Henry de Hugefort and his heirs certain messuages and lands lying in Norton and Shaw, in the parish of Tonge, ' Willielmns Wyntworthe tenet ten. sua in Tynneslowe per servicium custodiend. unum accipitrem. Et debet h'ere quolibet die pro custag. suo viid. ob. de bursa domini. Ex Rot. Feodar. Honoris de Tickhill. ' Thomas Denman tenet al. raediet. in Tynneslowe per idem servicium. ' The term is derived from the Norman French, and signifies an exempt jurisdiction round the castle, chief mansion, or religious house, to which it appertained. * Beauties of England and Wales, vol. viii. p. 1288. ■' Somner, 24. Compl. Copyholder, 561. and Customs of Manors. 323 with liberty of fishing in the waters, pawnage for hogs, and liberty to get nuts for certain days in the woods of the said manor, and that they should have every liberty and free com- mon in woods, in plains, in ways, in paths, in waters, in mills, in heaths, in turbaries, in quarries, in fisheries, in marle-pits, and in all other places and easements belonging to the said manor of Tonge/ And that they might take marie at their pleasure to marie their land, rendering therefor yearly to him and his heirs one chaplet of roses on the day of the Nativity of St John the Baptist, if they should be in the town of Tonge, and if not, then to put it upon the image of the blessed Mary in the church of Tonge, for all services.^ ToRELL, Co. OF Essex. William Torell holds Little Torell by serjeanty of the napery.3 TORKESEY, Co. OF LINCOLN. In Saxon Tujicej-ij, now a little mean town, but heretofore very noted ; for there were in it before the Norman times (as it is in Domesday) two hundred burghers, who enjoyed many privileges, on condition that they shouFd carry the King's ambassadors, as often as they came that way, down the river Trent in their own barges, and conduct them as far as York. Their ancient charter is still preserved ; and they enjoy thereby the privilege of a toll from strangers who bring cattle or goods that way ; as also the privilege of a fair on Monday in Whitsun week.* ToRPULL, Co. OF Sussex. Near the sea stands Broadwater, the barony of the Lords Camoys, who have flourished from the time of Henry III. to ^ Sciant, &c. quod ego Rogerus la Zonche dedi, &c. Henrico de Hugefort et hseredibus suis, &c. et quod habeant omnem libertatem et liberam communiam in boscis, in planis, in viis, in semitis, in aquis, in molendinis, in bruariis, in turbariis, in quareriis, in piscariis, in marleriis, et in omnibus aliis locis et aisiamentis ad praedictum manerium spectantibus. Et quod capiant marlam pro voluntate sua ad terram suam marlend. reddendo inde annuatim milii et liseredibus meis unum capellum rosarum, die Nativitatis Sanct. Johannis Baptiste, si in villa de Tonge fuerimus : si non, ponatur super imaginem Beatae Marias in ecclesia de Tonge, pro omnibus servitiis. Ex ipso autographo sine dat. penes Gul. Dugdale, Arm. Blount, 12. Blount's Law Did. tit. Marlerium. ^ In vol. Ixx of the Gent. Mag. p. 934, a correspondent inquires for the origin of the singular custom annually observed here of placing a garland of flowers round the effigies of an ancient monument to the memory of a Vernon (see under Hodnet, p. 162). In another volume, it is said, the Fosters, the owners of the said land, every year put the said chaplet about the work of the statue of the man lying upon this monument.— &«^. Mag. Ixxi. 715, 716. ^ WUlielmus Torel tenet Parvam Torrel per serjantiam Naparise. Ex Lib. Rub. Scacc. Append, to Brady's Introduct. p. 23. * Gough's Camd. vol. ii. p. 227. 324 Tenures of Land the last age but one, when the estate came by James to the Lewknors and Radmilds.' Of this family was John Baron de Camoys, son of Ralph Baron de Camoys who, by an example as new in those times as in the present, " of his own free-will gave and" (to speak in the words of the Parliament rolls) " demised his wife Margaret, daughter and heiress of John de Gaidesden, to Sir William Painell, Knight,^ and gave, granted, released, and quitted to him all the goods and chattels that he had, or might hereafter have, and also whatever was his of the same Margaret's goods and chattels, with their appurtenances, so that neither he, nor any other in his name, should or might make any demand or claim on the said Margaret for the goods and chattels of the said Margaret henceforth for ever." This was, according to the ancient phrase, ut omnia sua secum haberet — packing her off bag and baggage. In consequence of this grant, the claiming dower in the manor of TorpuU, which belonged to John Baron de Camoys, her first husband, occa- sioned a remarkable suit, which she lost, it being determined that she had no right to dower from thence.^ Torre, Co. of Devon. There is the custom of free-bench in this manor and other parts of the west.* Tottenham, Co. of Middlesex. The family of Gredney held the manor of Pembroke, in Tottenham, in the county of Middlesex, as of the Honour of Huntingdon, by the grand serjeanty of giving the King a pair of spurs of silver-gilt, when the King should take on him the order of knighthood.^ Lands in the manors of Bruces, Pembrokes, Daubeneys, and Mockings descend to the youngest son ; and in default of male issue, the daughters are co-heirs.^ 1 [See further in Courthope's Historic Peerage, 1857, p. 91.] ^ With whom she had cohabited. Dugd. i. 767. ^ Omnibus Christi fidelibus ad quos hoc presens scriptum pervenerit. Johannes de Camoys, filius et lieres Domini Radulphi de Camoys. Salutem in domino. Noveritis me tradidisse et demisisse spontanea mea voluntate Domino Guliel. de Paynel, miUti, Margarettam de Camoys, filiam et heredem Johannis de Gaidesden, uxorem meam. Et etiam dedisse concessisse et eidem Domino Gulielmo relaxasse et quietum clamasse omnia bona et catalla quje ipsa Margaretta habet vel de cetero habere possit, et etiam quicquid mei est de pred. Margarettse bonis vel catallis cum suis pertin'. Ita quod nee ego, nee aliquis aUus nomine meo, in predicta Margaretta, bonis et catallis ipsius Margarette cum suis pertinen' de cetero exigere seu vindicare poterimus nee debemus imperpetuum. Volo et concedo et per presens scriptum confirmo. quod praedicta Margaretta cum predicto Domino Gulielmo sit et maneat, ex voluntate ipsius Gulielmi. In cujus rei testimonium sigillum meum apposui, &c. 2 Inst. 435. Camd. Brit. tit. Sussex. Gough's Camd. vol. i. p. 270. ^ Blount, 144. [Compare Enborne.'] ^ Weever's Fun. Monum. 304. ' Lysons' Environs of London., vol. iv. p. 641. and Customs of Manors. 325 Trefford, Co. of Durham. In the third year of Bishop Bury, 1335, William Gray held in capite of the Lord Bishop the manor of Trefford, with the appurtenances, by the service of one pair of white gloves, at the feast of St Mary Magdalen (22d July), for all services." Tregon, Co. of Cornwall. In ejectment a special verdict was found — viz., that the lands in question were part of the manor of Tregon, of which the Bishop of Exeter, lessor of the plaintiff, was seised ; and that, by custom of the manor, the said lands were demiseable, by copy of court roll, to two or three persons for their lives and the life of the survivor, habendum successive sicut nominantur in charta, et non aliter, and that the lord was to have a heriot on the death of every tenant dying seised, &c.^ Trial by Combat, Description of the. As IN Queen Elizabeth's Reign. "The 1 8th of June, in Trinity term, there was a combat appointed to have been fought for a certain manor and demesne lands belonging thereunto, in the Isle of Harty, adjoining to the Isle of Sheppey, in Kent. Simon Low and John Kyme were plaintiffs, and had brought a writ of right against T. Paramore, who offered to defend his right by battle ; whereunto the plain- tiffs aforesaid accepted to answer his challenge, offering likewise to defend their right to the same manor and lands, and to prove by battle that Paramore had no right nor no good title to have the same. " Hereupon the said Tho. Paramore brought before the judges of the Common Pleas at Westminster one George Thorne, a big, broad, strong-set fellow ; and the plaintiffs brought Henry Nailor, master of defence, and servant to the Right Honourable the Earl of Leicester, a proper slender man, and not so tall as the other. Thorne cast down a gauntlet, which Nailor took up. Upon the Sunday before the battle should be tried, on the next morrow the matter was stayed, and the parties agreed that Para- more, being in possession, should have the land, and was bound in ;^500 to consider the plaintiffs, as upon hearing the matter the judges should award. The Queen's Majesty was the taker up of the matter, in this wise : It was thought good that, for Paramore's assurance, the order should be kept touching the ' Willielmus Gra ten', in capite de diio episcopo manerium de Trefford, cum pertin. per servic'. unius paris cirotecarum albarum in festo S. M. Magdalene pro omnibus servitijs. Inquis. post mortem Willielmi Gra. ' Salk. 188. Smartle v. Penhallow. 326 Tenures of Land combat, and that the plaintiffs, Low and Kyme, should make default of appearance, but that yet such as were sureties of Nailor their champion's appearance should bring him in, and likewise those that were sureties for Thorne should bring in the same Thorne in discharge of their bond ; and that the court should sit in Tothill Fields, where was prepared one plot of ground, one-and-twenty yards square, double-railed for the combat, without the West Square, a stage being set up for the judges representing the Court of the Common Pleas. All the compass without the lists was set with scaffolds, one above another, for people to stand and behold. There were behind the square where the judges sat two tents, the one for Nailor, the other for Thorne. Thorne was there in the morning timely. Nailor, about seven of the clock, came through London appa- relled in a doublet and galey-gascoigne breeches, all of crimson satin, cut and raced, a hat of black velvet, with a red feather and band, before him drums and fifes' playing. The gauntlet that was cast down by George Thorne was borne before the said Nailor upon a sword's point, and his baston (a staff of an ell long, made taperwise, tipped with horn), with his shield of hard leather, was borne after him by Askam, a yeoman of the Queen's guard. He came into the palace at Westminster, and, staying not long before the hall door, came back into the King's Street, and so along through the Sanctuary and Tuthill Street into the field, where he stayed till past nine of the clock, and then Sir Jerome Bowes brought him to his tent, Thorne being in the tent with Sir Henry Cheiney long before. About ten of the clock the Court of Common Pleas removed, and came to the place prepared, where the Lord Chief Justice, with two other his associates, were set ; then Low was called solemnly to come in, or else he to lose his writ of right. Then after a certain time the sureties of Henry Nailor were called to bring in the said Nailor, champion for Simon Low ; and shortly thereupon Sir Jerome Bowes, leading Nailor by the hand, entereth with him theiists, bringing him down that square by which he entered, being on the left hand of the judges, and so about till he came to the next square, just against the judges ; and there making courtesy, first with one leg, and then with the other, passed forth till he came to the middle of the place, and then made the like obeisance ; and so passing till they came to the bar, there he made the like courtesy, and his shield was held up about over his head. Nailor put off his nether stocks, and so barefooted and barelegged, save his stavilonians, to the ankles, and his doublet sleeves tied up above the elbow, and bareheaded, came in as is aforesaid. Then were the sureties of George Thorne called to bring the same Thorne ; and immediately Sir Henry Cheiney entering at the upper end, on the right hand of the judges, used the hke order in coming about by his side as Nailor had before on that other side, and, so coming to the bar with like obeisance, held up his and Customs of Manors. 327 shield. Proclamation was made in form as foUoweth : ' The justices command, in the Queen's Majesty's name, that no per- son of what estate, degree, or condition that he be, being present, to be so hardy to give any token or sign, by countenance, speech, or language, either to the prover or to the defender, whereby the one of them may take advantage of the other ; and no person remove, but still keep his place ; and that every person and per- sons keep their staves and their weapons to themselves ; and suffer neither the said prover nor defender to take any of their weapons or any other thing that may stand either to the said prover or defender any avails, upon pain of forfeiture of lands, tenements, goods, chattels, and imprisonment of their bodies, and making fine and ransom at the Queen's pleasure.' " Then was the prover to be sworn in form as followeth : ' This hear, you justices, that I have this day neither eaten, drunk, nor have upon me either bone, stone, nor glass, or any en- chantment, sorcery, or witchcraft, wherethrough the power of the word of God might be inleased or diminished, and the devil's power increased; and that my appeal is true, so help me God and His saints, and by this book.' " After this solemn order was finished, the Lord Chief Justice, rehearsing the manner of bringing the writ of right by Simon Low, of the answer made thereunto by Paramore, of the pro- ceeding therein, and how Paramore had challenged to defend his right to the land by battle, by his champion George Thome, and of the accepting the trial that was by Low, and his champion Henry Nailor, and then for default in appearance in Low, he adjudged the land to Paramore, and dismissed the champions, acquitting the sureties of their lands. He also willed Henry Nailor to render again to George Thorne his gauntlet, whereunto the said Nailor answered, " that his lord- ship might command him anything, but willingly he would not render the said gauntlet to Thorne, except he would win it;" and further, he challenged the said Thorne to play with him half a score blows, to show some pastime to the Lord Chief Justice, and the other there assembled ; but Thorne answered, " that he came to fight, and would not play." Then the Lord Chief Justice, commending Nailor for his valiant courage, com- manded them both quietly to depart the field, &c.' This trial by champion in a writ of right hath been anciently allowed by the common law, and the tenant in a writ of right hath election either to put himself upon the grand assize, or upon the trial by combat, by his champion, with the champion of the demandant, which was instituted upon this reason, that in respect the tenant had lost his evidences, or that the same were burnt or embezzled, or that his witnesses "were dead, the law permitted him to try it by combat, between his champion ^ Antiquarian Repertory, 1807, vol. i. p. l8l. 3,28 Tenures of Land and the champion of the demandant, hoping that God would give victory to him that right had, and of whose party the victory fell out for him, was judgment finally given, for seldom death ensued hereupon (for their weapons were but batons) ; victory only sufficed. Now, concerning the oath of the champions, and the solemn manner and order of proceeding therein, and between what parties trial by battle should be joined, you may read in the Stat, of Westm. I. cap. 41, and at large in our books. The ancient law was that the victory should be proclaimed ; that he that was vanquished should acknowledge his fault in the audience of the people, or pronounce the horrible word of Cravent in the name of recreantise, &c., and presently judgment was to be given ; and after this the recreant should amittere liberam legem — that is, he should become infamous, and should not be accounted in that respect liber et legalis homo, and therefore could not be of any jury, nor give testimony as a witness- in any case, because he is beconie infamous and of no credit.' Trumpington, Co. of Essex. Anno 1302, Robert de Trumpeton enfeoffed Lawrence de Stodham and Anne his wife in one messuage, ninety acres of arable land, seven of meadow, twelve of pasture, and ten acres of wood, holden of the King in capite, of the Honour of Boulogne, doing suit at the Court of Boulogne at Wyham from month to month. The tenant was obhged to find one man, and one sack to be fastened with a pin, in the King's war in Wales, whenever it should happen, for forty days at his own charge.^ TUDERLEY, Co. OF HANTS. Richard de Cardevile holds one hundred shillings a year of land in Tuderley by the same service as the tenant at Bentley.^ TuDERLEY (West), Co. of Hants. William Tawke, son and heir of Thomas Tawke, acknowledged himself to hold, and the said Thomas his father to have held the day he died, a moiety of the manor of West Tuderley of the King in capite by grand serjeanty,'by the service of finding •for our lord the King one esquire (servientem) at his proper costs for forty days in England, with a coat-of-mail, an iron ^ 2 In,st. 247. Blackstone's Comm. lib. iii. cap. 22. ^ Inquis. 30 Edw. I. Morant's Hist, of Essex., vol. ii. p. 207. ' Et Ricardus de Cardevile tenet centum solidatas terrse in Tudderlegh per idem servitium. Plac. Coron. 8 Edw. I. Rot. 20, dorso. Blount, 85. and Customs of Manors. 329 helmet, a sword and a lance ; and he paid to the King fifty-three shillings and fourpence.i Adam de Bukesgate, son and heir of Richard de Bukesgate, made fine with the King by £i^, for his relief for the manor of West Tuderley, which is held of the King by the service of finding one man in his army in England, with an acton, haubergeon, iron helmet, sword, and lance, with one uncapa- risoned horse, for forty days, at his proper costs.'' TuRROCK, Co. OF Essex. King Richard I. gave to Henry de Grey of Codnor the manor of Turrock, in Essex, which grant King John confirmed ; and by his charter vouchsafed him the privilege to hunt the hare and fox in any lands belonging to the Crown except the King's own demesne parks — a special favour in those times.' TuRVEY, Co. OF Bedford. The Prior of Newnham holds half a hide of land in the town of Turvey of our lord the King in capite by the serjeanty of paying yearly one pair of white bows for a saddle, and that land was worth ten shillings a year.* TUTBURV [sometimes called StUTESBURY], Co. OF Stafford. Walter Achard, or Agard, claimed to hold by inheritance the office of escheator and coroner through the whole Honour of Tutbury, in the county of Stafford, and the bailiwick of Leyke, for which office he could produce no evidences, charter, or other writing, but only a white hunter's horn, decorated in the middle and at each end with silver-gilt ; to which also was affixed a baldric of fine black silk (byssi nigri) adorned with certain buckles 1 Willielmus Tawke, filius et heres Thorns Tawke, cognovit se tenere, et dictum Thomam patrem suum tenuisse die quo obijt, med. m. de West Tuderley, de R. in c. per magnam serianciam, per servic. inveniendi diio R. uuum servient, ad custos suos, per 40 dies, in Anglia, cum una lorica, uno capello ferreo, uno gladio, et una lancea, et dat Regi liij s. ivd. Trin. fin. anno, 17 Hen. VII. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 5174, p. 18. ^ Adam de Bukesgate, filius et heres Richardi de Bukesgate, fecit finem cum Rege per;^4 de rel. suo de manerio de Westuderle, quod tenetur de Rege per servitium inveniendi unum hominem in exercitu Regis in Anglia, cum aketon, haubergeon, capello ferreo, gladio, et lancea, cum uno equo discooperto, per 40 dies, sumptibus propriis. De termino Pasche, a°. 10 Edw. II. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 34, p. 74. ^ Carta I Joh. m. 29. Blount, 132. * Et prior de Neunham tenet dimid. hidam terree in villa de Turvey de domino Rege in capite, per serjantiam reddendi per ann. unum par arceonum dealbat. ad sellam, et valet terra ilia xs. per ann. Placit. Coron. Joh. de Vallibus, &c. 15 Edw. I. Bedford. Blount, 37. 330 Tenures of Land of silver, in the midst of which were placed the arms of Edmund i (Crouchback, the first Earl of Lancaster), second son of King Henry III.^ Probably the above-mentioned offices were en- joyed by the family of Ferrers s of Tamworth by this horn before they came to the Agards ; for Nicholas Agard of Tutbury, who was living A.D. 1569, married Elizabeth, daughter and co- heir of Roger Ferrers, the eleventh son of Sir Thomas Ferrers of Tamworth. From Agard the horn descended by a marriage with the heiress of that family, to the Stanhopes of Elvaston, and was in the present century purchased of Charles Stan- hope, Esq. of Elvaston, by Mr Samuel Foxlowe of Stavely, in Derbyshire, who enjoyed the posts above-mentioned by this tenure, and in virtue of his being in possession of the horn. The posts or offices conveyed by the horn were those of feodary or baihff in fee, i.e., hereditary steward of the two royal manors of East and West Leake in Nottinghamshire, escheator, coroner, and clerk of the market of the Honour of Tutbury, the second of which offices, viz., escheator, is now in a manner obsolete."* 2. Some Account of the First Erection of the Minstrels' Court, &c., at Tutbury. " Quickly after the Conquest, Henry de Ferrers, a nobleman of Normandy (as Camden styles him) who came in with Duke William, and had large possessions in the counties of Derby, Stafford, Warwick, Leicester, Nottingham, &c., built Tutbury Castle upon that hill of alabaster where it now stands, which continued in his family till Robert de Ferrers, Earl of Derby (after pardon obtained for a former rebellion), revolted a second time, and joined with Simon de Montford against King ^ This cannot be admitted, for the first coat is quarterly France and England, with a label of three points charged with fieurs-de-lis. N ow, Edmund Crouchback had nothing to do with the arms of France, neither is there any instance of his bearing them at any time. Besides, in the French quarter, the fleurs-de-lis are stinted to three, which was not done in England till the reign of Henry IV. or about that time. This coat, therefore, is no older than that age, and, consequently, must be the bear- ing either of John of Gaunt, at the latter end of his time, or of his son Henry, after- wards King Henry IV. ; probably of the former, and perhaps may be the sole instance now extant of his bearing the fleurs-de-lis so stinted. ^ Pro quo officio nuUas evidentias, cartas, vel alia scripta proferre possit, nisi tan- tum cornu venatoriura album, argento inaurato in medio et utroque fine decoratum ; cui etiam affigitur cingulum byssi nigri fibulis quibusdam argenteis ornatum, in medio quorum posita sunt insignia Edmundi secundi filii Regis Henrici Tertii. MS. domini St. Lo. Kniveton, fo. 249. Blount, 25. 3 For the arms of Robert de Ferrers, the last Earl of Derby of that surname, who was attainted of high treason for taking up arms against King Henry III. at the battle of Evesham, in 1265, and to whom the Honour of Tutbury belonged before such attainder, are impaled with the arms of Lancaster. The arms of Ferrers are vair, or, an4 gules (Mr Pegge's Observations on the Horn as a Charter. Archaol. vol. iii. p. 5, et seq. passim.) * Mr Pegge's Observations on the Horn as a Charter. Archaol. vol. iii. p. 5, et seq. passim. and Customs of Manors. 3 3 1 Henry III., by whom, being taken prisoner, he was fined for his offence ^50,000 sterling (a vast sum in those dalys), to be paid simul et semel in uno die sc. in quindena Joh. Bap., which fine the King gave to his son Edmund Earl of Lancaster ; Earl Robert obliging himself, upon non-payment, to forfeit all his lands, except Chartley in Staffordshire, and Holbroc in Derby- shire, to the said Edmund, which (because such a sum could by no means be raised) was accordingly done ; and so Tutbury came to the family of Lancaster, and at length to be the head seat of the duchy, in which it flourished till the rebellion of Thomas Earl of Lancaster, anno 1322, temp. Edw. II., who fortified it against the King, but could not hold it, when, as Mr Erdeswicke thinks, this first castle was brought to decay, and not re-edified till it came into the possession of John of Gaunt, who built the present castle, walling it on all sides but one, where the hill is so steep that it needed no such fence ; from whose time it continued in tolerable condition till the civil war, temp. Car. I., when it was taken, and for the most part demohshed by the rebels, as may be seen by the ruins, it remaining much in the same condition they left it to this very day [1680]. During the time of which ancient Earls and Dukes of Lancaster, who were ever of the blood-royal, great men in their times, had their abode, and keeping a liberal hospitality there at their Honour of Tutbury, there could not but be a general concourse of people from all parts hither, for whose diversion all sorts of musicians were permitted likewise to come to pay their services, amongst whom (being numerous) some quarrels and disorders now and then arising it was found necessary after a while, that they should be brought under rules, divers laws being made for the better regulation of them, and a governor appointed them by the name of a king, who had several officers under him to see to the execution of those laws, full power being granted to them to apprehend and arrest any such minstrels appertaining to the said honour as should refuse to do their services in due manner, and constrain them to do them, as appears by the charter granted to the said king of minstrels by John of Gaunt, King of Castile and Leon, and Duke of Lancaster, bearing date the 22d of August, in the fourth year of the reign of King Richard II., intituled, "Carta le Roy. de Minstraulx," a translation of which is given elsewhere. Upon this, in process of time, the defaulters being many, and the amerciaments by the officers perhaps sometimes not over reason- able, concerning which and other matters controversies frequently arising, it was found necessary that a court should be erected to hear plaints and determine controversies between party and party before the steward of the honour, which is held there to this day on the morrow after the Assumption, being the i6th of August, on which day they now also do all the services men- tioned in the abovesaid grant, and have the bull due to them 332 Tenures of Land anciently from the Prior of Tutbury, now from the Duke of Devon- shire, whereas they had it formerly on the Assumption of our Lady, as appears by an inspeximus of Henry VI. relating to the customs of Tutbury already quoted. Thus, I say, the services of the minstrels were performed, and the bull enjoyed anciently on the feast of the Assumption ; but afterwards they were done and had in the manner following : on the court day or morrow of the Assumption, being the i6th of August, at which time all the minstrels within the honour come first to the bailiff's house of the ■ manor of Tutbury (who is now the Duke of Devonshire), where the steward for the court to be holden for the King as Duke of Lancaster (who in 1680 was the Duke of Ormond), or his deputy, meeting them, they all go from thence to the parish church of Tutbury, two and two together, music playing before them, the king of the minstrels for the year past walking between the steward and the baihffs or their deputies, the four stewards or under-ofificers of the said king of minstrels, with each a white wand in his hand, immediately following them, and then the rest of the company in order. Being come to the church, the vicar reads them divine service, choosing psalms and lessons proper for the occasion. In the year 1680, the psalms were the 98th, 149th, and 150th; the first lesson the Second Book of Chronicles, chapter 5, and the second lesson the fifth chapter of the Epistle to the Ephesians, to the 22d verse ; for which service every minstrel offered a penny, as a due always paid to the vicar of the church of Tutbury upon this solemnity. Service being ended, they proceeded in like manner as before from the church to the castle hall or court, where the steward or his deputy taketh his place, assisted by the bailiff or his deputy; the king of the minstrels sitting between them, who is to oversee that every minstrel dwelling within the honour, and making default, shall be presented and amerced, which that he may the better do, an oyez is then made by one of the officers, being a minstrel, three times, giving notice by direction of the steward to all manner of minstrels dwelling within the Honour of Tutbury — viz., within the counties of Staf- ford, Derby, Nottingham, Leicester, and Warwick, owing suit and service to his majesty's court of music, here holden as this day, that every man draw near and give his attendance, upon pain and peril that may otherwise ensue, and that if any man will be essoigned of suit or plea, he and they should come in, and they should be heard. Then all the musicians being called over by a court-roll, two juries are impannelled out of twenty- four of the sufficientest of them, twelve for Staffordshire and twelve for the other counties, whose names being delivered in court to the steward, and called over, and appearing to be full juries, the foreman of such is first sworn, and then the residue, as is usual in other courts, upon the Holy Evangelists ; then to move, them the better to mind their duties to the king and their and Customs of Manors. 333 own good, the steward proceeds to give them their charge, first commending to their consideration the origin of all music, both wind and string music, the antiquity and excellence of both, setting forth the force of it upon the affections by divers ex- amples ; how the use of it has always been allowed (as is plain from Holy Writ) in praising and glorifying God, and the skill in it always esteemed so considerable, that it is still accounted in the schools one of the liberal arts, and allowed in all godly Christian commonwealths ; where, by the way, he commonly takes notice of the statute which reckons some musicians as vagabonds and rogues, giving them to understand that such societies as theirs, thus legally founded and governed by laws, are by no means intended by that statute ; for which reason the minstrels belonging to the manor of Button, in the county palatine of Chester, are expressly excepted in that act ; ex- horting them, upon this account, to preserve their reputation ; to be very careful to make choice of such men to be officers amongst them as fear God, and are of good life and conversation, and have knowledge and skill in the practice of their art. The charge being ended, the jurors proceed to the election of the said officers; the king being to be chosen out of the four stewards of the preceding year, and one year out of Stafford- shire and another year out of Derbyshire interchangeably, and the four stewards, [two] out of Staffordshire and two out of Derbyshire, three being chosen by the jurors, and the fourth by him that keeps the court, and the deputy steward or clerk. " The jurors, departing the court for this purpose, leave the steward with his assistants still in their places (who, in the meantime, make themselves merry with a banquet, and a noise of musicians playing to them, the old king still sitting between the steward and bailiff as before) but returning again after a competent time, they present first their chiefest officer by the name of their king ; then the old king arising from his place, delivereth him a little white wand in token of his sovereignty, and then taking a cup filled with wine, drinketh to him, wishing him all joy and prosperity in his office. In the like manner do the old stewards to the new; and then the old king riseth, and the new one taketh his place, and so do the new stewards of the old, who have full power and authority, by virtue of the king's stewards' warrant, directed from the said court, to levy and distrain in any city, town corporate, or in any place within the king's dominions, all such fines and amerciaments as are inflicted by the said jurors that day upon any minstrel for his or their offences, committed in the breach of any of their orders made for the good rule and government of the said society ; for which said fines and amerciaments, so distrained or other- wise peaceably collected, the said stewards are accountable at every audit, one moiety going to the king's majesty, and the other the said stewards have for their own use. 324 Tenures of Land " The election, &c., being thus concluded, the court riseth, and all persons then repair to another fair room within the castle, where a plentiful dinner is then provided for them ; which being' ended, the minstrels went anciently to the abbey gate, after to a little barn by the town side, in expectation of the bull to be turned forth to them, which was formerly done by the Prior of Tutbury, afterwards by the Duke of Devonshire, according to the custom before mentioned. " And thus this rustic sport, which they call the bull-running, was at first annually performed by the minstrels only ; but subsequently they were assisted by the promiscuous multitude that flocked hither in great numbers and were much pleased with it, though sometimes through emulation in point of man- hood, that had been long cherished between the Staffordshire and Derbyshire men, perhaps as much mischief might have been done in the trial between them, as in the Feu de Taureau, or bull-fighting practised at Valentia, Madrid, and in many other places in Spain, whence, perhaps, this our custom of bull-running might be derived, and set up here by John of Gaunt, who was King of Castile and Leon, and lord of the Honour of Tutbury ; for why might not we receive this sport from the Spaniards, as well as they from the Romans, and the Romans from the Greeks, wherein I am the more confirmed, for that the Italians, who first instituted this game, and of whom Julius Caesar learned it, and brought it to Rome, were celebrated much about the same time of the year as our bull-running is — viz., on the I2th of August, which perhaps John of Gaunt, in honour of the Assumption of our Lady, being but three days after, might remove to the 15th, as after ages did (that all the solemnity and court might be kept on the same day to avoid further trouble) to the sixteenth of August." 3. T/te Manner of Keeping the Minstrels' Court in Tutbury Castle. First, call the court after this manner, with three oyezs — viz., "All minstrels within this honour, residing in the counties of Stafford, Derby, Nottingham, Leicester, and Warwick, come in and do your suit and service, or you will be amerced." Then call over the suit roll. After that call over two juries, one for Staffordshire and another for Derbyshire ; swear the foremen by themselves, and the rest by three or four at a time. The foreman's oath was : "You, as foreman of this Inquest, shall diligently inquire and true presentment make of all such articles, matters, and things, as shall be given you in charge ; the king of the minstrels' counsels, your fellows', and your own, you shall keep secret, and not disclose but in open court ; you shall present no man for hatred or malice, or spare any man for fear, favour, affection, or and Customs of Manors. 335 hope of reward, but in all things, according to the best of your knowledge and information that you shall receive, you shall present the truth, the whole truth, and, nothing but the truth. " So help you God." Then swear the rest thus : " The same oath that your fore- man hath taken on his part, you and every of you, on your parts, shall well and truly observe, perform, and keep. " So help you God." Then make proclamation thus : "You gentlemen, that are here sworn, draw near and hear your charge, and all other persons are commanded to keep silence, on pain of being fined." Then give the charge. After the charge is given proclamation is to be made thus : " If any can inform the steward of this court or these inquests of any offence committed by any minstrel within this honour, since the last court, against the dignity of his pro- fession, let them come forth and they shall be heard." Then the jurors will present a king, who is to be sworn as follows : " You, as king of the minstrels belonging to this honourable and ancient court, shall, to the uttermost of your power, maintain all the customs and rights heretofore established in this court, and shall preserve unto the society of the minstrels all their ancient rights, privileges, and customs, anciently by them enjoyed, and which of right do belong unto them, and that what you now promise you will perform and keep, " So help you God." Then two stewards for Derbyshire, and two for Staffordshire, are to be sworn thus : " You shall swear that you, and every of you, shall well and truly serve the king of the minstrels in the offices of stewards, and shall do right to all the minstrels and others therein concerned, according to the usages and customs of this court, and shall endeavour to the utmost of your power to collect and gather all such fines and amerciaments, as shall be delivered to you in the estreats extracted out of this court, and shall faithfully perform and do all other matters and things belonging to the stewards of the minstrels' office. " So help you God." Proclamation of Turning out the Bull. " All manner of persons (except the minstrels) shall give way to the bull, and not come within forty feet of him at their peril, nor hinder the minstrels in their pursuit of him." The Charge in the Music Court of the Honour of Tutbury. " Gentlemen of these Inquests, — The annual custom and usage of this honourable and ancient court having now called you together, something, I suppose, it is expected, 336 Tenures of Land should be said of the delightful art and harmonious science you profess. " Gentlemen,— The nature of your art consists in raising and skilfully regulating harmonious sounds. All sounds (as the philosopher observes) arise from the quick and nimble elision or percussion of the air, being either divided by the lips or reeds of pipes, hautboys, flutes, or other wind instruments, or else struck and put into motion by the tremulous vibration of strings, yield- ing an agreeable sound to the ear. Now it is your art and busi- ness, gentlemen, to regulate, compose, and express these sounds, so as to cause the different tones or notes to agree in concord, to make up one perfect concert and harmony. As for the anti- quity of music, it will suffice that we read of Jubal, the son of Lamech, the seventh from Adam (whom some will have to be the Apollo of the heathens), being the father of all such as handle the harp and organ, and probably most other sorts of music. About the time of the confusion of tongues, Mitzraim, the son of Ham, is said to have carried this art with his company into Egypt, v/here itwas so much practised and improved that succeed- ing generations, who knew not the writings of Moses, believed the Egyptians were the first inventors of music. Laban the Syrian expostulated with his son-in-law why he would not let him send him away with mirth and with songs, with tabret and with harp. But the heathen writers are much divided about the author or first inventor thereof; some say Orpheus, some Lynos (both famous poets and musicians), others Amphion : and the Egyptians ascribed the invention to Apollo ; but, as I before ob- served, the sacred history puts an end to this contest by telling us. that Jubal, the son of Lamech, and brother of Noah, was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ, and probably many other kinds of music, for what variety of inventions, as well as improve- ments of musical instruments, might not be expected from such a genius in the space of seven or eight hundred years' experi- ence. This Jubal (as I before said) is by the learned thought to be the Apollo of the heathens ; but sacred and profane history makes them contemporary ; we may reasonably infer that the Egyptians held this science in the highest esteem, from their making Apollo (the god of wisdom) the god of it. There is not the smallest orb we behold amidst the glorious canopy of the heavens, nor the minutest species of the animal or vegetable creation throughout the terraqueous globe, as well in its make, motion, and appearance, but in its motions, composition, and economy, like an angel, sings ; for when we consider the exquisite harmony that visibly appears through the whole creation, and the feathered race, as one heavenly chorus, continually warbling forth their praise to the great Creator — I say, when we permit such thoughts as these to have their due influence upon us, we must conclude that the universal frame is derived from harmony, and that the eternal mind composed all things by the laws of and Customs q/ Manors. 337 music, and which gives plain and evincing hints to mankind, that as nothing but beauty, symmetry, and true harmony is dis- covered through the creation, so their duty to their great Creator would be best expressed by a chain of harmonious actions agreeable to reason and the dignity of their natures, and such as would really bespeak God's service to be the most perfect free- dom. Thus is music a representation of the sweet content and harmony which God, in His wisdom, has made to appear throughout all His works ; with what noble and sublime con- templations ought the melodious science of music naturally to inspire our minds ! Thus holy David, the royal Psalmist, well experienced the powerful effects of music. You seldom meet him without an instrument in his hand and a psalm in his mouth; holy metres and psalms he dedicated to his chief musician, Jed- uthun, to compose music to them. He was one in whom the spirit of God delighted to dwell ; no evil spirit can subdue that mind where music and harmony are lodged. When David played before Saul, the evil spirit departed immediately. The use of music was continued in the Jewish Church until the destruction of the temple and nation by Titus, and the use of it began in the Christian Church in the time of the Apostles ; the Christian emperors, kings, and princes in all ages and all nations to this day have had this divine science in great esteem and honour, as well for divine as civil uses. Not only Jews and Christians, but most of the heathen poets and philosophers, were skilful musicians. Homer, who was a skilful master in that science, introduces Achilles quelling his rage against Aga- memnon by the help of music ; and the poet feigned that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods, since nought so stockish, hard, and full of rage, but music for the time doth change its nature. Plutarch tells us of Terpander appeasing a seditious insurrection in Lacedemonia by his harmonious lays. Pytha- goras is said to have softened fierce minds ; Asclepiades to have put a stop to sedition ; Damon to have reduced drunken men to sobriety and petulant men to a modest behaviour ; and Xenocrates to have brought madmen to themselves : and all by the help of musical sounds. The evil spirit was re- moved from Saul, and he prophesied : and this by the efficacy of music. And Elisha, when he was consulted by the three kings that marched against Moab, called for a minstrel ; and when the minstrel played, the hand of the Lord came upon him. Music expels poison by rarefying and exhilarating the spirits. Persons bit by the tarantula have been by good authors affirmed to have been cured by music. Amphion was so great an orator and musician, that by the force of his oratory and powerful touch of his musical lute the stones that builded Thebes, a city in Egypt, danced after him to the place where they should be laid, and his moving oratory, sweet harmony, and musical sounds, did so creep unto the ears, and steal upon Y 338 Tenures of Land the hearts of a people, rude and uncivilised, as engaged them to live peaceably together at Thebes, where he was king; Musical sacrifices and adorations claimed a place in the laws and customs of the most different nations. The Grecians and Romans, as well as Jews and Christians, unanimously agreed in this, as they disagreed in all other parts of their ceremonies. The Greeks and Romans had their college or society of musicians, whose art they thought useful to introduce virtue and excite courage. TuUy tells us that the ancient Grecians (the politest people of the age) did not think a gentleman well-bred unless he could perform his part at a concert of music, insomuch that Themistocles (though otherwise a great man) was taxed for being defective in this accomplishment. But to come nearer to ourselves. History tells us that the ancient Britons had bards before they had books ; and the Romans, by whom they were conquered, confess the mighty power the Druids and bards had over the people, by recording in their songs the deeds of heroic spirits, and teaching them both laws and religion in rhymes and tunes. And the long continuance of this very court of min- strelsy is a testimony of the antiquity of music amongst us. " Theodorick, in an epistle to Boetius, says, when this queen of the senses comes forth in her gay dress, all other thoughts give way, and the soul rallies its powers to receive the delight which she gives ; she cheers the sorrowful, softens the furious and enraged, sweetens sour tempers, gives a check to loose, impure, and wanton thoughts, and melts to pure and chaste desires ; she captivates the straying faculties, and moulds them into a serene, sober, and just economy. I say, gentlemen, the force of music is wonderful : how strangely does it awaken the mind ! it infuses an unexpected vigour, makes the impression agreeable and sprightly; gives a new capacity as well as satisfaction ; it raises and falls, and counter-changes the passions ; it charms and transports, ruffles and becalms ; governs with an almost arbi- trary power. There is scarcely any constitution so heavy, or reason so well fortified, as to be absolute proof against it. Ulysses, as much a hero as he was, durst not trust himself with the Syrens' voices. Timotheus, a Grecian, was so great a master of music that he could make a man storm and swagger like a tempest, and then, by altering his notes and time, he would take him down again, and sweeten his humour in a trice. One time, when Alexander was at dinner, this man played a Phrygian air : the prince immediately rises, snatches up his lance, and puts himself in a posture of fighting; the retreat was no sooner sounded by the change of the notes, but his arms were grounded and his fire extinct, and he sat down as orderly as if come in from one of Aristotle's lectures. Have you, gentlemen, never observed a captain at the head of a troop or company, how much he has been altered at the sound of a trumpet or the beat of a drum } What a vigorous and Customs of Manors. 339 motion, what an erected posture, what an enterprising visage ! All of a sudden his blood changes in his veins, and his spirit jumps like gunpowder, and seems impatient to attack the enemy. Music is able to exert its force not only upon the affections, but on the parts of the body, as appears from Mr Derham's story of the Gascoigne knight that once had disobhged him, and to be even with him, caused at a feast a bagpipe to be played, when he was hemmed in with the company, which made the knight bep — s himself, to the great diversion of the company. But further, gentlemen, not only mankind, but the very beasts of the field, are delighted with music ; the beasts of the plough, their toil is rendered easy, and the long fatigue they daily undergo is insensibly shortened, by the rural songs and cheering whistle of their drivers. Not only dogs and horses (those docile and saga- cious animals), but even the rugged bears themselves dance to the sound of pipes and fiddles. Do but note a wild and wanton herd or race of youthful and unbacked colts, fetching mad bounds, bellowing and neighing aloud (the hot conditions of their blood), if they perchance to hear a trumpet sound, or any music touch their ears, you shall perceive them make a mutual stand, and their savage eyes turned to a modest gaze by the sweet power of music. The famous Mr John Playford tells us a remark- able story to this purpose, that himself once travelling near Royston, met a herd of stags, about twenty, upon the road, fol- lowing a bagpipe and violin : when the music played, they went forward ; when it ceased, they all stood still ; and in this manner they were conducted out of Yorkshire to the King's palace at Hampton Court. But not only brute beasts, but even inanimate bodies, are affected with sounds. Kircher mentions a large stone that would tremble at the sound of one particular organ-pipe. Mersenne also, among many relations, tells us of a particular part of a pavement that would shake as if the earth would open, when the organ played : this is more probable than what he relates about antipathy — to wit, that the sound of a drum, made of a wolf's skin, would break another made of a sheep's skin ; and that poultry would fly and cackle at the sound of a harp-string made of a fox's gut. The great Boyle also tells us that he tried an arch that would answer to C fa, and had done so one hundred years, and that an experienced builder told him any well-built vault would answer some determinate note ; and Mr Derham tells us that one Nicholas Fetter, a Dutchman, could break round glasses with the sound of his voice. It is the com- mon or civil use of music that concerns you, gentlemen, that owe suit and service to this court ; and in that the world has not wanted examples even of emperors, princes, and the greatest and most illustrious persons, that have not disdained both to learn and practise your art. 'Tis music which gains you admittance and acceptance in courts and palaces ; in short, gentlemen, what feast, what play, what assembly or ball ; what country wakes, 340 Tenures of Land merriment, or entertainment, can be well held without some of your society ? " Our great dramatic poet says — " ' The man that hath not music in himself, And is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils ; The motions of his spirit are dull as night, And his affections dark as Erebus.' "And now, gentlemen, having spoken a few words of the nature, antiquity, usefulness, and wonderful effects of music, I shall now proceed to inform you that as long as the ancient Earls and Dukes of Lancaster, who were ever of the blood royal, had their abode and kept a liberal hospitality at their Honour of Tut- bury, there could not but be a general concourse of people from all parts, for whose diversion all sorts of musicians were per- mitted likewise to come to pay their services, amongst whom some quarrels and disorders now and then arising, it was found necessary after a while that they should be brought under i-ules and laws, and that the end of your attendance and service at this time is the preservation of the dignity of this noble science, and for putting those laws into execution, by punishing all abuses and disorders happening by any of your society within this hon- our, for which end you have a governor appointed you by the name of a king, who has several officers under him to see to the execution of the several laws and customs belonging to this ancient community. Gentlemen, you are to inquire into the behaviour of the several minstrels within this honour since the last court. 2d. Whether any of them have abused or disparaged their hon- ourable profession by drunkenness, profane cursing and swearing, singing lewd or obscene songs, playing to any company or meetings on the Lord's day, or by any other vice or immorality, or by intruding into any company unsent for, or by playing for any mean or disgraceful reward. 3d. Whether any of the minstrels within this honour, that should be the known masters of concord and harmony, have been themselves guilty of any brawls, quarrels, or disorders. 4th. Whether the minstrels within this honour have been decent in their apparel and skilful in their art, and respectful to their supreme, the king of the minstrels ; whether their last year's officers of the minstrelsy have well performed the duty of their respective offices. 5th. Whether any minstrels that owe suit and service to this court have appeared and done their suit. 6th. Whether any minstrels have executed their art within this honour, not being allowed and enrolled in this court ; and if you find any minstrels within this honour to have offended in any of these particulars, you are to present them. And in the last place, gentlemen, it must be recommended to you, that you choose skilful and good men to be officers of the minstrelsy for the ensuing year. The king is to be chosen out of the four stewards for the preceding and Customs of Manors. 341 year; and one year out of Staffordshire, and another out of Derbyshire, interchangeably; and the four stewards, two, out of Staffordshire and two out of Derbyshire, three of them to be chosen by you, and the fourth by the steward of this court and the bailiff to the Earl of Devon." 4. Letters-Patent of Henry VI. " Henry the Sixth, by the grace of God, King of England and France, and Lord of Ireland, to all to whom these presents shall come : greeting. We have seen the letters-patent of John, late King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster, our great- grandfather, in these words : — "'John, by the grace of God, King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster, to all those who these our letters shall see or hear : greeting. Know ye that we have ordained, constituted, and assigned our well-beloved king of minstrels, within our Honour of Tutbury, who now is, or shall be for the time coming, to take and arrest all the minstrels within our said honour and franchise who refuse to do their services and min- strelsy to them belonging from time out of mind, at Tutbury aforesaid, yearly, on the day of the Assumption of our Lady (15th of August). Giving and granting to the said king of minstrels, for the time being, full power and commandment to execute reasonable judgment, and to constrain them to do their services and minstrelsies in the manner that belongs to them, and as they have been used, and of old time accustomed. And in witness of this we have caused these our letters-patent to be made. Given under our privy seal, at our Castle of Tutbury, the 22d day of August, in the fourth year of the reign of our most gracious King, Richard H., 1380.' And we, at the request of our beloved in Christ, Thomas Gedney, Prior of Tutbury, have by these presents caused the aforesaid letters- patent to be exemplified. In witness whereof we have caused these our letters to be made patent. Given under the seal of our Duchy of Lancaster, at our palace of Westminster, the 22d day of February, in the twenty-first year of our reign, 1442."' ^ Henricus Sextus, Dei gracia, Rex Angliae et Franciae, et dominus Hibemije, omnibus ad quos presentes liters pervenerint, salutem. Inspeximus literas patentes Johannis nuper Regis Castell« et Legionis, Ducis Lancastrise, proavi nostri, factas in h«c verba. Johan, par le grace de Dieu Roy de Castille et de Leon, Due de Lancastre, S&m^\N3.\.e.x'% History of Lowestofl, 1790, p. 7.] ^ [Gillingwater, ut supra, pp. 10, 12.] 384 Tenures of Land York, City and Co. of. Philip le Lardiner claims to be salesman for our lord the King in fee, within the county of York, of all things to be sold for debt owing to the King, and also for Queen-gold. In this manner — viz., that he or his certain attorney should, at the command of the sheriff, go from place to place within the county at his own charges, to make the said sales, and should take for every such sale for his fee xxxii pence.' Which tenure was afterwards seised into the King's hands for the abuse thereof, as appears by the great roll in the Pipe Office, anno 2 Edw. II. David [le Lardiner] holds one piece of land in York by the service of keeping the gaol, and of selling the cattle which were . taken for the debts of our lord the King, and it was worth yearly five shillings.^ William de Malehovers holds one piece of land, with the advowson of the Chapel of St Mary Magdalen at York, by the service of finding benches for the county court.^ The first of August is said to be called Lammas, quasi Lamb Mass ; because on that day the tenants that held lands of the Cathedral Church of York, which is dedicated to St Peter ad Vincula, were bound by their tenure to bring a live lamb into the church at high mass on that day.'' [Before the Enclosure Act came into effect, a large portion of the land in the immediate vicinity of York was held by a rather peculiar tenure. The owners of the fields were entitled to keep them enclosed, and have the exclusive enjoyment of the land during the summer half-year ; but on Michaelmas Day the fences were thrown down, and certain freemen of the city had the right of turning on their cattle to depasture for the ensuing six months.^ YSGEIBION (SKEYBEON), TOWNSHIP OF, Co. OF DENBIGH. At the time of the survey of 1334 this township contained 847 acres of land, wood, and waste, and was entirely an escheat of the lord. The tenants claimed common of pasture for all their beasts on the waste, which was upwards of 169 acres. There was a water-mill rendering 20s. a year, which used to be worth 403.^] 1 Philippus le Lardiner clamat esse venditor domini Regis de feodo in com. Ebor. de omnibus rebus quse vendi debent pro debito domini Regis, et etiam pro auro Reginse : ita, viz. quod ipse vel suus certus attornatus ibit ad mandatum vicecomitis de loco in locum infra comitatum, sumptibus suis, ad prasdictas venditiones faciendas ; et capiet de unaquaque venditione, pro feodo suo, xxxii denarios. Quo Warr. Ebor. temp. Edw. I. Blount, 35. ^ David le Lardiner tenet unam terramin Ebor. perservicium custodiendi gayolam, et vendendi averia que capta sunt pro debitis dni Regis, et valet per- annum v solid. Testa de Nevil, p. 368. 3 Willielmus de Malehovers tenet una terra, et advocacoem capelle Sancte Marie Magdelene, per servicium inveniendi bancos ad comitatum. Testa de Nevil, p. 368. * Blount's Law Diet, in verbo. ° {Extracts from the York Records, by Robert Davies, 1843, pp. 186, 198.] ' » [Denbigh and its Lordship, by J. Williams, i860, pp. 40, 41.] APPENDIX. I. An Historical Account of the Coronation of King James II. and Queen Mary, as King and Queen of England, on the 23d of April 1685. King Charles II. died on the 6th of February 1684, and his brother James, then Duke of York, succeeding him, appointed a committee of the Lords of his Privy Council to consider of the manner of his coro- nation, at which he assisted in person. This committee met for the first time, in the Council Chamber of Whitehall, on the i6th of February 1684, the tenth day from the death of the King, when the proceedings at the coronation of James I. and Charles II. were read. At their next meeting, the 19th of February, an abstract of the claims which were made at the coronation of King Charles II. was delivered to them, and a commission of claims granted. On the 23d of February the Master of the Jewel-house gave a list of the regalia in his custody, and an account of what he provided at the last coronation ; and, the King declaring he intended the Queen should be crowned with him, the proper officer produced a ceremonial of the coronation of his Majesty's grandmother. Queen Anne. His Majesty's pleasure was declared that there should be a dinner in Westminster Hall, upon which the officers of the Board of Green Cloth prepared an account of the dinner that was given at the coronation of King Charles II., with the expense. Sir Christopher Wren, Surveyor-General of the Works, was also directed to prepare an estimate of the charge of the scaffolding, both in the Abbey and in Westminster Hall. On the 28th of February it was resolved, that none of the peers' or peeresses' trains should be carried upon the day of the coronation. At several subsequent meet- ings all the requisites were settled, and ordered to be got ready. It was also ordered, that no peer or peeress should set any jewels in their coronets, and that the procession should march four abreast ; that two hundred medals of gold, and eight hundred of silver, should be made for the King; and one hundred of gold, and four hundred of silver, for the Queen. A few days before the coronation, the following particulars were dehvered to the Bishop of Rochester by the Master of the Jewels and the Commissioners of the Great Wardrobe ;— 2 B 386 Appendix. For the King. I. The colobium sindonis, a kind of surplice, without sleeves, of fine linen or sarsenet. 2. The super tunica, a close coat, of cloth-of-gold, reaching to the heels, lined with crimson tafFata, and girt with a broad girdle, of cloth-of-gold, to be put over the colobium. 3. The armilla, in fashion of a stole, of cloth-of-gold, to be put about the King's neck, and fastened above and beneath the elbows with silk ribbons. 4. A pall, of cloth-of-gold, in fashion of a cope. 5. A pair of buskins, of cloth-of-gold. 6. A pair of sandals, of cloth-of-gold. 7. A shirt of fine linen, to be opened in the places for anointing. 8. Another shirt of red sarsenet to put over it. 9. A surtout of crimson satin, made with a collar for a band, both opened for anointing, and closed with ribbons. 10. A pair of under- trouses, and breeches to go over them, with stock- ings fastened to the trouses, all of crimson silk. 11. A pair of linen gloves. 12. A linen coif. 13. Three swords; the curtana, or point- less sword, called also the sword of mercy ; the sword of justice to the spirituality, and the sword of justice to the temporality. 14. Also a sword of state, with a scabbard richly embroidered. 15, 16. Two imperial crowns, set with jewels; one to crown the King, the other to be worn after his coronation. 17. An orb of gold, with a cross. 18. A sceptre, with a cross, called St Edward's sceptre. 19. A sceptre, with a dove. 20. A staff of goldj with a cross at the top, and a pike at the foot, called St Edward's staff. 2/. A ring, with a ruby. 22. A pair of gold spurs. 23. An ampul, or vessel of gold, to hold the anointing oil, in the shape of an eagle, and a spoon. 24. And two ingots of gold, one weighing a pound, and the other a mark, for the King's two offerings. 25, 26. The Parliament robes — viz., a surcoat of crimson velvet ; a large mantle of crimson velvet, with a hood, furred with ermine, and bordered with gold lace. 27. A cap of state turned up with ermine. Also the robes of state, of purple velvet, of the same fashion as the former ; and two caps of purple velvet, turned up with ermine, for the two crowns. Delivered to the proper Officers for the Queen. I. A surcoat or kirtle of purple velvet, the sleeves turned up and powdered with ermine. 2. A robe or mantle of purple velvet, with a long train, the cape and lining powdered with ermine, to be worn over the surcoat. 3. A circle or coronet of gold, to be worn before anoint- ing. 4. A crown, with which she was to be crowned. 5. A smaller crown, to wear afterwards. 6. A sceptre of gold, with a cross. 7. An ivory rod, with a dove. 8. A ring. The following particulars were also provided for equipping the Champion : — A suit of armour, from the King's armoury, complete. A pair of gauntlets. A sword and hanger. A case of pistols. An oval target, with the Champion's own arms painted thereon. A lance, gilt all over, fringed above and below the handle, for his esquires. One rich great horse-saddle, or field-saddle, with head-stall, reins, breastplate, and crupper, with daggs and trappings, richly trimmed with gold and silver lace, fringed ; and great and small tassels, with a pair of very large Spanish stirrups and stirrup-leathers, lined with velvet and gold Appendix. 387 and silver lace ; two girths and a surcingle ; a bitt, with silver and gilt bosses ; a pair of holsters, lined with velvet, and laced with gold and silver, and a pair of holster-caps, laced and fringed ; a plume of red, blue, and white feathers, the colours of the three nations, containing eighteen falls, with a heame top ; one plume of feathers for the head- stall and dock, and two trumpet-banners of his own arms. The Order for the Habits of the Peeresses was as follows : — Baroness. — The robe or mantle of crimson velvet, the cape furred with miniver-pure — that is, ermine unpowdered, not spotted with black — and powdered with two bars or rows of ermine ; the mantle to be edged round with miniver-pure, two inches in breadth, and the train to be three feet on the ground. Viscountess. — The same robe, except that the cape be powdered with two rows and a half of ermine ; the edging the same ; the train, a yard and quarter. Countess. — The same, only the cape powdered with three rows of ermine ; the edging, three inches broad ; the train, a yard and a half Marchiotiess. — The same, only the cape powdered with three rows and a half of ermine ; the edging, four inches ; the train, a yard and three-quarters. Duchess. — The same, only the cape powdered with four rows of ermine ; the edging, five inches ; the train, two yards. The surcoats or kirtles to be all of crimson velvet, close bodied, and clasped before, edged with miniver-pure two inches broad, and scalloped down the sides from below the girdle, and sloped away into a train. The sleeves of the surcoats to be crimson velvet, five inches deep, scalloped at bottom, edged with miniver-pure, and fringed with gold or silver. The caps of the coronets crimson velvet, turned up with ermine, with a button and tassel of gold or silver on the top, suitable to the fringe of the sleeves. The petticoats to be cloth-of-silver, or any other white stuff, either laced or embroidered, according to every one's fancy. The mantles to hang back, fastened to each shoulder with cordons of silver or gold, suitable to the fringe, with tassels of the same, hanging one on each side down to the waist. The surcoats or kirtles to open before, that the petticoat may appear. On the day of the coronation, three troops of horse guards, with their grenadiers, and two regiments of foot guards, \vith their grena- diers, repaired to their parades, the Piazza of Covent Garden, the Haymarket, Lincoln's Inn Fields, and St James's Park, between five and six in the morning, whence they marched to Westminster, and took post about nine ; the first troop in the New Palace Yard, where they were drawn up three deep, with their front to the outside of the rail next the Thames, ranging from the great north door of Westminster Hall, across the Palace Yard, towards the Clock-house or Tower. The grenadiers of this troop did duty on foot,^ and were posted in New Palace Yard, along the north side of the rail, ranging from the right wing of the third troop of horse guards, to the inside of the gate of the said Palace Yard in Westminster. The second troop was drawn up in the Great Sanctuary, three deep, to the rail, and there posted, facing the west end and north-west angle of the Abbey. The 388 Appendix. grenadiers, doing duty on foot, were posted in a rank on the outside of the rail, opposite the north side of the Abbey, in the Great Sanctuary, and ranging from the left wing of the second regiment of foot guards to the turning into King Street. The third troop was drawn up three deep, and posted in the Palace Yard, on the north side of the rail, in opposition to the first regiment of foot, and the great north door of Westminster Hall, having on their right wing the first troop of grena- diers. The grenadiers of this troop, on foot, were posted in ' a single rank on the north and west sides of the rail, between the turning into the Sanctuary and the gate entering into New Palace Yard, having on their right the second troop, and on their left the first troop of horse grenadiers. The first regiment of foot were drawn up six deep, and posted on the south side of the rail, in Palace Yard, ranging from east to west, with their fronts northward, in opposition to the third troop of horse guards. The grenadiers were posted in a single rank on the south side of the rail, from the left wing of the regiment in Palace Yard, through the Gate-house into King Street, and so to the gate entering St Margaret's Churchyard. The second regiment of foot, having entered the Great Sanctuary, were posted from St Mar- garet's Gate westward, along the wall of the Churchyard ; and on the south side of the rail, in a single rank, reaching the great west door of the Abbey, ranging likewise without the north rail to the same great door, in opposition. There were likewise musqueteers on each side within the Church, reaching to the choir door. The grenadiers were posted at the north door of St Margaret's Churchyard in a single rank, having the grenadiers of the first regiment on their right. These corps made no inconsiderable part of the show ; for their clothes, colours, and accoutrements were all new : the officers were very richly dressed, with feathers in their hats, and the men had several pieces of finery added to their uniform on the occasion. The night before the coronation, the King and Queen slept at the Palace at St James's, and early in the morning the Lord Great Cham- berlain repaired to his Majesty with his shirt, for his anointing; and, with the assistance of the Gentlemen of the Bedchamber (the Chamber- lain of the Household being ill), put it on ; together with the under- trouses, breeches, and crimson silk stockings, the satin surcoat opened for the anointing, and other upper apparel. His Majesty then passed through St James's Park to Whitehall, attended by several noblemen and officers of his household, and going on board the royal barge at the Privy Stairs, he went privately by water to Westminster ; and, about ten in the morning, landed at Parliament Stairs, leading up to Old Palace Yard ; from thence he went directly to the Prince's lodgings, and was there vested with his surcoat of crimson velvet, and, after some time, with his royal robe, or mantle of crimson velvet, furred with ermine, called his Parliament robes, with a cap of state, turned up with ermine. The Queen, in the meantime, having been fully attired at St James's, and apparelled in her royal robes of purple velvet, turned up with ermine, with a circle of gold, adorned with jewels, came privately in a chair to Whitehall, and proceeded from thence to the Court of Wards, where she rested while the proceedings were set in order in the hall, being attended by the Duchess of Norfolk, who was to bear her train, the four young Ladies Assistants, the two Ladies of the Bedchamber, Appendix. 389 her Lord Chamberlain and Vice-Chamberlain, two Gentlemen Ushers, and two of her women. About eight o'clock in the morning the Peers repaired to Westminster, either by water or in chairs, no coach being permitted to pass, and having assembled in the House of Lords, they put on their robes, and took their coronets in their hands. About the same time the Archbishop and Bishops assembled in the House of Lords and chambers adjacent, and vested themselves in their rochets. The Judges, and others of the long robe, the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, Esquires of the Body, Serjeants-at-Law, Masters in Chancery, Aldermen of London, Chaplains having dignities, and the Six Clerks in Chancery, all in their proper habits, assembled about the same time in the Court of Requests. About half an hour after ten, the Officers of Arms, by the Earl Marshal's order, marshalled them according to their respective classes, four in a rank, the youngest to the left, and conducted them out of the Court of Requests down the great stone stairs into Westminster Hall, where, falling off to the right and left, they were conducted to the entrance of the passages, between the tables and cupboards on each side of the hall, and passing down behind the tables, stayed there till they were drawn out in the grand procession. In the meantime, the Peers and Peeresses being called over, and marshalled four abreast, the youngest to the left, in the House of Lords and Painted Chamber, were drawn out in order into the Court of Requests ; the Peers not passing through the Painted Chamber, but through the open gallery on the west side of the House of Lords, whence they were also conducted down the great stone stairs into the hall with the King. As soon as the Baronesses eame into the hall, they were conducted down the middle of it to the lower end, where they divided to the right and left, two and two, and stood by the forms, at the side of the tables : the Barons, Bishops, and all other classes proceeded in the same manner, leaving an open passage along the middle of the hall ; except the Lord Great Chamberlain, the Lord High Constable, and the Earl Marshal, who ascended the stone steps, and placed themselves by the side of the royal table. When the King entered the hall it was half an hour past eleven, and at the same time the Queenj attended by her Lord Chamberlain and other officers and ladies, came out of the Court of Wards, by a private door, at the south- west corner of the hall, and, repairing to her chair of state, under a canopy, at the upper end of the hall, stood before it. His Majesty then ascending the stone steps of the stage, attended by the Great Officers and the two Archbishops, with Garter, and the Usher of the Black Rod, placed himself in his chair of state, under a canopy, at the upper end of the hall, on the right hand of the Queen, who, when he was seated, seated herself. The Dean and Prebendaries of Westminster (having early in the morning consecrated the oil for anointing) brought the regalia in solemn procession into the hall (being habited in white surplices and rich copes, and preceded by the Gentlemen of the King's Chapel and Choir of Westminster) about eleven o'clock, and waited with it at the lower end of the hall till the King was seated. Then the Master of the Jewel-house presented the Lord High Constable, who stood on the outside of their Majesties' table, with the sword of state, and the Lord High Constable delivered it to the Lord Great Chamberlain, who. 3 go Appendix. making his obeisance to his Majesty, laid it on the table before him. The Master of the Jewel-house presented likewise the curtana and the two pointed swords severally to the Lord High Constable, and he to the Lord Great Chamberlain, who drew them out of their scabbards, and laid them also on the table before the King. In the same manner the great gilt spurs were presented, and laid upon the table. Then the Dean and Prebendaries, with the Officers of Arms, proceeded from the lower end of the hall, in the following order : The Serjeant of the Vestry, with the gilt verge. The Children of the Choir, two abreast. The Children of the Royal Chapel, two abreast. The Confessor and Sub-dean. Pursui van ts-at- Arms, two and two. Heralds-at-Arms, two and two. The two Provincial Kings-of-Arms. The King's Regalia, borne by the Dean and Prebendaries, as follows : St Edward's Crown, on a cushion of cloth-of-gold, by the Dean. The Orb with the Cross, by Dr Busby. The Sceptre with the Dove, by Dr South. The Sceptre with the Cross, by Dr Stradling. St Edward's Staff, by Dr Onely. The Queen's regaha, borne by the other Prebendaries. Then the rest of the Prebendaries in order, the seniors first. In proceeding from the lower end of the hall to the stone steps, they made three obeisances ; one at the lower end of the hall, one in the ' middle, and the third at the foot of the steps ; then they ascended the steps, and, being preceded by Garter, who stayed above for them, they came to the table, and, making another obeisance, the Dean presented the Crown to the Lord High Constable, who delivered it to the Lord Great Chamberlain, and he laid it on the table before the King, as he had done the swords and spurs; the same was done with the other regalia. The Queen's regalia were, with the same ceremonies, presented and laid on the table before the Queen, on the King's left hand. The Choirs, Prebendaries, and Dean then returned to the lower end of the hall, where they waited till they were drawn out in the grand procession. Then Garter's deputy, by the King's command, summoned the noblemen appointed by his Majesty to carry the regalia, and they were severally delivered to them. The same was done by the Queen's regalia. Lastly, the Bishops of Durham and of Bath and Wells were summoned to sup- port the King, and the Bishops of London and Winchester to support the Queen. The Barons of the Cinque Ports, in number thirty-two, stood with the canopies under which their Majesties were to walk, at the upper end of the tables, on the west side of the hall ; then the procession commencing, sixteen of the Barons received the Queen at the foot of the great stone steps under her canopy, supported by six staves, three of the Barons supporting each of the corner staves, and two each of the middle staves ; the other sixteen received the King in the same manner under his canopy. The Serjeants-at-Arms, sixteen in number, being divided into two classes, attended the King and Queen's regalia ; four on each side of the Queen's, and four on each side of the King's. The Gentlemen Pensioners, in number forty, wearing their hats, pursuant . to the King's order, as a military band, being ranged in two files, on each side of the passage, near the upper end of the hall, to give way for the procession ; twenty of them guarded the Queen, ten on a side, and twenty the King. The Yeomen of the Guard, being one hundred, having been employed in keeping the doors of the Prince's lodgings, the House of Lords, Appendix. 39 \ Painted Chamber, Court of Requests, and other places adjacent, were also posted in Westminster Hall, next below the Gentlemen Pensioners ; the drums and trumpets attending at the north door of the hall. All things being thus disposed, the procession moved in the order mentioned below, about twelve o'clock. Procession. Drums, four abreast, followed by the Drum Major. Trumpets, four abreast, followed by the Serjeant Trumpeter. The Six Clerks in Chancery, four and two, the youngest first. Chaplains having dignities, four abreast. Aldermen of London, four abreast, the youngest first. Masters in Chancery, four abreast. The King's Serjeants-at-Law, four abreast. The King's Solicitor. The King's Attorney. The King's two ancient Serjeants. Esquires of the Body, four abreast. Masters of Requests, four abreast. Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, four abreast. Barons of the Exchequer, and Justices of both Benches, in their order, four abreast. The Lord Chief Baron. The Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. The Master of the Rolls. The Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench. The Serjeant Porter. The Serjeant of the Vestry. The Children of the Chapel, four abreast. The Choir of Westminster, four abreast. The Gentlemen of the Chapel, four abreast. Prebends of Westminster, four abreast. The Master of the Jewel-house. Knights, Privy Councillors, four abreast. Two Pursuivants-of-Arms. Baronesses, four abreast, the youngest first. Barons, four abreast, the youngest first. Bishops in their order, four abreast. Two Pursuivants-of-Arms. Viscountesses, four abreast, the youngest first. Viscounts, four abreast, the youngest first. Two Heralds-of-Arms. Countesses, four abreast, the youngest first. Earls, four abreast, the youngest first. Two Heralds-of-Arms. Marchionesses. Marquises. Two Heralds-of-Arms. Duchesses, four abreast, the youngest first. Dukes. The two Provincial Kings-of-Arms. The Lord Privy Seal. The Lord President of the Council. The Lord Treasurer. The Lord Archbishop of York. The Lord Keeper. The Lord Archbishop of Canterbury. 392 Appendix. Two persons, representing the Dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy. The Queen's Vice- Chamberlain. Two Gentlemen Ushers. The Queen's Lord Chamberlain. g S The Queen's Ivory Rod. i g .'^< The Queen's Sceptre. ■'^< ^ 13 The Queen's Crown. tn ^ THE QUEEN, c w Assisted on either side by a Bishop, under a canopy, borne c t g g by sixteen Barons of the Cinque Ports. g g .2 .2 Her Majesty's train, borne by a Duchess, g assisted by four Earls' daughters. S g O Ph Two Ladies of the Bedchamber. O f^ Two Women. St Edward's Staff. The Spurs. St Edward's Sceptre. The Third Sword. Curtana. The Second Sword. The Lord Mayor of j ^^^^^^^ Principal ) Gentleman Usher of ^^eU'E' 1 ^-^-f-^™^- I the Black Rod. The Lord Great Chamberlain. m ^ The Earl Marshal ( The Sword of ) The Lord High « j, g S of England. ( State. J Constable. g g .H. borne by the Earl of Sutherland,in his robes. ( his robes. ) Suffolk, in his robes. Usher of the White Rod, with his rod. The Lord Mayor \ Lyon, King - of- \ / Garter, Principal ( GentlemanUsher ofLondon,Mn his (Arms of Scot- | 1 King-of- Arms,!! j of the Black gown, collar, and /'land,^ carrying > <^ carrying his < Rod, * with his jewel, bearing | his crown in his I 1 crown in his \ rod. the city mace. '' hand. / vhand. ^ The Lord Great Chamberlain of England, in his robes of estate, and coronet and white staff in his hand. His Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland, in his robes of estate, and coronet in his hand ; his train borne by . . . His Royal Highness the Duke of York, in his robes of estate, and coronet in his hand ; his train borne by Colonel Bradenell. EarlMarshal,5in\ The Sword of\ /Lord High Con- /High Constable his robes, with \ State, borne by \ \ stable of Eng- I of Scotland,^ in ~ ' '" ^ land,*in his robes < his robes, with his coronet and > the Earl of Hunt Earl Marshal's 1 ingdon, in his staff. ■&-3 Id (U eg / robes, The Sceptre, with the Dove, borne I by the Duke" of Richmond, i^in his robes. \ The Paten, < by the Bishop / of Rochester. j with his coronet 1 his coronet and \ and staff. v staff. Edward's" rst Crown,borne by the Lord High Stew- ard,* in his ^ robes. The Bible, I carried by I 1 the Bishop | of Carlisle. The Orb, borne by the Duke of So- merset, in his robes. The Chalice, by the Bishop of Chester. men of the. j Gentlemen | Guard, in V Pensioners. -' his robes. Captain of ) F^^P^^L'" °f the Horse, V^^ Gentle- in waiting i'^^^ ^^'}- inhisrobet )^l°"^''^. '« ^ his robes. 407 Lieutenant \ of the Band | of Gentle- > men Pen- ( sioners. A Gentleman of the King's Bedchamber. Two Grooms of the Bedchamber. Ensign of the Yeomen of the Guard. Lieutenant of the Yeomen of the Guard. Exempts. Yeomen of the Guard. Exempts. The Clerk of the Cheque to the Yeomen of the Guard. Note.—hS\. the Peers in the procession were in their robes of estate, and being Knights of the Garter, Thistle, or Bath, wore the collars of their respective orders. About half an hour after one, their Majesties entered the Abbey, and went to their seats on the east side of the throne. The Archbishop of Canterbury made the recognition, and then their Majesties made their first oblation, and took their seats on the south side of the altar. Then the Litany began ; during which the regalia were severally pre- sented at the altar, and the great officers retired to their seats. The Litany being ended, and part of the Communion Service read by the archbishop, Dr Drummond,i Bishop of Sahsbury, preached the sermon from the following words — viz., " Blessed be the Lord thy God, which delighted in thee; to set thee on the throne of Israel; because the Lord loved Israel for ever, therefore made He thee King, to do Judg- ment and Justice" (i Kings x. 9). The sermon being ended, his Majesty made the usual declaration, and took and subscribed the Coro- nation Oath. At the Revolution in 1 688, the old Coronation Oath was laid aside, on account of its " having been framed in doubtful words and expres- sions, with relation to ancient laws and constitutions at that time unknown ;" and the following was, by Act of Parliament,^ substituted instead of it. The archbishop or bishop shall say, " Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereto belonging, according to the statutes in Par- liament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the samg ? " The King and Queen shall say, " I solemnly promise so to do." Archbishop or bishop. — " Will you, to your power, cause law and justice in mercy to be executed in all your judgments?" King and Queen.— "I will." Archbishop or bishop. — " Will you, to the utmost of your power, main- tain the laws of God, the true profession of the gospel, and the Protes- tant reformed religion established by law ? And will you preserve unto the bishops and clergy of this realm, and to the churches committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges as by law do or shall apper- tain unto them, or any of them?" King and Queen. — "All this I promise to do." After this the King and Queen, laying his and her hand upon the holy gospels, shall say, King and Queen.— The things which I have here before promised, I will perform and keep— So help Afterwards Archbishop of York. 2 Stat. I Gul. & Mar. cap. 6. 4o8 Appendix. me God." Then the King and Queen shall kiss the book. After " Veni Creator," his Majesty removed to St Edward's chair, and the unction was performed by the archbishop ; four Knights of the Garter holding a pall over his Majesty during the anointing — viz., the Duke of Devonshire, the Earl of Northumberland, the Earl of Hertford, and Earl Waldegrave. The spurs were then presented, and his Majesty girt with the sword, which was afterwards offered and redeemed. His Majesty was then invested with the armilla, the purple robe or imperial pall, and orb, and afterwards receiving the ring, returned the orb to the altar. The Marquis of Rockingham, deputy to the Duke of Norfolk, as lord of the manor of Worksop, presented a right-hand glove to his Majesty who, putting it on, received from the archbishop the sceptre with the cross, and afterwards the sceptre with the dove, into his left hand ; and the marquis did afterwards support his Majesty's right hand, as occasion required. The archbishop then set the crown upon his Majesty's head, about half an hour after three o'clock, amidst the acclamations of an infinite number of spectators ; upon which the Peers put on their coronets, the Dukes of Normandy and Aquitaine their hats; the Bishops, Knights of the Bath, and Judges, their caps, and the Kings- of-Arms their crowns. Then the archbishop presented the Bible, and pronounced the benediction ; and his Majesty kissed the bishops kneel- ing before him. While "Te Deum" was singing, his Majesty was enthroned ; whereupon the bishops performed their homage, and then the temporal lords ; first his Royal Highness the Duke of York and his Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland, each for himself Then the Duke of Devonshire, Lord Chamberlain, pronounced the words of homage for all the dukes ; the Marquis of Rockingham, for the mar- quises ; Earl Talbot, Lord High Steward, for the earls ; Viscount Say and Sele, for the viscounts ; and Lord Henley, Lord Chancellor, for the barons ; every peer, likewise, taking off his coronet, touched the King's crown, and kissed his left cheek. During the homage, his Majesty delivered the sceptre, with the cross, to the Marquis of Rockingham (officiating as lord of the manor of Worksop) to hold. In the mean- time medals of his Majesty and the Queen were thrown about by the Treasurer of the Household.^ The coronation of his Majesty being finished, the Queen removed from her seat on the south side of the area to a chair placed before the altar, and was anointed (four ladies hold- ing a pall over her Majesty), and afterwards invested with the ring, and crowned by the archbishop ; upon which the peeresses put on their coronets. The archbishop then delivered the sceptre into her right hand, and thS ivory rod into her left. Their Majesties then made their second oblation, and received the Communion ; and the final prayers being read, they retired into St Andrew's Chapel, where they were in- vested with their royal robes and crowns of state. After the ceremony, which lasted six hours, a procession was made back to Westminster Hall, in the same order as before, except that the ^ Those of the Queen had on one side ahalflength of her Majesty, and in the exergue these words, " charlotta d. g. m. b. fr. et hiber, regina." On the otherside her Majesty at full length, with a Seraph placing a crown on her head ; the exergue, "QV/EsrrvM MERiTis"— z>., obtained by merit. Appendix. 409 regalia, prebends, and choirs did not return, and that the Marquis of Rockingham attended his Majesty to support his right arm. On the Queen's entrance into the hall, three thousand wax lights were all lighted in less than five minutes. Their Majesties soon after retired into the Court of Wards, till dinner was ready, and then, sitting in their chairs of state, the first course was brought up with the usual ceremony, his Roya:l Highness the Duke of York and his Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland sitting at the end of the table, on his Majesty's right hand, and her Royal Highness the Princess Augusta at the other end of the table, on the Queen's left hand. Before the second course the Champion was brought up, between the High Constable and the Earl Marshal, followed by four Pages, and preceded by the Herald who pro- nounced the challenge, the Champion's two Esquires, with his lance and target, two Serjeants-at-Arms, and the trumpets : the Knight Marshal going before to clear the passage. Immediately after the return of the Champion, Garter King-of-Arms, attended by the rest of the Heralds, proclaimed his Majesty's style in Latin, French, and English, three several times, first upon the top of the steps near the table, next in the middle of the hall, and lasriy at the bottom of the hall. The second course was then served up in the same order as the first. The several services, which had been allowed by the Court of Claims, were per- formed ; and his Majesty was pleased, after dinner, to confer the honour of knighthood upon John Bridge, Esq., Standard Bearer, and Owen Jones, Esq., Senior Gentleman of the Band of Gentlemen Pensioners, and Charles Townley, Esq., Clarencieux King-of-Arms. All the way of the procession was lined with crowded scaffolds, and the Abbey also was as full and gay as possible. The royal dinner was most magnificent, and the number of spectators, richly dressed, almost incredible. Lord Ligonier, as commanding officer of the guard on duty, had a small tent fixed on the left side of the platform, in Old Palace Yard, where he paid his salute to their Majesties as they passed in procession ; 2800 of the foot guards were on duty all the time ; Sir John Mordaunt's light horse patrolled the streets all the day and night to prevent disorders, and Sir Robert Rich's dragoons were placed at Charing Cross, St James's Square, and in the Park at the end of George Street, for the same purpose. The new royal standard was hoisted at the Tower ; all the ships in the river displayed their flags, &c. ; all the streets were illuminated in the evening, and there was an entire stagna- tion of all sorts of business. A little before the procession began, pro- ceeded that of her Royal Highness the Princess Dowager of Wales from the House of Lords, across Old Palace Yard, on a platform erected for that purpose, to the south cross of Westminster Abbey. She was led by the hand by his Royal Highness Prince William Henry,i dressed in white and silver ; her train, which was of silk, was but short, and therefore was not borne by any person, and her hair flowed down her shoulders in hanging curls. She had no cap, but only a circlet of diamonds. The rest of the Princes and Princesses, her Highness's children, followed in order. His Royal Highness Prince Henry Frederick,^ also in white and silver, holding his sister, the Princess Louisa Anne, dressed ^ Duke of Gloucester. ^ Duke of Cumberland. 4IO Appendix. in a slip, with hanging sleeves. Then his Royal Highness Prince Frederick WilUam, likewise in white and silver, handing his youngest sister, the Princess Caroline Matilda,^ dressed also in a slip, with hanging sleeves. Both the young Princesses had their hair combed upwards, which was contrived to lie flat at the back of their heads, in an elegant taste. The other persons who made up the remainder of this procession were those who had not a right to walk with their Majesties. The procession was closed by the three Mahometan Ambassadors, then at the Court, in the proper dresses of their country ; having their turbans of fine muslin on their heads, and long gowns of flowered and laced silk ; their sabres were crimson, and in each of them were enclosed a dagger and poniard. The great diamond in his Majesty's crown fell out in returning to Westminster Hall, but was immediately found and restored. ^ Afterwards Queen of Denmark. GLOSSARY. Acre, Cornish.— Blount says that a Cornish acre is equal to sixty of our statute acres. But an acre in Cornwall, and elsewhere, used to be under- stood of any large open ground, without exact reference to its dimensions. (Cabilia.) Acton or Aketon. — A kind of armour made of taffety, or leather quilted, &c., worn under the habergeon to save the body from bruises. Fr. Hocque- ton. — Gloss, to Vtucy's Reliques of Ancient Poetry,td.i\.. 1812,1.369. It occurs in [Percy's fanciful additions to] the old romantic tale of Sir Cauline : " Then manye a knighte was miclde of might Before his ladye gaye ; But a stranger wight, whom no man knewe, He wan the prize eche daye. " His ACTON it was all of blacke. His hewberke, and his sheelde,'' &c. The aketon, gambeson, vambasium, and jack were military vestments calculated for the defence of the body, differing little from each other except in their names : their materials and construction were nearly the same ; the authorities quoted by Grose show they were all composed of many folds of linen, stuffed with cotton, wool, or hair quilted, and commonly covered with leather, made of buck or doe skin. The aketon was long the sole defensive armour for the body worn by the English infantry ; as it not only covered the breast but also the belly, it was by the Germans called wambasiam, or the belly-piece ; the jack gave name to its diminutive the jacket (gambeson).^ Aeria, aery. — Aerias Austurcorum Domini Regis, the King's aeries of goshawks (or falcons, as some will have it), from the French Austour, a gos- hawk. — Blount. (Osturco.) Afforciamentum curia. — The calling of a court upon a solemn and extra- ordinary occasion. — Cowell's Interpreter. Afforciametttum. —A forcing or compelling to do something. — Ainsworth's Diet. Law Lat. sub voce. AffrivA Affra. — Bullocks or plough-horses. In Northumberland to this day they call a dull or slow horse a false Aver or Afer. — Spelm. Blount's Law Diet, sub voce Affrus. Affra, a bullock or heifer. — Law Fr. and Lat. Diet, by F. O. edit. 1 701. Aketon — (Acton). Alanararius. — A lanier, a kind of hawk. — Allan. As the word is Lanar- ius or Laneritis, it is difficult to account for the first vowel in Alanarii, and ^ The Explanatory Notes, which occur in the edition of 1 815 passim, will be found collected together in the following pages, enlarged and corrected throughout. ^ Grose's Milit. Antiq. vol. ii. pp. 246, 247, 248, and notes c, d, e, f, g. 4 1 2 Glossary. therefore, if there be such a word as Aladarius, I should suspect it to be misread for Aladarii— i.e., Alaudarii, meaning a hawk to fly at larks, as the Espervarius did at sparrows and other small birds. — Pegge. Albafi7-ma. — White or blanch money. In the record from which this tenure was extracted by Blount, there was a word illegible, which Blount supposed to be spinas — an unhappy guess, which led to a variety of fruitless contro- versy. There seems little or no doubt, however, that the true word was firma, and the ground for this opinion will presently appear. Divers con- jectures (observes Beckwith) have been formed upon a passage in the record of Domesday, relating to the manor of Kingston, which states that Humphrey the chamberlain had one of the villains belonging to that manor in his custody, " causa coadunandi lanam Reginge," and that he paid 20s. for his relief when his father died. Salmon says that the word coadunare signifies " to weave," and he supposes that this man carried on a woollen manufacture, by which he was enabled to pay a relief of 20s. on his father's death. A MS. in the Harleian collection' explains this matter very fully ; we are there informed that Ralph Postel held one hide of land in Combe by serjeanty — viz., by the service of collecting (colligendi) the Queen's wool ; and that the said hide was given to his ancestors, with this service annexed, by Henry I. In a subsequent record it is said that Ralph Postel's land, which was worth 20s. per annum, was escheated to the Crown, and that it had been held by the service of collecting the Queen's wool, and that if he did not collect it, he was to forfeit 20s. to the Crown. By the same MS. it appears that the above serjeanty was afterwards granted to Peter Baldwin." Now the truth is, that " the original revenue of our ancient Queens, before and soon after the Conquest, consisted in certain reservations or rents out of the demesne lands of the Crown, which were expressly appropri- ated to the Queen, distinct from the King. In Domesday Book, after spe- cifying the rent due to the Crown, it was not uncommon to add likewise the quantity of gold or other renders, reserved to the Queen. These were frequently appropriated to particular purposes : to buy wool for her Majesty's use, to purchase oil for her lamps, or to furnish her attire from head to foot." 3 This manor of Combe was plainly one of those "reservations or rents out of the demesne lands of the Crown," spoken of by Blackstone as "ex- pressly appropriated to the Queen's use ;" and, in the present instance, for the first of the purposes there mentioned — viz., " for buying wool for her Majesty's use." Humphrey the Chamberlain, who farmed this manor of the Queen by the service of co-adunating, i.e., getting together this wool, might possibly pay it in kind, collecting their respective portions of the several under-tenants. In succeeding, times, however, particularly when Postel, and afterwards Baldwin, farmed this manor, the wool-rent was compounded for by the payment of 20s. a year in silver at the Exchequer ; and a rent paid in silver was always called alba firma. It is not to be doubted, then, that Peter Baldwin held the serjeanty in Combe by collecting the Queen's wool " per albam firmam," i.e., by compositions iji silver, to be paid by the respec- tive under-tenants, to the amount of 20s. a year, or whether he did or not, should at least pay that sum annually himself for the same at the Treasury.* Alepiman and Alepimannus, a country servant. — Blount's Law Diet, sub verbo. Alepimannus, a kind of vassal. — Littleton's Diet. Law Lat. 1 No. 3 13, called a Transcript of knights' fees, and other tenures of lands,' and also of escheats and wards belonging to the Crown in the reigns of Hen. HI. and King John. The originals are not now to be found. " Lysons' Environs, vol. i. p. 236. ' See Blackstone's Comm. vol. i. p. 221, and the authorities there cited, among wliich is the very article in question. ^ Gent. Mag. 1789, pp. 202, 203. Glossary. a j , Altarage.— T\\^ offerings made upon the altar, and also the profit that arises to the priest by reason of the altar. — Jacob. See, however, p. 361. Ammobragium, a pecuniary acknowledgment paid by the tenants to the king, or vassals to their lord, for liberty of marrying or not marrying. Thus Gilbert de Maisnil gave ten marks of silver to Henry III. for leave to take a wife, and Cecily, widow of Hugh Peverell, that she might marry whom she pleased.^ It is strange that this servile custom should be retained so long. It has been pretended that the amobyr among the Welsh, the lyre-wite among the Saxons, and the mercheta mulierum among the Scots, were fines paid by the vassal to the superior, to buy off his right to the first night's lodging with the bride of the person who held from him : but I believe there never was any European nation (in the periods this custom is pretended to exist) so barbarous as to admit it. It is true that the power above ■cited was introduced into England by the Normans out of their own country. The amobyr, or rather gobr-merch, was a British custom of great antiquity, paid either for violating the chastity of a virgin or for the marriage of a vassal and signifies the price of a virgin. 2 The Welsh laws, so far from encourag- ing adultery, checked by severe fines even unbecoming liberties. ^ The amobyr was intended as a preservative against lewdness. If a viro-in was deflowered, the seducer, or in his stead her father, paid the fine. There is "one species so singular as to merit mention : if a wife proved unfaithful to her husband's bed, the poor cuckold was obliged to pay his superior five shillings as long as he did cydgysgu, i.e., sleep with her ; but if he forbore cohabiting with her, and she cydgysgu'd with her gallant, the fine fell on the offending fair. To cuckold the prince was expiated at a very high rate ; * the offender was fined in a gold cup and cover as broad as his Majesty's face, and as thick as a ploughman's nail who had ploughed nine years, and a rod of gold as tall as the king, and as thick as his little finger ; a hundred cows for every cantref he ruled over, with a white bull with different coloured ears to every hundred cows. The recompense to a virgin who had been seduced is very singular : on complaint made that she was deserted by her lover, it was ordered by the court, that she was to lay hold of the tail of a bull of three years old, intro- duced through a wicker-door, and shaven and well-greased. Two men were to goad the beast : if she could, by dint of strength, retain the bull, she was to have it by way of satisfaction ; if not, she got nothing but the grease that remained in her hands. It is singular that the ancient Britons should make so light of the crime intended, when one nation of our Teutonic ancestors, the Germans, inflicted the most cruel punishment on the female offender at least. The Saxons had their lyre-wyte, or lecher-wyte, for the same end that the Welsh had their amobyr. The crime is mentioned often in the Saxon laws : once with a cruel penalty denounced against the offender ; and a second time, with a strong dehortation from the commission. In general the crime was expiated with money, according to the degree of the person injured. The Indians at this time commute in certain degrees of offence, but oftener punish it with burning and other excruciating deaths. A mobyr — ( Amm obragium) . Arbalist, quasi Arcus-balista — (Cross-bow). Armour. — When plate-armour came into general use, which was about the middle of the fourteenth century, * the different pieces for a man-at- arms were these : a close helmet, having a visor to lift up and let down, or ' Leges WallicK, 78. ^ Leges WallicEe, 92, et Glossar. 554. 3 Leges WaUicse, 78. ^ Leges WallicEe, 199. ^ It is not to be supposed that before that time plate-armour was unknown ; his- tory affords us plenty of instances to the contrary ; but probably it was in the earlier periods too dear to be generally worn ; there are still many specimens of Roman plate-armour in the museums of the curious. Note (h) to Milit. Anttq. p. 104. 414 Glossary. one with a visor and bever, both revolving on the same pivots. When these were closed, the air was admitted through apertures made also for sight, and other smaller perforations opposite the mouth and nostrils. The neck and throat were defended by a gorget, or halercet ; the body by a cuirass, formed of two pieces hooked together, denominated back and breast pieces, from the parts they covered ; to the back was joined a garde de reins, or culet ; the arms were covered with brassarts, called also avant bras, and corruptly, vambraces, the hands by gauntlets, the shoulders by pouldrons, the thighs by cuissarts (or thigh-pieces), and the legs by iron boots, called greaves, and sometimes by boots of jacked leather. Under all these was worn a jacket of thick fustian, or buff leather ; shields seem to have been left off by the cavalry before this alteration. — Grose's Milit. Antiq. vol. i. pp. 104, 105. The visor was opened to obtain a less obstructed sight, and the bever to enable the wearer to converse more freely, and to eat or drink ; their use is pointed out by their names. — Grose's Milit. Antiq. vol. i. p. 104, note (i). The halecret (or halceret) was a kind of corcelet of two pieces, one before and one behind ; it was lighter than the cuirass. — Milit. Antiq. vol. ii. p. 250. The cuirass covered the body before and behind ; it consisted of two parts, a breast and back piece of iron, fastened together by means of straps and buckles, or other like contrivances. They were originally, as the name imports, made of leather, but afterwards of metal, both brass and iron. — Ibid. p. 249. Sometimes the part which covers the neck, and connects the helmet and cuirass, is fixed to the former, sometimes it is separate, and is then called a gorget, of which see a representation in plate 26, fig. 4. — Ibid. note (i). To the back-piece of the cuirass, for the protection of the loins, was hooked on a piece of armour called garde des reins, or culettes ; and the breast-piece was occasionally strengthened by an additional plate called a plaquet. — Ibid. p. 252. To the cuirass were buckled the armour for the shoulders and arms, the first called pouldrons, the second brassarts, garde bras, les avant bras, and corruptly in English vambraces. The vambraces included all the defence for the arms from the pouldrons to the wrist. — Ibid. Arura. — One day's work at the plough. — Kennett's Gloss, to Paroch. Antiq. in v. Asserto, more commonly Assarto. It signifies a piece of land converted from woodland into arable, and in the north and elsewhere is commonly called a ridding. See Blount's Law Diet, voce Assart. — Pegge. Asturcus, the same as Austurco or Osturco. — A goshawk. See the last edit, of Ducange in v. Spelman says, equus generosior, which Blount renders, " A little wag, or palfrey." Attainiatus. — " What this word may signify I am to learn." — Blount. Auca. — Unam aucam habilem pro prandio, etc., a goose fit for the lord's dinner on Michaelmas Day. — Blount. Auca, from the Norm. Fr. Ave,ox the French Oie, a goose. See Kelham's Norm. Fr. Diet. But quaere, whence arose the custom, still common in Yorkshire and elsewhere of hav- ing a goose for dinner on Michaelmas Day ? [See Popular Antiquities of Great Britain, 1 870, i. 207, 208, where, it must be confessed, however, that the question is not answered.] Blount, in his Glossographia, says, that " in Lancashire the husbandmen claim it as a due to have a goose intentos on the sixteenth Sunday after Pentecost ; which custom took origin from the last word of the old church-prayer of that day : Tua nos qusesumus, domine, gratia semper praeveniat et sequatur ; ac bonis operibus jugiter prasstet esse intentos. And that the common people mistake it for a goose with ten toes." But besides that the sixteenth Sunday after Pentecost, or after Trinity rather, being movable, and seldom falling upon Michaelmas Day, which is an immovable feast, the service for that day could very rarely be used at Michaelmas, there does not appear to be the most distant allusion to a goose in the words of that prayer. — E. Probably no other reason can be given for this custom, but that Michaelmas Day was a great festival, and geese at that time in highest season. In Denmark, where the harvest is later, every family Glossary. 415 has a roasted goose for supper on St Martin's Eve. Molesworth's Account of Denmark, p. lo. — Pegge. There is a bird nearly as large as a goose, called an auk, the alca of Linnjeus, which was allowed at one time to be eaten in Lent. — Sir Patrick Walker. Auxilium, commune. — Common aid. The word aid has divers significa- tions in the law. Sometimes it signifies a subsidy, as in 14 Edw. III. stat. 2, cap. I. Sometimes a prestation due from tenants to their lords, as towards the relief due to the lord paramount. — Glanvil, lib. g, cap. 8. This the King, or other lords, might of old lay on their tenants, for knighting his eldest son at the age of fifteen years, or marrying his daughter at seven. — Register of Writs, fo. 87, a. Blount's Law Diet. tit. Aid. Sometimes it signified a customary duty anciently payable to sheriffs out of certain manors, for the better support of their offices, and this last was called auxilium vice-comitis, the sheriffs aid. — Jacob's Law Diet, sub voce. And see Blackstone's Comment, lib. 2, cap. 5. — E. Auxilium vice-comitum. — The aid or customary dues paid to the sheriff for the better support of his office. — Kennet. Averakre silver. — I take this to be the same as avacre. Now, as aver signifies oats, especially in Yorkshire, some may think it may denote a pay- ment in lieu of oats, and this indeed might serve to explain aver-silver, but does not seem to suffice or account for the acre, a material part of the word. Therefore, as in the preceding article, we meet with the service of ploughing one half acre of land, perhaps it may mean a payment made in money — viz., sixpence — instead of ploughing an acre of land for sowing oats. — Pegge. Bacinettus — (Basnetus). Bacinus. — A basin, hence a skull-cap or head-piece. Blount, under Thet- hercote, printed bucinus for bacinus, and his editors founded on the former word (a trumpet) a long and very unnecessary note. Elsewhere basnetus and capella ferrea occur in the same sense. Batista. — A cross-bow, or an engine for discharging darts or stones. Balistarius. — A cross-bowman, or a person who used the balista. Ball— {^xxzo). Barde. — Covered. Old Fr. Basnetus. — A helmet, from the Norman- French bassinet, basinet, or bacinet, which signifies the same. Bacinets were light helmets, so called from their resemblance to a basin, and were generally without visors, though from divers quotations cited by Ducange,! they appear occasionally to have had them. Fauchet supposes them to have been a lighter sort of helmet, that did not cover the face, and says he finds that the knights often exchanged their helmets for bassinets, when much fatigued, and wishing to ease and refresh themselves, at a time when they could not with propriety go quite unarmed. Bassinets were worn in the reigns of Edward II. and III., and Richard II., by most of the EngUsh infantry, as may be repeatedly seen in the rolls of Parliament and other public records. Batellus.—K small boat.— Ainsworth's Diet, of Law Lat. Batinum sab. — I take batinus to mean a measure or certain quantity. Vide Ducange v. Battus. — -P- Sab probably is an abbreviation of the word sabia, small-beer. Vide Ducange in voce. — E. Bedellery.—1\ie same to a beadle, as bailiwick to a bailiff— i.e., the extent or circuit of his oSice.— Blount. Bedell is derived of the French word 1 Guil. Guiart. ) j.^ (^j^ gacinez a Visieres. An. 1270. j , I Hauberjons, et tacles Entieres An. 1304. I Escus, Bacinez a Visieres. -Grose's Milit. Antiq. vol. ii. pp. 242, 243, and note (p.) 41 6 Glossary. bedeau, which signifies a messenger of a court or under-bailiff, a verger or mace-bearer. Co. Litt. 234, b. Boyer^s French Diet. tit. Beadeau.— £". Bedellus.—h crier or messenger of a court, an under-bailiff of a manor, &c. See Blount's Law Diet, voce Bedel.— ^. Bederip. — One day's work in harvest. — Blount. From bede, a prayer, and rip, reap, the saine as what is now called a boon-day's work. — E. Bedgeld.—h custom by which, at every wedding of the man and woman of the homage, the lord was to have a certain bed or the price, according to the degree of the person married, whether noble or ignoble. — Blofnefield. (Ammobragium, Mercheta.) Berbiagium. — Under the article Bodman, Hals, in his Cornish History, says that " the jurisdiction and royalty over the river Alan, from Camelford to Padstow-rock, was given to this prior (i.e., of St Peter, in Bodmin) by Algar Earl of Cornwall, in right of the manor of Helston, in this hundred, excepting the right of free fishing to the tenants thereof. But since the disso- lution of this priory by King Henry VIII., this royalty is disjointed, if not quite dismembered from it, and enjoyed by such in copartnership as are the now owners of its lands and revenues, and by some others whose lands are con- tiguous with that river ; though the now duchy tenants of the manor of Helston aforesaid still pay barbeagu, or barba-gue rnoney (i.e., barbed-spear money) annually to the Duke of Cornwall, who is lord thereof, for free fishing with salmon-spears, for this sort of fishes therein." Under the article Calstock, Hals quotes the very tenure inserted by Blount, and adds that " barba-gue, barba-gyu, is in Cornish a bearded or barbed spear, such as is commonly used for kilhng salmons in the Tamer and other rivers." As Calstock and Clymeslond are adjoining parishes, and both situated on the river Tamer, I presume that the meaning of berbiagium is sufficiently ascer- tained.^ Bercelett. — A hound. — Blount Quaere, if not a shepherd's cur, from the Norm. Fr. bercil, a sheepfold. See Kelham's Norm. Fr. Diet. — E. Ber- selette is the same word. Bersatio. — The chase. Ad bersandum. — To chase or shoot. Gloss, to Matth. Paris.— Pegge. Besant. — The silver besant or bezant, so called from the city of Byzan- tium, was of the value of two shillings. See Kennet, Gloss, ad. Paroch. Antiq. voce Bezantine. Besants were of two sorts, the gold and silver besants. These coins are not now known ; but Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury (who came to the see in the year 9S9), as it is in the authentical deed, purchased Hendon, in Middlesex, of King Edgar, at Westminster, for 200 bizantines ; of what value they were was utterly forgotten in the time of King Edward III., for whereas the Bishop of Norwich was condemned to pay a bizantine of gold to the Abbot of St Edmundsbury, for encroaching on his liberty in the time of the Conqueror, no man then living could tell how much that was, so that it was referred to the King to rate how much he should pay, which was the more strange, considering that but a hundred years before, 200,000 bezants were exacted by the Soldan for redeeming St Louis of France, which were then valued at 100,000 livres. — Blount's Glosso- graphia, voce Bizantine. — E. As that transaction about Louis was in the East, the value of the bezant might, nevertheless, be unknown in England. The value of the silver bezant, however, was well known — viz. two shillings. — Pegge. Besca. — A spade or spittle, from the French beseher, to dig or delve. — Blount. Beverches. — Bed-works, or customary services, done at the bidding of the lord, by his inferior tenants. — Jacob. ' Gent. Mag. July 1790, p. 608. Glossary. 4 1 7 Bidrepe — (Bederip). Bill. — In Much ado about Nothing, act iii. scene 3, Dogberry says to the 2d Watch : " Why, you speak like an ancient and most quiet watchman ; for I cannot see how sleeping should offend : only have a care that your bills be not stolen." In Johnson's time a bill was still carried by the watchmen at Lichfield. It was the old weapon of English infantry, which, says Temple, gave the most ghastly and deplorable wounds. It may be called securis falcata. It also occurs in the Second Part of King Henry VI. act iv. scene 7, where Dick, one of Jack Cade's followers, asks : " My Lord, when shall we go to Cheapside, and take up commodities upon our bills ? " Perhaps this is an equivoque, alluding to the brown bills or halberds, with which the commons were anciently armed. — Note. And again in Tiinon of Athens, act iii. scene 4 : — " Lucius Serv. — Put in now, Titus. Titus. — My Lord, here is my bill. Luc. Serv. — Here 's mine. Hortensius Serv. — And mine, my Lord. Both Van Serv. — And ours, my Lord. Philotus. — All our bills. Tim. — Knock me down with 'em : cleave me to the girdle." Timon quibbles. They present their written bills ; he catches at the word, and alludes to the bills or battle-axes which the ancient soldiery carried, and were still used by the watch in Shale (Norm. Fr. strepe). — Stirrup. See StrigiF supri. Suit-silver. — A small rent or sum of money paid in some manors to excuse the appearance of freeholders at the courts of their lords. — Tomlin. Summa.—A load. S. avence. — A load of oats. S. virgarum. — A horse-load of rods or wattles. Summarius. — A horse for carriage, from summa, a load. Blount explained it sumpter-horse. Summoner or Sumner. — A small officer, whose duty is to cite persons to appear in a court of law. More frequently it is employed in connection with the ecclesiastical court. Swarf-money. — Another name apparently for smoke-money. It is men- tioned by Blount, who describes how it was to be paid. It amounted to three half-pence. See Halliwell's Diet, in v. Tak or Tack. — A term applied in Scotland to an annual payment or lease, so that tak means a certain annual sum for right to the use of the mill, and a toll, a certain rate or duty when the right is at any time exercised. — Sir Patrick Walker. See Madox, Formul. p. 188, and Ducange, vv. Tac, Tacus. —Pegge. Tallage. — A tax or tribute. Talliare. — To tax or assess. Talliari de certo tallagio, is to be assessed or taxed at such a rate or proportion, imposed by the King on his barons or knights, or by them on their inferior tenants. The inferior tenants sometimes made a composition with their lords for this tallage. This tallage of the customary tenants was sometimes fixed and certain, and sometimes at the arbitrary pleasure of the lord. The lords in Ireland impose an arbitrary tax on their tenants, which they call a cutting, the literal meaning of the French word taillage. — Kennet. Tanist. — See Lyttelton's Hist, of Hen. II. iii. 860. ( Tanistry Law, in text.) Target. — The target,' or buckler,^ was carried by the heavy-armed foot ; it answered to the scutum of the Romans. Its form was sometimes that of a rectangular parallelogram, but more commonly had its bottom rounded off ; it was generally convex, being curved in its breadth. Targets were mostly 1 From tergum, a hide. ^ Junius derives the word bucler from the German beuchelcr, or Iwcken-ker, i.e., the skin of a goat. 442 Glossary. made of wood, covered with many folds of bull's hide or jacked leather,^ and occasionally with plates of brass or iron ; the extremities were always bound with metal, and frequently from the centre of the front projected a boss or umbo armed with a spike. On the inside were two handles. Men of family usually had their armorial bearings painted on their targets. After the inven- tion of firearms, instead of the spike the centre of some targets were armed with one or more small gun-barrels, a grate or aperture being left in the target for the convenience of taking aim. Several of these are mentioned in Mr Brander's MS." One is still shown in' the Spanish armoury in the Tower of London. The shields or targets were of different sizes ; those of the ancients were so large as to cover almost the whole body, so that when a sentinel had set the case of his shield on the ground,' he could rest his head on the upper margin. They were also large enough to convey the dead, or those dangerously wounded, from the field, as is evident from the well-known exhortation of the Lacedemonian women to their sons and husbands, " Bring this back, or come back upon it " — a circumstance that also marks the igno- miny attending the loss of a shield. This was common to all nations ; and at the close of the fourteenth century a knight who had lost his shield was said to want his coat armour, and could not sit at the table with the other knights until he had, by some honourable exploit or feat of arms against the enemy, obliterated that disgrace. If, before this was achieved, he should attempt to place himself among them, it was the duty of the herald to tear his mantle. An example of this is mentioned in the note below.* — Grose's Milit. Antiq. vol. ii. pp. 255, 256, where see a figure of a curious shield, plate xlviii. fig. 2. Tassum. — The mough. Ad t.furcare. — To pitch to the mough. — Blount. Temptis pinguedinis et tempus firmationis. — Buck season and doe season The former word, pinguedo, iroxaptnguis, fat, being the season when bucks were fattest ; and the laiXer, firmisiona tempus, the venison season in winter, or doe season. See Ainsw. Diet, of Law Lat. ; Pegge's Dissertation on the word Fermesoun ; Blount's Zaw Diet. tit. Tempus Pinguedinis et Firma- tionis, &c. Tenella (or Tonelld). — A little tun or tub, a rundlet, as of ale or wine. Tentor. — The man who held the plough.. The passage in the record where this word occurs was wrongly pointed by Blount, and consequently mis- understood. TerrcB. — Closed or hedged fields. T. husbandce. (Husbanda.) Tesso. — The badger (Fr. taisson or tesson). See i^Inst. 294. Thanagium. — A part of the King's lands whereof the governor was called a thane. — Littleton's Diet. Law Latin. Thistle-toe. — Thistle tax. See Halliwell's Diet, in v. Thynagio. — A rare word, which may mean cooperage, tina or tyna signify- ing a wooden vessel or cask in Ducange ; or it may have reference to thing, a part, hundred, or division of a county, for which see Spelm. voce Thingus, ' By the laws of Athelstane, any shield-maker covering a'shield with sheep-skins, forfeited thirty shillings ; a prodigious fine in those days. See the Saxon laws. ' Targetts steilde w. gonnes, 35 ; targetts playne without gonnes, 7 ; targett with XX litle gonnes ; oone terget w. four gonnes ; oone, a long tergett w. oone gonne ; oone, a target of the shell of a tortys ; oone, in the Tower. * An iron spike was fixed to the bottom of the ancient shields, for the purpose of fixing them in the ground. These spikes were also useful in battle. * Hujusque ritus prseclarum habetur exemplum apud Willelmum Hedam in Fred- rico episcopo Ultrajectensi, sub. ann. 1395 ; quippe narrat comiti Ostrevandise Willelmo, mensse Regis Francorum assidenti cum aliis principibus, fecialem quera Heraldam vocant, lacerasse mantile sibi antepositum, ohjicientem indignum fore quod aliquis interesset mensse Regise caiens insignibus avmorum, innuentem insignia ipsius Willelmi apud Frisos orientales amissa.— Z5«fa;«^f. Glossary, 443 Thungrerius, and Trithinga. — Pegge. Perhaps this may be a misprint for Themmagium, for which see Tomlins' in v. Timber-waits, i.q. (forsan) timbrel-waits, or players on timbrels. To me and to mine. — Qusere, says Beckwith, if it ought not to be read, ^'■from trie and from, mine " ? To me and to mine, I suppose, quite right, as by the terms of the grant the King and his heirs continued their interest in it, failing the heirs of Hopeton, lawfully begotten, who by these terms were pre- vented from assigning it away. — Sir Patrick Walker. Tod. — A measure or quantity. Sex t. herbce. — Six tods of grass. I cannot find the word applied to anything but wool. A tod of wool is 28 lb., six of which amount to a very small proportion of the produce of a yard-land (see post in v.), even supposing it to mean no more than a rood ; and therefore I apprehend either that I do not understand, or that Mr Blount has not truly copied, the record. — E. I do not understand that six tods were the whole produce, but that each mower was to have six tods for his perquisite ; for the record is plainly speaking here of what the mowers were to have. — Pegge. Toillect. — Query, something to eat, perhaps tripes ? for which see Cotgrave, V. Toile. — Pegge. Toll. — A tribute or customary payment ; literally, as Ducange puts it, it is an exaction, from Lat. tollo. Tolsester. — A fine for licence to brew. See Blount's Law Diet, in v. — E. Tressellum. — A trestle (Fr. treteau or trusteau). — E. Tribulum. — Some larger sort of arrow, shot out of a cross-bow. — A. It seems to mean a quarrel discharged from that engine which was called a tribulus ; for which see Ducange. — Pegge. Trusula. — A small truss or bundle (dim. of trussa). Ainsworth's Diet, of Law Lat. — E. Tung, Tong, Twng, or Tunc, was called also punt twug, or tu7ic pound,. and was " the proportion of tribute-money due from each free tenant to the lord in lieu of payments in kind." — Denbigh and its Lordship, i860, p. ij. Turbary. — The right of digging turf. Tutesbir. — Probably for Tutesbiry, i.e., Tutbury or Stutesbury, co. Stafford Pharetra de T. — A quiver made at Tutbury. Sir Patrick Walker, however, in a note to edit. 1815, thought that it was the name rather of some material. Utfang-theof. — The privilege of taking any runaway felon, and bringing him back within the jurisdiction of the lord's court, to be tried there. See Tomlins' Law Diet. edit. 1835, v. Infangthef; and also Liber Albus, edit. Riley, p. 129. It was at one time thought that the word might be utgang, for which see Lye's Saxon Diet, in v. edit. 1772. Valet (Lat. valectus). — "In the ancient records of Henry the Second, Edward the First, and Edward the Second, the appellations of valecti or valetti de camera Regis frequently occur, being honourable, attendants upon the King's person ; and whom Dr Battine, in an elaborate investigation, considers to be those officers who are now called the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber. Being high in office, they were remunerated not by stipulated wages, but by grants and tenures of lands." — Carlisle's Inquiry, &c., 1829, pp. 2, 3, where there is a great deal more on the subject. Carlisle him'self thought that these valets were originally retainers of the Crown. But the term gradually became identified with the dependents of the nobility and great churchmen ; and thence it acquired the sense of any male servant. In the wardrobe account of the 28th of King Edward I., A.D. 1300, under the article of Esquires, we meet with many persons entitled valets, with the daily pay of 1 2d. Ducange and other writers are of opinion that the appellation of valet was generally given to young gentlemen of rank and family who were not yet knighted.— Grose's Milit. Antiq. vol. i. p. 273, where see more, note (u). Shakespeare, in his Troilus and Cressida, act 1. scene i, emplo) s 444 Glossary^ the word in the way in which, we may presume, it was generally understood in his day : — " Call here my varlet, I '11 unarm again : Why should I war without the walls of Troy, That find such cruel battle here within ? " See Dyce's Shakespeare Glossary, 1868, v. Varlet. Vanthrace or Vambrace (Fr. avant-bras).—Covs.tva% for the forearm. In Troilus and Cressida, act i. scene 3, Nestor says to Agamemnon : — " Tell him from me, I '11 hide my silver beard in a gold beaver. And in my vantbrace put this withered brawn." From which, notwithstanding what is said in Dyce's Shakespeare Glossary, V. Vantbrace, where Meyrick is cited, and the obvious etymology of the word itself, it would almost seem, from the mention of brawn, that this piece of armour extended above the elbow. However, it is a point on which the poet may well have tripped. Vas.—K dish, and hence perhaps the miller's toll-dish. Adtertium decimum V. should be interpreted, not " to the thirteenth sheaf," but " to the thirteenth dish!' A note in edit. 1815, refers us to Ruffhead's Statutes, i. 186, for Ordinationes pro pistoribus. Veltrarius or Vautrarius. — A keeper of the canes veltrices (Fr. veltre) or greyhounds. See Ducange, edit. 1840, v. Veltrarius. Venatio. — Deer. Hence [indirectly] our word venison. — Pegge. Vert (Fr. verd—\.e., viridis, otherwise called green hue). — Everything that grows and bears green leaf within the forest, that may cover a deer. Vert is also sometimes taken for that power which a man hath by the King's grant to cut green wood in the forest. — Blount's Law Diet, sub verbo. Veware. — A word which seems to be without meaning, and is protjably an error altogether. What is evidently intended is some special and temporary impost. Vexillum peditum. — The colours of a foot company. — Blount. Virga. — A rod. Virgcs ferrece ductiles. — Iron rods wrought into a fit state for making nails for the King's ships. — Blount. Virgata terrce. — Ten acres of land, according to the old custom, make a ferdell {fardingdeal or farundel), and icmx ferdells make a yard-land. Yard- land is a quantity of land, different according to the place or country ; as at Wimbledon, in Surrey, it is but fifteen acres, in other counties it is twenty, in some twenty-four, and in others thirty and forty acres.^ The fourth part of an acre in some places is called a yard-land, and half an acre is a selion. Virones. — Boatmen, such as could manage the passage-boat. See Spelman in V. Vivarium. — A fish-pond. Wait-fee. — A fee payable on account of the waits or musicians. See Timber [timbrel] waits, suprd. Surely Blount's explanation cannot stand : "money paid by the tenant in lieu of his waiting or attendance at the castle"? But it may be that wait should be understood watch; and then wait-fee might be a payment made to' exempt the tenant from the service of castle-guard. ( Ward-silver infri.) Walla, Hallingbury de. — There were two Hallingburys or Hastingburys in Essex, Great 37' ColvUle, Sir Thomas, 91" Colynson, William, 293 Compes, John, 122 Condrey, Peter de, 238 Constant3m, Geoffrey, 267 Conyers, Sir John, 284, 285 Corbet, Roger, 71 Cornwaile, Geoffrey de, 49 Cornwall, Richard Earl of, 49 Coi-son, Eustace de, 59 Cotster, Edmund, 72 Cotteley, John de, 1 72 ; Nicholas de, 172 Couper, Ambrose, 430 Couppman, John, 358 Courtenay, Hugh, 283 ; Hugh de, 374 ; Sir Hugh, 283 ; John Lord, 232 ; John de, 232 ; Catherine, Countess of Devon, 283 Cownall, William, 35 Craucumbe, G. de, 260 Creffield family, 312 Crepping, Dionysia de, 16; Hugh de, 311; Robert de, 16 Cresey, William, 35 Cressenes, George, 317 Crevel, Robert, 90 Crew, Sir John, 94 Criol, Bertram de, 271 Crouchback, Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, 330, 331 Crumwell, Thomas Lord, 1 79 Cukeney, Thomas de, 92 Cumberland, Henry Earl of, 77 Curtese, John de, 300 Curzonn, Thomas, 281 Daggeworth, John de,. 92; Nicholas de, 92 Dalden, Sir Jordan de, loi Daniel, Sir Richard, 320 Danvers, William, 357 Darel, Sir Marmaduke, 125 Darlington, Hugh de, 253 Daubeny, John de, 183 D'Abernon, Sir John, 299 Delle, Ralphe, 73 Denbaud, John, 299 Denman, Thomas, 322 Derby, William Richard George Earl of, 64 et seq. ; Robert Ferrers Earl of, 330 ; William de Ferrers Earl of, 202 Derwine, John, 151 De Sap or de Brioniis, Baldwin, 232 Despenser, Adam le, 294 ; Hugh le, 30, III, 319 Devereux, Robert, Earl of Essex, 107 Devonshire, Earl of, 341, 343 ; Duke of, 332. 334. St seg. Diamond, Dr, 346 Dingley, John, 241 Docket, Margaret, 186 Doily, Sir John, 161 Dona, William de, 35 Done, Henry, 94 ; Sir John, 94 ; Richard, 94 ; family of, 94 Donne, Robert de la, 34 ; William de la, 34 Dover, Isabella de, 73 ; Robert, 90 Drayton, Michael, 90 ; Sir John, 9 Drokenesford, 262 DiTiry, William, 201 2 F 450 Index of Persons. Dudley, Ambrose, Earl of Warwick, i8o ; Edward Lord, 195 Dunstable, Robert de, 373 Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury, 416 Dutton, Hugh, 68, 70; John, 69, 70; Lawrence, 69; Thomas, 70 Dyleu, Adam de, 102 Dymock, Margaret, 269; Sir Edward, 269 ; Sir John, 269 ; Thomas, 269 ECCLESIA, Gilbert de, 72 Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, 330, 331 Edmunds, Tobias, 381 Edmundsthorpe, Henry de, 125 Edric Silvaticus, 379 Egerton, Sir John, 164 Egfrid Bishop of Lindisfame, 346 Egglesfield, Robert, 251 Eldresfeld, Richer de, 115 Eleford, Robert de, 194 Elenorde, Robert de, 88 EUesmere, Lord Chancellor, 164 El vet, John de, 4, 227, 245 Elyng, Roger de, 116 Engaine, Elena d', 24S ; Gilbert de, 76 ; John, 129, 348 ; Richard, 137 ; Sir John d', 245 ; Thomas, 245 ; English, Thomas, 289 ; "William, 289 Erchanger the Baker, 79 Erles, family of, 240 Erpingham, Sir Thomas, 63 Espicier, Peter le, 256 ; Robert le, 256 Essex, Robert Earl of, 107 Estley, John de, 1 1 1 Estoii, Robert de, 208 Eustace, Earl of Boulogne, 317 Evreux, William d', 114 Ewe, Alice Countess of, 236 Exeter, Marquis of, 421 ; Walter Bishop of, 126, 283 Eyles, Sir John, 204 Eylesford, Robert de, 194 Eylmyn, William, 35 Eynham, Roger de, 239 Eyre, John, 54 Fabrica, Walkelin de, 348 Faintro, Ade de, 121 ; Isabella de, 121 Fauconberg, Philip de, 2 ; Sir Walter de, 92 Fauconer, Edmund, 157; Ralph de, 181 Fayrey, John, 108 Fede, Thomas de la, 121 Fernbureg, Henry de, 1 10 Ferrars or Ferrers, Henry de, 330; Robert de. Earl of Derby, 330 ; Sir John de, 48 ; Sir Thomas, 330 ; William de. Earl of Derby, 202 Ferte, Sir Robert de la, 254 ; William de la, 433 Figge, William, 221 Fillot, Baldwin, 8 Fin-mac- coul, 418 Fish, Robert, 359 ; William, 359 Fitz Alan, John, 248 ; Juliana, Z48 ; William, 240 Fitz Alexander, Robert, 381 Fitz-Aucher, Richard, 117 Fitz Auger, William, 32 Fitz-Daniel, William, 306 Fitz-Eustace, WiUiam, 297 Fitz-Floyer, Richard, 124 Fitz Gilbert, William, 8 Fitz Gunnuld, William, 8 Fitz Hubert, Elias, 207 ; William, 207 Fitz Hugh, Robert, Baron of Malpas, 70 Fitz John, Godfrey, 200; William, 191 Fitz Nigell, John, 52 ; William, 52 Fitz Odo, Philip, 155 Fitz Osbert, Robert, 90 ; Roger, Z07 Fitz Piers, Reginald, 294 Fitzrobert, Walter, 317 Fitz Sampson, John, 168 Fitz Simon, Simon, 92 Fitz- Walter, Robert, 97 ; the Lords, 310 Fitz-Warin, William, 102, 118 Fitz Warine, Fulke, 23 Fitzwarren, John, 383 Fitz Water, Robert, 97 Fitzwilliam, Earl, 306 ; Henry, 220 ; Otho, 197 Flamberd, Ranulph, 346 Fleming, John, 115 Flemmangh, Joceus le, 91 Fletcher, Ralph le, 33, 134 Floier, John, 232 Foden, Edward, 343 Foliot, Jordan, 136 Foljambe, Francis F., 430 ; John, 368 ; Nicholas, 380 Fordham, John, Bishop of Durham, 4, loi, 243, 24s, 264, 359 Forester, Roger le, 357 Fornecotes, Hugh de, 254 ; Ivo de, 254 Foulkes, Mrs, 294 Foweler, John, 378 Foxlowe, Samuel, 330 Frankelen, William, 191 Fraunceys, Henry le, 184 Freman, Richard, 125 ; William le, 125 Freme, Thomas, 142 Frevile, Alexander de, 269 ; Baldwin , 269 ; Sir Baldwin, 269 Fridele, Roger de, 219 Frumband, Geoffrey, 375 Fuller, Thomas le, 98 Furnival, Thomas Lord, 122, 275, 277 Gaidesden, John de, 324 Gamelbere, , 91 Gardener, John, 291 Gardinar, William, 187 Gatelyn, Walter, 360 Gatesden, William de, 199 Gatton, Hamo de, 126, 128, 129 ; Robert de, 126, 127 Index of Persons. 451 Gaunt, Gilbert de, 153 ; John of, Duke of Lancaster, 34, 60, 297, 331, 341 Geary family, 237 Gedney, Thomas, 341 Gely, John, 376 Gerard, Lord, of Bromley, 70, 309 ; Robert, 15 Germeyn, Nicholas, 47 ; Robert, 47 Gernet, Wiraan, 157 Gernon, Randal de. Earl of Chester, 376 Gherbord, 67 Gibson, John, 361 GlanvUle, Adam de, 121 ; Walter de, 121 Glapton, Gervase de, 130 Gloucester, Miles de, Earl of Hereford, 82 ; Gilbert Earl of, 262 ; Gilbert de Clare Earl of, 357 ; Humphrey the good Duke of, 83 ; Richard Duke of, afterwards Richard III., 84; Thomas of Woodstock Duke of, 82, 83, 119 Glutun, Gilbert, 231 Gorges, Bartholomew, 301 ; Elena de, 34 ; Thomas, 301 Gourlay, William de, 247 Grandison, Otho de, 67 Grant, Robert de, 318 ; Sir Archibald, 222 Grantesmenel, Hugh de, 297 Grauncestre, Gilbert de, 114 Grave, Geoffrey de la, 348 Gray, Robert, 132 Graystanes, Thomas de, 88 Gredney, family of, 324 Greene, Henry de, 9 Greenhill family, 75, 188 ; Thomas, 188 Greseley, William de, 96 Gretham, R. de, 264 Grey, Anthony de. Earl of Kent, 243 ; Henry de, of Codnor, 329 ; Leonard Lord, of Ruthyn, 9, 242, 243 ; Regi- nald de, 119, 356; Richard de, 267; Sir Thomas, 22 ; William de, 162 ; Lords, of Wilton, 22 Griffin, King, 26 Griffith ap Llewelyn, King, 26 Guert, Earl, 207 Guldeford, Sir Richard, 159 Gundevill, William de, 208 Gundred, daughter to the Conqueror, 302 Gwyder, Peter Lord, 66 Haddon, Daniel, 72 ; Samuel, 72 Hadfield, Rev. Mr, 151 Hale, William de, 139 Halton, Nigel Baron of, 142 Hamton, Emmade, 228 Hardekyn, 377 Hardene, William de, 360 Harlakenden, Richard, 108 Harold, Earl, 210, 216 Harpour, Gilbert le, 71 Harrecurt, Richard de, 305 Hashwell, Simon de, 147 Haslewood, Francis, 72 Hastings, Cecily de, 367 ; Humphrey de. 367 ; John, I ; John de, 9 ; John, Earl of Pembroke, 243 ; Laurence, Earl of Pembroke, 10 ; Matthew de, 136, 148 ; Philip de, 367 j William de, 9 Hatfield, Thomas, Bishop of Durham, 25, 28, 86, 88, Id, 132, 167, 188, 201, 208, 243, 253, 255, 268, 284, 286, 292, 349, 358, 359, 362 Hauvile, Henry de, 100 ; Hugh de, lOO ; Ralph de, 99 ; Walter de, 142 Havering, Henry de, 224 ; Richard de, 152 ; William de, 152 Haversegge, Matthew de, 95 Hawys gadarn, 248 ; Lady, of London, no Hay, John de la, 188 ; Richard de, 155 Helebek, Ranulph de, 262 Henry IV., K., 26, 63, 76, 105 Henry V., K., 119, 164, 251 Herdewyk, Robert de, 79 Hered, Alexander, 80 Hereford, Humphrey de Bohun Earl of, 56, 82, 84 ; Miles Earl of, 82 Hereward, Robert, 114 Hering, Nicholas, 128 Herlham, Ralph de, 156 Herrick family, 21, 22 ; W. Perry, 21, 22 Hersey, Maunesumus de, 236 HerthuU, Richard de, 247 Hertrug, PhiUp de, 157 Heryngton, William, 365 Hette, Jo.,73 Hevene, Walter de, 264 Hevingham, William de, 230 Hewds, Lawrence, 361 Hewes, David, 361 Heyle, Robert de, 66 Heyr, William, 165 Heyton, Adam de, 207 , Thomas de, 207 Hill, John, 54 Hillesdon, John de, 265 Hilton, Robert de, 272 Ho, Eustace de, 259; Jeremy del, 160 Hobbshort, William, 29 Hochangre, James de, 161 Holeford, Thomas de, 188 Holland, Owen, 86; Thomas, Earl of Kent, 105 Ilolraesworth, Ralph, 130 Holt, John de. 134 Hoppeshort, William, 29 Hore, Walter le, 191 Horkestow, Henry de, 124 Honiecliffe, Catherine, 249 Hose, Robert de, 17 Hotham, John de, 92 Howard, Charles, Duke of Norfolk, 107 ; Henry, Duke of Norfolk, 107 ; John Lord, 105 ; Thomas Lord, 107 ; Thos., Duke of Norfolk, 107 ; Sir Charles, 251 Howell, Thomas, 168 Howson, John, 351 Hugefort, Henry de, 322 452 Index of Persons. Hugh Lupus Earl of Chester, 142 Hull, Geoffrey de la, 40; Millicent de la, 40 Hulton, Robert de, 202 Humphrey the Chamberlain, 412 Hungerford, Sir John, 262 ; Sir Thomas, 262 ; Sir Walter, 164 Hunt, George, 420 ; WiUiam, 57 Hurding, Robert, 189 Hures, William, 151 Hurnell, William, 187 Huth, Henry, 91 Hutton, Godfrey le, 156 Hyngoldyeby, Sir Roger de, 125 Inge, William, 58 Insula, Robert de, 100; William de, 361 Isle, Robert de 1', 100 ; William de 1', 361 James I., 131 ; Henry, 361 Joce, Walter, 129 John King of England, 6, 133 ; William ap, 27 ; of Brittany, 207, 383 Jonsoo, Ben, 90 Kendall, John, 241 Kent, Anthony Earl of, 243; Edward Earl of, 88 ; Godwin Earl of, 96, 234, 297 ; Hubert de Burgo Earl of, 109; Thomas Earl of, 105 Kerdyff, William de, 251 Kierkebi, Adam de, 185 Kilpec, Hughde, 317 King, Joan, 293 ; John, 293 Kingleigh, Ranulph of, 94 Kingley, Richard de, 94 Kingsham, William de, 348 Kingsley, Randal de, 94 Knightley, Robert, 363 Knolles, Thomas, 221 Knyvett, John, 46 Lacy, Henry de. Earl of Lincoln, 58 John, 68 ; Roger, 68 La Merk, family of, 79 Lancaster, Edmund Crouchback Earl of, 330. 331 ; Henry Duke of, 129, 255, 297 ; John of Gaunt Duke of, 34, 60, 297, 331, 341 ; Thomas Earl of, 129, 209, 273, 331 Langley, John de, 187 Larcedekene or Archdeacon, Stephen, 224 ; William, 224 Lardiner, David le, 384 ; Philip le, 384 Latimer, John Lord, 22 Leek, Francis, 116 Leeke, Sir John, 169 Legre, John de, 191 ; William de, 191 Leicester, Edm. Crouchback Earl of, 297, V. Lancaster ; Henry Earl of, 297 ; Henry Grismund Earl of, 297 ; Simon Earl of, 297 ; Thomas Earl of, 297 Leston, Joan, 199 ; William, 199 Lettewelle, Thomas de, 192 Leybourne, William de, 201 Leyburn, Roger de, 49 ; William de, 220 Limeres, William de, 80 Lincoln, Alured de, 97 ; Henry de Lacy Earl of, 58 Linde, T. de, 367 Lindsey, Montague Earl of, 63 ; Robert Earl of, 63, 65 Lions, Richard, 199 Listen, John de, 199 Lizures, Richard de, 230 Lodeham, Robert de, 274 Lolepeke, Simon, 53 London, Adrian de, 109 ; John de, 109, 374 ; John Bishop of, 361 ; Maurice de, 181 ; William de, 321 Longchamp, Hugh de, 372 ; Sir Osbert de, 236 Longespee, William, 114 Longford, Nicholas de, 184 ; Sir Nicholas de, 184 Lorens, William, 267 Lovain, Joceline de, 193 Loveday, William, 370 Lovel, Henry, 60 ; family, 263 Lovell, William, 23 Lucy, Geoffry de, 2 Ludlow, Sir Thomas, 269 Lungevill, Thomas de, 367 Lupus, Hugh, Earl of Chester, 142 Lydom, Howel de, 27 Lynde, John de la, 371 ; Walter de !a, 371 Lyston, Geffrey de, 376 Lytelton, Richard, 170 Mabank, Ruald, 274 Macduff Earl of Fife, 225 Magnus III., K. of Norway, 210 Malbanc, William de Malbedenge Baron of, 70 Malijedenge, William de, 70 Malehovers, William de, 384 Malenteys, Robert, 356 Malharteis, Roger, 137 Malherb, Robert, 8 Malmayns, Nicholas de, 355 Malore, Anketil, 233 Malory, Nicholas, 168 Malosse, John, 54 Mapertshale, Gilbert de, 381 March, Edmund Earl of, 104 Marche, Sir William, 122 Mareschal, Richard de, 206 ; Thomas de, 206 Marisco, Walter de, 90 Marlborough, John Duke of, 379 Marmion, family of, 307 ; Philip, 269, 317; Robert de, 268, 269 Marshall, Gilbert, Earl of Strygel, 104 ; John, 103, 379 ; John le, 55 ; Peter the, 290 ; Robert the, 13 ; William, 103 Martell, Felicia, 259 ; William, 259 Martinwas, Walter de, 381 Massey, Hamon de, 40 Mauley, Peter de, 13 Index of Persons. 453 Maunsel, Robert, 261 Mauntel, Walter, 201 May, Sir Thomas, 99 Maynard, William, 157 Meaulinges, WiUiam de, 26 Menyll, Nicholas de, 369 Meose, Thomas de, 113 Mercer, John, 306 Merks, John de, 367 Meschines, Ranulph or Randal de. Earl of Chester, 94, 376 ; William de, 115 Metham, John de, 198 ; Sir Thomas, 247 Michelgrove, Henry, 156 MicheU, John, 219 ; Richard, 219 ; William, 219 Midrigg, Thomas de, 220 Minnebode, Peter, 54 Moigne, Henry le, 11 1; Sir Henry, 199; John le, 199; Ralph le, iii; Theo- bald le, 273 ; William le. III Molesey, Walter de, 225 Molyns, John, 10 Molyns, Sir John, 10, 65 Monboucher, Bertram, 246 Monhault, Robert de, Earl of Arundel, 152, V. Monthault Monmouth, Henry de, 223; Walter de, 215 Montacute, John, Earl of Salisbury, 105 ; William, 247 ; William de. Earl of Salis- bury, 104, 210 ; William de, 374 ; Lord William, 176, 272 Montagu, William de, 10 Monte, Humphrey de, 368 Monte Alto, Isabella de, 161 Montealto (Monhault), Roger de, 60, 152 Montfort, Simon de, 330 Montgomery, Sir John, 314, 315, 317 Monthault, Robert Baron de, 70 More, Gunnore de la, 375 ; Nicholas la, 224 ; Roger de la, 223 Moretein, William, 269 Mortagne and Surrey, William Earl of, 317 Morteshore, Nicholas de, 184 Mortimer, Edmund, Earl of March, 104 ; Robert de, 49 Morton, Edward de, 421 ; John de, 421 ; Richard de, 42 1 Morville, John, 67 Moteham family, 312 Moucel, William de, 7 Mountfort, Simon de. Earl of Leicester, 297 Mowbray, John, Duke of Norfolk, 105 ; Lady Isabel, 106 ; Thomas Lord, 91 ; Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, 83 Moyne, William le, 199, 232, 268 Moyse, John, 112, 113 Muchgrave, Cecilia, 25 Muletorp, William de, 233 Munday, Thomas, 205 Mundevil, Peter de, 6 Mundevill, Robert de, 189 Musard, John, 295 Muschamp, Francis, 56 Musgrave, Joan de, 29 ; Thomas de, 29 Mytton, John, 57 Napper, Mamgarus le, 354 Nevill, Hugh de, 362; Ralph, Earl of Westmorland, 105 ; Ralph, Lord of Raby, 253 ; Sir Henry, 355 ; Sir John, 254, 362 ; Sir Ralph de, 253 ; Thomas de, 124; Thomas, Lord Fumival, 122 Newborough, Robert de, 374 Newburgh, Alexander de, 227 Newenton, Thomas, 256 Newmarch, Adam de, 24 Newnham, Prior of, 329 Nigell, , 51 Nigellus, 229 Norfolk, Roger Bygod Earl of, 15, 103 ; Thomas Earl of, 44; Charles Duke of, 107 ; Edward Duke of, lo8 ; Henry Seventh Duke of, 107 ; John Duke of, io5 ; Margaret Countess of, 104 ; Thos. Duke of, 105, 106, 107 ; the Duke of, 94 North, William del, 153 Northumberland, Henry Earl of, 83, 2io North wode, Robert de, 128 Northwood, Sir Roger, 279 Norwich, Henry Earl of, 107 Nottingham, Thomas Earl of, 105 Notion, Ralph, 56 Nynge, Margaret, 12 Oakes, Adam de, 245 Okebeare, Richard de, 258 ; Roger de, 258 Okenham, Geoffery de, 303 Okes, Philip de, 369 ; William de, 369 Orcus, 218 Orleans, Margaret de, 286; Robert de, 286 Oseworth, Dionisia de, 201 Ossian, 418 O'-the-Orchard, John, 100 Oxencroft, William de, 191 Oxenhale, Nicholas de, 236 Oxford, Aubery de Vere Earl of, 62 ; Edward de Vere Earl of, 64 ; Hugh de Vere Earl of, 190 ; John de Vere Earl of, 65 ; Robert de Vere Earl of, 62, 123, 378 Page, William, 114 Painell, Sir William, 324 Pantulf, Hugh, 292 Papilon, Roger, 32 ; William, 32 Parker, John le, 22 ; William le, 114 Parsley, William, 99 Pasturell, William, 130 Pater-Noster, AUce, 249; John, in, 250; Richard, 250 Patton, John de, 240 ; William de, 240 Payfover, Fulk de, 219 Paynell, William, 362 454 Index of Persons. Peckam, John, 241 Peek, Richard del, 202 Pelawe, Richard, 242 Pelytot, Philip, 122 Pembroke Adomar or Aylmer de Valence Earl of, 353 ; Gilbert de Clare Earl of, 21, 103 ; John Hastings Earl of, 243 ; Richard Earl of, 21, 103 ; Earldom of, 242 Pencester, Stephen de, 147 Pencoit, John de, 244 Penelesdon (Pulesdon), Richard de, 380 Percy, Henry, Earl of Northumberland, 83, 210; Henry de, 104, 193 ; Ralph de, 365 Perpoint, Sir Henry de, 262 Perton, John de, 245 Peter, son of Alulph, 2 Ralph the Monk, 277 ; of Meredith, 209 Petour, Baldwin le, 154 Peverel, Thomas de, 28 Peverell, Hugh, 266 Pexsall, Ralph, 357 ; Richard, 357 Peytevyn, Bartholomew, 300 Philippa, Q. of Edward III., 251 Picot, John, 158 ; Peter, 158 ; Ralph, 265 Pincema, Nicholas de, 55 Pincerne, Daniel, 134 Pitchford, Ralph de, 38 Plantagenet, Eleanor, 119 ; Richard, Duke of York, 83 ; William, Earl of Warren, 302 ; Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, 273 Playford, John, 339 Plessetis, John de, 233 ; Richard de, 116; William de, 121 ; or Plessy, John de, 162 Plompton, Walter de, 246 Plot, Dr Robert, 118 Plumpton, Sir Robert, 213 Pogeys, Imbert, 130 Pointz, Sir Nicholas, 160 Pole, William de la. Marquis of Suffolk, 226 Pollard, Dionisia, 27 ; John, 27 Pomeray, Henry de la, 25 Porter, Robert le, 14 Postel, -Ralph, 412 Power, John, 292 Powis, Griffith Lord of, 248 Preston, Sir Gilbert de, 41 Prestwich, Adam de, 249 Prior, Agnes, 221 ; Geoffry, 221 Pudney family, 312 Pudsey, Hugh, Bishop of Durham, 237 Puille, Thomas de la, 127 Pukereleston, Custance de, 249 Pulteney, Thomas, 278 Punchard, Simon, 169 Pusey, Charles, 250 ; William, 250 Pychard, Walter, 382 Pycot, John, 158 Pygot, Henry, 292; Richard, 183 Pypard, John, 170 QutRDEBEEF, John, 222 Quincey, Roger de, Earl of Winchester, 41 Raghton, Simon de, 254 Ralph the Monk, 277 ; of Meredith, 209 Randolf, William, 1 86 RandoU, John, 281; Thomas, 281 Rastall, Roger, 47 Raynor, Ezekiel, 313 Rede, John, 160 Redeman, Thomas de, 168 Redford, Thomas, 277 Regdon, Agnes de, 222 ; William de, 222 Reson, Thomas, 376 Reyner Bishop of St Asaph, 350 Reynes, William de, 32, 114 Reynolds, John, 99 Riall, Juliana, 378 ; William, 378 Riboef, Walter de, 92 Rice, Sir Edward, 102 Rich, Sir Richard, Lord Rich, 148 Richard II., IC, 35 ; de Lucy Lord of Diss, 317; Prepositus, 26 Riddell, William, 346 Right, Robert, 54 Rivers, family of, 246 ; Richard Wid- ville Earl, 84 Robartes, Lord, 420 Robert son of Wathesh, 40 Roches, John de, 216, 375 Rockingham, Charles Marquis of, 380 Roderick Prince of all Wales, 352 Rokele, Sir Richard de la, 87 Rokesley, Sir Richard, 272 Rooper, Thomas, 116 Roos, Philippa Lady, 195 Rotheband, Thomas de, 1 36 Rouce, John, 173; William, 1 73 Roughhead or Rougheved, Nicholas, 135 Rugeley, Simon de, 290 Rus, Alice le, 115 ; Walter le, 115 Rushout, Sir John, 146 Russel, William, 184 ; Sir William, 184 Russell, John, 239 Sakevill, Andrew de, 52 ; Joan de, 52 Sale, Robert de la, 226 Salisbury, Ela Countess of, 1 14 ; William de Montacute Earl of, 104, 210 Samuel, Stephen, 98 Sandes, Sir William, 295 Sandford, John de, 378 ; Richard de, 183 Sandiacre, Richard de, 266 Sannage, Roger de, 292 Sarcere or Sarceur, Rowland le, 154 Saundford, Lora de, 166 Sauvage, Robert le, 346 Saville, Sir Henry, 247 ; John, 247 Say, Theodoric, 49 ; William, 50 Scaccario, Laur. de, I Scales, Ralph, 259 Sciredun, David de, 268 Scott, Reverend Mr, 95 Scrope, Richard, 23, 24 ; Sir William, 211 ; William Lord, 210 Index of Persons, 455 Segrave, Nicholas de, 103 ; Sir Stephen de, 88 Seretaand, Matilda de, 267 Seymour, Edward, Duke of Somerset, 107 Shakeshanks, John, 99 Shouldham, John, 280 Shrewsbury, George Earl of, 107, 379 ; Robert de Belesme, Earl of, 38 ; Tal- bots Earls of, 122 Silvaticus, Edric, 376 Singleton, Thomas de, 28 1 Skerrington, John de, 130 Skinner, Richard, 54 Skirlawe, Walter, Bishop of Durham, 27, 132. IS3> 246, 247, 254, 256, 284, 359, 378 Skirnyngham, Robert de, 25 Skiymsher, Sir Charles, 309 Skynner, Sir John, 66 Sloley, Richard, 284 Smith, Erasmus, 26 Snaggs, Sir Thomas, 22 Snell, Mr Robert, 94 Solers, William, 267 Somerset, Edward, Duke of, 107 ; Ed- ward, Earl of Worcester, 107 ; Edmund, Duke of, 84 ; John Beaufort, Earl of, 198, 243 ; John, 318 Somervile, Sir Philip de, 38, 307, 362 Somery, Roger de, 41, 42 Sottebroc, Hugh de, 280 Spelman, Thomas, 225 Spersholt, William de, 361 Spigumell, Geoffrey de, 440 Spileman, Peter, 43 Stafford, Edmund Earl of, 83, 119, 154, 291 ; Henry, Duke of Buckingham, 84 ; Humphrey, Duke of Buckingham, 83 Stanfforde, Simon de, 184 Stanford, Oliver de, 226 Stanhope, Charles, 330; Edward, 361 Stanley, John, 5 ; Richard George, Earl of Derby, 64; Sir John, 211 Stanry, William de, 264 Starke, Christopher, i6o Stawle, Roger, 229 Stockport, N. Baron of, Stodham, Laurence de, 328 Stokes, John, 118; Thomas, 118 Stopham, Eve de, 28 ; Ralph de, 28, 33, Stomell, William, 168 Stourton, William Lord, 350 Stowell, Sir John, 286 Strange, Baroness, of Knockyn, 21 1 Stredley, Hugh de, 50; PhiUp de, 50 Strongbow, Richard, 103 Sturmy, Henry, 30 Suger, Abbe, 423 Summersham, Alexander de, 302 Surrey, Henry Earl of, 107; Thomas Earl of, 106, 107 Sutton, GrifiSn de, 185; Hamo, 198; John, 46; Osbert de, 303 ; Robert, 198, 363 ; Robert de, 49 ; William de, 305 ; Sir Robert, 282 Swaffham, John, 53, 54 Swinderton, Joan, 256 Swynerton, Humphrey, 57; Thomas, 57 Sylvestris, Alan, 376 Synagor, Edmund, 294 Tadeshale or Tateshale, Robert de, 274,' 292 Talbot, George, Earl of Shrewsbury, 107, 379 Taverner, Elizabeth, 183 ; John, 183 Tawke, Thomas, 328 ; William, 328 Tesedale, Hugh de, 268 ; Thomas, 274 Testard, Richard, 138 ; Robert, 137 Tezelin the Cook, 3 Thadeham, William de, 220 Thelwell, Darnel, 72 Therel, Thomas, 73 Therklevile, Robert de, 76 Thomson, Richard, 306 Thornhull, John, 319 Thwaytes, Joan, 93 ; John, 93 Tils, John, 98 Tiptoft, John, Earl of Worcester, 84 Toany v. Toni Tonbridge, Richard de, 164 Toni, Ralph de, 370, 381 Torell, William, 323 Tour, Alicia de la, 2i5 ; Wm. de la, 2i6 Tracy, Henry de, 17 Trafford, Sir Edward, 167 Tregoz, John de, 274 Treveilly, John de, 244 Trevelle, William, 93 Trumpeton, Robert de, 328 Turkilby, Sir Roger de, 41 Turner, Ralph, 361 Turnham, Stephen de, 127 Twikill [qu. Turkil?], the Dane, 368 Ulcets, p. de, 212 Ulph, the son of Thorold, 346 Umfravill, Thomas, loi Umframvil, Robert de, 258 Underwood, Adam, 37 Unz, John le, 113 Upcher family, 312 Vaghan, Grono ap Madoc, 370 Valence, Adomar or Alymer de. Earl of Pembroke, 353 ; William de, 23 Valencia, Agnes de, 273 Valletort, John de, 67, 275 ; Roger de, 126 Veel, Robert de, 350 Venables, Gilbert, Baron of Kinderton, 182 ; Thomas, 182 Vere, Aubery de, 60 ; Aubrey de. Earl of Oxford, 62 ; Edward de. Earl of Oxford, 64 ; Hugh de, Earl of Oxford, 190 ; John de. Earl of Oxford, 65 ; Robert de. Earl of Oxford, 62, 123, 378 456 Index of Persons. Vernon, Richard de, Baron of Shipbrooke, 217 ; John de, 311 Vestynden, Ralph, 279 Veuillot, M., 433 Villard, Massey, 275 Wade, Andrew, 277 ; Henry, 59 ; Henry de la, 295 Wafre, John le, 214 Wake, Hugh, 23 Wakelyn, Robert, 124 Wakering, Mr, 313 ; Sir Gilbert, 118 Walcot, William, 2 Waleton, Richard de, 352 Walkingham, John de, 230 ; Thomas de, 230 Wallens, Robert, 193 Walton, Simon de, 41 Wanstead, John, 354 Wanstede, Roger de, 248 Warbleton, Johnde, 129, 278 Warde, John, 167 Wardsworth, Thomas, 138 Warren, John Earl, 109, 129, 257, 302, 351 ; William, 1st Earl, 302 ; William, 2d Earl, 302 ; William, Earl, 291 Warren and Surrey, Earls of, 207 Warton, Roger de, 229 Warwick, Ambrose Earl of, 1 80 ; Ella Countess of, 161 ; Guy de Beauchamp, Earl of, 287 ; Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of, 104, 143, 180, 356 ; WiUiam Earl of, 10, 37 Waymer, Ralph de, 290 Waynwright, John, 237 Webster, alias Roberts, John, 160 Wedon, Richard de, 67 Wellesk, Thomas de, 117 Wellington, Duke of, 301 Wellis, Cecilia, 117 Wells, Richard de, 357 Wellum, Adam de, 115 Wena, Robert de, 244 Wenoye, John de, 119 Wessyngton, Sir William, 358 West Morton, Stephen de, 361 Westmoreland, Ralph Earl of, 105 Weston, William de, 239 Wethen, Robert de, 59 Weylaund, Thomas de, 112 Wheeler, Mary, 99 ; Thomas, 99 Whelgton, Margaret de, 33 ; Richard de, 33 Whitworth, Alexander de, 377 Widville, Richard, Earl Rivers, 84 Wiggeber, Richard de, 37 Wileghby, John de, 117 Wilkinson, James, 118 Willaston, William, 370 Willoughby, Edmund, 57 ; Peregrine, Lord, 65 Wilminton, Robert de, 371 Wilson, Adam, 277 ; John, 151, 277, 35° Wiltshire, John, 158 Winchard, Thomas, 81 Winchester, Marquis of, 33 Windesor, John de, 374 Wintershul, John de, 278 WintershuU, William de, 125 Wodehouse, Sir Robert de, 203 Wodesende, John de, loi Wokyndon, Sir Nicholas de, 87 Woodstock, Thomas of, Duke of Glou- cester, 82, 83, 119 Woodward, John, 73 Worcester, Edward Earl of, 107 ; John Tiptoft Earl of, 84 Worthy, Geoffrey de la, 25 Wotton, Jordan de, 208 Wouvermans, Philip, 253 Wrenoc son of Meuric, 369 Wright, Richard, 98; William, 116 Wrotham, Richard, 229 Wulf hunte, Alan de, 213 ; Walter de, 213 Wulfwin, 60 Wybergh, Elianor, 76 ; William, 76 Wyborgh, Thomas, 77 Wyle, Bertram le, 45 Wymundeham, Thomas de, 321 Wyndham, Francis, 24 Wynn, Sir Watkin, 294 Wynnesbury, William, 170 Wyntworth, William, 321 Wytham, Thomas, 72, 73 York, Richard Duke of, 83, 105 ZouCH, Sir Edward, 377 Zouche, Roger la, 322 ; Alan la, 209 PRINTED BV BALLANTVNE AND COHl'ANY EDINBURGH AND LONDON ■'£^' WM