777£§ AlSt; THE BARNES REFERENCE LIBRARY. THE GIFT OF Alfred C Barnes- Not to be taker\ frorq thje roonr\, 3 ley*. Cornell University Library Z7772.A1 S65 Books for Old Testament study : an annot olin 3 1924 029 625 211 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://archive.org/details/cu31924029625211 asoofts for BY JOHN MERLIN POWIS SMITH BOOKS FOR Old Testament Study AN ANNOTATED LIST FOR POPULAR AND PROFESSIONAL USE BY JOHN MERLIN POWIS SMITH THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ty CHICAGO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 1908 Copyright 1908 By The Dotveesity op Chicago Published February 1908 Composed and Printed By The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. HISTORY Geography of Western Asia and Palestine History of Israel History of Peoples Related to Israel The Old Testament and the Monuments II. INTRODUCTION TO THE OLD TESTAMENT The Entire Old Testament The Hexateuch The Remaining Books ., The Canon of the Old Testament Dictionaries of the Bible The Nature and Value of the Old Testament III. THE LANGUAGE AND TEXT OF THE OLD TESTAMENT The Hebrew Text The Ancient Versions Modern Versions Hebrew Grammar Hebrew Lexicons Aramaic and Syriac Grammar Aramaic and Syriac Lexicons Concordances ... Quotations from the Old Testament in the New Testament IV. INTERPRETATION Commentaries on the Entire Old Testament Commentaries on the Separate Books of the Old Testament A. The Hexateuch . B. The Historical Books C. The Psalter D. The Wisdom Literature E. The Major Prophets . F. The Minor Prophets . Old Testament Prophecy The Religion of the Hebrews A. Primitive Semitic Religion B. The Religions of Israel's Neighbors 3 7 9 12 14 16 18 20 24 25 26 26 27 29 3° 3 1 32 32 33 33 34 35 38 40 41 45 49 52 54 55 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS C. Hebrew Manners, Customs, and Institutions 56 D. The Religion of the Old Testament 59 E. Special Phases of the Religion of the Old Testament .... 61 V. MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS VI. THE OLD TESTAMENT APOCRYPHA VII. PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS 1. American 66 2. British 67 3. French 68 4. German 68 5 Dutch 70 PREFATORY NOTE These lists first appeared in the Biblical World for August, October, and November, 1907. They are here reprinted with additions and corrections. No effort is made to be exhaustive. The purpose is rather to include only such books as are of real importance and value. Articles in the encyclopaedias and magazines are for the most part excluded for lack of space, though the best work in some departments is on record in this form. Books of homiletical and devo- tional character are not included here. It is inevitable that some deserving works have escaped notice, but it is hoped little of first-class significance has been overlooked. American publishers of foreign books are cited preferably, and (where they exist) English translations are listed instead of their originals. Where a later edition of the original marks a distinct advance it is added after the translation. Most of the titles for Sections I, 1, 3, 4; II, 1, 4, 5; III, 1-^9; and IV, 1, 2C, E, 3, were supplied by Professor Ira M. Price, to whom I gratefully acknowl- edge my obligation. The responsibility, however, for their final inclusion and for the annotations, which absence in Europe prevented him from contributing, rests upon me. BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY AN ANNOTATED LIST FOR POPULAR AND PROFESSIONAL USE I. HISTORY i. GEOGRAPHY OF WESTERN ASIA AND PALESTINE Smith, George Adam. The Historical Geography of the Holy Land. New York: Armstrong, 1894. Pp. 720. $4.50. Smith, George Adam. Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics, and History from the Earliest Times to 70 A. D. Two volumes. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1905. 24s. Stewart, R. L. The Land of Israel: A Textbook on the Physical and Historical Geography of the Holy Land. Chicago: Revell, 1899. Pp. 352. $1.50. Socin, A., and Benzinger, I. Palestine and Syria. Baedeker's Guide-Book Series. 4th ed. New York: Scribners, 1906. Pp. 536+12 Maps + 52 Plates. $3.60. Kelman, J., and Fulleylove, J. The Holy Land, illustrated in colors. New York: Macmillan, 1902. Pp. 301. $6. MacCoun, Townsend. The Holy Land in Geography and in History. Two volumes, containing 145 plates. Chicago: Revell, 1897. Pp. 232. $2. Robinson, Edward. Biblical Researches in Palestine. 2d ed. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1857-60. Three volumes. Pp. 1,874. $10. Robinson, Edward. Physical Geography of the Holy Land. Boston: Hough- ton, Mifflin & Co., 1865. Pp. 399. $3.50. Buhl, Frants. Geographie des alten Palastina. Tubingen: Mohr, 1896. Pp. 300. M. 6.60. Petrie, W. M. Flinders. Researches in Sinai. London: Murray, 1906. Pp. 304+4 Maps, and many Illustrations. 215. Hommel, F. Grundriss der Geographie und Geschichte des alten Orients. 2. neubearb. Auflage des "Abrisses der Geschichte des alten Orients." 1. Halfte: Ethnologie des alten Orients, Babylonien und Chaldaa. [Hand- buch d. Klass. Altertumswissensch., herausg. von J. v. Miiller. 3. Bd., 1 Abt., 1. Halfte.] Miinchen: Beck, 1904. Pp. vi+400. M. 7.50. Belck,W. Beitrage zur alten Geographie und Geschichte Vorderasiens. Leip- zig: Pfeiffer, 1901. Pp. 112. M. 6. Streck, M. Die alte Landschaft Babyloniens nach den arabischen Geographen. Teil I. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1900. Pp. xvi+333. M. 5. 7 8 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY Mtiller, W. Max. Die Palastinaliste Thutmosis III. Mit 3 Tafeln. [Mitteil- ungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, XII. Jahrgang, Heft 1.] Ber- lin: Wolf Peiser, 1907. Pp. 40+2 Plates. M. 3. MAPS Palestine Exploration Fund. The Great Map of Western Palestine, in 26 sheets, with a portfolio. London, 1880. To be purchased in the United States at 42 Quincy Street, Cambridge, Mass. Subscribers, $13 . 50; non-sub- scribers, $18. Reduced map, in 6 sheets: subscribers, $3.50; non-sub- scribers, $5. Mounted for hanging, $1 extra. Palestine Exploration Fund. Old and New Testament Map of Palestine, in 12 sheets. Scale f of an inch = i mile. Mounted for hanging, 6fX4i feet. Price to subscribers, $6.50; non-subscribers, $9.50. Bartholomew, J. G. New Map of Palestinian Topography, Physical and Biblical. Edited by George Adam Smith. Compiled from the latest surveys and researches, including the work of the English and German societies, showing all identified biblical sites, together with the modern place-names. Scale =4 miles to the inch. Mounted on cloth, in cloth cover, with Index. New York : Armstrong, 1904. With Index, $3 . 50. Osborn, H. S. Parts of Western Asia, with Palestine, Syria and the Great Desert. Oxford Map Publishers, Oxford, O. Size 56 (length) X 72 inches. Scale, 1 inch =20 miles. $5. The Holy Land (to illustrate the Old Testament), and The Holy Land (to illus- trate the New Testament). London: W. & A. K. Johnston. Two Maps on one sheet. Size, each, 42X24 inches. Scale, 6 miles = 1 inch. Price, in veneer case, with spring roller, $3.50. New Raised Map of Palestine. London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1907. £6 6s.; to subscribers £4 12s. 6d. To be purchased in the United States at 42 Quincy Street, Cambridge, Mass. Burton, E. D. Relief Map of Palestine, conformed to the surveys of the Pales- tine Exploration Fund. 41X38 inches. Chicago: Atlas School Supply Co., 1898. $20. Kiepert, H. Wandkarte zur Erlauterung der biblischen Erdkunde Alten und Neuen Testamentes. Berlin: Reimer. Kiepert, H. Politische Schul-Wandkarte von Asien (4th ed.). Berlin: Reimer. Uebersichtskarte der alien Kulturlander Vorderaslens auf Grund der Kiepert'schen Karte der Turkei. Berlin: Deutsche Orients-Gesell- schaft, 1905. Smith furnishes the best account in English of the geography of Palestine and its influence upon Israel's history. Buhl occupies the same place among German works, but is inferior to Smith in charm, and does not concern himself with historical relations to any great extent. Smith's special study of Jeru- salem is of much value and interest, and is as much history as geography. Soctn and Benzinger's hand- book is the best traveler's guide and contains also much information of value to the student. Stewart presents a concise and popular, though reliable, treatment of the subject. Kelman and Fulleyxove, HISTORY OF ISRAEL g with a large pictorial element, makes attractive reading. Robinson's works demand attention as those of the first of the modern school of scientific explorers. MacCodn's first volume is devoted to the geography and contains about 45 good maps; it may be purchased separately; price Si.oo. Petrie is the best author- ity on the geography of the Sinai Peninsula. Hommel is indispensable to the thorough student of matters concerning Western Asia; the work covers a wide range of territory and displays great learning, but is to be used with discrimination. Belck and Streck make valuable contributions to various phases of our geographical knowledge of the Orient. Muller studies the lists of Thutmosis III as related to the question of the early residence of Hebrews in Canaan. The maps of the Palestine Exploration Fund are the standard maps of Palestine; the great map is . unexcelled in accuracy and in fulness of information. Bartholomew's map is up to date and admirably adapted to private and class use. Osborn's chief value is in the fact that it presents Palestine in relation to the surrounding territory. Johnston's Old Testament map is adapted to use in small classrooms, but is not sufficiently detailed or accurate for careful private use. Burton furnishes the most useful relief map of Palestine, the price ($55) of the great relief map of the Palestine Exploration Fund placing it beyond the reach of most students. The Palestine Exploration Fund has just published a New Raised Map, smaller, more convenient, cheaper, and covering more territory than their large relief map. K.IE- pert's maps are excellent for classroom use. 2. HISTORY OF ISRAEL Ewald, Heinrich. The History of Israel. Translated from the third (1864-68) German edition. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1869-86. Eight volumes. Pp. 3,564. $39.50. Wellhausen, J. Prolegomena to the History of Israel. Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black, 1885. Pp. 552. [Out of print.] [Prolegomena zur Ge- schichte Israels. 1st ed., 1878; 6th ed., Berlin: G. Reimer, 1905. Pp. 431- M. 8.] Wellhausen, J. Sketch of the History of Israel and Judah. 3d ed. Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black, 1891. Pp. 229. $2. [Israelitische und judische Geschichte. 5th ed. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1904. Pp. 395. M. 11.80.] Kittel, R. History of the Hebrews. London: Williams & Norgate, 1895-96. Two volumes. Pp.745. $8.40. Renan, Ernest. History of the People of Israel. Five volumes. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1888-95. P P- 1,987- $2.50 per volume. Smith, Henry Preserved. Old Testament History. [International Theological Library.] New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1903. Pp.512. $2.50. Ottley, R. L. A Short History of the Hebrews to the Roman Period. New York: Macmillan, 1901. Pp. 324. $1.25. Cornill, C. H. History of the People of Israel. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co., 1898. Pp.301. $1.50. Kent, C. F. History of the Hebrew People and A History of the Jewish People. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1896-99. Three volumes. Pp. 818. $3-75- Wade, G. Woosung. Old Testament History. 2d ed. New York: Dutton & Co., 1903. Pp.53 2 - fc-So. Sayce, A. H. The Early History of the Hebrews. New York: Macmillan, 1897. Pp.492. $2.25. io BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY Sayce, A. H. Patriarchal Palestine. New York: E. & J. B. Young & Co., 1895. Pp.277. $1.50. Paton, L. B. The Early History of Syria and Palestine. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1901. Pp.302. $1.25. Peters, John P. Early Hebrew Story: Its Historical Background. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. Pp. 308. $1.25. Cook, S. A. Critical Notes on Old Testament History. The Traditions of Saul and David. London: Macmillan & Co., 1907. Pp. xviii+160. 3s. 6d. Hunter, P. H. After the Exile: A Hundred Years of Jewish History and Litera- ture. Two volumes. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, 1890. Pp. 631. ios. Stade, B. Geschichte des Volkes Israel. Band I. Berlin: G. Grote, 1887. Pp. 710. M. 16. Guthe, H. Geschichte des Volkes Israel. 2d ed. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1904. Pp. 369. M. 6. Klostermann, A. Geschichte des Volkes Israel bis zur Restauration unter Esra und Nehemia. Miinchen: Oskar Beck, 1896. Pp.283. M. 4.50. Thomas, C. Geschichte des alten Bundes. Magdeburg: S. Buhling, 1897. Pp. 819. M. 9. Lbhr, M. Geschichte des Volkes Israel. Strassburg: Triibner, 1900. Pp. 175. M. 2. Piepenbring, C. Histoire du peuple d'Israe'l. Paris: Grassart, 1898. Pp. 730. Fr. 7. Winckler, H. Geschichte Israels in Einzeldarstellungen. Leipzig: Eduard Pfeiffer, 1895-1900. Two volumes. Pp. 527. M. 18.50. Oettli, S. Die Geschichte Israels. Band I — Bis zu Alexander dem Grossen. Stuttgart: Vereinsbuchhandlung, 1905. Pp. 566. M. 4.50. Erbt, W. Die Hebraer. Kanaan im Zeitalter der hebraischen Wanderung und hebraischer Staatengriindungen. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1906. Pp. 236. M. 6. Meyer, E. Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstamme. Alttestamentliche Unter- suchungen mit Beitragen von Bernhard Luther. Halle: Niemeyer, 1906. Pp. xvi + 576. M. 14. Spiegelberg, W. Der Aufenthalt Israels in Aegypten im Lichte der aegyptischen Monumente. 4th ed. Strassburg: Schlesier und Schweikhardt, 1904. Pp. 55. M. 1. Steuernagel, C. Die Einwanderung der israelitischen Stamme in Kanaan. Historisch-kritische Untersuchungen. Berlin: C. A. Schwetschke und Sohn, 1901. Pp. 131. M. 3.60. Nagel, G. Der Zug des Sanherib gegen Jerusalem nach den Quellen dargestellt. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1902. Pp. 124. M. 2.50. Kosters, W. H. Die Wiederherstellung Israels in der persischen Periode. Heidel- berg: J. Horning, 1895. Pp. 127. M. 2.80. HISTORY OF ISRAEL n Meyer, Eduard. Die Entstehung des Judenthums; eine historische Unter- suchnng. Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1896. Pp. 244. M. 6. Hoonacker, A. van. Nouvelles Etudes sur la restauration juive apres l'exile de Babylone. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1896. Pp.319. Fr. 8. Nikel, J. Die Wiederherstellung des jiidischen Gemeinwesens nach dem Baby- lonischen Exil. [Biblische Studien, V. Band, 2. und 3. Hefte.] Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1900. Pp. 228. M. 5.40. Sellin, Ernst. Serubbabel. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der messianischen Erwartung und der Entstehung des Judenthums. Leipzig: A. Deichert, 1898. Pp. 322. M. 4.50. Sellin, Ernst. Studien zur Entstehungsgeschichte der jiidischen Gemeinde nach dem babylonischen Exil. I, Der Knecht Gottes bei Deuterojesaja. II, Die Restauration der jiidischen Gemeinde in den Jahren, 538-16. Das Schicksal Serubbabels. Leipzig: A. Deichert, 1901. Two volumes. Pp. 501. M. 10. Schiffer, S. Keilinschriftliche Spuren der in der zweiten Halfte des 8. Jahr- hunderts von den Assyrern nach Mesopotamien deportierten Samarier (10 Stamme). Berlin: Wolf Peiser, 1907. Pp.44. M. 5. Willrich, H. Juden und Griechen vor der Makkabaischen Erhebung. Got- tingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1895. Pp. 185. M. 4. Various Articles. W. E. Barnes in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, art. "His- tory of Israel;" H. Guthe, in Encyclopaedia Biblica, art. "Israel;" J. Well- hausen, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., art. "Israel." Ewald's massive history is now little more than a historical landmark, though parts of it, for example Vol. V, still repay examination. Weixhausen's Prolegomena is invaluable for purposes of orientation and can never lose its significance as the epoch-making herald of the era of historical criticism. Well- hatjsen's Sketch is a clear constructive presentation of the main outlines of Israel's history from the point of view of literary criticism. Kittel's volumes carry the history as far as the exile; they are characterized by full and careful discussion of the sources, and constitute the most learned and reliable history written by a moderate critic. Renan is now little more than a name; his work possesses brilliancy, dash, and literary charm, but is lacking in critical judgment. Smith's is the best one->volume history in English from the view-point of the thoroughgoing, consistent exponent of the principles of historical and literary criticism. Wade gives a careful and admirable re'sume' of critical results. This is, perhaps, the best single-volume treatment for beginning students. Ottley is more elementary and cautious than Wade. Kent's volumes make a good textbook for college and theological classes. Sayce's volumes are ingenious, but unreliable; useful therefore only to the scholar. Paton's volume is by all odds the best work extant on this'early period. Peters gives a critical, suggestive, and sympathetic treatment of the early Hebrew traditions. Cook subjects the Saul and David stories to a most thoroughgoing examination and analysis and arrives at new conclusions concerning the early history of the Hebrew kingdom. Hunter's history, of the post-exilic period is a careful, laborious study from a point, of view now somewhat out of date. Among German historians Stade stands at the head for critical insight, breadth of view, and philosophic grasp. Though now somewhat old, it has not yet become antiquated. Guthe has written probably the most popular Hebrew history, and it is at the same time thoroughly scholarly in spirit and method. Klostermann is original, brilliant, and instructive; but not lacking in vagaries. Thomas has not attempted any con- tribution to historical science, but only a good pedagogic method of presentation. Lohr's sketch is true to the main facts, and furnishes a good bird's-eye view. PrEPENBRiNG has written the best French history -of Israel, and it ranks well with the more popular histories in other languages. Winckler is one of the leaders of a new school of interpreters who find larger mythical and more Babylonian elements in the Hebrew traditions than do the majority of scholars. Oettli is popular and essentially conservative in 12 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY method and aim. Erbt has constructed a history of Israel giving especial attention to the Conquest and abounding in new theories. On special periods or topics of Israelitish history the following are the more important studies : Meyer contributes a critical evaluation of the old traditions of Israel with a reconstruction of the patriarchal history. Spiegelberg and Steuernagel present the Egyptian Sojourn and the Conquest of Palestine, respectively, from new points of view which demand attention. Sennacherib's invasion is handled by Nagel in a scholarly and conservative manner. Recent years have seen a large output of literature upon the problems connected with the return from exile and the reconstruction of Jerusalem. For these prob- lems Kosters' book was of epoch-making significance and must be read. Meyer and Nikel offer learned and careful studies in opposition to Kosters* position. Van Hoonacker follows paths of his own making partly, and will well repay study. Sellin's volumes are interesting and valuable for their suggestive power, though he himself quickly abandoned the main contention of his Serubbabel. Schiffer makes a useful compilation of the data in the Assyrian inscriptions concerning the deportation of Northern Israel. Wrxx- rich has done a useful piece of work on the relations between Jews and Greeks just prior to the Macca- baean uprising. 3. THE PEOPLES RELATED TO ISRAEL Maspero, G. The Dawn of Civilization: Egypt and Chaldaea. Edited by A. H. Sayce. New York: Appletons, 1894. Pp. xii+800. $7.50. Maspero, G. The Struggle of the Nations: Egypt, Syria, and Assyria. Edited by A. H. Sayce. New York: Appletons, 1897. Pp. xn + 794. $7.50. Maspero, G. The Passing of the Empires; 850 b. c. to 330 b. c. Edited by A. H. Sayce. New York: Appletons, 1900. Pp. xii+824. $7.50. Breasted, J. H. A History of Egypt, from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest. New York: Scribners, 1905. Pp. xxxi+634+Map. $6. Petrie, "W. M. Flinders. A History of Egypt. Three volumes. New York: Scribners, 1895. Pp. xv+262; xvi+353; xx+406. $2.25 per volume. Budge, E. A. W. A History of Egypt from the End of the Neolithic Period to the Death of Cleopatra VII, b. c. 30. Eight volumes. New York: Henry Frowde, 1902. Pp. cli+ 1,910. 3s. 6d. per volume. Wiedemann, A. Geschichte Aegyptens von Psammetich I bis auf Alexander den Grossen. Leipzig: Barth, 1880. Pp. vi+312. Wiedemann, A. Geschichte von Alt-Aegypten. [Reiche der Alten Welt, I.] Stuttgart: Verlags-Verein, 1 89 1. Pp.320. M. 3.30. Erman, Adolf. Life in Ancient Egypt. London and New York: Macmillan, 1894. Pp. xi+570. $6. Budge, E. A. W. Dwellers on the Nile. [By-Paths of Bible Knowledge, VIII.] London: Religious Tract Society, 1885. Pp. 204. $1.25. Goodspeed, G. S. A History of the Babylonians and Assyrians. New York: Scribners, 1902. Pp. xiii+422+Map. $1.25. Rogers, R. W. A History of Babylonia and Assyria. Two volumes. New York: Eaton & Mains, 1900. Pp. xx+429; xv+418. $6. Sayce, A. H. Babylonians and Assyrians: Life and Customs. [The Semitic Series.] New York: Scribners, 1899. Pp. x+266. $1.25. Budge, E. A.W. Babylonian Life and History. [By-Paths of Bible Knowledge, IV.] London: Religious Tract Society, 1886. Pp.160. $1.25. HISTORY OF RELATED PEOPLES 13 Tiele, C. P. Babylonisch-Assyrische Geschichte. [Handbiicher der alten Geschichte, I. 4.] Two volumes. Gotha: Perthes, 1886-88. Pp. xiii + 282; vi + 283-647. M. 10. Winckler, H. The History of Babylonia and Assyria. Translated and Edited by J. A. Craig. Revised by the Author. New York: Scribners, 1907. Pp. xii + 352 . $1 . 50 net. Hommel, F. Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens. [Oncken's Allgemeine Geschichte.] Berlin: Grote, 1885. Pp. vi+802. M. 17.50. Delitzsch-Miirdter. Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens. [Reiche der alten Welt, Bd. II.] Calev u. Stuttgart: Vereinsbuchhandlung, 1891. Pp. 264+ Plans. M. 3.30. Movers, F. C. Die Phoenizier. Bonn: Weber, 1841-56. (Out of print.) Rawlinson, George. History of Phoenicia. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1889. Pp. xxii + 583. 24s. Pietschmann, R. Geschichte der Phoenizier. [Oncken's Allgemeine Geschichte.] Berlin: Grote, 1889. Pp. 312. M. 8. Noordtzij, A. De Filistijnen. Hun Afkomst en Geschiedenis. Kampen: Kok, 1905. Pp. 247. F. 2.25. Buhl, Frants. Geschichte der Edomiter. [Separat-Ausgabe aus dem Reforma- tionsfest-Programm der Universitat-Leipzig, 1893.] Leipzig: A. Edel- mann, 1893. Pp. 86 Montgomery, James A.- The Samaritans. Philadelphia: John C. Winston Co., 1907. Pp. 400 with 28 Illustrations. $2. Justi, F. Geschichte des alten Persiens. [Oncken's Allgemeine Geschichte]. Berlin: Grote, 1879. Pp. x+252. M. 7.50. Meyer, Eduard. Geschichte des Alterthums; Vol. I, Geschichte des Orients bis zur Begrundung des Perserreichs. Vol. Ill, Das Perserreich und die Griechen. Stuttgart: Cotta, 1884-91. Pp. xxxii+ 1,338. Muller,W. Max. Asien und Europa nach altagyptischen Denkmalem. Leipzig: Engelmann, 1893. Pp. x+403. M. 24. Hommel, F. Die semitischen Volker und Sprachen. Leipzig: Schulze, 1883. Pp. xii +541. M. 10. Maspero's three massive volumes constitute a history of the Ancient Orient and are as reliable as such comprehensive works prepared by one author can be expected to be", in their English form they have suffered many things at the hands of their editor. Breasted's narrative is fascinating and based upon the original sources; it is the most recent and reliable work on Egyptian history. Petrie's volumes are rather the work of the excavator than that of the historian, being little more than a catalogue of inscrip- tions and their contents. Budge's History, though full of mistakes and inaccuracies, has many good things buried within its depths. Wiedemann's volumes are now both outgrown, Egyptian sources of information having multiplied so rapidly; but they deserve a place on the specialist's shelf. Erman's volume is the best work on ancient Egyptian life, though badly in need of revision in the light of more recent knowledge. Budge's popular handbooks on Egyptian and Babylonian life and customs are to a considerable extent out of date and unreliable; but are, perhaps, better than nothing. Goodspeed has given us the best one- volume history of Babylonia; it is admirably adapted to use in the classroom or the study. Rogers' more pretentious work is a careful evaluation of other men's 14 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY labors and will be found useful to the more advanced student. Sayce's handbook is intended for popular use, but is an unsafe guide. Tiele's was long the standard history of Assyria, but is now somewhat old. Winckler and Hommel are both brilliant, suggestive, and somewhat erratic, though entirely different in method and spirit. Delitzsch is philologically strong, but relatively weak in constructive, philosophic capacity. The best history of Phoenicia is that of Ptetschmann. Rawlinson provides the only work in Eng- lish, aside from the articles in the various encyclopaedias and Bible Dictionaries. Movers was long the standard history, but is now seen to be unreliable and fanciful to a great degree. "Noordtzij is the only writer on the Philistines and his book deserves translation into German and English. BtrHL has brought together the known facts concerning Edom in a brief study, which is practically inaccessible to the public at large. Montgomery has made an exhaustive study of the Samaritan literature and produced a thoroughly good book. There is room for a first-class work on Persia; meantime Justi is the best available separate treatment; but a better source of information is furnished by Meyer in his History of Antiquity. Max Muller's volume is a careful and accurate interpretation of the facts concerning various lands as reflected in Egyptian inscriptions. Hommel 's study of Semitic peoples and their languages is a combination of learning and ingenuity to be used with caution. 4. THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE MONUMENTS McCurdy, J. F. History, Prophecy and the Monuments. Three volumes. New York: Macmillan, 1894-1901. Pp. xxiv+425; 300+433; xxiii+470. $3 per volume. Hogarth, D. G. (editor). Authority and Archaeology, Sacred and Profane. Essays on the Relation of Monuments to Biblical and Classical Literature, by S. R. Driver, E. A. Gardner, F. LI. Griffith, F, Haverfield, A. C. Head- lam, D. G. Hogarth, with an introductory chapter on the Nature of Ar- chaeology, by the editor. New York: Scribners, 1899.. Pp. xiv+440. $5. Price, Ira M. The Monuments and the Old Testament. 5th ed. Chicago: Christian Culture Press, 1907. Pp. 321. $1.50. Nicol, Thomas. Recent Archaeology and the Bible. [The Croall Lectures for 1898.] Edinburgh and London: Blackwood, 1899. Pp. xii + 333. 9s. Ball, C. J. Light from the East, or the Witness of the Monuments. An Intro- duction to the Study of Biblical Archaeology. London: Eyre and Spottis- woode, 1899. Pp. 277 (with more than 200 illustrations). 15s. Jeremias, Alfred. Das Alte Testament im Lichte des alten Orients; Handbuch zur biblisch-orientalischen Altertumskunde. Mit 216 Abbildungen u. 2 Karten. 2. neubearbeitete Auflage. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1906. Pp. xvi + 624. M. 10. Gebunden in Leinwand, M. 11. Sayce, A. H. The Higher Criticism and the Verdict of the Monuments. 5th ed. London: Societyfor Promotion of Christian Knowledge, 1895. Pp. xv + 575. Vigouroux, F. La bible et les de"couvertes modernes en Palestine, en Egypte, et en Assyrie. Four volumes. 6th ed. Paris: Berche et Tralin, 1896. Pp. xvi + 578; 612; 646; 716. Fr. 10 per volume. Pinches, T. G. The Old Testament in the Light of the Historical Records and Legends of Assyria and Babylonia. 2d ed. London: Society for Promo- tion of Christian Knowledge, 1905. Pp. 520. $2 . 50. Clay, A. T. Light on the Old Testament from Babel. Philadelphia: Sunday School Times Co., 1907. Pp. xvi+437. $2. OLD TESTAMENT AND THE MONUMENTS 15 Gunkel, H. Schopfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit. Gottingen: Vanden- hoeck und Ruprecht, 1895. Pp. xiv+431. M. 10. Delitzsch, Friedrich. Babel and Bible. Two Lectures. Translated from the German by C. H. W. Johns. [Crown Theological Library.] New York: Putnams, 1903. Pp. xxix+226. $1.50. Schrader, E. Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament. Dritte Auflage, neubearbeitet von H. Zimmern und H. Winckler. Berlin: Reuther und Reichard, 1902. Pp. 680. M. 21. Gunkel, H. Israel und Babylonien: Der Einfluss Babyloniens auf die israeli- tische Religion. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1903. Pp. 48. M. 1.20. Harper, R. F. The Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon, about 2250 b. c. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1904. Pp. xv+192 + CIII Plates. $4. Cook, S. A. The Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi. London: A. & C. Black, 1903. Pp. xviii+307. 6s. Johns, C. H. W. The Oldest Code of Laws in the World. The Code of Laws Promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon, b. c. 2285-2242. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1903. Pp. xii+88. $0.75. Miiller, D. H. Die Gesetze Hammurabis, und ihr Verhaltniss zur mosaischen Gesetzgebung ^sowie zu den XII Tafeln. Wien: Holder, 1903. Pp. 285. M. 10. Oettli, S. Das Gesetz Hammurabis und die Thora Israels. Leipzig: Deichert, 1903. Pp. 88. M. 1.60. Bliss, F. J., and Macalister, R. A. S. Excavations in Palestine during the years 1898-1900. With a chapter by Dr. Wiinsch and numerous illustrations from photographs and from drawings made on the spot. London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1902. Pp. xvi + 2 75 and 102 Plates. 50s. Bliss, F. J. The Development of Palestine Exploration, Being the Ely Lectures for 1903. New York: Scribners, 1906. Pp. xix+337. $1.50. Hilprecht, H. V. Explorations in Bible Lands during the Nineteenth Century. Philadelphia: Holman, 1903. Pp. xxiv + 810 + Maps. $6. Vincent, H. Canaan d'apres l'exploration re"cente. Paris: J. Gabalda et Cie, 1907. Pp. xii + 495. Fr. 15. McCurdy's volumes give more than a mere description of the monuments; they present rather a reconstruction of the history of Israel and its neighbors in the light of the monuments. The spirit and method of the author are cautious and conservative, and his learning sound. The best relatively brief survey of the contribution of the monuments to our knowledge of biblical history is that made by Driver and Griffith in the first 220 pages of Hogarth. Price furnishes a popular treatment with many illustrations. Nicol covers the whole field of biblical literature, but is largely dependent upon the opinions of others and holds a brief in behalf of traditional views. ■ Ball's value lies chiefly in its large number of splendid illus- trations and' of citations from texts; his scholarship in the general Semitic field is not of a high grade. Sayce presents much material of great interest, but his conclusions are largely fanciful and biased. Jere- 16 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY mias is a first-hand authority in cuneiform research, but his point of view is that of the new mythological school. Vigouroux is the only French work of any value on this subject; it is written from the standpoint of a devout Catholic in good standing wilh his church. The relations between Babylonia and Israel have received much attention in recent years. Only the more important works are here listed. Pinches presents a comprehensive survey of the entire field, but is handicapped by lack of scientific training and an uncritical attitude. Clay's volume contains much new and valuable information; his attitude is cautious and conservative. Delitzsch's famous lectures are lacking in a thorough acquaintance and sympathy with Old Testament teachings. Schrader's work has been made oyer by Zimmern and Winckler so as to be no longer recognizable; its mass of interesting facts is accompanied by an abundance of unproved theories. The English translation of the second edition {Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament) is still useful. Gunkel's Schdpfimg presented the creation-myths from an entirely new point of view which is now receiving much attention; his Israel und Babylonien is, on the whole, the best brief survey extant of the subject with which it deals. In the Ham- murabi literature Harper furnishes the standard text and English translation of the Code. Cook gives the fairest presentation of the relations between Hammurabi and Moses. Johns' booklet furnishes a good translation in cheap form. Muller's cuneiform scholarship is not first class and his theory of the relation between Hammurabi and Moses is more ingenious than convincing. Oettli's pamphlet is popular in tone and conservative in aim. Bliss and Macalister's volume is a full report of the important excavations carried on under their direction. Bliss's Ely Lectures give a bird's-eye view of the history of Palestine exploration; it is well written and thoroughly reliable. Hilprecht's pretentious volume contains brief but good reports of work in Egypt by Steindorff, in Arabia by Hommel, in Palestine by Benzinger, and among Hittite remains by Jensen; Assyria and Babylonia are well done by Hilprecht himself, but with undue emphasis and prominence to his own share in the explorations. Vincent's recent book seems to be a credit to French scholarship and so well worth study. II. INTRODUCTION TO THE OLD TESTAMENT i. THE ENTIRE OLD TESTAMENT Briggs, C. A. General Introduction to the Study of Holy Scripture. New York: Scribners, 1899. Pp. xxii + 688. $3. Green, W. H. General Introduction to the Old Testament— The Text. New York: Scribners, 1899. Pp. xv+190. $1.50. Gigot, F. General Introduction to the Study of the Holy Scriptures. New York, Cincinnati, Chicago: Benziger Bros., 1900. Pp. 606. $2. Driver, S. R. An Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament. 6th ed. New York: Scribners, 1897. Pp. xx+xi+577. $ 2 -5°- Cornill, C. Introduction to the Canonical Books of the Old Testament. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1907. Pp. xii+556. $3. Kautzsch, E. An Outline of the History of the Literature of the Old Testa- ment, with Chronological Tables for the History of the Israelites, and Other Aids to the Explanation of the Old Testament. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1899. Pp. xii + 251. $2. Wright, C. H. H. An Introduction to the Old Testament. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1890. Pp. xvi + 226. 2 s. 6d. McFadyen, J. E. An Introduction to the Old Testament. New York: Arm- strong, 1905. Pp. xii + 356. $1.75. Abbott, Lyman. The Life and Literature of the Ancient Hebrews. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1901. Pp. xiii + 408. $3. INTRODUCTION TO THE OLD TESTAMENT 17 Orr, James. The Problem of the Old Testament Considered with Reference to Recent Criticism. [The Bross Library, Vol. III.] New York: Scribners, 1906. Pp. 614. $1.75. Orr, James. The Bible under Trial. In View of Present-Day Assaults on Holy Scripture. 2d ed. New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son, 1907. Pp. vii + 323- Si.75- Budde, K. Geschichte der althebraischen Litteratur. Mit Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen von A. Bertholet. Leipzig: C. F. Amelang, 1906. Pp. xvi+433. M. 7.50. Strack, H. L. Einleitung in das Alte Testament. Einschliessliche Apokry- phen und Pseudepigraphen. 6th ed. Miinchen: Beck, 1906. Pp. viii + 256. M. 4. Konig, Eduard. Einleitung in das Alte Testament. Bonn: Flittner, 1893. Pp. xii + 580. M. 13. Konig, Eduard. Stilistik, Rhetorik, Poetik in Bezug auf die biblische Litteratur. Leipzig: Dieterich, 1900. Pp. vi + 421. M. 12. Kuenen, A. Historisch-kritisch Onderzoek naar het Ontstaan en de Vergamel- ing van de Boeken des Ouden Verbonds. Three parts. Leiden: Engels, 1887-94. Pp. xi + 554; x + 508; xi + 209. (German translation is published in Leipzig, by Reisland.) Wildeboer, G. De Letterkunde des Ouden Verbonds naar de Tijdsorde van haar Ontstaan. 3d ed. Groningen: Wolters, 1903. Pp. xi + 442. (German translation of the first edition is published by Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Leipzig.) Gautier, Lucien. Introduction a. l'Ancien Testament. Two volumes. Lausanne: G. Bridel & Co., 1906. Pp. xvi + 1,313. Briggs constitutes one of the most comprehensive extant works on Introduction, and is concerned, not with detailed information about the various biblical books, but with the general character of the biblical material and the principles and methods that should control biblical study. Green, the most learned representative of traditional views, was prevented by death from completing his volumes on Introduction; the treatment of the text here given is concise and conservative. Gigot's volume deals with canon, text, principles of interpretation, and inspiration from the standpoint of a liberal Catholic. Driver is the stand- ard work on Introduction and should be in the library of every minister. Cornill's volume, just trans- lated from the German, is easier reading than Driver, and written from a more radical view-point, but not so replete with information. Kautszch's Outline is a useful compendium of the views of a typical scholar. Wright is popular in aim, and traditional in spirit. McFadyen's book is intended for popular use, and is well suited to its purpose; the tone is progressive but irenic. Abbott is a useful, popular presentation of the newer views of the Old Testament, without any of the wearisome details of scholarship. Orr's Problem contains the most scholarly attack upon the critical position that has been made in recent years', but Orr is himself half a critic. His Bible under Trial is a more popular and general treatise. Both books are controlled too much by the author's presuppositions. Budde has marked out a new path in Old Testa- ment Introduction by treating the Hebrew literature as a living organism and tracing its growth in relation to its historical environment, instead of handling it piecemeal, book by book. Strack is characterized by brevity, full citations of literature, and a moderate critical attitude. Konig's Einleitung is enriched by a mass of detailed information and is conservatively critical; his Stilistik is wearisome with its innumerable citations of passages and statistics, but very useful. Kuenen, once in the forefront of criticism, is now somewhat out of touch with the present trend of scholarship, but is still valuable for the special student. Wildeboer is the Dutch equivalent of Driver, scholarly, cautious, and reverent. Gautier presents the results of the historico-critical method of study from a moderate standpoint and constitutes the best French book on the subject. 1 8 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY 2. THE HEXATEUCH Carpenter, J. Estlin, and Battersby, G. Harford. The Hexateuch according to the Revised Version, Arranged in Its Constituent Documents by Members of the Society of Historical Theology, Oxford. Edited with Introduction, Notes, Marginal References and Synoptical Tables. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1900. Two volumes. Pp. 638. 365. Carpenter, J. Estlin, and Battersby, G. Harford, The Composition of the Hexa- teuch. An Introduction, with Select Lists of Words and Phrases, and an Appendix on Laws and Institutions. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1902. Pp. 537. i&s. Kent, C. F. The Student's Old Testament. Vol. I, Narratives of the Begin- nings of Hebrew History, from the Creation to the Establishment of the Hebrew Kingdom. With Maps and Chronological Chart. New York: Scribners, 1904. Pp. 411. $2.75. Addis, W. E. The Documents of the Hexateuch Translated and Arranged in Chronological Order with Introduction and Notes. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1893-98. Two volumes. Pp. 721. 21s. Kuenen, A. An Historico-Critical Inquiry into the Origin of the Hexateuch. Translated from the Dutch by P. H. Wicksteed. London: Macmillan, 1886. Pp. 344. i+f- Briggs, C. A. The Higher Criticism of the Hexateuch. 2d ed. New York: Scribners, 1897. Pp.288. $2.50. Green, W. H. The Higher Criticism of the Pentateuch. New York: Scribners, 1895. Pp. 184. $1.50. Mitchell, H. G. The World before Abraham, according to Gen. i-xi, with an Introduction to the Pentateuch. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1901. Pp.303. $1.75. Gunkel, H. The Legends of Genesis. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co., 1901. Pp. 164. $1. Wade, G. Woosung. The Book of Genesis. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1896. Pp. 272. 6s. Green, W. H. The Unity of the Book of Genesis. New York: Scribners, 1895. Pp. 583- $3- Davis, John D. Genesis and Semitic Tradition. New York: Scribners, 1894. Pp. 150. $1.50. Bacon, B. W. The Genesis of Genesis — A Study of the Documentary Sources of the First Book of Moses in Accordance with the Results of Biblical Science Illustrating the Presence of Bibles within the Bible. With an Introduction by G. F. Moore. Hartford: Student Publishing Co., 1892. Pp. 371. $2.50. Bacon, B. W. The Triple Tradition of the Exodus. A Study of the Structure of the Later Pentateuchal Books, Reproducing the Sources of the Narrative, INTRODUCTION TO THE OLD TESTAMENT 19 and Further Illustrating the Presence of Bibles within the Bible. Hartford: Student Publishing Co., 1894. Pp. 440. $2 . 75. Cullen, J. The Book of the Covenant in Moab. A Critical Enquiry into the Original Form of Deuteronomy. Glasgow: Maclehose, 1903. Pp. 254. 5s. Wellhausen, J. Die Composition des Hexateuchs und der historischen Biicher des Alten Testaments. 2d ed. Berlin; G. Reimer, 1889. Pp. 373. M. 9. Holzinger, H. Einleitung in den Hexateuch. Mit Tabellen iiber die Quellen- scheidung. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1893. Pp. xvi + 511. M. 15. Steuernagel, C. Allgemeine Einleitung in den Hexateuch [in his Commentary on Deuteronomium und Josua (1900), pp. 249-86]. Dillmann, A. Die Biicher Numeri, Deuteronomium und Josua. Second edi- tion, 1886. Pp. 593-690. Westphal, A. Les sources du Pentateuque. Etude de critique et d'histoire. Two volumes. Paris: Fischbacher, 1888 and 1892. Pp. 806. Fr. 15. Steuernagel, C. Der Rahmen des Deuteronomiums. Halle a. S.: J. Krause, 1894. Pp. 64. M. 1. Steuernagel, C. Die Entstehung des deuteronomischen Gesetzes kritisch und biblisch-theologisch untersucht. Halle a. S.: J. Krause, 1896. Pp. 190. M.4. Staerk, W. Das Deuteronomium, sein Inhalt und seine literarische Form. Eine kritische Studie. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1894. Pp. 119. M. 4. Fries, S. Die Gesetzschrift des Konigs Josia. Leipzig: Deichert, 1903. Pp. 85. M. 1.80. Zahn, A. Das Deuteronomium. Eine Schutzschrift wider das moderne kritische Unwesen. Giitersloh: Bertelsmann, 1890. Pp. 130. M. 1.60. Procksch, O. Das nordhebraische Sagenbuch. Die Elohim-Quelle, iibersetzt und untersucht. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1906. Pp. 394. M. 13 . 50. Budde, K. Die biblische Urgeschichte, Gen. 1:1—12:5, untersucht. Giessen: J. Ricker, 1883. Pp. 539. M. 14. Baentsch, B. Das Bundesbuch, Exod. 20:22 — 23:33, seine urspriingliche Gestalt, sein Verhaltniss zu den es umgebenden Quellenschriften und seine Stellung in der alttestamentlichen Gesetzgebung. Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1892. Pp. 123. M. 2.80. Baentsch, B. Das Heiligkeitsgesetz. Lev., 17-26. Erfurt: Giither, 1893. Pp. 160. M. 4. Gall, A. von. Zusammensetzung und Herkunft der Bileamperikope in Num., 22-24. Giessen: J. Ricker, 1900. Pp.47- M. 1.50. Wobersin, Franz. Die Echtheit der Bileamspriiche, Num., 22-24. Giitersloh: Bertelsmann, 1900. Pp. 80. M. 1.20. Various Articles. J. Wellhausen, in Encyclopaedia Biblica, art. "Hexateuch;" G. F. Moore, ibid., arts. "Genesis," "Exodus," "Deuteronomy," "Leviticus," 20 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY "Numbers," "Joshua;" F. H. Woods, in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, art. "Hexateuch;" H. E. Ryle, ibid., arts. "Genesis," "Deuteronomy;" G. A. Smith, ibid., art. "Joshua;" G. Harford-Battersby, ibid., arts. "Exodus," "Leviticus," "Numbers;" W. R. Harper and W. H. Green, in Hebraica, Vols. V-VTII; S. R. Driver, in Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, 2d. ed., art. "Deuteronomy;" G. L. Robinson, in Expositor for 1898 and 1899, art. "The Genesis of Deuteronomy;" G. B. Gray, in Encyclopaedia Biblica, art. "Law Literature." Among special introductions to the Hexateuch, Carpenter and Battersby's is the standard. In clearness of presentation together with fulness of detail it is unequaled. The one-volume edition contains everything that is in the two-volume edition except the biblical text itself. Addis and Kent each combine text and introduction, the latter furnishing, moreover, a new translation; these are less comprehensive in scope than Carpenter and Battersby, but are good, usable books and interesting to examine for agreements and divergences of opinion. Ktjenen's volume is still of much value both for its strictly. scientific method and for its results, which are now largely incorporated in more modern works. Briggs and Green consti- tute semi-popular presentations of the critical and the traditional arguments respectively. Mitchell combines a useful, popular commentary on Gen. i-ii, with the clearest and best introduction to the Penta- teuch extant for the layman. Gunkel's treatment of the early stories is of great value and indispensable for those desirous of understanding the modern attitude toward this material. Green and Dave defend the traditional view of the Book of Genesis, the former considering it from the point of view of its self- consistency, the latter dealing with it as related to the corresponding literatures of other peoples. Bacon's volumes exhibit fine critical acumen and have contributed their full share to the formation of present critical opinion. Cullen is of some value, not especially for any positive results, but as calling the attention of English students to a fresh point of view regarding the date of Deuteronomy. Of German treatises, Wellhausen is important as a pioneer and master in the field of Hexateuchal criticism. Holzinger's is the best single study of the whole field of introduction to the Hexateuch- Steu- ernagel is more concise and popular in character. Dillmann in his commentary on the Hexateuch includes a full introduction characterized by his well-known learning and setting forth some views peculiarly his own. Westphal makes no important contribution, but presents the results of modem science in intelligible form for the French reader. The studies of Steuernagel, Staerk, and Frees are illustrative of the more recent trend of criticism on the book of Deuteronomy. Zahn makes a brave attempt to stem the current of critical opinion, but without success. Procksch gives a most thorough study of the E document with some new results of much interest. Budde and Baentsch's monographs are models of good, scholarly work. Von Gall and Wobersin discuss the historicity and literary origin of the Balaam-stories. 3. THE REMAINING BOOKS. Kent, C. F. The Student's Old Testament. Vol. II, Israel's Historical and Biographical Narratives from the Establishment of the Hebrew Kingdom to the End of the Maccabaean Struggle. With Maps and Chronological Charts. New York: Scribners, 1905. Pp. 537. $2.75. Kent, C. F. The Student's Old Testament. Vol. Ill, Israel's Laws and Legal Precedents from the Days of Moses to the Closing of the Legal Canon. New York: Scribners, 1907. Pp. xxxv + 301. $2.75. Gigot, F. E. Special Introduction to the Study of the Old Testament. Part *I, The Historical Books. Part II, Didactic Books and Prophetical Writings. New York, Cincinnati, Chicago: Benziger, 1901, 1906. Pp. 387-505. Torrey, C. C. The Composition and Historical Value of Ezra-Nehemiah. Gies- sen: J. C. Ricker, 1896. Pp. 65. M. 2.50. INTRODUCTION TO THE OLD TESTAMENT 21 Davison, W. X. The Wisdom Literature of the Old Testament. London: C. H. Kelley, 1893. Pp. 315. 25. 6d. Davison, W. T. The Praises of Israel. An Introduction to the Study of the Psalms. London: C. H. Kelley, 1892. 2s. 6d. Genung, J. F. The Hebrew Literature of Wisdom in the Light of To-Day. Boston: Ginn 8c Co., 1906. Pp. xix+409. $2. Cheyne, T. K. Job and Solomon, or the Wisdom of the Old Testament. London : Kegan, Paul, Trench & Co., 1887. Pp. 322. 12s. 6d. Kent, C. F. The Wise Men of Ancient Israel and their Proverbs. Chicago: Silver, Burdett & Co., 1899. P P- 2o8 - $ z - 2 S- Dillon, E. J. The Original Poem of Job. London: Unwin, 1905. Pp.150. 5s. Kautzsch, K. Das sogenannte Volksbuch von Hiob und der Ursprung von Hiob cap. i, ii, undxlii: 7-17. Ein Beitrag zur Frage nach der Integritat des Buches Hiob. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1900. Pp. v+88. M. 2.40. McNeile, A. H. An Introduction to Ecclesiastes, with Notes and Appendices. Cambridge: The University Press, 1904. Pp. 177. ys. 6d. Owen, John. The Five Great Sceptical Dramas of History. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1896. Pp. 405. $3. Dillon, E. J. The Skeptics of the Old Testament. London: Isbister, 1895. Pp. 280. 7$. 6d. Murray, T. C. Lectures on the Origin and Growth of the Psalms. New York: Scribners, 1880. Pp. 318. $1.50. Cheyne, T. K. The Origin and Religious Contents of the Psalter in the Light of Old Testament Criticism and the History of Religions. With an Introduc- tion and Appendices. [The Bampton Lectures for i88g.] New York: Whit- taker, 1895. Pp. xxxviii+517. Thirtle, J. W. Old Testament Problems. Critical Studies in the Psalms and Isaiah. London: Henry Frowde, 1907. Pp. viii + 336. 6j.net. Beer, G. Individual- und Gemeindepsalmen. Ein Beitrag zur Erklarung des , Psalters. Marburg: Elwert, 1894. Pp. ci + 92. M. 4. Coblenz, F. Ueber das betende Ich in den Psalmen. Ein Beitrag zur Erklarung des Psalters. [Von der hochwiirdigen theologischen Fakultat der Uni- versity Berlin mit dem koniglichen Preise gekront.] Frankfurt: J. Kauf- mann, 1897. Pp. vi + 191. M. 3. Leimdorfer, D. Das Psalter-Ego in den Ich Psalmen. Beitrag zur wissenschaft- lichen Psalmenforschung. Mit einem Vorwort von Dr. C. H. Cornill. Ham- burg: G. Frizsche, 1898. Pp. 121. M. 3. Taylor, Isaac. The Spirit of the Hebrew Poetry. London: Bell and Daldy, 1861. Pp. xvi+347. Herder, I. G. Vom Geist der ebraischen Poesie. Two volumes. Leipzig: 1787. 22 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY \ Kautzsch, E. Die Poesie und die poetischen Biicher des Alten Testaments Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1902. Pp. vii + 109. M. 2. Bickell, G. Carmina Veteris Testamenti Metrice. Notas criticas et disserta- tionem de re metrica Hebraeorum adjecit. Venice, 1882. Pp. iv+236. M. 6.50. Ley, J. Leitfaden der Metrik der hebraischen Poesie, nebst dem ersten Buche der Psalmen nach rhythmischer Vers- und Strophenabteilung mit metrischer Analyse. Halle, 1887. Pp. viii+90. Sievers, E. Metrische Studien. I. Studien zur hebraischen Metrik. Leipzig: B. Teubner, 1901. Pp. xii+600. M. 18. Miiller, D. H. Strophenbau und Responsion. Neue Beitrage. Vienna: Holder, 1898. Pp.86. M. 2.60. Grimme, H. Psalmenprobleme. Untersuchungen iiber Metrik, Strophik und Paseq des Psalmenbuches. Freiburg: B. Veith, 1902. Pp. viii+204. M. 7.20. Cobb, W. H. A Criticism of Systems of Hebrew Metre. An Elementary Treatise. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1905. Pp. viii + 216. 6s. Doller, J. Rhythmus, Metrik und Strophik in der biblisch-hebraischen Poesie, systematisch dargestellt. Paderbom: Schoningh, 1899. Pp. vii+100. M. 2.40. Cheyne, T. K. Introduction to the Book of Isaiah, with an Appendix Containing the Undoubted Portions of the Two Chief Prophetic Writers in a Translation. London: Adam & Charles Black, 1895. Pp. 488. 245. Driver, S. R. Isaiah, His Life and Times. [Men of the Bible Series.] Chicago: Fleming H. Revell, 1893. Pp.214. $°-75- Giesebrecht, F. Beitrage zur Jesaiakritik. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1890. Pp. 224. M. 5. Guthe, H. Das Zukunftsbild des Jesaja. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Hartel, 1885. Pp. 49. M. 1.20. Hackmann, H. Die Zukunftserwartung des Jesaia untersucht. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1893. Pp. 174. M. 4.40. Meinhold, J. Die Jesaja-Erzahlungen, Jes. 36-39. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1898. Pp. 108. M. 3. Ley, J. Historische Erklarung des zweiten Teils des Jesaja. Marburg: Elwert, 1893. Pp. xii + 160. M. 3. Schian,M. Die Ebed-Jahwe Lieder. Halle: Krause, 1895. Pp. iv + 62. M. 1. Laue, L. Die Ebed-Jahwe Lieder. Wittenberg: Wunschmann, 1898. Pp. 74. M. 1.20. Bertholet, A. Zu Jesaja 53: Ein Erklarungsversuch. Freiburg: J. C. B. Mohr, 1899. Pp.32. M. 0.75. INTRODUCTION TO THE OLD TESTAMENT 23 Giesebrecht, F. Der Knecht Jahwes des Deutero-Jesaia. Konigsberg: Thomas und Oppermann, 1902. Pp. 208. M. 5.60. Workman, G. C. The Servant of Jehovah, or The Passion-Prophecy of Scrip- ture Analyzed and Elucidated. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1907. Pp. xxvi+250. S- 5 - Cheyne, T.K. Jeremiah, His Life and Times. [Men 0} the Bible Series.] Chicago: Fleming H. Revell, 1888. Pp. 200. 75c. Cornill, C. H. Die metrischen Stiicke des Buches Jeremia reconstruirt. Leip- zig: Hinrichs, 1901. Pp. 54. M. 1.50. Bulmerincq, A. von. Das Zukunftsbild des Propheten Jeremja. Riga: Hor- schelmann, 1894. Pp. 138. M. 2. Erbt, W. Jeremia und seine Zeit. Die Geschichte der letzten fiinfzig Jahre des vorexilischen Juda. Beigegeben ist der Untersuchung des Jeremiabuches eine Ubersetzung der urspriinglichen Stiicke und die Umschrift der Profeten- spriiche mit Bezeichnung des Rythmus. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1902. Pp. 300. M. 8. Bertholet, A. Die Verfassungsentwurf des Hesekiel. Freiburg: J. C. B. Mohr, 1896. Pp. 32. M. 1. Billeb, H. Der wichtigsten Satze der neueren alttestamentlichen Kritik vom Standpunkt der Propheten Amos und Hosea aus betrachtet. Halle : Anton, 1893. Pp. 144. M. 3. Oettli, S. Amos und Hosea, zwei Zeugen gegen die Anwendung der Evolu- tionstheorie auf die Religion Israels. [Beitriige zur Forderung christlicher Theologie,V.] Gutersloh: Bertelsmann, 1901. Pp. 101. M. 2.80. Procksch, 0. Die Geschichtsbetrachtung bei Amos, Hosea und Jesaia. Inaugural Dissertation. Konigsberg, 1901. Pp. 44. Taylor, J. The Massoretic Text and the Ancient Versions of the Book of Micah. London: Williams and Norgate, 1891. Pp. 215* 5.?. Ryssel, V. Untersuchungen iiber die Textgestalt und die Echtheit des Buches Micha. Ein kritischer Commentar zu Micha. Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1887. Pp. 292. M. 8. Staerk, Willy. Untersuchungen iiber die Komposition und Abfassungszeit von Zach., 9-14. Inaugural Dissertation. Halle, 1891. Pp. 101. Griitzmacher, G. K. Untersuchung iiber den Ursprung der in Zach., 9-14, vorliegenden Prophetien. Inaugural Dissertation. Heidelberg: 1892. Pp. 51. Rubinkam, N. J. The Second Part of the Book of Zechariah. Basel: Reich,, 1892. Pp. 92. M. 2. Kent's volumes make valuable source-books on the historical and legal materials in the Old Testa- ment; the analysis is conservative, the comment illum in ating, and the translation suggestive. Gigot in a careful, non-committal way presents critical results with arguments for and against them for the considera- tion of his fellow-Catholics. Torrey's monograph is scholarly and stimulating, though it does not com- mand the general assent of critics. Davison's handbooks are excellent resumes of the facts about the Wisdom Literature and the Psalter for the general reader. Genung puts the wisdom writings within the 24 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY range of the average reader. Cheyne's introduction to the Wisdom Writings is still of value for scholars, though its author has changed his conclusions greatly since writing this book. Kent's little book on the sages is in reality an introduction to Proverbs for the ordinary Bible student, and is well adapted to its purpose. Dillon's two works on the Wisdom Writings are clever and suggestive but lacking in sound judgment and too dependent upon unsafe guides. The study of the structure of Job by Katjtzsch merits reading; it stands for the practical unity of the book in opposition to the theory that makes it a revamp- ing of an old tradition. McNeile presents a sober, scholarly study that should commend itself to all competent judges. Owen's work is of interest only for the comparisons and contrasts it furnishes between the biblical and extra -biblical treatments of related problems. There is a rich literature about the Psalter; only a few of the more important works of introduction to the Psalms and to Hebrew poetry are here listed. Murray presented the main problems of the Psalter in very clear style; though hardly up to the requirements of present-day criticism, it is nevertheless an excellent work with which to start the study of these questions. Cheyne's Bampton Lectures is a work of unrivaled importance for its influence upon the trend of the recent criticism of the Psalter. Thtrtle presents some new theories anent the age of the Psalter, Hezekiah's relation to it, and the meaning of cer- tain psalms. His results are conservative in tendency, but without substantial basis. The important question of the significance of the "I" of the Psalter, whether individual or national, was first made prom- inent by Smend in Zeitschrift fur die alttesiamentliche Wtssenschaft, 1888, pp. 40-147. Beer in a careful monograph accepts Smend's view that the "I" is the nation only in part, finding many Psalms explicable only on the individual basis. Coblenz, taking up the Psalms one by one, finds a larger national element than did Beer. Leimdorfer reviews 96 "I" psalms, finding 55 to be community psalms, 36 individual psalms, and 5 doubtful. On the character of Hebrew poetry Taylor is the most sympathetic English interpreter and Herder holds the same place in Germany. Kautzsch writes in the full light of modern criticism and has given a good popular treatment. On the form of Hebrew poetry Bickell, Ley, and Slevers are the leading representatives of the various theories; Bickell propounded a syllabic system that has found few followers; Ley is the founder of the theory most prevalent today which measures lines by the number of tones they contain; Sievers has made the most exhaustive study of the subject in modern times, and seeks to combine the syllabic and tone-systems. His attempt, however, to make all Hebrew poetry anapaestic is unsuccessful. Muller has worked out a theory of strophic formation which is too complicated and artificial to meet with general favor. Grimme builds upon Ley's foundation, but ventures to improve upon Ley by adding a system of morae which he develops upon the basis of the work of Beller- mann, an earlier metricist (1813). Cobb gives an admirable survey of the history of Hebrew metrics. Doller does the same thing in German, but less successfully. Cheyne is one of the standard authorities on Isaiah and represents the best critical work in English on the book. Driver's handbook is well adapted to the needs of the intelligent Sunday-school teacher or college student. Glesebrecht's work on Isaiah is careful and critical, though more cautious than that of Cheyne. Guthe and Hackmann discuss the pictures of the future in the book of Isaiah in a thorough manner from the point of view of the literary criticism of their day. Meinhold has done a valuable piece of work on the story of Sennacherib's invasion. Ley works out critical results concerning the historical and literary relationships of Isa., chaps. 40-66, for the public at large, but his results meet with much oppo- sition from scholars. Schian works through the Servant of Jehovah problem thoroughly, furnishing much detailed support for the general position represented by Duhm. Laue in a most scholarly dissertation seeks to establish the view that the Servant is an ideal personality, rather than a historical individual. Bertholet originates a new view in identifying the Servant with Eleazar (2 Mace. 6:18-31). Giese- brecht presents a powerful argument for the identification of the Servant with the nation of Israel as a whole. Workman presents attractively the view that the pious kernel of the nation is the Servant. Cheyne's Jeremiah is the best book to put into the hands of the intelligent layman. Cornill presents a reconstruction of Jeremiah's poetical passages. The special studies of von BtjlmerlncQ and Erbt are of much value to the scholar. Bertholet gives an excellent analysis of the purpose of Ezekiel as revealed in his vision of the New Jerusalem. Billeb, Oettli, and Procksch call attention to various difficulties for the current critical conception which are furnished by the eighth-century prophets. Taylor's textual treatment of Micah is of average quality, freer in its attitude toward the Massoretic text than Ryssel, but not approaching the latter in scholarly accuracy and completeness. Of the three studies on Zech., chaps. 9-14, Staerk's is the most thorough and exhibits the best judgment. 4. THE CANON OF THE OLD TESTAMENT Kirkpatrick, A. F. The Divine Library of the Old Testament. Its Origin, Preservation, Inspiration, and Permanent Value. Five Lectures. New York: Macmillan, 1891. Pp. xviii + 155. $1. INTRODUCTION TO THE OLD TESTAMENT 25 Ryle, H. E. The Canon of the Old Testament. New York: Macmillan, 1892. Pp. xx +304. 6s. Wildeboer, G. The Origin of the Canon of the Old Testament. [Translated from the Dutch by B. W. Bacon.] London: Luzac & Co., 1895. Pp. xii + 182. 7s. 6d. Green, W. H. General Introduction to the Old Testament Canon. New York: Scribners, 1899. Pp. xvii + 209. $1.50. Buhl, F. Kanon und Text des Alten Testamentes. Leipzig: Faber, 1891. Pp. vi+262. [English Translation. New York: Scribners, 1892. Pp. viii + 259. $2 . 10.] Reuss, Eduard. Die Geschichte der heiligen Schriften Alten Testaments. Braun- schweig: Schwetschke, 1890. Pp. xx+780. M. 15. Kiekpatrick is the best popular English work on the Canon. Ryle's is a more detailed presentation, but also within the range of the average reader. Wildeboer is the best book in English for scholars; its full citation of sources is of much value. Green's treatment is somewhat elaborate, but spoiled by his theological presuppositions. Reuss and Buhl are indispensable to special students. There are also excellent articles on the Old Testament Canon by Budde in Encyclopaedia Biblica, F. H. Woods in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, and H. L. Strack in Proteslantische Realencyklopddie, 3d edition. 5. DICTIONARIES OF THE BIBLE Hastings, James, et al. Dictionary of the Bible. Dealing with Its Language, Literature and Contents, Including the Biblical Theology. New York: Scribners, 1898-1904. Five volumes. Cloth, $6; half leather, $8 a volume. Cheyne, T. K., and Black, J. S. Encyclopaedia Biblica. A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. New York: - Macmillan, 1899-1903. Four volumes. Cloth, $5; full leather, $7.50 a volume. Smith, W., and Fuller, J. M. A Dictionary of the Bible, Comprising Its Antiqui- ties, Biography, Geography, and Natural History. 2d ed. In three volumes. New York: Scribners, 1893. Pp. xv+3,715. $22. Davis, John D. A Dictionary of the Bible. 2d ed. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1903. Pp. 802. $2. Guthe, H., et al. Kurzes Bibelworterbuch. Tubingen: Mohr, 1903. Pp.768. M. 12.50. Herzog-Hauck. Realencyklopadie fiir protestantische Theologie und Kirche. Begriindet von J. J. Herzog. In dritter verbesserter und vermehrter Auflage, unter Mitwirkung vieler Theologen und Gelehrten, herausgegeben von A. Hauck. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1896 + (nineteen volumes thus far published, extending to " Tonsur "). 12 M. per volume. Hastings' Dictionary constitutes the best guide to biblical interpretation for all except the most com- petent scholars. Its standpoint is that of moderate criticism. Cheyne is an unsafe leader here because of the large place given to certain vagaries of the editor; these, however, do not detract from the value of other exceedingly important articles by the leading modern Old Testament scholars. In Smith's well- known dictionary the revision is limited to Vol. I (1,853 pp.; to be obtained separately, for $13) which contains some good Old Testament work by Driver, Kirkpatrick, and others. Davis' concise dictionary is controlled by the traditional spirit and method. Guthe furnishes a popular dictionary from a somewhat 26 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY advanced critical point of view. Herzog-Hatjck contains some very learned Old Testament articles by such men as Kittel, Strack, and other conservative critics. A one-volume dictionary with Hastings as editor is under way, and will supply a great need for a good, popular Bible Dictionary incorporating the results of modern scholarship. 6. THE NATURE AND VALUE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT Dods, M. The Bible, Its Origin and Nature. [The Bross Lectures, 1904.] New York: Scribners, 1905. Pp. xm+245. $*• Vernon, A. W. The Religious Value of the Old Testament in the Light of Modern Scholarship. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co., 1907. Pp. vii+81. $0.90. McFadyen, J. E. Old Testament Criticism and the Christian Church. New York: Scribners, 1903. $1.50. Smith, G. A. Modern Criticism and the Preaching of the Old Testament. [Eight Lectures on the Lyman Beecher Foundation. Yale University.] New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son, 1901. Pp. xii+325. $1.50. Batten, L. W. The Old Testament from the Modern Point of View. 2d ed. New York: E. S. Gorham, 1901. Pp. vi+344. $1.50. Smith, W. R. The Old Testament in the Jewish Church. A Course of Lectures on Biblical Criticism. 2ded. London: A. & C. Black, 1895. Pp. xiv+458. Kent, C. F. The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament. New York: Scribners, 1906. Pp. xii+270. $1.25. Carpenter, J. Estlin. The Bible in the Nineteenth Century. London: Long- mans, Green & Co., 1903. Pp. xv+512. ios.6d. Peters, J. P. The Old Testament and the New Scholarship. London: Meth- uen and Co., 1901. Pp. x + 328. 6s. Knight, Th. Criticism and the Old Testament. London: Elliot Stock, 1907. Watson, John. God's Message to the Human Soul. The Use of the Bible in the Light of the New Knowledge. [The [Cole Lectures 0} Vanderbilt Uni- versity for 1907.I Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1907. Pp. 272. $1 . 25. Selleck, W. C. The New Appreciation of the Bible. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1907. Pp. 409. $1 . 50. This is a group of books all seeking to justify the application of critical methods to the interpreta- tion of the Scriptures. Any one of them will be found helpful by the inquiring student needing orientation. Especially good are: Vernon, emphasizing the positive contribution of the Old Testa- ment to religious life and thought, and coming within the limits of an hour's reading; McFadyen, characterized by a pleasing style and an irenical spirit; and G. A. Smith, showing the preachableness of the Old Testament, even when critically understood. III. THE LANGUAGE AND TEXT OF THE OLD TESTAMENT 1. THE HEBREW TEXT Kittel, R. Biblia Hebraica. Adjuvantibus professoribus G. Beer, F. Buhl, G. Dalman, S. R. Driver, M. Lohr, W. Nowack, J. W. Rothstein, V. Ryssel. 2 Theile. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1906. X+1324S. Geb. in 2 Leinenbande, M. 10.40; in 1 Halbldrbd., M. 10. Ausgabe in 15 Heften, M. 1. LANGUAGE AND TEXT 27 Baer, S., and Delitzsch, Franz. Textum masoreticum accuratissime expressit, e fontibus Masorae varie illustravit, notis criticis confirmavit. Leipzig: Tauchnitz, 1869 ff. (Published in separate parts at M. 1 to M. 1.50 per part; Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, and Kings have not appeared.) Ginsburg, C. D. "•&*[ Tinpil *ngo HyalKI D'HTA? • London: Trinitarian Bible Society, 1894. 21s. Ginsburg, C. D. Introduction to the Massoretico-critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible. London: Trinitarian Bible Society, 1897. Pp. xii + 1,028+ Tables and Plates, lis. net. The Sacred Books of the Old Testament. A Critical Edition of the Hebrew Text, printed in Colors, with Notes. Prepared by eminent biblical scholars of Europe and America under the editorial direction of Paul Haupt. Balti- more: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1893 ff. The parts thus far published are: Genesis (C. J. Ball; M. 7.50); Leviticus (S. R. Driver; M. 2.50); Numbers (J. A. Paterson; M. 5.50); Joshua (W. H. Bennett; M. 3.00); Judges (G. F. Moore; M. 6.00); Samuel (K. Budde; M. 6.50); Kings (B. Stade; M. 18); Isaiah (Cheyne; M. 12.50); Jeremiah (Cornill; M. 5.00); Ezekiel (Toy; M. 7.50); Psalms (Wellhausen; M. 6.00); Proverbs (E. Kautzsch; M. 5.50); Job (C. Siegfried; M. 3.50); Daniel (Kamphausen; M. 3.00); Ezra Nehemiah (Guthe; M. 6.00); Chronicles (Kittel; M. 6.00). Peters, N. Die alteste Abschrift der zehn Gebote, der Papyrus Nash untersucht. Mit einer Abbildung. Freiburg im B.: Herder, 1905. Pp. 51. M. 1.50. Strack, H. L. Die Spriiche Jesus, des Sohnes Sirachs. Der jiingst gefundene hebraische Text mit Anmerkungen und WSrterbuch herausgegeben. Leipzig: Deichert, 1903. Pp. vi + 74. M. 1.50. Weir, T. H. A Short History of the Hebrew Text of the Old Testament. 2d ed. London: Williams & Norgate, 1907. Pp. xv+ 149, and 8 Plates. 6s. Oort, H. (Editor.) TextusHebraiciEmendationesQuibusin Vetere Testamento Neerlandice vertendo usi sunt A. Kuenen, J. Hooykaas, W. H. Kosters, H. Oort. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1901. Pp. iv+150. Kittel 's is the best working Hebrew Bible for the student. The text is reliable, type clear, price reasonable, and the more generally accepted textual emendations are incorporated in footnotes. The Baer and Delitzsch texts are in convenient form and present a large number of variant readings found in the various manuscripts of the Massoretic text. Ginsburg's Bible and its Introduction constitute the fullest presentation of the Massoretic tradition to be found in any one work. The Bible is too cumbersome and printed on too transparent paper to'be desirable for constant use; but it is an indispensable source of reference. Haupt's Polychrome Bible presents the text as emended and analyzed into its original constit- uent elements by the leading representatives of Old Testament criticism. The notes contain much valuable information. Peters furnishes a facsimile of the oldest-known bit of manuscript containing a portion of the Old Testament text, viz., the Decalogue and Deut., 6 : 1-4. He translates it and subjects it to a careful textual scrutiny. Strack's edition of the text of Ecclesiasticus is convenient, reliable, and cheap. Weir gives the best concise summary of the facts concerning the transmission of the Hebrew text. Oort's series of emendations deserves attention. 1. THE ANCIENT VERSIONS Swete, H. B. An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Cambridge: The University Press, 1900. Pp. xi + 592. ys. 6d. 28 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY Swete, H. B. The Old Testament in Greek according to the Septuagint. Three volumes. Cambridge and New York: Macmillan, 1887-94. 2d and 3d eds. Pp. xxviii + 827; xvi + 879; xx+879. 7s. 6d. per volume. Teschendorf, C. de. Vetus Testamentum Graece juxta LXX Interpretes. Textum vaticanum Romanum emendatius edidit, argumenta et locos novi testamenti parallelos notavit, omnem lectionis Varietatem codicem vetustis- simorum Alexandrini, Ephraem Syri, Friderics-Augustani subjunxit, prolego- menis uberrimis instruxit. Editio septima. Prolegomena recognovit sup- plementum auxit E. Nestle. Two volumes. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus, 1887. Pp. 1,501. M. 15. Lagarde, P. de. Librorum veteris Testamenti Canonicorum Pars Prior Graece. Gottingen: A. Hoyer, 1883. Pp. xvi + 544. M. 20. Brooke, A. E., and McLean, N. The Old Testament in Greek, according to the Text of Codex Vaticanus, supplemented from other uncial manuscripts, with a critical apparatus containing the variants of the chief ancient authori- ties for the text of the Septuagint. Cambridge: The University Press, 1906. Vol. I, Part I: Genesis. 75. 6d. Field, F. Origenis Hexaplorum quae supersunt; sive veterum interpretum Grae- corum in totum Vetus Testamentum fragmenta. Two volumes. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1875. Pp. cii+ 1,918. Hatch, Edwin, and Redpath, H. A. Concordance to the Septuagint and other Greek Versions of the Old Testament. New York : Henry Frowde, 1892-96. Six volumes. Pp. 1,504. $31.50. Supplement Fasc. I: a Concordance to the Proper Names Occurring in the Septuagint. New York: Henry Frowde, 1900. Pp. 162. $4. Fasc. II: Containing a Concordance to Ecclesiasticus, other addenda, and a Hebrew Index to the whole work. New York: Frowde, 1906. Pp. 163-272. $4. Helbing, R. Grammatik der Septuaginta. Laut- und Wortlehre. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1907. Pp. xviii+149. M. 6. Oesterley, W. 0. E. Studies in the Greek and Latin Versions of the Book of Amos. Cambridge: The University Press, 1902. Pp. viii+112. 45. Ottley, R. R. The Book of Isaiah according to the Septuagint (Codex Alexan- drinus). Translated and edited. Two volumes. Cambridge: The Uni- versity Press, 1904, 1906. Pp. xliv+753. I2 ^- Hetzenauer, M. Biblia Sacra Vulgatae Editionis. Ex ipsis exemplaribus Vati- canis inter se atque cum indice errorum corrigendorum collatis, critice edidit. Cum approbatione Ecclesiastica. ^Oeniponte: Wagner, MCMVI. Pp. xxxii-t- 1,142 + 173. M. 22. Swete's manual edition of the Greek text according to Codex Vaticanus is the best edition for ordinary student use. The introductory volume gives the necessary facts concerning the history, character, and sources of the Greek text. Tischendorf presents a more complete text-critical apparatus than Swete and includes a special collation of the Alexandrine and Vatican codices by Nestle. Lagarde is of con- siderable value as representing the Lucian recension of the Greek text. The Brooke and McLean text, LANGUAGE AND TEXT 29 only the first part of which has yet appeared, is destined to be the standard source of information for many years; its text-critical apparatus is the most complete of any at present accessible to the scholar. Field's Hexapla gives the renderings of Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion, which are valuable for the restoration of the Hebrew Text. Hatch and Redpath's concordance is of inestimable value as an aid to the critical use of the Septuagint for the purpose of textual restorations. Helbing has begun a grammar of the Septuagint which promises to be an indispensable tool for every worker in Old Testament Greek. Oes- terley's thesis is of unusual excellence and helpful as indicative of good scholarly method. Ottley's study of the Greek text of Isaiah shows careful work and is highly commendable as an effort to familiarize students with the character and value of the Greek version. Hetzenauer's edition of the Vulgate is the best text of the Vulgate within the reach of the majority Of scholars. Good texts of the Targum and Peshitto are unfortunately accessible only in the great Paris and London Polyglots. 3. MODERN VERSIONS The American Standard Revised Version. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, first issued in 1901. Issued in more than 100 different forms, sizes, and bindings; from $0.22 up. Also a Teachers' edition embodying "The Bible Treasury," from $2 .25 up. The Revised Version — British Edition. First issued in 1885. Many editions by Oxford and Cambridge University Presses; also by Thomas Nelson & Sons, of New York. The Variorum Teachers' Bible. The Authorized Version with Various Renderings and Readings from the Best Authorities. The Old Testament by T. K. Cheyne and S. R. Driver; The Apocrypha by C. J. Ball; The New Testament by R. L. Clark and W. Sanday. 3d ed. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1892. With a brief Bible Dictionary, Index, and Concord- ance, by Thomas Nelson & Sons, New York. Many editions, from $2 up. Parallel Editions of the Revised and Authorized Versions. Several editions by Thomas Nelson & Sons, New York, and other publishers. The Modern Reader's Bible. Practically the British Revised Version printed in literary form, with Introduction and Notes. Edited by R. G. Moulton. New York: Macmillan, 1898-. Entire Bible issued in twenty-one volumes, $10. A one-volume edition (1907; pp. 1,733; $ 2 ) nas J ust appeared. The Temple Bible. The Authorized Version in the Modern Form of Litera- ture, with Brief Introductions. Edited by various British scholars. Phila- delphia: Lippincott, 1900-5. Entire Bible in twenty-five volumes; the Apocrypha of the Old Testament, five volumes. $0.40. per volume. The Messages or the Bible. Edited by F. K. Sanders and C. F. Kent. New York: Scribners, 1900-5. The Old Testament in seven volumes: Vol. I, The Messages of the Earlier Prophets, by F. K. Sanders and C. F. Kent; Vol. II, The Messages of the Later Prophets, by F. K. Sanders and C. F. Kent; Vol. Ill, The Messages of the Lawgivers, by C. F. Kent; Vol. IV, The Messages of the Prophetic and Priestly Historians, by J. E. McFadyen; Vol. V, The Messages of the Psalmists, by J. E. McFadyen; Vol. VI, The Messages of the Sages; Vol. VII, The Messages of the Dramatic Poets. $1.25 per volume. 30 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY Price, Ira M. The Ancestry of Our English Bible. An account of the Bible Versions, Texts, and Manuscripts. Philadelphia: The Sunday School Times Company, 1907. Pp. xxiv + 330. $1.50. Die Heilige Schrift des Alten Testaments. Uebersetzt von verschiedenen Professoren und herausgegeben von E. Kautzsch. 2d ed. Leipzig: Mohr, 1894. S. 1,012 und Beilagen von S. xviii + 219. M. 16.50. The American Standard Revised Version is unquestionably the most accurate English rendering of the Bible ; this fact combined with its advance upon the British Revision in chapter headings and marginal references must commend it to all careful interpreters of Scripture. The most useful edition of the Author- ized Version is the Variorum Bible. Parallel editions are convenient for comparison of the Authorized and Revised Versions, but are rather a luxury than a necessity. The Modern Reader's Bible presents the Revised Version with emphasis in notes and text upon the literary form. The Temple Bible is put up in dainty form but the notes are extremely limited. The Messages of the Bible presents the contents of the biblical books in clear and modern paraphrase. Price gives a clear and concise history of the transmission of the Biblical text from the earliest existing version down to the latest translations. The many illustrations are especially good. Kautzsch's Heilige . Schrift is a careful, critical translation on the basis of an emended text, with brief introductory and explanatory notes. 4. HEBREW GRAMMAR Kautzsch-Gesenius. Hebrew Grammar, as edited and enlarged. Translated from the twenty-fifth German edition by the late G. W. Collins; translation revised and adjusted to the twenty-sixth edition by A. E. Cowley. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898. Pp. xviii+598. $5.25. Kautzsch-Gesenius. Hebraische Grammatik, vollig umgearbeitet. Sieben und zwanzigste vielfach verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage. Leipzig: Vogel, 1902. Pp. xii+593. M. 7. Harper, W. R. Elements of Hebrew. New York: Scribners. Third edition, 1885; Eighteenth reprint edition, 1906. Pp. 182. $2. Harper, W. R. Elements of Hebrew Syntax. New York: Scribners, 1888. $2. Davidson, A. B. An Introductory Hebrew Grammar. 7th ed. New York: Scribners, 1885. Pp. viii + 198. $2.50. Davidson, A. B. Hebrew Syntax. New York: Scribners, 1894. Pp. x + 233. $2.50. Bickell, G. Outlines of Hebrew Grammar, Translated from the German by Samuel Ives Curtiss. Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1877. Pp. xiii+140. Wijnkoop, J. D. Manual of Hebrew Grammar. Revised and improved edition. Translated from the Dutch by C. van den Biesen. London: Luzac & Co., 1898. Pp. xvi+158. ss. Wijnkoop, J. D. Manual of Hebrew Syntax. Translated from the Dutch by C. van den Biesen. London: Luzac & Co., 1897. Pp. xiii+171. 5s. Driver, S. R. A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew, and Some Other Syntactical Questions. Third and revised edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1892. Pp. xvi + 306. 7$. 6d. Kennett, R. H. A Short Account of the Hebrew Tenses. Cambridge: The University Press, 1901. Pp. viii + 104. 35. LANGUAGE AND TEXT 31 Green, W. H. A Grammar of the Hebrew Language. New edition carefully revised throughout, and the Syntax greatly enlarged. New York: Wiley & Sons, 1889. Pp. viii+418. Wickes, Win. A Treatise on the Accentuation of the Three So-called Poetical Books of the Old Testament, Psalms, Proverbs and Job. With an Appendix containing the treatise, assigned to R. Jehuda ben-Bil c am, on the same sub- ject, in the original Arabic. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1881. Pp. x+119. 5s. Wickes, Wm. Treatise on the Accentuation of the So-called Prose Books of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1887. Pp. xvi + 155. 55. Stade, B. Lehrbuch der hebraischen Grammatik. Erster Theil (only one published). Leipzig: Vogel, 1879. Pp. xviii+425. Kdnig, F. E. Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebaude der hebraischen Sprache, mit steter Beziehung auf Qimchi und die anderen Auctoritaten. Two parts in three volumes. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1881-97. Pp. x+710; xiv+602; ix+721. M. 50; bound, M. 57.50. Ewald, H. Ausfiihrliches Lehrbuch der hebraischen Sprache des Alten Bundes. Achte Ausgabe. Gottingen: Dieterich, 1870. Pp. xvi+959. Kautzsch-Gesentjs is the standard authority on Hebrew Grammar. The German edition is later and much cheaper than the English. Harper's manuals are still the best books through which to acquire a knowledge of the Hebrew language. Davidson's manuals are widely used as elementary guides, but are pedagogically defective. Bickell's Outlines are intended for somewhat advanced students; they evidence sound philological method. The manuals of Wijnkoop, though retaining to some extent the old Jewish terminology, are among the best scientific expositions of the laws of the Hebrew language. Driver's Tenses is the most complete and satisfactory treatment of the subject. Kennett is concise and clear, and meant for less advanced students. Green's Grammar is unsatisfactory in its philological basis, especially in the treatment of the vowel-system. Wickes is the standard authority on accentuation, prose and poetical. Stade is rigidly scientific in method, and presupposes some acquaintance with related Semitic languages. Konig provides an exhaustive collection of materials, especially in the syntax, but is too confusing and subjective in his treatment. Ewald, though now out of date, was the most philosophic of Hebrew Grammarians, and has greatly influenced all later writers. 6. HEBREW LEXICONS Brown, Francis (with the co-operation of S. R. Driver and Charles A. Briggs). A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament; with an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic. Based on the Lexicon of William Gesen- ius, as translated by Edward Robinson. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1906. Pp. xix+1127. $8. Buhl, Frants. Wilhelm Gesenius' Hebraisches und Aramaisches Handworter- buch uber das Alte Testament, in Verbindung mit H. Zimmern herausgegeben. Leipzig: Vogel, 1905. Pp. xvi+932. M. 18. Siegfried-Stade. Hebraisches Worterbuch zum Alten Testamente. Mit zwei Anhangen. I, Lexidion zu den Aramaischen Stucken des Alten Testamentes; n, Deutsch-hebraisches Worterverzeichnis. Leipzig: Veit, 1893. Pp. viii+978. M. 18. The standard Hebrew dictionary is that of Gesenius, now accessible in both English and German. The English edition is characterized by fuller citation of biblical passages than the German, and by a more detailed analysis of the usage of the important words. To the German edition, however, must be given 32 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY the credit for greater homogeneity throughout, due in part to its having been prepared within a much shorter time, and for a more careful reckoning with the contributions of Assyrian lexicography. Siegfkied- Stade was conspicuous at the time of its publication for its relative disregard of comparative Semitic lexicography with a corresponding emphasis upon the close study of the Hebrew language itself. A great need now is for a lexicon adapted to the needs of English-speaking students in the early stages of their work. Such a compendious edition of the Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon is said to be under way. 6. ARAMAIC AND SYRIAC GRAMMAR Kautzsch, E. Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramaischen. Mit einer kritischen Erorterung der aramaischen Worter im Neuen Testament. Leipzig: Vogel, 1884. Pp. viii + 181. M. 4. Marti, Karl. Kurzgefasste Grammatik der biblischen-aramaischen Sprache. Berlin: Reuther und Reichard, 1896. Pp. xiv+ 134+90. M. 3.60. Strack, H. L. Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramaischen, mit den nach Handschriften berichtigten Texten und einem Worterbuch. 3d ed. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1901. Pp. 100. M. 2. Dalman, Gustaf. Grammatik der judisch-palastinischen Aramaisch, nach den Idiomen des palastinischen Talmud, des Onkelostargum und Propheten- targum und der jerusalemischen Targume zum Pentateuch. Zweite Auflage. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1905. Pp. 419. M. 13. Noldeke, Th. Compendious Syriac Grammar. ' With a table of characters by Julius Euting. Translated from the second and improved German edition by J. A. Crichton. London: Williams &Norgate, 1904. Pp. xxxiv+336. 18s. Nestle, E. Syriac Grammar with Bibliography, Chrestomathy, and Glossary. Second enlarged and improved edition, translated from the German by R. S. Kennedy. New York: Westermann & Co., 1889. Pp. xvi + 195. 9s. Brockelmann, C. Syrische Grammatik mit Paradigmen, Literatur, Chresto- mathie, und Glossar. 2d ed. Berlin: Reuther und Reichard, 1904. Pp. 230. M. 8.80. Kat/tzsch's is the most complete and thorough treatment of biblical Aramaic. Better adapted to the needs of elementary students is Marti's clear and concise summary. Strack's grammar is more condensed even than Marti's but too much so for perspicacity. Dalman's is the best grammar of the Targumic and Talmudic Aramaic. Noldeke's Syriac grammar is unequaled in its comprehensive and accurate treatment. Nestle is briefer, but thoroughly dependable. Brockelmann's is the best elementary textbook. 7. ARAMAIC AND SYRIAC LEXICONS Levy, J. Chaldaisches Worterbuch Uber die Targumim und einen grossen Theil des Rabbinischen Schriftthums. Two volumes. Leipzig: Baumgartner, 1881. Pp. vii+430; viii + 595. Dalman, G. Aramaisch-neuhebraisches Worterbuch zu Targum, Talmud und Midrasch. Frankfurt a. M.: Kauffmann, 1901. Pp. x+iv+447+129. Thesaurus Syriacus. Collegerunt Stephanus M. Quatremere, Georgius Henricus Bernstein, G. W. Forsbach, Albertus J. Arnoldi, et alii. Auxit, digessit, exposuit, edidit R. Payne Smith. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879- 1901. Pp. v+4,515- $5°- LANGUAGE AND TEXT 33 Smith, J. Payne. A Compendious Syriac Dictionary. New York: Henry Frowde, 1903. Pp. 626. $21. Brockelmann, C. Lexicon Syriacum. Berlin: Reuther und Reichard, 1895. Pp. 570. M. 30. The dictionaries of biblical Aramaic are incorporated in the Hebrew dictionaries; see III, 5. Levy's is the most exhaustive dictionary of Targumic and Talmudic Aramaic; but Dalman is sounder philologically, and more modern. The masterpiece of Syriac lexicography is R. Payne Smith's Thesaurus. But for those to whom access to this great work is denied an indispensable substitute is supplied by J.Payne Smith. The Lexicon of Brockelmann is in Latin and even more abridged; but is sufficient for ordinary needs. 8. CONCORDANCES Young, Robert. Analytical Concordance to the Bible. 7th ed. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1893. Pp. 1,108. $5. Strong, James. Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible. New York: Eaton & Mains, 1894. Pp. 1808. $6. Walker, J. B. R. Comprehensive Concordance to the Bible in the Authorized Version. Boston: The Pilgrim Press, 1894. Pp. 922. $1. Mandelkern, S. Veteris Testamenti Concordantiae Hebraicae atque Chaldaicae. Lipsiae: Veit et Comp., MDCCCXCVI. Pp. xiv+ 1,532. M. 150. Mandelkern, S. Veteris Testamenti Concordantiae Hebr. et Chald. Editio Minor. Leipzig: Veit, 1897. Pp. ix+ 1,011. M. 30. The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance or the Old Testa- ment. Two volumes. 3d ed. London: Walton & Moberly, 1866. Pp. xvi + 1,682 + 78. Students of the English Bible are well provided for as to Concordances. Young and Strong are both comprehensive and detailed. Walker caters to the devotees of the Authorized Version and to the light pocket-book. Mandelkern's great work is exhaustive and indispensable to the close student of Hebrew, though marred by too many errors. The abridged edition of Mandelkern omits the citations of Hebrew text. The Englishman's Concordance is arranged on the basis of the Hebrew words, but the illustrative passages are cited in English. 9. QUOTATIONS FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT IN THE NEW TESTAMENT Toy, C. H. Quotations in the New Testament. New York: Scribners, 1884. Pp. xliv + 321. $3.50. Huhn, Eugen. Die alttestamentlichen Citate und Reminiscenzen im Neuen Testa mente. Tubingen: Mohr, 1900. Pp. 300. M. 6. Dittmar, W. Vetus Testamentum in Novo. Die alttestamentlichen Parallelen des Neuen Testaments, im Wortlaut der Urtexte und der Septuaginta, zusam- mengestellt. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1903. Pp. 362. M. 9.40. Toy's treatment is the best for English students; it is broad and comprehensive, but at the same time concise and clear. HtTHN and Dittmar present additional materials and differing points of view that the thorough student may not ignore. 34 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY IV. INTERPRETATION I. COMMENTARIES ON THE ENTIRE OLD TESTAMENT The International Critical Commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. Edited by C. A. Briggs, S. R. Driver, and Alfred Plummer. New York: Scribners, 1895-. About $3 per volume. Eight volumes of the Old Testament Series are already published; see below in connection with the various individual books of the Old Testament. The New-Century Bible. General Editor, Walter F. Adeiiey. Revised Version with Notes, Index, and Maps. New York : Frowde, 1904-. $0 . 90 per volume. Nine volumes are now published; see below. The Expositor's Bible. Expository Lectures on all the Books of the Bible by the Foremost Preachers and Theologians of the Day. Edited by W. Robertson Nicoll. New York: Armstrongs, 1887-. $1 . 50 per volume. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. General Editors for the Old Testament, J. S. Perowne and A. F. Kirkpatrick. Cambridge: The Univer- sity Press, 1 883-. About $0 . 75 per volume. The Westminster Commentaries. Edited by Walter Lock, D.D. New York: E. S. Gorham, 1904-. Two volumes thus far published; see below. The Churchman's Bible. General Editor, John Henry Bum, D.D. London: Methuen & Co., 1901-. One volume only has yet appeared; see below. An American Commentary on the Old Testament. Philadelphia: The Ameri- can Baptist Publication Society, 1904-. Six volumes are already published; see below. Handkommentar zum Alten Testament. In Verbindung mit anderen Fach- gelehrten herausgegeben von W. Nowack. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1892-1903. Entire series, paper, M. 75; half leather, M. 95. Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament. In Verbindung mit I. Ben- zinger, A. Bertholet, K. Budde, B. Duhm, H. Holzinger, und G. Wildeboer herausgegeben von Karl Marti. Tubingen: Mohr, 1897-1904. Price for entire series, paper, M. 76; half leather, M. 96. Kurzgefasster Kommentar zu den heiligen Schriften Alten und Neuen Testa- mentes, so wie zu den Apokryphen. Unter Mitwirkung von Berger (Ansbach), Klostermann (Kiel), Kiibel (Tubingen), Luthardt (Leipzig), Meinhold (Greifs- wald), Nosgen (Rostock), von Orelli (Basel), Oettli (Bern), Schnedermann (Basel), Schultz (Breslau), herausgegeben von Hermann Strack und Otto Zockler. Nordlingen: Beck, 1887-. Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament. Leipzig: Hirzel, 1843-. Includes volumes by Knobel, Hitzig, Diestel, Olshausen, Dillmann, Kittel, etc. COMMENTARIES 35 Biblischer Commentar Uber das Alte Testament. C. F. Keil und Franz Delitzsch. Leipzig: Dorffling und Franke, 1866-. The best English commentary on the Old Testament is the International Critical Commen- tary; it is critical and scholarly, representing the best learning of the English-speaking peoples, and not inferior in quality to the commentaries of any language. The New-Century Bible is less techni- cal than the foregoing but is controlled by a no less scholarly spirit; it is intended for non-professional students and is well adapted to meet their needs. The'ExposriOR's Bible is homiletic in tone and popular in aim; its volumes are of very unequal merit; the more valuable of the series are cited in connection with the individual books. The well-known Cambridge Bible is distinctly popular in aim; some of its volumes are of great value, but the majority of them cannot be recommended. The Westminster Commentaries (continuing the series' begun as the Oxford Commentaries) is described by the general editor as "less elementary than the Cambridge Bible, less critical than the International Critical Com- mentary, less didactic than the Expositor's Bible;" the two volumes thus far published support this state- ment and seem well calculated to meet the needs of intelligent laymen. The Churchman's Bible presents the Authorized Version with brief notes and introductions. It is intended to be practical and helpful to the devotional life, while at the same time paying due regard to interests of scholarship. The scholarship of the American Commentary is of somewhat mediocre quality as a whole; but the critical attitude is cautious and will commend itself to many people. It is intended for rather wide use. Among German commentaries the Handkommentar of Nowack and the Kurzer Hand-Commen- tar by Marti represent the high-water mark of critical scholarship; Nowack's series presents a new trans- lation and a somewhat more cautious attitude toward the text than Marti's series; the latter furnishes fuller notes in compensation for the missing translation. The Kurzgefasster Kommentar of Strack and Zockler is essentially conservative in spirit, though recognizing the legitimacy and necessity of the historical and critical method; its learning is competent and reliable. The Exegetisches Handbuch was the critical commentary of a previous generation of scholars, and some of its volumes are still of value; new editions thoroughly revised and brought up to date have been made of several volumes. The Bib- lischer Commentar of Keil and Delitzsch was a learned and conservative work, many volumes of which were translated into English; the only ones of special value now are certain ones by Delitzsch himself, which were completely rewritten by him in his last years. 2. COMMENTARIES ON THE SEPARATE BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT A. The Hexateuch Dillmann, A. Genesis Critically and Exegetically Expounded. Translated from the last edition by Wm. B. Stevenson. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1897. Two volumes. Pp. 939. $6. Driver, S. R. The Book of Genesis with Introduction and Notes. [Westminster Commentaries.] New York: E. S. Gorham, 1904. Pp. 494. $3. Bennett, W. H. Genesis — Introduction, Revised Version, with Notes and Index. [The New-Century Bible.] New York: Frowde, 1904. Pp.412. $0.90. Delitzsch, Franz. A New Commentary on Genesis. Translated by S. Taylor. New York: Scribners, 1889. Pp. 406. $4-5°- Dods, M. The Book of Genesis. [The Expositor's Bible.] New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son; 1893. Pp. 453. $r.5o. Mitchell, H. G. The World Before Abraham According to Gen. i-xi. With Introduction to the Pentateuch. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1901. Pp.301. $1.75. Ryle, H. E. The Early Narratives of Genesis. A Brief Introduction to the Study of Genesis i-xi. New York: Macmillan & Co., 1892. Pp. 138. $0.75. ' 36 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY Gordon, A. R. The Early Traditions of Genesis. New York: Scribners, 1907. Pp. xii+348. $2. Gunkel, H. Genesis ubersetzt und erklart. [Handkommentar zum Alten Testament.] 2d ed. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1902. Pp. 528. M. 9.80. Holzinger, H. Genesis erklart. [Kurzer Hand-Commenlar zum Alten Testament.] Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1898. Pp. 308. M. 6. Strack, H. L. Genesis (2d ed., 1905), Exodus, Leviticus, Numeri. [Kurzgefasster Kommentar zu den heiligen Schriften Alten und Neuen Testamentes.] Munich: C. H. Beck, 1905. Pp. 528. M. 8.50. Hummelauer, F. de. Commentarius in Genesin. [Cursus Scripturae sacrae.] Paris: Lethielleux, 1895. Pp. 613. Fr. 10. Meinhold, J. Die biblische Urgeschichte, I Mose, 1-12, gemeinverstandlich dargestellt. Bonn: A. Marcus und E. Weber, 1904. Pp. 175. M. 2.60. Gunkel, H. Schopfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit. Eine religions- geschichtliche Untersuchung tiber Gen. 1 und Ap. Joh. 12. Mit Beitragen von Heinrich Zimmern. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1895. Pp. 445. M. 10. Holzinger, H. Exodus erklart. Mit acht Abbildungen. [Kurzer Hand-Com- mentar zum Alten Testament.] Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1900. Pp.175. M. 3. Baentsch, B. Exodus-Leviticus-Numeri ubersetzt und erklart. [Handkommentar zum Alten Testament] Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1900-03. Pp. 784. M. 13.80. Dillmann, A. Die Biicher Exodus und Leviticus. [Kurzgejasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament.] 3d ed. by Ryssel. Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1897. Pp. 710. M. 12. Hummelauer, F. de. Commentarii in Exodum etLeviticum. [Cursus Scripturae sacrae.] Paris: Lethielleux, 1897. Pp. 560. Fr. 10. Genung, G. F. The Book of Leviticus. [An American Commentary on the Old Testament.] Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1906. Pp. xvi + 108. $2. [Bound in same volume with Numbers.j Bertholet, A. Leviticus erklart. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament.] Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1901. Pp. 124. M. 2.40. Gray, G. B. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Numbers. [The Inter- national Critical Commentary.] New York: Scribners, 1903. Pp. lii + 489. $3- Genung, G. F. The Book of Numbers. [An American Commentary on the Old Testament.] Philadelphia: The American Baptist Publication Society, 1906. Pp. xii + 144. $2. [Bound in same volume with Leviticus.] Holzinger, H. Numeri erklart. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament.] Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1903. Pp.194. M. 3.75. COMMENTARIES 37 Hummelauer, F. de. Commentarius in Numeros. [Cursus Scripturae sacrae, ed. Fr. de Hummelauer, Pars 4.] Paris: Lethielleux, 1899. Pp. 393. Fr. 6. Dillmann, A. Die Bucher Numeri, Deuteronomium und Josua. [Kurzgejasstes exegetisches Handbuch.] 2ded. Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1886. Pp.690. M. 11. Driver, S. R. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Deuteron- omy. [International Critical Commentary.] New York: Scribners, 1895. Pp. cxix + 434. $3. Robinson, H. W. Deuteronomy and Joshua. Introductions, Revised Version, with Notes and Index. [New-Century Bible.] New York: Frowde, 1907. Pp. 390. $0.90. Harper, A. The Book of Deuteronomy. [Expositor's Bible.] New York: A. C. Armstrong, 1895. Pp. 502. $1.50. Bertholet, A. Deuteronomium erklart. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament.] Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1899. Pp. 149. M. 2.40. Steuernagel, C. Uebersetzung und Erklarung der Bucher Deuteronomium und Josua, und allgemeine Einleitung in den Hexateuch. [Handkommenlar zum Alten Testament] Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1900. Pp. lxii + 286. M. 6.40. Oettli, S. Deuteronomium, Buch Josua und Buch Richter. Nebst Karte von Palastina von Fischer und Guthe. [Strack-Zockler's Kurzgejasster Kommen- tar.] Munich: C. H. Beck, 1893. Pp. 320. M. 6. Hummelauer, F. de. Commentarius in Deuteronomium. [Cursus Scripturae sacrae.] Paris: Lethielleux, 1901. Pp. 576. Fr. 10. Holzinger, H. Das Buch Josua erklart. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament.] Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1901. Pp. 125. M. 2.50. Hummelauer, F . de . Commentarius in Librum Josue. [Cursus Scripturae sacrae.] Paris: Lethielleux, 1902. Pp. 528. Fr. 10. Dillmann's Genesis continues to be the most learned commentary on this book. Its critical view- point is now in part abandoned, but the volumes are indispensable to a thorough study of Genesis. Driver is the best commentary on Genesis for the majority of Bible students; it is popular and yet scientific, though conservative, in its criticism. Bennett's handy volume barely sustains the scholarly reputation of the series to which it belongs; but it is strong on its pedagogical side. Delitzsch's volume on Genesis is the standard authority of its generation, and still valuable for careful, grammatical exegesis and interpretative insight. Dods is expository and homiletical in aim and well suited to non-technical students. Mitchell and Ryle treat the old stories of Gen., chaps, i-n, in a simple, intelligible manner, and both, but especially Mitchell, are good guides to the elementary student. Gordon, on the whole, is the best treatise in English on Gen. 1-11; it is an admirable combination of learning and piety. Gunkel's is the indispensable book on Genesis today, chiefly because of its attitude toward the traditions of ancient Israel. Holzinger represents the best analytical work on the sources of Genesis and is a necessary tool in a close study of the book. Strack represents a conservative attitude toward the analysis together with sound learning. Hummelauer's volumes represent orthodox Catholic scholarship, characterized by an uncritical attitude toward the sources. Meinhold furnishes a first-class piece of work on Gen., chaps. 1-12. Gunkel's Schopfung was the path-breaker in a route now followed by many. Unfortunately there is at present no English commentary on Exodus that is worth buying; and for Leviticus one is limited to Genung, which is popular in aim, but halting in scholarship and wavering in critical attitude, or the Polychrome text of Leviticus in English translation by Driver and White, where a careful, critical analysis of sources and a few illuminating interpretative notes may be found. Among 38 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY the German works, Baentsch, Bertholet, and Holzinger represent the best in modern scholarship. Dillmann is a mine of information on everything involved in the interpretation of the Hexateuch. On Numbers, Gray's commentary is unapproached in value by any other; its especial strength is in the full and accurate treatment of the large amount of archaeological material that Numbers presents. Genung is a poor substitute for Gray, but of some use to those unable to take advantage of the splendid resources of the latter. Baentsch and Holzinger are thoroughly good commentaries. On Deuteronomy, Driver sets the standard for English readers. For the less technical student Harper has done good expository work. Robinson's is an excellent popular commentary. Of German authorities Bertholet is the best; Steuernagel lays out some new lines of investigation; and Oettli represents the conservative wing of the critical school. There is no good English commentary on Joshua for scholars. But for those who read German good provision is made in Steuernagel, Holzinger, and Oettli. B. The Historical Books Moore, G. F. Judges. [International Critical Commentary. ] New York: Scrib- ners, 1895. Pp. 1+ 476. $2.50. Thatcher, G. W. Judges and Ruth. [New-Century Bible.] New York: Frowde, 1905. Pp. 199. $0.90. Budde, K. Das Buch der Richter. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar z. A. T.] Leipzig: Mohr, 1897. Pp. xxiv+147. M. 3.60. Budde, K. Die Bticher Richter und Samuel, ihre Quellen und ihre Aufbau. Giessen: Ricker, 1890. Pp. viii+276. M. 7.50. Nowack, W. Richter, Ruth und die Bticher Samuelis. [Handkommentar z. A. T.] Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1900-02. Pp. xxviii+201; xxxiv-r- 262. M. 10.60. Smith, H. P. The Books of Samuel. [International Critical Commentary.] New York: Scribners, 1899. Pp. xxxix + 421. $3 net. Kennedy, A. R. S. Samuel. [New-Century Bible.] New York: Frowde, 1905. Pp.336. $0.90. Driver, S. R. Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel. With Intro- duction on Hebrew Palaeography and the Ancient Versions, and facsimiles of Inscriptions. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1890. Pp. xcvi + 296. $3.25. Budde, K. Die Bticher Samuel. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar z. A. T.] Leipzig: Mohr, 1902. Pp. xxvii + 343. M. 7. Lohr, Max. Thenius' Die Biicher Samuel. Dritte Auflage. [Kurzgejasstes exeget. Handbuch.] Leipzig: Hirzel, 1898. Pp. xcv + 215. M. 6. Klostermann, A. Die Biicher Samuelis und der Konige. [Kurzgejasster Kommen- tar.] Nordlingen: C. H. Beck, 1887. Two parts. Pp. lii + 503. M. 10. Skinner, John. Kings. [New-Century Bible.] New York: Frowde, no date. Pp. 459, and Map. $0.90. Burney, C. F. Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Kings. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903. Pp. xlviii + 384. $3.25. Kittel, R. Die Bticher der Konige. [Handkommentar z. A. T.] Gottingen: Van- denhoeck und Ruprecht, 1900. Pp. xvi + 312. M. 6.40. COMMENTARIES 39 Benzinger, I. Die Biicher der Konige. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar z. A. T.] Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1899. Pp. xxiii+216. M. 5. Holzhey, C. Das Buch der Konige. Untersuchung seiner Bestandtheile u. s. w. Munchen: Leutner, 1899. Pp.63. M. 1.40. Barnes, W. E. The Books of Chronicles with Maps, Notes, and Introduction. [The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges.] New York: Macmillan 1899. Pp.339. $1. Harvey-Jellie, W. R. The Books of Chronicles. Introduction, Revised Version, Notes, Index, and Map. [New-Century Bible.] New York: Frowde 1906. Pp. 336. $0.90. Bennett, W . H . The Books of Chronicles. [The Expositor's Bible.] New York : A. C. Armstrong, 1894. Pp. 470. $1.50. Barnes, W. E. An Apparatus Criticus to Chronicles in the Peshitta Version. Cambridge: The University Press, 1897. Pp. 97. $s. Kittel, R. Die Biicher der Chronik ubersetzt und erklart. [Handkommentar z. A. T.] Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1902. Pp. 196. M. 4. Benzinger, I. Die Biicher der Chronik. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar z. A. T.] Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1901. Pp. 159. M. 3. Ryle, H. E. Ezra and Nehemiah. [The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges.] Cambridge: The University Press, 1893. Pp. lxxii+328. 4s. td. Siegfried, C. Ezra, Nehemiah und Esther ubersetzt und erklart. [Handkommen- tar zum Allen Testament.] Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1901. Pp. 175. M. 3.80. Bertholet, A. Die Biicher Esra und Nehemia erklart. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament.] Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1902. Pp. 132. M. 2.50. Bertheau, E. Esra, Nehemia und Esther. [Kurzgejasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament.] 2d ed. by Ryssel. Leipzig: Hirzel, 1887. Pp. 478. M. 8. Streane, A. W. The Book of Esther with Introduction and Notes. [The Cam- bridge Bible for Schools and Colleges.] Cambridge: The University Press, 1907. Pp. xxxiv+80. 15. 6d. net. Oettli, S., und Meinhold, J. Die geschichtlichen Hagiographen und Daniel ausgelegt. [Kurzgejasstes exegetisches Kommentar zum Alten Testament.] Nordlingen: C. H. Beck, 1889. Pp. 346. M. 5.50. The standard book on Judges for all scholars is Moore's; for keenness of analysis, scope of knowl- edge, accuracy of information, and interpretative grasp it is unsurpassed. Thatcher presents results of modem scholarship in a way intelligible to all students. Budde's works on Judges and Samuel are of much importance, especially for their position concern- ing the analysis of the sources. Nowack follows Budde's analysis closely, but has some independent value of its own as a commentary. Smith's Samuel is independent in spirit, and free in its attitude toward the text; it is the best English commentary on these books. Kennedy is an admirable hand- book for the people. Driver's Notes are indispensable to the textual student of Samuel. Lohr's com- mentary is weakened by a somewhat' unscientific attitude toward the Massoretic text. Kxostermann is valuable for his keen use of the Septuagint text; he offers many ingenious reconstructions of text and 40 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY history, but must be used with caution. Skinner's Kings is a splendid popular commentary, thoroughly scientific in spirit and method, yet clear and helpful. Burney's Nates do for Kings exactly what Driver does for Samuel. Kittel and Benzinger afford the only technical commentaries on Kings; both of them admirable in plan and execution, with Kittel the more conservative in his attitude toward the sources . Holzhey has some value as a piece of documentary analysis; but his results are controlled too much by theological presuppositions. The student of the later historical books is well provided for. For popular use Barnes and Har- vey-Jeixte constitute excellent aids. Bennett does good expository and homiletical work. Barnes's Apparatus is available only to students of Syriac, but is of first-class importance. Kittel 's Chronicles is scholarly and thorough, indispensable to advanced students. Benzinger is concise, but sufficiently full to yield much valuable material for the interpretation of Chronicles. On Ezra and Nehemiah, Ryle presents the best treatment in English. More thorough work is done by Siegfried and Bertholet. The most elaborate study of these books, together with Esther, is that by Bertheau-Ryssel, character- ized by immense learning, but lacking in historical spirit and method. Oettli and Metnhold are of the same general point of view as Ryssel, but less learned and detailed. Streane offers an excellent summary of the various views concerning Esther and constitutes a good popular commentary. C. The Psalter Ewald, H. Commentary on the Psalms. Two volumes. London: Williams & Norgate, 1880. Pp. vii+695. 21s. Delitzsch, Franz. Biblical Commentary on the Psalms. Three volumes. 2d ed. T. & T. Clark, 1892. Pp. viii + 1,268. $6.75. Briggs, C. A. The Psalms. [International Critical Commentary.] Two volumes. New York: Scribners, 1906, 1907. Pp. cxviii + 994. $6. Cheyne, T. K. The Book of Psalms, or the Praises of Israel. A New Trans- lation, with Commentary. New York: Thomas Whittaker, 1892. Pp. xvii + 413- $4-5°- Perowne, J. J. S. The Book of Psalms. Two volumes. 8th ed. London: Bell, 1892-93. Pp. xxxix + 1,118. Cobb, W. F. The Book of Psalms, with Introduction and Notes. London: Methuen & Co., 1905. Pp. xvii + 420. 10s. 6d. Kirkpatrick, A. F. The Psalms. [The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges.] Cambridge: The University Press, 1891-1901. Pp. lxxx-f 847. 7$. Davison, W. T. Psalms. With Introduction, Revised Version, Notes, and Index. Pss. 1-72. [New-Century Bible.] New York: Frowde, 1904. Pp. 365. $0.90. Davies, T. W. Psalms. With Introduction, Revised Version, Notes, and Index. Pss. 73-150. [New-Century Bible.] NewYork: Frowde, 1906. Pp. 380. $0.90. Sharpe, John. The Student's Handbook to the Psalms. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1894. Pp. xx + 440. 12s. Maclaren, A. The Book of the Psalms. [The Expositor's Bible.] Three volumes. New York: Armstrong, 1893. Pp. viii + 385; vii + 503; vii+461. $1 . 50 per volume. Baethgen, Fried. Die Psalmen. Dritte neubearbeitete Auflage. [Handkommen- tar zum Alten Testament.] GSttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1904. Pp. I+438. M. 8. COMMENTARIES 41 Duhm, B. Die Psalmen. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Allen Testament.] Leipzig: Mohr, 1899. Pp. x + 312. M. 6. Hupfeld, H. Die Psalmen ubersetzt und ausgelegt. Fur die dritte Auflage bearbeitet von W. Nowack. Two volumes. Gotha: Perthes, 1888. Pp. lxxiv + 1,420. M. 26. Keszler, H. Die Psalmen, fur die zweite Auflage ubersetzt und ausgelegt. [Kurz- gefasster Kommentar.) Munich: C. H. Beck, 1899. Pp. xx+104. M. 2.40. Ehrlich, Arnold B. Die Psalmen, neu uebersetzt und erklaert. Berlin: Pop- pelauer, 1905. Pp. vi + 438. Valeton, J. J. P. De Psalmen. Three parts. Nijmegen: H. Ten Hoet, 1902. Pp. 1,091. Fl. 6. Ewald and Delitzsch are the two old masters in Psalm interpretation, and may not yet be ignored. Ewald goes further in criticism and in poetic appreciation than many more recent interpreters. The most learned English commentary on the Psalter today is by Beiggs; in this much emphasis is laid upon poetic form and upon grammatical minutiae. The critical point of view is advanced, but the results are more conservative than those of other leading commentators. Cheyne gives an excellent translation with notes few and brief, but of good quality. Perowne was the standard commentary among English- speaking peoples twenty years ago; its learning is reliable, but it has fallen behind in the march of his- torical interpretation. Cobb is radical in his criticism, thoroughly independent in view-point, and worthy of cautious study. Kirkpatrick is the best popular guide to the interpretation of the Psalms; his critical attitude is cautious and reverent. Davison's and Davies' commentaries are popular in aim and tone, and more liberal in critical matters than Kirkpatrick. Shaepe is traditional in method and aim, but offers much information to the inquiring student. Maclaeen is wholly homiletical and traditional. Among German works, Baethgen is the leading exponent of moderate criticism of the Psalter; his standpoint is that represented by Kirkpatrick. Duhm represents the radical wing of the critical school. Hupfeld-Nowack is a bulky commentary, but of uneven quality, doing neither Hupfeld nor Nowack justice. Keszler furnishes a good, cautious exposition for a more timid type of student than that appealed to by Baethgen. Ehrlich writes as a Jew from a distinctively individualistic point of view, offering many new theories as to details of exegesis, but on principle opposed to the higher-critical method as premature in the present stage of psalm interpretation. Valeton gives the Dutch public a popular yet scientific treatment of the Psalter. D. The Wisdom Literature job Davidson, A. B. The Book of Job, with Notes, Introduction, and Appendix- [The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges.] Cambridge: The Univer- sity Press, 1884. Pp. 360. 55. Peake, A. S. Job: Introduction; Revised Version, with Notes and Index. [New- Century Bible.] New York: Frowde, 1905. Pp. 355. $0.90. Driver, S. R. The Book of Job in the Revised Version. Edited with Intro- duction and Brief Annotations. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906. Pp. xxxvi + 133. $0.85. Gibson, E. C. S. The Book of Job, with Introduction and Notes. [Oxford Com- mentaries.] New York: Macmillan, 1899. Pp.266. $1.25. Marshall, J. T. The Book of Job. [An American Commentary on the Old Testa- ment.] Philadelphia: The American Baptist Publication Society, 1904. Pp. 153. $0.75 net. 42 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY Ewald, H. Commentary on the Book of Job, with Translation. London: Williams & Norgate, 1882. Pp. 355. 10s. 6d. Delitzsch, Franz. Biblical Commentary on the Book of Job. Translated from the German by Rev. Frands Bolton. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1866. Two volumes. Pp. 915. 21s. Genung, J. F. The Epic of the Inner Life, being the Book of Job translated anew and accompanied with Notes and an Introductory Study. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1891. Pp. 363. $1.25. Watson, R. A. The Book of Job. [The Expositor's Bible.] New .York: A. C. Armstrong, 1892. Pp. 422. $1.50. Bradley, G. G. Lectures on the Book of Job. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1887. Pp. 366. 7s. 6d. Duhm, B. Das Buch Hiob erklart. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testa- ment.] Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1897. Pp. 227. M. 4.80. Budde, K. Das Buch Hiob ubersetzt und erklart [Handkommentar zum Alten Testament.] GSttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1896. Pp. 310. M. 6. Dillmann, A. Hiob erklart. Leipzig: Hirzel, 1891. 4th ed. Pp. 401. M. 6. Delitzsch, Friedrich. Das Buch Hiob neu ubersetzt und kurz erklart. Ausgabe mit sprachlichem Kommentar. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1902. Pp. 179. M. 6. BickeU, G. Das Buch Hiob. Wien: C. Gerold's Sohn, 1894. Pp. 69. M. 2. Hoffmann, G. Hiob. Kiel: C. F. Haeseler, 1891. Pp. 106. M. 2. Ley, J. Das Buch Hiob nach seinem Inhalt, seiner Kunstgestaltung und reli- giosen Bedeutung. Fur gebildete Leser dargestellt. Mit einem Vorwort von Dr. E. Kautzsch. Halle a. S. : Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1903. Pp. 153. M. 2. Grill, J. Zur Kritik der Composition des Buches Hiob. Tubingen: Uni- versitats Programm, 1890. M. 2 . 40. Beer, G. Der Text des Buches Hiob untersucht. Marburg: N. G. Elwert, 1897. Pp. 272. M. 5.60. PROVERBS Toy, C. H., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Proverbs. [The International Critical Commentary.] New York: Scribners, 1899. Pp. 590. $3. Berry G. R. The Book of Proverbs. [An American Commentary on the Old Testament.] Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1904. Pp. 114. $0.75. Horton, R. F. The Book of Proverbs. [The Expositor's Bible.] New York: A. C. Armstrong, 1891. Pp. 428. $1.50. Frankenberg, W. Die Spriiche ubersetzt und erklart. [Handkommentar zum Alten Testament.] Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1898. Pp. 169. M. 3.40. COMMENTARIES 43 Wildeboer, G. Die Spriiche erklart. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alien Testa- ment.] Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1897. Pp. 119. M. 2.50. Strack, H. L. Die Spriiche Salomos ubersetzt und ausgelegt. [Kurzgejasster Kommentar zu den heiligen Schriften Alten und Neuen Testamentes.] 2d ed. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1899. Pp. 112. M. 4. Nowack, W. Die Spriiche Salomos und der Prediger Salomo. [Kurzgejasstes exe- getisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament.] 2d ed. Leipzig: Hirzel, 1883. Pp. 360. M. 6. Gasser, J. K. Die Bedeutung der Spriiche Jesu ben Sira fiir die Datierung des althebraischen Spruchbuchs. Giitersloh: Bertelsmann, 1904. Pp. 170. M. 4.80. ECCLESIASTES Plumptre, E. H. Ecclesiastes, or The Preacher. With Notes and Introduction. [The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges.] Cambridge: The Univer- sity Press, 1881. Pp. 271. s^. Tyler, T. Ecclesiastes. An Introduction to the Book; an Exegetical Analysis; and a Translation, with Notes. 2d ed. London: David Nutt, 1899. Pp. xi + 168. 6s. Cox, S. The Book of Ecclesiastes. [The Expositor's Bible.] New York: A. C. Armstrong, 1890. Pp. 351. $1.50. Wright, C. H. H. The Book of Koheleth Considered in Relation to Modern Criticism, and to the Doctrines of Modern Pessimism, with a Critical and Grammatical Commentary, and a Revised Translation. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1883. Pp. 542. 125. Genung, J. F. Ecclesiastes. Words of Koheleth, Son of David, King in Jeru- salem. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1904. Pp.374. $1.25. Bradley, G. G. Lectures on Ecclesiastes. London: Frowde, 1885. Pp. viii + 133. 4s. 6d. Haupt, Paul. The Book of Ecclesiastes. A New Metrical Translation, with an Introduction and Explanatory Notes. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1905. Pp.47. $0.50. Siegfried, C. Prediger und Hoheslied ubersetzt und erklart. [Handkommentar zum Alten Testament.] GSttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1898. Pp. 126. M. 2 . 60. Wildeboer, G. Der Prediger erklart. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament, Abteilung XVII, Die fiinf Megillot, pp. 109-68.] Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1898. Bickell, G. Der Prediger iiber den Wert des Daseins; Wiederherstellung des bisher zerstuckelten Textes; Uebersetzung und Erklarung. Innsbruck: Wag ner, 1884. Pp. 112. M. 1.20. Renan, E. L'Eccl&iaste, traduit de l'hdbreu avec une <5tude sur l'age et le caractere du livre. 2d ed. Paris: C. Levy, 1882. Pp. 153. Fr. 5. 44 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY THE SONG OF SONGS Harper, A. The Song of Solomon, with Introduction and Notes. [The Cam- bridge Bible for Schools and Colleges.] New York: Macmillan, 1902. Pp. 147. $0.50. Adeney, Walter F. The Song of Solomon and the Lamentations of Jeremiah. [The Expositor's Bible.] New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son, 1895. Pp. 554. $1.50. Ewald, H. Das Hohelied. [In Die Dichter des Alien Bundes, Vol. II, 2d ed., 1867. Pp. 333-426.] Delitzsch, Franz. Commentary on the Song of Songs. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1893. Pp. 176. Griffis, W. E. The Lily among Thorns. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1890. Pp. 276. $1.25. Merrill, George E. The Song of Songs. [An American Commentary on the Old Testament.] Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1905. Pp. 38. $0.75. Budde, K., Bertholet, A., Wildeboer, G. Die Fiinf Megillot. (Das Hohelied, Das Buch Ruth, Die Klagelieder, Der Prediger, Das Buch Esther.) [Kurzer Hand- Commentar zum Alien Testament.] Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1898. Pp. 226. M. 4. Haupt, Paul. The Book of Canticles. A New Rhythmical Translation, with Restoration of the Hebrew Text and Explanatory and Critical Notes. Chi- cago: The University of Chicago Press, 1902. Pp. 86. Volck, W., und Oettli, S. Die poetischen Hagiographen. [Kurzgefasster exege- tischer Kommentar zum Allen Testament.] Nordlingen: C. H. Beck, 1889. Pp. 233. M. 4.50. The student of Job is well provided for by the commentators; there is something for almost every grade of intelligence and from every point of view. Davidson has long been the standard popular com- mentary, on account of its fine combination of the results of accurate scholarship with a profound spiritual appreciation and sympathy. Peake now supplements Davidson in that it records the advance of scholar- ship during the past twenty years. Every student should have both of these admirable commentaries; but if only one is within reach, let it be Peake. Driver has prepared an easy guide to the reading of Job; the text is carefully and clearly analyzed, and a minim um of explanatory notes added. Gibson" and Marshall are slightly more technical than Davidson and Peake, but their scholarship is decidedly infe- rior. Ewald and Delitzsch are the best representatives of the exegesis of a generation ago, and are still valuable, though most of their important gains are incorporated in more recent commentaries. Gentjng is suggestive and original in his point of view as to the literary character of Job, but too subjective and imaginative. Watson does a mediocre piece of expository preaching. Bradley's lectures are popular and homiletical, and not burdened with scholarship. Among German writers on Job, Duhm and Budde represent the best modern work; Duhm is the more radical in his textual and literary criticism, partly because of the effort he makes to confine the original Job to one set poetic form. Dillmann is indispensable to thorough work on Job; it is characterized, like all of Dillmann's work, by great learning and exegetical skill. Frtedrich Delitzsch' commentary is valuable only for the new light thrown by it on many difficult and rare words. Bickell contains a new treatment of the poetical form of Job, and though subjective in method it merits careful considera- tion. Hoffmann's is a short popular treatment, consisting of translation with brief annotations. Ley aimed at the popular mind, but is of value also for its study of the poetical form of Job. Grill discusses COMMENTARIES 45 the origin and composition of Job; while Beer has made a critical study of the text resulting in many emendations, several of which are worthy of adoption. Proverbs has received its best interpretation from the hands of Toy; this is an eminently sane and scholarly commentary. Berry is less technical in its comments and more conservative in its results than Toy, but not well adapted to popular use. Horton is wholly homiletical. Frankenberg and Wilde- boer are first-class works, with little to choose between them. Strack is more conservative in his con- clusions, but equally scholarly. Nowack's is good safe interpretation, from about the same general point of view as Strack. Gasser offers an interesting comparison between Proverbs and Ecclesiasticus with a view to the significance of the latter in determining the date of the former. On Ecclesiastes Plumptre is popular and interesting, but his theory of the origin of Ecclesiastes is imaginative. Tyler is the great representative of the view that Greek philosophy in its Stoic and Epi- curean forms is present in Ecclesiastes. Cox is rather a weak exposition. Wright is learned, but not fully awake to the difficulties of reconciling the conflicting theories in Ecclesiastes. Genung is popular and suggestive, but needs more thorough scholarship. Bradley's lectures assume the unity of the book, and are popular and practical in aim. Hattpt carries the division hypothesis to the last extreme, but gives much valuable information. Siegfried analyzes Ecclesiastes too minutely, but has had great influence upon all subsequent commentaries. Wildeboer holds to the essential unity of the book, and contributes much to its understanding. Bickell presents a very artificial theory in defense of unity but makes some good textual suggestions. Renan was an enthusiastic admirer of Ecclesiastes, and furnishes a sympathetic and intelligent appreciation of the pessimistic element in the book. On the Song of Songs, Harper is the best popular treatment; as an exposition of the dramatic theory it may be highly recommended. Adeney is primarily homiletical, and only mediocre in value. Delitzsch is valuable as the exponent of a special form of the dramatic theory; while Ewald is of first- class importance as the founder of the dramatic hypothesis. Griffis and Merrill are popular exposi- tions of no special value. Budde is the great representative of the lyrical theory of Canticles which has won so many adherents. Haupt adopting the lyrical view attempts to recover the original songs; his criticism is arbitrary and subjective, but his learning is vast and comprehensive, and enriches the his- tory of interpretation. Volck and Oettli offer condensed and cautious interpretations of the poetical books which show slight response to the influence of the modern historical movement in interpretation. E. The Major Prophets ISAIAH Smith, Geo. Adam. The Book of Isaiah. Two volumes. New York: Arm- strong. Vol. I, chaps, i-xxxix, 1899; pp. xvi + 456; Vol. II, chaps, xl-lxvi; 1899; pp. xvii + 474. $1.50 a volume. Skinner, John. Isaiah. [The Cambridge Bible.] Two volumes bound in one. Cambridge: The University Press. Pp. lxxix + 295; hri-r-251. 8s. Whitehouse, 0. C. Isaiah. [New-Century Bible.] New York: Frowde, 1905. Vol. I, chaps, i-xxxix. Pp. 381, and Map. $0.90. Mitchell, H. G. Isaiah. A Study of Chapters I-XII. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co., 1897. Pp. 263. $2. Cheyne, T. K. The Prophecies of Isaiah. Two volumes. New York: Whit- taker, 1886. Pp. xiv + 310; xiii + 317. $3. Kbnig, E. The Exiles' Book of Consolation contained in Isaiah XL-LXVI. A Critical and Exegetical Study. New York: Chas. Scribner's Sons, 1899. Pp. vi + 218. $1.50. Orelli, C. von. The Prophecies of Isaiah. New York: Scribners, 1889. Pp. xi +35o. $3- Delitzsch, Franz. Biblical Commentary on the Prophecies of Isaiah. Trans- lated from the 4th ed. (1889), with an Introduction by Professor S. R. Driver. Two volumes. New York: Scribners, 1892. Pp. xv + 931. $4-5°- 46 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY Ewald, H. Commentary on the Prophets of the Old Testament. Five volumes. (Translated from 2d German ed. 1867 ff.) London: Williams & Norgate, 1875-81. Pp. •viii+ 1,686. 10s. 6d. per volume. Marti, Karl. Das Buch Jesaia. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Allen Testament.] Leipzig: Mohr, 1900. Pp. xxvi+428. M. 7. Duhm, B. Das Buch Jesaia. [Handkommentar zum Alten Testament.] Zweite Auflage. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1902. Pp. xxii+446. M. 8.20. Dillmann, A. Der Prophet Jesaja erklart. Fur die sechste Auflage herausgegeben und vielfach umgearbeitet von Dr. R. Kittel. [Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament.] Leipzig: Hirzel, 1898. Pp. xxx+534. M. 9. Klostermann, A. Deuterojesaja, Hebraisch und Deutsch, mit Anmerkungen. Munich: Beck, 1893. Pp. vii + 128. M. 2.40. JEREMIAH Driver, S. R. The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah. A Revised Translation with Introductions and Short Explanations. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1906. Pp. lvi + 382. 6s. Ball, C. J. The Prophecies of Jeremiah. With a Sketch of His Life and Times. [The Expositor's Bible.] New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son, 1890. Pp. vi+424. $1.50. Bennett, W. H. The Book of Jeremiah, Chapters XXI-LII. [The Expositor's Bible.] New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son, 1895. Pp. xx+372. $1.50. Cheyne, T. K. Jeremiah. [The Pulpit Commentary.] Two volumes. New York: A. D. F. Randolph & Co. No date. Pp. xxvii+920. In the same volumes: Cheyne: Lamentations. Pp. xiii+91. Orelli, C. von. The Prophecies of Jeremiah. New York: Scribners, 1889. Pp. viii + 384. $3. Der Prophet Jeremia. 3d ed. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1905. Pp. viii+215. M. 3 50. Brown, C. R. The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah. [An American Commentary on the Old Testament.] Philadelphia: The American Baptist Publication Society, 1907. Pp. xxxvi + 256. $0.75. Workman, G. C. The Text of Jeremiah. New York: Scribners, 1889. Pp. xliv+398. $3.60. Duhm, B. Das Buch Jeremia. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament] Leipzig: Mohr, 1901. Pp. xxiii + 391. M. 6.80. Giesebrecht, F. Das Buch Jeremia. (In the same volume: Max Lohr: Die Klagelieder des Jeremia.) [Handkommentar zum Alten Testament.] 2d ed. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1907. Pp. lviii + 291. M. 8. Cornill, C. H. Das Buch Jeremia erklart. Leipzig: Tauchnitz, 1905. Pp. lii + 536. M. 10. COMMENTARIES 47 EZEKEEL Davidson, A. B. Ezekiel. [The Cambridge Bible.] Cambridge: The University Press, 1893. Pp. lv+368. $1.25. Lofthouse, W. F. Ezekiel. Introduction, Revised Version, with Notes and Index. [New-Century Bible.] New York: Frowde, 1907. Pp.374. So. 90. Skinner, John. The Book of Ezekiel. [The Expositor's Bible.] New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son, 1895. Pp. xi+499. St-S - Bertholet, Alfred. Das Buch Hesekiel. [Kurzer Hand -Commentar zum Alten Testament.] Leipzig: Mohr, 1897. Pp. xxvi + 259. M. 6. Kraetzschmar, R. Das Buch Ezechiel. [Handkommentar zum Alten Testament.] Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1900. Pp. xv+302 +Plan. M. 3.60. Smend, R. Der Prophet Ezekiel. [Kurzgejasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament.] Leipzig: Hirzel, 1880. Pp.,xxx+397. Cornill, C. H. Der Prophet Ezechiel. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1882. Cornill, C. H. Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1886. Pp. xii + 515. M. 15. Orelli, C. von. Das Buch Ezechiel. [Strack-Zockler's Kurzgefasster Kommenlar zum Alten Testament.] 2d ed. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1896. Pp. vi + 200. M. 3.50. Jahn, G. Das Buch Ezechiel auf Grund der Septuaginta hergestellt, iibersetzt und kritisch erklart. Leipzig: Ed. Pfeiffer, 1905. Pp. xx+362. M. 16. Miiller, D. H. Ezechiel-Studien. Berlin: Reuther und Reichard, 1895. Pp.65. M. 3. Gautier, L. La mission du prophete Ezekiel. Lausanne: Bridel, 1891. Pp. 376. Fr. 3.50. DANIEL Driver, S. R. The Book of Daniel with Introduction and Notes. [The Cam- bridge Bible for Schools and Colleges.] Cambridge: The University Press, 1900. Pp. cvi + 215. 2s. 6d. Bevan, A. A. A Short Commentary on the Book of Daniel. Cambridge: The University Press, 1892. Pp. xiii + 235. 8s. Prince, J. D. A Critical Commentary on The Book of Daniel. Leipzig: Hin- richs, 1899. Pp. viii + 270. Cloth, M. 9. Farrar, F.W. The Book of Daniel. [The Expositor's Bible]. New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son, 1895. Pp. xii + 334. $1.50. Wright, C. H. H. Daniel and His Critics. Being a Critical and Grammatical Commentary. London: Williams & Norgate, 1906. Pp. xxxviii + 284. p. 6d. Marti, K. Das Buch Daniel. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament.] Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1901. Pp. xxiii + 98. M. 3.35. 48 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY Behrmann, Georg. Das Buch Daniel. [Handkommentar zum Alten Testament.] Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1894. Pp. li + 84. M. 2.80. Meinhold, J. Daniel ausgelegt. [Strack-Zockler's Kurzgefasster Kommentar zum Alten Testament.] In same volume with: Die geschicMichen Hagiographen by S. Oettli. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1889. Pp. vii + 339. M. 5.50. Jahn, G. Das Buch Daniel nach der Septuaginta hergestellt ubersetzt und kritisch erklart. Mit einem Anhang: Die Mesha-Inschrift auf's neue unter- sucht. Leipzig: Ed. Pfeiffer, 1904. Pp. xxii + 137. M. 5. On Isaiah, G. Adam Smith has prepared perhaps the best commentary for English readers. It is thoroughly modern in its point of view, sound in scholarship, and reverent in spirit. It demonstrates what ideal expository preaching is. Skinner's commentary is of first-class quality, and admirably adapted to the needs of students willing to dispense with homiletical exposition. It is fully abreast of the results of recent investigation. Whitehouse too can be highly recommended as the right sort of popular commentary, one which does not achieve popularity at the expense of scholarship. Mitchell is well adapted for use as an introduction to the more difficult problems of the book of Isaiah. Cheyne's translation and brief notes are of splendid quality, though his criticism is now somewhat antiquated, especially in his own eyes. Konig's treatment of Isa. 40-66 is of an exegetical character, but is spoiled by its polemical spirit. Orelli represents well the attitude of the critics who were somewhat conserva- tive twenty years ago. Delitzsch's "New Commentary" is an indispensable book to the student of the history of interpretation, and is well fitted to serve as a starting-point in the study of Isaiah. Ewald's great pioneering work on the whole range of the prophetical books is still useful and suggestive at many points. Marti is at the head of German commentaries on Isaiah; its criticism is fearless, even if too often subjective and formal. Duhm has exercised great influence upon the last decade's treatment of Isaiah; the advanced student must use it. Kittel's edition of Dillmann is perhaps the most learned and cautious of recent commentaries. Klostermann contributes a new translation of Isa. 40-66, based upon an improved text in which he has incorporated 350 emendations, almost half of them being new. Many of them compel assent and, with the notes, make this an important work. Jeremiah has been much neglected by English scholars. There is no first-class work of scholarly character in English. Driver offers a new and careful translation together with very brief notes; a good commentary for the average man. Ball and Bennett, though in the same series, are of very unequal merit; Bennett is the better of the two. Cheyne's work on Jeremiah in the Ptdpit Commentary was among his earliest contributions to biblical science and is buried under a mass of homilizing material by other writers in the same volumes, but it reflects a scholarly spirit, and is good as far as it goes. Orelli is safe and cautious, but is now somewhat old and was behind the main body of critical scholarship when first written. Brown's interpretation admits critical processes and principles more freely than any other volume in the American Commentary. It forms a good guide for the first steps in the criticism of Jeremiah. Workman offers a careful and keen study of the Septuagint variations from the Massoretic text and seems to have demonstrated that the Greek translation rests upon a different recension of the Hebrew text than the Massoretic. Duhm's study of Jeremiah is brilliant and creative, but open to the criticism that he places too strait limits upon the poetical spirit and power of the prophet. Giesebrecht is more conservative in his conclusions than Duhm, and more commonplace in his exegesis. Cornill is the latest and perhaps the best commentator on Jeremiah. His critical position and conclusions are intermediate between Duhm and Giesebrecht. For Ezekiel there are three admirable aids to the English reader. Davidson is at his best here and gives the results of all the best work up to his time in readable form. Lofthouse is more recent than Davidson and in an excellent series but has not yet reached the reviewer's table. Skinner is a very good piece of work, but necessarily more homiletical in style, as the Expositor's Bible demands. The two lead- ing German works are by Bertholet and Kraetzschmar; the former's strength is on the side of literary analysis and sympathetic comprehension of religious development; the latter excels in linguistic control and in grasp of the historical situation. Smend is of outstanding importance as the first interpreter to grasp the significance of Ezekiel as the "father of Judaism." Cornill's essay on the prophet is stimu- lating and suggestive, but too partial to Ezekiel's merits; his study of the book is a masterly reconstruc- tion of the text upon the basis of the Septuagint. Orelli opposes Smend and most modern inter- preters in making Ezekiel the successor of the Priest-Code rather than its forerunner. Jahn offers a reconstructed text and new translation, with brief notes; its value is diminished by his theological presuppositions. Muxler's book discusses some problems raised by the book of Ezekiel, and presents COMMENTARIES 49 considerable material of value. Gautier furnishes French readers with an attractive presentation of the career of Ezekiel, somewhat weakened by a failure to grasp clearly the essential nature of prophecy. Daniel has attracted an almost countless array of interpreters and champions Only those really deserving consideration are here mentioned. Driver is by all odds the best popular interpreter; he is thoroughly conversant with all the data and presents the necessary facts clearly and succinctly. Bevan is somewhat more technical and forms a fine introduction to the linguistic study of the book. Prince is especially valuable for its fine array of Assyro-Babylonian data. Farrar utilizes scientific results for homiletical ends. Wright makes a serious attempt to demonstrate the Babylonian origin of the book, but can hardly be said to succeed. He is well read in the literature of the subject and has gathered much valuable information into his book. Marti's is the best scientific treatment of the text of Daniel. Behr- mann is philologically weaker than Marti, but supplements the latter at many points. Meinhold at- tempts to defend the Babylonian origin of the Apocalypse by positing a series, of later additions; aside from this unsuccessful effort the commentary is of considerable value. Jahn criticizes and reconstructs the Massoretic text upon the basis of the Septuagint, but his methods and results do not commend them selves highly to careful scholars. F. The Minor Prophets COMMENTARIES ON THE BOOK OF THE TWELVE PROPHETS Smith, George Adam, The Book of the Twelve Prophets, Commonly Called the Minor. With Historical and Critical Introductions. Two volumes. New York: A. C. Armstrong, 1896-98. Pp. 1,018. $3. Horton, R. F. The Minor Prophets: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah: Introductions, Revised Version, with Notes, Index, and Map. [The Century Bible.] New York : Frowde, 1904. $0.90. Driver, S. R. The Minor Prophets: Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: Introductions, Revised Version, with Notes, Index, and Map. [The Century Bible.} New York: Frowde, 1906. Pp. xvi + 337. $0.90. Eiselen, F. C. The Minor Prophets. [Whedon's Commentary, Vol. IV.] New York: Eaton & Mains, 1907. Pp. 741. $2. Orelli, C. von. The Twelve Minor Prophets. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1893. Pp. 412. iay. 6d. Henderson, E. The Book of the Twelve Prophets Translated from the Original Hebrew with a Commentary critical, philogical, and exegetical. Andover: W. F. Draper, 1868. Pp. 488. (Out of print.) Wellhausen, J. Die kleinen Propheten ubersetzt und erklart. 3d ed. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1898. Pp. 222. M. 7. Nowack, W. Die kleinen Propheten. [Handkommentar zum Alten Testament.] 2d ed. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1903. Pp. 446. M. 8. Marti, K. Dodekapropheton erklart. [Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testa- ment.} Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1904. Pp. 49 2 - M - 8 - Hitzig, F. Die zwolf kleinen Propheten erklart. Vierte Auflage besorgt von H. Steiner. [Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament.] Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1881. Pp. 441- M. 7.50. 50 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY HOSEA, JOEL, AMOS Harper, W. R. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Amos and Hosea. [The International Critical Commentary.] New York: Scribners, 1905. Pp. clxxxi + 424. $3. Cheyne, T. K. Hosea, with Notes and Introduction. [The Cambridge Bible.] Cambridge: The University Press, 1884. Pp. 132. 35. Valeton, J. J. P. Amos und Hosea. Translated from the Dutch by K. Echter- nacht. Giessen: J. Ricker, 1898. Pp. 285. M. 3.60. Simson, A. Der Prophet Hosea erklart und iibersetzt. Hamburg, 1851. Wiinsche, A. Der Prophet Hosea iibersetzt und erklart mit Benutzung der Targumim und der jtidischen Ausleger Raschi, Aben Ezra, und David Kimchi. Leipzig: T. O. Weigel, 1868. Pp. 647. (Out of print.) Seesemann, 0. Israel und Juda bei Amos und Hosea, nebst einem Exkurs iiber Hos. 1-3. Leipzig: Dieterich, 1898. Pp. 48. M. 1.20. Driver, S. R. The Books of Joel and Amos, with Introduction and Notes. [The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges.] Cambridge: The University Press, 1897. Pp. 244. 35. 6d. Mitchell, H. G. Amos, an Essay in Exegesis. 2d ed. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1900. Pp. 215. $1.50. Lb'hr, Max. Untersuchungen zum Buch Amos. [Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fiir die Alttestamentliche Wissenschajt, No. IV.] Giessen: J. C. Ricker, 1901. Pp. 72. M. 2.50. Baumann, E. Der Aufbau der Amosreden. [Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fiir die Alttestamentliche Wissenschajt, No. VII.] Giessen: J. Ricker, 1903. Pp. 79. M. 2.40. Sievers, Ed., und Guthe, H. Amos metrisch bearbeitet. [Des XXII. Bandes der Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Klasse der Koniglichen sach- sischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, No. III.] Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1907. Pp. 91. M. 5. Elhorst, H. J. DeProphetie van Amos. Leiden: Brill, 1900. Pp.179. Fl. 2.40. Baur, G. Der Prophet Amos erklart. Giessen: J. Ricker, 1847. Pp- 462. (Out of print.) OBADIAH AND JONAH Perowne, T. T. Obadiah and Jonah with Notes and Introduction. [The Cam- bridge Bible.] Cambridge: The University Press, 1883. Pp. 96. 2s. 6d. Peters, Norbert. Die Prophetie Obadjah's untersucht und erklart. Pader- born: F. Schoningh, 1892. Pp. 147. M. 4. Bachmann, J. Der Prophet Obadja. Halle: Niemeyer, 1892. Pp. 52. M. 2. Schmitt, Hans. Jona; Eine Untersuchung zur vergleichenden Religionsgeschichte. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1907. Pp. vii+194. M. 6. COMMENTARIES 5 1 MICAH, NAHTJM, HABAKKUK Cheyne, T. K. Micah. [The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges.} Cam- bridge: The University Press, 1882. Pp. 64. is. 6d. Elhorst, H. J. De Profetie van Micha. Arnhem: K. van der Zande, 1891. Pp. 183. Fl. 2.25. Davidson, A. B. Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah. [The Cambridge Bible.] Cambridge: The University Press, 1896. Pp. 144. 3s. Happel, Otto. Das Buch des Propheten Nahum: Wurzburg: Gobel und Scherer, 1902. Pp. vii + 106. M. 3. Happel, Otto. Das Buch des Propheten Habackuk. Wurzburg: Andreas Gobel, 1900. Pp. vii + 71. M. 2. Duhm, B. Das Buch Habakuk. Text, Ubersetzung und Erklarung. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1906. Pp. 101. M. 3.80. Delitzsch, Franz. Der Prophet Habakkuk ausgelegt. Leipzig: Karl Tauchnitz, 1843. Pp. 238. HAGGAI, ZECHARIAH, MALACHI Perowne, T. T. Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. [The Cambridge Bible jor Schools and Colleges.] Cambridge: The University Press, 1886. Pp. 199. y. 6d. Wright, C. H. H. Zechariah and His Prophecies, Considered in Relation to Modern Criticism, with a Critical and Grammatical Commentary and New Translation. [The Bampton Lectures, 1878.] New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1879. Pp. lxxv + 614. Kbhler, A. Die nachexilischen Propheten erklart (including Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi). Leipzig: A. Deichert, i860. M. 12. Andre, J. Le prophete Aggee. Paris: Fischbacker, 1895. Pp. 367. Fr. 10 Kuiper, A. K. Zacharja IX-XIV, eene exegetisch-critische Studie. Utrecht: Kemink & Zoon, 1894. Pp. 186. Fl. 1. Geo. Adam Smith's Minor Prophets ranks with his Isaiah among the finest pieces of interpreta- tion in the language. His point of view is that of a moderate critic and his sympathetic appreciation and exposition of the prophet's message in relation to the prophet's environment is of the highest order. It is pre-eminently a book for preachers. The two volumes of the Century Bible are of very unequal value: Horton is mediocre and commonplace without the saving salt of great scholarship or learning. Driver is here as elsewhere the cautious, safe exegete, willing to go slowly after the more daring and original scholars as long as they do not wander too far from the beaten track. Eise'len acknowledges and employs the historico-critical method but desires to establish traditional views. His cautious attitude will commend itself to many, who need a commentary within the range of the average minister. Orelli (the German .original of which is now in its 2d edition [1806], price M. 3.50) is brief and concise, and much more con- servative in its conclusions than any of the foregoing. Henderson in its day was the leading English commentary on the Minor Prophets, and still may be consulted with profit. Wellhausen was the pioneer in careful, critical, and historical interpretation of these prophets; his textual emendations are of especial value. Nowack leans heavily upon Wellhausen in his textual conclusions; but is valuable on his own account for his analytical and interpretative skill. Marti is thoroughly independent in his thinking, and has opened up many new avenues of approach to difficult passages. Hitzig-Steiner contains much good textual work, but is otherwise of no pre-eminent value. 52 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY Harper's Amos and Hosea will long remain the standard authority on these prophets; it is charac- terized by thorough familiarity with the wide range of literature, by its great stress upon the artistic form of the prophecies, and by catholicity of spirit. The introductory sketch of the history of preprophetism is of much value. Cheyne makes Hosea intelligible to the popular mind, and has some value as an ori- ginal contribution to our knowledge of the prophet. Valeton is a good popular presentation from a rather conservative, though historical, standpoint. Simson and WtJnsche are the best survivals from the first half of the nineteenth century. Both contain much valuable material, and Wunsche is especially rich in citations from the Jewish interpreters. Seesemann's study of the use of the terms Israel and Judah is of minor importance. Driver's commentary on Joel and Amos is a fine piece of popular work; every minister should have it. Mitchell is intended for the student of Hebrew and is a good book through which to obtain orientation for the prophecy of Amos. Lohr, Baumann, and Sievers-Guthe are all primarily con- cerned with the strophic and poetic forms of the text. Baumann is most arbitrary and radical in his recon- struction of the text; Lohr is much more restrained and trustworthy; Sievers and Guthe apply Sievers poetical principles (see II, 3, under Sievers) to the text of Amos. Elhorst's Amos is likewise primarily poetical; but it rests upon an impossible theory regarding the transmission of the book. Baur, though old, is of considerable value; his learning is sound, his method and judgment sane; and he has embodied much valuable information in his exegesis. Perowne's Obadiah and Jonah is of little value, being almost totally deficient in the historical spirit. Peters has done a fairly good piece of work from an orthodox Roman Catholic point of view. Bach- mann's book is a study of the Ethiopic version with reference to the recovery of its Greek original; it is a piece of excellent work. Schmitt has gathered together fish and sea-dragon myths from the literature of all peoples and uses them as the basis of a comparative study of Jonah. Cheyne's Micah is a good piece of popular exegesis. Elhorst treats Micah in the same way as Amos (see above); his work is rather a matter of curious interest, than of scientific value. Davidson can be highly recommended to all needing a simple, straightforward, but reliable exposition of the mean- ing of any part of these three prophecies. Happel's Nahum is fresh and vigorous, but lacking in balance and sound learning; his Habakkuk presents a new theory as to the date of the prophet, viz., after the appearance of Alexander the Great; but the facts cited are not sufficient to prove the case. Duhm fol- lows Happel in his view as to the date and the essential unity of the prophecy; he brings forward new arguments; and makes some clever emendations; but the case -is still far from proven. Delitzsch em- ploys the wisdom and care on Habakkuk that are always associated with his name. Perowne's Haggai is of the same general character as his Obadiah, etc. (see above). Wright uses learning and indefatigable industry to bolster up traditional opinions; his book is still valuable for its vast collection of data? Kohler has learning and scholarly care, but wrote before the school of his- torical interpretation had made itself felt. Andre represents scholarship and exegetical skill of an average degree. Kdiper is conservative in his point of view and method, but well worth using. 3. OLD TESTAMENT PROPHECY Harper, W. R. The Prophetic Element in the Old Testament. An Aid to Historical Study for Use in Advanced Bible Classes. [Constructive Bible Studies: Col- legeSeries.] Chicago: The Universityof Chicago Press, 1905. Pp.vii + 142. $1. Batten, L. W. The Hebrew Prophet. New York: Macmillan, 1905. Pp. x+ 351. $1.50. Beecher, W. J. The Prophets and the Promise. [The Stone Lectures for 1902-3.] New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co., 1905. Pp. 427. $2. Findlay, G. G. The Books of the Prophets in Their Historical Succession. Vol. I, To the Fall of Samaria. Vol. II, The First Isaiah to Nahum. Vol. Ill, Jeremiah and His Group. London: C. H. Kelly, 1896-1907. Pp. xli + 744. 2S. 6d. per volume. Cornill, C. H. The Prophets of Israel. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co., 1901. Pp. xiv+194. $1. Kirkpatrick, A. F. The Doctrine of the Prophets. [The Warburtonian Lectures for 1886-1890.] London and New York: Macmillan, 1892. Pp. xix + 544. 6s, OLD TESTAMENT PROPHECY 53 Smith, W. R. The Prophets of Israel and Their Place in History, to the Close of the Eighth Century b. c. New Edition, with Introduction by T. K. Cheyne. London: Black, 1896. Pp. lviii + 446. 10s. 6d. Kuenen, A. The Prophets and Prophecy in Israel. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1877. Pp. lv+593. Davidson, A. B. Old Testament Prophecy. Edited by J. A. Paterson. New York: Scribners, 1904. Pp. xi + 507. $3.50. Riehm, E. Messianic Prophecy. Its Origin, Historical Growth, and Relation to New Testament Fulfilment. 2d ed. (Translated from the German by L. A. Muirhead.) With an Introduction by Professor A. B. Davidson. New York: Scribners. Pp. xviii + 348. $2.50. Briggs, C. A. Messianic Prophecy. New York: Scribners, 1886. Pp. xx + 519. $2.5°. Goodspeed, G. S. Israel's Messianic Hope to the Time of Jesus. A Study in the Historical Development of the Foreshadowings of the Christ in the Old Testament and Beyond. New York: Macmillan, 1900. Pp. xi + 315. $1.50. Woods, F. H. The Hope of Israel. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1896. Pp. viii + 218. 3s. 6d. Orelli, C. von. The Old Testament Prophecy of the Consummation of God's Kingdom. New York: Scribners, 1885. Pp. viii + 472. $2.25. Edghill, E. A. An Enquiry into the Evidential Value of Prophecy. Being the Hulsean Prize Essay for 1904. With Preface by Rt. Rev. H. E. Ryle, D.D. New York: Macmillan, 1906. Pp. xxxviii + 627. $2.00. Kittel, R. Profetie und Weissagung. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1899. Pp- 2 S- M. 0.50. Kraetzschmar, R. Prophet und Seher im alten Israel. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1901. Pp. v + 32. M. 0.75. Maybaum, S. Die Entwickelung des israelitischen Prophetenthums. Berlin: Dummler, 1883. Pp. viii +162. M. 4. Franckh. Die Prophetie in der Zeit vor Amos. Ein Versuch zur Alttestament- lichen Religionsgeschichte. [Beitrage zur Fdrderung Christlicher Theolosie IX, pp. 27-86.] Gutersloh: Bertelsmann, 1905. M. 1.50. Giesebrecht, F. Die Geschichtlichkeit des Sinaibundes untersucht. Konigs berg i. Pr.: Thomas und Oppermann, 1900. Pp. 65. M. 1.20. Volz, P. Die vorexilische Jahweprophetie und der Messias. In ihrem Verhaltnis dargestellt. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1897. Pp. viii + 93. M. 2.80. Kleinert, P. Die Profeten Israels in sozialer Beziehung. Leipzig: J. C. Hin- richs, 1905. Pp. v+168. M. 3.50. Meinhold, J. Studien zur israelitischen Religionsgeschichte. Band I; Der heilige Rest: Theil I; EJias, Amos, Hosea, Jesaja. Bonn: Marcus und Weber, 1903. Pp. 168. M. 3.20. 54 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY Giesebrecht, F. Die Berufsbegabung der Alttestamentlichen Propheten. GSttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1897. Pp. iv+188. M. 4.80. Kdnig, Ed. Der Offenbarungsbegriff des Alten Testaments. Two volumes. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1882. Pp. x+428. M. 15. Duhm, B. Die Theologie der Propheten als Grundlage fiir die innere Entwick- lungsgeschichte der israelitischen Religion dargestellt. Bonn : Adolph Mar- cus, 1875. Pp. 331. [Out of print.] Miiller, D. H. Die Propheten in ihrer ursprunglichen Form. Die Grundgesetze der ursemitischen Poesie erschlossen und nachgewiesen in Bibel, Keilinschriften und Koran. Two volumes. Wien: Holder, 1896. Pp. 588. M. 14. Prophecy has always been a favorite field of activity for English scholars, hence the literature in , English is abundant, and it compares most favorably with that in other languages. Harper's manual furnishes an excellent guide to the study of prophecy prior to Isaiah. It is essentially a book for students, rather than for sporadic reading. Batten gives a very clear presentation of the fundamental characteristics of the prophet; this book is intelligible to any educated layman. Beecher presents much good material, and will be found helpful by those desirous of holding as much as possible of their inherited opinions. Findlay's volumes range rapidly over the whole history of prophecy, setting forth the work and teachings of the successive prophets in popular style; the fourth and final volume is nearly ready. The most read- able survey of the prophetic teaching is that of Cornill; it is a splendid introduction to the whole field of prophecy. Kirkpatrick covers the entire prophetic movement, but from a more conservative point of view than Cornill, and likewise in a more detailed and necessarily less interesting manner. Smith has long been a standard authority on Israelitish prophecy, and still demands reading. Ktjenen's was a masterly treatment of the subject far in advance of his time; some phases of it are still better discussed here than elsewhere. Davidson's posthumous work is a conglomeration of materials, not all of equal value. The book as a whole falls far below those published during his lifetime. It may be found helpful to beginning students. Rtehm's Messianic Prophecy is on the whole perhaps the best book in English on this subject even yet. There is great need of a first-class treatment of this theme. Briggs was good in its day, but is now behind the times; at its best it was weak in its appreciation of the historical and human side of the prophetic activity. Goodspeed is a good popular guide to Messianic prophecy, written from a mediating standpoint. Woods sketches quickly and in the main accurately the main outlines of Mes- sianic prophecy. Orelli's treatment is vitiated somewhat by the undue prominence given by the author to his theological presuppositions; but it is a good conservative study. Edghill seeks to rehabilitate the argument from prophecy for the divine character of Christianity. His work takes for granted the historical method of study and its more important results. The special studies on the origin and nature of prophecy by Kittel and Kraetzschmar are of interest and value to all scholars. Maybaum's sketch, now somewhat old, of the growth of the prophetic concep- tions and influence is well balanced and clearly defined. Franckh offers a careful study of pre-prophetism which sets forth the rise of the prophetic ideal in Israel in a thoroughly intelligible way. Gtesebrecht investigates the content of early prophecy to discover whether the covenant of Sinai is a necessary pre- supposition thereto; the work is well done. Volz denies the existence of a Messianic hope in pre-exilic Israel, relying chiefly on the proposition that pre-exilic prophecy was essentially pessimistic regarding the present age and its possibilities. Kleinert does not offer much that is new to English students; but some portions of his work are of considerable value. Meinhold is investigating the origin of the idea of the rem- nant, and has wrought out some very interesting propositions. Giesebrecht's discussion of the prophet's call is of much value; its method and spirit are above reproach. Konig offers a vast collection of facts; but his conception of revelation is too mechanical, and he seeks to prove the unprovable. Revelation is a dogma of faith, not a proposition in geometry. Dumt's Theologie is characterized by keen insight into the pro- phetic consciousness, and is still valuable to students. Muller is devoted to the demonstration of his theory concerning the poetical form of the prophetic writings (cf. II, 3). • 4- THE RELIGION OF THE HEBREWS A. Primitive Semitic Religion Barton, George Aaron. A Sketch of Semitic Origins, Social and Religious. New York: Macmillan, 1902. Pp. 342. $3. RELIGION OF THE HEBREWS 55 Smith, W. Robertson. Lectures on the Religion of the Semites. The Funda- mental Institutions. 2d ed. London: A. & C. Black, 1894. Pp. 521. 15s. Smith, W. Robertson. Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia. New Edition, with additional Notes by the Author and by Professor Ignaz Goldziher, Budapest. Edited by Stanley A. Cook. London: A. & C. Black, 1903. Pp. 324. 10s. 6d. Wellhausen, J. Reste des arabischen Heidenthums. [Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, III.] 2d ed. Berlin: G. Reimer. 1897. Ppiviii+25o. M. 8. Lagrange, M. J. Etudes sur les religions semitiques. [Etudes Bibliques.] 2d ed. Paris: Lecoffre, 1905. Pp. x + 430. Fr. 10. Curtiss, Samuel Ives. Primitive Semitic Religion Today. A Record of Re- searches, Discoveries and Studies in Syria, Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula. Chicago: Fleming H. Revell, 1902. Pp. 288. $1.50. Baudissin, W. W. von. Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte. Two volumes. Leipzig: W. Grunow, 1876-78. Pp. 636. M. 16. Baethgen, F. Beitrage zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte. Der Gott Israel's und die Gotter der Heiden. Berlin: H. Reuther, 1888. Pp. 316. M. 10. Davies, T. W. Magic, Divination, and Demonology among the Hebrews and Their Neighbours. London: Clarke, 1898. Pp.146. $s.6d. Schwally, Friedrich. Semitische Kriegsaltertiimer. I. Der heilige Krieg im alten Israel. Leipzig: Dieterich, 1901. Pp. in. M. 3. Some knowledge of the general Semitic religious background out of which the religion of Israel came is of much importance for any true understanding of the latter. In the effort to secure such knowledge Barton will be found of much value; his is the best existing book upon the topics with which it deals. W. R. Smith's Semites has been the standard authority upon Semitic religious customs ever since its appear- ance; it contains a great mass of facts and rightly conceives the ideas that underlie them. No thorough student can dispense with this book. Smith's Kinship and Marriage is another indispensable book for the scholar; it is the most thorough discussion of this subject ever attempted. Wellhattsen's is a masterly piece of work; it supplements W. R. Smith's Semites at many points, and is therefore invaluable for com- parison and for completeness of comprehension. Lagrange covers a wider range than either Smith or Wellhausen, and writes with different presuppositions as to the origin and character of early religion. His work, therefore, and also because of its learning, demands full and fair consideration. Curtiss has done a valuable piece of work in collecting and putting upon record many of the customs of modern Syria and Palestine which must antedate the introduction of Mohammedanism and go back to very ancient times for their origin. The facts he presents are of great interest; concerning his conclusions there is room for difference of opinion. Baudissin's studies are devoted to a few special topics and are now somewhat antiquated, but not by any means valueless. Baethgen treats particularly matters rplating to the idea of God among the Semites, and has arrived at important conclusions; the scholarship is accurate and trust- worthy. Davies has gathered together some interesting materials; but his interpretation of his facts is not always reliable. Schwally has begun a promising series of studies on the archaeology of war and its religious significance. The first instalment justifies us in hoping for the completion of the work. B. The Religions oe Israel's Neighbors Kuenen, A. National Religions and Universal Religions. [Hibbert Lectures jor 1882.] London: Williams & Norgate, 1882. Pp. 351. 10s. 6d. Steindorff, G. The Religion of the Ancient Egyptians. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1905. Pp.187. $ x '5°- 56 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY Wiedemann, A. Religion of the Ancient Egyptians. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1897. Pp. 340. $3.50. Wiedemann, A. The Realms of the Egyptian Dead according to the Belief of the Ancient Egyptians. Translated by J. Hutchison. London: David Nutt, 1901. Pp. 68. is. Budge, E. A. Wallis. Egyptian Ideas of the Future Life. [Books on Egypt and Chaldaea.] New York : Henry Frowds, 1899. Pp.210. $1. Budge, E. A. Wallis. Egyptian Magic. [Books on Egypt and Chaldaea.] New York: Henry Frowde, 1899. Pp. 249. $1. Erman, A. A Handbook of Egyptian Religion. (Translated by A. S. Griffith.) London: Constable, 1907. Pp. 265. 10$. 6d. Sayce, A. H. The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia. [The Gifford Lectures on the Ancient Egyptian and Babylonian Conception oj the Divine, Delivered in Aberdeen] New York: Scribners, 1902. Pp. 515. $3.50. Jastrow, Morris, Jr. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. [Handbooks on the History oj Religions] Boston: Ginn & Co., 1898. Pp. 792. $3.25. Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens. Von Verfasser revidierte und wesentlich erweiterte Uebersetzung. Band I. Giessen: J. Ricker, 1905. Pp. 562. M. 13. Four parts (304 pp.) of Vol. II are now published; price per part, M. 1.50. King, L. W. Babylonian Religion and Mythology. [Books on Egypt and Chaldaea.] New York: Henry Frowde, 1899. Pp. 227. $1. Morgenstern, J. The Doctrine of Sin in the Babylonian Religion. [Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschajt, 1905. Heft 3.] Berlin: W. Peiser, 1905. Pp. iii+158. M. 6. Jeremias, A. Die babylonisch-assyrischen Vorstellungen vom Leben nach dem Tode. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1887. Pp. 131. M. 6. Caspari, W. Die Religion in den assyrisch-babylonischen Busspsalmen. [Beitrdge zur Forderung Christlicher Theologie, xxi.] Gutersloh: Bertelsmann, 1903. Pp. 92. M. 1.50. Kuenen's series of lectures is a good, scientific, popular sketch of some of the great religions of the world, with especial emphasis upon the Semitic and Hebrew religions. Steindorff gives an excellent popular but reliable treatment of Egyptian religion. Wiedemann's volumes are of value to the special student who is able to make the necessary discriminations. Budge's booklets present much interesting material, but are of secondary importance because of many inaccuracies. Erman's popular presentation is the best existing study of Egpytian religion. Sayce attempts to cover the entire oriental world, and necessarily fails to do it well. Many clever suggestions and plausible hypotheses make his volume inter- esting reading. Jastrow is the standard authority on the religion of Assyria and Babylonia. The German edition is really a new work, rather than a mere translation; much new material is incorporated, and much of the old is revised. King's sketch is thoroughly reliable and intelligible. The special studies of Morgenstern, Jeremias, and Caspari are of importance to specialists. C. Hebrew Manners, Customs, and Institutions Harper, W. R. The Priestly Element in the Old Testament. An Aid to Histori- cal Study, for use in advanced Bible Classes. [Constructive Bible Studies: RELIGION OF THE HEBREWS 57 College Series.] 3d ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1905. Pp. 300. $1. Green, W. H. The Hebrew Feasts in Their Relation to Recent Critical Hypothe- ses concerning the Pentateuch. New York: Carter, 1885. Pp. 329. $1.50. Scot, A. F. Offering and Sacrifice. An Essay in Comparative Customs and Religious Development. London: Burleigh, 1900. Pp. 236. 2s. 6d. Scott, A. Sacrifice, Its Prophecy and Fulfillment. [The Baird Lecture, 1892-93.] Edinburgh: Douglass, 1894. Pp. 394. 7s. 6d. Van Hoonacker, A. Le sacerdoce levitique dans la loi. Loewen: Istas, 1899. Pp. 475. Fr. ro. Gall, August Freiherr von. Altisraelitische Kultstatten. Giessen: J. Ricker, 1898. Pp. 156. M. 5. Schick, Conrad. Die Stiftshii tte der Tempel im Jerusalem, und der Tempelplatz der Jetztzeit. Berlin: Weidmann, 1896. Pp. viii + 363+ n Plans. M. 15. Kamphausen, A. Das Verhaltnis des Menschenopfers zur israelitischen Religion. Bonn: Rohrscheid und Ebbecke, 1896. Pp. 75. M. 1.50. Baudissin, W. W. von. Die Geschichte des alttestamentlichen Priesterthums. Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1889. Pp. 328. M. 7. Kbberle, Justus. Die Tempelsanger imAlten Testament. Ein Versuch zur israelitischen und jiidischen Cultusgeschichte. Erlangen: Fr..Junge, 1899. Pp. 205. M. 3. Meinhold, J. Die Lade 'Jahves. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, rgoo. Pp. 45. M. 1.50. Xotz, A. Die Bundeslade. Leipzig: A. Deichert, igor. Pp. 44. M. 1.20. Dibelius, M. Die Lade Jahves: Eine religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung. [For- schungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments, 7. Heft.] GSttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, r9o6. Pp. viii+128. M. 3.60. Nowack, W. Lehrbuch der hebraischen Archaologie. Two volumes. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1894. Pp. 719. M. 16. Benzlnger, J. Hebraische Archaologie. 2d ed. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1907. Pp. xx + 450. M. 10. Tristram, H. B. Eastern Customs in Bible Lands. New York: Thomas Whit- taker, 1894. Pp. 262. $1.25. Trumbull, H. Clay. The Blood Covenant. A Primitive Rite and Its Bearings on Scripture. 2ded. Philadelphia: John D.Watties & Co., 1893. Pp. x + 390. $2.50. Trumbull, H. Clay. The Threshold Covenant. New York: Scribners, 1896. Pp.346. $2.50. Trumbull, H. Clay. The Covenant of Salt, as Based on the Significance of Salt in Early Thought. New York: Scribners, 1899. Pp. 194- $i-5°- 58 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY Trumbull, H. Clay. Studies in Oriental Social Life and Gleams from the East on the Sacred Page. Philadelphia: John D. Wattles &Co., 1894. Pp. 437. $2.50. Thomson, W. M. The Land and the Book; or Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land. Popular edition. Three volumes. New York: Harpers, 1880. Pp. 1,992. $7.50. Ebstein, W. Die Medizin im Alten Testament. Stuttgart: Enke, 1901. Pp. 192. M. 5. Weiss, Johann. Die musikalischen Instrumente in den heiligen Schriften des Alten Testamentes. Graz: Leuschner und Lubensky, 1895. Pp. in. M. 7. Gressmann, Hugo. Musik und Musikinstrumente im Alten Testament: Eine religionsgeschichtliche Studie. Giessen: J. Ricker, 1903. Pp.32. M. 0.75. Hejcl, J. Das alttestamentliche Zinsverbot im Lichte der ethnologischen Juris- prudenz sowie des altorientalischen Zinswesens. [Biblische Sludien, Band XII, Heft. 4.J Freiburg im B.: Herder, 1907. Pp. viii+98. M. 2.80. Day, Edward. The Social Life of the Hebrews. [The Semitic Series, Vol. V.] New York: Scribners, 1901. Pp. 255. $1.25 net. Buhl, Frants. Die socialen Verhaltnisse der Israeliten. Berlin: Reuther und Reichard, 1899. Pp. 130. M. 2. Bertholet, Alfred. Die Stellung der Israeliten und der Juden zu den Fremden. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1896. Pp. 368. M. 7. Kraetzschmar, R. Die Bundesvorstellung im Alten Testament. Marburg: Elwert, 1896. Pp. 262. M. 6.40. As a manual of study for the ritualistic and priestly customs in Israel's religion Harper's Priestly Element is unsurpassed. Clear outlines, numerous suggestions, and abundant literature are furnished for the study of every phase of the priestly life and thought. Green was the great champion of traditional views and his Hebrew Feasts was his greatest book; its learning is prodigious. Scot traces sacrifice from animistic and totemistic beginnings, through polytheism down to the great sacrifice of Christ. In so wide a range of territory it is inevitable that there should be some lack of control in certain phases of the subject. Scott has constructed an interesting book, worth reading, even if not always convincing. Van Hoonac- ker tries to rehabilitate the view that the Priestly Code is to be placed at the very beginning of Hebrew history, and seeks his materials in the legislation concerning the priesthood and in the statements of the Chronicler. Von Gall takes up the sanctuaries of Canaan one by one and in the light of literary and historical criticism writes their history. His work is of great value in its special field. Schick's archaeo- logical studies and reconstructed temple plans constitute the most elaborate study of the temple structure. Kamphausen contributes a very careful history of the custom of human sacrifice in Israel. His results can now be checked up to some extent by recent discoveries at Gezer. Baudissin has written the only existing history of the Israelitish priesthood. It is now somewhat out of date owing to the advance of literary and historical criticism since 1880, but is of considerable value to the scholarly student because of the author's wide range of knowledge. Koberle's study of the temple singers is of interest only to special- ists. The ark of the covenant has been the occasion of a little literature of its own within the past few years. The works of Meinhold, Lotz, and Dibelius represent all the important views held concerning the nature and purpose of the ark. The standard authorities on Hebrew archaeology in general are Nowack and Benzinger, the former being a little the more detailed of the two. Tristram throws light on many biblical practices, and can be trusted as to his facts. Trumbull's volumes on the various kinds of covenants are instructive and interest. RELIGION OF THE HEBREWS 59 ing for their large amount of illustrative materials as to the significance of the covenant idea in each case. His Studies are of interest and use to the general Bible student. Thomson is still a favorite among Bible students, and rightly so; though its chief interest is in New Testament life and times. Ebstein is a physician but not a biblical expert, hence his results are sometimes vitiated by his failure to understand the content and character of his sources. The book is of some value to the biblical specialist who can correct the author's errors. Weiss and Gressmann present two studies on Hebrew music and musical instruments which are of importance to those interested in this subject. Gressmann 's is the better of the two and the more comprehensive in its treatment. The only satisfactory treatment of this subject in English is in the notes to Wellhausen's translation of the Psalms for the Polychrome Bible. Hejcl has made a study in the light of general and Semitic usage of the Old Testament law prohibiting interest and usury. His conclusion is that the law was not borrowed from Babylonia nor from Egypt, but is to be traced back to primitive Semitic law and usage. The study is a credit to Catholic scholarship. Day's study of Israel's social life is somewhat subjective in its conclusions and lacking in an under- lying philosophical grasp of the subject; but there is no better treatment in English. Buhl has worked out a brief but good statement of the social interests and customs of Israel, which may be recommended to all students of the subject. Bertholet's is a fair and just statement of the relations between the Hebrew and the stranger in the Old Testament period. Kraetzschmar's is the standard work on the covenant idea in the Old Testament. D. The Religion of the Old Testament Kautzsch, E. Article "Religion of Israel," Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, extra volume (1904). Pp. 612-734. Marti, K. The Religion of the Old Testament: Its Place Among the Religions of the Nearer East. [The Crown Theological Library.] New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1907. Pp. vii + 251. $1.25. Schultz, H. Old Testament Theology: The Religion of Revelation in its Pre- Christian Stage of Development. (Translated from the 4th German edition by J. A. Paterson.) Two volumes. New York: Scribners, 1892. Pp. 924. $6. Alttestamentliche Theologie. Fiinfte Auflage. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1896. Pp. 656. M. 10.40. Davidson, A. B. The Theology of the Old Testament. Edited from the author's manuscripts by S. D. F. Salmond. New York: Scribners, 1904. Pp. 564. $2.50. . Kuenen, A. The Religion of Israel to the Fall of the Jewish State. (Translated from the Dutch by Alfred Heath May.) 3 vols. London: Williams & Norgate, 1874-75. Pp. 1,064. 3^- 6d- Duff, A. Old Testament Theology or The History of Hebrew Religion from the Year 800 b. c. Vol. I, From 800 b. c. to Josiah, 640 b. c. Vol. II, The Deuteronomic Reformation in Century VII b. C. London: A. & C. Black, 1891, 1900. Pp. 898. 255. 6d. Duff, A. The Theology and Ethics of the Hebrews. [The Semitic Series.] New York: Scribners, 1902. Pp. 332. $1.25. Budde, K. The Religion of Israel to the Exile. [American Lectures on the History 0} Religions. Fourth Series, 1898-99.] New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1899. Pp. 247. $1.50. Cheyne, T. K. Jewish Religious Life After the Exile. [American Lectures on the History of Religions. Third series, 1897-98.] New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1898. Pp.277. $ J -5°- 60 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY Robertson, J. A. The Early Religion of Israel as Set Forth by Biblical Writers and Modern Critical Historians. New York: Whittaker, 1902. Pp. 603. $1 . 60. Montefiore, C. G. Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Hebrews. [The Hibbert Lectures jor z8gs.] London: Williams & Norgate, 1892. Pp. 600. 10s. 6d. Ottley, R. S. The Religion of Israel. A Historical Sketch. London: C. J. Clay & Sons, 1905. Pp. 227. 4s. Addis, W. E. Hebrew Religion to the Establishment of Judaism under Ezra. [The Crown Theological Library.] New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1906. Pp. xv+316. $1.25. Bennett, W. H. The Theology of the Old Testament. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1895. Pp. 235. 2s. 6d. Piepenbring, C. Theology of the Old Testament. (Translated from the French by permission of the author, with added references for English readers, by H. G. Mitchell.) New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1893. Pp. 372. $1.75. Gray, G. B. The Divine Discipline of Israel. London: A. & C. Black, 1900. Pp. 128. 2S. 6d. Stade, B. . Biblische Theologie des Alien Testaments. Band I, Die Religion Israels und die Entstehung des Judentums. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1905. Pp. 395. M. 6. Smend, R. Lehrbuch der alttestamentlichen Religionsgeschichte. 2d ed. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1899. Pp. 529. M. 11.50. Marti, K. Geschichte der israelitischen Religion. 4th ed. Strassburg: Bull, 1903. Pp. 342. M. 4. Dillmann, A. Handbuch der alttestamentlichen Theologie. Herausgegeben von R. Kittel. Leipzig: Hirzel, 1895. Pp. 573. M. 11. Riehm, E. Alttestamentliche Theologie. Herausgegeben von K. Pahncke. Halle: Strien, 1889. Pp. 456. M. 8.50. Giesebrecht, F. Die- Grundziige der israelitischen Religionsgeschichte. Berlin: G. B. Teubner, 1904. Pp. 136. M. 1. Wildeboer, G. ' Jahvedienst und Volksreligion in Israel in ihrem gegenseitigen Verhaltnis. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1899. Pp. 44. M. 0.80. Nowack, W. Die Entstehung der altisraelitischen Religion. Strassburg: Heitz, 1895. Pp. 31. M. 0.80. Nikel, J. Der Monotheismus Israels in der vorexilischen Zeit. Paderborn: Schoningh, 1893. Pp. 6r. M. 1. Valeton, J. J. P., Jr. "Die Israeliten" in Chantepie de la Saussaye's Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte (Vol. I, pp. 242-325). Dritte Auflage. Two volumes. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1905. Pp. 1159. M. 24. RELIGION OF THE HEBREWS 61 Die Christliche Religion mit Einschluss der israelitisch-judischen Religion. Von J. Wellhausen, A. Julicher, A. Harnack, N. Bonwetsch, K. Muller, F. X. Funk, E. Troeltsch, J. Pohle, J. Mansbach, C. Krieg, W. Herrmann, R. Seeberg, W. Faber, H. J. Holtzmann. [Die Kultur der Gegen- wart: Ihre Enlwickelung und ihre Ziele. Herausgegeben von P. Hinneberg.] Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1906. Pp. 762. M. 16. Kautzsch's article, equal to a good-sized volume in compass, is a well-balanced, comprehensive scholarly presentation of the history of the Hebrew religion. It is perhaps the best single treatise covering the entire ground; it is certainly unequaled in English. Marti's Religion from the standpoint of an advanced critic is the best popular, bird' s-eye view of Hebrew religion in its historical development. Schultz has long held high rank among English-speaking students and well deserves it; but a faithful interpretation of Hebrew thought and feeling is lacking here, because the author is unable to divest himself of certain theological presuppositions. Davidson's posthumous Theology falls far short of justifiable expectations; it is not representative of its author's best work and maturest scholarship, but a miscellany selected from various stages of his developing career. Kuenen is now obsolescent; but it has greatly influenced all later scholarship and may still be consulted with profit. Duff's Theology is historically presented and is of value to ministers for whom it was written; but the author's own distinctive views on some questions of literary history vitiate somewhat his theological interpretation. His Theology and Ethics is distinctly popular, and is perhaps the best treatment of Old Testament ethics in print, but there is nothing else of value on this specific theme, Budde gives in vivid, virile narrative some important and prevailing views concerning early Israel's religion. Cheyne treats difficult and debatable territory to original and suggestive interpretation; but there is much subjectivism in his volume., Robertson furnishes the conserva- tive school with its best summary of Israel's early religion; every student should read it. Montefiore in clear and vigorous narrative relates the growth of Israel's religion with sober judgment. Ottley and Addis offer two very elementary manuals well adapted to the needs of Sunday-school teachers and begin- ners; Ottley is the more conservative of the two. Bennett appeals to the same constituency as Ottley and Addis, but is not equal to them in constructive ability. Piepenbring is the best French work on Old Testament theology; it is popular in aim and moderate in its critical attitude. Gray's is another popular volume, but based upon sound scholarship. The latest German volume is that of Stade whose lamented death prevents the completion of the work.. It is thoroughly critical and historical, but somewhat deficient on the side of philosophic, constructive statement; it is too much like a series of isolated archaeological studies, but is nevertheless of great use by its suggestive and instructive value. Smend is the best authority covering the entire period of Israel's religion; he is thoroughly scientific and historical in spirit and method, and characterized by discrimina- tion and insight. Marti is somewhat more radical in view-point than Smend, and moves more rapidly; his Geschichte is a good piece of constructive work. Dillmann-Kittel is moderate and cautious in its critical positions, but not quite in touch with present conclusions; Dillmann was not a theologian and Kit- tel could not make his work over. Riehm's is a good, cautious presentation of the religion of Israel as historically mediated, but it is now passing out of date. Giesebrecht's sketch is bold and true in its main outlines; but it is intended primarily for popular use. The same thing is true of Wildeboer and Nowack who are well worth reading. Nikel's is a careful piece of constructive conservative scholarship. Valeton's sketch of Israel's religion is excellently done; it is one of the best contributions to Saussaye's great work. Wellhausen 's summary in Die Kultur der Gegenwart presents nothing new, but is of special interest and value as offering in popular form a digest of its author's views at the present time concerning the religion of Israel. E. Special Phases of the Religion of the Old Testament Volz, Paul. Mose: Ein Beitrag zur Untersuchung iiber die Urspriinge der israelitischen Religion. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1907. Pp. vii + 115. M.3. Peisker, M. Die Beziehungen der Nicht-israeliten zu Jahve nach der Anschauung der altisraelitischen Quellenschriften. [Beihefte zur ZAW, XII.] Giessen: Aif. Topelmann, 1907. Pp. iii + 95. M. 2.50. Gall, August Freiherr von. Die Herrlichkeit Gottes; Eine biblisch-theologische Untersuchung Uber das ganze Alte Testament, die Targumim, Apokryphen, 62 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY Apokalypsen und das Neue Testament. Giessen: J. Ricker, 1900. Pp. 109. M. 3.20. Giesebrecht, F. Die alttestamentliche Schatzung des Gottesnamens und ihre religionsgeschichtliche Grundlage. Konigsberg i. Pr.: Thomas und Opper- mann, 1901. Pp. 150. M. 4. Duhm, B. Die Gottgeweihten in der alttestamentlichen Religion. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1905. Pp. 34. M. 0.60. Duhm, Hans. Die bosen Geister im Alten Testament. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1904. Pp. 72. M. 1.20. Wood, I. F. The Spirit of God in Biblical Literature. New York: Armstrong, 1904. Pp. 280. $1.25. Erbt, W. Die Sicherstellung des Monotheismus durch die Gesetzgebung in vorexilischen Juda. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1903. Pp.127. M. 3.60. Sellin, E. Beitrage zur israelitischen und judischen Religionsgeschichte. I. Jahwes Verhaltnis zum israelitischen Volk und Individuum nach alt- israelitischer Vorstellung. II. Israel's Giiter und Ideale. Leipzig: Deichert, 1896-97. Pp. 566. M. 10. Lohr, M. Sozialismus und Individualismus im Alten Testament. Ein Beitrag zur alttestamentlichen Religionsgeschichte. [Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche Wissenschajt, X.] Giessen: A. Topelmann, 1906. Pp. 36. M. 0.80. Pooler, L. A. Studies in the Religion of Israel. London: Hodder & Stough- ton, 1904. Pp. 288. 5s. Peake, A. S. The Problem of Suffering in the Old Testament. London: Robert Bryant, 1904. Pp. 212. 2s. 6d. Tennant, F. R. The Sources of the Doctrine of the Fall and Original Sin. Cambridge: The University Press, 1903. Pp. 377. 9s. Bennewitz, F. Die Stinde im Alten Israel. Leipzig: A. Deichert, 1907. Pp. xii + 271. M. 5. Koberle, Justus. Siinde und Gnade im religiosen Leben des Volkes Israel bis auf Christum. Eine Geschichte des vorchristlichen Heilsbewusstseins. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1905. Pp. 701. M. 12. Staerk, Willy. Siinde und Gnade nach der Vorstellung des alteren Judentums, besonders der Dichter der sogenannten Busspsalmen. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1905. Pp. 78. M. 1.50. Beeching, H. C, and Nairne, A. The Bible Doctrine of Atonement. Six Lectures given in Westminster Abbey. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1907. Pp. xiii+110. $1 net. Hehn, J. Siinde und Erlosung nach biblischer und babylonischer Anschauung. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1903. Pp. 67. M. 1.60. RELIGION OF THE HEBREWS 63 Hermann, J. Die Idee der Siinde im Alten Testament. Eine Untersuchung uber Gebrauch und Bedeutung des Wortes Kipper. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1905. Pp. 121. M. 3.50. Charles, R. H. *A Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life in Israel, in Judaism, and in Christianity; or Hebrew, Jewish and Christian Eschatology from Pre-prophetic Times till the Close of the New Testament Canon. Being the Jowett Lectures for 1898-99. London: A. & C. Black, 1899. Pp. 438 $5- ' Gressmann, Hugo. Der Ursprung der israelitisch-judischen Eschatologie. [Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alien und Neuen Testaments, herausgegeben von W. Bousset und H. Gunkel.] Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1905. Pp. 386. M. 10. Volz, Paul. Judische Eschatologie von Daniel bis Akiba. Leipzig: J. C. B Mohr, 1903. Pp. 428. M. 7. Griineisen, Carl. Der Ahnenkultus und die Urreligion Israels. Halle a. S.: Max Niemeyer, 1900. Pp. 302. M. 6. Zapletal, V. Der Totemismus und die Religion Israels : Ein Beitrag zur Religions- wissenschaft, und zur Erklarung des Alten Testamentes. Freiburg: B. Veith, 1901. Pp. 189. Fr. 8. Frey, J. Tod, Seelenglaube und Seelenkult im alten Israel: Eine religionsge- schichtliche Untersuchung. Leipzig: A. Deichert, 1898. Pp. 252. M. 3.75. Bertholet, A. Die israelitischen Vorstellungen vom Zustand nach dem Tode: Ein offentlicher Vortrag. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1899. Pp. 31. M. 0.80. Schwally, F. Das Leben nach dem Tode nach den Vorstellungen des alten Israel und des Judentums einschliesslich des Volksglaubens im Zeitalter Christi. Eine biblisch-theologische Untersuchung. Giessen: J. Ricker, 1892. Pp. 212. M. 5. Friedlander, M. Griechischer Philosophie im Alten Testament. Eine Einlei- tung in die Psalmen- und Weisheit-Litteratur. Berlin: Reimer, 1904. Pp. 243. M. 5.40. Sellin, E. Die Spuren griechischer Philosophie im Alten Testament. Leipzig: A. Deichert, 1905. Pp. 32. M. 0.60. Gray, G. B. Studies in Hebrew Proper Names. New York: Macmillan, 1896. Pp. xv + 338. $2.75. Nestle, Eb. Die israelitischen Eigennamen nach ihrer religionsgeschichtlichen Bedeutung. Haarlem: Bohn, 1876. Pp. viii+215. Volz contributes a very discriminating study of the life and work of Moses and his significance in the history of the Hebrew religion. Peisker's is a painstaking and illuminating study of a phase of the problem of Hebrew monotheism. Gall's special study of the idea of the glory of God is well done, and worthy of a place in every good working library on the Old Testament. Giesebrecht has produced the best study of the Old Testament estimate of the divine Name. Dtthm's treatise is a masterly presentation of the facts of his subject and their significance. His son, Hans Dtjhm, has earned a good place for himself among Old Testament scholars by his fine treatment of Hebrew demonology. Wood furnishes probably the best treatise 64 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY on his difficult but important subject. Erbt is clever, but not always well balanced in his judgment. Sel- lers studies are of much value to scholars who can exercise discrimination in their use. Lohr's is an excel- lent study of the place of the individual in early Hebrew thought; reference may also be made to my article on the same subject in The American Journal of Theology, Vol. X. Pooler is popular in tone and of only moderate value. Peake is reliable and stimulating in his exposition; his treatment is sympathetic and to be commended as the best discussion of the subject. Tennant is keen and thorough; his book is neces- sary to all students of Gen. 3. Bennewitz is the latest writer on sin in the Old Testament, and is useful for orientation, but advances the subject but little. Koberle is modern but cautious in his treatment; it is a useful history of these ideas but throws little new light upon their content and genesis. Staerk's study confines itself to a limited period and literature in which it will be found of value. Beeching and Nairne present a very readable and essentially true account of the Old Testament views of atonement; the treatment is intended for popular use. Hehn offers a comparative study of Biblical and Babylonian ideas of sin and redemption, which is of value for those unable to go direct to the Babylonian sources. Hermann's study is of much value to every student; for a still better discussion reference may be made to H. P. Smith's article on the same theme in The American Journal of Theology, Vol. X. On Hebrew eschatology Charles is the standard authority. Gressmann presents a radically different conception of the history of eschatology, and compels consideration. Volz is learned and illuminating on Jewish eschatology. Grttneisen is informing and fairly conservative in his study of primitive Hebrew religion. Zapletal sets himself strongly against the tdtemistic interpretation of early Hebrew religion. Fbey, Bertholet, and Schwally discuss the Israelitish conception of the hereafter historically and from slightly varying standpoints. Friedlander presents skilfully the view that the Wisdom Literature was called forth in response to the new demands created by contact with Greek thought and life. Sellin criticizes Friedlander forcefully and in part successfully. Gray gives, a careful and instructive study of the formation and religious significance of proper names in Hebrew. Nestle's discussion of the same subject is still of value. V. MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS Davidson, A. B. Biblical and Literary Essays. Edited by J. A. Paterson. Lon don: Hodder & Stoughton, 1902. Pp. xii + 320. 6s. Hatch, E. Essays in Biblical Greek. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1889. Pp. x + 293. 10s. 6d. Biblical and Semitic Studies. Critical and Historical Essays by the Members of the Semitic and Biblical Faculty of Yale University. [Yale Bicentennial Publications,] New York: Scribners, 1901. Pp. xii + 330. $2.50. Orientalische Studien. Theodor Noldeke zum siebzigsten Geburtstag gewidmet von Freunden und Schulern und in ihrem Auftrag herausgegeben von Carl Bezold. Two volumes. Giessen: A. Topelmnan, 1906. Pp. liv-r- 1,187. M. 40. Old Testament and Semitic Studies in Memory of William Rainey Harper. Edited by R. F. Harper, Francis Brown, G. F. Moore. Two volumes. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1908. Pp. xxxiv + 838. $10. Lagarde, Paul de. Mittheilungen. Four volumes. Gottingen: Dieterich, 1884-91. Pp. 1,580. $10.60. Winckler, H. Alttestamentliche Untersuchungen. Leipzig: E. Pfeiffer, 1892. Pp. 192. M. 7.50. Budde, K. Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur biblischen Wissenschaft von Dr. Abraham Kuenen. Aus dem Hollandischen iibersetzt. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1894. Pp. 511. M. 12. MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS 65 Stade, B. Ausgewahlte akademische Reden und Abhandlungen. 2d ed., with portrait of the author. Giessen: A. Topelmann, 1907. Pp. 296. M. 2.75. Kbnig, E. Hebraisch und semitisch. Prolegomena und Grundlinien einer Geschichte der semitischen Sprachen, nebst einem Exkurs uber die vorjosu- anische Sprache Israels und die Pentateuchquelle PC. Berlin: Reuther und Reichard, 1901. Pp. vii+128. M. 4. Aramaic Papyri Discovered at Assuan. Edited by A. H. Sayce, with the assistance of A. E. Cowley; and with appendices by W. Spiegelberg and Seymour de Ricci. London: A. Moring, 1906. Pp. 79 + 27 Plates. 21$. Sachau, E. Drei aramaische Papyrusurkunden aus Elephantine. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1907. Pp. 46. M. 2.50. Religionsgeschichtliche Volksbucher, herausgegeben von Fr. Michael Schiele. II Reihe: Die Religion des Alten Testaments. The following numbers have thus far appeared: 2. Kiichler, Hebraische Volkskunde; 3. Merx, A., Die Bticher Moses und Josua; 5. Budde, K., Das prophetische Schrifttum; 7. Beer, G., Saul, David, Salomo; 8. Gunkel, H., Elias; 10. Guthe, H., Jesaia; 14. Lohr, M., Seelenkampfe und Glaubensnote vor 2,000 Jahren; 17. Bertholet, A., Daniel und die griechische Gefahr. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr. Price: No. 3, M. 1., the remaining numbers, M. 0.50 each. Davidson's volume contains a number of popular studies, addresses, and lectures, of considerable interest and value to the general Bible student. Hatch is of especial value for a correct appreciation of the Septuagint. The Yale Biblical and Semitic Studies include two articles of some value on the Old Testament, viz., E. L. Curtis' "Tribes of Israel," and Kent and Sanders' "Growth of Israelitish Law." The volumes in honor of Noldeke contain much Old Testament material and represent the best scholar- ship of Germany. The contents of the William R. Harper memorial volumes are more than half Old Testament studies; they represent the best American scholarship and constitute a splendid testimonial to a peerless teacher, an eminent scholar, and a great man. Lagarde's volumes are a miscellany in themselves; but buried within the mass of learning is much of great value in Old Testament study, especially on its linguistic and textual side. Winckler's studies take up questions in analysis of literary sources, historical investigation, geography, and exegesis and never fail of originality. Bxjdde has brought together and translated some of the most important articles of the greatest of Dutch scholars on the Old Testament. Stade's studies treat some Old Testament topics of great importance, e. g., "The Task of Old Testament Theology" and "The Origin of the People of Israel." Konig's volume con- cerns itself only slightly with Hebrew except in so far as it forms a part of Semitic language in general; it is of value only to advanced students thoroughly familiar with the whole range of Semitic languages. The Assuan Papyri are of great significance for the understanding of exilic conditions, social and religious; Sayce has published the first series in splendid form; Sachau has made the more important documents of the later discovery accessible and intelligible to all students. Religionsgeschichtliche Volksbilcher is a valuable series of monographs intended to popularize the historico-critical method and point of view in Germany. They are well written and present the best results of modem scholarship in a way intelligible to the averge man. VI. THE OLD TESTAMENT APOCRYPHA The Apocrypha. Revised Version. Oxford: University Press, 1895. Pp. xi + 175- Ball, C.J. The Ecclesiastical or Deutero-Canonical Books of the Old Testament, Commonly Called The Apocrypha. Edited with various renderings and 66 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY readings from the best authorities. [The Variorum. Bible.] London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1892. Pp. viii+276. $2. Bissell, E. C. The Apocrypha of the Old Testament. With Historical Intro- duction, a Revised Translation, and Notes Critical and Explanatory. [Lange Series.] New York: Scribners, 1890. Pp. 680. $3. Kautzsch, E. Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments. 2 Bde. Leipzig: Mohr, 1900. Erster Band, Apokryphen. Pp. xxii+507. Zweiter Band, Pseudepigraphen. Pp. vii + 540. M. 24; or separately, M. 14 per volume. Zockler, 0. Apokryphische Biicher des Alten Testaments. Miinchen: Beck, 1891. Pp. xi + 495. M. 8. Fritzsche, 0. F., et al. Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu den Apokry- phen des Alten Testaments. Six volumes bound in three. Leipzig: Weid- mann, 1851-59. Pp. viii + 222; iv + 212; xxxv+235; iv + 371; xl + 415; iv + 300. Smend, R. Die Weisheit des Jesus Sirach erklart. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1906. Pp. clix+517. M. 16. Couard, L. Die religiosen und sittlichen Anschauungen der alttestamentlichen Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen. Gutersloh: Bertelsmann, 1907. Pp. viii + 248. M. 4. Articles on "Apocrypha of the Old Testament" in Hastings' Dictionary 0} the Bible, by F. C. Porter; in Encyclopaedia Biblica by M. R. James; in Protes- tantische Realencyklopadie, by E. Schurer. The Revised Version of the Apocrypha is obtainable in many styles and at various prices. The best form of the Authorized Version is the Variorum Bible edition by Ball. Bissell 's is the best English commentary on the whole Apocrypha; but it is not equal to the best German works. Kautzsch's is the best commentary on the Apocrypha as a whole; each book is assigned to a specialist. Zockler is more condensed and popular. Fritzsche is hardly up to present-day methods and standards, but contains much good material. Smend's is the most elaborate and thorough treatment of Ecclesiasticus. Couard furnishes the only satisfactory summary of the religious and moral ideas of the apocryphal and pseudepi- graphic writings. The encyclopaedia articles offer the most important facts concerning the origin and nature of the apocryphal books; Schurer's is especially valuable. VII. PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS 1. AMERICAN The Biblical World. [Founded by William Rainey Harper.] Editor in Chief: Emest D. Burton, in association with members of the Biblical and Theolog- ical Faculties of the University of Chicago. A Monthly Illustrated Magazine for Bible Students. Published by the University of Chicago Press, Chicago. $2 a year. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. [Founded by William Rainey Harper.] Editor: R. F. Harper, in association with members of the Semitic Faculties of the Universities of Chicago, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Union Theological Seminary, Meadville Theological School. Quarterly. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. $4 a year. PERIODICALS 67 The American Journal of Theology. Edited by the Divinity Faculty of the Uni- versity of Chicago, in association with other American scholars. Quarterly. Published by the University of Chicago Press, Chicago. $3 a year. The Harvard Theological Review. Issued quarterly by the Faculty of Divinity in Harvard University. New York: Macmillan. $2 a year. The Journal of Biblical Literature. Edited by a Committee of the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis. Semiannual. Containing Papers by Members of the Society. Published for the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis by Messrs. G. E. Stechert & Co., New York. $3 a year. Bibliotheca Sacra. Editor: G. F. Wright. A Religious and Sociological Quarterly. Published by the Bibliotheca Sacra Company, Oberlin, Ohio. $3 a year. The Princeton Theological Review. Editors: Francis L. Patton, B. B. Warfield, and others. Quarterly. Published by the Princeton University Press, Princeton. $3 a year. The Baptist Review and Expositor. Edited by the Faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. Quarterly. Published by the Seminary Press, Louisville, Ky. $2 a year. The Hartford Seminary Record. Editors: A. L. Gillett, W. S. Pratt, C. S. Thayer. Quarterly. Hartford Seminary Press, Hartford, Conn. $1 a year. The Methodist Review. Editor: William V. Kelley. Bimonthly. Published by Messrs. Eaton & Mains, New York. $2.50 a year. The Methodist Quarterly Review. Editor: John J. Tigert. Quarterly. Pub- lished by Messrs. Smith & Lamar, Nashville, Tenn. $2 a year. The Reformed Church Review. Editors: George W. Richards, John S. Stahr. Quarterly. Published by the Reformed Church Publication Board, Lancas- ter, Pa. $2 a year. The New York Review. A Journal of the Ancient Faith and Modern Thought. Edited by the Faculty of St. Joseph's Seminary. Bimonthly. Published by St. Joseph's Seminary, Yonkers, N. Y. $3 a year. The Biblical World and The Journal of Biblical Literature devote themselves to biblical topics, the former being popular, the latter technical in character, and both representative of the historical school of interpretation. The American Journal of Semitic Languages is of a technical character and covers the entire field of Semitic literature, including the Old Testament. The whole field of theology is covered by The American Journal of Theology, The Harvard Theological Review, Bibliotheca Sacra, The Princeton Theological Review, The Baptist Review and Expositor, and The New York Review (a new Roman Catholic journal of progressive spirit); occasional Old Testament articles appear; the first two of this group represent a liberal type of theology, the rest are representative of various degrees of con- servatism. The remaining journals on the list are practical in aim, and treat Old Testament subjects only in so far as they directly subserve practical ends. 3. BRITISH The Expository Times. Editor: James Hastings. A Monthly Magazine for Bible Students. Published by Messrs. T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh; im- ported by Scribners, New York. $1.50 a year. 68 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY The Expositor. Editor: W. Robertson Nicoll. Monthly. Published by Messrs. Hodder & Stoughton, London. $3 a year. The Jewish Quarterly Review. Editors: I. Abrahams and C. G. Montefiore. London; Macmillan Co. 11s. a year. The Hibbert Journal. Editor: L. P. Jacks. Sub-Editor: G. Dawes Hicks. Quarterly. A Review of Religion, Theology, and Philosophy. Published by Messrs. Williams & Norgate, London; imported by Messrs. G. E. Stechert & Co., New York. $2.50 a year. The Journal of Theological Studies. Editors: J. F. Bethune-Baker, F. E. Brightman. Quarterly. Published by Henry Frowde, London and New York. $3 a year. The Review of Theology and Philosophy. Editor: Allan Menzies. Monthly. Published by Messrs. Otto Schulze & Co., Edinburgh; imported by Messrs. G. E. Stechert & Co., New York. $4 a year Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology. Monthly. Published at the offices of the Society, London. The Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement. Edited by the Officers of the Palestine Exploration Fund, as the Official Organ of the Society. Quarterly. Published by the Palestine Exploration Fund, London; Ameri- can office at 42 Quincy Street, Cambridge, Mass. $2.50 a year; free to subscribers to the Fund. The Expository Times is a popular monthly devoted wholly to biblical interpretation and containing many brief expository and practical studies. The Expositor represents the same point of view, but is more formal in make-up and spirit, publishing longer and more pretentious articles. The Jewish Quarterly Review publishes many Old Testament articles which are usually of a high scholarly character; its editors have recently announced its suspension as a regular periodical, and their intention to continue its ■ publication only at irregular intervals. The Hibbert Journal is less biblical than any of the foregoing, but is thoroughly progressive in its attitude toward all biblical and theological subjects. The Journal of Theological Studies devotes itself chiefly to the publication of textual and patristic sources, but its occasional articles on the Old Testament set a high standard. The Review of Theology and Philosophy is devoted to the task of estimating the value of current theological and biblical writings. The Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology is a record of the actions and discussions of the Archaeological Society of Great Britain; its contents are sometimes of value for biblical interpretation. The Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement is the official record of the Fund's current activities and discoveries in Palestine; occasionally an article of general archaeological interest is included. 3. FRENCH Revue biblique internationale. Edited by l'Ecole pratique d' Etudes bibliques e'tablie au Couvent Dominicain Saint-Etienne de Jerusalem. Quarterly. Published by the Librairie Victor Lecoffre, Paris. Fr. 15 a year. Revue semitique d'epigraphie et d'histoire ancienne. Editor: J. Halevy. Quar- terly. Paris: E. Leroux. Fr. 20 a year. Revue d'histoire et de litterature religieuses. Editors not indicated. Bimonthly. Paris: A. Picard & Son. Fr. 12.50 a year. 4. GERMAN Theologische Literaturzeitung. Edited by A. Harnack and E. Schurer. Semi- monthly. Published by the J. C. Hinrichssche Buchhandlung, Leipzig. M. 18 a year. PERIODICALS 69 Theologisches Literaturblatt. Edited by Dr. Holscher. Weekly. Published by Dorffling und Franke, Leipzig. M. 10 a year. Orientalistische Literatur-Zeitung. Editor: F. E. Peiser. Monthly. Berlin: Wolf Peiser. M. 12 a year. Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Editor: Karl. Marti. Semi- annual. Published by J. Ricker, Giessen. M. 10 a year. Theologische Studien und Kritiken. Editors: E. Kautzsch, E. Haupt. Quar- terly. Published by F. A. Perthes, Gotha. M. 16 a year. Archiv fur Religionswissenschaft. Editor: A. Dieterich, in association with H. Oldenberg, C. Bezold, K. Th. Preuss. Quarterly. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. M. 16 a year. Zeitschrift fiir Theologie und Kirche. Editor: I. Gottschick. Bimonthly. Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr. M. 6 a year. Neue kirchliche Zeitschrift. Editor: W. Engelhardt in association with a large number of German scholars. Monthly. Published by the A. Deichertsche Verlagsbuchhandlung Nachf., Leipzig. M. 10 a year. Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Theologie. Editor: Adolf Hilgenfeld. Quar- terly. Published by Reisland, Leipzig. M. 15 a year. Biblische Zeitschrift. Editors: Joh. Gottsberger, Jos. Sickenberger. Quarterly. Published by the Herdersche Verlagshandlung, St. Louis, Mo. $3 a year. Theologische Quartalschrift. Edited by the Professors of Catholic Theology at Tubingen. Quarterly. Published by H. Laupp, Jr., Tubingen. M. 9 a year. Theologische Revue. Editors: A. Bludau and Franz Diekamp. Twenty numbers a year. Published by the Aschendorffsche Buchhandlung, Minister i. W. M. 10 a year. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins. Editor: C. Steuernagel. . Monthly. Published by K. Baedeker, Leipzig. M. 12 a year. Mittheilungen und Nachrichten des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins. Editor: G. Holscher. Monthly. Published by K. Baedeker, Leipzig. M. 12 a year, free to members of the Verein. Theologischer Jahresbericht. An annual index and review of the theological publications of all countries. Founded in 1881. Editors: G. Kruger and W. Kohler. Published by C. A. Schwetschke & Sohn, Braunschweig; imported by Messrs. G. E. Stechert & Co., New York. Annual subscription, M. 31.50. Abt. 3, Das Alte Testament, M. 4-5°- Theologische Rundschau. Editors: W. Bousset, W. Heitmuller. Monthly. A Review of Current Theological Literature. Published by J. C. B. Mohr, Leipzig. M. 6 a year. Oriental Bibliography. Editor: L. Scherman, with others. London: Williams & Norgate. 12s. 6d. a year. 70 BOOKS FOR OLD TESTAMENT STUDY Die Theologie der Gegenwart. Editors: Griitzmacher, Koberle, et al. Quar- terly. Leipzig: A. Deichert. M. 3.50 a year. Old Testament section separately, about M. 1.20 to M. 1.50 a year. 5. DUTCH Theologisch Tijdschrift. Editors: Groenewegen, Lake, Oort, et al. Quarterly. Leiden: Van Doesburgh. Theologische Studien. Editors: F. E. Daubanton, C. H. Van Rhijn, et al. Bimonthly. Utrecht: Kemink & Zoon. Fl. 5.75 a year. The French journals are of relatively slight value; occasionally a strong article appears in Revue biblique or Revue Semitique. Among German publications Theologische Literaturzeitung and Theologisches Literaturblatt provide surveys of contemporaneous literature, the former from a progressive, the latter from a thoroughly conservative yiew-point. The Orientalislische Literaturzeitung reviews the more important Semitic literature and adds brief articles on Semitic topics. The Zeitschrift f&r die alttest. Wissenschaft is the only exclusively Old Testament journal in the world; and is a medium of publication for the best Old Testament scholars. The Theologische Studien und Kritiken, and Archiv f&r Religionswissenschaft, and Zeitschrift fur Theologie und Kirche, and Neue kirchliche Zeitschrift, and Zeitschrift fUr vAssenschaft- liche Theologie open their pages frequently to Old Testament articles which are always worth reading. The Biblische Zeitschrift is an exclusively biblical journal edited from a Roman Catholic standpoint, and giving admirable surveys of current literature in each issue. Theologische Quar- talschrift, a Roman Catholic quarterly, admits occasional Old Testament articles. Theologische Revue is a Roman Catholic survey of current theological literature. The publications of the Deutsche Palastma-Verein constitute a complete survey of German excavations and discoveries in Palestine- The Theologische Jahresbericht gives annually a complete survey of the theological publications of the previous year; all the more important books are briefly annotated; the spirit of the Old Testament section is distinctively progressive. Oriental Bibliography covers only the Semitic and oriental literature, and confines itself to the titles of books, articles, and reviews, offering no comment; its survey is made annually and covers the literature of the preceding year. Die Theologie der Gegenwart is a new bibliographical organ; it differs from others in that it selects for notice only the most important publications and seeks to indicate the general trend of contemporary thought ; the Old Testament editor is Koberle, a conservatively progressive scholar. The two Dutch journals are primarily theological, but they frequently contain good Old Testa- ment articles. ^■Vv'' I»^ *# 'i+£t.<£ H 140