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DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS 
 
SCULPTURED DRUM OF COLUMN N< 
 TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 2 . 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS 
 
 INCLUDING THE 
 
 SITE AND REMAINS OF THE GREAT TEMPLE OF DIANA 
 
 BY 
 
 J. T. WOOD, F.S.A. 
 
 FELLOW OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS 
 
 WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS 
 FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS 
 
 LONDON 
 LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 
 
 1877 
 
 All rights reserved 
 
 ■ > 
 
W*1 /■ 
 
 
 
 '-p 
 
 ■^ 
 
 (j >! 
 
DEDICA TION 
 
 WITH THE GRACIOUS PERMISSION OF 
 
 HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN 
 %,\\% § aak is $k&irateb 
 
 WITH THE GREATEST RESPECT 
 
 TO 
 
 HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ARTHUR 
 
 DUKE OF CONNAUGHT AND STRATHEARNE 
 DUKE OF SAXONY, PRINCE OF COBURG AND GOTHA, K.G. K.T. K.P. G.C.M.G. ETC. 
 
 IN REMEMBRANCE OF THE VISIT OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS TO EPHESUS. 
 
 AND OF A FEW BRIGHT DAYS DURING WHICH THE AUTHOR HAD THE HONOUR 
 
 AND THE PLEASURE OF ACCOMPANYING HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS TO 
 
 MITYLENE, PERGAMOS, AND ASSOS 
 
 IN THE YEAR 1865 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The object of the work which I now offer to the public is to 
 lay before it a narrative of the discoveries at Ephesus, and 
 the results of the excavations which were carried on, for 
 nearly eleven years, under the auspices of the Trustees of the 
 British Museum. 
 
 My chief purpose in undertaking the excavations, which 
 were commenced in 1863, was to find the remains of the 
 Great Temple of Diana which had been buried for so many 
 centuries. All trace of it above ground had disappeared, and 
 many even doubted whether such a building ever existed. 
 
 It was desirable that for any sums of money expended by 
 the Trustees there should be some substantial return. The 
 Odeum and the Great Theatre were therefore first of all 
 explored. The results of these explorations were so satisfac- 
 tory that I was permitted, in the year 1867, to devote a small 
 portion of a fresh grant to my search for the Temple. Further 
 discoveries of interest were then made, which justified the 
 expenditure of a larger sum in continuing the search. After 
 six years of toil, and at a time when the Trustees considered 
 that there was little or no hope of success, I most fortunately 
 hit upon the corner of the peribolus wall, containing inscrip- 
 
INTROD UCTION. 
 
 tions which placed beyond doubt the fact that the -approxi- 
 mate site of the Temple was at last discovered. Sufficient 
 sums of money were then granted by the Trustees to complete 
 the discovery, and this was accomplished before the expiration 
 of that year (1869). From that time till April 1874 the ex- 
 plorations on the site of the Temple were continued from season 
 to season, until it was cleared for a considerable distance beyond 
 the lowest step of the platform on which the last Temple had 
 been raised. The results of this work, which cost about 
 12,000/., comprised the discovery of a large number of 
 valuable blocks of sculpture and architecture, and of other 
 antiquities, consisting chiefly of the remains of the last 
 Temple. A small number only of these can at present be 
 exhibited to the public, for want of space in our Museum. 
 
 The total cost of the excavations from first to last was 
 16,000/. 
 
 In addition to the narrative of my work at Ephesus, I 
 have appended a selection from the numerous Greek and 
 Latin inscriptions which were discovered in the excavations. 
 I could not have published these without the kind assistance 
 which I have had from many scholars, especially as I have 
 ventured to print translations of the majority of them. They 
 must, however, be considered in a manner as tentative, especi- 
 ally as the text contains many novelties and a great number 
 of difficult passages, which require more time than could be 
 spent upon them for this work. I have ventured also to 
 adopt a new mode of indicating the restored portions of the 
 
INTROD UCTION. 
 
 inscriptions: considering that brackets displace the letters 
 of the text, disjoint the words, and create confusion. Every 
 letter which does not actually exist on the stones has been 
 carefully underlined : by this means there is no displace- 
 ment, and the inscriptions can be more easily read than they 
 could have been if intercepted by brackets. 
 
 I have to thank Mr. Newton, keeper of the Greek and 
 Roman antiquities in the British Museum, for allowing me, 
 and several of the scholars who have assisted me, free access 
 to the room in the basement where the inscriptions are now 
 placed, and also for his occasional assistance in reading the 
 text. I append a list of the names of those scholars who have 
 so kindly and materially aided me with the text and trans- 
 lations, some of whom, in addition to wholly deciphering and 
 translating certain inscriptions, have given me valuable advice 
 and assistance in respect to others. 
 
 I am also greatly indebted to the eminent epigraphist and 
 archaeologist Monsieur Waddington, now French Minister ot 
 Public Instruction, for many valuable suggestions in respect 
 to the inscriptions ; and I take this opportunity of making my 
 most grateful acknowledgments to all who have assisted me. 
 
 J. T. WOOD. 
 
 London : October 1876. 
 
ADDENDA. 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 In Part II. Chap. 6, p. 258, I have described a drain dis- 
 covered in the foundations of the altar, which I suppose was 
 employed to carry away the water used in washing the sur- 
 face of the altar after sacrifice. I do not here mean to 
 imply that bullocks and rams were slaughtered upon the altar 
 in the naos of the Temple, but that, after the offering of the 
 sacrifice in the Temple, the altar must have been repeatedly 
 cleansed by water. The ritual of the worship of Artemis is 
 unknown ; but we gather some facts from ancient writers which 
 enlighten us on the subject to a certain degree, and especially 
 in reference to the sacrifice. From these it is fair to conclude 
 that beasts were slaughtered at altars in front of Temples, 
 and that small portions of the flesh, and perhaps basins of 
 the blood, were carried into the Temple and offered to the 
 deity upon the great altar, the flesh being put upon some 
 small pieces of wood with which a fire was made. If the smoke 
 ascended freely, the offering was supposed to be accepted : and 
 here we have one of several reasons for concluding that 
 temples were in part absolutely open to the sky. The sculp- 
 tured block, representing the winged figure of a man leading 
 a ram, found at the west end of the Temple of Diana, had 
 probably formed part of one of the external altars in front 
 of the Temple. In this position it was found. Professor 
 Paley has kindly furnished me with the following note, in illus- 
 tration of the manner in which the sacrifice was made : — 
 
ADDENDA. 
 
 ' It appears probable that the sacrifice of animals, and the 
 burning of the portions of meat on the altar, were performed 
 in the court (avXfj) in front of the temple. The victims 
 indeed may have been killed in the precinct, and-small por- 
 tions of the choicer parts (ynqpia) carried within, to burn on 
 the altar with dry split wood (cr^ai). This may also have 
 been done on private or domestic altars (eu^apai) of Zeus 
 Kttjo-ios, Ztvs 'EpKeios, &c. But in the " Oedipus at Colonus " of 
 Sophocles (898), Theseus, when suddenly called away from a 
 sacrifice of oxen (J3ov0vto>v) to Poseidon, sends a messenger to 
 the altar, ordering the people to come in hot haste, on horse- 
 back and on foot, from the sacrifice ; a mandate which seems 
 less consistent with a congregation within a temple than with 
 out-of-doors spectators. 
 
 ' In the " Andromache" of Euripides (1 100-1 123) the son of 
 Achilles is suddenly attacked, while performing a sacrifice, by 
 an armed host who had concealed themselves behind the bay- 
 trees at Delphi. Finding himself thus assailed, he snatches a 
 shield from the front wall or portico of the temple, leaps 
 upon the altar (ecrrr? eVt /3w//,oii), takes his stand, and defends 
 himself against the missiles hurled at him from all sides. 
 Here the scene seems wholly external, though some ambi- 
 guity arises from these words epx^rai 8' avaKTopotv Kp-qnZSos 
 ei>TO<5, v. 1112. 
 
 ' Again, in the " Trachiniae " of Sophocles (753) Hercules is 
 described as performing a sacrifice of many victims (tto\v0vtov? 
 cn^ayas) on an altar which he had himself erected on a head- 
 land, and which evidently stands on a cliff overhanging the sea, 
 for he hurls the herald Lichas from the altar into the waves 
 beneath.' 
 
xii ADDENDA. 
 
 Among the numerous fragments of sculpture and archi- 
 tecture found at a low level in the excavations on the site of 
 the Temple, there were several of a very archaic character 
 and of remarkable interest. These are some small portions 
 of what were probably the bases of columns similar to the 
 sculptured columns of the last Temple : one of them has 
 traces of sculpture, another has sculpture attached to it ; but 
 not the least interesting is a fragment which is inscribed with 
 
 the characters here shown — 1 1 I J I . These cannot at 
 present be recognised as forming part of any Greek or Semitic 
 word ; but, guided by the character of the sculpture, Mr. 
 Newton is of opinion that all these fragments belonged to the 
 Temple to which Croesus contributed some of the columns, 
 and that therefore the date of the inscription may be as early 
 as b.c. 560. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 I. Brief Description and History of the City of Ephesus . . 3 
 
 II. Excavations commenced : Results to March 1864 . . . . 16 
 
 III. The Odeum explored : St. Luke's Tomb, etc 4 2 
 
 IV. The Great Theatre explored 68 
 
 V. Public Buildings of the City, etc 97 
 
 VI. Search for the Temple of Diana : Discovery of Road and 
 
 Tombs, and of the Peribolus Wall m 
 
 PARI II 
 
 I. Season 1869-70. Discoveries within Peribolus Wall . Dis- 
 covery of the Temple, the Augusteum and other Buildings . 147 
 
 II. Season 1870-71. Excavations on the Site of the Temple : 
 
 Discoveries 168 
 
 III. Season 1871-72. Further Discoveries on the Site of the 
 
 Temple l86 
 
xiv 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 CHAPTER 
 
 IV. SEASON l8 7 2-73. EXCAVATIONS AT THE TEMPLE »3 
 
 V. SEASON .873-74 [TO DECEMBER 3 I, .8 73 ]. EXCAVATIONS CONTINUED. 2 3 6 
 
 VI. SEASON !8 73 -74 [JANUARY TO APRIL]. TEMPLE OF DIANA DE- 
 SCRIBED : EXCAVATIONS SUSPENDED : CONCLUSION OF NARRATIVE 2S5 
 {For further details of Contents, see headings of Chapters) 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN INSCRIPTIONS FROM EPHESUS 
 FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS. 
 
 I. Inscriptions from the Peribolus Wall of the Artemisium 
 (Temple of Diana) and the Augusteum. 
 
 II. Inscriptions from the Temple of Diana found in the Great 
 Theatre. 
 
 III. Inscriptions from the Site of the Temple of Diana. 
 
 IV. Inscriptions from the Augusteum. 
 V. Inscriptions from the Odeum. 
 
 VI. Inscriptions from the Great Theatre. 
 VII. Inscriptions from Tombs, Sarcophagi, etc. 
 VIII. Inscriptions from the City and Suburbs. ■ 
 
 Postscript. Additional Note on Inscription from the Site 
 of the Temple, No. 7. 
 
 The errors of the stone-cutter have been allowed to stand in the text, and some of these 
 may not have been remarked upon in foot-notes . 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PLATES. 
 
 Sculptured Drum of Column, No. 2 . . . . 
 General Plan of the Ruins of Ephesus 
 Ephesus from Ayasalouk .... 
 
 View of Ephesus and Ayasalouk 
 
 The Odeum, Plan, etc 
 
 St Luke's Tomb. Elevation and Plan .... 
 
 Interior of Odeum 
 
 Plan of Great Theatre 
 
 The Great Theatre (View) 
 
 Mosaic Pavements and Enrichments from Temple . 
 
 A Turkish Robber 
 
 Mosaic Pavement - 
 
 Small Mosque, Ayasalouk .... 
 
 Mosaic Pavement (Triton) 
 
 Base of a Column found in position . 
 
 Frontispiece 
 to face page 1 
 
 52 
 58 
 62 
 68 
 
 74 
 102 
 136 
 148 
 162 
 172 
 176 
 
XVI 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 . to face page 182 
 
 * Coins found on the Site of the Temple 
 Part of sculptured Frieze, Temple of Diana . 
 View of Excavations on Site of the Temple, looking 
 East, December, 1871 • • • 
 
 West 
 » 
 
 Capital of Column . ... 
 
 Part of sculptured Frieze, Temple of Diana 
 
 „ >; » >> 
 
 Part of sculptured Drum of Column, No. 3 . 
 
 Sculptured Drum, No. 4 
 
 Group of Workmen and their Superintendents 
 Pa rt of sculptured Drum of Column, No. 4 . 
 
 Plan of the Temple of Diana 
 
 Perspective View of the Temple of Diana . 
 West Elevation, Temple of Diana 
 East Elevation „ „ . . . 
 
 South Elevation „ „ 
 
 Transverse Section . . . 
 
 Longitudinal Section 
 Columns and Entablature, West Front 
 „ „ East Front . 
 
 * Forthe-use of this plate my thanks are due to H. A. Grueber, Esq., of the 
 Museum, and to the Numismatic Society of London. 
 
 192 
 
 196 
 
 214 
 
 218 
 222 
 228 
 246 
 262 
 264 
 
 268 
 
 272 
 
 British 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 WOOD ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 rAGE 
 
 Tower and Sally-port . . .... 6 
 
 Plan of Wall, with Tower, Steps, and Sally-port . . 7 
 
 Rock-cut Church ,, 
 
 The Great Gymnasium . . . . 27 
 
 Wing of Great Gymnasium .... . . . 29 
 
 Baptismal Font in Forum . ... 32 
 
 Plan of Hall near Gymnasium . 35 
 
 Christian Tombstone . . . . 36 
 
 The Muse Erato . . . . .... 49 
 
 Torso of Silenus . . . . . -Si 
 
 The ChAlet, Ephesus Pass . . . • • 55 
 
 Door-jamb, St. Luke's Tomb ... . • ■ 57 
 
 Graffito from Basilica . .61 
 
 Roman Arch, Great Theatre ... 69 
 
 Bust of an Emperor .... 75 
 
 Triton blowing a Shell .76 
 
 Excavator's House, and Aqueduct, Ayasalouk . . .80 
 
 Serapion Altar . . 99 
 
 Double Church . . . • . . . joo 
 
 The Ruins of the Prytaneum . . . . .101 
 
 a 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Mosaic Pavements , . . 103 
 
 Plan of the Pnyx . ... 104 
 
 Peace and War . . ... 113 
 
 Tomb of a Lictor ... 114 
 
 Christian Tomb-stone . . . . 122 
 
 Bas-relief from Tomb . . . . . 123 
 
 Rock-cut sepulchral Recesses . ... .124 
 
 Sarcophagus with Medusa's Head 129 
 
 Peribolus Wall ... 133 
 
 Fountain at Belevi ... 138 
 
 Pan as a Warrior 
 
 Cymatium 
 
 Medal of Gordianus 
 Figure of Artemis 
 
 '53 
 
 Discovery of the Temple ... 160 
 
 Drum of a sculptured Column j66 
 
 Village of Ayasalouk ... ... . . 170 
 
 Discovery of Columns ... . . . . 171 
 
 Group of Arabian Pottery . . 201 
 
 Christian Martyr ... 
 
 . 222 
 
 . . . 250 
 
 Medal of Hadrian ... 266 
 
 267 
 269 
 
 Archaic Figure of Artemis . ... . . 270 
 
LIST OF SCHOLARS TO WHOM THE AUTHOR IS INDEBTED 
 FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 ♦Babington, Rev. Prof. Churchill, D.D., IV. i, 2; VI. 5, 6, 7, 8, pt, 
 
 iot, ut, 12. 
 Churton, Rev. W. R., B.D., Resident Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, 
 
 and Honorary Canon of Rochester Cathedral, IV. 3-1 3. 
 
 *Hort, Rev. F. J. A., D.D., Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, III. 1, 
 2 ; VI. 4, 14 ; VIII. 2, 3, 4, 5. 
 
 Jackson, Henry, Esq., M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, VIII. it. 
 
 *Lightfoot, Rev. Prof. J. B., D.D., Canon of St. Paul's, III. 11, 12, 13, 14, 
 15, 18 ; VII. 6, 8t, 9. 13. 14, 16, 17 ; VIII. 16. 
 
 Mayor, Rev. Prof., M.A., Senior Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 Accentuated and corrected the Greek text, and corrected the transla- 
 tions of many of the inscriptions. 
 
 Munro, Rev. H. A. J., M.A., Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 
 III. 3, 4, S ; VI. 2, 13 ; VII. 20 j VIII. 7, 18. 
 Nettleship, H., Esq., MA., Fellow and Tutor of Ch. Ch. College, Oxford, 
 
 VII. i8t. 
 
 Nixon, J. E., Esq.,M.A., Dean and Classical Lecturer of King's College, 
 Cambridge, VI. 3, 15 ; VII. it; VIII. 6, 9t, iot, n, 14, i/t. 
 
 *Paley, Prof. F. A., M.A., Classical Examiner to the London University, 
 Editor of Aeschylus, Euripides, &c. &c, III. 7; V. 1-6 t ; VI. it, 17, 
 18, 19, 20, 22 ; VII. it, 7. ^S.t i9t ; VIII. it, 9t, iot, 12, 15, 19. 
 
 Provost of Eton (Rev. C. O. Good ford, D.D.), VII. st ; VIII. it- 
 
 Provost of King's (Rev. Richard Okes, D.D.), VIII. it. 
 
 Roberts, E. S., M.A., Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge, VI. 3 1 j VII. 15 1 ; 
 
 VIII. i7t. 
 
 Sandys, J. E., M.A., Fellow and Tutor of St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 Classical Lecturer at Jesus College, and Public Orator of the University 
 of Cambridge, VII. 8t, 15 1, i8t, 19 t- 
 
 Swete, Rev. H. B., B.D., Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge, II. 1-26. 
 
 * These scholars have revised the majority of the inscriptions as thoroughly as the few 
 hours left available by the exigencies of printing would allow. 
 
 t The inscriptions against which a dagger is placed have been edited by more than one 
 person. 
 
 For the inscriptions not included in this table I am myself responsible. I am also 
 responsible for the text in uncial characters of all the inscriptions, the whole of which were 
 copied from the stones for the various contributors. 
 
Errata et Corrigenda. 
 
 For 'Sundries from Ephesus,' p. 22, read 'Inscriptions from the Peribolus Wall,' &c. 
 Nos. 2 and 3. 
 
 Page 24, for ' when I commenced work,' rtad ' where,' &c. 
 
 Page 30, for ' Falkner,' read ' p'alkener.' 
 
 For ' Iris,' p. 31, read ' Isis.' 
 
 For 'Sundries from Ephesus,' pp. 39, 41, &c, read • Inscriptions from the City and 
 Suburbs.' 
 
 Page 47, for ' Sundries, ' &c. read ' Inscriptions from the Odeum, No. 6. ' 
 
 Page 52, for 'ten feet deep/ read ' ten feet wide.' 
 
 Page 154, foot-note l, for 'No. 1,' read 'No. 3.' 
 
 Page 154, foot-note \,for ' No. 4,' read ' No. 2.' 
 
 Page i88,y»?- 'female struggling with Hercules,' read ' Herakles struggling with an 
 Amazon. ' 
 
 The plate opposite page 224 should have been lettered, Sculptured Dram No. 4, and the 
 plate opposite page 238 should have been lettered, Sculptured Drum No. 5. 
 
 Page 234, for ' to a line at a given distance of the pavement,.' read ' from the pavement.' 
 
 Page 239, foot-note, 'see Plate.' No illustration of these fragments was ultimately pre- 
 pared, but they were similar in character to the subject of the plan facing page 214. 
 
 Page 243, for ' Palmak,' read ' Parmak.' 
 
 Page 264, for '418 feet, I inch,' read '418 feet, ij inch.' 
 
 Page 26S, for ' all the ordinary columns of the Peristyle,' read ' all the ordinary outer 
 columns,' &c. 
 
OF THE 
 
 Ruins of Ephesus, 
 
 WITH THE SITE OF THE 
 
 TEMPLE of DIANA. 
 

PART I. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 Gity of Ephesus — Temple of Artemis — City Port — Port Panormus — City 
 Wall — Rock-cut Steps — Ancient Houses — Views from Mount Prion — 
 Quicksilver — The Goddess Artemis — The Arts of Greece — Alexander — 
 Antigonus — Lysimachus — Antiochus and the Seleucidae — The Eumenidae 
 — Embankment of River — Botago — Roman Conquest of Ephesus — 
 Antony and Cleopatra— Augustus — Ephesus under the Romans — Anto- 
 ninus Pius — Christian Churches— The Goths — Rock-cut Church — Decline 
 of Ephesus — The Turks build Ayasalouk— Knights of St. John — Tamer- 
 lane — Desertion of Ephesus and Ayasalouk — Present Occupation — 
 Tobacco — Beauty of Ephesus. 
 
 The ancient city of Ephesus was situated on the river 
 Cayster, which falls into the Bay of Scala Nova, on the 
 western coast of Asia Minor. 
 
 Of the origin and foundation of Ephesus we have no 
 historical record. Stories were told which ascribed the 
 settlement of the place to Androklos, the son of the 
 Athenian king, Codrus, while other legends spoke of 
 the Egyptian Sesostris as having carried his conquests 
 into the Ephesian territory. 
 
 With other Ionian cities of Asia Minor, Ephesus fell 
 into the hands of Crcesus, the last of the kings of Lydia, 
 and, on the overthrow of Crcesus by Cyrus, it passed 
 under the heavier yoke of the Persian despot. Although 
 
 B 2 
 
 City of 
 Ephesus. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Temple of 
 Artemis. 
 
 City Port. 
 
 from that time, during a period of at least five centuries, 
 to the conquest by the Romans, the city underwent great 
 changes of fortune, it never lost its grandeur and im- 
 portance. 
 
 The Temple of Artemis (Diana), whose splendour 
 has almost become proverbial, tended chiefly to make 
 Ephesus the most attractive and notable of all the cities 
 of Asia Minor. 
 
 Its magnificent harbour was filled with Greek and 
 Phenician merchantmen, and multitudes flocked from 
 all parts to profit by its commerce, and to worship at the 
 shrine of its tutelary goddess. 
 
 The City Port was fully four miles from the sea, 
 which has not, as has been supposed, receded far, if at 
 all, from the ancient sea-bord. This fact is proved by 
 the extensive remains of the massive stone embankment 
 on the north bank of the river Cayster, which I suc- 
 ceeded in tracing, without difficulty, to a distance within 
 400 yards of the present sea-bord. 
 
 At the point where the river, changing its eastward 
 course, turns abruptly to the north, a canal was cut, lead- 
 ing direct to the City Port, which was snugly ensconced 
 behind the rocky hill near the western extremity of 
 Mount Prion. The form of the Port is clearly defined by 
 the tall bullrushes which now cover nearly the whole area, 
 leaving only a small patch of water on the south side, 
 near the centre, which is always clear and fresh, being 
 probably supplied by one of the numerous springs which 
 abound at Ephesus. The bullrushes grow to the height 
 of fifteen feet, and a beautiful yellow iris marks the 
 

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THE CITY WALLS. 
 
 boundary of the port during a certain season of the year. 
 Wild fowl have here a safe refuge from the sportsman. 
 
 At the distance of little more than a mile from the 
 sea, there was, I believe, another port, which, like the 
 City Port, was an oblong with the corners cut off. If there 
 ever was a Port Panormus at Ephesus, it must havebeen 
 this haven, through which the river now runs obliquely 
 from one end to the other, and which is remarkably well 
 sheltered. But the Port Panormus mentioned by Strabo, 
 and mistaken by some for a port at Ephesus, was, I be- 
 lieve, situated between Neapolis and Pygela, and was, 
 therefore, a few miles south of Ephesus. 
 
 The city of Ephesus was built chiefly upon the slopes 
 of two mountains, Prion and Coressus. The City Wall, 
 which is said to have been built by Lysimachus, can even 
 now be traced for nearly its whole length, as in its tor- 
 tuous windings it follows the lofty and irregular ridge of 
 Mount Prion, which bounds the city on the south side, 
 and thence runs down westward to within a few yards of 
 the mountain stream which falls into the Cayster near 
 the canal. Then crossing the extremity of Mount Prion, 
 and, returning eastward, it encloses the ancient fort, com- 
 monly, but erroneously, called St. Paul's Prison. From 
 this point, dipping down the precipitous side of the rocky 
 steep on which the fort stands, it runs to the edge" of the 
 canal near the City Port, and here was the gate through 
 which the city was entered from the sea. 
 
 The wall is again to be seen on the north side of. the 
 port, at the eastern extremity, being continued northward 
 for a considerable distance ; then again turning east- 
 
 Port 
 Panormus. 
 
 City Wall. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 ward towards the Coressian gate, and skirting the moun- 
 tain called Coressus, at some distance up the side, till it 
 reaches the Magnesian gates, from which it makes a cir- 
 cuit enclosing the large mound between these gates and 
 Mount Prion. The remains of three other city gates, 
 making in all six in number, may be seen distinctly in the 
 
 Tower and Sally-Porb 
 
 mounds which mark their sites. One of them is near the 
 western extremity ot Mount Prion, and nearly opposite 
 the fort called St. Paul's Prison ; a second is in the plain 
 on the north side of the city, and is not far from the 
 Serapion, and a third is on Mount Coressus, where a path 
 crosses it from east to west. No ruins of buildings remain 
 
CIRCUIT OF THE WALLS. 
 
 on the eastern slope of Mount Coressus ; but there 
 appears to have been a large cemetery here, consisting 
 chiefly of rock-cut tombs, some bearing short inscriptions, 
 which are now much weather-worn and almost illegible. 
 
 At the highest point of Mount Prion, 1,300 feet above 
 the sea, a large area has been cleared and levelled. Here, 
 I suppose, were the quarters for the garrison needed for 
 the defence of the wall on this side of the city. I here 
 found several large cisterns sunk in the rock, while at the 
 eastern extremity of the mountain I came across the 
 
 Flan of Wall, with Tower, Steps, and Sally Fort 
 
 remains of a large earthenware water-pipe at a high 
 level. 
 
 The City Wall, 10 feet 6 inches in thickness, and mea- 
 suring 36,000 feet in length, encloses an area equal to 
 about 1,027 acres. It is fortified by massive loop-holed 
 towers from 35 to 40 feet square, averaging about 100 feet 
 apart, near to many of which are the remains of the stone 
 steps which led up to the top of the walls and towers. 
 These steps are 6 feet wide, and are slightly raised at 
 the outer end, to serve the purpose of a balustrade. In 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Rock-cut 
 
 steps. 
 
 Ancient 
 houses. 
 
 View from 
 
 Mount 
 
 Prion. 
 
 Quick- 
 silver. 
 
 suitable places, where the ground was favourable, were 
 small sally-ports about 4 feet wide. 
 
 Near the eastern extremity of Mount Prion, where 
 the wall is abruptly terminated by a precipice, may be 
 seen some rock-cut steps, leading up to the walls, which 
 must have been used by the soldiery more than 2,000 
 years ago. 
 
 Not a few substructures of the houses of ancient 
 Ephesus still remain in terrace above terrace upon the 
 northern slope of Mount Prion. These were doubtless 
 delightfully cool during the summer, but cold in winter. 
 
 The summit of Mount Prion commands a very beau- 
 tiful and extensive view. The river Cayster, winding 
 like a white ribbon through the plain, forms in its 
 course numerous small peninsulae. The Selenusian lakes; 
 the village and castle on the hill at Ayasalouk ; the 
 bay of Scala Nova (the ancient Neapolis) ; the moun- 
 tainous island of Samos, and the still more mountainous 
 coast beyond ; the snow-capped Tmolus to the north, and 
 the ruined city, mapped out at the feet of the spectator ; 
 these, with countless other objects of interest, seen through 
 the lustrous atmosphere of Asia Minor, make up a 
 panorama of exquisite beauty. Ancient Ephesus is now 
 completely deserted ; but enough remains of the public 
 buildings to convey to the visitor some idea of the former 
 splendour and magnificence of the city. Vitruvius de- 
 scribes the Cilbian fields of Ephesus as yielding vermilion 
 and quicksilver, but the situation of these mines is not 
 kriown in the present day. 
 
 The traditional birthplace of the goddess Artemis 
 
ERA OF PROSPERITY. 
 
 was in the Ephesian territory, and is described by Strabo 
 as a thick wood, through which ran the river Cenchrius, 
 at the base of the Solmissian hill. The wood, the river, 
 and the mountain were most probably near the site after- 
 wards selected for the great Temple. This site is now 
 proved to have been to the north-east of the city, and 
 almost a mile from its nearest gate. 
 
 During the generations which immediately followed 
 the conquest of Lydia and the rest of Asia Minor by the 
 Persian kings, the arts of Greece attained their highest 
 perfection, and it was within this short period of little more 
 than two centuries that the great Temple of Artemis was 
 three times built upon the same site, and, as recent re- 
 searches have found, each time on the same grand scale. 
 
 It is said that when Alexander the Great first visited 
 Ephesus, he offered to complete at his own cost the 
 Temple then building, if the Ephesians would allow him 
 to dedicate it in his own name to Artemis. His request, 
 it is said, was refused in an answer which, though it may 
 have betrayed the fear of offending the conqueror, showed 
 great tact, ' It is not fitting that one god should build a 
 temple to another god.' 
 
 That Alexander succeeded better with the people of 
 Priene, is proved by the dedicatory inscription of the 
 Temple of that city, found by Mr. R. Popplewell Pullan, 
 and now placed with other remains of that Temple in the 
 British Museum. 
 
 After the death of Alexander, B.C. 323, Ephesus was 
 taken by Antigonus, who put a garrison here as in other 
 cities of Asia Minor. Antigonus appears to have been 
 
 The 
 
 Goddess 
 
 Artemis. 
 
 The arts of 
 Greece. 
 
 Alexander 
 the Great. 
 
 Anti • 
 gonus. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Lysi- 
 machus. 
 
 Antiochus 
 and the 
 Seleucidie. 
 
 The Eu- 
 menidae. 
 
 Embank- 
 ment of 
 river. 
 
 Botago. 
 
 far too much engaged in making conquests in Syria and 
 Egypt, where his victories followed each other in rapid 
 succession, to retain possession of the Ephesian territory. 
 He neglected therefore the necessary precautions which 
 he should have taken against the stratagems of equally 
 ambitious generals, and the oligarchy, which had been 
 appointed to govern Ephesus, treacherously opened the 
 gates to Lysimachus. 
 
 During the century between the years 323 and 223 
 B.C., Ephesus was subject to Antigonus, Lysimachus, 
 Antiochus Soter, Antiochus Theos, and the Seleucidae. 
 In the year 223 B.C. Antiochus the Great became King 
 of Syria and Asia, and Ephesus paid tribute to him till his 
 death, B.C. 187. Ephesus then fell successively into the 
 hands of the Kings of Pergamus, Eumenes, Attalus II., 
 and Attalus III. 
 
 It was during the reign of Attalus II. that an engineer 
 made the grievous mistake of narrowing the wide mouth 
 of the River Cayster, by embanking it on the north 
 side, and by building a mole on that side along the sea- 
 shore. These constructions, it was thought, would increase 
 the scour of the river near its mouth, but they had a 
 contrary effect. In course of time the port was silted up, 
 and to this circumstance the decline of Ephesus may in 
 great part be traced. 
 
 At the present day a few small huts near the mouth 
 of the river shelter the fishermen and their families who 
 are engaged in the preparation of Botago, a delicacy 
 made from the roe of the gray mullet, a fish that abounds 
 in the Cayster, and there attains an enormous size. 
 
EPHESUS UNDER THE EMPIRE. 
 
 The Romans were determined to possess themselves 
 of Ephesus, but the Ephesians struggled obstinately for 
 their independence, and revolted in favour of Mithridates. 
 They were, however, ultimately subdued by the Romans 
 under Antony, B.C. 41. 
 
 The luxurious life led by Antony at Ephesus, 
 where he was joined by Cleopatra, may have affected 
 injuriously the prosperity of the city ; but with the 
 peace which it enjoyed in common with other cities 
 of Asia Minor under the Roman Empire, her commerce 
 and riches must have rapidly increased, in spite of 
 the heavy tribute which she had to pay to her new 
 masters. 
 
 It can scarcely be doubted that Augustus, who con- 
 fined the bounds of the Temple precinct, or Temenos, 
 within narrower limits, began the erection of large public 
 buildings, many of which were probably completed by 
 Tiberius after the severe earthquakes which destroyed 
 so many cities in his time. 
 
 Indeed, under the Roman dominion all the public 
 buildings, including the theatres and Gymnasia, must have 
 been erected ; the foundations of ancient Greek structures 
 being probably allowed to remain wherever they could be 
 utilised. But the small amount of Greek masonry which 
 has been found in excavations in the city, proves how 
 recklessly the Romans destroyed the works of other hands 
 than their own. 
 
 Under Antoninus Pius a great portion of the city near 
 the Odeum was rebuilt. 
 
 It is not unlikely that some Christian churches were 
 
 Roman 
 conquest 
 of Ephe- 
 sus. 
 
 Antony 
 
 and 
 
 Cleopatra. 
 
 Augustus. 
 
 Ephesus 
 under the 
 Romans. 
 
 Antoninus 
 Pius. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Christian 
 churches. 
 
 The 
 Goths. 
 
 Rock-cut 
 church. 
 
 Decline of 
 Ephesus. 
 
 The Turks 
 build Aya> 
 salouk. 
 
 Knights of 
 St. John. 
 
 built within the city before the Temple was finally 
 destroyed. 
 
 The Goths under several leaders sacked the city a.d. 
 262, and set fire to the Temple, which could not have 
 existed many years after that date. Towards the latter 
 end of the third century, the Christians, actuated by 
 the religious zeal which in later days was to rouse the 
 Turks to their career of conquest, exerted themselves 
 to extirpate the worship of the heathen goddess by the 
 utter destruction of the Temple, and probably also by 
 the persecution of her worshippers. 
 
 Churches were dedicated at Ephesus to St. John, St. 
 Mark, and St. Luke. There is also on the east side of 
 Mount Coressus, a church near the cleft in the rock 
 called the Cave of the Seven Sleepers, which is said to 
 have been dedicated to them. The walls are cut out of 
 the solid rock, and the groined roof is of stone and 
 plastered. 
 
 With the decline of its commerce, and the destruction 
 of the Temple, the importance of Ephesus was gradually 
 lessened, and for many centuries we know little of its 
 history. The city probably fell not unfrequently into the 
 hands of adventurers. Among these we hear of a Greek 
 pirate in the eleventh century. Two centuries later the 
 Turks had possession of the city, and built a considerable 
 town at Ayasalouk, where the great Mosque still stands 
 with many small mosques, baths, and tombs. This town, 
 with Ephesus itself, fell into the hands of the Knights of St. 
 John of Jerusalem, who struck some coins at Ayasalouk 
 a.d. 1365. 
 
TURKISH AND TARTAR INROADS. 
 
 i3 
 
 Timour the Tartar, commonly called Tamerlane, 
 obtained possession of Ayasalouk a.d. 1402. Ephesus 
 was then only a suburb, but he was too great a conqueror 
 to hold for any long time a place which had become so 
 
 Rook-out Church, sear the Cave of the Seven Sleepers. 
 
 insignificant, and the Turks regaining possession, thence- 
 forth retained it 
 
 The ancient city of Ephesus was by degrees deserted, 
 and the Turkish town at Ayasalouk seems also to have 
 
 Tamer- 
 lane. 
 
H 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Desertion 
 of Ephesus 
 and Aya- 
 salouk. 
 
 Present 
 occupa- 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Beauty of 
 Ephesus, 
 
 fallen gradually into decay. The great Mosque itself is 
 now roofless, and some of the small mosques are used as 
 granaries by the villagers and cultivators of the neighbour- 
 ing fields. The cause of the decay is to be found in the 
 malaria from the marshes near the River Cayster. As 
 •this malaria increased from year to year, the inhabitants 
 deserted not only Ephesus, but Ayasalouk, and about two 
 centuries ago took up their abode in the modern village 
 of Kirkenjee, on the mountain range bounding the east 
 side of the plain. 
 
 At the present time there are at Ayasalouk a few 
 caffigees and bakals (coffee-house keepers and provision 
 dealers), whose numbers were largely multiplied while 
 the excavations were in progress. But although there 
 are many small houses and huts at Ayasalouk, there are 
 not more than twenty regular inhabitants, the houses 
 being occupied only during the sowing and harvest time 
 by the people from Kirkenjee, who cultivate the land in 
 the plain of Ephesus and now grow tobacco amongst the 
 ruins of the ancient city. This tobacco has acquired a 
 great reputation for its fine quality, and for several years 
 it obtained a high price in Smyrna. I have lately been 
 told that the quality was deteriorated. 
 
 The great beauty of Ephesus can scarcely be exagger- 
 ated, surrounded as it is with mountains which, with their 
 broken forms, exhibit in every direction a varied and 
 picturesque sky-line. The numerous quarries, with their 
 upright sides and jagged edges, and the wild, varying- 
 coloured vegetation changing with the seasons, add much 
 to the effect of the scene. In the spring of the year the 
 
BEAUTY OF THE EPHESIAN LANDSCAPE. 15 
 
 angelica, with its bright yellow blossom, covers Mount 
 Coressus, making it most prominent in the landscape from 
 every point of view. 
 
 Although my sojourn there was extended over the 
 greater part of eleven years, I never became weary of the 
 scenery by which I was surrounded, for the mountains on 
 which my eyes daily rested changed from hour to hour, 
 as the sun travelled on in its course, and the desolation of 
 the place was fully compensated by its constant and 
 never-ceasing loveliness. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Excava- 
 tions at 
 Ephesus 
 com- 
 menced. 
 
 Terms of 
 Firman. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Excavations at Ephesus Commenced — Terms of Firman — Ancient Writers 
 — Portico of Damianus — Modern Porticoes — Excavations west of the 
 City — Difficulties — Accident — Great Gymnasium — St. Sophia — Conjec- 
 tures of Travellers — Fish Market — Oyster Shells — Baptismal Font — A 
 Dreamer — A Marble Hall — Narrow Escape — Silting up — Trial Holes 
 and Trenches — Christian Tombs — Suspension of Excavations by the 
 Turks — The Consul's Joke — Gold in Statues — Discoveries — Discourage- 
 ment — Bas-reliefs at Venice — Application for Grant — Death of Mr. Blunt 
 — Miscellaneous Antiquities — Interesting Inscription. 
 
 4 
 
 In the month of May 1863, having obtained a firman 
 from the Turkish Government, through the influence of 
 the trustees of the British Museum, I commenced my 
 excavations at Ephesus in search of the long-lost Temple 
 of Artemis. 
 
 I was authorised by my firman to excavate at Ephe- 
 sus and Colophon, in search of antiquities, for twelve 
 months, and to export whatever antiquities I might find, 
 leaving all duplicates for the Turkish Government ; but I 
 was obliged to obtain the consent of the owners or occu- 
 piers of the land in which I desired to excavate, and this 
 condition alone involved many hindrances to the work of 
 exploration. My firman had to be renewed from year to 
 year, if required for more than twelve months ; and the 
 
ACCOUNTS OF ANCIENT WRITERS. '7 
 
 difficulties which I afterwards experienced in obtaining its 
 renewal in due time, caused, not unfrequently, great delay 
 and inconvenience. 
 
 v As I had, in my agreement with the trustees, under- 
 taken to begin the work at my own expense, I was natu- 
 rally anxious to spend as small a sum as possible in what 
 might truly be called tentative excavations. I therefore 
 engaged in the first instance only a small gang of work- 
 men. 
 
 I had read all that is extant by ancient writers about 
 Ephesus and its famous Temple, which was accounted one 
 of the seven wonders of the ancient world ; but their 
 vague and apparently conflicting statements gave me 
 very little, if any, information on which I could depend. 
 It was evident that nothing short of a most laborious and 
 persevering course of tentative excavations would be 
 likely to bring to light the remains of a building of which 
 no sign remained above the present surface of the 
 ground, and which had been hidden for so many 
 centuries. 
 
 The vague notices of the Temple and its site by 
 ancient writers, will show how slight a clue they afforded 
 me to its actual position, and how extremely scanty 
 was the information which I derived, even by the most 
 careful deductions and inferences, from their statements, 
 to guide me in commencing my excavations in search of 
 its remains. Strabo 1 says that the last Temple was 
 built on the foundations of the old one burnt by Hero- 
 
 1 Ch. xiv. 640. 
 C 
 
 Ancient 
 writers. 
 
 Strabo. 
 
Xenophon 
 
 Pliny. 
 
 Diogenes 
 Laertius. 
 
 stratus. Indeed, the interior and the roof alone seem 
 to have been burnt, the columns, or a great portion of 
 them, having been preserved. Hence there are not two 
 sites, but one, and the testimony of more modern authors 
 applies simply to the site spoken of by writers who lived 
 before Herostratus. 
 
 Xenophon says 1 — ' At Ephesus, the river Selinus 
 runs past the Temple of Artemis, and there are fish and 
 shells in it' This testimony is confirmed by Strabo 
 in almost the same words (viii. p. 387). Xenophon 
 speaks of the old Temple, Strabo of the new, and 
 both were eye-witnesses. Pliny 2 tells us — ' There is 
 in the city a fountain called Callippia, and there are 
 two rivers called Selinus, surrounding the Temple from 
 different quarters.' Whether Pliny ever visited Ephesus, 
 we can scarcely say ; nor can much stress be laid on 
 his statements about the two rivers Selinus ; but a s he 
 wrote in the reign of Titus, he must have referred to 
 the Temple which replaced the one burnt by Herostratus. 
 Reference to the General Plan will show the position I 
 have given to the rivers Selinus and Cenchrius coming 
 from different parts, and, in a manner, surrounding the 
 Temple. 
 
 Pliny 3 again says — ' They built the Temple in a 
 marshy soil, in order that it should not suffer from the 
 earthquakes, nor be exposed to cracks.' The site of the 
 Temple must therefore be sought for in the low ground. 
 Diogenes Laertius 4 also says — ' The spot on which the 
 
 1 A nab. v. 3, 8. 
 
 3 Hist. Nat. xxxvi. 21. 
 
 a Hist. Nat. v. 31. 
 4 I. viii. 19. 
 
STATEMENTS OF VITRUV1US AND STRABO. 19 
 
 Temple was built was very moist ; ' and he thus confirms 
 the statement of Pliny. 
 
 From Vitruvius * we learn that ' when Chersiphron, 
 the architect, was about to convey to the Temple of Diana 
 the shafts of the columns, he could not employ waggons 
 on account of the magnitude of the load, and the soft- 
 ness of the roads, which led over flat fields ; but he con- 
 trived mechanical means for the transport of the columns 
 and heavy blocks of marble, which might not have an- 
 swered had not the distance been small, for, from the 
 quarries to the Temple, the distance is not more than 
 8,ooo feet, and there is no hill, but one continual flat' 
 
 This description of Vitruvius merely confirms the 
 testimony of Strabo and Pliny, that the Temple was built 
 on low ground ; but the distance which he gives between 
 the quarries and the Temple site is not to be relied on as 
 correct ; and, even if it were, where are the quarries ? 
 Certainly not on Mount Coressus, as has been supposed, 
 for there is no white marble quarry there. 
 
 Strabo 2 asserts that ' the Ephesians dwelt around the 
 present Temple till the time of Alexander, but when 
 Lysimachus surrounded with walls the site of the present 
 town, the inhabitants were unwilling to change their 
 abode. So he waited for a day of very heavy rain, and 
 then by stopping up the sewers, flooded the town. The 
 inhabitants were now glad to remove from the vicinity of 
 the Temple.' In another paragraph Strabo tells us, ' The 
 Temple has the right of sanctuary to the present day, but 
 the boundaries of the sanctuary have varied at different 
 
 1 x, 2-1 1. s xiv. 640. 
 
 c 2 
 
 Vitruvius 
 
 Strabo. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Pausanias. 
 
 times. Alexander extended them to a stadium (600 feet), 
 Mithridates shot an arrow from the corner of the roof, 
 and is said to have shot it a little beyond a stadium. 
 Antony doubled the distance, and thus included within 
 the right of sanctuary a certain portion of the city ; but 
 this ordinance put the city at the mercy of the malefactors, 
 so that Caesar Augustus cancelled it.' 
 
 From this it appeared that the Temple could not be 
 much more than a stadium from the city ; and this passage 
 misled me, and prevented my entertaining the idea of 
 searching for the Temple at a much greater distance 
 when I first commenced the excavations. But even 
 now that the site of the Temple is discovered, it is 
 difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile this statement 
 of Strabo with ascertained facts. Part of the peribolus 
 wall, which has been discovered, might have been the 
 wall built by Antony, as that portion of it which intervenes 
 between the Temple and the walls of the city, at the near- 
 est point, would be something more than two stadia from 
 the south-west angle of the Temple. 
 
 Pausanias 1 informs us that ' the Ephesians buried 
 Androklos in their territory, where the tomb is shown 
 down to my time. It lies on the road which leads from 
 the Temple past the Olympium, and to the Magnesian 
 gate.' Pausanias, thus writing about the middle of the 
 second century after Christ, and having been an eye- 
 witness, here gives us some valuable information, the 
 truth of which was confirmed by the discovery of the 
 tomb itself, in the position described by him. 
 
 1 vii. 2-6. 
 
STOA OF DAMIANUS. 
 
 Philostratus l writes that ' Damianus, a rich Roman, 
 joined the Temple to the city, having stretched out, or 
 extended, towards it the road which descends through the 
 Magnesian gates ; and this road is a stoa (covered way,) 
 extending to the length of a stadium (600 feet), and 
 built entirely of stone. The object of the building was 
 that the priests should not be kept away from the Temple 
 whenever it rained. This road Damianus inscribed with 
 the name of his wife.' 
 
 This description of the Stoa of Damianus, who lived 
 in the time of Marcus Aurelius, appeared to be the best 
 guide for finding the Temple. All that seemed to be 
 necessary was to find the Magnesian gate, and to follow 
 the road from it to the Temple ; but in studying the 
 ground where the Magnesian gate was likely to be, and 
 looking thence outside the city, I could see no probable 
 site for the Temple within even a few stadia of the gate, 
 much less at the distance of one stadium only, which ap- 
 peared to be the length of the Stoa. 
 
 The Xenophon who lived about the end of the fourth 
 century after Christ, and long after the destruction of the 
 Temple, tells us that from the city to the Temple there 
 were seven stadia. 2 This appears to contradict the testi- 
 mony of the earlier writers ; but the excavations have 
 proved the truth of his statement. 
 
 Strabo 3 again says — ' Then comes the town of Pygela, 
 then the harbour called Panormus, possessing a temple of 
 the Ephesian Artemis, and then the city.' This passage 
 
 1 Vita Sophist. II. 23. s Ephesiaca, I. 194. 
 
 Philo- 
 stratus. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Strabo. 
 
 Portico of 
 Damianus. 
 
 I quote chiefly because it has been misunderstood. The 
 port Panormus here mentioned is between Pygela and 
 Ephesus, and the temple of Artemis was a small temple 
 close to that port, and not the great Temple at Ephesus, 
 which would certainly not have been described by Strabo 
 as a temple of the Ephesian Artemis. No reference to a 
 port near the temple of Artemis is made by any ancient 
 writer that I am aware of, but there was probably an 
 ornamental basin or small port in front of the Temple, 
 which was approached by means of the canals which are 
 described in the inscriptions found in the peribolus wall, 
 and which evidently ran side by side with the roads. 
 For confirmation of this opinion see Appendix, Sundries 
 from Ephesus, No. 20. 
 
 Now that the Temple is found, we know what to reject 
 of the testimony here quoted ; but they who take into 
 consideration the data given, will acknowledge that a 
 very difficult problem had to be solved, when they reflect 
 that the funds placed at my disposal for the search did 
 not enable me to employ an exhaustive system, and that 
 it was necessary to take the fullest possible advantage of 
 circumstances as they occurred in the course of the explo- 
 ration. 
 
 In my perplexity I chose Strabo, Pausanias, and 
 Philostratus as my best guides of all ancient writers, 
 because they had been eye-witnesses of the things they 
 described. Of these three, Philostratus appeared to give 
 the most valuable information as to the probable site of 
 the Temple, in his description of the stoa, or portico, 
 built by Damianus. 
 
STONE PORTICOES. 
 
 23 
 
 It seemed, then, that the Portico of Damianus was 
 only 600 feet long, and that if I could find it, I had 
 merely to follow it for that distance from the city, 
 and I must inevitably find the Temenos of the 
 Temple. 
 
 A portico, similar to this of Damianus at Ephesus 
 has been built in modern times at Bologna, by voluntary 
 contributions, to connect the city with the church of the 
 Madonna di San Luca, and to protect processions from 
 sun and rain. The church of Santa Maria del Monte, 
 surmounting Monte Berico, near Vicenza, is also nearly 
 connected with the city by a continuous portico, more 
 than half-a-mile in length. 
 
 On arriving at Ephesus, and studying the ground in 
 every direction outside the city, I found a long. strip of 
 land standing several feet above the general level of the 
 plain between the city and the sea. At the western end 
 of this strip an open space is reached, which would have 
 been of all others the best possible site for the Temple. 
 There it would have been a most conspicuous and beau- 
 tiful object from nearly every house in the city, as well as 
 from the suburbs, and from the sea. Reference to the 
 general plan will at once show the numerous advantages of 
 this site. So great, indeed, are they, that I lingered about 
 this spot, and looked about me, though in vain, for a pro- 
 mising mound. Seeing none, I sank some trial holes in 
 the highest land I could find. At the same time I tried 
 some cross trenches in the strip of land in search of the 
 Portico of Damianus ; but in none of them did I find 
 anything except the substructures of some monuments 
 
 Modern 
 Porticoes. 
 
 Excava- 
 tions west 
 of the city. 
 
24 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Diffi- 
 ! culties. 
 
 and tombs, and the thin brick walling of Roman and 
 Byzantine buildings. 
 
 The excavations were undertaken under many disad- 
 vantages. They were begun in May, when the hot sea- 
 son sets in, and when, as I afterwards learnt, they must 
 be suspended. The spot where I began operations was 
 more than three miles from the village of Ayasalouk ; 
 and my workmen had to walk this distance for their daily 
 supply of food. They lived at that time in a tent, which 
 was kindly supplied by the Turkish military authorities 
 at Smyrna. 
 
 When the excavations were first begun I had only 
 five Turkish workmen, whom I found unemployed at the 
 station at Ayasalouk on the first day of my arrival. 
 These men, who had just been discharged by the railway 
 officials, I at once engaged. Shouldering their picks and 
 shovels, with their bread and water for the day, they fol- 
 lowed me down to the open plain beyond the ruins of the 
 city. Turks have the reputation of being very grave 
 and sedate, and so they are generally ; but of these five 
 men, one was a jester, and he kept the others in roars of 
 laughter, till our arrival at the place, when I commenced 
 work. 
 
 I had at that time no house at Ephesus, but lived 
 alone at the hotel at Boudjah, a village a few miles from 
 Smyrna. I had to walk a mile and a half to meet the 
 train, which started from Smyrna at six o'clock in the 
 morning, and took me up at Paradise station. The fifty 
 miles between Smyrna and Ayasalouk occupied nearly 
 three hours and a half, There were no first-class carriages 
 
EXCAVATIONS COMMENCED. 
 
 25 
 
 at that time on the Smyrna and Aidin railway, and the 
 second-class carriages had no sun-blinds. The six hours 
 and a half which elapsed between the arrival of the train 
 at Ayasalouk and its return in the afternoon, I spent in 
 walking to and from the place where my men at that 
 time were working, in searching about the plain and 
 studying the ground, and superintending the workmen. 
 Often I took to digging, myself, during the men's dinner 
 hour, as well as at other times, when I was impatient at 
 the slow movements of the men, or their unskilful mode of 
 going to work. I had further to take notes and measure- 
 ments, and make drawings of everything that was found. 
 Then there was the return journey by railway, and the 
 walk home. I was sometimes so over-excited by the 
 hard day's work, that I ran most of the distance between 
 the station and the village. The whole day's work occu- 
 pied between fourteen and fifteen hours. 
 
 A few months after I had begun the excavations, the 
 use of a room at Ayasalouk was offered to me by Mr. 
 Frederick Whittall, the goods manager of the Smyrna 
 and Aidin railway, who was about to occupy better quar- 
 ters at Aidin. The room was approached by a rickety 
 external staircase, and the entrance door opened from the 
 terrace roof of a stable. The whole tenement was 
 so dilapidated that it threatened to tumble down when- 
 ever I walked across the room. It did fall down soon 
 after I had left it for the chalet which I afterwards occu- 
 pied in the Ephesus pass. The landlord of my room at 
 Ayasalouk, an Armenian who lived at Scala Nova, did 
 not trouble himself to come or send for the rent, which 
 
 A day's 
 work. 
 
26 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Accident. 
 
 must have become due after the expiration of Mr. Whit- 
 tall's term. I therefore never saw him, but I was after- 
 wards told that he had complained of my having taken 
 possession without his sanction. 
 
 As I could not afford to increase the number of my 
 workmen beyond eighteen or twenty, the work of explo- 
 ration proceeded very slowly, and more than five months 
 passed before I felt quite satisfied that the site of the 
 Temple was not to be found between the city and the sea. 
 I had approached nearer to the city, and had even tried 
 a large mound on the north side of the City Port, as 
 well as a considerable tract of land to the north of the 
 city. 
 
 The excavations had been very much impeded by an 
 accident, which prevented my visiting Ephesus during 
 the month of September. This accident befell me in 
 the cause of science. I had promised Dr. Birch, of the 
 British Museum, before I left England, that I would try 
 to obtain a cast, or a copy of some kind, of the bas- 
 relief of Sesostris, which is carved on the perpendicular 
 face of a white marble rock at Ninfi. I found that the 
 cast was impracticable, but I made a careful drawing 
 from measurements of every part, and returning home 
 alone at night, I missed my road. My horse fell with 
 me into a dry ditch ; my collar bone was broken by the 
 fall, and I was otherwise injured. During the month 
 of September I was confined to the house by this 
 accident, and that month proved the hottest of the 
 whole year. I was obliged, during my absence from 
 the works at Ephesus, to depute others, to look after 
 
HINDRANCES TO WORK. 
 
 27 
 
 my workmen there. Little was done ; but for this the 
 unusual heat of that month may in part account. On 
 resuming my visits to Ephesus, I sank a number of trial 
 holes to the north of the city, in every place where I 
 thought the Temple might have stood, and further explored 
 the foundations of the Great Gymnasium at the head of 
 
 The Great Gymnasium. 
 
 the City Port. I found that the Romans had there made 
 use of the foundations, and part of the superstructure of 
 a large Greek building, which was probably of a similar 
 character. Our woodcut represents a small portion of 
 the building, where the Roman masonry is most con- 
 
 Great 
 Gymna- 
 sium. 
 
28 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 St. Sophia 
 
 spicuous. Here, prostrate on the ground, are some shafts 
 of columns of Egyptian syenite. Some of these shafts 
 were used by the Turks in building their large mosque at 
 Ayasalouk ; others appear to have been conveyed to 
 Constantinople, and raised up in the mosque of St. 
 Sophia, where they are now pointed out to visitors as 
 columns from the temple of Diana, which, at the time 
 they were taken from Ephesus, they were no doubt be- 
 lieved to be. Whether these columns were taken to 
 Constantinople as early as the sixth century, when St. 
 Sophia was built, or at a later period, must remain a 
 matter of doubt. In the latter case they might have been 
 substituted for the original columns of the building. 
 Under any circumstances they should never have been 
 mistaken for columns from the Temple ; these, according 
 to distinct statements of ancient writers, being of white 
 marble from the neighbouring quarries. 
 
 Dr. Chandler and other travellers have thought that 
 the Great Gymnasium was either the Temple itself, or that 
 it had been raised upon the foundations of the Temple. 
 Independent of the facts now brought to light by the ex- 
 cavations, the Great Gymnasium must have existed con- 
 temporaneously with the last Temple for nearly three 
 centuries. The underground passages of the Great Gym- 
 nasium are sometimes explored by visitors and others to 
 a certain extent. They are chiefly choked up with the 
 debris of the building, and with sand which has been 
 washed in by the floods during many centuries. The 
 natives tell strange stories about the extent of these pas- 
 sages, affirming that they have followed them for miles ; 
 
 Conjec- 
 tures of 
 travellers. 
 
THE GREAT GYMNASIUM. 
 
 29 
 
 and they believe that one is continued all the way to 
 Smyrna! I explored these passages myself in every 
 direction, as far as it was possible to wriggle through 
 them, and I found that none of them extended be- 
 yond the building itself. The stories of the natives may 
 
 W5JTWW"" ', 
 
 Wing of Great Gymnasium 
 
 be partly accounted for by the fact, that all subterraneous 
 or dark passages, like those of the Great Gymnasium, 
 always appear to be much longer than they really are. 
 
 Mr. Edward Falkner, in his book on Ephesus and 
 ftie Temple of Diana, has published plans of the Great 
 Gymnasium and other buildings in the city. My own 
 
3Q DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 plans of these buildings differ so slightly in one or two 
 particulars from those of Mr. Falkner, that I have not 
 thought it necessary to repeat their publication here. 
 
 Mr. Falkner has also, in his general plan of the city, 
 shown what he conceived might have been the disposition 
 of the numerous • porticoes around the Forum, and con- 
 necting the various buildings of the city. I have merely 
 indicated the positions of the buildings themselves, and 
 have shown, as nearly as I can by means of a plan, the 
 present state of the ruins of the city. 
 
 The building which I have ventured to designate the 
 Prytaneum, is situated where such a building might have 
 been placed, viz., on the south side of the Forum, which 
 was bounded on all sides by important public buildings. 
 There are many remains of Byzantine buildings which are 
 in a much more ruinous state than the more ancient 
 Roman buildings at Ephesus. As they were built of 
 brick and small stones, the walling has crumbled away, 
 and the debris served in a great measure to raise the 
 surface of the ground, and to make the stony ground 
 which is peculiar to the ruined cities of Asia Minor. 
 
 At the same time that I explored the Great Gymna- 
 sium, I had men at work on all sides of the City Port 
 On the north side the ground stands at a considerable 
 height above the plain, and appeared to cover some im- 
 portant buildings. I opened therefore in this place many 
 wide and deep trenches, but I found nothing but Byzan- 
 tine walls. On this high ground my workmen pitched 
 their tents, and they were now much better situated than 
 
DISCOVERIES. 
 
 3* 
 
 Fish 
 market. 
 
 before, as they were in the immediate vicinity of an ex- 
 cellent spring of water, and were quite a mile nearer the 
 village of Ayasalouk. 
 
 On exploring the low ground on the south side of 
 the City Port, I found the shaft of a small marble column, 
 inscribed with a dedication by a woman •. named Cominia 
 Junia to Iris, the Emperor Antoninus Pius, the city of 
 Ephesus, and the directors of the Custom House. Near 
 this spot, probably, was situated the fish-market of the 
 ancient Ephesians. 
 
 The city of Ephesus is styled in this inscription, the 
 great metropolis of Asia, and Neokoros, the title given to 
 cities where a temple has been built, and dedicated to the 
 patron god or goddess. The word means, literally, tem- 
 ple sweeper or temple-keeper. 1 
 
 On the north side of the City Port, and at its extreme 
 end, I found upon a thin white marble pavement, 1 2 feet 
 below the surface, immense quantities of oyster shells, 
 upon which the ancient Ephesians had evidently 
 feasted. 
 
 Digging in the Forum, I found, on the east side, what 
 I believe to have been a baptismal font, a large basin, 
 1 5 feet in diameter, raised upon a pedestal ; the basin 
 consisting of one solid mass of breccia. This, I presume, 
 was used in early Christian times (beginning probably 
 with the latter end of the third century) for the public 
 baptism, in large groups, of converts to Christianity. 
 It is so formed that a full-grown person might, with- 
 out difficulty, climb over its smooth, rounded edge, and 
 
 1 See Prof. Donaldson's Architectura Numismatica. 
 
 Oyster 
 shells. 
 
 Baptismal 
 font. 
 
32 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS 
 
 stand in water 9 inches deep, while the baptiser could 
 stand dryshod in the centre, which was apparently raised 
 for that purpose. A water-pipe and the remains of a 
 reservoir were found near the font. There is no hole in 
 the centre of the basin, as there must have been had it 
 been a fountain. A basin similar to this has been de- 
 scribed as having been formerly in use in or near the 
 Temple of Artemis, and this may be the one now found 
 in the Forum. 
 
 (« la .O ^ 
 
 : jjjpi 
 
 Baptismal Font in Forum. 
 
 If I am correct in my conjecture as to the use of this 
 basin, not only is no support given to the assertion that 
 the early Christians always baptized by total immersion, 
 but the hypothesis seems to fall to the ground. Probably 
 the mode of administering this sacrament may have 
 varied to suit different circumstances. 
 
 When I first began my excavations I used to wander 
 about the plain seeking for mounds or other indication of 
 
BURIED TREASURES. 33 
 
 the site of the great Temple. In so doing I encountered 
 all sorts of people, who were often of an unprepossessing 
 appearance. 
 
 One day a tall, earnest-looking Greek overtook me, and 
 eagerly asked me if I would consent to dig, or allow him 
 to do so under the protection of my firman, in certain 
 places which he would point out to me. He had dreamt, 
 he said, of treasure which lay buried many feet under 
 ground, and he had distinctly seen in his dreams certain 
 subterraneous passages, which led to the door of the 
 chamber containing the treasure. I refused to dig myself 
 on this man's account ; but as I had some hope of his 
 striking accidentally upon the wall of some building, or 
 hitting upon some inscription of interest, I so far humoured 
 this dreamer of dreams as to promise him the protection 
 of my firman, in any excavations he might make amongst 
 the ruins of Ephesus, which should be subject to my 
 .control or approval, though not at my own expense. 
 With this understanding he set a few men to work, and 
 sank a number of shallow trial holes about the Serapion 
 and elsewhere in the city, thus betraying the fact that his 
 dreams had not clearly denned the situation of the 
 treasure. The workmen employed by him were paid by 
 a silly, superstitious Greek merchant of Smyrna, who 
 probably thought he had a chance of enriching himself 
 more readily by treasure-trove at Ephesus, than by 
 plodding on steadily at his business in Smyrna. Nothing, 
 however, was found to reward the fond expectations of 
 the dreamer and his merchant friend, nor did I gain myself 
 any advantage by the holes dug in search of the hidden 
 
 D 
 
 A 
 dreamer. 
 
34 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 A marble 
 hall. 
 
 Narrow 
 escape. 
 
 treasure. When finally the Smyrna merchant became 
 tired of making such unprofitable advances, he did his best, 
 at first by persuasion, and afterwards by threats, to make 
 me pay the whole sum he had disbursed on this fruitless 
 enterprise. I need scarcely say that he was as unsuccess- 
 ful in this as he had been in his foolish speculation. 
 
 There is doubtless all over Asia Minor, a great 
 quantity of hidden treasure which has been thrown down 
 wells, or buried hastily by the inhabitants of towns and 
 villages when attacked by enemies. In peaceful times, 
 also, treasure was probably often buried for the sake of 
 safety from thieves ; and from time to time such treasure is 
 found by accident in gardens and cemeteries. 
 
 On exploring the ground in the Forum in front of the 
 great Gymnasium, I found a large Hall, the walls of which 
 were built of brick, and lined with what has recently been 
 designated as 'marble veneering.' Small columns of 
 marble, and niches for statues, adorned it on every side.. 
 Amongst the debris were found small marble statuettes 
 of Aphrodite and Hermes (Venus and Mercury). 
 
 As the exploration was not continued beyond the 
 limits of this single chamber, it is impossible to say, with 
 any degree of certainty, to what building it belonged. 
 
 It is to be hoped that one day the whole of the Forum 
 will be explored and its riches brought to light. 
 
 It was while the workmen were employed in clearing 
 out this Hall, that I had my first warning to be more 
 careful than I had hitherto been. I had been in the habit 
 of going down into all the trial holes without hesitation, 
 but one day, on approaching this particular excavation, I 
 
SILTING UP OF THE PLAIN. 
 
 35 
 
 paused for a moment. As I did so, the whole fell in with 
 a tremendous crash, the debris consisting of large bricks 
 which had formed part of the vaulting of the chamber. 
 From that day I became more careful in the method of 
 sinking trial holes, for my own sake as well as for that of 
 my workmen. 
 
 In the course of the explorations which I made outside 
 the city, I found that the whole plain of Ephesus had 
 
 Plan of Hall near Gymnasium . 
 
 been silted up to the average height of 1 2 feet within the 
 
 last fifteen centuries. 
 
 By the close of the year 1863, I had dug seventy-five 
 
 deep holes, which the land-owners or occupiers called upon 
 
 me to fill up. I had also dug many other trial holes, and 
 
 many long trenches in mounds, which it was necessary to 
 
 cut through without interruption. Some of these 
 
 had been filled up as they were abandoned, but the 
 
 majority were at that time left open in case it should be 
 
 D 2 
 
 Silting up. 
 
 Trial 
 holes and 
 trenches. 
 
36 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Christian 
 tombs. 
 
 necessary to re-examine or enlarge them. The trial holes 
 were about 8 feet by 1 2 feet, and were invariably carried 
 down with almost perpendicular sides, until we reached 
 the natural soil, pavement, or the foundations of walling. 
 The depth of the holes so dug varied from 12 to 25 
 feet. 
 
 I had also sunk a number of trial holes at Ayasalouk 
 on the hill, as well as on the low ground. On the former 
 
 Christian Tombstone. 
 
 I found some interesting early Christian tombs, one of 
 which had an inscription. I also found on the east 
 side of the hill, near the tombs, some rough but highly 
 glazed mosaic, with some plaster from a wall which 
 is, probably, of the fifth century. One of the occupiers 
 of the land on the west side of the hill objected to my 
 digging a hole in his field, and summoned the Mudir 
 
INTERRUPTION TO WORK. 
 
 37 
 
 and the elders of the village to examine the terms of my 
 firman. They therefore assembled in one of the wretched 
 huts which they called the ' konak,' and I attended the 
 conference by invitation. The firman was read aloud 
 by the clerk of the Custom- House, and it was then 
 ascertained that I was obliged to obtain the consent of 
 the owners or occupiers before I could dig in their land. 
 The man who had objected adhered to his resolution not 
 to allow me to continue digging in his field, and I was 
 therefore obliged to fill up the hole I had commenced, 
 and dig in the adjoining field, the owner of which was 
 more obliging. 
 
 The next vexatious stoppage of my excavations by 
 the Turkish authorities, occurred early in January 1864. 
 Rechad Bey, who was then the Turkish Commissioner 
 for the Ottoman railway from Smyrna to Aidin, and who 
 was also appointed to watch my proceedings on behalf of 
 the Turkish Government, was persuaded by the Greek 
 who had dreamt of hidden treasure, to forestall me in its 
 discovery at the great Gymnasium, the foundations of 
 which building I was then exploring. Rechad Bey was 
 superstitious enough to listen to the man's story, and 
 became quite eager to discover the treasure. He exerted 
 his influence with the Pasha of Smyrna, who, to oblige 
 him, consented to suspend my excavations till the Bey, 
 finding nothing whatever, had convinced himself of the 
 folly of digging for treasure at Ephesus. He did not, 
 however, draw off his workmen till they had nearly filled 
 up one of my trenches. I was then allowed to resume 
 my excavations, and, after a vain endeavour to obtain 
 
 Suspen- 
 sion of ex- 
 cavations 
 by the 
 Turks. 
 
38 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 The 
 
 Consul's 
 
 joke. 
 
 Gold in 
 statues. 
 
 redress for the damage done to my works, I was obliged 
 to re-open the trench at my own expense. 
 
 Mr. Charles Blunt, who was then British Consul at 
 Smyrna, in writing to inform me that the difficulties re- 
 specting my excavations had been removed, and that 
 I might resume them whenever I pleased, humorously went 
 on to say, that the Pasha of Smyrna merely requested 
 that when I found the Temple of Diana in duplicate 
 I would, perhaps, be good enough to inform him of it. 
 Mr, Blunt here referred satirically to the advantageous 
 terms of my firman, which authorised me to export all 
 antiquities not found in duplicate. 
 
 There used to be a very prevalent notion amongst the 
 Turks in Asia Minor, that there was not only much hid- 
 den treasure below the surface of the earth, in wells and 
 elsewhere, but that even marble statues might contain 
 gold. This belief has perhaps caused more destruction 
 of beautiful sculpture than any other motive, and it is 
 only within the last few years that the Turks have found 
 it to be a much better speculation to sell statues than to 
 break them to pieces in the hope of finding gold. The 
 religion of the Turk causes him to abhor images, and the 
 consequent destruction of statues may have given rise to 
 the common belief that they broke them in search of 
 gold. 
 
 The inclement weather which prevailed during the 
 months of January and February 1864 was very un- 
 favourable for the energetic continuance of the explora- 
 tions. Very little, therefore, was done at Ephesus during 
 these months. A few Greek inscriptions were found, the 
 
THE SEARCH FOR A CLUE. 
 
 39 
 
 text of which is given in the Appendix, 1 together with 
 the remains of a Roman fountain, composed of three 
 arched recesses, on the south side of the mound, near the 
 stadium on which the Serapion was built. 
 
 My search for the Portico of Damianus had hitherto 
 been quite unsuccessful, and it appeared that I had made 
 little or no progress towards the solution of the difficult 
 problem, or the completion of my task, unless, indeed, the 
 system of discovery by exhaustion could be so far taken 
 into account. I had also spent as much time and money 
 as my circumstances would permit. It seemed, then, that 
 I must either obtain a grant of money, or subscriptions, 
 to continue the excavations, or I must abandon them for 
 a time, if not altogether. But on what pretence could I 
 apply to the trustees of the British Museum, or to the 
 Treasury, for assistance at that time ? In my perplexity 
 I remembered that I had, years before, seen at Venice a 
 church, the front of which was decorated with pilasters 
 on pedestals, upon which pedestals were carved, if I 
 remember rightly, the plans of Cyprus, Rhodes, and two 
 other cities. It then occurred to me that, although I 
 might not find in any of the ruins of the public buildings 
 in the city of Ephesus, similar bas-reliefs, there was just 
 a chance of finding some idle scratching, which might 
 indicate the direction, if not the exact position, of the 
 Temple in reference to the city ; or, if not even this, I 
 might, perhaps find some inscription, giving me a clue 
 to its site. 
 
 This idea, fanciful as it may seem, occurred to me 
 
 1 Sundries from Ephesus. 
 
 Discove- 
 ries. 
 
 Dis- 
 courage- 
 ment. 
 
 Bas-reliefs 
 at Venice. 
 
4 o 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Applica- 
 tion for 
 grant. 
 
 Death of 
 Mr. Blunt. 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous an- 
 tiquities. 
 
 Interesting 
 inscrip- 
 tion. 
 
 repeatedly, until I felt convinced that to explore some of 
 the public buildings in the city was the next piece of 
 work to be done. The great Theatre, and the Odeum, 
 or Lyric Theatre, seemed the most likely buildings to 
 commence with, especially as in them would most pro- 
 bably be found sculpture and inscriptions, which would 
 encourage the trustees of the British Museum to recom- 
 mend the necessary advances for the excavations. I 
 applied, therefore, to the trustees, in the first instance, 
 for the small sum of xoo/., to commence the exploration 
 of the ruins of the great Theatre. The grant was voted, 
 not, however, to explore the great Theatre, but the 
 Odeum. I was greatly disappointed, but as the advance 
 was made for a specific purpose, I had no alternative but 
 to bow to the decision of the trustees, and to carry out 
 the instructions which accompanied the grant. 
 
 By the death of Mr. Consul Blunt, which took place 
 on March 3, 1864, I lost a friend, who, in the cause of 
 science, fought several battles for me with the Turkish 
 authorities, and always with success. 
 
 My explorations in the city and the western and 
 northern suburbs had yielded very few miscellaneous 
 antiquities. Small objects could at that time be easily 
 stolen. Amongst those which were handed to me by 
 the workmen, were a colossal foot, sandalled, in white 
 marble ; a smaller foot, also in a sandal, of a good period 
 of art ; two small torsos, one of them of a nude male, the 
 other of a draped female figure. 
 
 On the Castle Hill at Ayasalouk, close to the ' Gate 
 of Persecution,' as it is called, I found an interesting 
 
INSCRIPTION. 
 
 4i 
 
 Greek inscription of an early period, relating to the art 
 of divination by the flight of birds. 1 This inscription I 
 secured by sawing it off the large block of marble on 
 which it was engraved, and sending it, with other anti- 
 quities, to the British Museum. 
 
 1 See Appendix, Sundries from Ephesus. 
 
42 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 The 
 Odeum. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Odeum — Fragments of Inscriptions — Turkish Ceremonial at Smyrna — 
 Letters of Antoninus Pius — Publius Vedius Antoninus — Sulpicius Julianus 
 — Letter of Hadrian — The Marble Puzzle — Mode of Working — Search 
 for the Temple — Smyrna and Aidin Railway — St. Paul Fighting with 
 Beasts at Ephesus — Marble Statue — Idleness of Workmen — Female 
 Head — Bishop Trower — Greeks from Kirkenjee — Lucius Verus — The 
 Auditorium — Suspension of Works — Excavations Recommenced — Works 
 Continued — Statue of the Muse Erato — Torso of Silenus — Wreck of 
 Antiquities — Odeum Described — H.R.H. Prince Arthur — Want of Funds 
 — Attempted Assassination — The Chalet — Robbers — St. Luke's Tomb — 
 Christian Graves — Greek Archbishop — St. Luke — Mausoleum— Baffled 
 Efforts — Wool-factors' Hall — Search for Temple — Basilica — Pronuncia- 
 tion of Latin — Shops — St. Luke's Church — Caricature — Fine Greek Wall 
 — Promising Excavations — Destruction by Visitors — Visitors to the Ruins 
 — Luncheon versus Antiquities — Loss of Plant — Store Unroofed — Starva- 
 tion — Vexatious Stoppage of the Works — Turkish Visit of Inspection. 
 
 With my grant of too/. I commenced work at the 
 Odeum about the middle of March 1864, with as large a 
 gang of workmen as my funds would allow. I engaged 
 a Greek named Spiro as ganger to superintend the work- 
 men in my absence, as I was at that time practising as an 
 architect in Smyrna, and could not, therefore, go out to 
 Ephesus every day of the week. 
 
 The sum of 100/. is not a large one for excavations ; 
 but it was all I had asked for by way of a beginning, 
 and it fortunately proved sufficient for discoveries in the 
 
EXCAVATIONS AT THE ODEUM COMMENCED. 
 
 43 
 
 Odeum which justified the trustees afterwards in making 
 further advances, and which led ultimately to successful 
 results. 
 
 The site of the Odeum, or lyric theatre, was not a 
 matter of doubt. It was built on the southern slope of 
 Mount Coressus ; and even before the excavations were 
 begun, the outer semicircular wall of the auditorium was 
 to be seen above ground at each extremity. I had, there- 
 fore, no difficulty in deciding the whereabouts of the 
 proscenium, and I began by cutting at right angles to it 
 a wide trench, which soon exposed to view the outer wall, 
 and the central doorway. I was not long in working my 
 way into the Theatre, and, before the end of the month, 
 I had cleared a considerable portion of the pulpitum or 
 stage, by wheeling the debris out through the central 
 doorway into the open ground in front. On the portion 
 of the stage thus cleared, were found a great number of 
 small pieces of inscribed marble slab, which had fallen 
 upon the pavement from the dado of the proscenium, and 
 were broken, as we afterwards ascertained, into more 
 than one hundred and fifty pieces. 
 
 To assist the ganger in carrying out my instructions 
 more readily, I now made a plan of the Odeum from the 
 data at my command, which enabled him during the 
 intervals between my visits, to conduct the work without 
 much difficulty ; but many small objects found in the 
 excavations were, I fear, at that time appropriated by 
 both ganger and workmen. 
 
 March 20. — This day an interesting ceremonial took 
 place in Smyrna. There had been very little rain for 
 
 Fragments 
 of inscrip- 
 tions. 
 
44 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Turkish 
 ceremonial 
 at Smyrna. 
 
 Letters of 
 Antoninus 
 Pius. 
 
 Publius 
 Vedius 
 Anto- 
 ninus. 
 
 Sulpicius 
 Julianus. 
 
 Letter of 
 Hadrian. 
 
 more than two months. Early in the year a great 
 quantity of millet is sown in Asia Minor, and the drought 
 was becoming so serious that on this day about two 
 thousand Turks, all dressed in white, ascended the Castle 
 Hill (Mount Pagus) to pray for rain with outstretched 
 arms. Their voices being raised to a high pitch, were 
 heard at a great distance. Their prayers appear to have 
 been answered, for my journal records ' slight showers,' 
 and then ' continuous rain.' 
 
 By the end of March, nearly the whole of the fragments 
 of the inscriptions from the proscenium of the Odeum had 
 been found, and these, on being put together in their 
 relative positions, were seen to consist of five inscriptions, 
 four of which were letters addressed by the Emperor 
 Antoninus Pius to the people cf Ephesus. Two of them 
 bear the date of the 8th tribunitian power of that Emperor, 
 a.d. 145-6 ; another was written during his 13th tribunitian 
 power, a.d. 1 50-1. 
 
 The name of Publius Vedius Antoninus, hitherto un- 
 known in history, is mentioned in the two earlier inscrip- 
 tions. He wa> Secretary or Clerk to the city at that time, 
 and, under his auspices, were erected, either wholly or in 
 part, the Odeum and other public buildings in that quarter 
 of the city. These services were rewarded, as I after- 
 wards ascertained, by the erection of a statue to his honour 
 by the wool-factors in their hall or market. 
 
 The Imperial Procurator, Sulpicius Julianus, is also 
 mentioned in these inscriptions. 
 
 The fifth inscription is a letter addressed by the 
 Emperor Hadrian to the people of Ephesus. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 45 
 
 The fragments of these inscriptions were taken down 
 to Smyrna piece by piece as they were found, and almost 
 the only amusement in the evening which I then allowed 
 myself, was to put together the pieces of this marble 
 puzzle, in which I was often assisted by Mrs. Wood and 
 visitors. 
 
 I continued to clear out the whole of the debris from 
 the interior of the Odeum, wheeling it out through the 
 doorways, which were found to be five in number. 
 
 During the time I was exploring the Odeum, I did not 
 fail to study the ground outside the city in search of the 
 Temple, and from time to time I put one or two men to 
 open up any suspicious-looking mound which attracted 
 my attention. 
 
 The work at the Odeum proceeded now but slowly, in 
 consequence of the immense number of large blocks of 
 stone and marble which, having fallen from the super- 
 structure, had blocked up all the entrances, covering the 
 stage, and the adjoining passages. Many of these blocks 
 were too large to be removed to a distance. 
 
 The Smyrna and Aidin Railway Company had this 
 year ( 1 864) provided first-class carriages on their line. 
 The journey, therefore, between Smyrna and Ayasalouk 
 was made with greater comfort ; but it still took fully 
 three hours to traverse a distance of scarcely fifty miles. 
 There are ten intermediate stations between Smyrna and 
 Ayasalouk. 
 
 April 13. — Dr. Kay, Fellow of Lincoln College, 
 Oxford, and then Principal of the College at Calcutta, 
 came to Smyrna on his way home to England. He visited 
 
 The 
 
 marble 
 
 puzzle. 
 
 Mode of 
 working. 
 
 Search 
 for the 
 Temple. 
 
 Smyrna 
 and Aidin 
 Railway. 
 
4 6 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Marble 
 statue. 
 
 Idleness 
 workmen. 
 
 of 
 
 Ephesus, and proved himself one of those who really 
 appreciated the great interest of the ruins. I here men- 
 tion his name, chiefly because he agreed with me in 
 thinking that St. Paul, in referring to his having ' fought 
 with beasts at Ephesus,' did not mean to assert that he 
 had actually fought with lions and other wild animals in 
 an arena, but that he had contended at Ephesus with the 
 evil passions of wicked men. 
 
 Many visitors to the ruins have asked to be shown 
 the arena in which St. Paul fought ! 
 
 If St. Paul had fought with wild beasts, he would 
 have mentioned it in the enumeration of his trials and 
 adversities so pathetically set forth in Corinthians, epistle 
 2, ch. xi. 
 
 April 25. — A fine white marble statue of a seated 
 female was found in the Odeum. 
 
 May 2. — On visiting the Odeum to-day I found no 
 men at work. The orchestra had been dug into to a 
 certain extent, and the debris from the upper part of 
 the building was here about 16 feet in depth. The 
 ganger (Spiro) and myself set to work, and brought 
 down, with our united efforts, a great number of large 
 stones, with which the interior was encumbered, and 
 we found some more fragments of the inscriptions 
 from the proscenium. I therefore left orders for the 
 whole of the orchestra to be thoroughly cleared out 
 to the pavement, when the men returned to their work ; 
 but, as the hot weather had begun, it was doubtful 
 whether they would work, exposed as they must be, in 
 the Odeum, to the great heat of the sun, made more 
 
STATUE OF LUCIUS VERUS. 47 
 
 trying by the quantities of white marble which reflected 
 it. 
 
 May 7. — A few men had resumed work, and this day 
 a small female head was found in the Odeum. This is one 
 of the pieces of sculpture which were afterwards ceded 
 to the Turkish Government for their museum at Constan- 
 tinople. 
 
 May 12. — Bishop Trower (then of Gibraltar) visited 
 the ruins of Ephesus, accompanied by his wife and 
 daughters. The bishop is an accomplished artist, and he 
 made four or five beautiful sketches of the ruins in the 
 course of his ramble through them. 
 
 Sometimes, on holiday occasions, large groups of 
 Greeks from Kirkenjee visited the ruins to see what was 
 going on. These were chiefly composed of women and 
 children in charge of one or two old men. Sometimes a 
 young man would accompany them, who was probably 
 the betrothed of one of the young women. The women 
 were remarkable for the unconstrained ease and grace of 
 their movements, as well as for their pretty costume of 
 many colours ; and the children were generally healthy- 
 looking and beautiful. 
 
 The lower part of a fine statue of Lucius Verus was 
 found near the central doorway of the Odeum about this 
 time ; this is now in the Roman gallery of the British 
 Museum. The plinth on which the statue is placed is 
 inscribed with the name of the Emperor. 1 I afterwards 
 found the upper part of this statue ; but it never reached 
 England, as will be seen hereafter. 
 
 1 See Appendix, Sundries, &c. 
 
 Female 
 head. 
 
 Bishop 
 Trower. 
 
 Greeks 
 from Kir- 
 kenjee. 
 
 Lucius 
 Verus. 
 
4 8 
 
 The audi- 
 torium. 
 
 Suspen- 
 sion of 
 works. 
 
 Excava- 
 tions 
 resumed. 
 
 1864. 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 May 1 7. — On visiting the Odeum this day, I found 
 that the workmen had laid bare eleven steps of the audi- 
 torium — these were of fine white marble, and were 
 ornamented, as usual, with lions' claws. I afterwards 
 found that all the seats and steps remained undisturbed. 
 
 During the months of June, July, and August the 
 excavations were almost entirely suspended, the ganger, 
 as well as the men, finding the weather much too hot for 
 work among marbles which reflected so much light and 
 heat. The few men who might have been hired, not- 
 withstanding the heat, asked as much as fifteen piastres a 
 day, their ordinary wages being only ten piastres (about 
 is. gd.). 
 
 While the works were suspended, I made copies, and 
 took paper pressings, of all the inscriptions I could find 
 on the surface and elsewhere ; but the strong wind which 
 set in from the sea made it very difficult to make good 
 impressions, and it seemed always to rise as I placed the 
 paper against the marble. This may be accounted for by 
 the fact of my generally beginning this part of my work 
 about the time that the sea breeze sprung up. 
 
 Towards the end of August I engaged a fresh ganger, 
 a Catholic, named Joseph ; and, with a fresh set of work- 
 men, I resumed my exploration of the Odeum, and at 
 the same time put one or two men on the large mound 
 covering the ruins of the proscenium of the great 
 Theatre. 
 
 The new ganger proved a great failure, making a 
 number of stupid mistakes during my absence ; and, 
 finally, when, on visiting the works on October 1, I found 
 
HINDRANCES. 
 
 49 
 
 him and the men quietly seated, doing nothing, I at once 
 discharged them all, and again suspended the works till I 
 should have more funds at my disposal, and had succeeded 
 in finding another ganger and better workmen. 
 
 The Muse Erato. 
 
 The difficulty of getting an honest, industrious, 
 conscientious ganger and good workmen was one of 
 the many hindrances and impediments to which I 
 was more especially subjected for the first six years at 
 Ephesus. 
 
Works 
 continued. 
 
 Statue of 
 the Muse 
 Erato. 
 
 Torso of 
 Silenus. 
 
 Wreck of 
 antiquities 
 
 Whilst the excavations were suspended, I employed all 
 the time I could devote to it, to the completion of my 
 survey for the general plan of the city, which will be found 
 in this book. 
 
 In December, the works were renewed at the Odeum 
 with fresh workmen, funds having been voluntarily sub- 
 scribed by private individuals to the amount of 87/. 
 
 At the end of the eastern passage was found an in- 
 teresting white marble headless statue, life-size, of the 
 Muse Erato, with the seven-stringed lyre on a pedestal by 
 her side. This statue had evidently fallen from a niche 
 upon the pavement below. In one of the small passages 
 near the central doorway, was found a small torso, partly 
 draped, intended probably for Silenus. By the side of the 
 figure is sculptured a curious vase, which rests on a stand 
 designed seemingly to represent a tripod of metal ; on the 
 top of the vase is a phiale, in which are a phallus and a 
 crescent. 
 
 The statue of Erato, the upper part of the statue of 
 Lucius Verus, and some other antiquities from the 
 Odeum, were, unfortunately, put on board the ' Cornish 
 Lass,' a sailing vessel, which was wrecked on the coast 
 near Syra. When the statue of Erato was recovered, 
 the lyre was missing, and the drapery had been so much 
 damaged by the sea, which had washed off all the sharp 
 edges, that it was not considered worth forwarding to 
 England. The last time I saw it, it was in the house of 
 Mr. Lloyd, who was at that time both British Consul and 
 Lloyd's agent at Syra. 
 
 The Odeum had been a very handsome building. 
 
THE ODEUM. 
 
 5< 
 
 The circular outer wall is composed of large blocks of 
 limestone, without mortar, from the quarries on Mount 
 Coressus, on the south side of which it was built. The 
 front wall, with its five doorways, and the whole of the 
 internal finishings, are of fine white marble, excepting 
 
 The 
 
 Odeum 
 
 described. 
 
 Totso of Silenus 
 
 the shafts of the columns which had fallen from the semi- 
 circular colonnade above ; these are of Egyptian syenite. 
 The whole of these works were Roman, and were prob- 
 ably done under Publius Vedius Antoninus in the time 
 of Antoninus Pius. 
 
 E 2 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 H.R.H. 
 
 Prince 
 Arthur. 
 
 1865. 
 
 Want of 
 funds. 
 
 The diameter of the Odeum is 153 feet, and it was 
 capable of seating 2,300 persons. The pulpitum (stage) 
 is extremely narrow, being little more than 10 feet deep. 
 The orchestra is spacious, and is sunk nearly 3 feet below 
 the pulpitum. It is paved with white marble, and there 
 is a small ornamental circular drain-cover of marble on 
 the east side. In front of the Odeum I found remains 
 of white marble fluted columns, and well carved Corin- 
 thian capitals. These might either have formed part of 
 a colonnade in front, or they might have adorned the 
 proscenium. The debris at the extremities of the pas- 
 sages of the Odeum rested on the pavement to the height 
 of 23 feet. It consisted chiefly of large blocks of marble 
 and limestone. 
 
 In the month of April 1865, H.R.H. Prince Arthur 
 visited the ruins of Ephesus, accompanied by Major 
 (now Colonel Sir Howard) Elphinstone. I had after- 
 wards the honour of joining the suite of His Royal 
 Highness, and accompanied him in a cruise to Mitylene, 
 Pergamos, and Assos. At Assos the Turks were re- 
 moving the marble seats of the theatre, and conveying 
 them to Constantinople, where a large palace was in pro- 
 gress. On our return to Smyrna, I was honoured by an 
 invitation to accompany the Prince on another cruise, 
 returning to Assos, and onward to Mount Athos; but as 
 Mrs. Wood was dangerously ill with bronchitis, I was 
 most kindly excused accepting the invitation. 
 
 For a great portion of the year 1865, the excavations 
 were at a standstill for want of funds, but I waited, with 
 what patience I could muster, for another advance from 
 
a 
 
 THE ODEUM, 
 EPHESUS. 
 
 P LAN, 
 
 i i , i i i 
 
 J H ' I [ I ' 1 
 
 ~ry^~r 
 
 D 
 
 i.i.i i 
 
 & 
 
 ELEVATION OF EXISTING REMAINS 
 
 SO 10 
 
 30 4-0 
 
 SO 10 SO 90 100 
 
 SCALE OF FEET. 
 
AN ASSASSIN. 53 
 
 the Trustees to continue the works. I should not, how- 
 ever, have been able to attend to the works for five or six 
 weeks, as I was ill during that time from a wound I 
 received in Smyrna from the knife of a madman, who 
 had taken a dislike to English Consuls, in consequence 
 of some fancied injustice done him by some English 
 Consul in the Principalities where he had formerly lived. 
 He at last resolved to lie in wait for, and to kill the 
 English Consul at Smyrna. On the morning on which 
 he determined to carry out his design the streets of 
 Smyrna were full of people, who had, for the first time 
 for many weeks, ventured out in large numbers, after a 
 cholera panic, which had kept the streets clear while it 
 lasted. Only seven deaths posted on the door of the 
 Consulate that morning, showed that the disease was 
 leaving the city. I was at that time building the 
 terminal station of the Cassaba railway, and, meeting the 
 agent of that line, walked with him down Frank Street. 
 When we arrived nearly opposite the English Consulate, 
 the man, who waited for the Consul, and who had primed 
 himself with some stimulant, became impatient, and see- 
 ing two Englishmen coming down the street, one of 
 whom (my companion) showed in his appearance strong 
 signs of his nationality, he rushed upon him and drove his 
 knife through the hand he held up to defend himself with. 
 In a few seconds I was left alone in the middle of the 
 street, confronted with the man, who now sought to 
 escape. Seeing that I barred his passage to the sea, he 
 rushed towards me with the exclamation, ' Et vous aussi ! ' 
 I endeavoured to defend myself with a slight walking- 
 
 Attempt- 
 ed 
 
 assassi- 
 nation. 
 
54 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 The 
 Chalet. 
 
 Robbers. 
 
 stick I was then carrying, but he struck up my guard, 
 rushed in, and stabbed me within an inch of my heart ; 
 the police came up in time to prevent a second blow, and 
 seized him. The people, who had retired to a safe dis- 
 tance, then closed in upon me, and proffered the assist- 
 ance I no longer needed. When the. assassin was taken 
 before the Pacha, he told the story of his life, and 
 narrated how he had murdered his mother in cold blood, 
 and why he intended to kill the Consul. The doctors pro- 
 nounced the man to be mad, and he was confined in an 
 asylum, where he died, raving mad, within twelve months. 
 
 During part of the time that I was employed in ex- 
 ploring the Odeum, I lived in a small house in the Ephe- 
 sus Pass, which had been built for one of the resident 
 engineers of the Smyrna and Aidin railway. This house 
 was appropriately called the Chalet. 
 
 During my residence here, I was in constant danger 
 of being attacked by a band of ten robbers who infested 
 the neighbourhood, and had broken into several houses 
 in the Pass. It was their habit to maltreat, and leave 
 the inhabitants tied to their bedsteads and other heavy 
 pieces of furniture, in order that they might make good 
 their escape before an alarm could be raised. In doing 
 this, they were favoured by the extreme loneliness of the 
 situation, and the distance from the nearest police station, 
 which was then at the entrance to the Pass. 
 
 As it might be supposed that I kept money by me 
 in readiness to pay my workmen and other current 
 expenses, I fully expected to be attacked, and made 
 arrangements accordingly. 
 
LIFE AT THE CHALET. 
 
 55 
 
 My greatest danger was when I returned home in the 
 evening, accompanied by a single cavass, who always 
 went down with a jar on our arrival, to fetch fresh water 
 from the stream which runs through the Pass. I was then 
 left alone on the balcony outside the house, which could 
 
 *-i~j* J&§;MMimM, 
 
 The Chalet, Ephesus Pass. 
 
 have been easily approached from an ambush at the back, 
 the undergrowth on the side of the mountain affording a 
 thick cover close to the house. We had one or two 
 alarms, but were never attacked as our neighbours were, 
 and I believe our escape was mainly owing to the pre- 
 
s6 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Zebecks. 
 
 St. Luke's 
 tomb. 
 
 caution I took in placing a loaded revolver by my side 
 on the dinner table, which could be seen from the out- 
 side. 
 
 A pistol bullet which had passed through the floor of 
 the balcony and lodged in the roof was found one day, 
 but when or under what circumstances the shot was fired, 
 we did not know. It might have been accidental, or it 
 might have been done in sport by some passer-by. 
 
 One day, while the Odeum was still being explored, 
 and I was personally superintending the exploration of a 
 mound at a little distance from it, my ganger came running 
 to me without his hat, and in great apparent alarm, to 
 warn me that some Zebecks were at the Odeum. They 
 had taken a sheep by force and were likely to come on to 
 me to rob me. He had given them tobacco, and had 
 done what he could to conciliate them, but they were 
 desperate thieves and were not to be trusted. Whether 
 there was any truth in all this, I never knew, but I 
 thought it better for many reasons to stand my ground. 
 For one thing, I suspected that the whole story might be 
 an invention of the ganger to test my courage and 
 character. I did not, therefore, take his advice and go 
 home ; and seeing that I remained, one of the workmen 
 (a Greek) coolly suggested that I should put my watch 
 and money in a hole which he would dig for them ! 
 
 In walking home one evening to the Chalet from my 
 work at the Odeum, a distance of about three miles, my 
 weary foot, scarcely lifted from the ground, struck against 
 a block of marble which, on examination, proved to be 
 carved with the head of a Greek cross in a sunk panel. 
 
ST. LUKE'S TOMB. 
 
 57 
 
 I excavated the next day in this place, which was not 
 far from the Odeum. The marble proved to be a door- 
 jamb with sunk panels, the upper one having a large 
 cross, the lower one having the figure of a bull or buffalo 
 of the country, with a small cross cut over its back. On 
 the inner side of the door-jamb there were the remains of 
 a human figure which had been carved upon it. This 
 
 .Door-jamb, St. Lute's Tomb. 
 
 had evidently represented a saint or martyr. The head 
 had been encircled by a nimbus, which, having been sunk 
 in the marble, remained perfect. One or two persons 
 who have seen it, think they can trace the remains of a 
 sword which had been run through the body, thus repre- 
 senting a martyr. 
 
58 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Christian 
 
 graves. 
 
 I was encouraged by these symbols and details to 
 believe that I had found the tomb of St. Luke, or at least 
 his shrine, the bull having been known as his symbol as 
 early as the fifth century. But this building, probably, 
 belonged to the latter end of the third, or beginning of 
 the fourth century, when Christianity had the ascendency 
 at Ephesus, and doubtless the Christians had the power 
 of removing the remains of St. Luke from outside the city, 
 where he would have been buried in the first instance, and 
 according him the honour of burial within the city. 
 
 Over his remains, presuming that this was indeed his 
 tomb, they raised the beautiful shrine, of which I found 
 enough to enable me to restore it on paper. It was 
 circular on plan, 50 feet in diameter, and was adorned 
 with sixteen columns, which were raised upon a lofty 
 basement ; an ornate entablature and domed roof com- 
 pleted the structure. This beautiful building stood in 
 the middle of a quadrangle 153 feet across, which was sur- 
 rounded on all sides by a colonnade, several bases of the 
 columns of which remain in position. It must have 
 somewhat resembled Burns's monument on Calton Hill, 
 Edinburgh, but on a much larger scale. 
 
 The quadrangle was paved with white marble, and 
 wherever a slab of this pavement was removed, a grave 
 was seen immediately below it. I may add that I did 
 not remove many of these slabs, as I have a great objec- 
 tion to the unnecessary disturbance of human remains. 
 This discovery of graves goes far to prove that this was 
 indeed the tomb of St. Luke, as Ave know that the early 
 Christians paid large sums of money for the privilege of 
 
S T LUKES TOMB, EPHESUS. 
 
 ELEVATION. 
 
 PLAN. 
 
 
 SoALF. OF Ft£T . 
 
ST. LUKES TOMB. 
 
 59 
 
 being buried near a saint or martyr, especially when it 
 happened, as in this case, that the tomb was within the 
 city. I am inclined to think, therefore, that these were 
 the graves of Christians. 
 
 When I first found this building and its interesting 
 surroundings, I wished to have my discovery verified, if 
 possible, by the records of history, and I called upon the 
 Greek Archbishop of Smyrna, who had a good library of 
 ecclesiastical books, to consult him on the subject. He 
 obligingly took down the books of two historians, one 
 of whom tells us that St. Luke was hung at Patras, 
 the other that he died at Ephesus. I was content to 
 think, with the Archbishop, that the latter historian was 
 much the more trustworthy of the two. 
 
 While I proceeded with my exploration of the Odeum, 
 I did not neglect to open ground against several of the 
 public buildings which surrounded the adjacent Forum. 
 I found in this manner a large circular Roman building 
 directly opposite the Odeum. This was probably a 
 mausoleum. I did not succeed in finding any inscription 
 here, as it was only partly explored, nor did I succeed in 
 working my way inside the building, although I after- 
 wards tried hard to do so during two hot days in the 
 month of July, with the assistance of an English workman, 
 nicknamed ' Scandalous Jack.' We worked from the top, 
 through six feet of solid masonry, without any change 
 of sound to show that we were approaching the interior. 
 
 Another building near this, we explored to a greater 
 extent, being encouraged to do so by the discovery of a 
 fine Roman head of heroic size, together with several 
 
 The Arch- 
 bishop of 
 Smyrna. 
 
 Mauso- 
 leum. 
 
 Baffled 
 efforts. 
 
 Wool- 
 factors' 
 hall. 
 
6o 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Search for 
 Temple. 
 
 Basilica. 
 
 inscriptions, one of which was a dedication to Publius 
 Vedius Antoninus by the wool-factors. This building, 
 then, was probably their hall or market. 
 
 I also explored a large mound at the eastern extremity 
 of the ravine between Mounts Prion and Coressus. At 
 that time this mound seemed to be outside the city, and I 
 thought that it might cover the site of the Temple ; but I 
 eventually found that it was within the city walls, which 
 I succeeded in tracing around it on the three outer sides. 
 Below the debris of mediaeval buildings, I found that a 
 chalk hill formed the basis of this large mound, which 
 had been artificially squared up to the city walls enclosing 
 it, and it thus presented a very formal and promising ap- 
 pearance. This spot I had selected as the probable site 
 of the Temple, on being asked by the Trustees where I 
 should propose to dig for it, if I should be permitted to 
 spend 50/. of my grant in 1866, in search of it. 
 
 Near the tomb of St. Luke I explored another build- 
 ing, which appeared to have been a basilica. The street 
 front had been richly adorned with fluted columns with 
 Corinthian capitals, similar to those of the Odeum, and 
 ornate entablatures, all of white marble. Many frag- 
 ments of an inscription were found in front with the 
 debris of the building. A seated statue of T. Claudius 
 Secundus was here found upon a pedestal, with a dedi- 
 cation inscribed in Latin, which enumerated his various 
 offices ; viz. Viator Tribunicius, Accensus Velatus, and 
 Lictor Curiatus. This inscription is repeated in Latin 
 with Greek characters, showing that the Greeks had, at 
 
 1 See Appendix, Sundries from Ephesus. 
 
BUILDINGS NEAR ODEUM. 
 
 61 
 
 that time, learnt to speak, though not to read, the lan- 
 guage of the Romans ; and some light is here thrown 
 upon the true pronunciation of some Latin vowels and 
 consonants. The u was evidently pronounced, as the 
 Italians now pronounce it, oo, being represented by the 
 Greek characters omicron and upsilon ; the Latin c is re- 
 presented by the Greek kappa, and the Latin e by the 
 
 G-rafEto from Basilica. 
 
 Greek eta. Along the sides of this building were recesses, 
 which had evidently served as workshops, and in one I 
 found a number of ox bones which had been sawn by a 
 fine saw, and had been cleaned and prepared for the 
 handles of knives, &c. At the south end I could just 
 trace the curve of an apse. This building probably 
 became a church, and it might have been dedicated to 
 
 Pronunci- 
 ation of 
 Latin. 
 
 Shops. 
 
 St. Luke's 
 Church. 
 
62 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Carica- 
 ture. 
 
 Fine 
 
 Greek 
 
 wall. 
 
 Promising 
 excava- 
 tions. 
 
 Destruc- 
 tion by 
 visitors. 
 
 St. Luke, as it is near his tomb. Upon its front wall is 
 scratched a curious caricature. Amongst the debris we 
 found the torso of a male, about life size, of a good period. 
 
 The partial exploration of another building near the 
 Odeum, revealed a magnificent Greek wall, which prob- 
 ably belonged to a small temple. The street by the side 
 of this wall was yery precipitous, and the marble pavement 
 was deeply nicked transversely, to prevent accidents to 
 foot passengers. No statuary or inscriptions were found 
 here to encourage further exploration of the building. 
 
 All these buildings have been allowed to remain ex- 
 posed to view as far as they have been opened up ; and 
 future explorers, whether English, American, French, or 
 German, will have the benefit of what has been already 
 done. 
 
 There is no doubt in my mind that excavations at 
 Ephesus amongst the ruins of the city, as well as on the 
 site of the Temple, and within the Peribolus Wall, would 
 well repay the outlay, if conducted with liberality and 
 good management. 
 
 When the Odeum was first opened, the stage, 
 orchestra, seats, and steps were found in a perfect state 
 of preservation, under an accumulation of soil and debris, 
 varying in depth from 5 feet to 23 feet, the former depth 
 on the upper part of the auditorium, the latter at the 
 extreme ends of the passages. The beautiful front wall 
 also remained, with its five doorways and steps, to the 
 height of 7 feet 6 inches. Visitors have recklessly 
 destroyed much that remained, by breaking off frag- 
 ments of marble from the seats and cornices, and by 
 
3 
 bJ 
 Q 
 O 
 
 tr 
 o 
 
 IE 
 U 
 
DESTRUCTION BY VISITORS. 
 
 63 
 
 strewing the whole of the interior with masses of rejected 
 marble, and chippings from the specimens which they 
 carried aw;iy. One day after the Odeum had been 
 cleared out, a party of about thirty people came while I 
 was there, and began throwing the marbles about. I 
 could not look on and forbear speaking ; and what I said 
 was uttered in so fierce and threatening a manner that 
 it stopped further destruction by that party. The desire 
 to possess fragments of ancient sculpture, such as a nose, 
 an ear, a finger, or a morsel of architectural moulding 
 from an old building, may be natural, but is most deplor- 
 able when it causes, as it often does, the utter destruction 
 of works of art, which, placed in some museum, would 
 be objects of very great interest. I have even heard of 
 captains of merchant ships who, bringing passengers to 
 Smyrna, advised them on their visit to Ephesus, to take 
 with them hammers and chisels to aid them in obtaining 
 interesting specimens for their cabinets and curiosity 
 shelves at home. I have, however, met with some few 
 scrupulous persons, who would scarcely accept a small frag- 
 ment, and have asked repeatedly, ' Quite sure you don't 
 want it ? ' before they would be persuaded to take it away. 
 Visitors to Ephesus came from all parts of the known 
 world ; but I have seen there, perhaps, more of our 
 American cousins than of any other nationality. I was 
 particularly fortunate in meeting with many Americans — 
 ladies as well as gentlemen — who caused me to form a 
 very high estimate of the American character. I found 
 them generally anxious to make something more than a 
 superficial survey of the ruins, and I do not now remem- 
 
 Visitors to 
 the ruins. 
 
64 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Luncheon 
 versus an- 
 tiquities. 
 
 ber any party of Americans preferring to sit down to eat 
 and drink to making a careful examination of all the 
 interesting objects they had come to see. I cannot say 
 the same of all nationalities. I overtook one day on the 
 Plain of Ephesus, while I was exploring the Odeum, a 
 party of gentlemen belonging to various nations. They 
 were making their way on foot from the railway station 
 to the ruins, accompanied by two porters, bearing each a 
 hamper of provisions. Two of these gentlemen, of whom 
 I had some knowledge, were very anxious to make the 
 best use of their time, and ' do ' the ruins thoroughly ; 
 the others were perfectly careless of anything but the 
 very important question as to where they should eat the 
 luxurious luncheon which they had brought from Smyrna. 
 Seeing the disposition of the majority, I foresaw that, 
 unless I provided against it, the gentlemen who really 
 wished to see something would be entirely baffled. I 
 therefore told the porters {sotto voce) to carry the 
 hampers to the Odeum as fast as possible. As I antici- 
 pated, before we got half-way to the Odeum, one of the 
 most indolent of the party threw himself on the ground, 
 and declared he would go no farther in the heat. He 
 was, however, persuaded to change his mind, when I told 
 him that the luncheon had been sent straight to the 
 Odeum, about a mile off, and he must either follow to 
 pai'take of it, or remain behind without refreshment. 
 This had the desired effect. Dearly loving his mid-day 
 meal, he managed to struggle on with the other discon- 
 tented members of the party ; passing unheeded everything 
 of interest on his way. After lunching in a pleasant 
 
TRIALS OF TEMPER. 
 
 65 
 
 shady place near the Odeum, they could not be persuaded 
 to enter the Little Theatre, and see what remained of it. 
 During the whole time that my workmen were 
 employed in digging trial holes in every direction, I had 
 the greatest difficulty in keeping my ' plant ' together at 
 Ephesus. The men would leave their picks and shovels 
 and any other tools which they had in use, in the holes 
 and trenches, or they would leave them on the top, scarcely 
 hidden by the loose earth thrown out of the holes, instead 
 of carrying them home to their sleeping places. The 
 tools left on the top were often stolen, and those left in 
 the holes were frequently buried by the falling in of the 
 sides of the excavation. My store-room or magazine at 
 that time was an old barrack near the railway station at 
 Ayasalouk, which had been used as a refreshment-room 
 for the workmen on the railway, while the works were 
 going on at that part of the line, and was sold by the rail- 
 way company to a Caffejee, who, without giving me any 
 notice whatever, began to unroof it early one morning, 
 leaving my stock of tools and implements at the mercy 
 of anyone who might take a fancy to them. This is a 
 specimen of the free and easy ways of the people of the 
 country. The man wanted the materials of this old bar- 
 rack to use in a new building, and he hit upon the readiest 
 way of obtaining them, fancying, perhaps, that I might not 
 be able to pay the needful attention to any notice he 
 might give me. To such petty annoyances as this I was 
 constantly subjected, and with the frequent attacks of 
 fever to which I was a victim, and the anxiety naturally 
 resulting from the uncertainty of my enterprise, these 
 
 F 
 
 Loss of 
 ' plant.' 
 
 Store u 
 roofed. 
 
66 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Vexatious 
 stoppage 
 of works. 
 
 Turkish 
 visit 01 
 inspec- 
 tion. 
 
 annoyances helped to keep my temper in a constant state 
 of ferment. In this case I was detained from my work 
 at the excavations, by being obliged to seek another 
 store room for my ' plant,' and have it conveyed thither 
 immediately. 
 
 Among other annoyances there was so muchdifficulty 
 in obtaining meat at this time, that I was sometimes en- 
 tirely without any for three or four days. As I am not 
 exactly a vegetarian, I felt the loss of my accustomed 
 food very much, and I had great difficulty at such times, 
 through sheer weakness, in getting through my day's work. 
 
 The excavations were frequently impeded, and some- 
 times altogether stopped, by the Turkish authorities. 
 This was generally brought about by the interference of the 
 Kaimachan of Scala Nova, on the complaint of the land- 
 owners or occupiers, who had a very natural dislike to 
 seeing large and deep holes and trenches dug in their 
 ground. On such occasions our Consul at Smyrna has 
 had very little difficulty in arranging for the continuance 
 of the work, and, from first to last, no sort of bribe, either 
 in money or presents, has ever passed from me into the 
 hands of Turkish officials. 
 
 Cabouli Pasha, then Governor of Smyrna, was 
 repeatedly told by intriguing persons that I was constantly 
 finding beautiful statues. Hearing this, and other vague re- 
 ports as to my proceedings, he sent his secretary to Ephesus 
 to inspect the works. This gentleman, who came in 
 patent leather boots, and sumptuous clothing to match, 
 lunched with me in the Great Theatre. On looking down 
 into a few of my trial holes, at the risk of falling into 
 
THE EMISSARY OF THE PASHA. 67 
 
 them, as they were approached with some difficulty, and 
 seeing their unpromising appearance, he was satisfied, 
 not only that I had found nothing to excite the envy 
 or cupidity of anyone, but that I was not likely to 
 find anything of consequence. With this assurance the 
 Pasha was well content, and he troubled me no more 
 with enquiries. 
 
 p 1 
 
68 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Great 
 Theatre. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Great Theatre — Inscriptions from Temple of Artemis — Other Inscrip- 
 tions — The Great Salutarian Inscription— Image of Artemis— Sculpture 
 — Survey of Buildings — Accident — Obstinacy — Priene' — Ill-health — Head 
 of Lucius Verus — Search for Temple Resumed — City Wall — Rubbish 
 Heap — A Hundred and Ten Inscriptions — Change of Residence — Fate 
 of Chalet — Magnesian Gate Found — Coressian Gate — Mounts Prion and 
 Coressus — Old Legend — H.M.S. 'Terrible'' — Quarters for Crew — Men of 
 the ' Terrible ' at Ephesus — A Quaint Petty Officer — Skill of Workmen 
 at the British Museum — Officers of the 'Terrible' — New Ganger — Threats 
 of Violence — Suspected Murder — A Greek Marriage — Longevity — Arrest 
 of Workmen — Murdered Man Exhumed — Prisoners — Patience of Mudir 
 — State of the Country — My Reception at the Konak — Liberation of 
 Prisoners — Return to Ephesus — Murder made Easy. 
 
 In the month of February 1866, having obtained the 
 necessary advances from the Trustees, I began in good 
 earnest the exploration of the Great Theatre, which is one 
 of the largest in Asia Minor. It is built on the western 
 slope of Mount Coressus, and from the upper seats may be 
 seen a long strip of blue sea. Its diameter is 495 feet, and 
 like most theatres of this description, it is of a horse-shoe 
 form. As the wings approach the proscenium, the width 
 is diminished by 28 feet, the measurement at the end of 
 the walls being 467 feet. By my computations this vast 
 theatre was capable of seating 24,500 persons. A large 
 archway on the north side of the outer wall of the audi- 
 
H 
 K 
 
 Si 
 
 W 
 E- 
 
 E- 
 
 w 
 
 OS 
 
 O 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 Oh 
 
 w 
 
 D 
 
 CO 
 
 W 
 
 a 
 Pi 
 w 
 
 sn 
 
 a 
 
THE GREAT THEATRE. 
 
 69 
 
 torium is of the period of Augustus. This archway was 
 afterwards blocked up as shown in woodcut, and this was 
 probably done at a later period, when the Theatre 
 was partly rebuilt. The stage, or pulpitum, was nearly 
 22 feet wide; the orchestra 110 feet in diameter. The 
 proscenium, built almost entirely of white marble, was 
 
 Roman Arch, Great Theatre 
 
 adorned with granite columns and highly enriched en- 
 tablatures of fine white marble, in two tiers. All these, 
 having fallen upon the stage, remained there undisturbed. 
 A portion of these entablatures consisted of fretwork in 
 white marble, filled in with strips of porphyry. I pro- 
 ceeded to remove as many of the blocks of marble as 
 was necessary to clear, a portion of the stage for its whole 
 
7o 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Inscrip- 
 tions from 
 Temple of 
 Artemis. 
 
 width. I then turned over and carefully examined thee 
 remainder, and took all the inscriptions and sculpture that- 
 were worth sending to England. Amongst them were 
 found six large. blocks of white marble, covered with- 
 decrees of the Council and the people of Ephesiis, which 
 had originally belonged to the last Temple of Artemis, 
 showing that the proscenium had been repaired after the 
 destruction of the Temple. These decrees conferred the 
 honour of Ephesian citizenship on various persons for 
 their services. One of these was Agathokles, a Rhodian, 
 who, during a time of dearth, had sent into the market 
 at Ephesus 14,000 measures of corn to be sold for the 
 benefit of the poor at a low price. Two other decrees 
 reward Euphronios, son of Hegemon, for his services 
 in an embassy to Prepelaus, general of Cassander, about 
 b.c. 310; and Archestratos, for his services as general in 
 Clazomenae. 
 
 Another decree confers the citizenship and gold 
 crowns on Kings Demetrius and Seleucus, and honours 
 their envoy, Nicagoras, a Rhodian. This inscription's 
 probably not later than b.c. 299. In another, Kings 
 Antigonus and Demetrius are mentioned. Another de- 
 cree rewards some one who had redeemed from captivity 
 certain Ephesians taken prisoners in war. Some of 
 these decrees give new and valuable information as to the 
 history of Ephesus in the Macedonian period. Wealsd 
 find in them the names of five local tribes and many 
 of their subdivisions, some of the latter having been 
 hitherto unknown. 1 -, 
 
 1 See Appendix : Inscriptions from the Temple, Nos. I to 25. 
 
GREEK AND LATIN INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 7i 
 
 A few more inscriptions found in the Great Theatre, 
 are worthy of mention here : — 
 
 A letter from the Emperor Hadrian to the people of 
 Ephesus, relating to certain disputes as to loans, in conse- 
 quence of which the Emperor sent the copy of a decree 
 to Cornelius Priscus, the pro-consul, referring to that 
 functionary the settlement of the matters in dispute, and 
 the recovery of all debts due to the senate. The date of 
 this letter is a.d. 1 20. 
 
 A fragment of inscription which appears to have been 
 part of a letter addressed to the people of Ephesus by 
 gome Emperor or public functionary, relates to a public 
 banquet, forming part, apparently, of a festival in honour 
 of a goddess, probably Demeter, here styled Soteira 
 (Saviour), whose temple and statue are mentioned. The 
 name of the Emperor Commodus also occurs in this 
 inscription. 
 
 Some fragments of a Latin constitutio or law, 
 relating to the alimony of infants, in which reference is 
 made to a previous constitutio framed by Vedius Pollio, 
 probably the historical personage of that name who lived 
 in the time of Augustus. 
 
 The following also were found : — 
 
 A dedication by the council and people of Ephesus in 
 honour of Caius Julius Agrippa, son of ' King Alexan- 
 der,' quaestor and propraetor of Asia. 
 
 Dedication, probably of a statue, to the Emperor 
 Antoninus Pius, by the council and people of Ephesus. 
 
 Fragments of a dedication to the Emperors Septimius 
 Severus and Caracalla. 
 
 Other 
 inscrip- 
 tions. 
 
7* 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Dedication, partly in Latin, by Junius Pastor, Csesen- 
 nius Sospes, propraetor of Asia, and holder of other high 
 offices. 
 
 Some fragments of lists of persons who had sacrificed, 
 perhaps, at the Temple of Artemis. 
 
 Dedication, probably of a statue, by the council and 
 people of Ephesus, to Julius Lupus Lambillus, quaestor 
 and propraetor of three pro-consuls. 
 
 Part of an inscription recording the names of the 
 secretaries of the council of the Misthoterion, and of 
 the superintendents of the Deipnophoriac procession. 
 
 List of victories gained by an athlete in various 
 games. 
 
 List of victories in pugilistic contests, gained by an 
 athlete in public games at various cities. 
 
 Inscription recording the dedication to an athlete and 
 his victories in the Olympic and various other games. 
 
 Inscription recording two agonistic victories, probably 
 in musical or lyrical contests. 
 
 Inscription in honour of some one who was three 
 times Olympic victor. 1 It may be remarked that on the 
 return of such a victor to his native city, the wall of the 
 city was sometimes broken down for his triumphal en- 
 trance, as for an Emperor. 
 
 The architrave of the southern entrance door was 
 inscribed with the name of Publius Rutilius Bassus, who 
 was town clerk in the time of Hadrian, a.d. 120, as we 
 learn by inscription No. 17. 
 
 Most of these inscriptions were found on the stage of 
 
 1 For these inscriptions, see Appendix : Inscriptions from Great Theatre. 
 
THE SALUTARIAN INSCRIPTION. 
 
 73 
 
 the Great Theatre ; but there was a much greater prize 
 awaiting my discovery. I had examined the marbles on 
 the stage by turning them over from north to south. When 
 I came to clear the southern entrance I found the whole of 
 the eastern wall of that entrance inscribed with a series of 
 decrees, chiefly relating to a number of gold and silver 
 images, weighing from three to seven pounds each, which 
 were voted to Artemis, and ordered to be placed in her 
 Temple, by a certain wealthy Roman, named C. Vibius 
 Salutarius. 1 At the same time he gave a sum of money 
 by way of endowment for keeping them clean and in 
 order. On a certain day of assembly in the Theatre, 
 viz., May 25, which was the birthday of the goddess, 
 these images were to be carried in procession from the 
 Temple to the Theatre by the priests, accompanied by a 
 staff-bearer and guards, and to be met at the Magnesian 
 gate by the Ephebi or young men of the city, who, from 
 that point, took part in the procession, and helped to carry 
 the images to the Theatre. After the assembly, the 
 statues or images were taken back to the Temple in the 
 same order of procession, escorted by the Ephebi as far 
 as the Coressian gate. Among the statues enumerated 
 in the inscription, are those of Artemis, with two stags, 
 and a figure, probably a female, representing the city of 
 Ephesus. In one of the decrees contained in this inscrip- 
 tion, the consuls of the yearA.D. 104 are mentioned. In 
 another, the Emperor Trajan is mentioned as then reign- 
 ing. The date of the whole inscription is probably not 
 much later than a.d. J04. 
 
 1 See Appendix : Inscriptions from Theatre No. 1. 
 
 The 
 Great 
 Salutarian 
 Inscrip- 
 tion. 
 
74 DISCOVERIES AT EFHESUS. 
 
 It will be observed that the procession above de^ 
 scribed made the complete circuit of the city, and in its 
 course the images must have been seen by great numbers 
 of the inhabitants, and thus the vanity of C. Vibius 
 Salutarius was gratified as far as these statues were con- 
 cerned. 
 
 Another inscription in Latin, found also in the Great 
 Theatre, records the dedication by Vibius Salutarius of 
 several silver images, and enumerates a list of offices 
 held by him in Sicily and other provinces ; some of these 
 offices being made known to us for the first time by this 
 inscription. 
 
 The Great Theatre, in which these inscriptions, re- 
 lating to the gold and silver images were found, was 
 doubtless the theatre mentioned in the Acts of the 
 Apostles as the scene of the uproar caused by the 
 manufacturers of silver shrines for the Temple of 
 Artemis. 
 
 The fact that the enthusiastic outcry ' Great is Dian'a 
 of the Ephesians ! ' was sustained for two hours, led me to 
 picture to myself the Temple as being within sight of the 
 people in the Theatre, who would thus be inspired by the 
 glory and beauty of the building before their eyes. But 
 from the Theatre the Temple could not possibly be seen; 
 The view is broken by Mount Coressus, and the enthu-l 
 siastic conduct of the people must therefore be ascribed 
 wholly to their superstitious faith in the goddess, and 
 their strong partizanship for the shrine-makers. 1 
 
 1 Acts xix. 23, &c. 
 
*'' ' <!-P- 
 
 co 
 w 
 
 LU 
 
 LU 
 
 c 
 < 
 
 LU 
 
 I- 
 < 
 LU 
 
 a 
 
 UJ 
 X 
 
 h- 
 
 "■\ M s^s??.^* 
 
SCULPTURE. 
 
 75 
 
 We are also told that the Ephesians at that time 
 worshipped an image of Diana, which was believed to 
 have fallen from Jupiter. This might have been an 
 aerolite of an unusually large size, which resembled in 
 some respects the human form, and which might have 
 been perfected, and made into a fitting representation of 
 
 -Bust of an Emperor. 
 
 the goddess by a sculptor and his assistants before it was 
 set up in her Temple. Some aerolites have been found 
 in Greenland weighing as much as nineteen tons. 
 
 The sculpture found in the Great Theatre was all 
 Roman, and was very inferior to the inscriptions in value 
 and interest. 
 
 Under the stage was found the colossal bust of an 
 
 Image of 
 Artemis. 
 
 Sculpture. 
 
7 6 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Emperor, bearing on the breast-plate a Medusa's head 
 and two griffins. 
 
 Some fragments of a frieze from the proscenium, 
 with satyrs and cupids, were found; also a Triton blowing 
 a shell, all coarsely cut, but probably striking when in 
 position, as they were vigorous in execution, and their 
 effect was originally heightened by colour. 
 
 Statues of Venus, Minerva, and Mercury were also 
 
 Triton Blowing a Shell. 
 
 found, the last two headless. The Minerva is remark- 
 able for a particular disposition of the aegis. 
 
 The Venus was afterwards presented to the Turks, 
 and when I visited the Museum at Constantinople, I saw 
 it, with other sculptures from Ephesus, in one of the 
 store-rooms there. It is thus described by Mr. Newton, 
 in his report to the Trustees : — ' A small statue of Venus 
 in the attitude of the Venus de Medicis, but differing 
 from that statue, and from the Venus of the Capitol, in 
 the head-dress and accessories. This statuette is well 
 preserved, but the proportions are clumsy, and the 
 
 
A GUIDE TO THE RUINS! 
 
 77 
 
 execution provincial. It is not probably of an earlier 
 period than the third century a.d.' 
 
 I cleared out the Theatre sufficiently to enable me to 
 make a plan of it. As far as I explored the auditorium, 
 some of the steps were found remaining, but the marble 
 from the seats had been removed. 
 
 These are some of the most important results of ex- 
 plorations made at the Great Theatre from February 
 1866 to the end of April 1868. 
 
 During these two years the works were often 
 stopped for want of funds, and I took advantage of 
 the leisure thus afforded me, not only to perfect my 
 general plan, but to survey all the public buildings in 
 the city. 
 
 Soon after the Theatre had been cleared out, a gen- 
 tleman with whom I am now acquainted visited the ruins, 
 and took with him the old man who at that time under- 
 took to act as guide. Little or no conversation passed 
 between them till they came to the Theatre, when the 
 visitor, looking towards the auditorium, said, ' So this is 
 the Theatre.' ' No,' the old man replied, ' that is a school 
 for little boys.' ' This,' turning towards the proscenium, 
 ' is the Theatre.' The poor old man had evidently 
 jumbled up the contents of a guide-book, which, referring 
 to the School of Tyrannus, had described it as being near 
 the Theatre. 
 
 One day, while measuring at the Great Theatre, with 
 the assistance of my cavass, Edrese, I stepped backwards 
 carelessly, and fell from the top of the wall into some 
 bushes, which fortunately broke my fall. Though breath- 
 
 Survey of 
 Buildings. 
 
 Accident. 
 
78 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Obstinacy. 
 
 Priene. 
 
 Ill health. 
 
 Head of 
 
 Lucius 
 
 Verus. 
 
 Search for 
 Temple. 
 
 City wall. 
 
 less for a time, I was but slightly hurt. I had, however, 
 a very narrow escape. 
 
 Waiting for funds made this time a most trying one, 
 and some of my friends in Smyrna, seeing that my health 
 was giving way, kindly advised me to give up the ex- 
 cavations and return to England ; but my ' obstinacy,' 
 as Mr. Newton designated it before the Westminster 
 scholars, prevailed, and I determined to remain and 
 persevere, although the enterprise seemed at that time 
 almost hopeless. 
 
 Early in January 1867 I visited Priene and rescued 
 from destruction two fragments of inscription from the 
 Temple of Athena Polias, which are now in the British 
 Museum, with all that has been since recovered by Mr. 
 Pullan. 
 
 In April the state of my health obliged me to leave 
 for England, where I remained till September. On my 
 return to Smyrna, a man called upon me, and coolly 
 offered to sell me the head of the statue of Lucius Verus, 
 which had been stolen from my excavations at the Odeum. 
 He said he had bought it for 8/. from the people who 
 stole it, and he would not take less than 20/. for it. 
 This head, unfortunately, has never been recovered. 
 
 As I had obtained leave to spend a portion of my 
 grant from the Trustees in continuing my search for the 
 Temple, I employed about twenty men in sinking trial 
 holes outside the city, eastward. In the course of these 
 explorations we found the wall of the city on the east 
 side of the large mound at the end of the ravine between 
 Mounts Prion and Coressus. Inside one of the towers 
 
THE MAGNESIAN GATE 
 
 79 
 
 .we came across a great quantity of pottery, consisting 
 chiefly of lamps, some of which were joined together, 
 having been spoilt in the baking. The return of the 
 wall was found on the south side of the mound ; and 
 here we reached a gigantic rubbish-heap which ran the 
 whole length of the wall on that side. Although I made 
 several cross cuts into this mound, I was not fortunate 
 enough to find anything of value, the rubbish consisting 
 chiefly of broken pottery of a late period. 
 
 Before the close of the year 1867 I had found in the 
 Great Theatre and elsewhere, no inscriptions, mostly 
 Greek, the rest Latin. 
 
 Indifference to the interest of the ruins of ancient build- 
 ings was shown in a remarkable manner one day, when 
 three hundred people visited Ephesus, dined in a large 
 marquee near the Great Theatre, and only six or eight 
 were persuaded after dinner to enter the Theatre. I 
 have since been reminded of this circumstance by a lady, 
 who greatly regretted she had neglected the opportunity 
 she then had of seeing the ruins. 
 
 I now took up my abode at the house near the railway 
 station at Ayasalouk, which had been built for an hotel, 
 but had not answered. During my absence the Chalet 
 had been broken into by thieves, who stole my furniture, 
 and the house had been wilfully damaged, and ren- 
 dered uninhabitable by mischievous passers-by. 
 
 Before the close of the year I had succeeded in 
 finding the Magnesian gate, near the Opistholeprian 
 Gymnasium, close to the mound around which I found 
 the city wall. This is one of the two gates named in 
 
 Rubbish- 
 heap. 
 
 no In- 
 scriptions. 
 
 Change of 
 Residence. 
 
 Fate of 
 Chalet. 
 
 Magnesian 
 gate found. 
 
So 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 the long Sahitarian inscription from the Great Theatre. 
 I had resolved to seek out these gates that I might follow 
 the roads leading from them to the Temple. This 
 inscription, indeed, gave me the clue which I had hoped 
 to obtain by exploring some of the public buildings, and 
 
 -Excavator's House and Aqueduct at Ayasalouk. 
 
 confirmed me in the resolution already formed, to search 
 for one or two of the city gates and open up the roads 
 leading from them, choosing the most worn road as the 
 one likely to lead to the Temenos. 
 
 The inscription speaks of the procession of images 
 from the Temple to the Theatre, as passing in through 
 the Magnesian gate, and as passing out on its return to 
 
H.M.S. 'TERRIBLE: 
 
 the Temple through the Coressian gate. The intention 
 was evidently to make as complete a circuit as would 
 enable the inhabitants of the city generally to see the 
 images as they passed along. I afterwards found the 
 Coressian gate near the Stadium on the north side of 
 the city ; and the position of this gate, with other ascer 
 tained facts, caused me to reverse the positions of the two 
 mountains, as shown on the English Admiralty Chart. 
 The Coressian gate must have been the gate at the foot 
 of Mount Coressus, the round mountain hitherto called 
 Prion, while the latter name (Prion, a saw) is particularly 
 applicable to the long serrated mountain hitherto called 
 Coressus. As to the name ' Coressus,' a curious legend, 
 which must be comparatively modern, tells us that Artemis, 
 in her earthly wanderings near her birthplace, approached 
 the Coressian gate, and addressing one whom she met, 
 asked what place it was. The answer was ' Kyria esas ' — 
 lady, yours. 
 
 As I had accumulated at AyasalOuk, in my magazines, 
 a large number of inscribed blocks of marble, besides 
 sculpture and other antiquities, I applied to the Trustees 
 of the British Museum for the aid of a man-of-war to 
 remove the Salutarian inscription from the wall, and 
 to take it and other antiquities to England. January 
 25, 1868, H.M.S. ' Terrible' came to Smyrna, with orders 
 from the Admiralty to take on board a number of cases 
 of antiquities from Ephesus, to be transported to England, 
 and to assist in conveying from the ruins of the city to the 
 railway station at Ayasalouk all the inscribed and- sculp- 
 tured marbles which I had selected for the British Museum. 
 
 Coressian 
 
 Mounts 
 Prion and 
 Coressus. 
 
 Old 
 legend. 
 
 H.M.S. 
 ' Terrible. ' 
 
Quarters 
 for the 
 
 For this purpose Captain Commerell sent me a por- 
 tion of his crew, consisting of sixteen blue jackets, four 
 marines, and two carpenters, twenty-two men in all, under 
 the charge of Lieutenant Hallett. Most of these men 
 volunteered for the service, in spite of the bad repute of 
 the climate of Ephesus, which is generally designated as 
 ' most pestilential.' 
 
 Where to lodge these men seemed at first difficult ; 
 and, after trying several of the Caffejees, who asked 
 ridiculously exorbitant sums for the use of their wretched 
 huts for twenty days, I at last came to terms with an old 
 lady who occupied the large room of the house at Ayasa- 
 louk, in which we afterwards lived till the excavations 
 were discontinued. In this one room the old lady, who had 
 seen what are called better days, had all her earthly goods. 
 She had once positively had a whole house of her own, 
 and a husband ; now she had only one room, rent free, 
 in kind consideration of her being poor and a widow. 
 She had the honour of being the mother of the gentle- 
 man porter and pointsman at Ayasalouk, who showed by 
 the manner in which he carried himself that he was far 
 too proud for the duties he had undertaken. 
 
 For three Turkish pounds the old lady turned out and 
 took refuge in the station itself. The blue jackets, hav- 
 ing made short work of moving her property from one 
 room to another, scrubbed out the room she had vacated, 
 built a kitchen, and then took a stroll, 'just to see what 
 the place was like.' They soon knew all about it, and 
 before nightfall were as comfortably settled down as if 
 they were at home. As I could not well attend to the 
 
MAN OF WAR'S MEN AT EPHESUS. 
 
 83 
 
 workmen while the man-of-war's men. were engaged in 
 their work at Ephesus, I discharged all but a few of 
 them, and partially suspended the excavations. I availed 
 myself of this opportunity to get rid of my ganger, with 
 whom I was not satisfied, and whose evil influence and 
 intrigues made the Bakal so irregular with his supplies 
 that the men were often without bread for the day. 
 
 February 1 . — The crew of the ' Terrible ' began their 
 work at Ephesus, by removing some inscribed blocks of 
 marble from the Great Theatre to the railway station ; 
 but we soon found that we should get on better if we had 
 a few more blue jackets and two more carpenters. 
 Captain Commerell therefore sent me eight more men, 
 two of whom were carpenters. All the four carpenters 
 were now employed in making strong cases for the stones 
 and other antiquities, and, when a cook and his mate had 
 been told off from the whole number, we had just enough 
 men to drag the cart over the stony ground between the 
 ruins and the railway station. The men enjoyed them- 
 selves amazingly. On the first day one of them began 
 to chip the sarcophagus of Polycarpos, found near the 
 Magnesian gate. I told him with some warmth that they 
 were there to aid me in preserving whatever might be 
 found that was interesting, and not to follow the bad 
 example of some visitors. My remonstrance had its 
 desired effect, and I had no further reason to complain 
 during the twenty days of their sojourn at Ephesus. 
 
 Amongst other tasks, they had to remove the facing 
 stones of the wall of the south entrance to the Great 
 Theatre, which was covered with the Salutarian inscrip- 
 
 Men of the 
 ' Terrible ' 
 at Ephe- 
 sus. 
 
 G 2 
 
8 4 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 tion. These inscribed stones were very heavy, being of 
 a great thickness, and were so firmly fixed in their places 
 with strong iron cramps, that it was very difficult to 
 remove them without injury. I feared that if the sailors 
 were allowed to begin the work without a caution, we 
 should have very little of the inscription intact, when the 
 stones were removed. Almost the first block they had 
 to remove was a most delicate one, which required very 
 careful handling, as it had broken off at the upper edge 
 as sharp as a knife. I therefore told them that if they 
 landed that stone on the pavement at my feet without 
 further injury to "it, I would give them all round a pound 
 of tobacco. This they succeeded in doing, and the 
 tobacco money, handed over at once to one of the petty 
 officers, had a most satisfactory effect. All the other 
 stones were removed with the greatest care, and with as 
 little damage as possible. The whole of this inscription is 
 now safely lodged in the basement floor of the British Mu- 
 seum, with more than four hundred others from Ephesus. 
 The sailors were not allowed to go out of doors at 
 night, ' cruising about/ as they would call it. After sup- 
 per, therefore, they ranged themselves along the sides of 
 a large table in the middle of their room, and having 
 elected a chairman, who was probably one of the two petty 
 officers, they sang songs, which were chiefly of a most 
 sentimental turn, but never without a chorus, in which all 
 hands (voices) joined most lustily. The more sentimental 
 the song, the louder the chorus, as if ' Jack ' wanted to 
 conceal the fact that his heart had been touched by the 
 sentiment. One of their songs was so dreadfully pathetic, 
 
MR. KEEBLES. 85 
 
 and was sung in so effective a manner, that it ' got into 
 our heads,' and as it was repeated every evening, we in- 
 voluntarily exclaimed, ' There's that horrible song again.' 
 The chairman used his hammer freely, and so kept order. 
 At ten o'clock punctually, all hands ' turned in,' and a 
 few minutes later, silence reigned in the house that 
 sheltered from the bitter cold of that winter so many 
 honest ' Britishers.' 
 
 Mr. Hallett was an excellent specimen of a young 
 naval officer who strives to do his duty manfully and 
 conscientiously. The men fell in, were inspected, and 
 marched off to their work with a regularity quite equal to 
 that observed on board ship ; and at the same time they 
 took to their work in the open plain with wonderful energy 
 and good humour, in spite of the bitterly cold wind which 
 prevailed the whole time. 
 
 One of the petty officers named Keebles was a man 
 of remarkable and unflagging energy, who, whenever a 
 large rough stone came heavily with a thud to the ground, 
 would exclaim, ' Great was the fall thereof.' This man 
 was strong with the. crowbar, and one day, as he was 
 working with it, moving a large stone, his gigantic efforts 
 broke the bar, and Mr. Keebles came to the ground 
 among the loose stones of the wall. His serio-comic face 
 alarmed us at first ; but as his features relaxed gradually 
 into a decided smile, one of his messmates applied to him 
 his favourite quotation, 'great was the fall thereof I given 
 out in imitation of the voice and manner of Keebles. 
 
 One stone of the great Salutarian inscription was extra 
 large, and must have weighed quite four tons. Before it 
 
 A quaint 
 
 petty 
 
 officer. 
 
86 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Skill of 
 
 workmen 
 at the 
 British 
 Museum. 
 
 Officers 
 of the 
 ' Terrible. 
 
 was removed from the walls I scarcely knew how to 
 arrange about the conveyance of such a stone to the 
 railway station, over about two miles of rough stony 
 ground, as an extra strong cart would be needed for the 
 purpose. But, as we removed it from the wall, it parted 
 in two pieces, the bigger of which did not quite break 
 down our cart, although many a groan escaped it on the 
 way. That cart did good service, for it removed most of 
 the stones from the ruins and the Temple, and was in 
 active service to the very day on which the works were 
 abandoned. 
 
 A great number (I believe more than two hundred) 
 fragments of this inscription had fallen upon the pave- 
 ment, and were recovered only after the removal of the 
 earth, debris, and huge blocks of marble with which the 
 passage was encumbered. 
 
 The workmen at the British Museum afterwards 
 showed great aptitude in joining these pieces together, 
 although they are unacquainted with the Greek language. 
 I have often seen them trying sideways, or upside down, 
 pieces for which they have ultimately found their proper 
 places. 
 
 I shall never forget the valuable help so willingly and 
 so cheerfully given to me by Captain Commerell and 
 Lieutenant Hallett. The former paid more than one 
 visit to the ruins, and personally took charge of and 
 superintended the packing of one or two of the most 
 valuable stones. He also allowed me to have as many of 
 his crew as I required to remove the stones from the ruins 
 to the railway station, to pack them carefully in cases, 
 
THE OFFICERS OF H.M.S. ' TERRIBLE.' 
 
 87 
 
 made partly by his carpenters at Ayasalouk, and to take 
 them from the station at Smyrna on board ship. 
 
 Twenty days, as I have said, were thus employed, 
 During the whole of that time, Mr. Hallett remained 
 patiently enduring the discomfort of our quarters, and 
 with great skill and judgment assisting me in surmount- 
 ing difficulties which only a visitor to Ephesus can quite 
 appreciate. Suffice it to say that we had to remove many 
 heavy blocks of marble from sundry parts of the ruins to 
 which there were no roads, and where it was almost 
 impossible to draw the cart, even without a load. 
 
 Captain Commerell had originally intended giving 
 all his lieutenants a turn with me at Ephesus ; but Mr. 
 Hallett proved himself so expert at the work, and so 
 pleasant a companion, that at my request he was allowed 
 to remain. Captain, now Admiral, Commerell was one of 
 the first sufferers in the Ashantee war, being grievously 
 wounded with others in a small boat on the river. 
 
 While the crew of the ' Terrible ' were employed at 
 Ephesus, I kept very few men at work, but increased the 
 number as soon as they left, hiring a new ganger, a young 
 Catholic of Smyrna, named Vitalis. This man, it turned 
 out, had very little control over the men, and was just 
 as likely to be found prostrated at full length on the 
 ground near the works, as standing over the men doing 
 his duty. 
 
 During the time I was digging in the city, I had great 
 difficulty in getting good workmen ; and my cavass (I 
 had only one then) recommended a countryman of his, 
 who, he said, would undertake to get me as many as I 
 
 New 
 ganger. 
 
88 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Threats of 
 violence. 
 
 needed. Accordingly, I gave this man authority to bring 
 me twenty men ; but, after an absence of two days, he 
 brought me only eight, and of these only one was a 
 workman, the rest being cafe-loungers and idlers, who 
 never seriously work long at anything, a very few piastres 
 sufficing to keep them in bread and tobacco for a month. 
 The tall Albanian who brought me these miserable 
 creatures, wanted to exact a sum per head for them, 
 which would have brought his claim up to five or six 
 dollars. I refused to give him more than one medjid or 
 Turkish dollar. This he indignantly threw down on the 
 table, but I obliged him to take it, and he left me, declaring 
 with a terrible oath that he would have his revenge when 
 I was off my guard. If what he told the station-master 
 at Ayasalouk was true, he lay in wait for me for five 
 successive evenings, as I passed home alone through the 
 cemetery. My purpose in going alone was to show him 
 that I was not afraid of him, and that there was no chance 
 of his obtaining money from me by intimidation. I must 
 confess that at the time I felt some anxiety for my safety, 
 as I was told that this man had killed another for some 
 trivial difference, and he often boasted how well he had 
 escaped punishment for the murder by disguising himself. 
 I saw nothing of him, however, although I had looked out 
 sharply for him as I passed between the bushes in the 
 cemetery, with my finger on the trigger of a revolver carried 
 ready in my coat pocket. On the fifth night the man came 
 into the cafe where the station-master was seated, and, 
 breaking the stock of his gun as he threw it down, swore 
 one of the fearful oaths in which such men indulge, de- 
 
THE THREAT OF AN ASSASSIN. 89 
 
 daring he had not been able to catch me off my guard and 
 get a shot at me. 
 
 Mr. Cumberbatch, H.B.M.'s Consul at Smyrna, hear- 
 ing of this, sent one of his cavasses, and had the man 
 arrested and taken down to Smyrna, and he was sen- 
 tenced to banishment for twelve months to Pergamos ; 
 some of his kinsfolk and a fanatic priest being his surety. 
 But now there arose a greater danger than before, for he 
 had a bloodthirsty cousin living near me, who was em- 
 ployed as a cavass on the railway, and who, a few months 
 before, had shot a man dead in the presence of my inform- 
 ant for a quarrel about five piastres ! This new antagonist, 
 as I feared he might prove, came to see me, and asked 
 me why I had had his cousin arrested, and seemed to go 
 away satisfied when I told him he had threatened my life. 
 Whether he was satisfied or not, he never attempted to 
 molest me in any way, nor did I ever see him again, 
 excepting on the occasion of riding with him and others 
 one day on a trolly for a short distance. 
 
 The labourers, employed from first to last on the 
 excavations, have been of many nationalities, but were 
 chiefly Turks, with a few Greeks. While I was exploring 
 the Great Theatre with a force of seventy workmen, 
 towards the close of the season 1867-8, a circumstance 
 occurred, which more or less gratified my love of romance 
 and adventure. One day, while my men were all at work 
 in front of the Great Theatre, I went into the building 
 alone to take some dimensions of the proscenium. I at 
 once smelt a very unpleasant odour, which I attributed 
 to the decomposition of some dead beast. I made no 
 
9 o 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Suspected 
 murder! 
 
 remark at the time to anyone, although this smell com- 
 pelled me to leave my work undone. In the evening my 
 ganger (Vitalis) came to my room, and with a solemn and 
 mysterious manner asked me if I had not smelt a ■ dread- 
 ful smell ' in the Theatre, and whether I had seen 
 anything. On my replying that I had smelt something, 
 but seen nothing, he said, ' It's a dead man, Sir ! ' He 
 then went on to relate all that had come to his knowledge. 
 His statements seemed to show that the body of a man 
 had been buried at the Theatre under very suspicious 
 circumstances. One of our Turkish labourers, named 
 Osman, the only man of the whole seventy, then in my 
 employment, who was regular at his devotions, had that 
 morning told my ganger that on the previous Tuesday 
 (four days before) he had assisted some of his fellow- work- 
 men to bury the body of a man at the Theatre, and that 
 they had threatened to kill the Greeks, if they told me 
 or any of the authorities. 
 
 The ganger had feared to tell me of this when he first 
 heard of it, feeling sure, he said, that I might incur danger 
 by investigating the matter ; but he had afterwards deter- 
 mined to tell me, as he thought ' murders should not be 
 hushed up, after the fashion of the country.' I of course 
 quite agreed with him, and ordered him to be in readiness 
 in the morning with a gang of half-a-dozen men for the 
 purpose of exhuming the body for examination, the cir- 
 cumstances of his secret burial and the threats of the 
 Turks against the Greeks being most suspicious. My 
 suspicions were further increased by remembering that 
 when I came down to the workmen that day from the 
 
THE VILLAGE OF KIRKENJEE. 91 
 
 interior of the theatre, one of them had tried to persuade 
 me to give up digging there, saying there were other 
 buildings much more promising, whereas here I had taken 
 all that could be found. 
 
 The following morning (Sunday) was ushered in by 
 such a storm of wind and rain as made it impossible for 
 us to go to the Theatre. This gave me time to reflect, 
 and I determined to avail myself of the advice and assist- 
 ance, as well as of the authority, of the Mudir. I therefore 
 rode up to Kirkenjee, the village where he lived, accom- 
 panied by a zaptieh (a native policeman) and one of my 
 cavasses. The appearance of this village strikes the 
 person who approaches it for the first time as being 
 very peculiar, the houses presenting a very formidable 
 front from the radiating dabs of whitewash splashed 
 around the windows, for the purpose, they say, of keep- 
 ing off the ' evil eye' — a common superstition in Asia 
 Minor. The windows here were made to look like 
 so many evil eyes, as I thought, glaring at you, and 
 defying you to enter the village. This fashion gives 
 a beggarly appearance to the houses, which are built 
 of small stones, and covered with flat mud roofs. Kirk- 
 enjee, however, is not so poor a place as it seems to be. 
 The inhabitants are industrious, and cultivate the ground 
 in the plain of Ephesus and for miles around. On feast 
 days the women turn out clad in comfortable and smart 
 dresses of light colours, and make a great display of gold 
 coins, which they string and wear as armlets and necklaces. 
 As we entered the village, a wedding party thronged out of 
 the church gate, the bridegroom smothered by the congra- 
 
9 2 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 A Greek 
 marriage. 
 
 Longevity! 
 
 Arrest of 
 workmen. 
 
 tulatory embraces of his male friends ; the bride, blushingly 
 happy, walking modestly behind, supported by two elderly 
 matrons, probably the mothers of the newly married pair. 
 The inhabitants of this village are said to be descended 
 from the ancient inhabitants of Ephesus, who moved in a 
 body to the more healthy abodes high up in the mountain, 
 about two hundred years ago. The oldest inhabitant 
 recently died, at the age, it is said, of 153 years ! The 
 Mudir came from his house, and met me at the Konak. 
 He at once promised to give me all the help in his 
 power, and rode down with me to Ayasalouk, accom- 
 panied by four zaptiehs armed with their guns, pistols, 
 and yataghans. Although we were only six to seventy, 
 we did not anticipate any resistance. At the same time 
 we formed our plans for securing our prisoners, for the 
 Mudir agreed with me that it would be necessary to arrest 
 all the most suspicious of the workmen. As we ap- 
 proached the village of Ayasalouk, the zaptiehs separated, 
 and hurried on in different directions, leaving the Mudir 
 and myself to ride along the ordinary road unattended. 
 Night was fast coming on, and the short twilight favoured 
 our plan. We entered the village without alarming those 
 of my workmen whom we found in the cafes drinking or 
 smoking. Having arrested and secured all whom we sus- 
 pected here, we obtained six or seven lengths of rope, and 
 a lantern, and proceeded on our way to take the remainder 
 at their sleeping places among the ruins. It was quite 
 dark when we reached the first of them, and thus, as 
 our numbers could not be ascertained, the men made 
 no attempt at resistance, and we arrested them as we 
 
A SUPPOSED MURDER. 93 
 
 found them, gang after gang, in the vaults and caverns, 
 and tied them together, in groups of six or seven, to the 
 number of thirty-six including the prisoners taken in the 
 village. By the time all this was done, we had reached 
 the front of the Great Theatre. The police then lighted 
 the torches they had brought with them, and some of my 
 workmen proceeded to exhume the body of the mur- 
 dered man. This was no easy task, for the body had 
 been deposited five or six feet below the surface, and large 
 stones had been heaped upon it. Two good hours were 
 spent in getting at it, and when it was taken out, its ad- 
 vanced state of decomposition left the exact manner of his 
 death as much a mystery as before. The body was there- 
 fore replaced, and we started for Ayasalouk with our 
 prisoners. As I was the only person thoroughly ac- 
 quainted with all the holes and pitfalls I had dug on our 
 road, I was obliged to lead the way, while the others 
 followed me as closely as possible. Our march was per- 
 formed in perfect silence. 
 
 The following morning I visited the prisoners, one 
 half of whom were crowded into the small room occupied 
 by the police, while the others stood about the porch, 
 closely watched. The Mudir's secretary was engaged in 
 taking down their names on a long strip of paper, before 
 their departure as prisoners for Scala Nova. They 
 were then again strongly tied together in five or six 
 gangs, and so marched off with an armed escort, headed 
 by the Mudir, who promised to bring them all back to 
 their work the next day, after their examination by the 
 Kaimachan (Governor). In the meantime I endeavoured 
 
 Murdered 
 man ex- 
 humed. 
 
 Prisoners. 
 
94 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Patience 
 of the 
 Mudir. 
 
 State of 
 
 the 
 
 country. 
 
 to supply their places by other men, as the elders of the 
 village told me I must not expect my men to be returned 
 to me for a long time. On the fourth day the Mudir re- 
 turned with a message from the Kaimachan to the effect 
 that he would like to see me. I therefore started off with 
 the Mudir and a zaptieh. On the way to Scala Nova 
 the Mudir had an opportunity of showing the excellence 
 of his temper, for on attempting to pass by the lower 
 bridle path at the foot of the rocky steep on which ' St. 
 Paul's. Prison ' stands, the ground proved so swampy that 
 his horse nearly disappeared beneath him, and he had to 
 disengage himself as quickly as possible to get out of the 
 slough. Horse, rider, saddle-bags, and all were covered 
 with thick mud, but ' Zara yok ' (no matter) were the only 
 words that escaped the patient Mudir. On reaching the 
 first road-side cafe, which had the usual fountain and a 
 plentiful supply of spring water, he spent more than half 
 an hour in washing the mud off his clothes, his horse, and 
 trappings. 
 
 On approaching Scala Nova we fell in with a dozen 
 armed zaptiehs, who had been out all night in search of 
 robbers, the country being at that time infested by many 
 bands of Greeks from Crete, who, having deserted the 
 cause they had engaged to fight for, came, formidably 
 armed with breechloaders, to the coast of Asia Minor. 
 Here the mountains afforded them a safe retreat from the 
 pursuit of the police, while they could swoop down from 
 their hiding places upon any unfortunate travellers who 
 might happen to pass within reach of them. 
 
 On arriving at the Konak we were shown up into an 
 
THE PRISONERS BEFORE THE KAIMACHAN. 
 
 95 
 
 antechamber, where we were served with coffee. Some 
 of the officials here took great interest in examining my 
 revolver, as if it was the first they had ever seen. In due 
 time we were shown into the Council Chamber, where 
 we found the Kaimachan, the Mollah, and some of the 
 Medjilis seated, with their legs crossed under them, on 
 low, wide divans against the walls. 
 
 My reception was the usual flattering one given to 
 Europeans by Turkish gentlemen. A Turk is well pleased 
 if he can speak any European language, however imper- 
 fectly ; in this case, the Kaimachan knew a few words of 
 German, and at the same time that he indicated which 
 seat I should take, he said ' Sitzen sie.' From compli- 
 ments we soon passed to the unpleasant business which 
 had brought us together. The thirty-six prisoners having 
 been ranged along the wall at the lower end of the room, 
 I called over all their names, at the request of the Kai- 
 machan, and recognised them man by man. 
 
 The first man so called was motioned out by the 
 Kaimachan. Seeing his plan, I gave them the same sign 
 one by one, till they had all left the room. ' And now,' 
 said the Kaimachan, ' do you suspect any one of these men 
 of having committed the murder ? ' As I had suspected 
 one man more than the rest only because my ganger had 
 expressed his dislike of him, and because this man had 
 done his best to avoid arrest by secreting himself, I felt 
 that I had no real evidence against him. Not choosing 
 to give utterance to my suspicions, I asked the Kaimachan 
 whether he had obtained evidence against any of the men. 
 As he said he had not, I requested him to let me take 
 
 Reception 
 at Konak. 
 
9 6 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Liberation 
 of the 
 prisoners. 
 
 i Return to 
 Ephesus. 
 
 Murder 
 made easy. 
 
 them all with me back to the Excavations : and to this he 
 consented, evidently glad to be rid of them. Having 
 taken my leave of the Kaimachan and the other officials, 
 I descended into the court-yard, where my men were 
 standing in groups, waiting to hear what had been decided 
 respecting them. There was not a little exultation among 
 the poor fellows when I told them they were free. I saw 
 the place where they had been kept in durance vile. It 
 was a dirty stable without light or air, without beds, and 
 even without straw ; and only a few of the men had taken a 
 small bundle of rags to pillow their heads upon. Wretched 
 as their lodging was I had to pay for it. We all returned 
 together along the sea-shore to Ephesus, the men showing 
 their delight by racing with my horse, or chasing one 
 another into the sea, and gamboling like children as they 
 ran along. I so far humoured them in their sport as to 
 allow some of the most active of them to get to the Great 
 Theatre before me, and as I passed on they gave a hearty 
 cheer. 
 
 The murder, I need scarcely say, was never found out. 
 The victim was probably some poor unknown wayfarer ; 
 and all that we could ascertain about him was that he was 
 not a Turk, his hair being very long and thick. I was 
 told in Smyrna that I might expect to be the next victim, 
 if I took any steps to track murderers and bring them to 
 justice. Cowardly murders are often committed in the 
 streets of Smyrna, and the murderer is almost always 
 allowed to escape until, after the lapse of a few months, he 
 returns to his usual work as if nothing had happened, and 
 no one attempts to interfere with him. 
 
THE STADIUM. 97 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Stadium— Grand Entrance— Tyrants' Palace — Serapion— Double Church — 
 Another Church — Roman Temple — Destructive Turk — Prytaneum— 
 Porticos — Mosaic Pavements — Opistholeprian Gymnasium — The Pnyx 
 — Castle at Ayasalouk — Hippodrome — Roman Aqueduct — Modern 
 Greeks — Hard Times — Curious Letters— Complaints of the Landowners. 
 
 Before leaving the city and working our way to the 
 Temple, I must refer briefly to some of the remains of 
 the public buildings in the city, not hitherto described in 
 this book. 
 
 Beginning at the Coressian Gate, we have near to it, 
 on the south side, the Stadium, built probably in the time 
 of Augustus. The total length of this building, including 
 the Theatre at the east end, is 850 feet ; the exact width 
 cannot be exactly stated, the south side being entirely de- 
 stroyed, but it exceeded 200 feet. In the Theatre, which 
 formed part of the building, the gladiatorial games were 
 probably exhibited. The seats of the Stadium were 
 raised upon arched sub-structures on the north side, and 
 on the solid rock on the south side, where they appear 
 to have been more numerous. As many seats as existed 
 on the north side, were continued around the circular end 
 eastward. Every fragment of these seats has been 
 carried away ; but in the Theatre many of them remain 
 
 H 
 
 The 
 Stadium. 
 
93 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Grand 
 Entrance. 
 
 Tyrant's 
 Palace. 
 
 in position. The western end of the Stadium was adorned 
 by an open columniated screen in two tiers. The bases 
 of the lower columns still remain in position. 
 
 On the north side of the Stadium there was a double 
 colonnade, which ran parallel with it for its whole length, 
 and formed probably not only a grand entrance to the 
 city, but also a promenade for the spectators in the 
 Stadium, from the terrace of which steps probably de- 
 scended every 50 feet, the vomitoria (doors of exit) of the 
 Stadium being that distance apart. The shafts of the 
 columns of the colonnade were of grey granite ; the re- 
 mainder of white marble. This structure belongs pro- 
 bably to the same date as the Stadium. 
 
 To the north of the colonnade there are considerable 
 remains of a grand public building about 250 feet square, 
 i which Mr. Falkener has styled the Gymnasium of the 
 Stadium. I excavated against the front wall ; but as I did 
 hot succeed in finding any inscriptions, I will not venture 
 to say positively what building it was. It may have been 
 the Tyrant's Palace, but I think it could not have been a 
 gymnasium. On the north side of this building, which is 
 here raised on very lofty arched sub-structures, the sea, as 
 many have supposed, approached the city. I have, however, 
 shown that if at any time there was water here, it must 
 have been brought by a canal, like the one constructed 
 between the river Cayster and the City Port. The lofty, 
 sub-structures are supposed by some to have been grana- 
 ries ; but they reminded me forcibly of the Chambers for 
 soldiery at Hadrian's Villa near Tivoli, in imitation of 
 Caesar's Palace in Rome. 
 
THE SERAPION. 
 
 99 
 
 Opposite the Stadium, westward, is a truncated rocky 
 mound, on which Mr. Falkener with good reason places 
 the Serapion. The levelled portion of the rock, which is 
 of marble, gives an area of 250 square feet, in the centre 
 of which is the circular rock-cut foundation of a large 
 altar with four broad flights of steps and three piers for 
 columns between each flight. The quadrangle appears 
 
 Serapion Altar 
 
 to have been surrounded on all sides by small cells or 
 chambers, and the whole arrangement resembles that of 
 the Serapion at Pozzuoli, near Naples. 
 
 The Double Church, on the north side of the Forum, 
 next claims our attention. It was probably one of the 
 earliest Christian churches in Ephesus, and may have been 
 built soon after the destruction of the Temple. The 
 
 H 2 
 
 The 
 Serapion. 
 
 Double 
 Church. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Another 
 church. 
 
 Roman 
 temple. 
 
 eastern church is built entirely of stone ; the western 
 church is chiefly of brick. Both are terminated at the 
 east end by an apse. 
 
 The ruins of another church are to be seen at some 
 distance up the northern slope of Mount Prion, not far 
 from the ruins of a beautiful Roman temple, which is a 
 
 Double Church 
 
 conspicuous object above the Agora. This Roman temple 
 was of fine white marble, the fluted monolothic columns 
 were thirty-nine feet long, and the entablature was richly 
 sculptured. This beautiful ruin was an object of the 
 greatest interest to visitors, and was allowed to remain 
 i undisturbed, until a Turk obtained permission from the, 
 authorities some years ago to take marble from the 
 
SIZE OF THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 ruins of Ephesus, and he carried off a great portion of the 
 remains of this building. Before attempting to remove 
 some of the columns, he chopped off the flutings, and by 
 similar means lightened many of the large blocks he 
 wanted for the unsightly mosque which he was building 
 in Smyrna. He thus disfigured this beautiful ruin and 
 left it covered with marble chippings from the blocks he 
 carried away, and the ruin is no longer interesting. This 
 man carried on his work of destruction in the large mosque 
 
 The Ruins of the Pjrytaneum. 
 
 at Ayasalouk, removing the extremely beautiful Kibleh 
 and some highly ornamental marble slabs from the pulpit 
 and other parts of the building. After all his trouble and 
 expense, he was not allowed to use the stones which he 
 had taken from the mosque, and which remain to this day 
 at the railway station and in some of the narrow streets 
 of Smyrna near his mosque. I was told that the mosque 
 was built at the expense of a rich Turk, who undertook 
 it as an act of devotion. 
 
 Destruc- 
 tive Turk. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 The Pry- 
 taneum. 
 
 Porticos. 
 
 Mosaic 
 pave- 
 
 Opistho • 
 
 leprian 
 
 Gymna- 
 
 On the east side of the Forum and near the great 
 Theatre there are the remains of a very fine stone building 
 which I believe was either the Prytaneum or the Curia. It 
 is about 250 feet square, which is, singularly enough, the 
 size of many of the public buildings in the city. The solid 
 piers of masonry, of which many remain, are particularly 
 well built of large blocks of marble. It was probably 
 erected about the same time as the great Gymnasium, 
 which I assign to the first century of the Christian era. 
 
 All around the Forum there appears to have been a 
 colonnade, some of the slender granite shafts of which 
 remain standing to this day. There was also an upper 
 portico on the east side of the Agora, used probably as a 
 promenade by the better classes of the Ephesians on the 
 days of assembly in the Theatre, of which it is apparently 
 an adjunct. This portico was paved with tesserae, and each 
 compartment between the piers was of a different pattern, 
 resembling both in design and workmanship the style of 
 the houses at Pompeii. Visitors to Ephesus have wan- 
 tonly destroyed both this and another mosaic pavement 
 found near the surface close to the Magnesian Gate. I 
 have, in another part of this book, alluded to the mariner 
 in which visitors to the ruins of Ephesus destroyed any 
 antiquities left on the surface. In the case of these 
 Mosaic pavements the disposition to destroy for mere 
 destruction's sake is more evident, the tesserae having 
 been picked up and left loose on the spot. 
 
 The Opistholeprian Gymnasium or Thermae near the 
 Magnesian Gate is similar in plan to the Gymnasia at 
 Alexandria Troas, and at Tralles. It is a building of the 
 

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first century, about 250 feet square, and is surrounded by 
 an ample diaulos, decorated on the south side by a screen 
 with marble figures of Persians nearly 1 1 feet high. One of 
 these was found prostrate near its original position ; the 
 head, hands, and feet are missing, and these were probably 
 of coloured marble. The remains of many other porticos 
 
 WliM/M 
 
 Mosaic Pavement near Great Theatre. 
 
 and colonnades at Ephesus appear still above ground ; 
 but without extensive excavations, their position, direc- 
 tion, and extent cannot be ascertained. 
 
 The ancient Greek Fort on the hill near the canal 
 leading to the City Port, and commonly called St. Paul's 
 Prison, consists of two stories, each containing four rooms 
 
 St. Paul's 
 Prison. 
 
104 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 opening into one another : the upper story was approached 
 by wide external stone steps, similar to those leading up to 
 the walls of the city on Mount Prion. 
 The In the swampy ground north of the city, and about 
 
 Pnyx. . 
 
 eighty yards distant from the wall, I found what I think 
 must have been the Pnyx of Ephesus. Here was a large 
 
 Plan of Pnyx. 
 
 isolated white marble rock about 150 feet by 80 feet, and 
 standing about eight feet above the present surface of the 
 ground. There is a bema or platform and steps ascend- 
 ing to it, facing the. city wall ; I was strongly reminded 
 by it of the Pnyx at Athens. 
 
 The hill at Ayasalouk is surmounted by a large castle 
 which was to a great extent rebuilt by the Turks on the 
 southern side. There are considerable remains also of a 
 
AGE OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 i°5 
 
 large public building of the same character as the building 
 in the city near the Stadium. 
 
 A very large area remains unexplored between the 
 double church on the north side of the Forum and the city 
 wall. Here might have stood the Hippodrome of Ephesus, 
 if such a building ever existed. 
 
 It is my opinion that the majority of the public build- 
 ings referred to in this chapter may be attributed to 
 the time of Augustus and Tiberius. 
 
 The Roman aqueduct which conveyed water to the 
 city of Ephesus from the mountain on the road to 
 Magnesia ad Mseandrum, traversed the ravine of the 
 pass from east to west, and was there built upon arches 
 in the time of Tiberius, as shown by an inscription upon 
 the structure. A view of this is given in ' Falkener's 
 Ephesus ; ' it forms a pretty architectural feature in the 
 Ephesus pass and it was near this that the Chalet I lived 
 in was situated. My change of residence from the Chalet 
 in this lonely place to the house at Ayasalouk was the 
 commencement of a new phase in my life in those parts, 
 and being close to the railway station, I witnessed many 
 a scene amongst the natives which was more or less 
 amusing and interesting. Large parties of Greeks, con- 
 sisting sometimes of several families, came to Ayasalouk 
 on their way between Smyrna and Scala Nova. Sometimes 
 they were simply passing through to. some festival at Scio 
 or elsewhere, sometimes they were migrating from one 
 place to another, and had all their furniture and personal 
 belongings with them ; the men and women mounted on 
 sorry beasts that could scarcely be called horses, the 
 
 Castle at 
 Ayasa- 
 louk. 
 
 The Hip- 
 podrome. 
 
 Roman 
 Aqueduct . 
 
 * 
 Modern 
 Greeks. 
 
io6 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Hard 
 times. 
 
 women sitting astride on a pillow and holding the children 
 in front of them. They generally allowed ample time 
 for a hearty meal from the baskets which they carried with 
 them, and having placed the provisions on the ground 
 they grouped themselves around them in large parties 
 and dipped their bread in the same dish of sour . milk or 
 olive oil. There is in the modern Greek a peculiar sort 
 of kindheartedness which I should regret leaving un- 
 mentioned : they have great sympathy for one another in 
 cases of illness or any kind of affliction, and three genera- 
 tions can live together contentedly under the same roof 
 and with one common manage for all. Respect for elders, 
 which is quickly disappearing from amongst us in England 
 is still customary with the Greeks and Turks. I have seen 
 a child on being introduced to an elderly Turkish gentle- 
 man, approach him with reverence, take his hand, kiss it, 
 raise it to her forehead, and then gently release it. I leave 
 the reader to contrast this with the happy (?) results of 
 our boasted civilization. 
 
 When I first resided at Ayasalouk, which was early 
 in the year 1868, my mdnage was of the most unpretend- 
 ing description ; and although I had provided myself with 
 a cook, I was often without meat, when the fasts, which 
 he religiously observed, made him indifferent to the con- 
 tents of our larder. Sometimes my neighbour the station- 
 master had more meat than he wanted, and was glad to 
 find a customer for the surplus. The station-master's 
 wife, who was a kind-hearted woman, knowing the care- 
 lessness of my cook, often asked the man what his 
 master had for dinner. One evening, when she made 
 
 _J 
 
AMUSING LETTERS. 107 
 
 this interesting inquiry, the man appears to have been 
 in a bad humour, and replied rudely, the result of 
 which was the following letter from her : — 
 
 ' Memorandum to Wood Esq. 
 
 '8/1,1868. 
 
 ' Dr. Sir, — Hearing from Mr. C that you have 
 
 asked him about a piece of pork or beef, if we could 
 spare, I therefore though (Sir) of asking your Cook if 
 you had anything for supper, and if not I could spare 
 very little of what we had for ourselves, but by the bad 
 manner your man replied to my question, it astonished 
 me, saying in a great voice (that could be heard to a 
 great distance) do I know what Mr. Wood does, do 
 not bother me. 
 
 ' I sure you Sir that if I have been a man to the way 
 the impudent beger replied I would serve him well, 
 please give him to understan that he has not to deal 
 with his own sort. 
 
 ' You are welcome to a piece of roased pork if you 
 desire. ' Yours truly, 
 
 'Mrs. C , 
 
 ' To Mr. Wood, Excavator of Ephesus.' 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. were natives of Corfu, and had 
 therefore acquired some little knowledge of English. 
 
 It appears that at one time one of my people had 
 without my leave set up a bakal's shop to supply the 
 workmen, and this was made known to me by a letter 
 from the bakal, which shall speak for itself: — 
 
 Curious 
 letters. 
 
io8 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 'Ayassalook: 7/2/71. 
 ' Wood, Esq. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — If you'll have to ask me for why I did 
 not gave breads to your men I'll beg to inform you that 
 
 in concequence that your man many times made 
 
 me loss money from many workmen of yours whenever 
 they were to leave your service he should I think have 
 my Self adviced for to ask my money but he always is 
 doing the contrary expresly for to make me loss money. 
 Please take note also that he has doned a ware- 
 house and supplis all the provisions except the bread 
 and I have told him in present of the Station Master 
 here that I would prefer to give him as many Sacks of 
 flour he want for to give them all bread, because I am 
 sorry to say that I cannot have for forty breads three 
 Servanz and horse more. I leave it to your Kind Self 
 to have it arrangt as am poor and I like to have friends 
 and not enemies.' 
 
 Another letter from the Greek Bakal. 
 ' Dear Sir, — In Same time I beg to inform you that 
 as to-day in your presenz (name omitted) insulted me by 
 calling me Iyer I cannot axcept it, as I work just now 
 fourteen years on the Ottoman Railway Company and 
 never heard such words (in reproach). 
 
 ' Please in future get some body other to supply your 
 men with breads and oblige and if the other one has not 
 flour, for these few days I can promise to him presently 
 five sacks — 
 
 ' Yours servant, 
 
 ' Elias Danos.' 
 
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 
 
 109 
 
 One of the Ephesian landowners lived at Scala Nova, 
 and was on friendly terms with the Kaimachan of that 
 place. He therefore prevailed upon him to send a com- 
 plaint to the Pasha of Smyrna, with the view of putting a 
 stop to my excavations in the open plain. The Pasha 
 forwarded the document to our Consul, who immediately 
 favoured me with a copy of it to guide me in my pro- 
 ceedings. The following is a translation of this docu- 
 ment, dated July 28, 1870: — 
 
 ' The Council of the country in question alleging by 
 a Magbata that Mr. Wood, an English subject searching 
 for antiquities in the district of Ayasalouk, has laid waste 
 the lands of many cultivators, they have demanded the 
 execution of what is necessary. 
 
 ' Some days since Ahmed Bey, member of the Council 
 for the proceedings, and Costandi Effendi, member of the 
 Council of the administration, have been sent on business 
 to the aforesaid country, have seen with their own eyes 
 the land dug by Mr. Wood. Taking into consideration 
 their report chiefly on the land situated in the neighbour- 
 hood of the said country, between three, five, and eight 
 steps, and from three to ten pikes deep, are dug wells, 
 and to close the wells dug in each piece of land, from one 
 to two thousand piastres must be spent, and without 
 filling up the aforementioned wells it is impossible to 
 cultivate the aforementioned land. 
 
 ' As the cultivation of the land has remained all be- 
 hind to sow sesame and maize, they can no longer sow it. 
 Whenever the agriculturist asks the aforesaid Mr. Wood 
 to fill up the aforesaid wells, he allows the time to pass 
 
 Com- 
 plaints of 
 the land- 
 owners. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 under various pretences, and every day he makes forty 
 or sixty workmen work on the land of this one or that; 
 one, and the marbles and antiquities which he finds he 
 takes away, and immediately shuts them up in boxes 
 without letting anyone see them, and sends them to 
 Smyrna by railway. 
 
 ' This being verified, has been told to us as being a 
 great drawback to the agriculturists. 
 
 ' Will you take into consideration that this does great 
 harm to the interests of the agriculturists; and that you 
 may see it more clearly, we submit to you also the Mag- 
 bata of the aforesaid Council. The execution of what is 
 necessary depends on the opinion of your adviser. It is for. 
 this we take the liberty of presenting to you the present 
 Magbata— on this subject, as on all occasions, it belongs 
 to him who has the right to command.' 
 
 I may here add that I was not compelled to discon- 
 tinue my explorations, nor to fill up the holes I had 
 dug when this communication was made to the Pasha 
 of Smyrna ; but I afterwards filled up of my own accord 
 most of the holes to which the complaint referred. 
 
THE MAGNESIAN GATE. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 The Magnesian Gate— The River Marnas— Road to Temple— Road to 
 Magnesia — Interesting Tombs— Ancient Wood Carving — Goressian Gate 
 — Plan of Exploration — Discovery of the Portico of Damianus — Hin- 
 drances, Difficulties, and Dangers — Journeying- from England — Con- 
 tinuance of Works— Sarcophagi — Contents of Sarcophagi — Columbaria — 
 Sepulchral Recesses— Quarries — Via Sacra — Miscellaneous Antiquities — 
 Inscriptions — Sepulchre of Androclus — A Sharp-witted Ganger — Hopes 
 and Fears —Discovery of Road leading to Temple — Difficulties — Works 
 Stopped by the T ur ks — The Prince and Princess of Wales— The Mudir 
 — Works Resumed — Supplementary Grant — Peribolos Wall of Temenos 
 Discovered— Interesting Inscriptions — Success — More Inscriptions — In- 
 teresting Historical Facts Confirmed — Contract Work — Letter of Con- 
 gratulation — False Alarm — Brigands — Narrow Escapes — Intriguing 
 Mudir — Amusing Memorial — Telegrams — Curious Letter — Works Sus- 
 pended. 
 
 Having found the Magnesian and Coressian Gates, 
 mentioned in the great Salutarian inscription, I set as 
 many men to work as I could spare from the great 
 Theatre, to open up the roads leading from these gates 
 outside the City. In doing this I had to clear a large 
 space near the Magnesian Gate, which I found had con- 
 sisted of three openings, one of which was for the use of 
 foot passengers, the other two for chariots and waggons. 
 This gate was fortified by large loop-holed towers which 
 flanked it on both sides. The whole of the superstruc- 
 ture of the gate had fallen on the pavement, leaving the 
 piers standing only 7 or 8 feet high. The pavement re- 
 
 The Mag- 
 nesian 
 Gate. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 The river 
 Marnas. 
 
 mained intact, with deeply cut chariot-ruts as at Pompeii. 
 On the two central piers crosses had been cut, like those 
 at the Theatre and other public buildings in the City ; 
 showing that the Christians in those days could exhibit 
 the emblem of their new faith without fear of persecution, 
 as they could not have done in the time of Trajan and 
 Pliny. On the front of one of the central piers was sculp- 
 tured a small bas-relief of Nemesis, the Goddess of Re- 
 tribution, with the long wings and wheels symbolical of 
 the swiftness of her vengeance. This work has unfortu- 
 nately been destroyed by visitors to the ruins. I was 
 afterwards assured that these barbarians were some of 
 the passengers of an English boat, but I did not believe it. 
 
 I examined all the blocks of stone which had formed 
 the superstructure of the gate, in search of an inscription 
 which would give certain information as to its name ; but 
 I found only a line or two with the name of the Emperor 
 Vespasian, in whose time the gate had probably been re- 
 erected. I also found near the gate a large block which 
 probably formed part of the superstructure ; on this was 
 carved the subject of our wood-cut, which I have sup- 
 posed may represent Peace and War. 
 
 Near the gate and outside of it, was found the in- 
 scribed pedestal which had probably supported a figure of 
 the River Marnas, and which informs us that the water 
 of that river was here brought into the City. Before the 
 discovery of this inscription we had only known of thp 
 existence of this river in the Plain of Ephesus by some 
 ancient copper coins of the time of Domitian, and its 
 whereabouts in the plain was unknown. We can now 
 
THE RIVER MARNAS. 
 
 113 
 
 fix its position with tolerable accuracy. It was probably 
 the river which took its rise in the Ephesus Pass, and 
 fell into the river Selinus, somewhere between the Mag- 
 nesian Gate and Ayasalouk. The figure on the coin is 
 helmeted. 
 
 Immediately outside the gate, on the south side, there 
 were the remains of an extremely handsome sarcophagus 
 ornamented with festoons of fruit and flowers, supported by 
 boys, and inscribed with the name Polycarpos accompanied 
 
 Peace and War. 
 
 by a cross. I also found near the gate two sun-dials, one 
 entirely of marble, the other of stone with an iron gnomon. 
 I had to clear a wide space, for the distance of 140 feet 
 outside the gate, before I reached the point where the 
 road bifurcated, one branch of it leading around Mount 
 Coressus towards Ayasalouk, the other towards the 
 Ephesus Pass, and onward to Magnesia ad Meeandrum. 
 It was this latter road that gave the name to the gate. 
 
 1 
 
"4 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Road to 
 Temple. 
 
 Road to 
 Mag- 
 nesia. 
 
 I soon determined which of these two roads was more 
 likely to lead to the Temple. The road leading to Ayasa- 
 louk, thirty-five feet in width, and paved with immense 
 blocks of marble and limestone, was very deeply worn into 
 four distinct ruts, showing the constant passing and repass- 
 ing of chariots and other vehicles. The road leading to 
 
 FRVCTVS-L1CT0R- FONTEI • AGRIPPAE -PRO 
 GOS VIXIT-AN NIS- XXX. 
 
 Tomb of a Ijictor. 
 
 Magnesia, on the other hand, showed little or no wear, the 
 marks of wheels being scarcely discernible. Along the 
 sides of this road, however, I found some very interesting 
 tombs and monuments, and I therefore opened it up for 
 the distance of nine hundred yards, beyond which there 
 seemed to be no tombs or sarcophagi. 
 
SEPULCHRAL INSCRLPTIONS. 
 
 i'S 
 
 One of the most curious tombs discovered here was 
 that of D. Publicius Fructus, who was a Lictor of the 
 Proconsul Fonteius Agrippa. In a large sunk panel are 
 carved the fasces, and an axe surmounted by the head 
 of (j>6/3o<; (Terror). This man had died at the early 
 age of thirty years. An inscription on a sarcophagus J 
 records the death of Valerius, a soldier who served in 
 the Roman army for eight years, and died at the age 
 of twenty-six years and six months. Another tomb 
 was that of M. Calpurnius Rufus, Praetorian legate of 
 Cyprus, Pontus, Bithynia, and the province of Asia. 2 
 
 Near this were found the tombs of Metrodorus the 
 Ephebarch, 3 and of Marcus Helvius Geminus, Imperial 
 Propraetor of Asia. 4 
 
 Many other tombs have interesting inscriptions, some 
 of which relate to personages who held high official posts 
 under the Roman Empire. In a sarcophagus by the 
 side of the road leading to Magnesia ad Maeandrum, I 
 found a well-executed profile, probably of the occupant, 
 carved in wood, in a fair state of preservation, but which 
 would not bear careless handling. In another sarcophagus 
 we found a perfect skeleton, with the arms bent at the 
 elbows and crossed on the chest. By the side of the 
 road we also found a dedication by Earinus, who held the 
 office of Tabularius of the province of Asia. 5 
 
 The road to Magnesia winds amongst the sub- 
 structures of monuments, some of which are of large 
 
 1 See Appendix, Inscription on Tombs, Sarcophagi, &c. 
 
 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. * Ibid. 
 5 Appendix, Sundries. 
 
 I 2 
 
 Interest- 
 ing tombs. 
 
 Ancient 
 wood- 
 carving. 
 
n6 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 t The Co- 
 : ressian 
 ! Gale. 
 
 proportions and very massive, and are evidently raised 
 over the remains of persons of distinction. These are to 
 be traced for more than two miies beyond the gates. 
 
 In opening the road towards Ayasalouk, I found at 
 first only a few large marble sarcophagi, inscribed with 
 the names of the occupants ; and none of these were of 
 special interest. The discovery of them was occasionally 
 announced by the English ganger, who informed me in 
 quite an excited manner, ' They've found another sar- 
 copalns, Sir ! ' 
 
 The Coressian Gate appeared to have been used only 
 by foot passengers, as I could discover no signs of wheel 
 traffic in the road leading from it. I found tombs on both 
 sides of this road, and a number of handsome sarcophagi, 
 large and small, in position. At the distance of 500 yards 
 outside, the Gate, the road bifurcated, the branch to the 
 left leading to a point some distance north of the hill at 
 Ayasalouk, where it probably joined the road to Smyrna. 
 The other led direct to the sacred precinct cf the Temple, 
 as I afterwards ascertained. The road which led around 
 Mount Coressus from the Magnesian Gate, crossed at this 
 point, and passed on northward. 
 
 Built into one of the piers of the Coressian Gate, 
 was found part of a frieze from some more ancient public 
 building, inscribed with an epitaph in eight elegiac 
 verses. 1 
 
 Looking now from the Magnesian Gate in the 
 direction of the road which I had selected as the most 
 
 1 Appendix, Sundries from Ephesus, Inscription No. 1. 
 
2 HE MAGNESIAN GATE. 
 
 likely to lead to the Temple, I could see no ground 
 within six hundred feet which could possibly be the site ; 
 yet this appeared to be the length of the Stoa or Portico 
 of Damianus described by Philostratus as uniting the 
 Temple with the city. There was, however, one pro- 
 mising feature, which I did not overlook ; this was a 
 decided /ca^oSos or descending road, similar to that 
 described by Philostratus, where the portico was said to 
 begin, that is at the Magnesian Gate. 
 
 I determined ultimately to set aside for a time the 
 question as to the exact length of the portico, and to 
 bestow all my means and energy in opening up as great 
 a length of the road as I possibly could, with the balance 
 I had then in hand, before the hot season should set in. 
 The discovery of the Magnesian Gate was a great stride 
 towards that of the Temple itself ; and I was satisfied 
 in my own mind that I was making fair progress. Of 
 this, however, I had to convince the Trustees, that I might 
 obtain the necessary funds to continue the excavations. 
 I therefore opened up the outer side of the road around 
 the mountain, in search of a road which led away from it 
 towards the open plain, where I thought the Temple must 
 inevitably be found. 
 
 I succeeded in exploring five hundred yards of the 
 road in this manner by the time my funds were ex- 
 hausted. At this distance from the gate I found the 
 stone piers of a portico which must have been that of 
 Damianus. I now concluded that this portico was of 
 great length, and that the six hundred feet of it men- 
 tioned by Philostratus as having been built of stone, 
 
 Plan of 
 explora- 
 
 Discovery 
 of the 
 Portico of 
 Damia- 
 
n8 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Hin- 
 drances, 
 difficul- 
 ties, and 
 dangers. 
 
 was of a more ornate character than the remainder. 
 The clouds had begun to disperse, and the difficulties to 
 lessen. 
 
 Early in May I suspended the excavations, and 
 returned to England, to rejoin my family, from 
 whom I had been separated since September, and to 
 make arrangements, if possible, fur the prosecution 
 of the explorations during another season, which I had 
 determined should in future exclude the summer 
 months. 
 
 One of the difficulties in conducting excavations at 
 Ephesus, and one of my greatest enemies, was the fever 
 which prevails there, and which is generated by the ex- 
 tensive marshes near the river Cayster on the north side 
 of the city. I was not sufficiently careful, and for years 
 took no precautions, such as generous living and occa- 
 sional relaxation would have afforded me against the 
 common foe. I was therefore a constant sufferer, and 
 my courage and powers of endurance were put to severe 
 tests, and threatened from time to time to break down. 
 Other hindrances, difficulties, and dangers were caused 
 partly by the vexatious stoppage of the works by the 
 different Pashas of Smyrna, who succeeded one another 
 so rapidly that as soon as I had propitiated one of them 
 I found myself obliged to conciliate another ; and in part 
 by the insufficiency or inefficiency of workmen. Large 
 parties of my best workmen were sometimes taken 
 without notice by the railway companies and others. 
 Then, too, my life was repeatedly threatened and even 
 attempted; and there was always the danger of injury 
 
FLOODS IN ITALY. 119 
 
 from falling earth and stones, from which I had many 
 narrow escapes. 
 
 But above all these there was the fear of failure for 
 want of funds to continue the excavations. This caused 
 me constant anxiety at that time. In my less sanguine 
 or hopeful moods, I would sometimes wish for a great 
 earthquake to open up a chasm, and reveal the secret ; 
 but if this had happened, I should have lost the credit of 
 finding the Temple. During my stay in England, the 
 Trustees of the British Museum determined to proceed 
 with the works, and Mrs. Wood accompanied me on 
 my return to Smyrna towards the end of October. We 
 were detained at Vogogna for five days by the floods 
 with twenty others who came over the Simplon Pass at 
 the same time. As the roads and bridges were washed 
 away, and could not be put in order for some months, 
 we continued our journey by a circuitous route which 
 brought us to Baveno on the Lago Maggiore. The 
 water had risen in the lake to the first-floor windows of 
 the houses, and by the time we reached Milan we had 
 seen enough water to satisfy the keenest hydropathist 
 living. To get to the salle-a-manger of the hotel at 
 Baveno, a narrow plank was placed from one window to 
 another across the street, which was then like one of 
 the Venetian canals. No lady could therefore cross to 
 the room where dinner was served, and we went on our 
 way fasting. 
 
 On our arrival at Ephesus I set to work immediately 
 with the few men I could get together on the spot, 
 beginning from the point where I had suspended work in 
 
 Journey- 
 ing from 
 England. 
 
 Continu- 
 ance of 
 works. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Sarco- 
 phagi. 
 
 May, and continuing to open up the road leading around 
 Mount Coressus towards Ayasalouk. Tombs of every 
 description, but chiefly sarcophagi of white marble, of the 
 third, fourth, and fifth century of our era, were found on 
 both sides of the road. 
 
 I also found in position the majority of the stone piers 
 of the Portico of Damianus in a continuous line on the 
 inner side of the road, that is, nearest the mountain. 
 This portico was twelve feet wide between the piers. 
 As I found no remains of the superstructure, I pre- 
 sume that it was of wood : the portion described by 
 Philostratus as being of stone for the length of a stadium 
 (600 feet) was probably that part nearest the Temple, 
 which remains undiscovered. Between the piers of the 
 portico nearest the road we found sarcophagi of the 
 largest size, all of which bore Greek or Latin inscriptions. 
 
 Where the road changes direction at rather an acute 
 angle, to make its course conformable to the shape of the 
 mountain, I found a continuous row of sarcophagi suc- 
 ceeded for some distance by tombs of every description. 
 Some of the sarcophagi, which were chiefly of white 
 
 marble, had the Christian monogram A 
 
 * 
 
 carved 
 
 upon their covers. These were of the fourth or fifth cen • 
 tury. Other sarcophagi were ornamented with bulls' 
 heads and rams' heads, and festoons of fruit and flowers ; 
 others, again, were much plainer, some being roughly 
 blocked out for similar decoration. 1 
 
 1 Appendix, Inscriptions on Tombs, &c. 
 
I was unwilling to open any of the tombs or sarco- 
 phagi ; but finding that my workmen and others were less 
 scrupulous, I carefully removed some of the covers of 
 the latter, and after examination of the contents, replaced 
 them. In one of these, I found the complete skeletons of 
 fourteen persons, but nothing more ; eight of the bodies 
 had been placed in one direction, and the position of the 
 remainder was reversed. This sarcophagus must have 
 been used as a family grave or vault is at the present 
 day. 
 
 In another large sarcophagus I found four skeletons, 
 four flat terra-cotta dishes, and four small terra-cotta 
 vases, but no coins, jewellery, or other article of value. 
 In none of these did I find or expect to find the obolus or 
 passage money for Charon, as they were all Christian 
 tombs. 
 
 On a white marble cippus placed over one of the 
 tombs in addition to the usual sepulchral inscription, 
 there were four lines of Greek poetry relating to T. 
 Calpurinius who came from the banks of the Rhine. J 
 This inscription is remarkable for being cut with great 
 precision, and deeply incised. 
 
 Some of the tombs were vaulted chambers, finished 
 in stucco, and roughly painted, with inscribed tablets over 
 the marble doorways, which were filled in with rubble 
 masonry. 
 
 A few of the tombs were ornamented with groups of 
 figures in bas-relief. See woodcut, page 123. 
 
 1 Appendix. Inscriptions from Tombs, &c. 
 
 Contents 
 of sarco- 
 phagi. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Colum- 
 baria. 
 
 Sepul- 
 chral re 
 cesses. 
 
 Our woodcut represents a curious monumental stone 
 from a Christian tomb. 
 
 On the side of the mountain near this road an upper 
 road for foot passengers had been constructed by arched 
 recesses where they were required by the irregularities 
 
 Christian Tombstone. 
 
 of the natural formation. Many of these recesses had 
 been used as columbaria. 
 
 Above this road, which can be traced, with few inter- 
 ruptions, all round the mountain from the Magnesian to 
 the Coressian Gate, some rough rock-cut inscriptions 
 may be seen with a great number of small deep recesses 
 
(loculi) for sepulchral urns, which probably had been 
 closed by inscribed marble or bronze slabs. Some of 
 these recesses might have been for votive offerings, and 
 probably had sculptured facings like the examples in the 
 British Museum. Higher up the side of the mountain 
 and near the Magnesian Gate there remains one large 
 
 .Bas-reliei' from Tomb. 
 
 roughly hewn sarcophagus. There might have been many 
 more originally, as this part of the mountain, outside the 
 walls, appears to have been one vast cemetery. 
 
 This side of Mount Coressus is remarkable for its 
 extensive and deep quarries, none of which, however, yield 
 
 Quarries. 
 
124 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Via 
 Sacra. 
 
 white marble, as has been often erroneously stated, the 
 rock being gray crystalline limestone, or gray marble. 
 Some of these quarries are more than ioo feet deep. 
 The wild birds build their nests in them now in perfect 
 safety, and here the traveller might sit from sunrise 
 to sunset without seeing a fellow-creature ; the scene 
 forcibly reminding one of the ' rough quarries ' and ' rocks ' 
 in Othello's oration before the senate. 
 
 As the tombs and sarcophagi along the main road 
 
 Koct-cut Sepulchral Recesses. 
 
 were placed side by side as closely as possible, I opened 
 up the outer side of the road with a continuous trench, 
 always looking for the road, which I thought must 
 inevitably lead off from it towards the Temple. 
 
 In this Street of Tombs, which, as I eventually learnt 
 led to the Temple, and which I would venture to call the 
 Via Sacra, were found hundreds of terra-cotta lamps of 
 various forms and sizes, some quite plain, others orna- 
 mented with the forms of human, heroic, or mythological 
 
MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES. 125 
 
 figures, or by animals in relief. We found also ivory and 
 bone pins, from one inch and a half to five inches long, 
 some of which had been covered with a coating of gold 
 leaf. 
 
 I did not succeed in finding the site of the Jewish 
 Cemetery which must have existed at Ephesus, but it was 
 possibly at some distance from the city, and in a part of 
 the plain where no excavations were made. 
 
 Amongst other miscellaneous antiquities found in the 
 course of the excavations may be mentioned fragments of 
 small terra-cotta figures, most of which were roughly 
 moulded ; one or two pheasant whistles in terra- cotta, 
 ivory and bone knife-handles, bronze nails, buckles, and 
 a few iron implements, fragments in ivory of musical instru- 
 ments, marbles of the same size as those used by school- 
 boys in modern times, a few mechanics' implements, of 
 which the most remarkable was a small well-made bronze 
 square for marking off right angles, fragments of bronze 
 basins, a bronze mirror, &c. 
 
 Some of the inscriptions on the tombs and elsewhere 
 are worthy of particular mention here. 
 
 (1.) An inscription on a tablet over the door- way of 
 a tomb, in Greek and Latin, to the memory of P. 
 Terentius Olympus and his family. 1 
 
 (2.) An inscription to the memory of Faustina, who 
 filled the office of /cocr/A^'retpa of Artemis and to her 
 husband Menander. 2 
 
 (3.) A small sarcophagus of white marble, ornamented 
 
 1 See Appendix, Inscriptions from Tombs, &c. 
 
 2 Ibid. 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous an- 
 tiquities. 
 
 Inscrip- 
 tions. 
 
126 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Sepul- 
 chre of 
 Andro- 
 clus. 
 
 like the large ones, with rams' heads and festoons, inscribed 
 with the name Anassa, wife or daughter of Apollonius. 
 
 (4.) Another similar sarcophagus, inscribed with the 
 name Pannychos, his wife Pithane, and his daughter 
 (name omitted), in Greek and Latin. 
 
 (5.) The pedestal of a statue erected in honour of 
 Aelius Marcianus Priscus, an Agonothetes in the public 
 games, probably of Ephesus. Two sides of this pedestal 
 are covered with an inscription, part of which appears to 
 be a letter from a Proconsul named Cams. 1 
 
 (6.) An inscribed tablet in the name of a family of 
 gladiators, when Tiberius Julius Rheginus filled the office 
 of Asiarch. 2 
 
 (7.) Another monumental tablet, with an inscription 
 in Latin, recording the name of Apollonius, who was 
 Verna Arcarius of the Province of Asia. 
 
 In a comparatively modern building near the road to 
 Magnesia, and about a mile from the city gate, I found 
 the upper stone of an ancient tomb inscribed with the 
 name of Paullus Fabius Persicus, Pontifex, Sodalis 
 Augustalis, Frater Arvalis. 
 
 Pausanias, in his description of Greece, tells us that 
 the Sepulchre of Androclus, surmounted by the figure of 
 a man in armour, was in his time to be seen in the road 
 which led from the Temple of Artemis to the Temple of 
 Jupiter Olympius and the gates called Magnesian. 
 
 Bearing this passage in mind, I looked anxiously for 
 this ancient monument in the road which I was there 
 
 1 Appendix, Inscriptions from Great Theatre. 
 
 2 Appendix, ibid. 
 
TOMB OF ANDROCLUS. 127 
 
 opening up. When I came to a point where this and 
 other buildings might have stood, I cut a number of 
 cross trenches towards the open plain from the outer 
 side of the road, and in this manner found what I believe 
 was the lower part of this sepulchre. These founda- 
 tions consisted of several courses of cushioned masonry 
 composed of immense blocks of white marble, mounted 
 on a plinth which formed a base 42 feet square. There 
 was a doorway on the east side. A trench cut through 
 the interior of the monument led to no further discovery. 
 The whole of the superstructure had been carried away. 
 The discovery of these remains was most encourag- 
 ing, as it assured me that I had not missed my way, and 
 that I was still fairly on the road to the Temple. The 
 Sepulchre of Androclus is 2,600 feet from the Magnesian 
 Gate, and it was discovered in February 1 869. 
 
 I had sought in vain for the Temple of Jupiter; but 
 I believe it would be found between the Sepulchre of 
 Androclus and the Magnesian Gate and between the 
 road and the mountain. 
 
 I employed at that time rather a sharp-witted and 
 unscrupulous ganger. When I began digging the trenches, 
 one of which unearthed the Sepulchre of Androclus, 
 the occupier of the land came to ask him whether his 
 master intended cutting many more of those ugly holes, 
 and what right he had to dig them at all. The ganger, 
 foreseeing opposition and possibly the stoppage of the 
 works, replied with an ingenious lie, after the fashion 
 of the country, that his master's right was greater than 
 his (the occupier's) ; for whereas the latter had paid only 
 
 A sharp- 
 witted 
 ganger. 
 
128 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Hopes 
 ana fears. 
 
 a few piastres for his right (such as it was), his master 
 had paid a large sum of money to the Turkish Govern- 
 ment for the privilege of digging there. This appeared 
 to satisfy the man, who very likely had no right what- 
 ever to the land, which remained uncultivated for years 
 after I had passed over it. The trenches remained 
 open up to the time of my leaving Ephesus, and no one 
 had applied to have them filled up, The average depth 
 of the excavation along the road traced from the Mag- 
 nesian Gate was about 1 2 feet. 
 
 Having thus, in the Sepulchre of Androclus, another 
 clue to the site of the Temple, I now continued the ex- 
 cavation with renewed hope of success, and with the 
 energy with which that hope did not fail to inspire me. 
 At the same time I feared that if I did not succeed dur- 
 ing that season of 1868-69, in finding some more satis- 
 factory clue to the exact site of the Temple than a mere 
 road (however promising I might think it), I should not 
 obtain another grant, and that thus for want of funds I 
 might be obliged to abandon the excavations. 
 
 The fear of failure now cost me many a pang, as I 
 looked over the smooth Plain of Ephesus, with its gentle 
 uninterrupted incline towards the sea, and without any 
 mound to indicate the site of such a building as the 
 Temple of Artemis. 
 
 Passing onward from the Sepulchre of Androclus, I 
 continued opening up the road, and by now sinking my 
 pits less frequently than before, I very quickly explored 
 another 600 feet of road. This brought me nearly oppo- 
 site an ancient road, or bridle-path, which led over the 
 
DISCOVERY—FRESH HINDRANCES. 
 
 129 
 
 depressed centre of Mount Coressus towards the Forum 
 on the west side of the city. I here found the road I 
 had been so anxiously looking for, leading away from the 
 foot of the mountain towards the cemetery at Ayasalouk. 
 This road was 45 feet wide, 10 feet wider than the road I 
 had been exploring from the Magnesian Gate. This dis- 
 covery was another great stride towards success. As far as 
 I was able to explore it, on both sides of the road were 
 marble sarcophagi, one of which was ornamented with a 
 
 Discovery 
 of road 
 leading to 
 the 
 Temple. 
 
 Sarcoptua^us with Medusa's Head. 
 
 Medusa's head in relief, and was inscribed with the name 
 of P. Cornelius Nicephorus, Nomenclator. 
 
 A great and apparently insuperable difficulty now pre- 
 sented itself. I was unable to explore the newly found 
 road for any distance. The whole Plain of Ephesus had 
 that year been sown with barley, and as we were then in 
 the month of April, it had grown up to nearly its full 
 height. Barley in Asia Minor grows high enough to con- 
 
 Difficul- 
 ties. 
 
'3° 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 : Works 
 stopped 
 by the 
 Turks. 
 
 The 
 Prince 
 and 
 
 Princess 
 of Wales. 
 
 ceal a man on horseback. I could not venture to cut the 
 barley, as I had not the means to compensate the pro- 
 prietors or occupiers of the land, and the admission of 
 their claims might have brought upon me a large number 
 of demands, for holes and trenches left open in the ground 
 already explored. I took advantage of a modern boun- 
 dary between two barley fields, to trace the road for 
 several hundred feet. Looking onward in the direction 
 which it took, I found it pointed towards some large 
 olive trees which grew by the side of a modern boun- 
 dary, more than half a mile distant, where I had before 
 sunk a trial hole without any satisfactory result, the 
 sand and stones having fallen in before the hole had 
 been sunk to a sufficient depth. 
 
 I determined now to venture the small sum total of 
 my balance in hand upon one or two trenches near the 
 olive trees, and as many trial holes, in the ground 
 between them and the foot of the mountain, as the inter- 
 mediate boundaries might allow. But I had scarcely be- 
 gun to act upon this resolution, when the Mudir, having 
 an eye to the contents of a large sarcophagus found near 
 the Coressian Gate, stopped the excavations, under the pre- 
 tence that my firman required renewal. This was a most 
 provoking interruption, but there was no remedy but to 
 go at once to Constantinople, and obtain the renewal of my 
 firman for another year. 
 
 The Prince and Princess of Wales were then at the 
 Turkish capital, and there seemed little hope of my 
 affairs being attended to ; but through the good offices of 
 Sir Henry Eliott, our Ambassador at Constantinople, I 
 
PERIBOLUS WALL. 
 
 13- 
 
 returned to Smyrna in less than a week, with renewed 
 power to continue the excavations. 
 
 When I returned to Ephesus, I found that the Mudir, 
 taking advantage of my absence, had opened the large 
 sarcophagus, with what result I never ascertained. I 
 may here explain that a mudir is a deputy collector of 
 taxes in an appointed district, where he is also head of 
 the police and may make arrests, but he must take his 
 prisoners before a pasha or kaimachan, for trial and judg- 
 ment. 
 
 I now put a dozen men to dig a large trench near the 
 olive trees, and a few others to dig some trial holes, 
 wherever the boundaries between the fields permitted, in 
 order to trace the direction of the road leading to the 
 Temple. In a few days we found in the large trench a 
 thick wall, built with large blocks of stone and marble, 
 which I hoped would prove to be the peribolus wall of 
 the sacred precinct of the Temple. 
 
 I had applied to the Trustees for a further advance of 
 200/., to continue the excavations till the end of May. My 
 application was fortunately successful ; at the same time it 
 was intimated to me, that this additional grant was only 
 allowed in consideration of my having worked at this 
 apparently hopeless enterprise for so many years, and that 
 unless I succeeded in finding something more satisfactory 
 than a road and a wall, to prove that I was now approach- 
 ing the site of the Temple, I must not expect further funds 
 to continue the search. Thus it will be seen what a nar- 
 row escape we had of losing the prize which ultimately 
 rewarded our perseverance. 
 
 The 
 Mudir. 
 
 Works re- 
 sumed. 
 
 Supple- 
 mentary 
 grant. 
 
132 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Peribo- 
 lus wall of 
 Temenos 
 dis- 
 covered. 
 
 Interest- 
 ing in- 
 scriptions. 
 
 I now carefully studied the ground in the immediate 
 neighbourhood of the morsel of wall found near the olive 
 trees. I observed that the wall took the same direction as 
 that of a modern boundary which formed an angle near 
 the trench I had dug. Suspecting that the modern boun- 
 dary might mark the position of an ancient wall, I cut 
 another large trench and hit most fortunately upon the 
 angle of the wall into which were built two large stones, 
 equidistant from the angle, with duplicate inscriptions 
 in Latin and Greek, by which we are informed that 
 this wall was built by order of Augustus in the twelfth 
 year of his Consulate and the eighteenth year of his 
 Tribunitian power B.C. 6 and that it was to be paid 
 for and maintained out of the revenues of the Arte- 
 misium and the Augusteum. This was therefore, with- 
 out doubt, the peribolus wall of the Temenos of the 
 Temple of Artemis, described by Tacitus as having 
 been built by Augustus to restrict the limits of the 
 sanctuary or asylum for criminals which had been un- 
 duly enlarged by Alexander the Great, Mithridates, and 
 Mark Antony. 
 
 The Pasha of Smyrna, who had expressed a wish to 
 be informed when I found the Temple in duplicate, had 
 left long before these inscriptions were discovered, or I 
 should certainly have sent him notice of this discovery of 
 an inscription in duplicate, the only one, as it so happened, 
 found at Ephesus, and therefore a lawful prize for the 
 Turkish authorities. I had one of the inscribed stones 
 afterwards conveyed to Smyrna, and formally handed it 
 over to the Turkish commissioner who was appointed to 
 
THE TEMENOS FOUND. 
 
 '33 
 
 watch my proceedings, and take possession of all that the 
 Ottoman Government could claim under the conditions 
 of my firman ; but the stone remains at the railway 
 station at Smyrna to this day. 
 
 The great question as to the whereabouts of the 
 Temple was now decided. Six years had elapsed since I 
 had first begun the search. This seems a long time, but 
 the actual time devoted to the search did not extend over 
 more than twenty months, and the cost of the work did 
 not exceed 2,000/. 
 
 n=r ^^E5^E£S 
 
 3 f 
 
 Si^^^^" 
 
 55 
 
 j.i. 1 jr 
 
 ^SSSS^ 
 
 ( mxM 
 
 Peribolus "Wall. 
 
 A, B, C, D, ARE THE INSCRIBED BLOCKS. 
 
 In the course of these excavations I had found 
 Hypocausts of several Roman baths in the open plain 
 of Ephesus, the dwarf columns between the two pave- 
 ments being composed of terra-cotta. One of these 
 hypocausts was found near the Peribolus wall of the 
 Temple. 
 
 Eager to obtain more inscriptions, I opened up the 
 peribolus wall each way from the angle, and at the 
 distance of eighteen feet found on each face another in- 
 scription, giving the width of the roads and streams. 
 These were respectively fifteen cubits wide. 
 
 One very interesting fact is connected with all these 
 
 Success. 
 
 More in- 
 scriptions. 
 
1.34 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Interest- 
 ing his- 
 torical 
 facts con- 
 firmed. 
 
 Contract 
 ! work. 
 
 Letter of 
 con- 
 gratula- 
 tion. 
 
 False 
 alarm. 
 
 four inscriptions. From every one of them the name of 
 the Proconsul had been erased, or rather the fiat had gone 
 forth for its erasure, but it had not been thoroughly 
 executed in every instance A portion of the name ('C. 
 Asinio ') still remained on one of the stones. 
 
 Mr. W. H. Waddington, an accomplished scholar, and 
 expert in the deciphering of Greek inscriptions, but who 
 is now, unfortunately for science, a deputy of the French 
 Assembly, ascertained that this man was C. Asinius 
 Gallus, who was Proconsul B.C. 8, and was put to death by 
 Tiberius a.d. 33, when his name was ordered to be erased 
 from all monuments. Fortunately for us, the mason did 
 not complete his task. Possibly a shower of rain came on 
 while he was executing the order, and what was then left 
 of the name was carelessly allowed to remain, or thus 
 much of the inscription might have been left to show who 
 it was that had been thus dishonoured. 
 
 The wall itself was a most disgraceful piece of work, 
 probably contract work ! If I had not found the inscrip- 
 tions built into it, I never could have believed that it had 
 been built in the time of Augustus. 
 
 I received a most gratifying letter of congratulation 
 from Mr. Waddington on the discovery of the peribolus 
 wall, from which I quote one paragraph, showing his 
 appreciation of the discovery : ' I congratulate you most 
 warmly on your most important discovery, the more so 
 because it is not the result of a lucky accident, but entirely 
 due to your wonderful perseverance and tenacity under 
 difficult and sometimes dangerous circumstances.' 
 
 While digging deep trial holes all over the Eastern 
 
NARROW ESCAPES. 
 
 '35 
 
 extremity of the plain, I had many a fright for the safety 
 of the men. On the very spot where I eventually found 
 the peribolus wall, and where I had once or twice before 
 tried to get down, I set a man to dig wide and deep. He 
 did not, however, dig wide enough, and the upright sides 
 of the holes fell in. I came to the spot one afternoon and 
 seeing the man's upper coat and shovel lying on the 
 ground hard by, I supposed that he was in the hole. 
 Hurrying to the nearest gang of men, I brought them to 
 the spot in breathless haste to get out the dying or dead 
 man. Leaving them at work, I rode off in another direc- 
 tion to a man who coolly told me that the supposed victim 
 had gone to a neighbouring cafe, after the earth had fallen 
 in without doing him any injury. I shall have hereafter to 
 notice one or two accidents caused by the sudden falling 
 in of the sides of excavations, but I may mention that 
 during our eleven years of work we have only lost one 
 life by casualty. 
 
 The discovery of the peribolus wall and the in- 
 scriptions built into it occurred early in May 1869, and 
 it was at that time that 1 had several narrow escapes of 
 being taken prisoner by the same band of brigands 
 which, soon after I left Ephesus that year, succeeded in 
 taking Mr. Alfred Van Lennep, on his father's farm, not 
 many miles from Ephesus, and obtaining ransom money 
 to the amount of 1,500/. 
 
 The narrowest of my escapes from being taken by 
 this band, which was said to number thirteen men, was 
 purely accidental. When they first came to the imme- 
 mediate neighbourhood of Ephesus I was cutting trenches 
 
 Brigands. 
 
 Narrow 
 escapes. 
 
136 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 and sinking trial holes in the plain between Mount 
 Coressus and Ayasalouk. My men were therefore 
 scattered about digging either singly or in pairs. I made 
 my rounds on horseback in the morning and afternoon, 
 attended by my groom only. We were both unarmed, 
 and no doubt this fact was noted by the brigands, who 
 must have watched my proceedings from some hiding 
 place. On the day which they had fixed for my capture, 
 it happened that a special train was appointed to run from 
 Smyrna to Aidin. At that time Mrs. Wood used to 
 remain in Smyrna, and I went alone to Ephesus for the 
 week ; and I had promised, that if a special train ran that 
 week to Aidin, I would meet it at Ayasalouk, and if she 
 were in it accompany her to Aidin. On hearing from the 
 station-master that a special train to Aidin was expected 
 from Smyrna, I met it, omitting to make my morning 
 inspection of the excavations. Mrs. Wood was in the 
 train, and I therefore went on with her to Aidin. On our 
 return in the evening, my two cavasses with several of 
 my workmen met me on the platform of the railway 
 station, and congratulated me on having had a narrow 
 escape. 
 
 They then told me that seven brigands had been 
 hidden that day in one of my trenches near the foot of 
 Mount Coressus, and that towards evening three of them 
 had approached one of my trial holes where a single man 
 was digging. Looking down, they asked him where his 
 master was ? The man looked up and suspecting their 
 real character shrewdly replied, ' My master ! Oh he has 
 gone off to Constantinople. 
 
A TURKISH BRIGAND. 
 
BRTGANDS. J 37 
 
 ' Indeed ! when did he go? ' 
 
 ' To-day.' 
 
 ' When will he return ? ' 
 
 ' In about three weeks or a month.' 
 
 With this false information they joined their 
 comrades, and it was hoped they would at once leave 
 Ephesus to seek other game. In case they should not 
 do so quite so soon as we could wish, and as it was 
 probable they might wait one more day to ascertain the 
 truth of what they had been told, I took the precau- 
 tion of strengthening my body-guard, by hiring two 
 more cavasses, and armed myself with revolver and 
 dagger. 
 
 A fortnight before this, I had had a narrower escape 
 than I was aware of at the time. Mr. Waddington had 
 written, asking me to obtain, if possible, a correct copy 
 of an inscription from a fountain at Belevi, which is 
 scarcely a mile from Cosbounar, near which place this 
 band of brigands was reported to be concealed. As I 
 had promised Mr. Waddington to take a careful copy 
 as well as a pressing of this inscription, I was de- 
 termined to keep my word, although I did not like the 
 idea of falling into the hands of the brigands. To have 
 taken more than one attendant would have been ex- 
 pensive, as I must have taken a horse for each man. I 
 contented myself, therefore, with one cavass, in whose 
 courage I felt quite confident, and who said he would not 
 run away, but would ' fight any number of men.' I was 
 fortunate enough to return in safety from this expedition 
 but I afterwards found that I had done my work of copy- 
 
138 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 ing the inscription within a stone's throw of the lair of the 
 brigands. 
 
 In connexion with most of the fountains in Asia 
 Minor, there is a raised platform of masonry to which 
 devout Turks mount to pray, after having washed their 
 feet and hands ; the fountain at Belevi is a good specimen 
 of this arrangement. * It is therefore chosen as an illus- 
 tration. 
 
 Fountain at Belevi. 
 
 I may mention one more narrow escape I had from 
 this band of brigands, before I closed the works for the 
 season. I felt myself tolerably secure from attack with 
 my body-guard of four cavasses, till I was warned by a 
 friend who was well acquainted with the habits of the 
 brigands of Asia Minor, that there was danger of an 
 
BRIGANDS. 
 
 i39 
 
 ambush in the barley, which grew close up to the 
 peribolus wall, where my men were then at work. I 
 must take care, he said, that one of the robbers did not 
 come behind me, and pinion my arms, as the others 
 would then rush out and would not hesitate to shoot any 
 of my cavasses who might interfere to prevent my capture. 
 This attempt was, I believe, made one day. Becoming 
 suddenly aware, from the expression of the face of one of 
 my cavasses, that something unusual was going on be- 
 hind me, I turned quickly round, and faced a strange- 
 looking man ; on asking him what he wanted, he said he 
 only wanted to see the work that was going on there. 
 As this was evidently an idle excuse, he was made to 
 move away. This man was very likely one of the 
 brigands, and his companions might have been hidden in 
 the barley, ready to rush out if he had succeeded in 
 pinioning me. If there were any men concealed in the 
 barley, they were prudently allowed to retire at their 
 leisure. 
 
 It is generally believed in Turkey, that when most is 
 heard of brigands there is the least danger of meeting 
 with them. The rule was not applicable in this case. 
 Much was heard of these brigands long before they 
 effected the capture which I have already mentioned and 
 proved their existence in a most objectionable manner. 
 
 The Mudirs of small districts in Turkey are not 
 officials who are overpaid, and they sometimes endeavour 
 to make up all deficiencies by intrigue and trickery. 
 Among those who in addition to their ordinary duties 
 were from time to time appointed to watch my opera- 
 
 intriguing 
 
 mudir. 
 
140 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 1 Amusing 
 memorial. 
 
 tions, was an old man who was extremely anxious to 
 gain something more than his legitimate income, and 
 finding that sundry attempts to get ' bakshish ' out of 
 me had utterly failed, he hit upon a novel scheme, and 
 one day called upon me with the intention of carrying it 
 out. Descanting most eloquently on the injury which I 
 must have received from the interference of a certain 
 Hadgi Saba, owner of a field adjoining those in which I 
 was working, he urged me to attack him before the 
 authorities, and obtain from him proper redress. Seeing 
 my unwillingness to take this course, he put into my 
 hands a paper which contained a few hints as to the 
 manner in which I should open the attack. I suppose 
 this poor proprietor had given the Mudir some offence. 
 The latter, therefore, while he had an eye to the plunder 
 hoped at the same time to revenge himself on the 
 offender. He must have got some Greek who knew a 
 little English to write the following, which is a ver- 
 batim copy of the paper he gave me. I am herein 
 supposed to be appealing by memorial to the Pasha of 
 S myrna. 
 
 ' I am authorised by imperial orders to search antiqui- 
 ties at Ephesus, where I began to excavate this year. I 
 told the Land Proprietors that I would indemnify their rent 
 according to the land. All the Proprietors consented. I 
 have already spent 400,000 piasters for the Excavations, 
 but Hadgi Saba of Kirkenjee is exciting the people, and 
 in order to prevent my working, he is perverting the 
 Land Proprietors, so that if the land worths 3000 piasters, 
 he asks 10,000 a year, and he says that I either should 
 
THE MUDIR'S SCHEMES. 141 
 
 pay that sum or shut the holes. By so doing he wishes 
 to make me spend 400,000 piasters, and he has stopped 
 my works a long time. I have lost 60,000 Piasters by 
 his actions. I demand that sum from him. I will pay all 
 the Proprietors according to the value of the rent 
 through the Authorities, but I want my loss of 60,000 
 Piasters from Hadgi Saba, and I request that a guaran- 
 tee should be taken from him not to interfere any more 
 in this affair.' 
 
 In this strange document may be seen the plan by 
 which the Mudir hoped to make a pretty good thing for 
 himself out of the excavations, for not only did he count 
 on getting a handsome share of the plunder of poor 
 Hadgi Saba, but as the landowners or occupiers would 
 be paid through him, he hoped to retain a considerable 
 percentage of the amount that would so pass through 
 his hands. Poor old man ! he did not gain a single para 
 by his scheme, as I would neither attack Hadgi Saba 
 nor consent to pay the landowners through him. 
 
 The following are specimens of telegrams from the 
 Smyrna and Aidin Railway, which may serve as speci- 
 mens of the ' English ' of some of the station-masters : — 
 
 'From Mr. P (General Manager and Engineer) to 
 
 Mr. Wood. — I Can the barrows send to morrow, the 
 Blangs (planks) as possible after.' 
 
 Another : ' We can Suply the whel barrows at Hon- 
 dred Piasters Each and the Blangs at Seventeen P ' 
 
 Some Greek philanthropist of Smyrna so far be- 
 friended one of my men, who was too modest to apply 
 directly to me for re-employment, as to write the following 
 
 Tele- 
 grams. 
 
142 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 epistle, which the poor man presented with the greatest 
 apparent confidence in its efficacy to secure him a 
 favourable reception : — 
 
 Curious 
 letter. 
 
 Works 
 sus- 
 pended. 
 
 February 4, 1870. 
 
 ' Mr. Wodin, — Sir, this Caradenigly Ali ses that he 
 has been amply at Afeses in your Work then he got very 
 bad then com to hospital, now he is betr wants to go bac 
 for worke again plees to help and send him bac becouse 
 he ar very poore. 
 
 ' Your earnest Savant, 
 
 ' Cabriel Critorian.' 
 
 This poor man was re-employed, but he was far too 
 weak to work, and he was partly supported by the charity 
 of a few of his fellow-workmen. A relapse drove him 
 again to the French hospital at Smyrna, where he was 
 most kindly received in spite of his religion ; but as his 
 remaining there would have been contrary to the rules 
 of the hospital, he was eventually removed to the Tur- 
 kish hospital, where he died during my absence from 
 Smyrna. 
 
 I continued opening up the peribolus wall in each 
 direction from the angle found (the south-west angle), but 
 I came across no more inscriptions, and after having 
 traced the direction of the wall for 1,000 feet northwards 
 and 500 feet eastwards, and thus fully proved, with the 
 inscriptions, that the peribolus wall of the sacred pre- 
 cinct had been discovered, we left for England towards 
 the end of May 1869. 
 
SUCCESS OF THE WORK. 143 
 
 I now felt convinced that, as I had found the sacred 
 precinct of the Temple, I should have no difficulty in 
 obtaining a further grant for the renewal of the excava- 
 tions. I therefore left everything in preparation for my 
 return in the autumn. 
 
 END OF SEASON 1 868-9. 
 
CONTINUANCE OF WORKS. 
 
 147 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 1869-70, 
 
 Excavations Resumed at Peribolus Wall — Groves of Diana — Snakes, &c. — 
 Lack of Workmen — Ganget" — Bas-relief — Peribolus Wall — Roman Build- 
 ings and Mosaic Pavement — Accident — A Lady-Inspector of Works — 
 Happy Result of Accident — Welcome Visitors — Another Roman Building 
 — Augusteum — Change of Ganger — Exorbitant Demands of Landowners 
 — Discovery of the Temple of Artemis — Ill-health — Trial Holes — Strike 
 — Edrise, the Cavass — Difficulties with Bakal — Frosts — Coloured Marble 
 — Storks — Deluge — Illuminated MS. — Greek Superstition — Site of 
 Temple — Fatal Accident — Bible References — Religious Services at 
 Ephesus — Earthquakes — Compensation to Landowners — Close of Season 
 — Voluntary Services. 
 
 The discovery of the peribolus wall sufficed, as I had 
 
 hoped, to induce the Trustees of the British Museum to 
 
 continue the excavations ; and having recruited my health 
 
 for a fresh campaign, we returned to Smyrna towards the 
 
 end of September. 
 
 I soon got a small gang of men together to begin 
 
 with, and the excavat-'ons were resumed a few days after 
 
 our arrival. I continued opening up the peribolus wall, 
 
 and at the same time sank a great number of trial holes 
 
 over the whole area which at that time was defined as 
 
 being within the sacred precinct. As the ground inclined 
 
 upward from the walls, the holes dug varied from 1 2 to 
 
 L 2 
 
 Excava- 
 tions re- 
 sumed at 
 peribolus 
 wall. 
 
i 4 8 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Groves of 
 Diana. 
 
 Snakes, 
 &c. 
 
 Lack of 
 workmen. 
 
 20 feet in depth according to their position, the founda- 
 tions of the peribolus wall being about 12 feet under- 
 ground, on the west side of the Temenos. 
 
 Over the large area thus explored, I found not a 
 vestige of any building, until I had worked northward 
 for nearly half a mile. I then began to find the remains 
 of brick walls, and thin marble pavements. The ground 
 over which I had been digging had very likely been 
 occupied, not by buildings, but by groves and streams, — a 
 pleasant place to wander in. 
 
 In one of the holes sunk near the peribolus wall, the 
 workman found so many snakes that he was obliged to 
 abandon it. The snakes at Ephesus are generally harm- 
 less, but there are some whose bite is venomous and even 
 fatal ; one of these is the asp. Scorpions are plentiful, 
 and may be found in abundance under loose stones on 
 the Castle Hill. Of tortoises there is no lack, while 
 owls and bats abound amongst the ruins. On the 
 banks of the Cayster may be seen a splendid kingfisher 
 of the genus called the 'Smyrna kingfisher.' Otters 
 build their houses in the Cayster, where they are not 
 liable to be interfered with. 
 
 Thunder-storms with heavy showers of rain were 
 frequent at the time when the works were resumed ; and 
 as the Turks do not work in the rain, our progress for the 
 first fortnight was slow. There was also great difficulty 
 in obtaining the needful number of workmen, the labour 
 market being drained by the two railways, the coal and 
 emery mines, and the Smyrna quay, which was then being 
 built. I had at that time no English sappers to help me 
 
ROMAN MOSAIC PAVEMENT, N * MAGNESIAN GATE. 
 
BAS-RELIEF AND MOSAIC. 
 
 149 
 
 in superintending the works, and the Englishman who 
 had been employed by Mr. Newton was a much better 
 cook than ganger, and on leaving my service was installed 
 as keeper of the refreshment-room at the railway station 
 at Ayasalouk, to the great satisfaction of visitors, who 
 availed themselves of his services as a guide to the 
 ruins. 
 
 In the peribolus wall on the west side, I found a 
 small bas-relief, representing a seated figure, like that of 
 an emperor, handing to an erect figure what looks like a 
 roll of parchment ; probably the commission for building 
 the peribolus wall. 
 
 I went on tracing the direction of this wall, until, at 
 the distance of sixteen hundred feet from the angle first 
 found, it turned due north. Believing that it must be 
 continued for several hundred feet in that direction, I 
 abandoned it, and confined my attention to the sinking of 
 deep trial holes within the wall. I thus hit upon the front 
 wall of some Roman buildings, which I traced for seven 
 hundred feet in a straight line running eastward. I ex- 
 plored these buildings, which I suppose were the dwell- 
 ings of the priests, and in a number of cross trenches 
 found some mosaic pavements. One of these represented 
 a triton, with a dish of fruit, and crooked stick ; an 
 attendant dolphin carries his trident. This mosaic, which 
 is well executed and remarkably rich in colour, is now 
 safely lodged in the British Museum ; but it was with 
 great difficulty taken up from its original position, in 
 which it had remained undisturbed for about eighteen 
 centuries. 
 
 Bas-relief. 
 
 Peribolus 
 
 wall. 
 
 Roman 
 buildings 
 and 
 mosaic 
 pave- 
 ment. 
 
iS° 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Accident. 
 
 A lady- 
 inspector 
 of works. 
 
 Towards the end of October I had the misfortune (as 
 it appeared at the time) to injure my foot, so severely that 
 I lost the use of it for some weeks, but as it led to a 
 change in my life at Ephesus, which added greatly to my 
 comfort, I have since regarded it as one of the fortunate 
 accidents of my life. Having suffered so much from 
 fever myself, I had had such a dread of exposing my 
 wife to the risks which I had to encounter, that I had 
 hitherto gone alone to Ephesus, while Mrs. Wood re- 
 mained in Smyrna. We were thus alone for five or six 
 days every week ; but when this accident happened, and 
 I needed assistance, it was arranged that we should both 
 go out to Ephesus together. I went on horseback to 
 the works, while my wife accompanied me on foot. The 
 men were at that time chiefly occupied in digging trial 
 holes within the sacred precinct, searching for the pave- 
 ment, or other remains of the Temple, which would 
 reveal the secret of its site. Mrs. Wood saved me all 
 useless labour by examining the holes, and reporting to 
 me what might be seen in them, and I had only to alight 
 when something had been found in the excavation which 
 needed my personal inspection. As the holes were in 
 many cases from 20 to 24 feet deep, it was neither a 
 pleasant nor an easy task for a lady to approach their 
 edges, amongst the loose earth, stones, and debris, and, 
 stooping over, to examine them thoroughly on all sides to 
 their lowest depths. 
 
 For many days I was unable to leave the house. 
 Mrs. Wood went to the works, accompanied by a cavass, 
 and made the necessary inspection of the trial holes, and 
 
LIFE AT EPHESUS. 151 
 
 even gave instructions to the workmen. My lameness 
 was accompanied by fever and general ill-health ; but 
 the prolonged test to which our new mode of life was 
 subjected served only to prove the advantages as well 
 as the pleasantness of the new arrangement, and from 
 that time Mrs. Wood was my constant companion at 
 Ephesus. This made our little home there pleasant, 
 not only for myself, but for visitors, during the last five 
 years in which excavations were carried on. Before this 
 happy change, I was in the habit of bringing with me from 
 Smyrna a piece of cold roasted meat. Having no cook 
 at Ephesus, I could have no vegetables, but the wife of 
 the station-master hearing from my cavass of my frugal 
 dinners, sent me several times a plate of hot potatoes, 
 which made my meal perfectly luxurious. 
 
 I may here mention that the works were always sus- 
 pended on Sundays. As the Turkish labourers simply re- 
 quired one day's rest during the week, the choice of the 
 day being a matter of indifference to them, we made 
 Sunday the holiday, and went down to Smyrna on Satur- 
 days, returning on the Mondays. 
 
 During the month of November, the Dowager Mar- 
 chioness of Downshire, accompanied by her sons, the 
 late Marquis of Downshire and Lord Arthur Hill, came 
 to Smyrna in their steam yacht ' Kathleen,' and paid us a 
 visit at Ephesus. They afterwards most kindly invited 
 us to accompany them on a cruise to some of the islands 
 of the Archipelago. This invitation I was greatly tempted 
 to accept, as my lameness would render the many indul- 
 gences kindly promised me specially welcome, and there 
 
 Happy 
 result of 
 accident. 
 
 Welcome 
 visitors. 
 
*5 2 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Another 
 
 Roman 
 
 building. 
 
 was an able surgeon on board the yacht, in the person of 
 Mr. Venning. One other gentleman, Captain Hawker, 
 completed this most agreeable party. But I feared that 
 if we once went on board the yacht, the time of our 
 return to Ephesus would become a matter of uncer- 
 tainty, although Lord Downshire very kindly promised 
 to put us ashore whenever and wherever I pleased. I 
 feared also that the excavations would not go on so well in 
 my absence, and as I believed myself to be on the point 
 of finding the Temple, I reluctantly declined the invita- 
 tion, which many of my friends strongly urged me to ac- 
 cept, and which would have afforded me an opportunity 
 not likely to occur again. 
 
 Meanwhile the excavations proceeded steadily. I had 
 imagined that the long range of Roman buildings, where 
 I had found the mosaic pavements, must flank either the 
 Temple itself or an open space in front of it. I there- 
 fore sank a number of deep trial holes southward, and 
 found at the distance of 445 feet the remains of another 
 Roman building, which was probably a small temple, and 
 was mounted on a stylobate of three marble steps. On 
 extending the exploration, I found a mutilated imperial 
 female statue, in white marble, life size, which, not being 
 worth the expense of removal, was left where it was dis- 
 covered, at the bottom of a deep excavation. As I came 
 across no remains of buildings in the ground between these 
 two Roman buildings, I concluded that it was an open 
 space in front of the Temple, which must now be sought 
 for beyond it, and I. therefore put a number of men to work 
 in that direction. About this time we laid bare the re- 
 
SCULPTURE AND INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 '53 
 
 mains of a building, which was probably the Augusteum 
 referred to in the inscription found in the peribolus wall. 
 Like the other building above described, it was mounted 
 on three steps. The pavement at the foot of the steps 
 was nearly 20 feet under ground. 1 
 
 Amongst the debris of this building were found 
 
 -'jjlmliffliitEB 
 
 Pan as a Warrior. 
 
 a small seated figure of Jupiter, with an eagle in bas- 
 relief on the side of the chair, a curious bas-relief of Pan 
 as a warrior, a headless statue of Minerva, and other 
 fragments of statuary, together with a number of inscrip- 
 tions, chiefly of thanksgiving to Artemis. Of these in- 
 
 1 The position of this as well as that of the other building is shown on 
 the General Plan. 
 
 Augus- 
 teum. 
 
*54 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Change of 
 ganger. 
 
 Exorbi- 
 tant de- 
 mands of 
 land- 
 owners. 
 
 scriptions one is from Metrodorus, son of Dama, 1 one of 
 the veoiroiou of the Temple ; another was from G. Scaptius 
 Frontinus, also a veoiroios of the Temple. I suppose 
 that the word veoiroios here means a person who deco- 
 rates the Temple with a votive offering in gold or 
 silver. 2 
 
 While I was exploring this building, I was obliged to 
 dismiss my ganger for repeated neglect o& orders, promot- 
 ing one of my cavasses, for the time, to this office. A 
 few days later I found this man lying full length, smoking 
 a narghileh, on a mound, near the excavation where the 
 men were at work. He was evidently puffed up with an 
 idea that his privileges must be increased with his respon- 
 sibilities ; but circumstances soon enabled me to send 
 him back to his more legitimate duties. A Greek named 
 Yorghi, called by the English 'Georgie,' presented himself 
 for employment. He had been engaged in similar work 
 on the railroad from Smyrna to Aidin, and came to me 
 with a strong recommendation. I engaged him at once, and 
 he remained in my employment till the excavations were 
 abandoned. 
 
 The inscriptions now found showed that I was work- 
 ing on sacred ground, and that the Temple must be near 
 at hand. Indeed the discovery of all these buildings led 
 me to believe that I was close upon the Temple, and I 
 continued sinking trial holes to che depth of 20 feet and 
 upwards. 
 
 But I had great trouble just then with the owners or 
 occupiers of the land, who, under the pretence that they 
 
 1 Inscription from Augusteum, No. I. 2 Ibid. No. 4. 
 
THE TEMPLE PAVEMENT FOUND. 
 
 155 
 
 wanted to plough and sow, demanded exorbitant sums as 
 compensation for allowing a few holes to remain open, 
 one man asking as much as 50/. for holes in his field, for 
 which he ultimately accepted 3/. 
 
 On the last day of the year 1869, the marble pave- 
 ment of the Temple, so long lost, so long sought for, and 
 so long almost despaired of, was at last actually found at 
 a depth of nearly 20 feet below the present surface of the 
 ground. One of the . workmen, who had been put to 
 sink a number of deep holes, in one of the most .likely 
 fields of the group in which I was working, struck upon 
 a thick pavement of white marble, which I at once con- 
 cluded must be that of the Temple. It was the first 
 thick pavement I had found within the sacred precinct. 
 The next day was the first of the Turkish feast of Bairam, 
 but I persuaded the man who found the pavement to 
 work for two or three hours in the morning, before he left 
 for his three days' holiday. On New Year's Day 1870 
 this pavement proved to be Greek, and eventually it 
 was found to be that of the last Temple but two. It con- 
 sisted of two layers, the upper one of rubbed white marble 
 9 inches, thick, the lower one, roughly tooled, of grey 
 marble 15 inches thick. 
 
 The excitement caused by this discovery and the 
 hard work to which I was then subjected, were too much 
 for my health. By a note in my journal on the 3rd of 
 January, I find I had been writing that day from 9 a.m. 
 till 10.45 p - M -> ail d that I had suffered from fever every 
 night for three weeks. I did not, however, give in, but 
 continued my work without relaxation. 
 
 Discovery 
 of the 
 Temple of 
 Artemis. 
 
 Ill-health. ; 
 
Trial 
 holes. 
 
 Before the Temple was found, I was obliged to save 
 expense by digging the trial holes with almost upright 
 sides, and of as small dimensions as possible. I gen- 
 erally marked them out on the surface of the ground 
 about 8 feet by 10 feet, and by the time they were sunk 
 to the depth of 1 8 or 20 feet the workmen could just 
 clear a sufficient space at the bottom of the excavation 
 to show any pavement, wall, or other remains of buildings 
 which might be found in them. If rain fell before 
 these . holes were sunk to the necessary depth, the 
 falling in of the sides often caused much trouble and 
 expense, as we were compelled not merely to clear 
 them out, but in many cases enlarge them before they 
 could be carried deeper. 
 
 The great depth at which the pavement of the 
 Temple was found is accounted for by the silting up of 
 the site by the mountain streams, which still bring down 
 an immense quantity of detritus from the mountains. 
 The difference of level of the ground near the Temple 
 and at the peribolus wall on the west side of the sacred 
 precinct is as much as ten feet. 
 
 The Greek, Yorghi, whom I took into my service 
 as ganger early in January of this year, proved himself 
 to be active, clever, and energetic, and was never absent 
 from his work. He now lives at Ayasalouk," and earns 
 his livelihood (till the excavations are resumed) by es- 
 corting travellers over the ruins. He has the privilege of 
 cultivating the eight acres of land which contain the site 
 of the Temple, and now belong to the British Government, 
 on condition that he protects the ruins of the Temple 
 
DIFFICULTIES WITH WORKMEN. 
 
 J S7 
 
 from spoliation. Before I had the good fortune to meet 
 with this man, I had tried not less than eight gangers, who 
 had all been, for various reasons, most unsatisfactory. Of 
 these, two were Englishmen, one French, one a Smyrniote 
 Catholic, one Greek, two Turks, and one the son of a 
 converted Turk. The Englishmen, I am sorry to say, 
 were the worst of all. 
 
 I had at that time an Albanian cavass, who was what 
 schoolboys would call a great sneak. He would faithfully 
 report any shortcomings of the men, while he himself stole 
 their tobacco, bread, and other provisions from the brink 
 of the holes in which they were digging, till at last they 
 were so indignant that, without giving me any notice, and 
 indeed without pausing to ask if I was aware of the man's 
 misdeeds, they all resolved to leave in a body. Hence one 
 morning, as I proceeded to the works, I met them all 
 with their picks and shovels coming away. When I 
 spoke to them they declared that they would not resume 
 their work unless I discharged that cavass. As this 
 might not be a very convenient precedent for the future 
 management of my men, I refused to do what they wished, 
 but told them that he should in future have other duties 
 than the superintendence of the men at work. With this 
 assurance they were appeased, and returned to their work. 
 But what annoyed me most was that one of my best 
 workmen, who had had his wages raised to the maximum 
 height, headed the men as their leader and adviser, and 
 not merely acted as spokesman for them all, but seemed 
 at first the most obstinately disinclined to listen to my 
 remonstrances. 
 
 Strike. 
 
'5» 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Edrise, 
 Ihecavass. 
 
 January 14, 1870. — I found that the mice had de- 
 stroyed one of my paper pressings of inscriptions. No 
 doubt they found that the soft pulpy paper would make 
 excellent nests or beds for their young families, whilst the 
 fact that the room below had been a granary accounted 
 for the number of mice in the house. 
 
 The quarrels between native Turks and Greeks were 
 sometimes serious, but more often simply amusing. One 
 of my cavasses (Edrise) came to me one day in a furious 
 rage with the bakal, who had given him pork for his 
 dinner, assuring him it was veal, not pork. This cavass 
 was one of my most faithful servants, and among other 
 accomplishments, he was capable of taking excellent paper 
 pressings of inscriptions. It was quite an amusing sight 
 sometimes to see him start off on horseback on an inscrip.- 
 tion-copying expedition, as, with a great air of authority 
 he gave his orders to a man on foot, who followed him 
 with the paper case, &c. 
 
 January 20. — While I was superintending the work- 
 men, who were digging holes in the ground, on or near 
 the site of the Temple, a horseman rode up to me in great 
 excitement and told me I must send twenty men to take 
 a horse out of one of the holes left open near the Magne- 
 sian Gate. I sent six men, and they got the horse out 
 safely ; but the lady's saddle was destroyed, which I the 
 more regretted as it turned out to be the property of a 
 friend of mine who with her husband was kindly escorting 
 some people over the ruins. 
 
 I had always great difficulty with the bakals who 
 supplied the men with bread, dried fish, cheese, and other 
 
TURKISH 'HONESTY.' 159 
 
 provisions. The bread was very bad, sometimes like 
 mud, as the men expressed it, and generally short of 
 weight, one oke (2^ lbs.) of four hundred drachms being 
 represented generally by a loaf weighing only 350 or 360 
 drachms, the price of this being two piastres, (about 4^d). 
 The complaints of the men were sometimes loud, but more 
 generally deep ; but whether loud or deep, they had very 
 little effect upon the bakal, who only cared to make as 
 many piastres as he could by the sale of his bread. One 
 half the men, therefore, bought flour, and made their 
 own bread. These men were thus able to save most of 
 their wages, and I had the pleasure of giving them 
 many a Turkish pound in exchange for their savings in 
 silver. 
 
 Much has been said about the honesty of the Turks ; 
 I am sorry I can say little in support of statements in their 
 favour. They would generally steal any small object of 
 value found in the excavations, and did not scruple to 
 commit the most heartless robberies on their fellow- 
 workmen. One poor man was thus robbed of all his 
 savings at the end of a season. About one-third of 
 the sum he lost was collected for the benefit of the 
 victim. 
 
 Hard frosts set in this year with the month of February, 
 during which I was employed in sinking many holes over 
 the site of the Temple, and enlarging the one in which 
 the pavement was found. At the same time I continued 
 to explore the long line of building in front of the Temple, 
 and found a number of mosaic pavements. 
 
 February 9. — Found a large fragment of a Grecian 
 
 Difficul- 
 ties with 
 the bakal. 
 
 Frosts. 
 
i6o 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Coloured 
 marble. 
 
 Storks. 
 
 Doric cornice in the field in which I afterwards found 
 a large Doric building on the south side of the Temple. 
 The cornice retained vestiges of colour — blue, vermilion, 
 and gold. 
 
 About this time I filled up all the holes dug against 
 
 Discovery of Temple. 
 
 the peribolus wall, to leave no room . for demands on the 
 part of the occupiers, who now wanted to plough the land. 
 March 3. — The first stork appeared on one of the 
 piers of the aqueduct at Ayasalouk. It was soon fol- 
 lowed by others, till every pier was occupied by a pair. 
 Sometimes a quarrel took place, and there was a fight for 
 the possession of a pier, for the sake perhaps of the old 
 
GREEK MANUSCRIPT. 
 
 161 
 
 nest, which they leisurely built up again with sticks and 
 twigs brought from the surrounding fields. These lazy 
 birds spend quite a fortnight in building their nests, 
 
 March i\. — The lower village of Ayasalouk was 
 flooded by the heavy rain last night. People were obliged 
 to take refuge up the trees ; the excavations were swamped, 
 all the holesbeinghalf filled with water; and great masses 
 of earth had fallen in from the sides. The damage done 
 was considerable, and we were obliged to confine ourselves 
 chiefly to surface work for some days. 
 
 April 6. — Visiting the Greek church at Kirkenjee, 
 we saw an illuminated manuscript book which was said 
 to have been discovered in a marvellous manner. It is a 
 liturgy composed from the Gospels of the four Evangel- 
 ists, and was found (the priests say) in a cave at Ephesus, 
 the man who found it being attracted by a strong light, 
 which emanated from the open book itself ! Large sums 
 of money have been offered for the book, but the people 
 of Kirkenjee will not consent to part with it, as they 
 believe that it is their charm against misfortune. Some- 
 thing that happened to them on a former occasion, when 
 the book was for a time on loan, put this idea into their 
 heads. The book is very handsomely bound, and is kept 
 carefully folded in a white cloth edged with gold lace. It 
 is taken out of its covering by the priests, with every show 
 of reverence, when visitors (who are expected to give 
 backshish) ask to see it. The title page is missing, the 
 body of the manuscript is written in cursive Greek, in 
 black ink, accentuated with red ink, and is, like most 
 
 M 
 
 Deluge. 
 
 Illumin- 
 ated manu- 
 script. 
 
 Greek 
 super- 
 stition. 
 
l62 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Site of 
 Temple. 
 
 Fatal 
 accident. 
 
 manuscripts of the kind, executed in a clear and masterly- 
 hand. 
 
 The site of the Temple, now undoubtedly discovered, 
 was more than half a mile distant from the corner of the 
 peribolus wall first found, and nearly due north of it. 
 The need of searching over so vast an area accounts, in 
 some measure, for the months that elapsed between the 
 discovery of the peribolus wall, and that of the Temple 
 itself; but the delay is further explained by the fact, 
 afterwards ascertained, that we had previously dug many 
 a hole over the site, without meeting with any sign to show 
 that we were near it. 
 
 The only fatal accident that happened during the ex- 
 cavations now occurred. One of the workmen, a black 
 man, was killed by suffocation at the bottom of the hole 
 where the coloured Greek cornice already mentioned was 
 found. I had ordered the ganger to have it taken up out 
 of the hole that I might show it to Mr. Newton on his 
 arrival at Ephesus. Unfortunately, during the time which 
 passed between the issuing of the order and its execu- 
 tion, a heavy fall of rain rendered the sides of the hole 
 loose and dangerous. The ganger, considering my order 
 imperative, prepared to execute it early on Monday 
 morning. The man who was killed was therefore sent 
 down to adjust a rope around the stone ; he had done so, 
 but was stooping again to perfect the adjustment, when 
 the sides of the hole fell in, and completely covered him. 
 In about seven minutes he was taken out by his fellow- 
 workmen, but it was too late, and when I arrived about 
 two hours after the accident, accompanied by Mr. New- 
 
D 
 O 
 _i 
 < 
 
 CO 
 
 < 
 
 LlI 
 
 3 
 
 o- 
 co 
 o 
 
 -J 
 -J 
 
 < 
 
EPHESIAN BULLOCK-CARTS. 
 
 163 
 
 ton, the poor man was stretched out at full length, on an 
 improvised bier (his feet towards the Kebla and Mecca), in 
 the picturesque ruined little mosque in the lower village of 
 Ayasalouk. He was dressed in his light working clothes, 
 which being wet showed his well-proportioned form to 
 great advantage. His head was covered with a cloth, 
 which, on being removed, disclosed a calm smiling face. 
 Mr. Newton's exclamation immediately was, ' How like 
 sculpture ! no doubt the ancient Egyptians took their 
 sculpture from the dead.' I had to pay the expenses of 
 the poor man's burial, the Mollah grumbling at a fee of 
 thirty piastres. 
 
 April 21. — My men were now nearly all employed 
 in extending the large excavation on the site of the 
 Temple, and I took out the inscribed stones from the 
 angle of the peribolus wall. Their removal to the 
 railway station was effected by a bullock cart drawn by 
 two bullocks, which were yoked to it with some difficulty. 
 One of the animals resisted furiously. ' The yoke, the 
 goad, and the stony ground ' of Scripture are all to be 
 found at Ephesus. In ploughing, the bullocks are yoked 
 together, and are driven by a goad or long sharp pointed 
 rod, while the stony ground pervades the whole of the 
 ruins of the city and suburbs, small fragments of marble 
 being so thick on the ground that it is impossible to avoid 
 stepping on them. 
 
 The various religious bodies in Smyrna are in the 
 habit of coming out to Ephesus on appointed days in 
 the year, which they keep holy, or devote to certain 
 saints. 
 
 Kible re- 
 ferences. 
 
 Religious 
 services at 
 Ephesus. 
 
i6 4 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 The Roman Catholics make the great Mosque at 
 Ayasalouk their rendezvous or place of worship. The 
 Archbishop on a recent occasion had an altar arranged 
 on the east side, and performed a regular Mass, which was 
 attended by about fifty ladies and gentlemen of his con- 
 gregation, who had come out to Ephesus expressly for 
 that purpose. This was done with the belief that this 
 building was originally a Christian church, which it cer- 
 tainly never was, having been built originally by the Turks 
 as a mosque. The Catholic Archbishop, however, pre- 
 ferred to retain the belief which he encouraged in others. 
 The Greeks have done the most sensible thing : they have 
 built for themselves a small church on the hill at Ayasa- 
 louk, over the site of an ancient Greek church, which 
 was possibly the Church of St. John, as that was known to 
 have been built on a hill. These ruins, which comprised 
 a number of columns and a large marble chair, were dis- 
 covered by some railway people. Here on Sundays and 
 saints' days they have regular services, which are an- 
 nounced by the tolling of a bell not far from the church. 
 Near this little church a young Greek lived as a hermit, 
 his bed, which consisted of a paploma (quilt) laid upon 
 the bare earth, being made in a recess in the wall. 
 During the day he employed himself in solitary religious 
 exercises, and in painting heads of the Virgin and saints, 
 which were purchased by the devotees who visited the 
 ruins of Ephesus. 1 
 
 The Armenians keep one day in the year holy at 
 
 1 An English lady who visited Ephesus pointed out to him the useless- 
 ness of his life, and he left a few days after. 
 
TURKISH OFFICIALS. 165 
 
 Earth- 
 quakes. 
 
 Ephesus, going thither in crowds, and occupying large 
 tents, which are pitched for them by the railway authori- 
 ties, on the eve of the saint's day, on the top of Mount 
 Coressus. I have never witnessed their services, as I 
 have those of the, Roman Catholics, but there are certain 
 large stones on the mountain, which, as they believe, 
 belonged originally to a church there, and within a certain 
 area defined by these stones they hold their services. 
 
 My journal records seven shocks of earthquake 
 during the month of April this year (1869). Every year 
 there are earthquakes in Asia Minor, more or less violent. 
 The earthquake that destroyed Mitylene was distinctly 
 felt in Smyrna, and caused great alarm. 
 
 I had great difficulty in settling the amount of com- 
 pensation to the occupiers of the land over which we were 
 now digging, the Mudir backing up the claimants in their 
 extravagant demands, and declaring, when I demurred to 
 them, that my cases of stones packed ready for trans- 
 mission to the British Museum, should not be allowed to 
 go down to Smyrna. I was however always stronger when 
 in the right than any Mudir, and in this case overruled 
 his objections without paying larger sums than I thought 
 proper for the land. On one occasion I was almost pro- 
 voked to use force, the zaptiehs having placed them- 
 selves in front of the railway trucks, which were put ready 
 to receive the cases. My cavasses looked to me for 
 orders, but fortunately, as Mrs. Wood was sitting near, I 
 decided rather to submit to the annoyance of delay than 
 to use violence. 
 
 The season closed with the approach of intolerably 
 
 Compen- 
 sation to 
 land- 
 owners. 
 
 Close of 
 season. 
 
i66 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 hot weather towards the middle of May. I had actually 
 discovered the Temple itself, although the evidence was 
 not sufficient to prove the fact quite satisfactorily. I had 
 found one or two patches of the Greek pavement, in two 
 layers as before described, and I had struck upon one of 
 the foundation-piers of the columns of the peristyle. I 
 had also found two sculptured stones, which afterwards 
 proved to be fragments of one of the sculptured drums of 
 a column, but I had not found any other pieces of archi- 
 
 Drum of a Column. 
 
 tectural detail, which might be recognised as part of the 
 Temple. Although I had really, as I afterwards found, 
 made fair progress, I suspended the works with a heavy 
 heart, being uncertain how my imperfect discoveries up 
 to that time would be regarded by the Trustees of the 
 British Museum. I must, however, have had some hope 
 that they would allow the exploration to be continued, for 
 my notes remind me that I left my house at Ayasalouk 
 furnished ready to return to in the autumn, and also 
 
A POPULAR PHYSICIAN. 
 
 167 
 
 that I had been authorised to pay in advance, after 
 the manner of the country, the enormous rent of forty 
 Turkish pounds, for this little house of five rooms only. 
 
 It may here be mentioned that from the time I 
 injured my foot, and consented to the arrangement that 
 Mrs. Wood should accompany me to Ephesus, she 
 bestowed her care not only upon myself, but on all the 
 workmen also, doctoring them with a success which was 
 quite marvellous. So renowned did she become in the 
 neighbourhood, partly perhaps because her services and 
 medicines were gratuitous, that people came from the 
 villages in great numbers, and she has had sometimes 
 between sixty and seventy patients in the course of the 
 day. In doing this, she had to encounter much that was 
 loathsome and disagreeable, but she had the satisfaction 
 of doing much to alleviate the sufferings of the poor 
 creatures by whom we were surrounded, and whose con- 
 dition was more or less at our mercy. 
 
 May 14. — We left for England. 
 
 Voluntary 
 services. 
 
 END OF SEASON 1869-70. 
 
1 68 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Journey 
 out. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 1870-71. 
 
 Journey Out— Heavy Rains— Drums of Columns Found — Pottery— Narrow 
 Escape— Removal of Mosaic Pavement— Remains of Temple — Last Three 
 Temples— Large Capital Found— Ramazan— Ancient Greeks and Modern 
 Protestants— Dr. Schlieman— Amount of Work Done — Rains— Dis- 
 covery of the First Column in situ— Colour— Displacement of Column 
 Base— Courban Bairam— Purchase of Land— Travelling in Turkey- 
 Illustrious Visitors— Turkish Soldiers— Discovery of Hidden Treasure— 
 'Theologos'— Further Discoveries— Squabbles— Close of Season. 
 
 The Franco-German war had begun before the time 
 came for our return to Smyrna. On the 8th of Sep- 
 tember we left London, and in order to avoid the horrors 
 of the war, we were obliged to pass through Belgium 
 and northern Prussia to Berlin. On our way we saw 
 hundreds of the wounded, and French prisoners with 
 Prussian escorts on the railways ; the red cross, and lit- 
 ters, and ambulance-waggons at all the stations ; barrels 
 on end at the street corners for the contribution of cigars 
 for the wounded ; women picking lint at the refreshment 
 rooms at Aix-la-Chapelle ; sisters of charity, with their 
 black and white clothing and long rosaries, acting as 
 nurses, and other signs of a great struggle between two 
 powerful nations. At Berlin we saw, in the Palace yard, 
 
COLUMNS OF THE TEMPLE. 169 
 
 the first mitrailleuse taken from the French, which 
 attracted a crowd of inquisitive people from morning to 
 night. The Germans were by that time very confident 
 of success. By way of Vienna and Trieste we finally 
 reached Smyrna September 29th, and October 3rd I 
 resumed the excavations on the site of the Temple, by 
 cutting an easy road for the barrow- men to the bottom 
 of the large excavation. This took me from 12 to 14 
 days with the few men I could at first obtain. I then 
 continued to enlarge the holes already dug, and opened 
 new ones. 
 
 Towards the end of October the lower part of the 
 village of Ayasalouk was again deluged with the heavy 
 rains, as it had been during the month of March. Some 
 of the inhabitants narrowly escaped being drowned. 
 Everything was set afloat in the cafes, and the water 
 found its way more freely than before into the excava- 
 tions, Georgie, the ganger, valuing the damage to us at 
 two thousand piastres (nearly 18/.). 
 
 Before the end of this month I had considerably 
 enlarged the excavation which had laid bare a great por- 
 tion of one of the foundation piers for the columns of 
 the peristyle, and exposed to view the goodly sight of 
 half-a-dozen large drums of the columns themselves,; 
 which. had fallen upon one of the outer piers on the south 
 flank of the Temple, and had been caught by this pier, 
 and a wall connecting it with the adjoining pier. The 
 sight of this group of fluted blocks, with a fragment of 
 one of the capitals, encouraged the hope that on opening 
 up the whole site much more would be found remaining ; 
 
 Heavy 
 rains. 
 
 October 
 1870. 
 
 Drums of 
 
 columns 
 
 found. 
 
170 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 but these remains must have belonged to one of three 
 columns which were evidently allowed to stand long after 
 the destruction of the Temple. Although these drums 
 had been allowed to remain to a certain extent as they 
 had fallen, they had, with only one or two exceptions, 
 been so much hacked about and damaged that it was 
 
 Village of Ayasaloixk. 
 
 impossible for me to obtain such measurements as would 
 have enabled me to ascertain their exact shape. This is 
 much to be regretted, more especially as the upper dia- 
 meter of the column appears to be small compared with 
 the lower diameter, as I have since ascertained, although 
 I was ignorant of the fact at that time. 
 
 When these frusta or drums of columns were first 
 
PROPORTION OF THE COLUMNS. 
 
 171 
 
 found, I doubted whether they belonged to the great 
 Temple mentioned by Pliny, who described it as having 
 columns sixty feet high. For, taking that dimension as 
 my guide for the height of the columns, and the account 
 given by Vitruvius respecting the proportions of the 
 Grecian Ionic order, viz. eight and a half diameters in 
 height, I had expected to find columns upwards of seven 
 
 Discovery oi Columns. 
 
 feet in diameter, whereas the drums of columns at that 
 time found measured only 5 feet 3 inches to 5 feet 7 
 inches. I still hoped, however, that the results of further 
 explorations would prove this to have been the Temple, 
 and that I should be able to reconcile my discoveries on 
 the site with the statements of Pliny and Vitruvius. 
 On the pavement near these remains of the Temple, 
 
 Pottery. 
 
\']2 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Narrow 
 escape. 
 
 Removal 
 of mosaic 
 pave- 
 ment. 
 
 was 
 
 found a great quantity of broken black. Greek 
 pottery of the finest description, fragments of lamps, 
 vases, tazzas, &c, but not one perfect piece. 
 
 November i. — One of my quickest and most expert 
 workmen was put to enlarge the hole where the poor 
 black man had lost his life, and he had nearly succeeded 
 in sinking it to the required depth, when some tons of 
 sand fell in about him, and half buried him. For- 
 tunately he was not hurt ; but as I found the sand here 
 so treacherous I abandoned for the time any further 
 attempt to get the stone up out of the hole. 
 
 Towards the end of November I took up the mosaic 
 pavement which I had found during the last season. 
 This was not easily done, as there were then several 
 feet of water over it, and it was quite as much as the 
 little pump I then had could do to keep it down. A 
 deal frame was prepared like the four sides of a shallow 
 box, large enough to enclose as much of the pavement 
 as we wished to take up. Having then cutaway the pave- 
 ment all around so far as to allow the case to be placed 
 in position, we severed the mosaic from its foundation with 
 long chisels, in widths of about 5 inches, inserting, one 
 by one, boards of that width, and just long enough to 
 make, when all were inserted, the bottom of the case. 
 This, the most difficult part of the work, was done with 
 great skill, by an English carpenter named ' Long 
 Wilson,' who had worked under my directions at the 
 stations of the Smyrna and Aidin Railway. We then 
 laid a piece of coarse canvas over the surface of the 
 mosaic, and spread over it a thick layer of melted glue, 
 
Z (L 
 
 5 < 
 
 0. z 
 
 a 
 O z 
 
 C0 5 
 
 O ID 
 
 S Z 
 
 < 
 
 2 
 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 o 
 c 
 
REMOVAL OF MOSAIC PAVEMENT. 173 
 
 which, percolating through the open canvas, secured it 
 to the pavement in one compact mass. We then filled 
 up the case with liquid gypsum (plaster-of-Paris) to the 
 depth of several inches, and having prized up the whole, 
 inserted two strong deals under the case. With great 
 difficulty twenty men lifted it out of the hole, which was 
 j 3 feet 6 inches deep, up a steep sloping road, cut ex- 
 pressly for the purpose, and finally carried it through 
 the ploughed fields to the road leading to the railway 
 station, a distance in all of nearly three-quarters of a 
 mile. As they passed through the ploughed fields, the 
 men, being slip-shod, dropped their shoes repeatedly, and 
 I was obliged to tell off two men to follow them, and 
 replace the shoes on their feet. Twenty men were as 
 many as could get under the case, and it was quite as 
 much as they could carry over such difficult ground. At 
 the time I flattered myself that we had succeeded in 
 taking up this mosaic pavement without the slightest 
 injury, but in spite of all our care, we did not quite 
 succeed. Part of the Triton's face, and of the dish of 
 fruit which he holds aloft, are missing. These defects 
 are the more to be regretted, as they cannot very well 
 be restored from the small drawing I was able to make 
 in the bitterly cold weather before it was removed. The 
 long range of buildings from which this mosaic was taken 
 was probably occupied by the priests and officials of the 
 Temple. To the north of these buildings was found a 
 beautiful spring of fresh water about 14 feet under 
 ground, which served to supply the men until the ex- 
 cavations were abandoned. Most of my workmen were 
 
174 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Remains 
 of Temple. 
 
 Last three 
 temples. 
 
 Large 
 capital 
 found. 
 
 Ramazan. 
 
 now employed in wheeling away the soil and debris, and 
 enlarging the excavations, which began to assume dimen- 
 sions of some importance, and which eventually proved 
 to be near the south-western angle of the Temple. 
 
 December ist is marked in my journal as a red-letter 
 day, for on this day I have recorded that at last we found 
 part of the base of the column to which the group of 
 drums belonged, and, in position, a large square block of 
 marble which proved afterwards to be the plinth stone of 
 the base of a column belonging to a more ancient temple, 
 indeed, of the last Temple but two, the foundations of 
 which were commenced 500 B.C. The size of this plinth 
 is only 7 feet 8.| inches, while that of the plinths of the last 
 temple is 8 feet 8 inches ; but the position on plan of the 
 plinths of the last three temples appears to have been 
 identical. 
 
 December 9th was found one of the capitals, which, 
 although much mutilated, gave a good idea of its boldness 
 and grandeur. On seeing this, I felt more assured of the 
 fact that I had discovered the Temple, and I determined 
 that Pliny and Vitruvius should no longer mislead me, for 
 what building could this be but the great Temple of 
 Diana ? The Augusteum, mentioned in the inscriptions 
 in the peribolus wall, must be a comparatively small build- 
 ing, and Roman in style. 
 
 The 30 days' fast of Ramazan, during which the 
 Turks allow nothing, not even a cigarette or a drop of 
 water, to pass their lips from sunrise till sunset, had now 
 begun. The Mudir of the district, hearing of ' marvellous 
 discoveries ' at Ephesus, came down from Kirkenjee, 
 
A TURK'S IDEA OF PROTESTANTS. 175 
 
 where he was quartered, and paid me a visit. Being a 
 good Turk, he refused coffee, but accompanied me to the 
 works to see the ' wonders ' he had heard of. On my 
 showing him the drums of the large columns, and the 
 capitals, he asked me to what building they had belonged. 
 I told him they were the remains of an ancient mosque or 
 church, in the time of the ancient Greeks, when they did 
 not worship the one true God, but had many gods, male 
 and female, and that this church was dedicated to the 
 worship of a female, whose statue, forty or fifty feet high, 
 was set up inside it. 'Ah,' said the Mudir, as if a new 
 light had broken in upon him, ' they were Protestants.' I 
 did my best to undeceive him, and to make him under- 
 stand that we (Protestants) were not worshippers of idols, 
 but he evidently did not understand how Protestant 
 worship could be anything but idolatrous, since we had 
 not Mahomet as our prophet, and the whole thing 
 remained a mystery to him. 
 
 December 16. — This day the celebrated Dr. Schlie- 
 man, the discoverer of Troy, visited the excavations. He 
 was kindly enthusiastic in his congratulations when he 
 planted his foot upon the ' veritable ' pavement of the 
 Temple. He had been digging in the Troad, but had been 
 stopped by the Turks, and he now asked my opinion, 
 whether he could get a firman to dig in the Troad in 
 search of the city of Troy. I expressed my doubts, as 
 the Turks had made known their determination to grant 
 no more firmans for excavations. He said they might 
 have what was found, as he was anxious only to prove 
 by excavations his own theory about the position of Troy, 
 
 Ancient 
 Greeks 
 and 
 
 modern 
 Protes- 
 tants. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Schlie- 
 
 man. 
 
176 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Amount 
 of work 
 done. 
 
 1871. 
 
 Rains. 
 
 Discovery 
 of the first 
 column 
 in situ. 
 
 and being a rich retired merchant, he could well afford to 
 spend out of his income ten thousand francs a year. 
 
 Before the close of the year I had removed about 
 4,000 cubic yards from the large excavation, besides sink- 
 ing a number of pits over the site of the Temple. We 
 had unusually hot weather, slight shocks of earthquake, 
 and rumours of a band of brigands at Ephesus, towards 
 the close of this month. 
 
 January 6. — Mr. Newton arrived this day from 
 England. He was delighted, on visiting the excavations 
 at Ephesus, to see so many proofs that the Temple had 
 at last been found. 
 
 This year the rains came on early. January 13th 
 the pavement of the Temple was under water to the 
 depth of 3 feet 3 inches, on the 16th as much as 4 feet 5 
 inches, and on the 25 th it rose still higher, being then 5 
 feet 2 inches. 
 
 The insufficient number of our barrows, and the im- 
 possibility of getting any ready-made, caused some delay 
 with the excavations, which were now to be prosecuted 
 with greater vigour. The heavy rains also impeded the 
 progress of the work, and the damage to the railway in 
 several places prevented my travelling between Smyrna 
 and Ephesus for some days. At last, on February 6th, I 
 was able again to visit the works, and on that day the 
 fine base of one of the columns on the south flank was 
 discovered in position. A ladder was placed for me to 
 descend the hole ; but I was so excited, and so careless in 
 my hurry to get down, that I fell head foremost, much to 
 the amusement of the men, as I suppose it must have 
 
BASE OP A COLUMN. 
 
 FOUND IN POSITION. 
 
 Met /VfAMHASfr t/TM. 
 
BASE OF COLUMN IN POSITION. 177 
 
 been, although they did not show it in the slightest 
 degree. This base is now re-erected in the British 
 Museum, and gives a very fair notion of the grand scale 
 on which the last Temple was built. 
 
 Portions of this base (the scotia) retained much of 
 the red colour with which it had been originally tinted, 
 but exposure to light and air has so completely dissipated 
 the colour that there are now no signs of it. The angle 
 at which the square plinth of the base stood at the time 
 of its discovery, misled me for a time as to the direction 
 of the Temple. I had had hitherto nothing to guide me, 
 excepting the supposition that its direction would be the 
 same as that of the long line of Roman buildings in 
 front ; the plinth, however, had been moved out of its 
 original position, probably by the fall of the column, 
 when the thrust would be very great, nor was it till I 
 had laid bare the foundations, and a considerable portion 
 of the ground in the supposed direction of the building, 
 that I was quite convinced of the displacement of this 
 great mass of masonry. 
 
 March 1. — Most of my men were absent for the 
 feast of Courban Bairam, to which they devote several 
 days and eat lamb as we do at Easter. I had now two 
 certain points between which I could work with the com- 
 plete assurance that I was on the site of the Temple, viz. 
 the plinth stone of the base of one of the columns near 
 the western end, and the base of another near the centre 
 of the south flank. I had thus a large area to work over, 
 and I took advantage of it. I was now better able to 
 determine in which direction the debris should be wheeled. 
 
 N 
 
 Colour. 
 
 Displace- 
 ment of 
 column 
 base. 
 
 Courban 
 Bairam. 
 
i 7 8 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Purchase 
 of land. 
 
 By degrees the masonry which supported the steps on that 
 side was exposed to view, with the piers or buttresses 
 which united the masonry with the foundation-piers of 
 the columns of the peristyle ; and I soon obtained an 
 approximate dimension for the intercolumniations on the 
 flanks of the Temple, together with more positive data 
 for the direction of the Temple, which was ultimately 
 ascertained to be a few degrees south of due east and 
 west. I also found large patches of the pavement of 
 the last Temple but two, some more drums of columns, 
 a fragment of one of the architraves, and a stone from 
 the tympanum of the west pediment. On the pavement 
 in many places were found ashes and splinters of cal- 
 cined marble, the ashes in some places as much as 6 
 inches in depth ; the effects of fire were also to be seen 
 on many of the large blocks of marble belonging to the 
 Temple which rested on the pavement. 
 
 March 2. — Had photograph taken of base of 
 column in position by an Armenian photographer from 
 Smyrna. 
 
 This month the owners of the ground over which I 
 was digging came for compensation, at the same time 
 offering their land for sale, but I could come to no agree- 
 ment with them. There were in all about 8 acres, for 
 which I offered 145/. This they would not accept, 
 pretending to want about three times that amount. As 
 it was absolutely necessary that I should buy the land 
 before I proceeded much farther — for it would now have 
 cost more to fill up the holes I had dug, and hand it 
 over to the owners in its original condition, than to pur- 
 
chase the land — I invited them down to Smyrna, that I 
 might have the assistance of Mr. Consul Cumberbatch 
 and his people in the negotiation. The men came down 
 to Smyrna ; but as they had not brought with them the 
 deeds or documents necessary to sell the land, it became 
 necessary that they should return to Ayasalouk and start 
 off to Scala Nova, where the books relating to the Ephe- 
 sian territory are kept. On reaching Ayasalouk with 
 their papers the next day, they declared they could not 
 go farther ; so I had the horses prepared, and with two 
 of my cavasses I prevailed upon them to mount and start 
 for Scala Nova. We had some difficulty in persuading 
 them to go on, even when they had mounted ; but as 
 they went on, their objections melted away or were 
 overruled, and we all safely reached Scala Nova. Here 
 they went to borrow money under the escort of my ca- 
 vasses, and it turned out that of 1 3 doulooms which one 
 of the men wanted to sell me, he had really purchased of 
 Government only 5 doulooms ; the other 8 doulooms he 
 had cleared and fenced in with his own. Having cleared 
 the land, however, he had obtained the right to purchase 
 it at a fixed price, before all other applicants. With the 
 valuable aid of Mr. Xenophon Alexarchi, our consul at 
 Scala Nova, I managed to complete the purchase of all the 
 land I wanted in the course of two days, during which I 
 was occupied at the Konak between six and seven hours. 
 The whole was bought for a little more than 160/., and I 
 was authorised by the trustees to pay 200/. if necessary. 
 It was most fortunate that the purchase of the land was 
 effected just at that time, as will be seen hereafter. The 
 
 N 2 
 
i8o 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Travel- 
 ling in 
 Turkey. 
 
 road between Ayasalouk and Scala Nova is in some places 
 rough and mountainous, and the natives habitually take 
 three hours for the journey. But there are two police 
 cafes on the road, at one of which they are almost sure 
 to loiter and take coffee or raki. The road has a bad 
 reputation for robbers, and as the keepers of the cafes 
 are seriously suspected of complicity with them, it is 
 considered prudent to conciliate them by halting for 
 refreshment, which is scarcely needed in so short a ride. 
 I find by my notes that in going to Scala Nova accom- 
 panied by, and therefore hindered by, the landowners, the 
 journey occupied 3§ hours ; but in returning, accompanied 
 only by two of my cavasses, the journey was performed 
 in 2\ hours. The delay, in travelling with the people of 
 the country, may be further accounted for by their im- 
 perfect horse furniture, where string and rope are sub- 
 stitutes for leather. The girths are very apt to break, 
 and the horseman, mounted on a high wooden saddle 
 resembling a pack-saddle, loses his equilibrium, and 
 comes suddenly to the ground. The ordinary refresh- 
 ment taken by travellers at these roadside cafes is a 
 very diminutive cup of black coffee, which consists chiefly 
 of what they call the ' cream ' and a deep sediment of 
 muddy grounds. The cup itself is dirty-looking, if it is 
 not positively dirty, and I have often sickened over the 
 nasty dose taken out of compliment. On the occasion of 
 my being accompanied, as in this instance, by men whom 
 I wished to conciliate, we halted at both these cafds on 
 the road, and I took the mud with as good a grace as 
 I could assume. 
 
The Duke of Sutherland and the Marquis of Stafford 
 visited Ephesus in the course of this month. As his Grace 
 had hospitably entertained H.M. the Sultan during his 
 visit to England, orders had been sent from Constanti- 
 nople to the Pasha of Smyrna to do the Duke especial 
 honour. Half a squadron of cavalry and half a company 
 of infantry accompanied him and his suite to Ephesus as 
 a body-guard. As there was no real need for any guard 
 at all,, we were much amused by the manoeuvres of the 
 soldiers, deploying into line, and then extending and 
 skirmishing as we approached the base of the mountain, 
 as if there were really an. enemy before them. As we 
 crossed the plain, the Duke asked me whether we could 
 not give this ' army ' the slip, and I said ' Certainly,' and 
 spurred my horse, all following, towards the pretended 
 ' Cave of the Seven Sleepers ; ' but the wonderful vigilance 
 and extraordinary running powers of the Turkish infantry 
 were here shown, for they were at the cave almost as 
 soon as we were with the splendid horses which the 
 Pasha had sent to mount us, and they had to run over 
 fully two-thirds of the ground that we had to traverse. 
 So we gave up the idea of getting rid of them, and 
 they continued to do the laborious duty imposed upon 
 them. 
 
 April 7 was a notable day at Ephesus. The work- 
 men, in opening up new ground on the north side of the 
 excavations, came upon an earthenware vessel about 5 
 feet under ground, containing more than 2,000 coins, and 
 some lumps of the metal of which the coins, were made. 
 The three cavasses then employed were fortunately on the 
 
 Illustrious 
 visitors. 
 
 Turkish 
 soldiers. 
 
 Discovery 
 of hidden 
 treasure. 
 
i82 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 spot, and prevented what might otherwise have proved a 
 general scramble for the treasure. Checking all attempts 
 of the workmen to appropriate some of the coins, they 
 made the man who found them bring them to my house. 
 It was most fortunate that these coins were not found be- 
 fore I bought the land, as in that case the landowners 
 would never have consented to part with it for any reason- 
 able sum. The coins found were all forwarded eventually 
 to the Trustees of the British Museum, that they might 
 be examined and sorted by some competent person in 
 the medal department. This task devolved upon Mr. 
 Grueber, who published a full description of" the coins in 
 a pamphlet communicated to the Numismatic Society of 
 London. Mr. Grueber describes it as a hoard of coins 
 comprising ' specimens of many of the nations of Europe 
 which were, during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, 
 mixed up with the affairs of the East. It consists of coins 
 of Naples, Rhodes, the Seljuk Emeers, Venice, Genoa, and 
 the Papal States. The whole hoard embraces a period of 
 about eighty years, so that the coins of which it consists 
 must all have been current at one time. The earliest 
 date which can be assigned to any of the coins is 1285 ; 
 these were struck by Charles II. of Naples. The latest 
 may be placed not after 1365, these having been struck 
 by Roger de Pins, Grand Master of Rhodes. From this 
 it may be concluded that the hoard must have been buried 
 not later than the year 1370, if not even earlier.' 
 
 Mr. Grueber gives the following list of the coins, com- 
 prising the whole of them, which were sent to England in 
 two packages : — 
 
J.3iuU 
 
 COINS FOUND ON THE SITE OFTHE TEMPLE 
 OF DIANA AT EPH ESVS. 
 
TREASURE TROVE. 
 
 183 
 
 'Naples (1603 coins). — 10 of Charles II., 1569 of 
 Robert L, and 24 of Louis and Johanna. 
 
 ' Rhodes (786 coins). — 162 of Elion de Villeneuve, 101 
 of Deodatode Gozon, 113 of Pietro Comillano, and 410 of 
 Roger de Pins. 
 
 ' Seljuks (20 coins).- — 17 Theologi of Ephesus and 3 of 
 Magnesia. 
 
 ' Genoa (1 coin). — A coin struck in the Island of Chios 
 during the time of the Maona of Justiniani. 
 
 'Papal States (3 coins). — Giulio of Pope John XXII. 
 
 ' Venice (i coin). — A matapan of Francis Dandolo. 
 
 ' Thirteen various blundered and unascertained 
 coins.' 
 
 The white metal found with these coins contained 
 about 25 per cent, of silver. 
 
 Perhaps the most interesting of the coins are those 
 struck at Ayasalouk, bearing as they do the word ' Theo- 
 logos,' which was the mediaeval name for Ayasalouk, and 
 going far to prove that St. John's Church was erected at 
 that place. 
 
 Some of the foundation-piers of a church or other 
 building were now found within the walls of the cella of 
 the Temple on the north side. Towards the east end of 
 the Temple we discovered the foundations and base of a 
 large monument only eight feet below the present surface. 
 A large Roman sarcophagus was also laid bare near this 
 spot, showing that some time after the destruction of the 
 Temple a cemetery occupied the site. 
 
 There was great jealousy between my Greek ganger, 
 George, and one of my Turkish cavasses. This circum- 
 
 ' Theolo- 
 gos.' 
 
 Further 
 discove- 
 
 Squabbles 
 
184 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Close of 
 season. 
 
 stance was more or less favourable to the interests of the 
 excavations, as they would report of one another ; but it 
 was the cause of many a quarrel, in which I was often 
 called upon to interfere. One day the cavass so far lost 
 his temper that he struck the ganger a severe blow with 
 his stick ; I punished him by taking not only his stick from 
 him, but his sword also, in the presence of all -the work- 
 men. This humiliating act had the desired effect, and he 
 kept a better watch over himself ever after. 
 
 The season closed this year May ioth. An area 
 of about 210 feet by 130 feet had been explored to 
 as great a depth as the water standing in the excava- 
 tions would allow. The heavy rains had been very un- 
 favourable for the excavations. Early in the year the 
 water stood so high that it was impossible to dig to a 
 greater depth than 15 feet below the surface, whereas 
 most of the stones composing the debris of the Temple 
 rested on the pavement at an average depth of 22 feet. 
 The latter months of the season were therefore em- 
 ployed in preparing ground over a large area for full 
 exploration to the level of the pavement in the autumn, by 
 which time the water would sink. With the discovery of 
 the column in situ, and the masonry supporting the steps, 
 together with the foundation-piers and walls, which gave 
 me the intercolumniations on the south flank, I was 
 obliged to content myself as the result of the season's 
 operations ; and fearing that I might not return to con- 
 tinue the excavations as I intended in the autumn, I 
 sowed the banks with the seed of the Eucalyptus globu- 
 losa (the blue gum tree), closed the doors of my maga- 
 
CLOSE OF SEASON 1870-71. 18$ 
 
 zines, and suspended the works on the day I have above 
 named, leaving Smyrna May 1 2th. 
 
 My grant for the season had enabled me to employ, 
 on an average, about one hundred workmen, and the 
 excavations, which had been carried on entirely on the 
 site of the Temple, had made fair progress, although so 
 little had as yet been found of the remains of the Tem- 
 ple itself, owing to the numerous difficulties attending 
 the work. 
 
 END OF SEASON 187O-71. 
 
1 86 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 First lec- 
 ture on 
 discove- 
 ries. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 1871-72. 
 
 First Lecture on Discoveries — Decision of Trustees — Excavations resumed 
 —Sculptured Frieze — Sculptured Column — Cella-wall of Temple — Im- 
 pression of Cella-walls on Foundation-piers — Remains of more than one 
 Temple — Water in Excavations — Rain — H.M.S. ' Caledonia' — Removal 
 of Antiquities — Amusements at Ephesus — Turkish Workmen and Man- 
 of-war's Men — Sappers — Visitors — Another Capital — Damming — Base 
 of Column — Officers and Men of the ' Caledonia' — Aurora Borealis — 
 Amount of Work done — Strata of Excavation — Storks — Number of 
 Workmen — The ' Times ' — Arrest of Kiourt Men — Miscellaneous Anti- 
 quities — The Duke and Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin— Suspense — 
 Prince Frederic Charles — Monseigneur Spaccapietra — Sawing Marbles — 
 Suspension of Works — Samos — Tighani — Brigands — Inspection of Anti- 
 quities — Waiting for Firman — Appreciation of Coins — Museum at Con- 
 stantinople — Leave for England — The Sacred Clog. 
 
 July 20th, 1871, I delivered my first lecture in London 
 on my discoveries at Ephesus, before a small but select 
 audience, in the lecture-room of the Society for the 
 Encouragement of the Fine Arts, at 9, Conduit Street, 
 Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, the President of the Society, 
 being in the chair. 
 
 At that time the excavations were not sufficiently 
 advanced to enable me to illustrate my lecture with a 
 correct plan of the Temple. I confined myself, there- 
 fore, to a narrative of the manner in which the Temple 
 
had been found, and to the discoveries made in the 
 theatres and other public buildings, as well as on the 
 road from the city to the Temple. 
 
 A discussion of great interest afterwards took place, 
 in which Mr. Newton, Professor Donaldson, Mr. Pen- 
 rose, Mr. Hyde Clarke, and others took part. 
 
 The Trustees of the British Museum declared their 
 satisfaction with the progress made during the past 
 season, and resolved to continue the excavations. We 
 therefore left London August 17th, and arrived in 
 Smyrna on the 31st. 
 
 I got together as large a gang of men as I could, 
 and resumed work at Ephesus September 5th. When 
 the vegetation which had grown all over the excavations 
 had been removed, I found, much to my disappointment, 
 that the water was still standing many feet above the 
 pavement. The weather was oppressively hot, and the 
 workmen at first made little progress, as they had not 
 yet recovered from the relaxing effect of a hot summer. 
 As I was anxious to find any remains of the steps which 
 might still exist, I began digging a wide trench near 
 the column of the peristyle which had been found in 
 position ; but not a vestige of them remained here. 
 From the destruction to which the others were doomed 
 the column seems to have been preserved by the river, 
 which had evidently run against it, if we may judge from 
 the fine sand deposited all around it. Although I did 
 not succeed in finding any portion of the steps, or 
 even the masonry which had supported them near the 
 column, I found a large patch of the pavement beyond 
 
 Decision 
 of the 
 trustees, 
 
 Excava- 
 tions re- 
 sumed. 
 
188 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Sculptured 
 frieze. 
 
 Sculptured 
 column. 
 
 them, and thus ascertained that the height from the pave- 
 ment beyond the steps to that of the peristyle was 9 feet 
 5 \ inches. 
 
 September 14. — Found part of the frieze of the 
 west front of the Temple, on which is sculptured what 
 might probably have been intended to represent the 
 taking of the girdle of Hippolyte, queen of the Ama- 
 zons, by Hercules. The figure of Hercules is almost 
 entirely chopped away ; there remain, however, portions 
 of one thigh and arm, and of the lion's skin in which he 
 was partly enveloped. The female figure is more perfect. 
 A portion of the enriched bed mould of the cornice forms 
 part of this block, while some markings on the top seem 
 to show that it was originally the drum of a column from 
 a more ancient temple. The heads of the figures of 
 the frieze appear to have passed up to the underside of 
 the corona of the cornice. 1 This block is now in the 
 Elgin Room, and has been modestly described by Mr. 
 Newton as a female struggling with Hercules. This 
 was a most valuable and interesting discovery, as it 
 proved that the frieze was sculptured in high relief. 
 
 September 19, a still more important discovery was 
 made, namely, the large sculptured drum of a column 
 from one of the ' columnae cselatae ' described by Pliny. 
 
 In a little more than the semi-circumference of this 
 drum are remains of five of the figures which surrounded 
 it. Two of them are male, three female. The most 
 perfect of the male figures may be recognised as Hermes 
 
 1 See plate. 
 
PART OF SCULPTURED FRIEZE_TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 1/V.aj**^/ 4./TW. 
 
DISCOVERY OF A SCULPTURED COLUMN. 189 
 
 (Mercury) by the caduceus in his right hand, and the 
 petasus hanging from his neck behind ; the chlamys is 
 twisted round his left arm. The female figures were 
 probably goddesses, but they are so mutilated that it is 
 impossible to conjecture which of them were here repre- 
 sented. 
 
 This immense mass of marble, measuring exactly 
 6 feet high, a little more than 6 feet in diameter, and 
 weighing more than eleven tons, was found deeply buried 
 in the sand and marble chippings at the west end of the 
 Temple, and was almost entirely under water. As it 
 was, moreover, turned completely over, with its base 
 uppermost, it was a very difficult task to raise it out of 
 the water in the first place ; we had to use our pump 
 vigorously to keep the water down sufficiently to allow 
 the men who worked the levers to approach the work, 
 and as the sculptured parts were on the underside of the 
 marble as it lay, it was extremely difficult to avoid 
 injuring the drapery of the figures. By degrees the drum 
 was turned over until it rested upon its proper base. It 
 then became easier to insert one by one the stout timbers 
 upon which it was to be placed before it could be moved 
 up out of the water. Little by little the immense block 
 was lifted to a higher level, the timbers being then placed 
 under it, by means of a strong crab winch and pulleys. An 
 attempt was made to draw it up clear of the hole in which 
 it had lain buried for so many centuries, but the strength 
 of the winch and the men who worked it broke the 
 ropes. Having obtained stronger ropes, on October 7 
 we began again to haul up the big drum after having got 
 
Cella-wall 
 of Temple. 
 
 Impres- 
 sion of 
 cella- 
 walls. 
 
 it on to a strong sledge. We had not moved it many 
 yards when a road, partly made for the purpose, gave 
 way under the weight, and we had great difficulty in 
 avoiding a catastrophe ; but we repaired the road, and 
 on November 15 the huge block safely reached the top, 
 nearly two months after its discovery, ready for the photo- 
 grapher, who came out the next day to take a view of 
 it. It was then secured from harm by planks until the 
 crew of one of her Majesty's ships should come and 
 move it on to the railway station. Memo, in Journal : 
 ' It took fifteen men fifteen days to haul up the" big 
 sculptured drum. Forty paces from hole and out of 
 water to commencement of road to top. Sixty paces 
 up road to top. Ninety paces on level towards Ayasa- 
 louk.' This will give some idea of the expense of 
 moving these large masses of marble from the place 
 where they are found to our Museum in London. The 
 case alone in which it was placed cost upwards of 30/. 
 
 I discovered early this season a portion of the cella- 
 wall of the Temple on the south side, also some more of 
 the foundation-piers of a church or other large building, 
 which were composed of rubble masonry, and had been 
 commenced within the cella-walls some centuries, after 
 the destruction of the Temple. On these piers could be 
 clearly traced the impression of the stones of the cella- 
 walls to the height of four courses. I eventually found the 
 whole of these foundation-piers, to the number of eighteen, 
 with the impression of the cella-walls upon them, and this 
 enabled me to obtain the exact width of the cella, with 
 other particulars for the completion of my plan. The water 
 
FURTHER DISCOVERIES. 
 
 191 
 
 continued to sink in the excavations, and I was able, 
 before the close of the year, to remove the six feet of 
 debris which had been left above the pavement when 
 the works had been suspended in May. In doing this, 
 the masonry which originally supported the steps was, to 
 a great extent, laid bare. This masonry was composed 
 of layers of grey limestone a little more than 8 inches 
 thick, which, as I have since ascertained, was the height 
 of each step of the platform. Large patches of the 
 pavement of one of the former temples (the last but two, 
 as I afterwards ascertained) were exposed to view, and 
 on the pavement rested such remains of the columns and 
 other portions of the Temple as had not been used for 
 building-stones or burnt for lime. A few fragments of the 
 various enriched mouldings of the cornice were found 
 amongst the debris. Many of these had distinct traces 
 of colour upon them, while some had evidently belonged 
 to one of the earlier temples. 
 
 November 17. — The water had sunk to a level which 
 enabled us to explore down to the pavement ; but rain 
 threatened to give us only a brief opportunity for digging 
 deep. 
 
 During the month of December the wind was so high 
 that for the whole of one day the men could not work. 
 On the 1 2th there was water on the pavement at the 
 excavations to the height of one foot. 
 
 December 19. — Another large fragment of a sculp- 
 tured drum was found, with remains of male figures in 
 Persian costume. One or two small fragments of this 
 drum had been found before when the site of the Temple 
 
 Remains 
 of more 
 than one 
 temple. 
 
 Water in 
 excava- 
 tion. 
 
192 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Rain. 
 
 H.M.S. 
 ' Cale- 
 donia.' 
 
 Removal 
 of anti- 
 quities. 
 
 was first discovered. These fragments, now reunited, 
 form an interesting object in the British Museum. 
 
 The rain continued to impede the works, and towards 
 the end of the month the water had risen to the height 
 of 20 inches above the lower pavement. 
 
 On the 28th H.M.S. ' Caledonia,' Captain Lambert, 
 arrived in the port of Smyrna. This ship had been 
 sent from Malta in reply to my application for a ship 
 of war to take away the stones and cases which might 
 be ready for shipment. 
 
 Part of the last working day of the year was spent 
 on board the ' Caledonia,' making arrangements, with 
 Captain Lambert for the assistance of a certain number 
 of his officers and crew at Ephesus. 
 
 January 3, 1872.^-Lieutenant M'Quhae, with twenty 
 sailors, four carpenters, a sick-bed. attendant,. and. a ward- 
 room cook's mate, accompanied by Dr. Farr, came out 
 to Ephesus, and joined Lieutenant Gambier, who had 
 preceded them the previous day. 
 
 The officers found quarters in the station-master's 
 house. The men were accommodated in the large room 
 of our house, where the men of H.M.S. 'Terrible' 
 had made themselves so comfortable on a former 
 occasion. 
 
 The sailors began their work by drawing some of 
 the smaller stones from the excavations to the railway 
 station at Ayasalouk. A large devil-cart had been lent 
 by the authorities at Malta for the removal of heavy stones, 
 but it was found impracticable for very bulky stones, 
 which, on account of their large dimensions in every 
 
VIEW OF EXCAVATION ON SITE 
 
LOOKING EAST_ DECEMBER 1871 
 
 Af&MtfA/MJftr L/rh 
 
VIEW OF EXCAVATION ON SITE < 
 
LOOKING WEST. DECEMBER 1871. 
 
 MdL/V.MA'/t l 4S?7- L/TH. 
 
REMOVAL OF ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 193 
 
 direction, could not be slung beneath the axle of the cart. 
 It was, however, found very useful afterwards in trans- 
 porting heavy flat stones from the ruins. 
 
 A strong sledge, chiefly used for taking the stones, 
 conveyed the large sculptured drum slowly but safely to 
 the station. The sailors took to their work most kindly ; 
 the officers enjoyed their duties ashore, which were 
 occasionally lightened by shooting and boar-hunting 
 during the day, and whist in the evening. Whist at 
 Ephesus ! It must sound like a desecration of holy 
 ground in the ears of those who have never seen the 
 place. For ourselves, we were accustomed to it, and 
 enjoyed a rubber occasionally with our visitors. 
 
 Among the blocks moved by the crew of the 
 ' Caledonia ' was one of the five capitals now in the 
 British Museum. 
 
 In using the sledge, it was found to be an excellent 
 plan to employ about ten Turks with twenty sailors, and 
 these together made up the number needed to draw the 
 sledge when heavily laden. Large rollers, nine or ten 
 inches in diameter, were employed for the purpose, and 
 each of these required two men to move them forward 
 as they fell loose behind the sledge. 
 
 The devil-cart was used to bring the colossal statue 
 of a Persian found in the ruins of the city to the station at 
 Ayasalouk. When the cart arrived at the lower village 
 with the statue slung to the axle, it appeared as if one of 
 the numerous Turkish tombstones which still remain in 
 the street must be removed to allow the cart to pass. I 
 was sent for to be consulted as to the course to be pur- 
 
 Amuse- 
 ments at 
 
 Ephesus. 
 
 Turks and 
 sailors. 
 
Sappers. 
 
 sued, and when I came to the spot I found the Custom- 
 house officer and all the petty Turkish officials of the 
 place assembled to protest against the desecration of the 
 tombstones. I found it useless to reason with them, and 
 to promise that if we removed one of them for a minute 
 only it should be set up again in a firmer and more 
 upright position. They continued to protest against its 
 removal, and we arranged the ground for the cart and its 
 load to pass over the tombstone without touching it. 
 
 As I had applied for some sappers from the corps of 
 the Royal Engineers, three non-commissioned officers 
 arrived at Ephesus January 9th for the purpose of 
 assisting me in the excavations. This was the 'party of 
 Royal Engineers ' stated by the journals of the day as 
 having been sent to Ephesus to assist the explorer ! I 
 had had no notice of their coming, and they came with 
 the idea, founded, as they said, on their instructions 
 before they left England, that all the necessary accommo- 
 dation would be found ready for them on their arrival. 
 Disappointment at finding themselves in a strange place 
 without quarters ready to receive them caused the chief 
 of the party to lose his temper, and the result was an 
 amount of impertinence which did not encourage me to 
 interest myself about them. As night closed in, how- 
 ever, I found rooms for them in the ever-expanding 
 house of the station-master, and I gave them what I 
 could spare of my own bedding and stores. But two of 
 the party never settled down to work and discipline, and 
 I therefore obtained leave to send them back by the 
 ' Caledonia ' when she left Smyrna. The third sapper, 
 
ANOTHER LARGE CAPITAL. 195 
 
 who was the junior of the party, Corporal Trotman, re- 
 mained with me not only for that season, but for the two 
 successive seasons, and only left when the excavations 
 were abandoned. 
 
 January 10th Mr. Newton again paid me a visit. 
 He had come in the Duke of St. Albans' yacht to Scala 
 Nova, and had journeyed on to Ayasalouk, leaving the 
 Duke and his party to follow the next day. 
 
 January nth the Duke of St. Albans and his party 
 came over to Ayasalouk from Scala Nova, drenched to 
 the skin by the rain. The water from the adjoining fields 
 ran into and completely engulfed the excavations ; and 
 a vast muddy lake, with a few stones just seen above its 
 surface, greeted His Grace and his companions when they 
 visited the excavations. 
 
 Mr. Newton kindly assisted me most materially by 
 making arrangements in Smyrna for the reception of the 
 cases of antiquities on board ship as they came down by 
 railway, also in forwarding to Ephesus from time to time 
 the implements which might be needed for the works. 
 He found the change from life in London most delightful, 
 and he remained with us as long as he could, taking a 
 deep interest in the work. 
 
 January 17. — Another large capital, found at the 
 east end of the excavations, was more perfect than those 
 found at the west end, having the bead and reel moulding, 
 and the upper flutings of the shaft of the column to which 
 it belonged worked upon the same block of marble ; one 
 volute was nearly perfect, and the large eggs (twelve 
 inches deep) were quite perfect. The work of destruction 
 
 * 02 
 
 Visitors. 
 
 Another 
 capital. 
 
196 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESVS. 
 
 Damming. 
 
 Base of 
 column. 
 
 had been commenced by ruthlessly chopping off the 
 beautiful egg and spear enrichment which surrounded 
 the abacus. The whole, however, with all its defects, 
 forms a noble specimen of Greek art, and may now be 
 seen on a pedestal in the most remote corner at the north 
 end of the Elgin Gallery. 
 
 As the water stood this season so high in the excava- 
 tions, I had recourse to damming, in which I found my 
 Sapper Corporal Trotman most useful. In this manner, 
 with the aid of a powerful pump, we examined the ground 
 at the west end nearly down to the level of the pavement. 
 
 Fearing that some calamity might befall the base of 
 the column found in position, I caused the stones to be 
 removed as far down as the plinth stone, and in so doing 
 I discovered that although dowel holes bad been made 
 in every one of the stones, not a single dowel had been 
 used. I was, therefore, no longer surprised at the displace- 
 ment of the base when the column fell. The fine capital 
 which I have already mentioned had evidently belonged 
 to this column, which had fallen from the outer row in- 
 ward, but diagonally, towards the cella-walls, some of the 
 drums of the column remaining nearly in the position in 
 which they had fallen. I was thus enabled to trace the 
 direction in which the column fell, as well as the connec- 
 tion between the base and the capital. 
 
 The capital became an object of great interest at the 
 railway station to the numerous travellers, most of whom 
 had never before seen a work of art in their lives ; and 
 even the Turks appeared now to understand the purpose 
 of the excavations. 
 
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 z 
 < 
 
 Q 
 
 U. 
 O 
 
 UJ 
 
 _l 
 Q. 
 
 UJ 
 
 H 
 
 D. 
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 O 
 
 O 
 
 z 
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OFFICERS AND MEN OF H.M.S. ' CALEDONIA.' 
 
 J 97 
 
 February ist the ' Caledonia ' left Smyrna with its 
 valuable freight. The large sculptured drum had been 
 carefully cased up, and being, like some of the other 
 blocks, too large for the hatchways of the ship, it remained 
 with them on the deck securely lashed. 
 
 Messrs. Dussaud, contractors for the Smyrna quay, 
 had most kindly lent us their powerful steam crane to 
 hoist the big drum on board the ' Caledonia,' which was 
 done to the music of fifes. On reaching England it re- 
 quired twenty powerful dray horses to move it from the 
 docks to the British Museum. 
 
 ' The officers and men from the ship had spent twenty- 
 seven days at Ephesus, and left it with regret. Captain 
 Lambert took especial care in his choice of the officers ap- 
 pointed to take charge of the expedition from the ship. 
 Lieutenants Gambier and M'Quhae conducted the, work 
 at Ephesus with all the skill that was required, and they 
 were cheerful and pleasant companions during the time 
 they remained with us. The men had had more liberty than 
 had been allowed by the officer of the ' Terrible.' The 
 Caledonians were allowed to spend their evenings at 
 the refreshment room of the station and the cafes at 
 Ayasalouk, but they were bound to turn in by ten o'clock, 
 and the ' rounds ' were always punctually made at that 
 hour by their two officers. The men behaved thoroughly 
 well, and did their work willingly and cheerfully. All the 
 men had -check' (extra pay) for the time during, which 
 they were employed ashore. 
 
 February 3rd Mr. Newton left Smyrna; and as the 
 officers and men of the ' Caledonia ' had departed when 
 
 Officers 
 and men of 
 H.M.S. 
 ' Cale- 
 donia. ' 
 
198 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Aurora 
 Borealis. 
 
 Amount 
 of work 
 done. 
 
 Strata of 
 excava- 
 
 we next went out to Ayasalouk, it seemed quite dull and 
 lonely without them. But we soon became reconciled 
 to our quiet life again, as we all had plenty of work to 
 do. 
 
 February 4. — The Aurora Borealis was distinctly seen 
 at Smyrna, and alarmed the Turks very much, as all 
 natural phenomena invariably do. In this case they 
 thought the earth was about to be destroyed by fire. 
 
 The water in the excavations stood as high as 4 feet 
 6^ inches above the pavement on February 8th. 
 
 February 10th, I reported to the Trustees that I 
 had cleared out 38,500 cubic yards from the site of the 
 Temple, at a total cost of about 4,000/. This was about 
 one-third of the amount of work which, according to my 
 estimate, would be needed in order to clear out the whole 
 of the area of the Temple site. 
 
 Early in the month of March I endeavoured to make 
 some arrangement with the railway authorities for the re- 
 moval of the soil from the excavations by tramway ; but this 
 plan I was obliged to abandon on account of its costliness, 
 and we continued to use a number of wheelbarrows, some 
 six of which could be served by one digger. The digging 
 was chiefly in sand, which we found under 4 feet of 
 vegetable soil to the depth of about 12 feet, the remainder 
 being composed chiefly of debris and sand. Over a 
 great portion of the surface we found a Turkish pave- 
 ment about 4 feet under ground, composed of rather large 
 irregular blocks of stone, which gave us great trouble, as 
 men with back-boards were obliged to carry them to a 
 distance. About 8 feet below the surface we found a 
 
MURDEROUS ASSAULT. 
 
 199 
 
 Storks. 
 
 Number of 
 workmen. 
 
 The 
 
 ' Times.' 
 
 quantity of Arabian pottery, a group of which is given in 
 woodcut, page 20 r. 
 
 March 4. — The storks return with great regularity to 
 build their nests and establish themselves for the summer 
 months at Ayasalouk. The first stork of the season is re- 
 corded to have appeared this day. A few days after, the 
 storks came in force, and occupied all the aqueduct piers. 
 
 About one hundred and fifty men were employed on the 
 works this season, my grant being limited to a fixed 
 amount which did not admit of employing a greater 
 number. 
 
 As it was no longer considered necessary to keep our 
 operations secret from the general public, I sent a short 
 account, of my discoveries to the ' Times.' The public 
 thus knew for the first time the difficulties which had been 
 surmounted, and the success which had thus far attended 
 the explorations at Ephesus. 
 
 This season we had quite a plague of Kiourt men, 
 many of whom I refused to employ, but they remained 
 hanging about Ayasalouk, and did their best, by per- 
 suasions and threatenings, to induce some of the work- 
 men to gamble at night. A man had one night con- 
 sented, but refused the next night. The Kiourt men, 
 highly angered, fell upon him, and, beating him un- 
 mercifully with sticks, left him, fearing they had killed 
 him. My cavasses came to my house the same night 
 and reported the affair to me, adding that the head of 
 the police was incapably drunk, while his fwo men did 
 not care to interfere. So there was nothing to be done 
 but to act the special constable, -as I had done before. 
 
 Arrest of 
 
 Kiourt 
 
 men. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Getting my cavasses together, and summoning my sapper 
 (I had only one at that time), we proceeded to the cafes 
 in the lower village, and, after a visit to the poor beaten 
 man to ascertain the nature of his injuries, I left the 
 sapper to apply the remedies needed for a broken 
 head, and proceeded with the four cavasses to the 
 room where the fifteen ruffians were said to have taken 
 refuge. _ This room was pointed out by one of the work- 
 men who gallantly volunteered to show the way As 
 I thought that my rushing in with four armed men at 
 my back might bring about a serious fight, I halted 
 my men outside, and went in quietly with only one 
 of the cavasses (my faithful Edrise). Ten men were as- 
 sembled, four or five of whom had been concerned in the 
 assault. When I entered they were seated around a 
 large wood fire, but jumped to their feet immediately. I 
 took the precaution of getting within the circle, when, 
 with my back to the fire, I could face them all, and stop 
 all attempt to escape, and defend myself at the same 
 time if necessary. I then proceeded to take down all 
 the men's names. While I was doing this, a knife 
 was passed from one man to another, but no attempt 
 was made to resist, although I had to take a knife from 
 a man who, a few days before, had tacitly threatened 
 me, by standing in my path where the lane was narrow 
 and lonely, and idly lopping off twigs from the bushes 
 in the hedge. This was one of the worst of the 
 Kiourt men, and he and four others of the men then 
 present were denounced by my guide as having taken 
 part in the assault. These men I thereupon arrested, 
 
ARREST OF KTOURTS. 
 
 and handed them over to the care of the police. Going- 
 after this into an adjoining house, I found another of 
 these ruffians hiding in a corner. I thus managed to 
 secure six of the fifteen men who were concerned in 
 the affair, and I was afterwards told that if the man so 
 cruelly treated had died during the night, the remainder of 
 the Kiourt men had planned the rescue of the prisoners. 
 Fortunately he survived, and a short imprisonment was 
 
 Group oi' Arabian Pottery. 
 
 the only punishment inflicted on the men captured ; but 
 I insisted upon their being afterwards sent away from 
 Ayasalouk, and I discharged nearly all the Kiourts 
 who were then in my employment. Thus ended an 
 affair which might have been a very serious one for 
 myself or my people. As it was, it did good, as my 
 men saw that I would not allow them to be maltreated 
 with impunity to their tormentors. 
 
 Amongst other annoyances at Ayasalouk, the village 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous anti 
 quities. 
 
 was for a long time plagued with a mad youth who 
 always became unusually excited on seeing a European, 
 and whenever he met me he used to threaten violence. 
 Very mad people are allowed in Turkey to roam 
 about at pleasure. I once or twice met a full-grown 
 man in the bazaars in Smyrna completely naked, and no 
 one attempted to interfere with him. 
 
 When the photographs of the Excavations were 
 being taken, Edrise took his stand in' two places ; when 
 I showed him the result of his vanity, he was horrified 
 to see himself figuring twice in the same picture. 1 
 
 With all the vigilance of my superintendents at the 
 excavations, small objects, such as gold or silver coins or 
 jewellery, could be easily stolen by the men. I could 
 never therefore ascertain whether there was much found. 
 I put my most trustworthy men in the lower part of the 
 excavation, where small objects of value were most 
 likely to be found, but from first to last I only secured 
 one gold coin. This was handed to me by a man who 
 was grievously wounded in a pitched battle (which I 
 shall have occasion to notice hereafter), and who had 
 reason to be grateful for the care taken of him till his 
 wound healed. This was a coin of Pope John XXII. 
 A gold bracelet was recovered from the man who had 
 found it, and who could not conceal the fact of its 
 discovery from his fellow-workmen, one of whom 
 informed against him. He was accordingly obliged to 
 give up his treasure. I have reason to believe that 
 small articles of value were occasionally found in the 
 
 1 In the lithograph the second figure of this cavass has been omitted. 
 
MODE OF WORKING. 203 
 
 excavations, as men from time to time left the works 
 suddenly, and, after a visit to Smyrna, returned without 
 being able to give a satisfactory account of their absence. 
 But I could do nothing to prevent these robberies (if 
 they ever really took place), and to adopt the plan which 
 has sometimes been suggested by visitors and others, of 
 offering a premium or payment for any coins or small 
 objects of value, would have been productive of very 
 bad results. The men would have examined carefully 
 every handful of sand ; and if they did not throw it 
 up quickly enough to supply the barrows, their excuse 
 would have been that they were examining it in search 
 of coins, &c. Again, a man disinclined to work would 
 have found a ready excuse for idleness, for when he 
 squatted down in the favourite position of the natives 
 of Turkey, he might pretend that he was searching for 
 coins ; while others might produce some of the innume- 
 rable ancient coins procurable at Smyrna and elsewhere, 
 and, declaring they had found them in the excavations, 
 claim their reward. All this would have impeded the 
 works most lamentably, whereas it was most important 
 that, with the means placed at my disposal, I should clear 
 out as many thousand cubic yards as possible, so as to 
 open up whatever large stones of the Temple might 
 remain scattered over the whole site. At the same time 
 there was a good chance of finding any small objects, for 
 every shovelful of earth thrown up passed under the eyes 
 of two superintendents, besides those of at least three 
 workmen, and in cases where the earth was thrown up, as 
 it often was in several steppings, so many more workmen 
 
204 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 The Duke 
 
 and 
 
 Duchess of 
 
 Mecklen- 
 
 burg- 
 
 Schwerin. 
 
 had a chance of seeing anything that ought to be saved 
 from the spoil banks ; there was the further chance of 
 finding things by examining the spoil banks themselves 
 every day, and always after rain. I have even been asked 
 if I sifted the sand in search of coins and other small 
 objects. If I had attempted any of these cunning con- 
 trivances, I could not possibly have employed one-tenth 
 of the number of men that I did, and I should not 
 therefore have cleared one-tenth of the site. Conse- 
 quently we should never have discovered even the few 
 blocks of marble which, with the particulars ascertained 
 on the site, have finally enabled me to make a plan and 
 other drawings of the Temple. Nor should we have 
 discovered the sculptured drums of columns and the 
 antiquities which now enrich the collection in the British 
 Museum, and which are more than an ample equivalent 
 for the money expended on the excavations. 
 
 One pleasant day, March 30, was spent at Ephesus 
 with their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess 
 of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. I accompanied them and 
 their suite to the Temple and round the ruins ; they 
 were escorted with the same force of cavalry and 
 infantry that had been told off for the protection of the 
 Duke of Sutherland. The Pasha of Smyrna sent not 
 only horses to mount the whole party, but also two tents 
 and a liberal luncheon, which was served in the tents 
 pitched on the high ground near the Stadium. 
 
 By the end of March I had cleared out nearly 44,000 
 cubic yards, and had exposed to view a considerable 
 portion of the remains of the Temple in position, besides 
 
OTTOMAN FIRMANS. 
 
 z°S 
 
 Suspense. 
 
 finding a number of loose stones, which gave me good 
 hope of securing a much greater number than was 
 ultimately found. Enough had been found to justify great 
 expectations, and 1 therefore applied to the Trustees for 
 a grant of money sufficient to enable me to clear out the 
 whole of the Temple site. My estimate for this work 
 was 6,000/. While the expediency of applying to the 
 Treasury for the required grant was being considered by 
 the Trustees, I was kept in great suspense ; the Ottoman 
 Government had issued a circular declaring that they 
 would grant no more firmans for excavations, but would 
 undertake them themselves. The Trustees, believing 
 they would not renew my firman for another year, were 
 disinclined to risk further expenditure, and ordered the 
 works to be discontinued at the end of the month, or 
 until the firman should be renewed. 
 
 April 8th Prince Frederic Charles of Prussia, the 
 ' Red Prince,' as he was called during the Franco- German 
 war, came out to Ephesus with his suite, escorted, not by 
 the ' armies ' that had accompanied other great people, 
 but by only six or eight horsemen. I had the honour of 
 escorting him and his party over the excavations of 
 the Temple. He was very careful to understand all 
 that was pointed out to him, attentively listening to all 
 I had to tell him, which he kindly repeated in German 
 to those of his suite who did not understand English. 
 
 April 24. — The Roman Catholic Archbishop of 
 Smyrna, Monsignor Spaccapietra, came to Ayasalouk 
 with about sixty of his congregation, and performed high 
 mass again in the mosque, having his high altar placed 
 
 Prince 
 
 Frederic 
 
 Charles. 
 
 Monsig- 
 nor Spac- 
 capietra. 
 
206 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESVS. 
 
 Sawing 
 marble. 
 
 Suspen- 
 sion of 
 works. 
 
 Samos. 
 
 in an archway in the eastern wall. Monsignor Spac- 
 capietra will be remembered as having taken a pro- 
 minent part in the recent Council of the Vatican. 
 
 During the month of April I received from England 
 some saws, of which I at once proceeded to make the best 
 use I could, by sawing off slabs from bulky stones which 
 would have cost much to send as they were. I thus 
 secured all that was worth sending, and considerably 
 reduced the cost of their transport to England both in the 
 number and sizes of the cases, and the amount of freight. 
 
 The water stood this month about 7 feet above the 
 pavement, but sank a little towards the end of the month. 
 
 As the excavations proceeded, we reopened many 
 deep holes which I had sunk on the site of the Temple 
 several years before its discovery. These happened to 
 be in places where there were no remains discovered to 
 indicate the site of any building, and they had been re- 
 filled that the land might be cultivated. 
 
 In accordance with instructions from the Trustees, I 
 suspended the excavations on the 28th of April, paying 
 off all my men. 
 
 As it was still early in the year, and the great heat 
 had not yet set in, I visited Samos, accompanied by my 
 friend, Mr. William Forbes ; and I had thus an oppor- 
 tunity of comparing the columns of the Temple of Hera 
 (Juno) and their bases with those of the Temple of 
 Artemis at Ephesus. The comparison proved very 
 much in favour of the latter, those of the Temple at 
 Samos not being fluted, and the bases being inelegant 
 and unrefined in detail. 
 
OF TWO EVILS CHOOSE THE LEAST: 207 
 
 It would not cost a great deal to lay bare this 
 Temple, as it is buried to the depth of a few feet only. 
 
 A great portion of the walling of the neighbouring 
 town of Tighani still exists above ground, but I saw no 
 remains of buildings, though many might perhaps be 
 found below the present surface. 
 
 We had the greatest difficulty in getting back to 
 Scala Nova from Vathe, the chief town of Samos, there 
 being no wind to fill our sails, and thus the sun had set 
 before we arrived. We had had such dire experience 
 of the liveliness and plentifulness of the insects of prey 
 which abound there, that we determined to return to 
 Ayasalouk that night, in spite of the reputed danger of 
 the road, and my own fears that, as it was well known 
 at Ayasalouk whither I had gone and when I was 
 expected to return, I might be waylaid, either for ransom 
 or from revenge for my imprisonment of the Kiourt 
 men. We had two cavasses with us, and we all deter- 
 mined to resist. I gave the cavasses orders to do so in 
 the hearing of all the people who lounged near the door 
 of the khan, where we were joined without invitation 
 by two men whcm we did not know, but who professed 
 to be connected with the Post. These men took the 
 lead on our leaving the town. When we approached 
 the cafe near the mountain, the guard was missing, 
 and this was considered suspicious, as these men 
 are suspected, whether guilty or not, of taking part 
 with the brigands. A deeo silence pervaded our whole 
 party of six persons as we proceeded over the mountain. 
 My revolver was in my coat-pocket firmly clutched by 
 
 Tighani. 
 
 Brigands. 
 
208 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Inspection 
 of anti- 
 quities. 
 
 Waiting 
 for i 
 firman. 
 
 my right hand, my finger ready on the least alarm to be 
 placed upon the trigger. As we approached the most 
 dangerous part of the road, not a word was uttered, and 
 everyone's breath appeared to be suspended, when one 
 of our voluntary leaders took the cigarette from his 
 mouth, whirled it round his head several times, and rode 
 into the bushes. Both my companion and myself expected 
 that moment to be attacked, thinking this action must have 
 been a signal for the robbers to attack. But he reappeared 
 alone, and rode on as before at our head. The bushes 
 were passed, but the attack expected and prepared for 
 never took place. The signalling, as it undoubtedly was, 
 was repeated a little further on, and not till the open 
 country beyond was gained did we again breathe freely. 
 
 Before we left for England, the Turkish Com- 
 missioner came out to Ayasalouk, and inspected the 
 cases of antiquities which I had packed for the Museum. 
 They were now fastened down and sealed with his seal, 
 in case the threatened intentions of the Turkish Govern- 
 ment respecting excavations should be carried out. 1 
 
 May ii. — We left Smyrna for England, touching at 
 Constantinople, where we were detained till June i. I 
 remained there all that time, in the hope of obtaining the 
 renewal of my firman for another year, and bringing the 
 document itself away with me. 
 
 Sir Henry Elliot, H.B.M.'s Ambassador, did all he 
 could to persuade the Turkish authorities to grant the 
 
 1 When I afterwards wished to send these cases to England a new com- 
 missioner had been appointed, and he would not allow them to pass, without 
 breaking the seals of his predecessor, and examining their contents. 
 
SERVER PASHA AND THE COINS. 
 
 209 
 
 renewal without further delay, his chief plea with them 
 being that, as the firman was granted, in the first 
 instance, for the purpose of finding the Temple of 
 Artemis, and securing what remained of it for the 
 British Museum, this object could not be fully accom- 
 plished unless the renewal was granted from year to year 
 till the completion of the work. While I was waiting at 
 Constantinople for the decision of the Porte, a box 
 containing 2,004 °f the coins which I had found on the 
 site of the Temple arrived from the British Museum 
 for presentation to the Ottoman Government. The 
 Trustees, having reserved a certain number selected for 
 the. Museum, had forwarded the duplicates to the 
 Turkish authorities. Sir Henry Elliot thought it would 
 be well for me to present this box myself to Server 
 Pasha, the Minister for Foreign Affairs at that time, as 
 it might give me an opportunity of conciliating his 
 Excellency, and of urging the immediate renewal of my 
 firman. I accordingly waited upon Server Pasha, accom- 
 panied by Mr. Etienne Pisani, the chief dragoman from 
 the embassy, and presented the box in due form. The 
 Minister ordered an attendant to get the box opened, 
 and when it was brought in again it was found to contain 
 a number of small bags of coins neatly labelled with their 
 number and names. There were also some lumps of 
 white metal which were found with them, looking very 
 much like pure silver. I offered to open some of the 
 bags and explain the different coins, but Server Pasha 
 said it was of no consequence, and proposed that we 
 should replace the bags. Then turning io a Turkish 
 
DTSCO VERIES A T EPHESUS. 
 
 Apprecia- 
 tion of 
 coins. 
 
 gentleman who was present, and who was probably some 
 one of consequence, he asked him if he would give ' five 
 paras ' (one farthing) for the whole of the contents of the 
 box, at which the other shrugged his shoulders and said, 
 ' Decidedly not' Server Pasha then said he should 
 immediately send the box to Ahmet Vefik Effendi, the 
 Minister of Public Instruction. After urging my suit 
 for the renewal of my firman, and receiving assurances 
 which might have been very encouraging to anyone who 
 had no knowledge of Turkish diplomacy, I left the 
 Foreign Minister's cabinet, feeling that I had made little 
 or no progress in obtaining my wants. 
 
 The next day I went to the Tribunal of Commerce 
 to see Ahmet Vefik Effendi, armed with a letter of 
 introduction from Sir Henry Elliot. I fully expected a 
 favourable reception, or at least a courteous one, having 
 been told that this Minister was an enlightened man, 
 and was well suited for his office. I also thought I 
 should be well received, because I believed the coins had 
 been sent to him, as promised the day before by Server 
 Pasha. With this idea I began by asking him whether he 
 did not find the coins highly interesting. He soon stopped 
 me, saying he had seen nothing of them — that, instead 
 of taking them to the Minister for Foreign Affairs, I 
 should have brought them direct to him. He was the 
 proper person to receive things of that kind ; the Foreign 
 Minister had nothing to do with them. As it was, it would 
 perhaps be ' three years ' before he saw anything of 
 them, and as for my firman, he should do nothing to 
 assist me until he had the coins in his possession, which 
 
THE MUSEUM AT CONSTANTINOPLE. 
 
 was not likely to happen soon. I could not, however, 
 better employ my time than in urging Server Pasha to 
 send the coins on to him. All this he addressed to me 
 in an angry impatient voice, and I had much difficulty in 
 refraining from making a hasty reply ; but I succeeded in 
 controlling my tongue, though I could not conquer my 
 temper, and, simply asking' him for a permission to visit 
 the museum, for which he introduced me to another 
 official, I left the worthy man to cool down from his 
 angry fit as he best could. The gentleman to whom he 
 had introduced me acted with more courtesy, and, send- 
 ing for the Curator of the museum, a young protdgi of 
 Baron Prokesch, he requested him to accompany me. 
 The chief object of my visit was to ascertain what 
 had been done with the statue of Venus found in the 
 great theatre at Ephesus, a female head, and some other 
 sculpture which had been ceded to the Turkish Govern- 
 ment by the Trustees. 
 
 I found, on visiting the museum at Constantinople, that 
 this statuary, with some other objects which had been 
 sent from England, had been placed in a sort of store- 
 room, in which they were locked up. The Venus had been 
 injured by having a large splinter of marble displaced 
 from the thigh, and this fragment was lying by the side of 
 the statue. I asked the Curator why he did not get the piece 
 replaced. His answer was that he had no funds, not even 
 the few piastres for the gypsum needed for the repair of 
 statuary. As for the head, it was placed on the ground 
 where no one could possibly see its beauty, and where 
 it was liable to be knocked over and broken to pieces. 
 
 P 2 
 
 Museum at 
 Constanti- 
 nople. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Leave for 
 England. 
 
 The 
 
 sacred 
 
 clog. 
 
 In spite of all this carelessness and non-appreciation 
 of antiquities, the Curator spoke with great bitterness of 
 my digging up ' such a number of beautiful things,' and 
 sending them all to England, assuring me that I should 
 not obtain the renewal of my firman for another year. 
 His anger was intensified when I expressed my certitude 
 of obtaining all that I wanted, not only for that year, but 
 for any number of years successively, adding that it 
 was a very small return for the Turks to make for the 
 English blood spilt in their cause, which I fervently hoped 
 would never be so wasted again. 
 
 Three or four days after I had had my interview 
 with Server Pasha, I went a second time to see Ahmet 
 Vefik Effendi ; but the coins had not arrived, and, a few 
 more days having been spent in doing all I could, with 
 the aid of Mr. Pisani, to obtain my firman, I was assured 
 by Sir Henry Elliot that I could not do better than leave 
 the matter in his hands. We therefore left Constanti- 
 nople for England June ist. 
 
 During our stay at Constantinople, all the Turkish 
 world went to see the sacred clog of Mahomet, which had 
 been brought in the same vessel with us from Smyrna. 
 The day which we chose for seeing the treasury 
 happened unfortunately to be the one appointed for the 
 ladies of the Sultan's harem and other ladies to see the 
 clog. The gates of the treasury were therefore closed 
 against us, and not even a silver or golden key would 
 open them. 
 
 END OF SEASON l8jl-j2. 
 
FUNDS FOR THE EXCAVATIONS. 
 
 213 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 1872-73. 
 
 Mr. Lowe's Grant of ^6,000 — Excavations resumed — Sculptured Frieze — 
 Disappointed of Workmen — Cella-walls— Effects of an Earthquake — 
 Columns and their Foundations — Corinthian Capital — Marcus Aurelius 
 — Lack of Workmen — Third Sculptured Drum — Supply of Bread — 
 Hindrances — Inscriptions — Sculptured Drum — Sculpture — Lions' Heads 
 — Work done — Roman Pavement — -Disappointment — Sickness — You- 
 rooks — Imprisonment of Men — Courban Bairam — The Temple was 
 Octastyle — Inscription — Bas-relief — Skulking — Gunboat — Narrow 
 Escape — Fourth Sculptured Drum — The Weather — Water — Sculpture 
 &c. ready for Export— The ' Antelope'— Mr. Newton-H.M.S. 'Ariadne' 
 — Cases &c. shipped — Greek and Latin Inscriptions — H.M.S. 'Swiftsure' 
 ,< — Crew at Ephesus — Cost of Excavation — Columnar Caslatse — Valuable 
 Cargo of ' Swiftsure' — Jews and Greeks— Water in the Excavations — 
 Arabs — Food of the Workmen — Strength of the Turks — Characteristics of 
 Workmen, Arabs, Turks, and Greeks — Fight between Turks and Greeks — 
 Imprisonment of Workmen — Workmen leaving— General Lord Henry 
 Percy, G.C.B., V.C. — Excavations suspended — Contracts with Sapper. 
 
 The first few weeks in England were employed, with 
 the assistance of Mr. Newton, in providing against the 
 difficulties which might possibly arise from the non- 
 renewal of my firman, and the consequent want of funds 
 for the continuance of the excavations, as it was unlikely 
 that the Treasury would authorise a grant without the 
 firman. We did all we could to interest the public in 
 case we might have to appeal to them for assistance ; but 
 
214 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPBESUS. 
 
 Mr. 
 
 Lowe's 
 grant of 
 "1,000/. 
 
 Excava- 
 tions re- 
 sumed. 
 
 ultimately Sir Henry Elliot obtained the authority re- 
 quired on the original favourable terms," and an applica- 
 tion was made to Mr. Lowe, then Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer, for a sum of money sufficient to clear out the 
 whole of the Temple site. Mr. Lowe, interested as a 
 great classical scholar in the completion of the enterprise, 
 unhesitatingly granted the 6,000/. asked for, with the 
 unanimous consent of the House of Commons. Mean- 
 while my health gave way, and when the time came 
 which I had appointed for returning to Smyrna I was 
 unable to do so. I therefore sent instructions to Sergeant 
 M c Kim, the sapper who had been sent out in the month 
 of August with Corporal Trotman to act under my direc- 
 tions at the excavations. The works were accordingly 
 recommenced on August 29, by sinking such portions of 
 the ground as had not been excavated up to that time to 
 within 6 feet of the pavement, the remainder being left 
 till I should arrive. 
 
 When at length I was able to leave England, my son 
 accompanied us for the season 1872-73 as my assistant, this 
 appointment having been made by the Trustees in kind 
 consideration of my health. We left England September 
 1 8th, and reached Smyrna on the 24th, making an un- 
 usually quick passage from Marseilles. I found Sergeant 
 M c Kim in the British Hospital ill with fever ; happily 
 he was recovering, and was able to go out to Ephesus a 
 day or two after our arrival. For the first three days I 
 was far too weak to go out to Ephesus, but on the 30th I 
 took advantage of a special train which had been engaged 
 by General Adie, and visited the works. I found that 
 
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 Q 
 
 Ll 
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 D- 
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 I a 
 
 HI z 
 
 N < 
 
 LU ,_ 
 
 or 
 
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PART OF SCULPTURED FRIEZE -TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 NORTH WEST ANGLE. 
 
 */at m HA/sMtrr ur#. 
 
SCULPTURED FRIEZE. 
 
 215 
 
 everything was going on well under the superintendence 
 of the two sappers and Georgy, the Greek ganger, who 
 had been now employed for two seasons in the excava- 
 tions. In a day or two more I was able to give my usual 
 personal superintendence to the works. 
 
 A large area had been sunk to within a few feet of 
 the pavement, as I had directed, and we now began to 
 remove the remainder. Near the western extremity of 
 the Pronaos, on the north side, we soon found two 
 sculptured stones which had formed part of the frieze at 
 the north-west angle of the Temple, This sculpture, 
 which is in high relief, some parts projecting from the 
 surface as much as 13 inches, represents on one face 
 two nude male figures (probably Hercules and Antaeus), 
 wrestling. On the other face of the block there had 
 evidently been the figure of Artemis herself with a stag, 
 but almost the whole has been chopped away, nothing 
 being left but the head and neck of the stag. The 
 form of the antlers may be easily traced, although 
 not a vestige of them remains. All the figures are 
 life-size. 
 
 I had the usual difficulty in getting together a sufficient 
 number of workmen, and this season was more than 
 usually unfavourable, scarcely any rain having fallen 
 since the month of May. There had been consequently 
 a great deal of sickness during the summer months, and 
 the men who had suffered had not recovered their strength. 
 I had done all I could to provide workmen against my 
 return, having previously arranged with Ali Khoja to 
 bring 1 50 men, as he had worked for me for the last two 
 
 Sculp- 
 tured 
 frieze. 
 
2l6 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS, 
 
 Disap- 
 pointed of 
 workmen. 
 
 Cella- 
 walls. 
 
 seasons, and had brought with him a hundred men from 
 a district beyond Konia, about fourteen days' journey on 
 foot from Ephesus. The Khoja had left me his address, 
 and I had written to him from England to remind him 
 of our arrangement, and fixing the date for the resumption 
 of the works ; but he did not receive my letter till long 
 after it was due, and day after day passed away without 
 our seeing anything of him or his men, until at last, towards 
 the end of October, he made his appearance with only 
 eight men. This default of the Emenekleh men seriously 
 delayed the work. 
 
 As the excavations proceeded, a considerable portion 
 of the western and southern walls of the cella of the last 
 Temple but two was found in position, the plinth resting 
 on the original pavement, which had been nearly all 
 removed from the interior of the cella. These cella-walls 
 were remarkable for their exquisite finish and the 
 extreme beauty of the marble of which they were built. 
 The arrises were all taken off at an obtuse angle to pre- 
 vent damage to them by any concussion by earthquake 
 or otherwise, and the joints were as fine as they could be ; 
 the fronts of the blocks were frosted. 
 
 The small portions that remained of this beautiful 
 walling had been made to do duty as part of the 
 foundations for the walls of the last two Temples, and 
 had been thickened out and strengthened for the purpose 
 by large blocks of limestone, making the foundations 
 of the walls 13 feet thick, the original walling being 
 6 feet 4 inches thick. A large space was now cleared 
 near the cella, and I could therefore distinctly trace the 
 
EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE— DISCOVERIES. 
 
 217 
 
 effects of an earthquake which passed obliquely across 
 the Temple site at the time when the church was being 
 built. The pavement had been raised in one part nearly 
 five feet above its original level, and with it a large mass 
 of mortar which had been mixed upon it. Three of the 
 foundation-piers had been overthrown, and the walls of 
 the cella had been disturbed. I have no doubt that the 
 building was then abandoned and another site chosen. 
 No brick vaulting was found, and this is a further proof 
 that the church was never finished on its intended 
 site. 
 
 A great number of the buttress walls between the 
 foundation-piers of the columns of the peristyle and the 
 masonry supporting the steps of the platform were now 
 found on the north side, corresponding in position to those 
 on the south side. The foundation-piers had been nearly 
 all removed ; only one of these remained intact on this side, 
 supporting the base-stones of one of the inner columns of 
 the peristyle ; but these were chipped all around till not 
 a vestige of moulding remained upon them, and only one 
 small fragment of the face of the square plinth could be 
 seen. 
 
 Some of the drums of this column were also found 
 prostrate at a high level, showing that the site had been 
 silted up to the level of the pavement of the peristyle 
 before the column fell. This column had fallen outward. 
 
 Near the cella wall was found a Corinthian capital, 
 elliptical on plan, which I presume belonged to the upper 
 tier of columns decorating the interior, and was doubtless 
 of a much more recent date than the remainder of the 
 
 Effects of 
 an earth- 
 quake. 
 
 Columns 
 and their 
 founda- 
 tions. 
 
 A Corin- 
 thian 
 capital. 
 
Marcus 
 Aurelius. 
 
 Lack of 
 workmen. 
 
 Third 
 
 sculptured 
 
 drum. 
 
 Temple. The lower tier of columns must also have been 
 elliptical, and probably of the Ionic order. 
 
 The interior of the Temple might have been restored or 
 rebuilt in the time of Marcus Aurelius, whose name with 
 that of his wife Faustina and his daughter Fadilla were 
 found upon the architrave of the west door of the cella, 
 many fragments of which remained where they had fallen. 
 
 The difficulty of getting workmen in sufficient num- 
 bers continued throughout this season from the causes 
 already mentioned. During many previous years, when I 
 had little or no money to spend, I might have obtained 
 almost any number. Now I had money, but could not get 
 men. There was, however, an improvement in December, 
 and the excavations then proceeded much more rapidly. 
 
 December 31^/. — The third sculptured drum of a 
 column was found on the north side towards the west 
 end of the excavation. This example is quite different in 
 character from the sculptured drums previously found, in 
 which the extreme projection from the surface did not 
 exceed \\ inches. In this example the projection is as 
 much as 1 3 inches. The diameter of this drum is the 
 same as that of the first found, and must therefore have 
 been the lowest drum of the shaft to which it belonged. 
 The disposition of the two figures is also singular ; they 
 occupy as much of the circumference of the shaft of the 
 column as four of the figures in the other drums found 
 — that is, nearly the semi-circumference of the shaft. 
 This example was probably from one of the inner columns 
 of the peristyle, where a greater projection of the sculpture 
 was considered necessary. Unfortunately not enough re- 
 
3 
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 O 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 Z> 
 IE 
 Q 
 
 D 
 
 kl 
 
 cc 
 
 D 
 I- 
 0. 
 
 _l 
 
 n 
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 to 
 
 i- 
 tr 
 < 
 
 Q_ 
 
PRICE OF BREAD AT AYASALOUK. 
 
 219 
 
 Supply of 
 bread. 
 
 mains to show what subject was illustrated by this drum ; 
 but although the original beauty of the work is utterly 
 destroyed, we can yet discern the extreme boldness and 
 excellent grouping of the design, which is best seen at a 
 distance of some 20 feet. 
 
 Amongst the difficulties I had to contend with, one of 
 the greatest was the supply of bread for the men. The 
 Bakal, who often sent coarse and uneatable stuff which 
 the men compared to mud, was at last convicted by the 
 Turkish authorities of giving short weight, and was im- 
 prisoned as he deserved to be. On being liberated he 
 was ordered by the Kaimachan of Scala Nova to supply 
 his bread at the rate of seventy paras an oke, full weight. 
 This he declared he could not possibly do, as he had to 
 pay a great deal for the carriage of his flour from Smyrna, 
 and in order to convey the bread to the workmen at the 
 excavations he must keep a horse and extra man for the 
 purpose. He could not therefore supply the bread for less 
 than two piastres an oke, and I applied to our Consul at 
 Smjrna to obtain special leave for the arrangement. My 
 request was granted, and we had no further serious inter- 
 ruption of this kind to complain of. 
 
 Ramazan and Bairam had caused the usual hindrances, 
 the men being too weak for work during the fast, and 
 absent from the works during the feast. The rains had 
 fortunately been delayed this season, and I was able to 
 clear out the earth and debris down to the lower pave- 
 ment over the whole area which had been prepared 
 during the latter part of the last and the beginning of 
 the present season. The men of Ali Khoja came by 
 
 Hin- 
 drances. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHRSUS. 
 
 Inscrip- 
 tions. 
 
 Sculptured 
 drum. 
 
 Sculpture. 
 
 Lions' 
 heads. 
 
 Work 
 done. 
 
 Roman 
 pavement. 
 
 degrees to the number of more than one hundred, but I 
 did not succeed till the end of the year in getting together 
 my full complement of three hundred workmen. 
 
 Some fragments of Greek inscriptions were found at 
 a low level in the excavations, copies of which are given 
 in the Appendix. 1 
 
 Before the close of the year 1872 one or two more 
 fragments of the sculptured drum, with figures in Persian 
 trousers, were discovered at the west end. Here also was 
 found a very fine piece of sculpture, being part of a female 
 arm with the elbow, which belonged probably to one of 
 the statues o{ colossal dimensions in the tympanum at 
 that end of the Temple. 
 
 Some fine fragments of lions' heads from the cymatium, 
 or uppermost moulding of the cornice, were found on the 
 pavement. 
 
 By the end of the year I had removed 70,126 cubic 
 yards from the site of the Temple. 
 
 December 2,\st. — Saw the old year out at Ephesus. 
 
 Early in the month of January 1873, the water in the 
 excavation had sunk sufficiently low to allow us to lay 
 bare patches of the pavement beyond the steps of the 
 platform. This pavement was Roman, and consisted of 
 square slabs of white marble 3 inches thick laid upon a 
 foundation composed of red cement about 3 inches thick 
 and rubble masonry 21 inches thick. It was probably 
 laid not very long before the destruction of the Temple, 
 as it did not exhibit much wear. 
 
 1 ' Inscriptions from site of Temple.' 
 
YOUROOKS. 
 
 I now began to clear away the soil and debris for the 
 distance of 30 feet beyond the lowest step of the platform, 
 where I hoped to find many remains of the Temple. In 
 this, however, I was greatly disappointed, for here we 
 scarcely found a vestige of the building remaining. 
 
 Much sickness now prevailed among the men, and I 
 lost the services for a time of seventy or eighty of them. 
 My own health was preserved to a great extent by 
 moderate exercise on foot and on. horseback. With my 
 horse I was able to explore the whole of the district within 
 a certain distance of my work without a long absence 
 from it. The Yourook dogs were sometimes trouble- 
 some, causing me to dismount and use my whip ; but the 
 Yourooks were generally on the watch, and called them 
 off. One evening I was returning with some ladies from 
 an excursion to the sea ; we were admiring the great beauty 
 of the scene when we encountered a fierce Yourook dog. 
 Its young mistress, however, called it away, and, putting 
 her foot on the dog's head to keep him down, went 
 on quietly with the knitting which these women always 
 have with them. We were struck with admiration of 
 the group ; the girl, the dog, and the black huts at 
 the foot of the mountain beyond, forming a beautiful 
 picture. 
 
 Four of my men were imprisoned for stealing a lamb. 
 The Mudir refused to liberate them till they had paid 
 seventeen Turkish dollars, most of which our Consul 
 obliged him to return to the men. 
 
 The feast of Courban Bairam again took the whole 
 of the men away for several days, after which the. 
 
 Disap- 
 pointment. 
 
 Sickness. 
 
 Yourooks. 
 
 Imprison- 
 ment of 
 men. 
 
 Courban 
 Bairam. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 majority of them were for a time demoralised and unfit 
 for work. 
 
 During the month of January I obtained those par- 
 ticulars relating to the position of the columns at the west 
 end of the Temple which were needed to confirm the 
 
 The 
 
 Temple 
 
 cctastyle. 
 
 Inscrip- 
 tion. 
 
 Christian Martyr. 
 
 statement of Vitruvius that the Temple was octastyle. 
 Further reference will be made to this in the last chapter 
 of this book. 
 
 One of the few inscriptions found on the site of 
 the Temple was discovered this month, also a curious 
 bas-relief in panels representing the combat of a man 
 
s 
 
 D 
 DC 
 O 
 
 Q 
 UJ 
 IE 
 
 3 
 
 O 
 (0 
 
ANOTHER SCULPTURED COLUMN. 
 
 223 
 
 (perhaps a Christian) with a lion. The man is armed 
 with a thick club, but in the third panel he appears to have 
 fallen a victim to the fury of the lion. 
 
 The workmen were now spread over a large area, 
 and it required all the vigilance of the superintendents to 
 keep them from skulking. 
 
 January 29//Z. — H.M.S. 'Growler,' Captain Verney, 
 came into the port of Smyrna, and I hoped to be able 
 to put on board some of my cases of antiquities ; but the 
 captain told me that a small ship of war like his could 
 not take a cargo, as she was supposed to be sufficiently 
 laden with her guns. 
 
 One of my best workmen had a narrow escape from 
 being seriously injured by a fall of earth which he had 
 incautiously left at a slope much too steep for safety. 
 Fortunately he was only slightly bruised, as there were 
 no large stones amongst the sand which fell upon him ; 
 but he was unfit for work for some days. 
 
 January 30//&. — Two very large blocks of the fourth 
 sculptured drum of a column were found at the eastern 
 end of the Temple, and on the south side. This dis- 
 covery satisfactorily proved what I had already con- 
 jectured, that the ' columnse caelatse ' of Pliny had adorned 
 both ends of the building. 
 
 This drum had been planted thickly with half-draped 
 male and female figures, like the first drum, found at the 
 west end. In these two blocks united there are remains 
 of as many as six figures, but they are all so much muti- 
 lated (not one head being left) that it is impossible now 
 to understand the subject of the sculpture. 
 
 Bas-relief. 
 
 Skulking. 
 
 Gunboat. 
 
 Narrow 
 escape. 
 
 Fourth 
 
 sculptured 
 
 drum. 
 
224 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 The 
 weather. 
 
 Water. 
 
 The character of the drapery appears to be inferior 
 to that of the first drum, and the remnants of the figures, 
 where nude, seem to exhibit inferior anatomical treatment. 
 Nevertheless this, like similar fragments afterwards found, 
 is extremely interesting, as having formed part of one 
 of the famous colossal sculptured columns for which 
 the Temple was chiefly remarkable, and adds very 
 materially to the evidence which has been so eagerly 
 sought for since the discovery of the site, as to the 
 peculiar characteristics of the building as a whole. . 
 
 This drum, like the others, was under water when 
 first found, but as it had been split into two pieces it was 
 hauled up to the top with comparative ease, especially 
 as we now had efficient hauling tackle, and the workmen 
 had learned much by experience. Six days after its dis- 
 covery, it was landed on the top uninjured. 
 
 During the month of February the men were em- 
 ployed chiefly at the east end of the Temple ; but for 
 some days the works were interrupted by the intense 
 cold. A sharp frost, a cold wind, and ever so little 
 rain, were each sufficient to stop the works. Few of 
 the men had a change of clothes in case they should 
 get wet ; so they generally ran for shelter when rain 
 came on. 
 
 The weather must have moderated considerably 
 towards the end of the month, for I find that on February 
 26th the first stork of the season arrived. This does 
 not generally take place till March 6th. 
 
 Before the end of February, the water in the excava- 
 tion was becoming troublesome, being on the 25th i6g 
 
MAN-OF-WAR'S MEN AT EPHESUS. 
 
 225 
 
 inches above the pavement, near the base of the column 
 in position, on the north side. 
 
 I had now in my store room at Ayasalouk between 
 50 and -60 tons of sculptured stones and inscriptions. I 
 had already applied to the Trustees for a man-of-war to 
 take them on board, and on March 4 H.M.S. ' Antelope,' 
 a despatch boat, which was generally at the disposal of 
 Her Majesty's Ambassador at Constantinople, came to 
 Smyrna for the purpose of taking on board all the cases 
 and loose marbles which might be ready. 
 
 March 5. — A lieutenant and fifteen of the crew of the 
 ' Antelope ' came out to Ephesus to assist in hauling the 
 marbles to the railway station and in packing them in 
 cases. 
 
 March 6. — Mr. Newton arrived on a visit to Smyrna 
 and Ephesus. The storks made their appearance in 
 couples this day on the numerous piers of the aqueduct, 
 and on the minarets of the ruined mosques at Ayasalouk. 
 
 There was now expected in Smyrna H.M.S. 
 ' Ariadne.' It became therefore a question whether we 
 should put our heaviest blocks on board the ' Antelope,' 
 or wait for the frigate. It was ultimately decided that 
 we should reserve the big stones for the ' Ariadne ' and 
 put our smaller stones and cases on board the 'Antelope,' 
 as she had come expressly for them. The blue jackets 
 and marines of the ' Antelope ' were quartered in the lower 
 room of our house, and did their work, like the other crews, 
 cheerily and expeditiously. The Antelope' appeared to 
 have an especially fine set of picked men. They soon 
 finished their work, and on March 1 1 returned to their 
 
 Sculpture 
 &c. ready 
 for export. 
 
 H.M.S. 
 ' Ante- 
 lope.' 
 
 Mr. 
 Newton. 
 
 H.M.S. 
 'Ariadne.' 
 
226 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Cases &c. 
 shipped. 
 
 Greek and 
 Latin in- 
 scriptions. 
 
 H.M.S. 
 ' Swift- 
 sure. ' 
 
 Crew at 
 Ephesus. 
 
 Cost of ex, 
 cavations. 
 
 1 Columnar 
 cailata:.' 
 
 ship, the name of which they left painted upon the bond 
 timber of the station at Ayasalouk. The 'Antelope ' left 
 with twenty-four cases and three loose sculptured blocks. 
 
 March 14. — Found a group of five inscribed stones 
 about 10 feet below the surface on the north side ; two of 
 these were Greek, two Latin, and one Latin and Greek. 1 
 Near these were found several graves about 8 feet below 
 the surface, with rough sides of marble slab and marble 
 covers. . 
 
 March 18.— H.M.S. 'Swiftsure/ Captain the Hon. 
 W. J . Ward, came to Smyrna for the remainder of the cases 
 and marbles. Mr. Newton was still in Smyrna, but he 
 left on the 22nd. 
 
 March 24. — Lieutenant Baring, Sub-Lieutenant Neild, 
 and fifteen men of the ' Swiftsure ' came out to Ayasalouk 
 to finish the work so well begun by the crew of the 
 ' Antelope.' A force of about 200 men was employed 
 during this month. I found by calculation that the exca- 
 vations this season had cost since the beginning of January 
 only 1 5a?. a cubic yard. This was owing chiefly to the 
 effective superintendence of the two sappers who assisted 
 the Greek ganger. The improved state of my health 
 had also enabled me to attend constantly and watch 
 the works. Some fragments of a sculptured drum were 
 found this month at the east end ; but none of the sculp- 
 ture remained. They were mere splinters, proving only 
 that the drum itself had been 6 feet in height, and that 
 there had been a considerable plain space between the 
 figures, as on that found at the west end on the north side. 
 
 1 See Appendix, Inscriptions from site of Temple, Nos. 1 to 5. 
 
EXPORT OF ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 227 
 
 The water stood at 4 feet above the pavement at the foot 
 of the steps ; but with the aid of the pump we were able 
 to examine, bit by bit, the whole area for 30 feet beyond 
 the lowest step, so as to make sure of getting any large 
 blocks of marble or other antiquities that might remain. 
 
 April 2. — I wrote to our Consul at Smyrna asking 
 him to send in the usual request to our Ambassador at 
 Constantinople for the renewal of my firman. As the 
 water was generally high in the excavations during the 
 months of March and April, it was necessary to remove 
 the upper soil, and so prepare ground to be examined in 
 the autumn. For this reason an early application for the 
 necessary authority to export all antiquities found on 
 the same terms as before was deemed advisable. The 
 ' Swiftsure ' carried away thirty-one cases and sixteen 
 sculptured blocks, including one of the large capitals and 
 the plinth-stones of the base of the first column found. 
 The officers and men remained at Ephesus till April 9. 
 I must here acknowledge the great kindness of Captain 
 Ward and the efficiency of the officers and men sent to as- 
 sist me. The 'Swiftsure' remained at Smyrna after she had 
 taken on board all the antiquities from Ephesus, to prevent 
 any uprising of the Greeks against the Jews at Easter. 
 The Greeks believe that the Jews offer Christian blood as a 
 sacrifice, and as Easter approaches there is generally some 
 'well-authenticated' story of a Greek child having been 
 kidnapped and killed by them. The poor Jews have had 
 for years a warm advocate and defender in Mr. Eppstein, 
 missionary to the Jews at Smyrna, who has done much 
 to protect them from insult and injury at times when it is 
 
 Q2 
 
 Valuable 
 cargo of 
 ' Swift- 
 sure.' 
 
 Jews and 
 Greeks. 
 
228 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Water in 
 the excava 
 tions. 
 
 Arabs. 
 
 dangerous for them even to venture into the streets. 
 Last year a Jewish carpenter was employed to do some 
 repairs in a Greek house. When he left one night, he 
 found an infant in his basket, and was charged with the 
 design of stealing it. In spite of his indignant denial he 
 was ill-treated, and was obliged to run for his life. This 
 ill-will towards the Jews is confined to the Greeks. The 
 Turkish authorities generally do all they can to protect 
 them. 
 
 This year I was spared the anxiety about money 
 which I had felt in former years. My grant of 6,000/. was 
 to be expended during two seasons, and I had not yet 
 spent the 3,000/. which I was authorised to devote to the 
 current season. As the money had been granted to con- 
 tinue the excavations for two years, I felt sure my firman 
 would be renewed, though it might require a little pressure 
 from our Government. Apart from this, I had difficulties 
 enough to contend with. The water was rising higher 
 and higher in the excavations as the spring advanced ; 
 and it was no easy task to keep the men together in suffi- 
 cient numbers. Still I determined to carry on the work 
 till the middle of May if possible. The workmen em- 
 ployed on the excavations were now chiefly Turks ; but 
 during the last two seasons I employed nearly a hundred 
 Arabs who came to Ephesus with their wives and children 
 and pitched their black camel-hair tents on the low 
 ground near the excavations. 
 
 The Turkish workmen came from far-distant parts of 
 Asia Minor as well as from the neighbouring villages. 
 Generally very slow and deliberate in their movements, 
 
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 UJ 
 
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 Ld 
 Q_ 
 
 CO 
 
 £ 
 
 I 
 
 t- 
 
 z 
 
 Ul 
 
 2 
 
 01 
 
 o 
 
 Ll 
 O 
 
 d 
 D 
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 LT 
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THE DIET AND STRENGTH OF THE TURKS. 229 
 
 they were remarkably patient and plodding under the 
 strict discipline which I was obliged to enforce ; but great 
 watchfulness was needed on the part of the superintend- 
 ents to make them do a fair day's work. I had not fewer 
 than seven superintendents over my 300 men. 
 
 Some of the best men were remarkably adroit in throw- 
 ing up the sand, which they would cast up even as high as 
 1 2 feet. Their food was of the simplest kind. Coarse 
 bread and a little salt fish or olives, black raisins, and some 
 fruit occasionally, accompanied by copious draughts of the 
 best water they could obtain, constituted their breakfast and 
 dinner, To their supper, as being the most sumptuous 
 meal, some delicacy, such as snail soup, thistle broth, or 
 boiled thistle stalks, dandelion, and other wild vegetables, 
 was often added. With this frugal diet their strength 
 was unusually great, as the fatigues which they endured 
 in spite of the unhealthy climate, and the great weights 
 which they raised in their arms or carried on their 
 backs, sufficiently proved. The Turkish porters in 
 . Smyrna often carry from 400 to 600 pounds weight on 
 their backs, and a merchant one day pointed out to me 
 one of his men "who, he assured me, had carried an 
 enormous bale of merchandise, weighing 800 pounds, up 
 a steep incline into an upper warehouse. 
 
 The Arab workmen, showing more agility than 
 strength, appeared to take a pride in working more quickly 
 than the Turks. They were exceedingly quarrelsome, 
 and there was always great danger of their coming to 
 blows with the Turks. This was happily prevented more 
 than once by the timely interference of Sergeant M'Kim. 
 
 Food of 
 the work- 
 men. 
 
 Strength 
 of the 
 Turks. 
 
23° 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Charac- 
 teristics of 
 workmen, 
 Arabs, 
 Turks, and 
 Greeks. 
 
 Fight be- 
 tween 
 Turks and 
 Greeks. 
 
 After a short experience of their habits and tempers, we 
 adopted the plan of giving them their work apart from 
 the Turks. Taking advantage of their spirit of competi- 
 tion, my gangers gave each their appointed tasks to be done 
 within a given time. Invariably the first in finishing their 
 work, the Arabs expressed their feelings of exultation and 
 derision by loud cries. This plan answered exceedingly 
 well for a time, but the Turks soon got tired of over-exert- 
 ing themselves, and gradually settled down again to their 
 deliberate style of working. The Arabs, however, con- 
 tinued to put on a ' spurt ' when called upon to do so. 
 
 The Greek workmen were generally quick and in- 
 telligent ; but their numerous holidays, all of which they 
 kept most religiously by sitting at the cafes dressed up 
 in their best clothes, made them very undesirable work- 
 men. Latterly I employed only three or four, for the 
 sake of their unusual intelligence and their aptitude for 
 certain portions of the work. On the works a serious 
 fray seldom or never took place ; but one which nearly 
 proved fatal to many occurred on Sunday evening,. 
 April 13, in the village of Ayasalouk. One of the" 
 Turkish workmen, having taken too much raki, was 
 singing in a maudlin way and making a fool of himself 
 as he passed a priest and some other Greeks who were 
 seated outside a cafe. One of the Greeks very foolishly 
 ridiculed the Turk, who, not too drunk to see and to resent 
 the insult, stopped and cursed the Greeks and their 
 religion. The priest upon this exclaimed, ' Why do you 
 curse my children ? ' The Turk replied by striking the 
 priest with his stick. All the Greeks, chiefly agricultural 
 
FIGHT BETWEEN TURKS AND GREEKS, 231 
 
 labourers from Kirkenjee, then rose up and began to 
 assault the Turk, who laid about him furiously with his 
 stick, and was soon joined by some of his fellow-workmen. 
 Extending from small beginnings, the fight soon became a 
 pitched battle between fifty and sixty Turks and Greeks, 
 armed with sticks and stones. Our sergeant in vain threw 
 himself between the combatants. The men were not on 
 the works as they had been at other times when he had 
 succeeded in stopping a fight ; and in this case it was an 
 affair which, according to the sergeant's account, had 
 been ' brewing ' for a long time. They now told him to 
 get out of the way if he would avoid being hurt, for they 
 must have it out; so the fight went on. The Turks, 
 being most numerous, drove the Greeks into the barley- 
 fields, and obliged them in the end to take refuge in one 
 or two of their cafes, the door of one of them being 
 kept by the sergeant, who narrowly escaped being hurt. 
 The fight lasted two hours. The station-master, who 
 had gone to Kirkenjee, hearing of it as he approached 
 Ayasalouk, was afraid to return to the station that night. 
 Early in the morning, however, he ventured to enter the 
 station, and telegraphed to Smyrna and Aidin for help. 
 Some of the cafes were broken into and robbed ; my 
 house was fortunately respected, although it was deserted 
 by the cavasses who had charge of it. 
 
 I received news of the fight only when we arrived at 
 the railway station at Smyrna on Monday mcrning on 
 our way out. The telegram giving particulars of the 
 disturbance was greatly exaggerated by volunteer in- 
 formants. A great fight had taken place, they said, 
 
232 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 amongst my workmen, and numbers had been killed and 
 wounded, that soldiers had to be sent for from Aidin to 
 prevent further hostilities, &c. 
 
 On hearing the news I hesitated about taking Mrs. 
 Wood, and Miss C. Cumberbatch, who intended to ac- 
 company us that morning to Ayasalouk, They determined, 
 however, to go, hoping that they might be of some use to 
 the wounded. On arriving at Ayasalouk, we found the 
 rooms at the station occupied by the wounded, the Turks 
 and Greeks having been carefully separated. One poor 
 man, a Turk, had been left on the platform outside with 
 a large splinter in his forehead. We had him removed 
 into our house, and did all we could to soothe him, but 
 we could not withdraw the splinter, as this operation 
 needed a strong arm, great skill, and a powerful forceps. 
 The Greek priest was amongst the most injured, having 
 been bruised from head to foot, and he gave vent to 
 pitiful lamentations over his hard fate. Another sufferer 
 had had three ribs broken ; but as no knives had been 
 used in the fight, there was no loss of life. About 
 twenty men were more or less severely wounded. Those 
 of my workmen who had not been arrested, or who had 
 taken no part in the fight, were found at the excavations, 
 methodically digging and wheeling as if nothing had 
 happened. A hasty glance to see how the affair had 
 affected me was all that I could detect. One hundred 
 soldiers had been sent from Aidin, and the Kaimachan 
 of Scala Nova and the deputy-governor of Aidin had 
 come to investigate the affair. 
 
 The soldiers unfortunately arrived at Ayasalouk just 
 
TURKISH FORMALITIES. 
 
 233 
 
 in time to secure the bread which had been made for my 
 men, who had therefore to wait till another batch of 
 loaves could be baked. 
 
 Meanwhile Mrs. Wood bound up the heads and 
 limbs of the wounded, and did all she could, assisted by 
 Miss Cumberbatch, till the doctor of the ' Swiftsure,' for 
 whom I had telegraphed, should arrive. 
 
 The Turkish officials made the railway platform their 
 justice-hall, sentries being placed to prevent intrusion. 
 The depositions of the wounded men were taken and 
 carefully written down by the clerk, to be forwarded with 
 the prisoners to Smyrna. I lost the services of some of 
 my best men by this affair. 
 
 April 24. — The wind was too high and boisterous for 
 the men to work. 
 
 I had great difficulty in obtaining the liberation of 
 four of my best men who had taken part in the late dis- 
 turbance. Even as late as May 19, when they had been 
 in prison for five weeks, Tahir Bey, chief of the police, 
 to Avhom I spoke on their behalf, expressed his willing- 
 ness to do all he could to help me, but added that he had 
 not the power of obtaining their release until they had 
 been tried. Imprisonment in such prisons as the gaol in 
 Smyrna is in itself a severe punishment. 
 
 As the top soil was now being removed in prepara- 
 tion for the autumn, when the water was invariably low, 
 nothing was found of any interest beyond some broken 
 pottery at various levels and one or two common 
 sepulchral jars. The pottery was chiefly Arabian, similar 
 to the group already illustrated. A large jar was found 
 
 Imprison- 
 ment of 
 workmen. 
 
234 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Workmen 
 leaving. 
 
 Excava- 
 tions sus- 
 pended. 
 
 Contract 
 
 with 
 
 sapper. 
 
 on the south side not far underground, with a quantity of 
 a resinous substance which had been poured into it when 
 in a fluid state. 
 
 May 3. — The Emenekleh men worked to day like 
 madmen or like men under the influence of some strong 
 excitement. In explanation of this they said that that 
 day must be the last of the season, as they had their little 
 farms and homesteads to look after. . Nothing that I 
 could say had the least effect on them. They declared 
 most positively that they would not stay for a thousand 
 piastres a day ; the next day, therefore, I was left with 
 only thirty-five men to go on with to the end of the season. 
 
 One of our most distinguished and intelligent visitors 
 this month was General Lord Henry Percy, G.C.B.,V.C. 
 He exhibited more than the usual interest in the ruins of 
 Ephesus, and came more than once to roam about them. 
 He was most anxious to see the tomb of St. Luke further, 
 explored, but I unfortunately could not at that time spare 
 any of the few workmen who remained from the excava- 
 tions on the Temple site. 
 
 May 27 was the last day the men worked at 
 the excavations, and on the 30th we left for England. 
 Before leaving I measured up with Sergeant M'Kim the 
 amount of earth-work which he might do by contract 
 during my absence. On my recommendation the Trustees 
 consented to his having three contracts, which comprised 
 the removal of the soil on the eastern and northern sides 
 of the excavations to a line at a given distance of the 
 pavement. This would very much expedite the explora- 
 
THE SAPPERS. 235 
 
 tion of the ground in those places on my return in the 
 autumn. 
 
 Corporal Trotman, the other sapper, was left to take 
 photographs on his own account, both sappers being put 
 on half-pay in consideration of the privileges allowed 
 them. 
 
 END OF SEASON 1 872-73. 
 
236 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Delay. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Season 1873-74 to Dec. 31, 1873. 
 
 Delay — Excavations resumed — Carts and Horses — Platform-step — Lime- 
 kiln — Injured Workman — Acroterium — Sculptured Frieze — Corporal 
 Trotman — Eclipse — Fall of Sand — Distinguished Lady Visitors — Mode of 
 paying Men — Bakal — Professor Sachau — Ramazan and Bairam — In- 
 scriptions — Turkish Encampment — Architectural Details — Use of Gold — 
 Sculpture from the Pediments — Angle of Roof — Dimensions of Platform 
 ascertained — Pay-box — Work — Dry Season— Curb of Portico — Lions' 
 Heads — Ancient Game — Poll-tax — Discovery of another Building — 
 Portico — Enriched Cymatium — Grant exhausted — Hidden Inscriptions — 
 The Mudir interferes— Sir Henry Elliot — A Protestant Service — Music 
 Dancing at Ayasalouk. 
 
 I was detained in England this year longer than usual 
 because the Turkish Government hesitated to renew my 
 firman, and it was not till August 18 that we had news 
 from the Ambassador that they would renew it once more 
 on receiving a pledge that no more renewals should be 
 asked for. Until the firman was actually granted, the 
 Trustees would not authorise my return to Ephesus, 
 although I urged the need of my going as soon as possible 
 to take advantage of the subsidence of the water in the 
 excavations. I had thus to wait in London ready to start 
 immediately; but it was not till September 15 that I 
 received marching orders. 
 
 Leaving England on September 19, we reached 
 Smyrna October 3, having been detained by unusually 
 
WORKS CONTINUED. 
 
 237 
 
 tempestuous weather in the straits of Messina, and having 
 been obliged to avoid Marseilles for fear of quarantine at 
 the end of our voyage. We were, as we had been several 
 times before, kindly welcomed and received at the English 
 Consulate on our arrival until we could find quarters 
 in Smyrna. 
 
 October 6. — To Ephesus, and found that Sergeant 
 M'Kim had faithfully performed his three contracts. 
 There, was a large number of workmen assembled at 
 Ayasalouk, whom I immediately engaged and set to work. 
 Many poor sick people were anxiously expecting and 
 waiting for Mrs. Wood to doctor them, and we both soon 
 settled down again to our respective duties. We moved 
 into our quarters in Smyrna on the 7th. There is great 
 difficulty in finding lodgings or rooms in Smyrna, as it is 
 one of the conceits of the inhabitants to keep their houses 
 to themselves, however poor and necessitous they may be. 
 Sergeant M'Kim had hired carts and horses for the 
 work he had done, by contract, and as he found them 
 more economical than wheelbarrows for removing the 
 earth, I continued to use them in conjunction with wheel- 
 barrows, and eventually purchased two of them ; these we 
 used for the whole of the season. I made arrangements with 
 the owners of the fields immediately adjoining our ground 
 to allow. the earth to be tipped and regularly spread over 
 their land to the height of 6 feet. This proved a mutual 
 advantage, as I was very much cramped for room on all 
 sides but the south side ; and while it would have been 
 extremely difficult, if not impossible, to add to the height 
 of my spoil banks, they were only too glad to have their 
 
 Excava- 
 tions re- 
 sumed. 
 
 Carts and 
 horses. 
 
2 3 8 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Platform- 
 step. 
 
 Limekiln. 
 
 land raised. We first of all hastened to remove the earth 
 and debris, which had been purposely left to be done 
 under my own personal superintendence, not knowing how 
 soon the rains might come on and swamp me. 
 
 October 16. — Found on the north side part of the 
 lowest step of the platform on which the Temple was 
 raised. This was a most important discovery, as it gave 
 me the positive total width of the whole structure. There 
 was, I found, only a very small error in my previous de- 
 ductions from the data obtained during the last season. 
 This step I proceeded to open up as far as it remained, 
 and in doing so I found in one place a portion of the 
 pavement remaining in conjunction with it. The rise of 
 the steps of the platform was barely 8 inches, as I had pre- 
 viously conjectured from the masonry which had sup- 
 ported them on the south side. The small amount of 
 wear on the arris of the step now found, which remained 
 in position on the north side towards the east end for 
 more than ioo feet, goes far to prove that the ascent to 
 the platform at this point was discouraged by a fixed rail 
 between the columns. Built upon the step and enclosing 
 a portion of it was found a limekiln, 1 5 feet in diameter, 
 into which doubtless much of the sculpture had been 
 thrown and burnt for lime. It was near this that I found 
 an immense heap of small marble chippings standing 
 ready to be thrown into the kiln. These chippings were 
 carefully examined, but very few fragments of sculpture 
 were found in the whole heap. I had not long returned 
 before the Turk who had been so severely wounded in 
 the forehead by a Greek in the fight which occurred be- 
 
SCULPTURED FRIEZE. 
 
 2 39 
 
 tween the Turks and Greeks during the last season, 
 came to me to complain that the sum of nine Turkish 
 pounds, which the Greek had been condemned to pay 
 him, had never been handed over to him. The man had 
 been frightfully disfigured, and his head seemed to have 
 been permanently affected by the wound, his skull having 
 been fractured. I did all I could for him, and I believe 
 he eventually obtained a portion of the money, if not all — 
 poor compensation for all he had gone through, as he was 
 left with a fractured skull and an impaired intellect for the 
 rest of his life. 
 
 October 30. — Found at the west end a large fragment 
 of what might have been part of the large central 
 acroterium of the western pediment. The high relief of 
 the enriched portion must have had a good effect at the 
 height at which it was placed. 
 
 November 3. — Two fragments of the sculptured frieze 
 were found in the centre of the west front, 1 evidently be- 
 longing to the same frieze as the large block labelled in 
 the British Museum as ' Herakles struggling with an 
 Amazon ; ' all these stones have the same enriched mould- 
 ings forming the bed-mould of the cornice. 
 
 About this time Corporal Trotman became very 
 fidgety and unhappy, and pressed for leave to return to 
 England. He had spent the summer months in visiting 
 the sites of the ' seven churches,' taking numerous photo- 
 graphs, and had, by exposure to the sun and over-exertion, 
 brought on several severe attacks of fever, from the effects 
 
 1 See Plate. 
 
 Injured 
 workman. 
 
 Acro- 
 terium &c. 
 
 Sculptured 
 frieze. 
 
 Corporal 
 Trotman. 
 
240 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Eclipse. 
 
 Fall of 
 sand. 
 
 Distin- 
 guished 
 lady 
 visitors. 
 
 of which he almost constantly suffered. As he had been 
 already two years at Ephesus, and I feared the work 
 might not last more than another season, I persuaded him 
 to remain till the end, as I had determined to do myself. 
 
 November 4.— The eclipse of the moon this evening 
 was well seen at Ephesus. It had already commenced 
 when the moon rose above the mountains, and it termi- 
 nated about 7.45. The Turks do not understand eclipses, 
 and, on the occurrence of such phenomena, still think that 
 some monster is endeavouring to devour the sun or moon. 
 This evening they beat their drums and fired off guns to 
 warn off the monster, and in doing so they shot a cow by 
 accident, on which they feasted the next day. 
 
 November 7. — Some tons of sand from the north side 
 of the excavation fell in upon the men who were working 
 there. Fortunately a large gang of Arabs were there at 
 work, and they soon scratched out the three men, who 
 were completely covered. These men were so far hurt 
 that they could not work for some days. They had been 
 repeatedly warned not to undercut the sides of the exca- 
 vation, but, to save trouble and get a good fall, they per- 
 sisted in doing so. The accident had the good effect of 
 making them more prudent. I was not present at the 
 time; but the sappers informed me that the Emenekleh 
 men (from beyond Konia) stood by helplessly looking on, 
 and it was well the Arabs were there to contend with 
 what may perhaps be called their native element. 
 
 November 12. — While I was at the works to-day, pay- 
 ing the men, who at this time numbered more than three 
 hundred, the excavations were visited by Madame la 
 
MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS. 241 
 
 Princesse de la Tour d'Auvergne, and Madame Lopez, an 
 English lady. They begged leave to take away some 
 ' nice little bits ' from the Temple. I had fortunately 
 anticipated the wants of visitors in this respect, and had 
 sorted out a great number of fragments, large and small, 
 which were placed in a heap on the top. From this they 
 chose their ' nice little bits,' and left in great glee with 
 their trophies. By paying the workmen regularly every 
 week, I obtained them at lower wages ; for if they wished 
 to leave at the end of any week, they could do so without 
 any sacrifice, or the trouble of coming from a distance to 
 claim their wages on a pay day, which with the rail- 
 way companies came round only once a month. If one of 
 my workmen wished to leave in the middle of the week, 
 he would get some fellow- workman to give him his money 
 for the two or three days he had already worked, and 
 that workman would come forward on the following pay 
 day, and claim the absentee's money. For the sake of 
 keeping a bakal for the men, I was obliged to guaran- 
 tee his payment, and had therefore to take into my ac- 
 counts all that was owing for bread and other provisions, 
 deducting it from the men's wages, and paying the bakal 
 after the men had been paid. This gave me great trouble, 
 but it kept my men together, and secured a supply of 
 bread for them. I would advise anyone undertaking the 
 conduct of excavations or similar works in Turkey to adopt 
 this plan ; for I can safely affirm that no other will answer 
 the purpose of keeping a gang of men together, and, what 
 is absolutely necessary, a bakal who can be depended upon 
 for supplying bread regularly without payment on delivery. 
 
 Mode of 
 paying 
 
 Bakal. 
 
242 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Professor 
 Sachau. 
 
 Ramazan 
 
 and 
 
 Baiiam. 
 
 November 17. — Professor Sachau, the well-known and 
 accomplished Arabic and Hindoostani scholar, visited 
 us at Ephesus, and showed great interest in the excava- 
 tions. This gentleman, on his return to Vienna, lectured 
 at the Museum on the discoveries at Ephesus, and pre- 
 pared the Viennese for the lecture which I delivered there 
 on my way home in April. The water in the excavations 
 stood this day i\ inches below the pavement at the foot 
 of the steps, having sunk more than 6 inches since my 
 return for the season. This gave me greater facilities for 
 exploring the area at a lower level than I had ever had 
 before. Would that there had been more to find ! 
 
 The fast of Ramazan had been going on for the last 
 thirty days with the accustomed amount of fasting and 
 prayer on the part of the workmen, and on the 20th the 
 works were totally deserted, as they had been every 
 previous year, for the feast of Bairam, most of the men 
 going to Scala Nova to attend early service in the 
 mosques there ; for there was no regular priest at Ayasa- 
 louk, although one of the little mosques there was oc- 
 casionally used for public prayer. 
 
 I took this opportunity to complete my survey of the 
 ruins of the city with the aid of one of the sappers. 
 A further study of the whole site inclined me to the 
 belief that the hill at Ayasalouk might have been Mount 
 Solmissus, on which, we are told by Strabo, the Curetes 
 assembled, and, by the deafening noise of their arms, 
 succeeded in concealing from Juno the birth of the god- 
 dess Diana. 
 
 November 22. — About 100 men were at work again. 
 
I PURCHASE OF INSCRIPTIONS. 243 
 
 November 24.— Having heard from Mr. Clarke, of 
 Sokia, that a man had brought thither some inscriptions 
 from distant ruins on the east side of the Besh Palmak 
 mountain, which might have been those of ancient Alinda 
 or Amazon, I hastened at once to see the inscriptions. 
 I found them of so much interest that I determined to 
 purchase them for the British Museum ; but before 
 coming to terms with the man who had possession of 
 them, I first copied them by his leave into my note-book, 
 and then took paper pressings of them, which I was 
 obliged to leave wet on the stones in the evening. On 
 going to remove them the next day I found, as I had feared, 
 that the man had determined to checkmate me by remov- 
 ing my pressings himself and locking them up in his box. I 
 warmly protested against his keeping my property, after 
 giving me leave to take the pressings. With mixed per- 
 suasions and threatenings I ultimately gained my end, and 
 he gave up the pressings. On the next day he sold the 
 three inscriptions to me for 300 piastres. I sent them to 
 the railway station on a camel's back the same evening with 
 the kind assistance of Mr. Clarke, who has done so much 
 for archaeology by assisting Mr. Newton and Mr. Pullan 
 at Priene and MM. Rayet and Thomas at Miletus. 
 
 November 27. — Left Sokia at daybreak. As I ap- 
 proached the open plain, the strong red light from the 
 sun which was about to rise above the mountain on the 
 east side of the plain lighted up the sides of the moun- 
 tain on the opposite side, along the base of which I was 
 travelling, and where some devejees (camel-drivers) had 
 encamped overnight. The men were now outside their 
 
 Inscrip- 
 tions. 
 
 Turkish 
 encamp- 
 ment. 
 
244 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 black tent with the camels, some of them putting fresh 
 fuel upon the fire, which had probably burnt all night, 
 others, offering up their morning prayers. The whole 
 scene was so strikingly beautiful that it made me regret 
 I could not rise at the same time every day to see such 
 sights. The ride from Sokia to the railway station at 
 Balachik was accomplished in two and a half hours 
 exactly. I have known the country people to spend four 
 hours over it, but I have not patience for such slow pro- 
 gress on horseback. 
 
 There is much besides the beautiful scenery to interest 
 and beguile the traveller in Turkey. He is cheered on 
 the way by the hearty salutation of nearly everyone he 
 meets, wishing him ' good day,' or commending him 
 to God's protection as if they really meant it. If he 
 approaches the black tents of the Yourooks in want of 
 water, it is handed to him in a bowl without grudging, 
 although it has sometimes been brought from a distant 
 spring. This spirit of hospitality is shown by the Turk 
 even on the railway ; he will seldom eat without offering 
 (with his fingers it may be) dainty morsels to his fellow- 
 passengers. I once put up for the night at a khan at 
 Magnesia ad Maeandrum, accompanied by a friend. After 
 we had had our supper, three Turkish gentlemen came 
 into the room where we reclined upon our mattresses, 
 and had a supper of many courses served to them. As 
 each dish was put before them, they politely pressed us 
 to take a portion of it, till at last a roasted ' goose was 
 served ; of this we accepted the legs for our lunch on 
 the road next day, and the Turks were much amused to 
 
GOLD AS A DECORATION OF THE TEMPLE. 
 
 245 
 
 see our servant carve the goose, and take possession of 
 the legs on our account. 
 
 In the course of the excavations, which, during the 
 month of November, were carried on with as large a force 
 as I could conveniently employ, I found several interest- 
 ing fragments which assisted me materially in obtaining 
 some knowledge of the details and ornamentation of the 
 Temple. Among these not the least interesting was a 
 fragment of moulded marble with two astragals between 
 which was doubled a narrow strip of thin lead, a strip 
 of gold being inserted in the fold. Part of this had been 
 torn away, but I suppose that in its original state it 
 turned down, and formed a narrow fillet or band of gold 
 between the two astragals. I am sorry to say this is the 
 only specimen of the kind found in the whole course of 
 the explorations, but there was very likely a great 
 quantity of gold used in this manner, nor can it be denied 
 that the gorgeous beauty of the Temple would be much 
 enhanced by this system of decoration. This discovery 
 more or less confirms the truth of Pliny's statement that 
 at Cyzicus there was a delubrum or small temple in 
 which there was a thread or strip {/Hum) of gold in every 
 joint of the marble ; and in the inscription giving the 
 accounts for the building of the Erectheum there is an 
 item of so much gold-leaf purchased for gilding certain 
 ornaments. 
 
 It is difficult to say whether the fragment found at 
 Ephesus belonged to the interior or exterior of the 
 Temple, there being nothing in the mouldings to prove 
 their original position in the building ; and although it 
 
 Architec- 
 tural 
 details. ■ 
 
 Use of 
 gold. 
 
246 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Sculpture 
 from the 
 pediments 
 
 Angle of 
 roof. 
 
 Dimen- 
 sions of 
 platform. 
 
 Pay-box. 
 
 was found at some distance outside the cella-walls, it 
 might have belonged to the interior. 
 
 One or two fragments of sculpture, including part of a 
 female arm, and another with the elbow, both from figures 
 about 1 1 feet high, and from (probably) the tympanum of 
 the pediment at the west end, were found in the course of 
 an exploration below the pavement and under water with 
 the aid of our large pump, which was now kept almost 
 always at work. 
 
 The toe of a colossal figure was also found at the east 
 end at a low level, belonging probably to the pediment at 
 that end of the Temple. It may be presumed, then, that 
 the tympanum of the pediment at the east end contained 
 sculpture as well as that at the west end. 
 
 One more large fragment of the tympanum was found 
 at the west end beyond the lowest step of the platform in 
 the south-west angle, in the same position in which it 
 might have fallen. The two fragments of the tympanum 
 now found are of the greatest importance, as they give 
 the exact angle of the roof, which was found to be 1 7° 
 (see West and East Elevations of Temple). 
 
 A still more important discovery was made this month. 
 A short length of the lowest step at the east end was 
 found which enabled me to decide the exact length of 
 the whole structure, measured on the lowest step. The 
 width had already been ascertained by the discovery of 
 the step on the north side (see Plan of Temple). 
 
 The payment of so many men as I now employed 
 (more than three hundred) was a most tedious and 
 troublesome piece of work, and I was often shut up in my 
 
o- 
 
 z 
 z 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 3 
 IT 
 Q 
 
 D 
 UJ 
 DC 
 
 Z> 
 h- 
 Q. 
 
 _l 
 Zl 
 
 o 
 en 
 
 u. 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 QL 
 
PA Y-BOX. 247 
 
 pay-box for five or six hours at a time. This pay-box I 
 had provided myself with only during the last season, and 
 I found it a great comfort. I could occasionally retire to 
 it for shelter from sun, wind, or rain, and I had it so placed 
 from time to time that from it I could see all the men at 
 work. I had it made by the carpenters of the ' Caledonia,' 
 and it was fitted with a door, a window, and a shelf for 
 writing, drawing, &c. I would recommend every excava- 
 tor to provide himself with similar accommodation. I did 
 without one for years, and experienced great discomfort 
 and inconvenience for want of it. 
 
 I generally sent in a report of the progress of the ex- 
 cavations to the Trustees every month, or whenever there 
 was anything that required immediate notice. These 
 reports were sometimes accompanied by progress plans, 
 the preparation of which, added to my daily duties of 
 superintendence, the study of fragments and arrangement 
 of all that was found, the making of plans with drawings 
 of detail, and taking notes of all that took place, kept 
 me often employed for as many as fourteen hours a day. 
 Certainly the average of my day's work was quite double 
 that of an ordinary Government employe in England. 
 
 In constant dread of the rains coming on and prevent- 
 ing exploration for the remainder of the season down 
 to the pavement, I urged on the work. My fears were 
 not realised, and the unusual dryness of the season sin- 
 gularly favoured the uninterrupted continuance of the 
 works. 
 
 Before the close of November a length of marble curb 
 or plinth of a stoa or portico was found in position on the 
 
 Work. 
 
 Dry 
 
 season. 
 
 Cuib of 
 portico. 
 
248 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Lions' 
 heads. 
 
 Ancient 
 game. 
 
 Poll-tax. 
 
 south side nearly 3 1 feet beyond the lowest step. This 
 discovery led to others which will be described in their 
 proper place. 
 
 A number of fragments of large lions' heads were 
 found at a low level, which must have belonged to at 
 least two of the latest temples. At the west end of 
 the Temple one of the slabs of the marble pavement had 
 been scored over with some rough lines making a few 
 squares. This was evidently for some game played with 
 pebbles or other substitute for draughts. 
 
 December 17. — The Mudir came this morning to the 
 excavations, and told me he wished to collect the poll-tax 
 which the workmen were liable to pay" to the Ottoman 
 Government. When the dinner hour arrived, he called 
 the men together, and addressed them, demanding pay- 
 ment of the tax then and there. The men, raising their 
 voices against the imposition, as they called it, appealed 
 to me to protect them. At the same time the Mudir 
 proposed that I should deduct the amount" from their 
 wages and hand it over to him. This I would not under- 
 take to do, nor would I interfere in support of the men's 
 opposition, as I had been informed by our Consul at 
 Smyrna, Mr, Cumberbatch, that the Mudir was right, that 
 the workmen were liable to pay the tax on his demand, 
 but that on the other hand they should be careful to obtain 
 a receipt for the money they paid, to protect them from 
 being charged again on returning to their homes. I tried 
 to persuade the Mudir to postpone the collection of the 
 tax till the works were closed ; but in this, as I had found 
 him in other matters of business, he was resolute, and in- 
 
THE POLL-TAX IN TURKEY. 
 
 249 
 
 sisted on immediate payment. When I left the works, 
 he was haranguing the men. About an hour afterwards 
 a large body of the workmen, numbering more than a 
 hundred, and chiefly Emenekleh men, came from the 
 works to the side of my house in an excited state, some 
 of them loudly vociferating and apparently trying to 
 persuade the whole body to join in some plan or resolu- 
 tion. The Mudir, seeing the position of affairs, sent two 
 Zaptiehs for their rifles, and stationed them at my door 
 with fixed bayonets. On this some of the men smiled 
 grimly, and I was vexed at a precaution- which I believed 
 to be quite unnecessary ; it provoked the men to come in 
 a crowd to the front of the house. My chief cavass 
 Edrise then took upon himself to call to them to go away 
 from the front, which they immediately did, to show they 
 did not intend any threatening movement. I then sent 
 Edrise down to them to tell them I should not pay 
 them till next week, as he said they came with the 
 idea of taking their money and leaving for their homes 
 without paying the tax. They then dispersed, and 
 the sentries were taken from my door. This incident 
 shows how widely spread is the distrust of officials in 
 Turkey. 
 
 December 18. — The "Emenekleh men were af work 
 with the others. This day we found on the south side of 
 the Temple the remains of another large building about 
 70 feet from the Temple. It was raised, as we afterwards 
 learned, on three steps, and was adorned with Grecian 
 Doric columns and entablatures, the columns being as 
 much as 20 feet 6 inches apart. Between this building and 
 
 Discovery 
 of another 
 building. 
 
250 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Portico. 
 
 the Temple were found the remains of a portico which 
 surrounded the Temple on at least three sides. This 
 portico was nearly 3 1 feet distant from the lowest step of 
 the Temple, and was 25 feet wide. Long ' lengths ' of the 
 outer curbs remained in position, together with some 
 of the bases, and the lower parts of some of the square 
 marble piers belonging to the portico. The piers 
 were spaced to correspond with the columns of the Doric 
 building, every other pier of the portico being opposite 
 
 a column. Fragments of the entablature and of some 
 drums of the columns of the building beyond the portico 
 were found here, also one or two lions' heads, the 
 character of which made it appear that this building was 
 of about the same date as the Temple. The columns 
 were unaccountably small, considering their distance apart, 
 being not more than 2 feet 6 inches in diameter. In widen- 
 
HIDDEN INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 25' 
 
 ing the trench between this building and the Temple, I 
 was fortunate enough to come upon a fragment of the 
 cymatium (the uppermost member of the cornice of the 
 Great Temple) beautifully enriched with the conventional 
 Greek honeysuckle. See woodcut. 
 
 December 20th I had expended the whole of the 
 grant of 6,000/ made by Mr. Lowe ; but a small 
 additional grant was allowed by the Trustees to con- 
 tinue the excavations. 
 
 During the month of December I endeavoured to 
 ascertain a fact I had long suspected, viz., that the large 
 marble blocks composing the front wall of the Great 
 Mosque at Ayasalouk were from the cella-walls of the 
 Temple, and that a great number of them were in- 
 scribed, their faces being turned inward. I asked Mr. 
 Cumberbatch's opinion whether leave could be obtained 
 to examine the wall from the interior of the mosque. As 
 he was decidedly of opinion that any such application 
 would be fruitless, I determined to go to work without 
 special leave, and work on till I was interrupted. I 
 detached two of my best and most expeditious workmen, 
 and, digging a hole in the accumulated soil in the interior 
 of the mosque, began to remove some of the inner stones 
 of the wall in order to get at the inner side of the large 
 facing stones on the outside. I had nearly accomplished 
 this when the Mudir came one morning armed with pistol 
 and sabre — a most unusual precaution for him — and at- 
 tended by three or four armed Zaptiehs. I reached the 
 mosque at the same time. After satisfying himself by a 
 glance at the work, he turned to me and asked what I 
 
 Enriched 
 cyma- 
 tium. 
 
 Grant ex- 
 hausted. 
 
 Hidden 
 inscrip- 
 
 The 
 
 Mudir in- 
 terferes. 
 
252 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Sir Henry 
 Elliot. 
 
 A Pro- 
 testant 
 service. 
 
 was doing there. I explained what I wanted, and tried in 
 vain to persuade him to let the men remove one more 
 stone, a large one ; but he was obstinate, and warned 
 the men off" the work. Too glad to escape imprison- 
 ment, they quickly gathered up their tools, and hurried 
 away to join their fellow-workmen at their legitimate 
 work at the Temple. 
 
 Soon after this (January 9), Sir Henry Elliot, our 
 ambassador at Constantinople, came to Ephesus accom- 
 panied by our consul, Mr. R. W. Cumberbatch, Tahir 
 Bey, the Mudir, and others. I tried hard again to obtain 
 the leave I so much coveted, but in vain. There was no 
 opportunity of doing the work by stealth, even if I had 
 been so inclined, for the Mudir set men to watch the 
 mosque day and night ; and the truth remains for others 
 to ascertain. I feel convinced myself that almost all the 
 inscriptions from the Temple are there, and it is most 
 vexatious to leave them unexamined, and such a mine of 
 wealth untouched. The wall is composed of from twelve 
 to thirteen hundred large blocks of marble. The same 
 day that the Mudir stopped my exploration of the mosque 
 wall, our assistant chaplain, the Rev. W. Cook, came out 
 to Ephesus in the evening. As it was the last day of the 
 year, Mr. Cook held a prayer-meeting in the sappers' 
 room which was attended by all those at Ayasalouk who 
 understood English, and we made up quite a little con- 
 gregation. This, I believe, was the last service held at 
 Ayasalouk by a Protestant clergyman, and was confined 
 to so few only because the service was in English. In 
 former services which had been held at Ayasalouk while 
 
MUSIC AND DANCING. 
 
 253 
 
 the excavations were going on, the Greek language had 
 been employed, and they were therefore attended by 
 many of the villagers. I mention these facts, as I know 
 they will be interesting to some of my readers. Thus 
 closed the year 1873 at the ruins of Ephesus. 
 
 Ayasalouk was generally a quiet place, but on certain 
 festivals which were kept by the Greeks it was noisy 
 enough. At such times we were disturbed and annoyed 
 by loud cries in the cafes near us, where they indulged in 
 dancing to the beating of the Turkish drum, which was an 
 earthenware cylinder, over the open end or ends of which 
 (sometimes one end was closed) was strained a bladder. 
 On this they made an almost monotonous sound, only 
 slightly varied by the force of the stroke. The dancing' 
 to this dreary music was a solo performed generally 
 by a young man, who before he got up to dance was so 
 far primed with raki that his movements had quite a 
 Bacchanalian character. The dancing, chiefly done by 
 writhings of the body and movements rather of the arms 
 than the legs, was now and then enlivened by the snap- 
 ping of his fingers, an agile jump from one side of the ring 
 to the other, and a loud scream or howl. Sometimes a 
 small band of Jewish instrumentalists were hired, and they 
 discoursed much pleasanter, often very good, music, of a 
 character never heard in Europe. 
 
 The previous dry seasons had made this an especially 
 favourable one for exploring the site of the Temple down 
 to an unusually low level, and the long-delayed rains still 
 further favoured me. Unfortunately very little had been 
 left for us to take ; but that little, and the information ob- 
 
 Music and 
 dancing at 
 Ayasa- 
 louk. 
 
254 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 tained by a more perfect examination of such parts of the 
 Temple as remained in position, were of great value, and 
 more than amply justified the expenditure sanctioned by 
 the Trustees of the British Museum. 
 
 CLOSE OF THE YEAR 1 873. 
 
SUSPENSION OF WORKS. 
 
 255 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Season 1873-74. January to Abandonment of Excavations. 
 
 Suspension of Works — A Turkish Refusal — Discharge of Workmen 
 —Method of paying Men — Ancient Well— The Altar— Sculpture- 
 Foundations of Temple — Demolition of Church Foundations — Archaic 
 Frieze— Lion's Head — Cymatium — Excellence of Ancient Greek Art — 
 Mr, Newton on the- Sculpture of the Temple — Boar's Head — The last 
 Temple but two — Iron Grille — Remains of three Temples— The last 
 Temple but one — The Temple Doors — The last Temple — The Platform 
 —Dimensions of the Temple— The Columns— Pliny's ' Columnas Cariatae' 
 —Dedicatory Inscriptions — Intercolumniations — The Cella — The Hypse- 
 thron — The Altar — Sculpture of Phidias and Praxiteles — Sculptured 
 Frieze — Cymatium — Superstructure — The Roof — Lamps — Antifixa — 
 Archaic Sculpture— Grecian Ionic Architecture — Architects of the Temple 
 — Ancient Writers now understood — The Marble — Grecian Doric Building 
 — Cold Weather — Archaic Sculptured Column — Amount of Work done — 
 Sale of ' Plant ' — Billal — St. Luke's Tomb— Fidelity of Turkish Workmen 
 — Works closed — The Sappers — Results of the Season's Work — Anti- 
 quities shipped — We leave for England — Success of Mrs. Wood's Work 
 — My own Success — Conclusion of Narrative. 
 
 The year 1874 commenced with vexation and disappoint- 
 ment. Mr. Newton arrived January 2nd, and, even before 
 visiting the works, expressed his opinion that they had 
 better be stopped, as he thought they had not been suffi- 
 ciently productive this season, and that there was not 
 much promise of finding enough to justify further explora- 
 tion. In this view I did not coincide. He urged im- 
 mediate suspension of the works, and they were accord- 
 ingly suspended, much to the amazement and confusion 
 
 Suspen- 
 sion of 
 works. 
 
256 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 A Turkish 
 refusal. 
 
 of the workmen who were so suddenly and prematurely 
 discharged. 
 
 The day after his arrival in Smyrna, Mr. Newton 
 accompanied me and the chief dragoman from the British 
 consulate to the Konak to ask the Pasha's leave to ex- 
 amine the west wall of the large mosque at Ayasalouk in 
 quest of inscribed blocks from the cella-walls of the 
 Temple. The Pasha said it was a religious question, and 
 he must ask the Mollah. This is the Turkish system of 
 refusing to grant a request, for to refuse ' point blank ' is, 
 in their opinion, discourteous and unnecessarily harsh. 
 In vain I urged that my examination of only a single stone 
 of the outer face of the wall from the interior, by digging 
 under ground and removing a few stones from the inner 
 side of the wall, would not endanger the building, and I 
 promised to leave all as I found it, replacing the stones 
 and the earth dug out ; but all was to no purpose. The 
 question must be referred to the Mollah, and the consulate 
 dragoman should be informed in due time of the holy 
 man's decision. This decision was never obtained, but a 
 little later Tahir Bey, whom I looked upon as my friend 
 and advocate in the matter, told me it was useless to 
 persevere in my request — that the Turks would never 
 grant it, because the building was sacred. This sanctuary 
 was roofless, and is now only used for the shelter of cattle 
 herded there at night. 
 
 January 5.— With Mr. Newton to Ephesus. Arriv- 
 ing at Ayasalouk, we found about 150 of the discharged 
 workmen on the platform anxiously waiting to know their 
 fate. These men were chiefly the Emenekleh men, who, 
 
MAJORITY OF THE WORKMEN DISCHARGED. 
 
 257 
 
 having come from such a distance, would naturally suffer 
 far more than the other workmen from the unexpected 
 suspension of the works. A visit to the excavations 
 which we made immediately on our arrival did not 
 change Mr. Newton's opinion. I therefore paid the men, 
 and finally discharged all but twenty, who were retained 
 to explore the Doric building, and to continue the exca- 
 vations at each extremity of the Temple. Ali Khojah, the 
 chief of the Emenekleh men, and about a dozen of the 
 men themselves, parted from us quite affectionately, and 
 looked behind them regretfully as they went away. I 
 had adopted a system of paying the workmen which I 
 found to answer extremely well, and I would recommend 
 it to any future explorer in Turkey. The men's wages 
 were uniformly ten piastres (about twenty-one pence) a 
 day. I kept no men who could not earn this. The men 
 were paid their wages every week, and at the end of the 
 month a list was carefully prepared by the sappers and 
 Greek ganger, and checked by myself, of all those men 
 who had worked well and earned one or two piastres a 
 day more, the maximum pay being twelve piastres a day. 
 This extra sum was paid to them at the end of every 
 month under the name of Bakshish. I found that this plan 
 stimulated the men to exert themselves, and it helped 
 greatly to keep them together from month to month, and 
 many of them from the beginning to the end of the 
 season. 
 
 In clearing away the sand x at the east end of the 
 Temple, we found an ancient well, in which we thought 
 that something might be discovered. So we cleared it 
 
 s 
 
 Discharge 
 of work- 
 men. 
 
 Method of 
 paying 
 
 Ancient 
 wt-Il. 
 
2 5 8 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 The altar. 
 
 Sculpture. 
 
 Founda- 
 tions of 
 Temple. 
 
 out to as great a depth as we possibly could, but found 
 nothing but a little broken pottery of no value. As ex- 
 perienced explorers like Mr. Newton think there is a 
 great chance of finding treasure in wells and drains, our 
 failure was rather a disappointment to us all. On the 
 north side of the Temple we found a fragment of a beau- 
 tiful cameo representing a portion of a wing. As the 
 water in the cella of the Temple was then still standing 
 some inches below the pavement, I was enabled to explore 
 more thoroughly the cella itself, and the remains of the 
 great altar, which was nearly 20 feet square. Below 
 the pavement was found a drain in the foundations of the 
 altar, provided probably for carrying away the water used 
 in washing the surface after sacrifice. A large fragment 
 of an enriched Roman frieze was found in the cella. This 
 probably belonged to the church or other building after- 
 wards partly erected, but never finished, within the walls 
 of the cella. A fine lion's head, part of a statue, belong- 
 ing probably to one of the former temples, was also found 
 here, with fragments of sculpture and architectural enrich- 
 ment, below the pavement. A great number of fragments 
 of the marble tiles from the roof were found scattered over 
 the whole area of the site, but none of them were large 
 enough to give the full size of the flat tiles, or the length 
 of the elliptical tiles. 
 
 Bearing in mind Pliny's description of the precau- 
 tions taken in laying the foundations of the Temple to 
 prevent the damp rising, viz., by laying a bed of charcoal, 
 and over this placing fleeces of wool, I sank, with the 
 aid of the pump, four deep holes, one inside against the 
 
FOUNDATIONS OF THE TEMPLE. 
 
 2 59 
 
 west wall of the cella, one outside against the south wall, 
 one near the centre of the cella, and one under the pave- 
 ment of the peristyle of the last temple but two, at some dis- 
 tance from the cella-wall on the north side. In the holes 
 sunk close to the cella-walls, I found, at the depth of 
 5 feet 9 inches, a layer, 4 inches thick, of a composition 
 which had the appearance and consistency of glaziers' 
 putty. Below this was a layer of charcoal 3 inches 
 thick, and below that another layer of the putty-like 
 composition 4 inches thick. I ordered a cutting of 
 the whole mass to be got out ; but the incoming of the 
 water made this impossible, and I was obliged to content 
 myself with some small specimens of the composition and 
 charcoal. The composition has now been analysed 
 through the kindness of my friend Mr. Matthieson, and 
 has been found to consist of carbonate of lime 6591, 
 silica 2610, water, &c. (volatile), 455, nitrogen a trace, 
 so that, in point of fact, we have here nothing but a 
 species of mortar. Below all this I found the natural 
 soil, which was alluvial, being composed of sand and small 
 water-worn stones of irregular form. The foundations 
 of the walls consisted of rather small stones, and there 
 was an offset of 3 feet on the inner side which made 
 the foundations of the wall very wide and solid at the 
 base. It was finally determined to take to pieces and 
 examine the whole of the foundation-piers of the church 
 which I have described in Chapter III. (Part 2) as 
 having been thrown in against the cella-walls before they 
 were removed. -In doing this, which we partly effected 
 by the aid of gunpowder in small quantities, we found a 
 
 Demoli- 
 tion of 
 church 
 founda- 
 tions. 
 
 S 2 
 
Archaic 
 frieze. 
 
 Lion's 
 head. 
 
 Cyma- 
 tium. 
 
 great number of fragments of an archaic frieze which 
 had probably belonged originally to the altar of the last 
 temple but two, also many fragments of architectural 
 enrichment— a Greek inscription, a small archaic head, 
 in calcareous stone, of Egyptian character, and, above all, 
 a magnificent lion's head, which was doubtless one of 
 the gurgoyle heads belonging to the main cornice of the 
 last temple, and which, placed immediately over one of 
 the columns, spirted out the rain-water from the roof on 
 to the pavement below. The carving of this lion's head 
 is worthy of particular notice, the eye- being deeply set, 
 and carefully and distinctly defined between the eyelids. 
 The markings of the nose and jaw and the treatment of 
 the hair and ears are admirable, nor is there anything 
 more striking in the Museum from the ruins of the 
 Temple than this head. As Mr. Newton has remarked 
 in an article,published in the ' Portfolio' for June 1874, 
 ' it is interesting to compare this specimen with the 
 same feature in the cornices of the Mausoleum and the 
 Temple at Priene.' Mr. Newton further adds, with the 
 able judgment of one who has made Greek sculpture and 
 architecture one of his special studies and delights : 
 'These lions' heads would prove, even if we had no 
 other evidence, what masters the ancients (Greeks) 
 were of architectural effect, and with what judgment the 
 proportions of their ornaments were adjusted to the 
 general scale of their buildings.' 
 
 Side by side (or nearly so) with the lion's head in the. 
 Elgin Room at the British Museum is seen the fragment 
 of enriched cymatium already noticed. The rich effect 
 
ANCIENT GREEK ART 
 
 261 
 
 of the whole as a crowning member may be appreciated 
 to some extent by a painstaking student or intelligent 
 observer. Whether we appreciate it or not, it appears 
 to me a fact that the ancient Greek architecture and 
 sculpture of the best period (which is defined by Mr. 
 Newton as beginning about the year b.c. 450 and 
 ending about the time of the death of Alexander the 
 Great, B.C. 323) reached perfection as nearly as the 
 work of man possibly can. Many Greek works of 
 art which may at first sight appear even coarse, rough, 
 and unfinished, were, in their proper place, much more 
 effective than if they had been modelled in accordance 
 with our own more imperfect and erroneous notions of 
 true art. A lion's head of an earlier period, evidently a 
 portion of a statue, was also found within the cella-walls, 
 and is now exhibited in the Elgin Gallery. 
 
 Referring more particularly to the fragments of archajgj 
 sculpture which may be supposed to have decorate'd" an 
 altar in the Temple, I cannot do better than quote Mr. 
 Newton's words from the ' Portfolio ' of June 1874 : — 
 
 ' In the lowest stratum of Mr. Wood's excavation at 
 Ephesus, he found upwards of one hundred fragments of 
 a frieze which, so far as we can at present judge, appear to 
 be similar in style to the Xanthiari and Thrasian reliefs, 
 and which may therefore be referred with probability to 
 the period when the Temple of Diana begun by Ctesi- 
 phon and Metagenes about b.c. 580 (?) l was completed 
 by Demetrius and Paeonius.' 
 
 ' I think it not improbable that these Ephesian frag- 
 
 1 Their date was probably 480—460 B.C. 
 
 Excel- 
 lence of 
 ancient 
 Greek art. 
 
 Mr. 
 
 Newton 
 on the 
 sculpture 
 of the 
 Temple. 
 
2i<*2 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Boar's 
 head. 
 
 The last 
 temple 
 but two. 
 
 Iron 
 grille. 
 
 ments may be part of the 6pvyi<6s or cornice which, accord- 
 ing to Pausanias, adorned an altar in the Hiera of Diana, 
 on which stood the statue by Rhcekos, the famous sculp- 
 tor, called by the Ephesians Night, and which probably 
 represented Leto, the mother of Artemis.' 
 
 Part of a large boar's head, found in the cella, was 
 probably of the same date as the lion's head, which I have 
 supposed belonged to the last temple. 
 
 I must now refer more fully to some interesting facts 
 relating to the Temple which were not fully developed 
 till late this season, and not till we had removed the whole 
 of the foundation-piers of the church. Then, and not till 
 then, were clearly traced the still existing and distinct 
 remains of the last three temples. 
 
 The lowest marble pavement, of which quite one-half 
 remains in position outside the cella-walls, and which is 
 nearly 7 feet 6 inches below the pavement of the peristyle 
 of the last temple, was evidently that of the last temple 
 but two, an intermediate pavement between this and the 
 pavement of the last temple having been found. The 
 lowermost pavement has been already described as being 
 composed of two layers, the upper one of white marble, 
 which was not laid down in square blocks or slabs, but is 
 of every size and shape neatly fitted, the most common 
 shape being a blunt oblong wedge like the voussoir of an 
 arch. This is the pavement referred to when the site of 
 the Temple was first discovered. At the west end be- 
 tween the antee it is mortised in four or five places, the 
 mortises being about 19 inches apart, to receive the 
 standards of an iron or bronze grille which separated the 
 
TEMPLE of DIANA, EPHESUS. 
 
 PLAN 
 
 a-fut 
 
 SCALE of FEET. 
 
 N. B. Ih& Cokcmaa m/zrhed> A kB . and. ihe^ WaMxsia cvndb Arutcu colored/ 
 cbcurk/ were/ founds irv -position/, 
 
 Thj& d<>ttacl CoVicnvrvs cure/ SouIpiz4jred/.(ColzfJ7vnceCct'latf^J 
 Th& foundation, -piers of €Iia/ ChxjfcJv wixh/bv ch&WcCQ/S of the- TesnpbP/ are/ 
 
REMAINS OF THREE TEMPLES. 
 
 261 
 
 pronaos from the peristyle : copper or bronze sockets (one 
 of these was found in its place) were inserted in these 
 mortise holes for the reception of the standards, which were 
 not run with lead as in the present day. In the west front 
 the plinth of a column of the last temple but two was found 
 in position, as well as part of the base of one of the inner 
 columns, consisting of the plinth and lowest circular stone. 
 The position of these corresponded as nearly as I could 
 ascertain with that of the columns of the last temple, 
 giving me satisfactory proof that the last three temples 
 were built on the same plan, but were raised one above 
 the other, the remains of the most ancient of the three 
 temples forming the foundations of the last two. The 
 discovery of the remains of three temples on the same 
 site and of the same size accounts for Pliny's statement 
 that the Temple was 220 years building, the earliest 
 of the three having been probably commenced, as I 
 have supposed, about 500 B.C., and the latest in the time 
 of Alexander the Great. Nearly 4 feet above the 
 lowest of the three pavements was found the highly 
 polished white marble pavement of the last temple but 
 one (the temple burnt by Herostratos). Large patches 
 remained in position, and were only discovered on the re- 
 moval of the upper portion of the foundation-piers of the 
 church. Connected with this pavement were found near 
 the west wall of the cella two large marble blocks, resting 
 upon a massive and solid foundation, in which was cut 
 the groove for the outer bronze wheel on which the door 
 of the Temple moved, also the corresponding sinking for 
 the inner wheel. The groove was 8 inches wide and 
 
 Remains 
 of three 
 temples. 
 
 The last 
 temple but 
 one. 
 
264 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 The 
 
 Temple 
 
 doors. 
 
 The last 
 temple. 
 
 The plat- 
 form. 
 
 Dimen- 
 sions ofthe 
 Temple. 
 
 3^ inches deep, and was much worn. The mortise for the 
 door-frame was also cut in one of these stones. The exact 
 width of the whole door was thus ascertained, namely, J 4 
 feet 8^ inches, in two parts, as 'folding doors.' It must 
 therefore have been nearly 35 feet high. This width, 
 however, applies with certainty only to the door of the 
 last temple but one ; the last temple might have had 
 a wider or narrower door. A few stones of the cella- 
 wall on the north side were left rough inside, as if some- 
 thing had been here fitted against it. The blocks com- 
 posing the wall were cramped together with long cramps 
 in an oblique direction for the whole depth of each course, 
 and the ends were turned inward and downward and run 
 with lead. 
 
 I have now to complete my description of the last 
 temple, so far as I have been able to restore it from the 
 data furnished by the excavations on its site. 
 
 The platform upon which the Temple was raised, 
 called by Pliny the ' universum Templum,' was 418 feet 
 1 inch by 239 feet 4^ inches (English), measured on the 
 lowest step, the dimensions given by Pliny being 425 by 
 220 feet (Roman). The height of the pavement of the 
 peristyle from the pavement beyond the platform was 
 9 feet 5g inches. The height of each step was little more 
 than 8 inches ; fourteen steps, therefore, were needed to 
 mount to the peristyle. The ' tread ' of the steps was 19 
 inches. 
 
 The Temple itself was 163 feet 9.^ inches by 342 feet 
 b\ inches, and was octastyle, having eight columns in 
 front ; and dipteral, having two ranks of columns all 
 
THE COLUMNS OF THE TEMPLE. 
 
 265 
 
 round the cella. This accords with the description of it 
 by Vitruvius. 
 
 The columns of the peristyle were, as Pliny has 
 described them, one hundred in number, twenty-seven of 
 which were the gifts of kings. They were 6 feet o\ inch 
 in diameter at the base ; and adopting the proportion 
 given by Vitruvius for the improved Ionic order, that is 
 8.^ diameters in height independent of the base upon 
 which they were raised, they would be 55 feet 8| inches 
 high, including the base. This nearly accords with Pliny's 
 dimension for the height of the columns, viz., 60 feet 
 (Roman), a Roman foot being about one-third of an inch 
 shorter than an English foot. Pliny describes thirty-six 
 of these hundred columns as ' cselatse ' (sculptured), and 
 I have no doubt they occupied the positions shown on my 
 plan of the Temple, viz., eighteen at the west end, and 
 the same number at the east end. The data in our 
 possession do not enable me to state with certainty to 
 what height the sculpture of these ' columnar caelatse ' was 
 carried up. The medal of Hadrian illustrated by the 
 woodcut A distinctly represents one tier of figures only 
 with a band of mouldings above it. The medal of Gor- 
 dianus, B, published in Piofessor T. L. Donaldson's ' Ar- 
 chitectura Numismatica,' gives a similar representation; 
 but the band of mouldings is much higher up the shaft of 
 the column. Of the five examples of the sculptured columns 
 in our possession, the diameter of three of the frusta or 
 drums can be clearly ascertained ; of these three, two 
 measure the same at the base as the lowest drums of the 
 fluted columns (6 feet o^ inch), the third measures only 
 
 The 
 columns. 
 
2 66 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 5 feet 6 \ inches across its upper end. This would make 
 it appear that the sculpture was carried up to the height 
 of about 20 feet, or for three tiers of sculpture divided by 
 bands of mouldings as shown in illustrations. The ques- 
 tion then arises whether the columns at the west end were 
 sculptured to the height of one tier only, as shown by the 
 medals, and those at the east end, where the smaller drum 
 
 was found, to the height of three tiers. (See south eleva- 
 tion.) To give my readers a fair opportunity of judging for 
 themselves, I have given elevations showing both exam- 
 ples, also illustrations to a larger scale of columns with three 
 tiers and one tier of sculpture respectively. I am myself 
 inclined to adopt the example with three tiers as the most 
 truthful representation of the sculptured columns, es- 
 
THE COLUMNS CSLAT.E. 
 
 267 
 
 pecially as the only evidence to the contrary is that of 
 medals, which in this case give very grotesque and imper- 
 fect representations of the Temple. The term sculptured 
 columns certainly does not so well apply to such as were 
 sculptured for only one-tenth the height of the whole 
 
 MEDAL'OFTEMPLE-OF- DIANA- EPHESVS, 
 AYT- KMANT • TOPAIANOC. 
 
 column. Above the sculpture, to whatever height it was 
 carried, the columns were doubtless fluted. Fragments of 
 dedicatory inscriptions deeply incised were found on the 
 torus of the outer fluted columns of the peristyle. The 
 columns thus inscribed were probably the gifts of com- 
 munities or individuals. The twenty-seven columns, gifts 
 
268 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Inter- . 
 
 columnia- 
 
 tions. 
 
 of kings, mentioned by Pliny, were probably among the 
 thirty-six sculptured columns, and their dedications might 
 have been inscribed upon a band above the first tier of 
 sculpture. 
 
 The intercolumniations 1 between the columns on the 
 flanks were 1 7 feet 1 \ inch, excepting the two inter- 
 columniations at each extremity of the Temple, where 
 they were increased to 19 feet 4 inches, to allow, I siu> 
 pose, for the projection of the sculpture on these columns, 
 which, in one of the examples found, was, as I have be- 
 fore stated, as much as 13 inches. 
 
 The spacing of the columns in front deserves par- 
 ticular attention. Vitruvius, in his book dedicated to 
 Augustus, describes the intercolummations in front of a 
 temple as equal, excepting only the central one, which 
 was made wider than the others to allow the statue 
 within the temple to be well seen from the road through 
 the open door. But I found that there was in the great 
 Ephesian Temple a beautifully harmonious gradual dimi- 
 nution from the centre to the angles, which made the in- 
 creased width of the central intercolumniation quite un- 
 objectionable. All the ordinary columns of the peristyle 
 were fluted with elliptical flutings 8£ inches wide near the 
 base, these were separated by fillets very little more than 
 one inch wide. The" outer columns had 24 flutings,. the 
 inner columns 28. Vitruvius describes the inner columns 
 of the peristyles of temples as having ' thirty ' flutings. 
 Ihr , n The cella was nearly 70 feet wide, and I have sup- 
 
 posed the Temple to have been hypaethral or partly 
 
 1 The dimension from centre to centre. 
 
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 Ul 
 
TEMPLE OF D^ 
 
 ffl 
 
 ^j LateJt 
 
 SOUTH 
 
 i. ... i . ...i I I i i 
 
 I I i i =c 
 
\NA, EPHESUS. 
 
 ItwlBEiltlil! 
 
 -EVATION. 
 
 300 Feet 
 
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THE TEMPLE WAS HYPAITHRAL. 
 
 269 
 
 open to the sky. A double tier of columns must have 
 been employed in the cella, but the only fragment found 
 which might have belonged to the interior is part of a 
 Corinthian capital, elliptical on plan. What the hypa> 
 thron of the Greeks really was has not yet been deter- 
 
 mined. There are many reasons for believing that it 
 was a large space in the cella which was open to the 
 sky like the central court of the Royal Exchange of 
 London. The literal meaning, ' under the sky,' seems 
 to admit of this arrangement only. The size of the 
 aperture remains an open question. The pavements of 
 
 Thehypse- 
 thron. 
 
270 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 The altar. 
 
 Greek temples were sunk in the centre, which appears 
 to prove that the rain was allowed to fall there, and by 
 this contrivance the remainder of the cella was kept dry. 
 Mr. Fergusson has supposed that the statue of the 
 god or goddess could not have been exposed to the 
 rain or snow, but that the whole of the Temple was 
 roofed over, and that the cella was lighted from above, 
 
 not by an aperture in the roof, but by a clerestory, which 
 he obtains by countersinking the roof on both sides. 
 The question is, whether such an arrangement would 
 answer to the term hypaethral ? The statue may have 
 been protected from the weather by a species of 
 canopy or baldacchino. Remains of the altar were found 
 in position as shown on plan. In rear of the altar must 
 
THE SCULPTURE OF THE TEMPLE. 
 
 271 
 
 have stood the statue of the goddess. The foundations 
 discovered are large enough for both the altar and the 
 statue. The statue of the goddess which was said to 
 have fallen from Jupiter 1 was probably similar in 
 character to the traditionary many-breasted goddess 
 represented by old engravings, and the well-known 
 statue of the Asiatic goddess in the Museo Reale at 
 Naples. (See illustration A, page 269). 
 
 The illustration B is from an archaic statuette in 
 white marble which I met with in the garden of a 
 Turkish gentleman at Mylassa. 
 
 The works of Phidias and Praxiteles with which 
 the altar was said to abound, I have supposed to have 
 been placed in a deep recess behind the altar and 
 statue, such as I have shown in my plan. Here pe- 
 destals for statues and groups of sculpture might have 
 stood, and numbers of bas-reliefs might have been placed 
 on the walls between the anta? of the recess. 
 
 To return to the exterior of the Temple, the frag 
 ments of sculptured frieze found in the excavations prove 
 that the whole of the frieze was sculptured with familiar 
 mythological subjects in which Diana, Hercules, Theseus, 
 Amazons and others figured. 
 
 A large fragment of sculpture, representing the 
 winged figure of a man leading a ram, was found at the 
 west end of the excavations. This massive block of 
 marble formed a corner-stone, and was probably part of 
 an altar which might have stood on the platform outside 
 the Temple. 
 
 1 Acts xix. 
 
 Sculpture 
 of Phidias 
 and 
 Praxiteles. 
 
 Sculp- 
 ture d 
 frieze. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Cvma- 
 tium. 
 
 Super- 
 structure. 
 
 The roof. 
 
 St. Paul. 
 
 Lamps. 
 
 Antifixa. 
 
 The cymatium was beautifully decorated with the 
 conventional Greek honeysuckle ornament, intercepted 
 by boldly and well-executed lions' heads which measured 
 nearly two feet across the forehead. Above the cyma- 
 tium were antifixa of white marble. 
 
 Fragments of the architrave which were found to- 
 gether with those of the frieze and cornice have enabled 
 me to complete the whole of the entablature, a small 
 portion of the cornice only having been left to conjec- 
 ture. 
 
 The roof was covered with large white marble tiles, 
 of which many fragments were found, as well as of the 
 circular cover tiles. Unfortunately the size of the flat 
 tiles can be determined only approximately by the pro- 
 bable distance apart of the lions' heads in the cymatium. 
 If I am correct in this, the tiles were about 4 feet wide ; 
 the circular (elliptical) tiles covering the joints were \o\ 
 inches wide. 
 
 Such, then, was the building which ranked as 
 one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, the 
 beauty of which attracted such multitudes to Ephesus, 
 and which is alluded to in Acts xix. St. Paul, during 
 his three years' sojourn at Ephesus, doubtless often gazed 
 upon it with admiration, at the same time that he deplored 
 its consecration to the worship of a heathen goddess. 
 
 In clearing out the cella, a few plain but well-made 
 terra-cotta lamps were found. Some of these are 
 pierced through the centre, and might have been held 
 aloft on a rod or stick in processions. 
 
 While the church piers were being demolished and 
 
TEMPLE or DIANA, EPHESUS 
 
 COLUMNS AND ENTABLATUR E, WEST. 
 
TEMPLE of DIANA, EPHESUS. 
 
 smmramnmE 
 
 .•wuuHnmiugHBC- 
 
 
 COLUMNS AND ENTABLATURE. EAST. 
 
• 
 
 ARCHAIC GREEK SCULPTURE. 
 
 2 73 
 
 examined, a few men were kept working at the Doric 
 building, also in the area beyond the Temple steps. At 
 the east end, near the lowest step, was found a frag- 
 ment of a honeysuckle ornament which probably be- 
 longed to one of the antifixa or fronting stones of the 
 circular tiles from the roof of the Temple. There were 
 also found some very interesting fragments of ar- 
 chaic sculpture which have been considered worthy of 
 especial notice by Mr. Newton in the ' Portfolio' for July 
 1874:- 
 
 ' Among the marbles discovered by Mr. Wood in 
 the Temple of Diana at Ephesus were certain frag- 
 ments of archaic sculpture which are evidently works 
 executed in the same school as the sculpture from 
 Branchidae. They consist of a female head, on which 
 the remains of colour can still be seen, part of two other 
 heads, and portions of the bodies of several draped 
 female figures under life-size. All these sculptures were 
 attached as decorations to a marble background ; the 
 figures are not therefore sculptured in the round, but, if 
 we may borrow a term used by architects, are engaged 
 figures. Now, when we compare the statues from 
 Branchidae and Miletus with the Ephesian fragments, we 
 find a resemblance sufficiently strong to justify us in 
 supposing that the sculptures from both localities are 
 the product of the same school ; and when we take into 
 consideration the connexion of Theodorus and Telekles 
 with Ephesus, we can hardly doubt that we have, in these 
 most ancient sculptures in marble, works of the Samian 
 school furnished by that family. 
 
 Archaic 
 sculpture. 
 
274 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 ' The discoveries recently made at Cyprus by General 
 Cesnola and Mr. Lang have greatly added to our know- 
 ledge of the archaic period of Greek art. In that island, 
 inhabited by a mixed population, and subjected in turn to 
 Egyptian, Assyrian, Phoenician, and Persian influence, we 
 find a series of sculptures in calcareous stone, some of 
 which are direct imitations of Egyptian statues ; others 
 have much of the peculiar mannerism of Assyrian art, 
 while the style of others again reminds us so closely of 
 the sculpture from Branchidae and Ephesus, which we 
 have been describing, that they may be referred with 
 probability to the same school and period. 
 
 'It is interesting to compare some of the heads in 
 this series with those from Branchidae and Ephesus 
 already noticed. The nose is generally sharp-pointed, 
 though in one of the Ephesian heads it is unusually 
 broad and flat near the end. The mouth has the stereo- 
 typed smile characteristic of Greek archaic art, the 
 corners having an upward tendency. The angle at 
 which the eyes and eyebrows are set in relation to the 
 nose, varies, but the outer corner of the eye is generally 
 higher than agrees with our idea of symmetry. 
 
 'In all these examples, and especially in the Ephesian 
 heads, the eye appears rather as if seen through a slit in 
 the skin than as if set within the guard of highly sensitive 
 and mobile lids. The same want of knowledge which in 
 the seated figures from Branchidae has failed to discon- 
 nect the bodies from the chairs, has, in the treatment of 
 the eye, been unable to express its free movement and 
 to detach it from the lids. 
 
MR. NEWTON ON THE SCULPTURE OF IONIC TEMPLES. 
 
 275 
 
 'In one of the Ephesian heads the eyelids are so 
 little marked that it is quite certain that they must have 
 been suggested by the aid of colour. When we compare 
 the treatment of the face in the earlier Egyptian sculp- 
 tures, as for instance in the colossal head of Ramses II., 
 we see far truer and more skilful modelling of the eye 
 and eyelid, and of the mouth. 
 
 ' The use of calcareous stone for sculpture must 
 have preceded that of marble in the Hellenic world. 
 
 ' According to Pliny, the first artists who worked in 
 the nobler material were Dipcenos and Skyllis, certain 
 sculptors whom he places about B.C. 580.' 
 
 Mr. Newton, in another article in the ' Portfolio' for 
 July 1874, makes some further remarks relating to the 
 sculpture from the Temple of Diana which I shall here 
 quote at some length for the same reason that I have 
 before given. He writes : 
 
 ' Closely connected in date and style with the sculpture 
 from the Mausoleum at Priene are the remains of the 
 Temple of Diana at Ephesus, a part of which is exhibited 
 at the north end of the Elgin Room. As a contribution 
 to the history of Greek architecture these relics of one of 
 the most celebrated Ionic temples of the ancient world 
 are of transcendent interest. By comparing the architec- 
 tural remains obtained from the Mausoleum, from the 
 Temple of Athena Polias at Priene, from the Temple of 
 Apollo at Branchidae (recently explored by the French 
 archaeologists, MM. Rayet and Thomas), and from the 
 Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, we shall be able to trace 
 
 Grecian 
 Ionic 
 architec- 
 ture. 
 
276 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 the development of Ionic architecture in Asia Minor with 
 far greater accuracy than has been hitherto done. 
 
 'While the researches of MM. Rayet and Thomas 
 have led to the startling discovery that the bases of some 
 of the columns of the great Branchidse Temple were 
 richly sculptured with ornaments previously unknown in 
 this architectural combination, Mr. Wood's explorations on 
 the site of the Ephesian Artemision have proved beyond 
 all doubt the correctness of Pliny's much-disputed state- 
 ment that thirty-six of the columns of the peristyle were 
 caelatse, ornamented with sculpture in relief. Portions of 
 several (five) drums thus sculptured in relief have been 
 sent home by Mr. Wood, all unfortunately too much 
 mutilated to enable us to make out what were the 
 subjects of the several compositions which enriched the 
 shafts. In the most perfect fragment (a drum next the 
 base) the figures, 6 feet high, are carved in low relief, the 
 requisite variety of planes being ingeniously obtained with- 
 out disturbing the general outline of the shaft by undue 
 projection. 
 
 ' Fragments of much bolder relief from the frieze and 
 from one of the columns were also found by Mr. Wood. 
 
 ' We have hardly enough of this sculpture to be able 
 to judge of its merits, but it may be fairly said to be of 
 consummate excellence if we regard it as architectural 
 decoration.' 
 
 A few of the examples of sculpture here alluded to 
 by Mr. Newton have apparently come from sculptured 
 columns of a still earlier date than I have assigned to the 
 earliest of the three temples, the remains of which I found 
 
ARCHITECTS OF THE TEMPLE. 
 
 277 
 
 on the site ; or these examples may perhaps be taken as 
 proofs that Greek art did not make the same progress at 
 Ephesus as at Athens during the fourth and fifth centu- 
 
 ries B.C. 
 
 The discovery of the fact that the last three Temples 
 of Artemis at Ephesus were not only built upon the same 
 site, but were of the same dimensions, will assist materially 
 to clear up some of the statements of ancient writers 
 which have appeared to be irreconcilable. 
 
 Philo, an architect of Byzantium, who wrote about three 
 centuries before Christ, informs us that an immense ex- 
 cavation was made, and the foundations were laid with 
 stone from the quarries above : (the hill at Ayasalouk ?), 
 and that the work was then commenced by forming a 
 basement of ten steps. 
 
 Pliny and Diogenes Laertius tell us that the founda- 
 tions of the Temple were laid on charcoal and fleeces of 
 wool, according to the advice of Theodorus of Samos, son 
 of Rhcekos, about the year B.C. 500. 
 
 Vitruvius, writing in the time of Augustus, about 
 25 b.c, tells us that the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, of 
 the Ionic order, was built by Ctesiphon of Gnossus 
 and his son Metagenes, and was afterwards completed 
 by Demetrius, a priest of Diana, and Pseonius, an 
 Ephesian. 
 
 The temple commenced by Ctesiphon and his son 
 was doubtless the one first raised on the foundations laid 
 by Theodorus of Samos, and was probably begun about 
 the year B.C. 480-460. 
 
 The names of the architects of the temple which was 
 
 Architects 
 of the 
 Temple. 
 
278 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Ancient 
 writers 
 now un- 
 derstood. 
 
 The 
 
 marble. 
 
 built on the same foundations about the beginning of the 
 fourth century b.c. have not been handed down to us. 
 This temple was destroyed the day Alexander the Great 
 was born. The third and last temple on the same foun- 
 dations was built by Dinocrates, a Macedonian architect, 
 and to this building belong most of the sculpture and 
 fragments of architecture from the temples now in the 
 British Museum. 
 
 On so vast a building as the Temple of Diana archi- 
 tects must have been constantly employed ; but the names 
 which I have given are the only ones handed down to 
 us. 
 
 We find then that Philo described the foundations 
 which had served for the last three temples ; that 
 Vitruvius described the manner in which the last temple 
 but two was constructed, and his description answered as 
 well for the last two, all three buildings being similar in 
 plan ; that Pliny, in saying that the Temple of Diana 
 took 220 years in building, was speaking of all these last 
 three temples as one building, as they were twice re- 
 built on the same plan and site. 
 
 The marble with which the Temple was built certainly 
 did not come from the quarries of either Prion or Coressus. 
 There is marble in the mountain which bounds the plain 
 on the east side ; but I could find no quarry there which 
 could have supplied the marble. I believe it may have 
 come from Cosbounar, where there is a very large quarry 
 of fine white marble ; and if we read passuum for pedum 
 in the description of Vitruvius relating to the distance of 
 the quarry from the Temple, it will make this conjecture 
 
THE MARBLE OF THE TEMPLE. 
 
 279 
 
 a probable one, as five thousand double paces would be 
 equal to about five miles. The marble used in the three 
 temples varied in quality, that from the two earlier ones 
 being very superior ; it was a crystallised saccharine marble 
 capable of taking a high polish. Some of the drums of the 
 columns of these temples were used for the frieze of the last, 
 the columns of the last temple being of a coarser marble 
 and having grey streaks in it. 
 
 The destruction of the church piers and examination 
 of the stones of which they had been built was a long and 
 tedious affair ; but, as I have already said, numerous frag- 
 ments were recovered which, when cleaned from the 
 mortar that enveloped them, furnished me with much of 
 the detail of the architectural enrichment of the Temple. 
 The difficulty is to sort the fragments and to assign them 
 to the particular temple to which they belonged, and to 
 their exact original position in the building. 
 
 We had the most lovely weather for our work during 
 the month of January, which is one of the most pleasant 
 months in the year in Asia Minor. The annual feast, 
 Courban Bairam, took all my men away from their work 
 for several days. The month of February opened with 
 continued cold weather, and found us still at the work of 
 destruction of the church piers, exploring the Doric build- 
 ing, and continuing the exploration of the east end of the 
 Temple. The ruins of the Grecian Doric building were 
 not productive of any interesting details ; and as I had not 
 the means at my disposal for exploring the whole building, 
 and most of it was covered by one of my largest spoil- 
 banks, I discontinued the work there February 19th, 
 
 Grecian 
 
 Doric 
 
 building. 
 
280 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Cold 
 weather. 
 
 Archaic 
 
 sculptured 
 
 column. 
 
 having found the piers of four of the columns in position 
 and a portion of the wall beyond. All this month small 
 fragments of sculpture were found from time to time in 
 the church piers and elsewhere, but nothing that requires 
 particular mention here. 
 
 Early in March the cold weather, which had now pre- 
 vailed for nearly two months, increased in intensity. The 
 large saws used at the excavations for lightening the 
 larger marble blocks when practicable, were frozen in the 
 half-sawn blocks when they were not removed overnight, 
 or in the morning during the breakfast half-hour. There 
 was ice an inch thick in the excavations for more than a 
 week. In some of the villages the running water in the 
 streets froze, and the aqueducts near Smyrna, decorated 
 with immense icicles, attracted many visitors. For 
 many days my men were unable to work. The intensity 
 of the cold in the interior was so great that shepherds 
 and others were found frozen to death ; others were 
 brought frost-bitten and helpless into the hospitals at 
 Smyrna. Such was the unusual severity of the first few 
 months of that year. On finding an interesting Greek 
 inscription in the cella, together with a number of other 
 fragments justifying some further expenditure, I in- 
 creased my gang of men from twenty to forty, and this 
 number was kept up till nearly the end of the season. 
 
 Two large fragments of archaic sculpture found at a 
 low level on the site of the Temple have been recently 
 fitted together at the British Museum, and. it is now quite 
 evident that they formed part of a sculptured column 
 about 6 feet in diameter. Another fragment, consisting 
 
DIMENSIONS OF EXCAVATION. 
 
 of a female head and a fragment of the marble to which 
 it was attached, also appears to have formed part of a 
 sculptured column ; and these two examples prove that the 
 columnae caelatae, noticed by Pliny, were a peculiar feature 
 of the earlier of the. last three temples as well as of those 
 which succeeded it. 
 
 On referring to the report sent to the Trustees for 
 their information March 27th, I find that I then estima- 
 ted the amount of earth examined at 132,221 cubic yards, 
 the bulk of which had been wheeled out from the site. 
 The dimensions of the large oblong area dug out are — 
 length 500 feet, width 300 feet, and depth 22 feet to pave- 
 ment of earliest temple. Besides this there is, branching 
 off on the south side, a wide cutting exposing a long length 
 of the portico surrounding the Temple, and part of the 
 Doric building on that side. The appearance of this 
 large excavation, with its immense and irregular spoil- 
 banks, is very striking, more especially at twilight — ' weird- 
 like' it was called by a Scotch lady who rode past it 
 rather late in the evening on the road from the ruins to 
 Ayasalouk. 
 
 I had received instructions from the Principal Libra- 
 rian of the British Museum to sell my ' plant ',' taking 
 advantage of any favourable opportunities which might 
 occur for my doing so without making great sacrifices. 
 I was fortunate enough to find a purchaser for my carts 
 and horses, as well as for some of my other plant, in Mr. 
 de Cuyper, a Belgian engineer employed at some coal 
 mines near Turbali. Most of the remainder was taken 
 by the manager of the Smyrna and Aidin railway. 
 
 Amount 
 of work 
 done. 
 
 Sale of 
 plant.' 
 
282 
 
 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Billal. 
 
 St. Luke's 
 tomb. 
 
 Fidelity of 
 
 Turkish 
 
 workmen. 
 
 Mr. de Cuyper willingly took into his employment 
 Billal, the black groom, who had then been with me for 
 eight years. With the horses, therefore, the groom must 
 go, but he was most unwilling to leave before we left, and 
 he wept bitterly when he came to say good-bye, his heart 
 having been touched by the kindness of his mistress. 
 
 Before leaving Ephesus, I sank a deep hole be- 
 low the pavement of the building which I believe to be 
 St. Luke's tomb, in search of the vault in which the sar- 
 cophagus might be found, but I came across nothing be- 
 yond the foundations of the pavement ; these were com- 
 posed of small stones, and I did not succeed in reaching 
 the vault, if there is one. I found, however, two shallow 
 graves under the pavement, similar to those found in the 
 quadrangle outside the building, having, like them, thin 
 marble sides. These, I presume, may have been the 
 graves of bishops of a later period, who were thus 
 honoured in their final resting-place. 
 
 March 20. — I discharged all but two or three of my 
 workmen, having obtained employment for them with Mr. 
 de Cuyper. Among these were about a dozen men who 
 had been with me for years, and I was anxious to leave 
 them at work. But they had, it seems, become quite 
 devoted to their employment at Ephesus, and would not 
 leave before ' Chelebeh ' (master), although they received 
 no pay from me for the five or six days during which they 
 remained after the works had been stopped. They had 
 their clothes to wash, they said, before they could make 
 their appearance before their new employer. One man 
 ( Aoushar Mehmet), who had acted so fearlessly in denoun- 
 
EXCAVATIONS ABANDONED. 283 
 
 cing the Kiourt men during a previous season for almost 
 murdering a fellow-workman, was so affected that he wept 
 bitterly. So there are a few men with kind and impres- 
 sible hearts even among the Turks, and here is a small 
 tribute to their honour. There had been, however, in my 
 employment from time to time some very bad men, who, 
 as I have said, heartlessly robbed their fellow- workmen, 
 and absconded with the plunder. 
 
 The two or three men left were employed in complet- 
 ing the destruction and examination of the church piers ; 
 but nothing more was found, and the works were finally 
 altogether abandoned March 25th, much to my regret, 
 as I feel sure we have left much of interest and value 
 behind us beyond the margin of the present excavation. 
 
 Feeling that I might never see Ephesus again, I 
 hurriedly made a number of large sketches, some of which 
 have served to illustrate this book. I had also a number 
 of photographs taken by Corporal Trotman for the same 
 purpose. 
 
 March 27. — The two sappers, Sergeant M'Kim and 
 Corporal Trotman, left to-day for England. They had 
 served me well, the sergeant for two seasons, the corporal 
 for three. In reporting them to the Principal Librarian, I 
 said : ' I cannot speak too highly of their conduct and the 
 assistance they have unremittingly and invariably given me, 
 or of the intelligence and assiduity with which they have 
 carried on the works under my direction. They fully de- 
 serve the reward that may be accorded them, for they 
 have exhibited the utmost patience and fortitude under 
 the trying occupation in which they have been engaged.' 
 
 Works 
 closed. 
 
 The 
 
 sappers. 
 
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS. 
 
 Result of 
 the 
 
 season's 
 work. 
 
 Anti- 
 quities 
 shipped. 
 
 We leave 
 
 for 
 
 England. 
 
 This eulogium I am only too glad to repeat here. 
 These men have since left the army, and the sergeant is 
 now working at his trade as a carpenter, while the corporal 
 is an attendant in the Medal Room at the British Museum. 
 
 Notwithstanding the comparatively barren results 
 of the season 1873-74, I had twenty-three cases 
 and sixty-three loose blocks of marble to send home. 
 Admiral Randolph entered the port of Smyrna April 8th, 
 with five ships of war from Athens, where he had been 
 detained a few days beyond the time which had been 
 fixed for his departure by threatened disturbances. As 
 Admiral Randolph's ships were not bound for either 
 England or Malta, I .made an arrangement with Mr. 
 Paterson, a much-esteemed British merchant in Smyrna, 
 J and a most kind friend of mine, for the transport of my 
 cases and marble blocks by one of the ships in which he 
 was interested as the accredited agent. Admiral Randolph 
 provided me with the necessary means in men, boats, and 
 tackle for putting the antiquities on board the merchant 
 Vessel. Having seen this done, and having disposed of 
 all my plant, we made arrangements for our final depar- 
 ture from Smyrna,' and embarked on board H.M.S. 
 ' Cockatrice,' a small gunboat commanded by Captain 
 St. Clair, on the morning of April 14th, having accepted 
 the captain's kind offer of a passage to Constantinople on 
 our way to England. It may readily be believed that we 
 did not leave either Ephesus or Smyrna, after a sojourn 
 of so many years, without heartfelt regret. At Ephesus 
 we planted the Eucalyptus globulosa (American gum-tree) 
 on the top of the spoil banks which surround the great 
 
CLOSE OF NARRATIVE. 
 
 285 
 
 excavation on the site of the Temple of Diana, and as we 
 left the spot slowly and lingeringly we looked back fre- 
 quently at the beautiful scene, which had had such a fas- 
 cination for us, and which had been for so many years 
 associated with our united labours. 
 
 Mrs. Wood's best exertions had been used in doing 
 all she could to alleviate the sufferings of the workmen 
 and the villagers, and her skill and care were proved by 
 the fact that of hundreds of workmen only two or three 
 were obliged to be sent down to Smyrna to be treated in 
 the hospitals by skilled doctors. 
 
 As for me, the task I had set myself had been per- 
 formed. The situation, plan, and particular characteristics 
 of the long-lost Temple had been discovered, and all 
 that remained of it within the area cleared out had been 
 secured for our national collection of antiquities. 
 
 At Smyrna, where for so many years we had expe- 
 rienced so much kindness, we parted from our friends 
 with deep regret, cheered, however, by the belief that 
 we should one day return and see them all again, and 
 perhaps renew the work so abruptly stopped, for had 
 we not drunk freely of the Fasoolah water ? x 
 
 1 They say in Smyrna that all who drink the waters of this spring are 
 sure to return to Smyrna sooner or later. The fact is that all people who 
 have for any length of time breathed the fresh, light air of Smyrna, and have 
 there found kind friends amongst the inhabitants, are glad to return, if only 
 for a few days. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN INSCRIPTIONS FROM EPHESUS 
 
 FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS. 
 
 i. Inscriptions from the Peribolus Wall of the Artemisium (Temple of Diana) 
 and the Augusteum. 
 
 2. Inscriptions from the Temple of Diana (found in the Great Theatre). 
 
 3. Inscriptions from the site of the Temple of Diana. 
 
 4. Inscriptions from the Augusteum. 
 
 5. Inscriptions from the Odeum. 
 
 6. Inscriptions from the Great Theatre. 
 
 7. Inscriptions from Tombs, Sarcophagi, &c. 
 
 8. Inscriptions from the City and Suburbs. 
 
 N.B.—The underlining in the Inscriptions indicates suggested restorations of 
 the text where lacuna or imperfections occur on the stone. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE PERIBOLUS WALL 
 
 NO. I. 
 
 Imp. Caesar divi f. Aug. cos. xii. tr. pot. xviii. pontifex 
 maximus, ex reditu Dianae fanum et Augusteum muro muniendum 
 curavit, C. Asinio Gallo pro cos., curatore Sex. Lartidio leg. 
 AvTOKpaTop Katcrap 0eov vlbs SefiacrTbs vnaros to i)8, S^/i.apvi'njs 
 efoucrias to L7), e/c twv Upcov rrjs Oeov irpocroScjv tov veco /cat to 
 2efiao-Tr)ov TLxicrOfjvai 1 Trpoevo-qdr) inl Taiov 'Acriviov TdWov 
 avdwaTov, iirifiekija 2 Xe^Tov AapTiBtov Trpeo-fievTov. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 AvTOKpaTup Kalcrap 0eov vlos SefiacrTos waros to ifi, S^/xaxuojs 
 it-ovcrCat to irj, crrqXas Upas tcov oBcou /cat petOpav 'ApTep,iSi, airo/tari- 
 a-TTjcrev iirl Taiov 'Acriviov rdXXov av9vird.Tov, iTTifieX-qa 2 ZeiJTOv 
 AapTiBiov TrpeafifivTov, to peWpov e^ei TrXdYous mfxeis te. 
 
 i.e. Stiflaorrtiov Te.iyiadi)vai. 
 2 i.e. iiri[ie\tlq. 
 
OF THE ARTEMISIUM AND THE AUGUSTEUM. 
 
 NO. I. 
 
 The Emperor Caesar Augustus, son of a god, Consul for the 
 twelfth time, with tribunitian power for the eighteenth time, chief 
 Pontifex, caused the Temple of Diana and the Augusteum to be 
 surrounded by a wall, the cost to be defrayed out of the revenues 
 of the goddess Diana, in the time of C. Asinius Gallus, Pro-consul : 
 Sextus Lartidius the legate had charge of the work. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 The Emperor Caesar Augustus, son of a god, Consul for the 
 twelfth time, with tribunitian power for the eighteenth time, 
 erected to Artemis the sacred boundary-pillars of the roads and 
 watercourses : in the time of C. Asinius Gallus, Pro-consul : Sextus 
 Lartidius the legate had charge of the work : The watercourse is 
 fifteen cubits wide. 
 
 A 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE PERIBOIUS WALL. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 AvroKparoyp Kaiaap 0eov vib<s Se/SacrTos viraros to i^8, Si^apxuojs 
 e|bvo-tas to it;, crTiyXas lepas twv oScwi' /cai peidpcov 'Aprep.iSi airoKaTe- 
 crrqcrzv iirl Taiov 'Acruviov rdXkov avOvirdrov. hnp,e\rja 2££tov 
 AapTuBCov irpecr/3evTov. 17 6Sos l^ei criiv t<w pei0pa> tov TroTa/jiov 
 7T^CIS A. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 TRANSLATION. 
 
 The Emperor Caesar Augustus, son of a god, Consul for the 
 twelfth time, with tribunitian power for the eighteenth time, 
 erected to Artemis the sacred boundary-pillars of the roads and 
 watercourses : in the time of C. Asinius Gallus, Pro-consul : Sextus 
 Lartidius the legate had charge of the work. The road with 
 the watercourse of the river is thirty cubits wide. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 TEMPLE OF DIANA 
 
 (Found in the Great Theatre) 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. i. 
 
 "ESo^ev rrj fiovXfj /cat ra S^/tw. Aimv AioneiQovs elirev. ewetSij 
 AyaOoKXyjs , 'Hyrj/jiovos 'PdStos o-itoi' elcrayaycov eis tt)/* 7rd\«', irvpStv 
 e/crets 1 p.vpiov<s | TeTpaKto-^ikiovs, /cat KaTaXaficov tov ctItov tov iv rrj 
 ayopa Trci)\ovp,e\voiJL irkiovoq hpa^juSiv 2 [?1 iretcr^ets v7ro tou dyopa- 
 vofiov /cat /3ov\6p.evo<; | ^api^ecrOai t<m Sij/aw, iTrcoK-qcre. tou oltov irdvTa 
 eiavoTepov tov iv \ Ty ayopa vcoXovfievov, SeSo^^at rjj fiovXfj /cat 7<S 
 8^/aw Sowat ' ' Ayadoiikf) | 'PoStw TroXiTeiav e^>' tcnj 3 /cat 6/xota, /cat aural 
 /cat e/cycwois. eTTiKkrjp(oaai Se | avTov tous '■Eo-cr/Ji'as 4 eis <f>v\r)y /cat 
 ^tXtacrruy /cat dvaypdxpai aurw raulra tous vewiroias 6 eis to tepof ttJ'j 
 'ApTepioos, ov /cat ras Xouras 7roXtTeias | dvaypd<pova m LV. oitcjs aVaires 6 
 etSwo-tv art 6 Srj/Aos emo-raTai ^aptras d7ro|StS6Vai tois evepyerovaw 
 avTov. eXa^e <f)v\rjp, Bep/3Cv7)<s, 7 ^XiaarTiiv 8 AlywTeos. 
 
 1 EK7-£tf. The EKrtwc was the sixth part of a fiilifivoc, the Attic corn measure 
 (= about 12 gallons). 
 
 2 Spaxftiv [?]• After ?p. the stone exhibits the characters EX 2k . 
 
 3 £</>' 'iarf. See Le Bas and Waddington, Voyage Arch'eologique, inscr. 136 a, 
 and note ; also inscr. 87 : &$' "iaov. Fritzsche (Libri Afocr. p. 408) gives if' t<ri?e 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 NO. I 
 Resolved by the Council and the People. 
 
 Dion, son of Diopeithes, moved, That whereas Agathocles, 
 son of Hegemon, of Rhodes, having imported a quantity of 
 corn into the city, fourteen thousand measures of wheat, and 
 finding that the corn in the market was being sold at more than 
 [?] drachmae, persuaded by the Superintendent of the market, 
 and wishing to please the People, sold all his corn cheaper than 
 that which was being sold in the market : it be hereby resolved 
 by the Council and the People to grant citizenship to Agathocles 
 of Rhodes, upon equal and similar terms, to himself and to his 
 descendants: further, that the Essenes 1 allot him a place in a 
 tribe and a thousand, and that the Temple-wardens inscribe these 
 [grants] in his honour in the Temple of Artemis where they 
 inscribe the rest of the grants of citizenship ; to the end that all 
 
 1 Officials so called. 
 B 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 as the reading of a MS. in Sir. ix. to. Cf. Tischendorf, prolegg. in N. T. p. Hi. 
 The phrase ly 'Lay rai bfioiq. implies the admission of the new citizen to equal rights 
 and a similar position in the State with the rest of the citizens of Ephesus. 
 
 4 tovq 'Ecro-jjrac. Paus. viii. 13. rovg t[i 'ApTt/JuSi lirru'iropag rjj 'Efeo-iq. yivouirouc, 
 KaXovpivovg ?e vwo tuiv ttoKitwv 'Eirorjvag. Etym. Magn. s. v. 6 ftairiXevg Kara 
 'E^firt'ouc curd [itTcupopag tov fieXitraiav flaaiXiwc. See Miiller's Dorians, ii. 9; King 
 (C. W.), Gnostics and their Remains, pp. 2, 171. 
 
 5 rove j'eo)Troiag. Newirolrig [retotrowg] ' em Obrigkeit in a. griech. Stadten in 
 Kleinasien welche den Bait u. die Erhaltung der Tempel zu besorgen hatte' (Pape 
 and Benseler, Worterbuch der griech. Eigennamen). Cf. Le Bas, inscr. 152 : olfo 
 eiEW7roirjiTav avOaiperm. § 161 : rewwoibv rj> avrai 'iret fewironiiravra avv ru adeXfu. 
 Bailie, Ease. Inscr. Grac. ii. p. 21 : Itpyivtbmoiov vtonoiHv rije kirttpavEaTorrfg dtov 
 A</>poSirrig. 
 
 6 aTrarreg, Inscr. An AXES. 
 
 7 <j>v\fin B£fij3iyrig. Steph. Byz. counts five Ephesian phyla : oi ^y y hp tV 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 "ESogev ttj fiovXrj /cat tw h-qpux. Bporaxos 1 nXdrcovos elnev iireiSrj 
 Aev\Kvrnro<s 'Epjioyevovs 'OXwOlos traaav evvoiay koX irpoOv/xian 
 Trapixerai \ kcll Koivfj tw BtJ/jlo), kol iSia rots ipTvyxdvovcn rap itoXi.- 
 ToiV hthoyOai Trj I fiovXrj kcu t<S hrjp.co Sovvai AevKiirTrat TroXiTeiav, 
 avT<£- Kal eVyoWs, if 10-17 kol o\p.oirj- iwiKXrjpwo-cu Be avroy /cat 
 
 1 B/)d-a x o c . Cf. Bergk. Pad. Lyr. Grac. p. 783 (Simonides, 127) : K,>,)c ytvmv 
 ^poroyjig ToprvYwg ii>da?e Kti/xnt. 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 may know that the People understands how to repay with its 
 favours those who render it service. 
 
 Admitted into the Bembinean tribe and the ^Egotean 
 thousand. 
 
 BtVi'ij, Bei'vioi ' ol St iv Euwyujuwrfje 'Arnidjc, TZiiiivvfioi ' ovg c IE ap%rjg kv E^e'ito) 
 Kare\a/3oi', 'E^Eiriotrj tyani' rovg ?e vartpov tVijXuSac, Tifiovc nal Kapu'awvs airn- 
 mXovm. The Euonymi, Ephesii, Teii, and Carinaei are mentioned in these in- 
 scriptions ; but for Bii'vwi, inscrr. i, 12 and 16 seem to offer Be/jptrtis (Bififiwa, 
 K&>jxr) rrje Ne/je'cic, Steph. B.). 
 
 8 xikiatTTvv. Le Bas, inscr. 136 a, note : 'une division de la tribu, comme 
 hcKTToorvc et toittvc. On disait aussi x 1 ^ 10 "™!:-' Cf. Etym. M. s. v. irrpartk : tHy 
 XiXtW \a.vhpi)V apiO/tog raAelrcu] ^iXioarur. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 Resolved by the Council and the People. 
 Brotachus, son of Plato, moved, That whereas Leucippus, son 
 of Hermogenes, of Olynthus, manifests all goodwill and devotion 
 both to the People at large and individually to those of the 
 citizens who have intercourse with him : it be hereby resolved 
 by the Council and the People to grant citizenship to Leucippus, 
 on equal and similar terms, to himself and to his descendants, 
 
 Ba 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 el<S .<f)v\r)y kolL ^uXiao-TVf dvaypdxjjai, Se to | \jjrj(JHcrp.a rous ve<u7roias 
 eis to iepbv rijs ' ApTefiiSos, ottov koX ras \ot7ras | 7ro\tretas dvaypd- 
 <j>ov(Ti.v. eXa^e (jtvXrjv Ttjios, ^tXtacrri'i' 'HyyjTopeios. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 ".ESo^ei' tw Syy/A&j. JltVSapos Acapodeov elirev iTreiBr/ 'Airo\\<avio<s 
 Kovavos Mayvijs irao-av ewotay /cat irpo9v[iLav irape^opievos StareXei 
 #mt KOtv^ ets rov Srjju,oj/ tov '.E<£ecriW kcu iSia tois evrvy^dvova-i twv 
 ttoXltwv I 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 and to allot him a place in a tribe and a thousand ; and further 
 that this decree be inscribed by the Temple-wardens in the 
 Temple of Artemis where they inscribe the rest of the grants 
 of citizenship. 
 
 Admitted into the Teian tribe and the Hegetorean thousand. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 Resolved by the People. 
 
 Pindar son of Dorotheus moved, That whereas Apollonius [?], 
 son of Conon [?], of Magnesia, continues to manifest all good- 
 will and loyalty, both towards the Ephesian People at large and 
 individually to those of the citizens who have intercourse with him 
 
No. 4. 
 
 . . d.7roo"retXai Se olvtco 
 
 /cat £ei>ta tov o\Kovop.ov 1 oVgjs airavres eiSuxxiv otl 
 tows evvoiafj, 'Trape^ofj.ei'ov? eis to, tt pay par a. t-^s 
 ttoXcws Tt/^a 6 Sij/aos KaTa, to irpocrrJKOv ' eXa^e (j>vkr)V . . . 
 )(L\t,acrTvv 'E^ypeos. 
 
 1 roi' iHKOvujjtov SC. T?JQ ttoXeios [or rijc /3ouXi/s ?]. See No. 8. 
 
 No. s. 
 
 *E§o£e rrj fiovXrj /cat t<5 S^'uw 
 
 et7re> • eVeiS?) 'ApTep,ih(opo<s /cat 
 
 ■4ttoXXoSc^oou IlepLvdios Xa- 
 
 fiovT&s tvvoi etcri ra St^ku 
 
 irpa.TT0VT€<5 det to ayadov , . 
 
 T^S Ot/CetOTTJTOS rrjs VTTO.p-)(OVa"r)S , 
 
 ayady Tv^y SeSo^^at T17 fiovkfj /cat tw S77/XW . , 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 and that the Treasurer send him pledges of 
 
 friendship .... to the intent all men may know that the People 
 appropriately honours those who manifest goodwill towards the 
 interests of the city. 
 
 Admitted into the tribe and the Echyrean thousand. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 Resolved by the Cotmcil and the People . 
 
 moved, That whereas Artemid orus, son of , 
 
 of , and , son of Apollodorus of Perinthus 
 
 [?], are friendly to the People, always pro- 
 moting its advantage of [?] the relation which 
 
 exists it be hereby resolved by the Council and the 
 
 People, with the favour of Heaven 
 
No. 6. 
 
 eXa^e <f>v\r)v Trfloq, ^iXiacrTvu TrjTopews. 1 
 
 1 Sic [? error for HFHTOPEIOS : cf. No. 2]. 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 "ESogev ty) /3ov\fj kclI tw Sr?//,&>. $iXaiz>eros $t\6j>povo<5 el-rev " eVeiSJ) I 
 
 NiKayopas ' ' Apunapypv 'PdSios, a7TocrTaXeis 7ra/)a tw/i ftacrikeav 
 
 At)p.t)Tp'wv I feat ^eXeu/cov irpos tc tcw 8-rjp.ov tov 'E^ecricav /cat rows 
 
 aXXous EXXi^vas, | /caTacrTatfeis el<s tov Srjfiov irepi re tjj? ot/cetor^Tos 
 
 rf)s yeyevrjp.iv7]s | avTots SteXex^, «m 7rept ttjs evvo'ia<s r)v e^Tes 
 
 SiaTeXovcriv eis | tou? "EXX^vas, ral Tr)//, (f>t\[av Trjp, Trporepov virdp- 
 
 Xovcrav clvto) | 7rpos t^/a iroXi,i> aveveaxraro ' &e86)(0cu 777 /3ov\fj /cat rw 
 
 S^jLtw I iiraivecraL re Niicayopav eirl rfj evvoia rjv fycov StareXet irpbs 
 
 tous I /3acriXeIs /ecu tov 8fjp,ov, ko.6 ore^avwcrai auToy -^pvcrecp crrecfxipm, \ 
 
 / cat a vayyeZXcu rots 'E^ecretots x eV t<£ Bear pay- Sovvat Se Kal 770X1- 
 
 1 ToTg 'E^eo-tioif. Steph. Byz. : tilpjjrat tat E^io-Eta Sta ?i08oyyou • oiirw yap iv 
 ' KKzlavlpy 1o$o>Xi\c. On these games see Thuc. iii. 104 : 2jui> re. yap ywaiQ ra< 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 ["Admitted into the Teian tribe and] the [He]getorean 
 thousand. 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 Resolved by the Council and People. 
 
 Philsenetus, son of Philophron, moved, That whereas 
 Nicagoras, son of Aristarchus, of Rhodes, when sent from Kings 
 Demetrius and Seleucus to the People of Ephesus and the other 
 Hellenes, appeared before the People, and addressed them on the 
 friendly relations which have been established, and on the good- 
 will which the Kings continue to bear towards the Hellenes, and 
 renewed the alliance which formerly existed between himself and 
 this city : it be hereby resolved by the Council and the People to com- 
 mend Nicagoras for the goodwill which he continues to bear towards 
 the Kings and the People, and to crown him with a crown of gold, 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 reCav | i(j> lay Kal opoirj Ka.Qa.irep /cat Tots Xotirots evepy ercus' virdp- 
 
 ^ew Se am<o | TrpoeopCav iv tois dywcrtv, /cat €lo-jt\ovv /cat £ktt\ovv, 
 
 ko.l ip uok.dp.oi | koX elprjvrf koX dreXetav a>v av elcrdyr/ rj i^dyy rj eis 
 tov toiov olkov I rj eis dyopdv " /cat elaoSov 7rpos Tr)p J3ov\rjy Kal Top 
 
 orjpop npaJTOj perd to. lepd' ravra Se elmi | avToj nol eVyoVots' ava- 
 
 ypdxpai Se rds SeSo/*eVas avTW Scoped? tous vecawoCas \ oirov koX rds 
 
 aXXas dvaypd<^ovaiv eVifcX^pwcrat Se avToy k<xi eis <j)v\r)y Kal ets I 
 
 ^tXtacrrut'* 07rws*d7rai'Tes etSwcrii' oti 6 $rjpo<; 6 'E^ecrCojv \ Tipa tov? 
 
 ets to, avTov irpdypaTO. irpodvpovs (Was | Swpeats Tats TTpocrrjKOvaais ' 
 
 d7rocrTeiXai Se Kat feVta awr&J top [ Sfjpov. eXa^e <f>v\r)v 'E<f>eoev<s, 2 
 
 ^iXtaaTvv -4e/8e'Stos. 
 
 nairnr ttitwpovr, £>o~ircp rvv eq ret 'TZ<petiia"lii)>>ic. Cf. Chandler, Inscr. Aniiq. i. 36 : 
 2£?0}(6cu Kafl 0X01' rov /jjji'a rov 'ApTtfuaiwva ilvai upas to-S liptpas, ayecrdai H iv 
 avrals roc copras . . . arc tov fjrjtoc likou hpov ovtos tovtov rij flew. 
 
 2 'E^eo-ft/f. Etym. M. : ru tflcuor, 'Eftoeiic. Steph. Byz. : Xtyerat /cat 'Eftcevf:, 
 £is Tapucic, Topo-fiic • ' Eine Phyle in Ephescs liihrte insbesondere den Namen 
 'E^tVioi ' (Pape, cf. No. 1, note 5). 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 13 
 
 and to proclaim the crown in the Theatre at the Ephesian festi- 
 val ; and, further, to grant citizenship to him upon equal and similar 
 terms as to the rest of their benefactors ; and that he enjoy the 
 privilege of occupying a front seat at the Games, and of entering 
 or leaving the harbour at pleasure alike in war and peace, and of 
 exemption from duty on all goods which he may import or export, 
 whether for his own family or for market [?], and of admission to the 
 assemblies of the Council and the People first after the sacred 
 rites — these distinctions to belong to himself and to his descendants. 
 Moreover, that the grants which have now been made to him be 
 inscribed by the Temple-wardens where they inscribe other lik e 
 grants, and that they allot him a place in a tribe and to 
 a thousand, to the end that all may know that the People of 
 Ephesus honours with appropriate gifts those who are loyal 
 to its interests. And also that the People send him pledges of 
 
 their friendship. 
 
 Admitted into the Ephesian tribe and the Lebedian thousand. 
 
i 4 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 8. 
 
 • ■•••••■. 
 
 Tvyya.vi.1 rrepl rows "EWrjvas Kal ttjju, itoXlv 
 ayaOfi TVXV ' SeS6)(dai tw Si^um o~vvr)o-0evTi rots 
 
 ya>ofx,€Vot,s ayaffols tois fiacrtXecos Kat rots 
 
 Kal CTTe<j>avr}(j)op€iv 'J5^>ecrious Kat tows koltoikovs 
 
 iirl rots evTv^TJ^acrLV tois ef^yyeX^tevots, fat ^vew 
 
 euayye'Xta tij 'AprefiiBi tous '.Ecrcr/pas /cat tov t»Js tto- 
 
 Xeoos oIkovo^ou 1 koX eu^ecr^af Kat eis to XoiTrov ey- 
 
 yLvecrdai, Ay)p.rjTpCcp t<£ )3acriXei Kat tw Stj/xw 
 
 Kat '-iivTiyoVaj /cat Aiqp.'qTpica tovs o-re<j>dvov<s 
 
 <j)opelv tov Se dVaXw/taTos toC ets t?)i> Overlap «riju,eXeto-0ai 
 
 t6v oii<ov6p,ov ' inawecraL Se /cat '^diroXXwi'toi', 
 
 tov tot) fiaaikews /cat dvayyetXavTa r^v evvotav 
 
 Trpo9vjUii<i tw S^jitft), /cat ^v e^et auros tt/3os to/a /SacrtXea 
 
 /cat tov or}p.ov tov 'E^ecrtwy Kat ore^avcljcrai auToy ^pucreiw crTe<f>dvq> 
 
 Xpvo-eav etKocrt " toD Se ore<£aVou eTrt^eXeicr^at t6v otKovofiov. 
 
 1 tov [t-% 7Tti\EWf] oUovufiov. Cf. Rom. xvi. 23. Or, ro> [7^ jSowXijc] ok. 
 Bailie, ii. p. 21. 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 15 
 
 No. 8. 
 
 [That whereas . . . .] fortune favours the Hellenes and this city: 
 it be hereby resolved by the People, gratified at the good offices of 
 
 the King and of , that garlands be worn both by Ephesians 
 
 and by residents in honour of the happy events which have 
 been announced, and that sacrifices to celebrate the good tidings 
 and prayers be offered to Artemis by the Essenes and the Treasurer 
 of the city; and that for the future it be permitted to King 
 Demetrius and the People and to Antigonus and Demetrius to 
 wear their garlands [?] : the Treasurer to provide for the ex- 
 penses of the sacrifice. That it be also resolved to commend 
 Apollonius, who loyally reported to the People the goodwill 
 entertained towards them by the King, and that which he 
 himself bears to the King and the People of Ephesus, and to 
 crown him with a crown of gold weighing twenty staters, the 
 Treasurer to defray the cost of the crown. Moreover, that the 
 Council and the People grant citizenship to him as to their other 
 benefactors, and the privilege of occupying a front seat at the 
 
1 6 INSCRIPTIONS. FROM THE 
 
 Sovvai Se avro) /cat tto\lt€.uxv 
 
 KaOdtrep /cat rots d'XXots evepyerats 
 
 T?)p fiovXfjy /cat top &rjp,oi>, kol irpoeSpiav kv rots 
 
 dywcri, Kaddvep /cat T019 Xonrots etiepyeVats" dvaypdrpai Se rets 
 
 SeSopeVas aura) Saipeds tous ve&)7rotas, 07rou /cat avaypa<f>ov(TL 
 
 rds dXXas 7roXtT€tas - 
 
 No. 9. 
 
 /cat tSia rots ivTvy^dvovai rS>v ttoXitwv, nadoTi av e/cacrTOs avrbv 
 
 rrpocr/caXccr/jTai ' SeSo^at rfj /SouX^ /cat tw SrjfJiQ) iwatvecrai . . . | 
 
 . . piSatov [ ?] aperies eveKev /cat ewotas /cat are^avwcraL avrbv ^pucrew 
 crT€<f)dva>' Sowat Se | noXireiav aural /cat e/cyoVois €<£' *cr^ /cat opoia 
 KaOdrrep /cat rots aXXois euepyerats - eVt/cX77p<3a"ai Se avrbv | roti? 
 'Ecrcrrjvas eis <j>v\r]V /cat ^ikiacrrvv, dvaypdxjjai Se ToSe to ■tyrj<f>icrp.a rows 
 vewiroias eis to tepov 717 s -dpTept|Sos ou /cat rds dXXas 7roXiTetas 
 dvaypdtfiovcrt,. eXa^e (^lAr^y Kap^vatos 1 [ ?], ^tXiacrTvi' 
 
 1 Kaprjrcuoc. Kapf/ii} [Knpuij] tto\(c Mvirmc. Steph. Byz. See No. 1, note 5, 
 and cf. 7??<r/. of Geogr. i. 516. 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. I? 
 
 Games as to the rest of their benefactors ; and that the Temple- 
 wardens inscribe the grants which have now been made to him 
 where they inscribe t he other grants of citizenship 
 
 No. 9. 
 
 . and individually to those of the 
 
 citizens who have intercourse with him, according as each may 
 have invited his aid : it be hereby resolved by the Council and 
 
 People to commend [?] for his merit and good- 
 
 will, and to crown him with a crown of gold ; furth ermore to grant 
 citizenship to himself and to his descendants on equal and similar 
 terms as to their other benefactors ; and, moreover, that the Essenes 
 allot him a place in a tribe and a thousand, and that the Temple- 
 wardens inscribe this decree in the Temple of Artemis where 
 they inscribe the other grants of citizenship. 
 
 Admitted into the Carenaean [?] tribe and the 
 
 thousand. 
 
1 8 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. IO. 
 
 "ESogev Trj fiovXr} kol tw St^w. Zanrvpos elirev eVeiSi) Zwi'Xos 
 A ...... | '.EXchtijs, 1 SiaTpCfiav iv ry iroXeu, evvovv /cal Trp60vp.ov 
 
 eavrbv ita.piyera.i koX Kowf) tS Byjfia | /cat t5>v ISicotwv tois eyrvy- 
 Xa-vova-LV SeSa^ca r# ySoi/Xjy Sowai Tr okyrdav \ avrS if 1077 koX 
 ofxoiy KaOdtrep koX to?s aXXois evepyerai?, iiriKkrjpSxrai Se | aurw 
 koX ei S (j&uXiji> /cat x i ^ta«""w* Tavra Se virdpx^v amu koX eVcyoVois. | 
 avaypd\\icu Se to xpyjfao-pa tovs v<ea)woia<; ottov kol ras Xoi7ras 7roXireias 
 amlypa^ouo-iv, 6Vws aVavres eiSwo-u' on 6 Stj/aos Tt/xa rows eve/}- 
 yerouiras avToV. | eXa^e <j>v\r)v 'E<f>ecrevs, xiWorw B<opevs. s 
 
 1 'Ekairrjt. Paus. v. 24 : 'EAanw . . ol mmf}<Lvrc Ik Kakov wrfiov is BiXaaaav 
 Tpuiroi Trj AloXiSi o'ikoviti. 
 
 2 Sic. 
 
 3 Bwpeue. The same name was borne by a] tribe atfCyzicus. Bockh, inscrr. 
 3663-6 (cited by Pape). 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 19 
 
 No. 10. 
 Resolved by the Council and the People. 
 
 Zopyrus moved, That whereas Zoilus, son of A , of Ehea, 
 
 now living in this city, proves himself friendly and loyal to the 
 interests of the People in gener al, and of such private citizens as 
 have intercourse with him : it be hereby resolved by the Council 
 to grant him citizenship upon equal and similar terms as to 
 other public benefactors, and further, to allot him a place both in 
 a tribe and a thousand— these privileges to belong to himself and 
 to his descendants. Resolved also that the Temple-wardens 
 inscribe this decree, where they inscribe the rest of the grants of 
 citizenship, to the end that all may know that the People honours 
 those who render it service. 
 
 Admitted into the Ephesian tribe and the Borean thousand. 
 
No. ii. 
 
 "ESoge rfj fiovXrj /cat tgj hrjjxa. EviraXos Kpovtov elrrev eVetSi) 
 AvcriK.o>v EvfiijXov Orjldauos irp66vp.ov kavrov ira.-\pexeT(u /cat koivtj 
 t<5 frr/fio) Kai tSta rots ivTvyxdvovcri t£/* ttoXitS>v, Kaffon av e/caoTos 
 avTov Trpocn<a\e<Tr)Tcu- SeSox#at TJy fiovX r) | /cat tw S77//.&) iirauve<Tai re 
 AvaiKtovra dperyjs eW/ce 1 /cal ewotas, Kai orec/>ai'£o-ai airbv ypvo-ia 
 o-Te<f>dvq> tov \ dywvoOeTTjv rots Jicwucriois 2 eV tgj Oedrpcp • 8owat Se 
 /cat TTokureiav auTw /cat e/cyoVots, ifi 1077 /cat o/iotfl • /cat eia-oSo? ets | 
 ttj/a fiovXriv /cat ro*> Sij/aoj> /nera to. tepa /cat ret /3ao-tXea s 7T^wtw, /cat 
 uo-ttXovv /cat ZkttXow /cat e/it TroXip.co /cat dprjvr j ■ \ iTTLKXrjpuxrai Se rows 
 v€&)7rotas clvtov /cat eis (jivXrjv /cat ets x i ^ lao "™" 
 
 1 ?.£«. Cf. Bockh, 658 : iperac Swke (Steph. 7%«. ed. Hase, J. emfko). 
 
 2 rp(£ AtoM/o-iotc. The Dionysia were celebrated at Athens, Argos, Corcyra, 
 Tarentum, Naucratis, Pangseus, Paros (Pape). Ephesus must now be added to the 
 list 
 
 3 ri fiaoiXea [= /3aff/\tia]. Le Bas, inscr. 87 : /jera ra hpit mi ra ftaaiXim. 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 NO. II. 
 Resolved by the Council and the People. 
 
 Eupalus, son of Cronius, moved, That whereas Lysicon, son 
 of Eumelus, of Thebes, proves himself loyal to the People at large, 
 and individually to those of the citizens who have intercourse with 
 him, according as each may have invited his aid : it be hereby 
 resolved by the Council and the People to commend Lysicon for 
 his merit and goodwill, and that he be crowned with a crown of 
 gold by the President of the Games in the Theatre at the festival 
 of Dionysus; further, that citizenship be granted to him and to 
 his descendants, upon equal and similar terms, and the privilege of 
 entering the assemblies of the Council and the People first after 
 the sacred and the royal rites, and of entering or leaving the 
 harbour at pleasure both in war and peace . Resolved also that 
 the Temple-wardens allot him a place both in a tribe and in a 
 thousand 
 
 C 2 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 .No. 12. 
 
 *E8o£ev rfj /3ov\fj KatT<£ Bn]p(t). 'Aprepaiv MyjTpdSo's 1 [?] elirev • ineihrj 
 Opaavfiaxos | JTocreiS&wiou Mayicrys nporepov SieTe'Xei irpodvpos 
 Kal evvovs o)v r<2 &rjpa>, Kai iw | toS iroXepov yevopevov /caret t^u 
 ttoXu' Kal dva\i<TKope.va>v a-mpdrwv | tw Kal i\ev6epav Kal otKertKav, 
 Tracrav Trapeb-^ero irpodvptap els rd crvp(f>epovTa ] ra/i 77oXirwy Kai tous 
 pev Sie'cr<y£ep 2 t&j iSico duaXdpaTL, tous Se | dnecrTetXev Tots irpoarjKOVcnv 
 fiovKopevovs aVieWi' SeSa^ai | tois Trapaywopevois Tmp ttoXitcov 
 Sovvgu &pacrvp,d)((i> | Uoo-eiScwioti MdyvqTi iroXireiav, aural Kal e/c- 
 yoVois, e<£' 10-77 Kal opoia, Kal | dvaypdxjiai. tous vea>7roias ra So0eWa 
 aural 07rov | Kal ai Xoi7rai 7roXireiai eurip dvayeypappevai' | Kai 6 
 Srjpos 6 'Ecftecriav ^apiras gotoSiSoi Opaavpa^O) Kal tt)/* | 77oXiTeiav 
 ray evepy€Tr)pdT(uv eveKev, eiriKkrjpoi Be olvtov eis (fivXrjy Kal | ^iXiao-rw. 
 eXa^e <f>v\r)v BepfiCvyjSi ^\iaa-TVi> 
 
 1 Mqrpactoe. So the inscr., apparently. 
 
 2 StEtryZtv. On the forms <twi£w, <r«'fa>, see Etym. M. .r. 7;. Lipsius, DieUblische 
 Grdcitdt, p. 9, note. 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 23 
 
 No. 12. 
 Resolved by the Council and the People, 
 
 Artemon, son of Metras [?], moved, That whereas Thrasy- 
 machus, son of Poseidonius, of Magnesia, was ever in former days 
 loyal and friendly to the People, and now when the war befell 
 the city, and the lives of freemen as well as slaves were being 
 sacrificed, he manifested all zeal for the welfare of the citizens, and 
 at his own cost got some of them safe through, and sent others 
 home to their friends on their wishing to return : it be hereby 
 resolved by such of the citizens as are now present to grant 
 citizenship to Thrasymachus son of Poseidonius of Magnesia, 
 to himself and to his descendants, on equal and similar terms, and 
 that the Temple-wardens inscribe the grants now made to him 
 where the rest of such grants of citizenship have been inscribed. 
 Moreover the Ephesian People, in additi on to conferring citizen- 
 ship, offers its thanks to Thrasymachus for his good services; 
 and allots him a place in a tribe and a thousand. 
 
 Admitted into the Bembinean tribe and the thousand. 
 
24 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No 13. 
 
 iireiSr/ NiKyjpaTOs 
 
 iSo^ev tg> Sijpa eluat, 
 
 avrov TTo\iTr)v KaQairep /ecu Se'Sorat tois aWcus eue/oyerats. 1 
 
 1 Inscr. EOEPrETAIS. 
 
 No. 14. 
 
 . . avr)p ayaObs Kal 
 evvoiay Kal irpodvfiiav 
 
 apeTrj<s iveicev Kal 
 
 o-T€<j)avw(rai. avrby xpvaecp 
 
 °"re<l>dv V ottos av ird vTts elSSxriv on 6 S%ios 
 
 ov tous vearroias 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 25 
 
 No. 13. 
 [Grant of citizenship to Niceratus, as a public benefactor.] 
 
 No. 14. 
 
 [Vote of thanks and grant of a gold crown to some benefactor 
 name lost] 
 
26 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 15. 
 
 evvoiay koX 
 
 ■n-po0vfiCav at • SeSo'x#ai rrj 
 
 povXrj avrbv tovs 'Eo-crrjvas 
 
 avaypd<f)OVT<u 
 
 No. 16. 
 
 E\a\e (j>v\rjv Bep-fiiveaiv, ^iXiaoTuv 
 
 No. 17. 
 
 Ev0v8dfj.a) EvfiyjSovs "ApKaSt e'/c Kafyvav rj 'Efco-Cfov /3ovXq . Ilvpav 
 eiirev ' iweiSrj Ev8vBafio<s \ TrpoOv/xos i<rrl nepl top 8rjp.ov Tov'Efao-iuv, 
 eSofev tw St?>&) chat, avrov TToXCrrj-y /cat | -rrpogevov, ko.1 iicyovovs, 
 KaOdtrep kcutois aXXois euepyeVais Se'Sorai. eXa^e ^uXiji' | Kaprjvaio^ 
 X^ioo-tw 'A\0ai[jievev<s. 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 27 
 
 No. 15. 
 [Grant of citizenship to a benefactor : name lost.] 
 
 No. 16. 
 
 Admitted into the tribe of the Bembineans, and into the thou- 
 sand 
 
 No. 17. 
 
 The Council of Ephesus to Euthy damns, son of Eumedes, of Caphyce 
 
 in Arcadia. 
 
 Pyron moved, That whereas Euthydamus is loyal towards the 
 People of Ephesus, it is resolved by the People that he be a citizen 
 and a proxenos, and his descendants [likewise], according to the 
 privilege which has been granted to their other benefactors. 
 
 Admitted into the Carenaean tribe and into the Althaemenean 
 thousand. 
 
28 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 NO. 1 8. 
 
 "E§o£ev rfj fiSovkfj Kal ra Stj/agj. ' ' EiriKpar^ [?] utrev iirei&r) 'AvTifymv 
 'AvTiixivovTos 1 'Icmaievs, 2 | Trpodvp,o<i $>v eis top Sij/xov tov 'E(j>eo-Lojv, 
 Karaaras eis ttjv fiovXrjv Kal tov hyjjiov | aiTeirai 7ro\iTeicw SeSd^ai 
 T77 jHovkr} Kal t<5 Stj/aw Sowai avrw voXiTeCav e<j> icr^ | Kal bp.oi'q ' eVi- 
 K\r)pa>crat. Se avTov Kal eis <f>v\r}v Kal -^iXiacrrvv • Kal avaypd\}iai onov 
 Kai ai XoLTral | 77-oA.iTeiai avayeypajJLp,€vai eicri. eXa^e <j>v\rjv ' Efao-evs, 
 ^iXiao-Tvv 'ApyaScvs. 
 
 1 'AvTtficvovToc 'Manns, att. Grabstele im 4>t\o7rarpie vom 10 April, 1859' 
 (Pape). 
 
 2 'I<maiei e [?]. Inscr. IZTIA1E1 [?]. 
 
 No. 19. 
 
 "ESogev Trj $ov\fj Kal t<£ St/J/jlu. 'HpoyciTwv etirev irepl &v 01 
 vecoirolaL Kal oiKOvprJTes 1 Karao-TatfeWes hie\£)(d'qcrav \ rfj fiovXfj, Kal 
 
 1 okovpfirec. i.q. okn<j>v\aKEc [yEsch. Supp. : ZevC . . uko<pv\a£ baliav &rSpwv]. 
 
 Cf. Ar. Lys. 759 : tov otpiv tov okovpov = tov Trjc UoXiaSoe fvXciKa (Phot. lex. s. 
 okovpog). 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 2 y 
 
 No. 1 8. 
 
 Resolved by the Council and the People. 
 
 Epicrates [?] moved, That whereas Antiphon, son of Antimenon 
 of Histiaea [?], being loyal to the People of Ephesus, appears before 
 the Council and the People and asks for citizenship : it be 
 hereby resolved by the Council and the People to grant him 
 citizenship upon equal and similar terms ; furthermore, to allot him 
 a place in a tribe and in a thousand, and to inscribe [this grant] 
 where the rest of the grants of citizenship have been inscribed. 
 
 Admitted into the Ephesian tribe, and into the Argadean 
 thousand. 
 
 No. 19. 
 Resolved by the Council and the People. 
 
 Herogeiton moved, That, in the matter upon which the 
 Temple-wardens and custodians came forward and addressed the 
 Council, and produced a vote from the Senate and the Privy 
 
30 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 to \pij(j>io-pa rjvejKav Trjs yepovaCas 2 Kal tS>v iinKXrJTcov 3 virep Evfypoviov 
 7roXiTetas" SeSd^ai rfj fiovXf}- \ iireiBr) Ev<f>p6pio<; 'Hyrfpovos 'AKapvav 
 irporepov re ewovs wv Kal irpoOvpos Siere'Xei Trepl tov Srjpov tov 
 'E<f>e<ri(ov, Kal vvv \ a7roo-Ta\eicnjs v-peo-/3e[a<s irpbs IlpeireXaav* virb 
 tt/s yepova-irfi Kal t5>v liriKkrjTCjv virep tov o-Ta.Qp.ov tov lepov Kal rtjs 
 d,TeXei-|as rfj 0eq>, crvvBiaKTfjo-ev s peTa ttjs wpea fieCas oVcos av 17 areXeia 
 virapxy Trj dew, Kal to. Xoura iv airacrL Kaipois SiaireXet | xPV°~ t l X0 ' i $>v 
 kcu KOLvfj T<o Byjpw, Kal iSia rots ivTvy^avovari Ta>p tto\it5>v • iyva>o-0ai, 
 eiraiveo-ai re Ev<f)p6viov evvouas eveKev [ ^v l^et uepi re to te/jw Kai 
 Tij/* ttoXiv ' Kal Sowai auTft) iroXiTeiav ifi tar) Kal opolrj, avrw Kal 
 eKyovois • avaypdipai. Se avraJ rr)fi | iroXireuzi' els to lepbv Trjs 'ApTe- 
 /uoos, 011 Kai ai Xoural iroXiTeiat avayeypapp.evai elatv eViKA/r/pftJcrai 
 Se auTov Kal els <f>v\rjv Kal els | x i ^ iao ~™ v ' oVcos av eiSwo-t irdvTes on 
 
 2 yepovtriaQ [infr. 1. 7, yfpouo-i'jfc]. Strab. xiv. I : j)i' St ytpovaia mraypafo- 
 peir) ' tovtoiq $e ovvytaav ol kirlicXrjroi KaXov/jievot Kal oufKitvv 7rdi'7a. He IS speak- 
 ing of the time of Lysimachus , see Diet, of Geogr. i. 837, where Mr. Long adds, ' We 
 may conclude that it [Ephesus] had a Bouleand also a Demos, or popular assembly ' 
 —a conjecture abundantly confirmed by these inscriptions. For ytpovaia, as distinct 
 from fiovXi'i in the Asiatic cities, see Bailie, i. 169"; ii. 19 : f) fiovXi) ml ?j//xoe Kal % 
 
 yi pnvaiu. Le Bas, inscr. 141 : KaOiipuiaav tie Kal rtj /3ov\tj apyiipwv . . . VfiOtms Kal 
 rij ytpovaiq. 
 
 3 tVc/cXr/rcur. See last note ; and cf. Herod, viii. 101 : tftovXtvtro &/m Utpaiuv 
 Toioi iiriK\r]Toi<ri. 
 
 4 UpeiriXanv. Diod. Sic. XX. 107 [B.C. 302 ?]. 
 
 B Ihscr. '2YNAIOrKH2EN, an error for 2YNAlSiIKH2EN [?]. 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 31 
 
 Councillors touching the granting of citizenship to Euphronius : 
 Whereas Euphronius, son of Heg£mon, of Acarnania, was ever 
 in former days friendly and loyal towards the People of Ephesus; 
 and of late, on occasion of an embassy being sent to Prepelaus by 
 the Senate and the. Privy-Councillors on the subject of the sacred 
 balances and exemption from duty, he joined the embassy in 
 arranging that the goddess should have the proposed exemption ; 
 and whereas in all other respects he is at all seasons serviceable 
 both to the People at large and individually to such of the citizens 
 as have intercourse with him : it be hereby determined to commend 
 Euphronius for the goodwill which he entertains towards the 
 Temple and the City, and to grant him citizenship on equal and 
 similar terms, to belong to himself and to his descendants : further- 
 more, that the grant of citizenship be inscribed in his honour 
 in the Temple of Artemis where the rest of such grants have been 
 inscribed, and that he be allotted a place both in a tribe and in a 
 thousand, to the end all men may know that the People of 
 Ephesus honours with appropriate gifts those who render service 
 to the Temple and the City. 
 
 Admitted into the Ephesian tribe and the Argadean thousand. 
 
32 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 6 Sr^aos o 'E(f>e<rCa)v tous evepyerovvras to tc Upbv Kal Trjfx. ttoXlv 
 Tt/xa Stopeals reus irpoo-y)Kovo~ai<s. | eXa^e <j>v\r)v 'E<f>ecrevs, ^iXiacrrui' 
 './4/3yaSeus. 
 
 No. 20. 
 
 Sowcu aural TrokiTciav eXa^e <j)v\r)u 
 
 XiXiaorvi XijXdjveog. 
 
 No. 21. 
 
 "Eho^iv rfj /801A77 Kal tw St^w el-nev • iv-ecSr) 
 
 Trp60vp.o<s J f.crrl Kal evvovs 7<w Bi][J.a) /cat iSta r<w Ivrvyyavoini rav 
 TToKvrSiv I Si' av Sei^Tai 1 Trpo6vfiL7j<; ovdep. (^eiSd/Ae^os ' SeSdv#ai ry 
 f$ov\fj Kal T(5 St]fia> Sovvat | avT<3 7roXtreiav e<£' icnj k<h 6p,dirj KaOdirep 
 Kal rois Xoittois evepyerais, /ecu avTvw | /ecu e/eyoVcns' iiriKXrjpcocrai. Be 
 
 airbv eis cj)v\r)v Kal yiXiacrrvi'. eXa^e <f)v\r)v ^tXiacrTUi' 
 
 5'i^twi'eos. 
 
 1 hirirai. For this form, cf. Franz, Elem. Epigraph. Greec. p. 150. 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 33 
 
 No. 20. 
 
 to grant him citizenship 
 
 Admitted into the tribe and the Chelonean thousand. 
 
 No. 21. 
 Resolved by the Council and tlie People. 
 
 moved, That whereas is loyal and friendly 
 
 to the People and individually to any one of the citizens who has 
 intercourse with him, sparing no endeavour to do whatever he may 
 require : it be hereby resolved by the Council and the People to 
 grant citizenship to him on equal and similar terms, to belong to 
 himself and to his descendants, and, furthermore, to allot him a 
 place in a tribe and a thousand. 
 
 Admitted into the tribe and the Simonean thousand. 
 
34 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 22. 
 
 AtoSapos elirev ' ' ' Ap.<f>iKTvo)v 'lacroras MvTiXrjvalos itret,8r) irpodvfiov Kal 
 ivvovv iavrbv irapt^erai Kal Koivfj t<5 Sij/ag) | Kal ISCa irepl tov<s ivrvy- 
 ^avovTa<s tcov ttoXit&v ' SeSo^^at Tjj fiovXf) Kal t<w &tJ(jl(o Sovvai avrq 
 iroXiTeLav | i<f)' lay Kal 6p.oCr)' iiriKXr/paxrai Se avrov ets <$>vXr)v Kal 
 xiXiacrTvv. eXa^e | (j)vXr)v Evcovvfios, 1 ^iXiaarvv Ta 
 
 No. 23. 
 
 *Eho£ev Trj fiovXfj Kal T<5 Stj/lkjj. '^/oioreus etirev 'EneiBr) 'Apiaro- 
 <j>dpr)<; '^/DicrretSous Tr]'io<; ewow eavTov irapi^erai. Kal KOivrj t<£ | Si^iw 
 
 Kal TWjU, TroXiToiv Tot? a<f>iKvov[i€VOL<;. 2 Kal vvv , airo|(TTaXeVTOS 
 
 eis Tea* v7ro rijs ttoXcws TroXXrjv evvoiay Kal vpodviMLafji irapefyeTo ' 
 
 SeSd^ai rrj fiovXfj Kal tw 8rjp.a> Scwai 'Api,crTo\(f)dvy 
 
 ' ApiaTeiBows Trfica 7roXtTeiai>, aurtp K al CKyoVots' iTTLKXr/ptixrai 8e avrop 
 
 1 Eixivv/joc. ' Phyle in Ephesos nach dem attischen Demos . . . benannt ' 
 (Pape). See No. 1, note. 
 
 2 role atyiKvovfievoiQ. Cf. Anc. Greek Ifiscr. in British Museum, i. (Attica), p. 26 : 
 iarir avrip ayadoQ . . . ircpt 'Adr/vaioxiQ to'is a^iKvoi/jUt'ioie f(£ tt)v ^wpav tijv taurfli. 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 3S 
 
 No. 22. 
 
 Diodorus moved, That whereas Amphictyon, son of Jason, of 
 Mytilene, proves himself loyal and friendly to the People at large, 
 and individually in relation to those of the citizens who have inter- 
 course with him : it be hereby resolved by the Cou ncil and the 
 People to grant him citizenship upon equal and similar terms, and, 
 furthermore, to allot him a place in a tribe and a thousand. 
 
 Admitted into the Euonymian tribe and the Ga an 
 
 thousand. 
 
 No. 23. 
 Resolved by the Cotmcil and the People. 
 
 Aristeus moved, That whereas Aristophanes [?], son o t 
 Aristeides, of Teos, proves himself friendly to the People at large, 
 and to such of the citizens as visit [Teos] ; and of late , when 
 .... was sent to Teos by the State, he manifested much loyalty 
 and goodwill : it be hereby resolved by the Council and the 
 People to grant citizenship to Aristophanes [?], son of Aristeides, 
 
 D 
 
36 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 ets $v\r\v | koX yiKia.(TTVV dvaypdrpat, Se to ^^Lcrp-a tous veayiroias 
 
 ottov koX Tas Xoi irds dva.ypd<f>ovo-i 7ro\weias. eAa^e (jjvXr/v 
 
 ^ikiao-Tiiv 
 
 No. 24. 
 
 "E8o£ev toi<s rjpr jp,ivoi<; ck tov hrjfxov irrl tw crtrw, iron]o-a.cr0<u 7roXirag 
 t/jcis e« xa crvp<f>epovTa tov Sijp,ov tov 'Ecfreo-Cwv | kgu tt/s fiovXrjs' 
 dvaypd\j/ai Se ra 6v6p.a,Ta Tory yevop,evoji> tto\ito>v tovs vea>7rotas ottov 
 
 koli tovs aXAovs iroXiTas dvaypd<f>ovo-iv J t&w 'A07]vay6pov' 
 
 Aiovvarios Xdpp,ov \4iro\Awios Evdijvov. iXa^ov ^vkr/v '.E^eo-eis, 
 ^iXiacrTw OifctJTres 1 
 
 1 Olj/wTTtf. The name of a tribe at Cyzicus (Pape, referring to Bockh, inscrr. 
 
 3663-6). Cf. No. 10 (Bwpevg). 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 37 
 
 of Teos, to himself and his descendants ; furthermore, to allot 
 him a place in a tribe and a thousand ; and, moreover, that this 
 decree be inscribed by the Temple-wardens where they inscribe 
 the rest of the grants of citizenship. 
 
 Admitted into the tribe and the ■< thousand. 
 
 No. 24. 
 
 Resolved by those who have been chosen from the People in 
 reference to the corn-supply to adopt three citizens, having 
 regard to the interests of the Ephesian People and Council : further, 
 that the names of the citizens so made be inscribed by the Temple- 
 wardens where they inscribe those of the other citizens. 
 
 ton, son of Athenagoras, Dionysius, son of Charmus, 
 
 Apollonius, son of Euthenus, were admitted into the Ephesian 
 tribe and into the. GEnopian thousand. 
 
3 8 • INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 25. 
 
 "Eho^ev rfj (Sovkfj /cat tw Syjpa). M^rpas 1 etirev. eVeiS^ 'Ap^ia-Tpa/roq 
 Nlkmvos MaKeBcov, ot/ceios cbv tov ySacriXetos /cat yevdju.ej'os | iy K\a£o- 
 pevais crTpaT^yos, ttlo-tov t€ avTop 7ra/3eo-^Tat eis to, tow fiacriXeax; 
 vpaypara, /cat ttJ iroXet to, 7rXota ret criTrjyd 2 e<ra)(rev Trjp {Sov\r)y | /cat 
 to^ Srjpov tov 'E(f>e(TL(i)v /cat o-Te(f>av wcrat -^pvaeoi arrecjidvep /cat dvayyeiXat 
 
 TOi? Aiowo-Lotx iv t<w Scarpa) tijs iiriKky)p5)o-ai Se avrw [ /cat 
 
 eis <f)v\r)y /cat -^Ckiao-Tvv elvat Se avTw /cat rrpoeSpiav iv rots dywo-t 
 /cat arekeiav 3>v av elo-dyr\Tai rj i^dyrjTaf /cat dvaypdijjat, to ^(fao-pa | 
 tows v€(OTTOia<s ets to tepoi' rqs 'ApTep&os, onov /cat at Xot7rat iroXireiai 
 dva.yeypapp4.vai etcrt- 6Vcus aVai'Tes d^ etSwcrt on 6 Btjjuos 6 'E<f>eo-io>v, 
 
 /C.T.X. 
 
 1 Mj/rpae, i.q. Mrirpocwpoc. Cf. Cramer, Anecdota, ii. 270 [cited in Steph. 7/kr. 
 (ed. Hase)]. 
 
 2 iriTJiya = OTraywyr'i. ' Dem. 1213, 2 ' (L. and S.). 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. . 39 
 
 No. 25. 
 Resolved by the Council and the People. 
 
 Metras moved, That whereas Archestratus, son of Nicon of 
 Macedonia, being on friendly terms with the King, and in com- 
 mand at Clazomense, has proved himself to be faithful to the 
 King's interests, and saved the corn-ships for this City : the 
 Council and the People of Ephesus crown Archestratus with a 
 crown of gold, and proclaim it at the festival of Dionysus in the 
 
 Theatre of [?] ; further, that they allot him a place both 
 
 in a tribe and in a thousand, and that he possess the privilege of 
 occupying a front seat at the Games, and exemption from duty on 
 all articles which he may import or export. And that this decree 
 be inscribed by the Temple-wardens in the Temple of Artemis 
 where the rest of these grants of citizenship have been inscribed, 
 that all men may know th at the Ephesian people honours th ose 
 who render it service, &c. 
 
4o INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 26. 
 
 kgu liriK\"qp(3i(T0.i avrbv eis (jivXrjv ical 
 XiKiaaTvu ■ avaypd^ai 2e roSe to 
 ^nj<f>urfia tows veaTroias eis to iepoi> 
 •njs -4pre/Ai8os, oirou «:ai ras aXXas 
 7ro\iTeias avay pd<f>ovcri.v. eXa^e (ftvkrjv 
 'jE^ecreus, xiXuxcttw "PoSios [?]. 
 
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 41 
 
 No. 26. 
 
 and to allot him a place in a tribe and a thousand ; furthermore, 
 that the Temple-wardens inscribe this decree in the Temple of 
 Artemis, where they inscribe the other grants of citizenship. 
 
 Admitted into the Ephesian tribe, and the Rhodian [?] 
 thousand. 
 
42 
 
 TABLE OF EFHESIAN TRIBES AND THOUSANDS. 
 
 Tribes (<f>v\ai) and thousands {yikio.(jTve.i) mentioned in the fore- 
 going inscriptions : 
 
 *YAAI 
 
 Be/ifiiveis 
 Kapyjvaioi 
 Evd>i'vp.oi 
 Tij'CoL 
 
 [?] • 
 [?] • 
 
 L?] - 
 
 XtAIASTYES 
 
 'ApyaSeis 
 
 Bapeis 
 
 AefieSuoi 
 
 0iv5yrre<; 
 
 'PoSiot [?] 
 
 AlycoTeoi 
 
 A\da.ip,eveL<; 
 
 To. 
 
 'Hyqropuoi 
 
 Hip.(i)V€Ol 
 
 XyjXfoveoi. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 NO. I. 
 {Found on the north side of the Temple, six feet below the surface.) 
 
 Avprjkiov 
 
 'Ep[ji6<f>i\ov 
 
 iirCrpoTTOv 
 
 tov Xtfi. 
 
 5 AvprfXios 
 
 $i\6veiKos 
 
 e/caTOVTa/3^05 
 
 tov evepyerrjv. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 apxiepeiav ttj<s 
 Acrias vawv tu>v 
 bf 'E<j>eo-<p, 
 B Tt\v Teifir/v a- 
 
 Va(TT7jO-a.VT(i)V 
 
 OvervKrjviov 
 
SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 NO. I. 
 
 [To] Aurelius Hermophilus, procurator Augusti, [erected by] 
 Aurelius Philoneicus, a centurion, [to] his benefactor. 
 
 A sepulchral inscription, probably erected by a freedman. On the imperial 
 procurators see Marquardt, Handb. d. Rom. Alterth. iii. 300 : another person is 
 called £7T(Vpo7ro£ juou in a letter of Antoninus Pius; see Inscriptions from the Odeum, 
 No. 2. The form rhv ivepyirtiv at the end occurs in various inscriptions. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 [To] , [priestess of] the temples of Asia that are 
 
 in Ephesus, the memorial ('honour') having been erected by 
 Vetulenius Sabinianus of the tribunitiate (' chiliarchia '), and 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 SafieivLcivov 
 
 10 Kal OveTvXrjvCov 
 Avyovpeivov 
 
 ItTTTLK^OV, 
 
 i£>v avTrjs 
 Trjs yXvKVTaTyjs 
 ] 5 firjTpos. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 Matidiae, 
 Divae Marcianae 
 Aug ustae nepti, Divae 
 Matidiae Augustae filiae, Divae 
 Sabinae Augustae sorori, 
 Im peratoris Antonini Augusti Pii 
 materterae, Bule et Civitas 
 
 Efesiorum, 
 curam agente Suctesso liberto Prociiratore. 
 
SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 Vetulenius Augurinus, men of equestrian rank, sons of her their 
 
 much beloved mother. 
 
 A sepulchral inscription to a lady, priestess of the temples at Ephesus belonging 
 to the imperial worship celebrated by the Community (amuv) of associated cities in 
 the province of Asia. See Marquardt, Handb. d. rom. Alterth. iii. i. 140 f., and 
 especially Waddington, Voy. Arch. iii. No. 885 : several inscriptions cited by 
 Marquardt (C. I. G. 3151, 3211, 3415, 3508) supply the contents of line 2. On 
 mjur; as a statue see Boeckh on C. I. G. 3192 (cf. 3199, 3200) ; also Le Bas, 
 Voy. Arch. p. 19, another Ephesian inscription printed by C. Curtius, Hermes, iv. 
 193 (who refers to C. I. G. 2954. 87), and No. 139 of Le Bas and Waddington. On 
 the tribunitiate or chiliarchia see Guhl, Ephesiaca 73 f., and an inscription at 
 Aphrodisias in C. I. G. 2803. 
 
 No. 3. 
 ' In honour of Matidia, 1 granddaughter of diva Marciana 
 Augusta, daughter of diva Matidia Augusta, sister of diva Sabina 
 Augusta, maternal aunt of the Emperor Antoninus Augustus 
 Pius, by the $ov\r\ and City of the Ephesians, the freedman 
 Successus, Procurator, being clerk of the works.' 
 
 1 This Matidia therefore was the sister of Hadrian's wife Sabina, both of them 
 being daughters of the elder Matidia, daughter of Trajan's sister Marciana. 
 Antoninus Pius then being son by adoption of Hadrian and Sabina, this younger 
 Matidia was his (adoptive) aunt on the mother's side. 
 
 The inscription belongs to the reign of Antoninus (a.d. 138-161); and probably 
 to its first year, as he is not styled P.P. (pater patriae), a title which he received in 
 139- 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 [T.] Claudio, T. filio, Papiria, Xenophonti, Pro c uratori 
 August! ad bona, co . . . nda * in Africa, Pro curatori Provinciae 
 Asiae, Subpraefecto annonae Urbis, Proc uratori Illyrici per 
 Moesiam Inferiorem et Dacias tres, Proc uratori argentariarum 
 Pannoniarum et Dalmatiarum, Proc urator i Daciae Apulensis, 
 Procuratori in Aegypto ad Epistrategiam septem Nomorum et 
 Arsinoitum, Procuratori viarum Urbis, Salvianus, Augusti nostri 
 verna, Dispensator rationis extraordinariae 
 
 Provinciae Asiae. 
 
 * Coemenda perhaps, as the first syllable was co not con. 
 
 1 It is certainly T. not Tr. on the stone. Of course Ti. (Tiberius) is far more 
 common as a praenomen of the Claudii, but T. (Titus) does occur both with 
 Claudius and Clodius. 
 
 2 Illyricum was a general term and comprehended the two Moesias, the three 
 Dacias, and some other adjoining provinces. He was therefore Proc. of the part 
 of Illyricum comprehended in Lower Moesia and all the three Dacias. 
 
 3 One of the three Dacias was called Apnlensis from the town of Apulum 
 (Carlsburg). 
 
No.- 4. 
 
 ' Erected by Salvianus, born slave of our Lord Augustus, and 
 cashier of the extraordinary expenditure in the province of Asia, 
 in honour of 1 Titus Claudius Xenophon, son of J Titus, of the 
 Papirian tribe, Procurator of Augustus for * purchasing estates in 
 Africa, Procurator of the province of Asia, Subprefect of the corn 
 supplies for the City, Procurator of 2 Illyricum throughout Lower 
 Moesia and the three Dacias, Procurator of the silver-mines in 
 both the Pannonias and both the Dalmatias, Procurator of Dacia 
 Apulensis, 3 Procurator in Egypt of the i Epistrategia of the 
 Seven Nomes and the Arsinoitae, and Procurator of the ways of 
 the City.' 
 
 4 Egypt was divided into three Epistrategiae or chief military districts, each of 
 which was under an Epistrategos or supreme military governor, and had an Imperial 
 Procurator. One of these Epistrategiae, comprehending Middle Egypt, was called 
 the Heptanomis or Seven Nomes, and its capital was Arsinoe. All Egypt was sub- 
 divided into Nomes. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 Ti. Claudio Vibiano Tertul lo 
 ab epistulis Graecis 
 et a rationibus Augustorum 
 et Praefecto vigilum 
 Spectatus Aug ustorum nostrorum 
 Lib ertus , Adiutor tabulariorum ob me- 
 rita eius. 
 
 Ti fiepiov KXavSiop Ovei/3i,avbv 
 
 TiprvXXov tov 
 iirl t5>v 'EWvjvikgjv 
 emcrToXav koX tojv 
 KauoXov Xoycou rSn> 
 lieyicTTOiv avroKpaTo- 
 pav Kal eirap-^ov om- 
 yovXatv. 
 
 XireKTaros ZefiacrToJv dUreXev- 
 ffepos, ficrjOos TafiXaptoiv, 
 tov lotov evepyernv. 
 
SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 ' Erected by Spectatus, freedman of our Lords the Augusti, 
 Assistant accountant, in honour of Tiberius Claudius Vibianus 
 Tertullus, Greek 2 secretary and 2 steward of the Augusti and 
 Praefect of the Watch, in gratitude for his good offices.' 
 
 1 Adiutor tabulariorum : was a common office, as it occurs often in inscriptions. 
 
 2 Ab epistulis, a rationibus : this use of ab, and the corresponding 6 km t&p in 
 Greek, are exceedingly frequent in inscriptions. 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 TI. IVLIVM. C . . . 10. PROVINC . . . 
 
 CORNAE IAE. ITEM . . 
 
 DRVMO ASIAE . 
 
 TRIB. M M. VLPIVS . 
 
 5. RINAT. O REPENTI . . . 
 
 CIVM. EQ is. PENSAVIT . . 
 
 AVG. PRO CIA. ASIAE . 
 
 VAE. TR TA 
 
 RIS AVG H . . . 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 Tttwtikov IIovTi<f)£Ka 'TfifiiSCov KoSpdrov irarepa KijSe 
 
 iravToi-q'i dpeTrjs aTad/xrjv, pvcrtirToXiv dvSpa, 
 
 e£o)(Ov 'EWrfvcov, TtpoKpnov AvcrovLtav, 
 k\o.vov Koop&Toio (f>i\ov varep', £ fiacrikeiov 
 
 apfiovirj ddkapov irq^ajr lir evyafiirj, 
 'ASpiavbs Moucratcri [l£\u>v dvidrjKe H,eovr)pov, 
 
 cIkco ^aXKeCrjv ovvcKa irpocrTao-tiys 
 'Tfuv, dvSpes "laves, dyd\p,a.Ta, Kakbv opacrdai 
 
 aie^, or eo-Teirrai ttXtj<tC(o iv re/xeVei. 
 
 No. 8. No. 10. 
 
 PR 
 
 ANNO .... 
 M. PAL . . . 
 VENE . . . 
 FACIEN . . . 
 
 CVR . . . PAVLVS AV 
 
 PRO 
 
 VERNA ARKARIVS 
 PRAEPOSITC 
 IA. P. L. IVCVNDA . . . IVSTISSIMO 
 
 No. 9. 
 IVS. AMPHIO .... PRAEPOSITO 
 
SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 A man of consular rank, a pontifex, the father of Ummidius 
 Quadratus, 1 
 
 Hadrianus, a friend of the Muses, dedicated this statue to 
 Severus, a patriot citizen, a model of virtue of every kind, a prin- 
 cipal man among the Greeks, and eminent among the Italians, 
 the dear father of the famous 2 Quadratus, for whom wedded love 
 built a royal chamber 3 for a happy married life : a statue of 
 bronze 4 to commemorate his patronage. 5 To you, men of Ionia ! 
 it is ever pleasing to see images [when they are crowned] in 
 this grove near your city. 
 
 A very interesting inscription, in parts difficult to read, but nearly certain in 
 every line but the last. 
 
 The epithet in v. 1 is certainly pvamroXiv, 'protector of his city.' The word 
 occurs in Aesch., Sept. c. Theb., 120. 
 
 1 This is perhaps the Ummidius Quadratus, governor of Syria, mentioned by 
 Tacitus, Ann. xii. 45 and 54, the rival of the celebrated Corbulo. His death is 
 mentioned, Ann. xiv. 26, in the fourth consulship of Nero. But there were others 
 of the same name. 
 
 2 Or YJKtivim may be a proper name. 
 
 3 Or, ' built a chamber that was a palace to them.' 
 
 4 Lit. ' dedicated Severus (as) a bronze statue.' 
 
 5 Hadrianus seems to have been client to his patronus Quadratus, or possibly to 
 
 Severus. 
 
 For additional notes on this inscription, see Postscript at end of Appendix. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. ii. 
 
 Bovkrj 
 
 rSiv fiaOrjTcHv 
 
 T. #X. 'Ityi/cAijs Tiavos ■ 
 
 'PoStos 
 
 5 T. $X. UXai/acwos 'E^ecrtos' 
 'PoStos IIpeio-Kos ' 
 T. KX. KaXXifef os KiX/SiGwds ' 
 'Iepavo\i,T7]'s XX. 5aX/?ios • 
 -4vp. *-4tt<xXos $cu/caeus ' 
 10 IVei/caevs -4iX. ^Iv/ceti/os' 
 ^la. MdpKeWos 'AvKvpavos ■ 
 ^vrto^eus Merriai'ds " 
 •KoXcoi; Kawtos ' 
 Jw /xe a-ocfua-Trjv irponov 'A0ijvr)0ev KakecravTO 
 15 Sa>Tr)pov /JovXtJs Soyfiacriv 'Av8poK\C§<u 
 IIpatTO) Se aw' apeTf)s7e /3lov aocj)Cr)<; tc Xdyoio 
 flpicrav iv rt/iais fjuvpta Sapa rehear. 
 
SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 n 
 
 No. II. 
 
 The Council 
 
 of his disciples. 
 
 T. Flavius Hypsicles of Tion ; 
 
 Of Rhodes, . . . .- 
 
 T. Flavius Plaecianus of Ephesus ; 
 
 Of Rhodes, Priscus ; 
 
 T. Claudius Callixenus of Cilbianum ; 
 
 Of Hierapolis, Claudius Salvius ; 
 
 Aurelius Attalus of Phocaea ; 
 
 Of Nicaea, ^Elius Lycinus ; 
 
 Li. Marcellus of Ancyra ; 
 
 Of Antiochia, Mettianus ; 
 
 Colon of Caunus. 
 
 Twice did the Androclidae x summon from Athens me Soterus, 2 
 
 a sophist, first by decrees of the Council ; and on me first as 
 
 a reward for virtue of life and wisdom of speech, they resolved 
 
 by way of honour to bestow numberless gifts. 
 
 1 Androclus was the reputed founder of Ephesus, Strabo, xiv. p. 632, 640. 
 8 A sophist of this name is mentioned somewhat contemptuously by Philostratus. 
 Vit. Soph. ii. 23, as having resided at Ephesus. 
 
No. 12. 
 
 {From a pedestal.) 
 <tvvk\t}tov 
 
 r) veOKOpOS 'E<f)€(TL(OV 7ToXlS " KadiepdxTaLVTOS 
 
 JJeBavCov $ov(tkov SaXeivdropos dvOwrdrov 
 Sta Trpecrfievrov ko.1 dvTLO-rpaTijyov TaCov 
 'Apfitviov TdkXov \jjyj(f>L(ra[j.dvov Tifiepiov 
 KXavBCov 'Iovkiavov <j}iXoTrdrpiSo's /ecu 
 <f>i\ocrefid<TTOv tov •ypaju./Aa/reoJs tov SnjfJiov. 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 AvroKparopa Kaicrapa. 0eov Nepova vlbv Nepovav 
 Tpaiavov HefiacrTov TepfiavLKOv Aolkikov r) <j)tXo(re- 
 /SacrTos 'EfacrtcDV fiovXrj /ecu 6 veoKopos Siy/tos (fa- 
 diipcao-av hit dvOvTrdrov Blttlov TIpoKkov 
 }pr/<j)Lcra[i€vov T. $Xa. 'Apio-Tofiovkov 'Acridpxov 
 
 y/jaj«,ju,aTC(us tov StJ/jlov vlov IIvOCwvos ap 
 
 yvp.vaariap~)(ovvT<iiv yvp.vao~utp)(Lws & 
 
 Sos to cr . . <j> . . . . a 
 
 las p-vpT 
 
SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA. 15 
 
 No. 12. 
 
 the Senate .... the devout city of the Ephesians. 
 
 Dedicated by Pedanius Fuscus Salinator * the proconsul as repre- 
 sented by the legate and propraetor Gaius Arminius Gallus, in 
 accordance with a decree of Tiberius Claudius Julianus, the Recorder 
 of the people, loyal to his country and to Augustus. 
 
 1 Pedanius was the colleague of Hadrian in the consulship, a.d. 118. His name 
 is given in full in Boeckh, Corp. Inscr., No. 1732. 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 The Emperor Caesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus Germanicus 
 
 Dacicus, son of Divus Nerva, dedicated by the loyal Council of the 
 
 Ephesians and the devout People in the proconsulship of Vettius 
 
 Proculus, 1 in accordance with a decree of T. Flavius Aristobulus, 
 
 son of Pythion, Asiarch and Recorder of the People the 
 
 gymnasiarchs being 
 
 1 Vettius Proculus was proconsul about a.d. 112: see Waddington, Fastes der 
 Provinces Asiatiques, p. 716. 
 
j.6 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 14. 
 
 {Found in wall on site of the Temple, 8 feet below present surface of ground.) 
 'AttlSlov 'Iovctkov 1 IIpalTopa /ecu Trpe<rf$euTqv 
 yevepcotrov kcu evyevea-Tarov HrepTivios Ma£i«os 
 EvTvyyis, Ittttikos 'PcofiaCav, ffvrrjs twv igyJKOvTa, 
 (TKpeifias Xi/Spaptos Koycuo-Tcoptos, top lSlov irdrpapa. 
 
 No. 15, 
 
 (From a pedestal.) 
 
 Trjs TTparris /cat freyionjs p,v)Tpoir6\ea)s 
 Trjs 'AcrCa? zeal Sis vecoKopov tS>p HefiaoTfov 'E<fieo-[(ou 
 TroXews r) /3ov\rj /cat 6 StJmos ereiu'tycrai' T. $X. 
 HapwqSova 'AKfiovea Kal 'E<f)ecriov, TraiSa /auwcoSoV, 
 apeTrj<s eVe/ca Kal cr<o<f>povos ctcr/ojcrecos 
 /cal ttjs irepl ttjv vtt6kpl<tiv e7n.ueA.e1as vavjcravTa 
 tov ayS>P(L TOiv fieyaXcoviepcop' ApTe/uo-LWP ayaPoderovPTOsAov^ 
 Avprjklov $Ch.oiPo<;. 
 
SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA. 17 
 
 No. 14. 
 To Attidius Fuscus, Praetor and Legate, noble and high born ; 
 erected by Stertinius Maximus Eutyches, a Roman of equestrian 
 rank, a sacrificer belonging to the Sixty, scribe and clerk to the 
 quaestor, in honour of his own patron. 
 
 1 The name is engraved so, but should probably be *«5«op', Touo-rar, or 'loworor. 
 
 No. 15. 
 The Council and People of the first and greatest metropolis 
 of Asia, twice Temple-warden of the Augusti, the city of the 
 Ephesians, in honour of T. Flavius Sarpedon, the Acmonean 
 and Ephesian, a boy comedian, as a reward for his excellence and 
 his studious training, and his care bestowed on his acting, after his 
 victory in the contest at the great festival of the Artemisia ; the 
 president of the games being Lucius A urelius Philo. 
 
i8 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 
 No. 1 6. 
 
 
 {From the door -jamb of the last Temple oj Diana .) 
 
 
 . ATPHAION 
 
 
 .N.2EBA2TON. ^AAIAAAN. 
 
 
 . on. etsebots . 0TFATEPA. 
 
 AAEAQON. m. ATPHAIOT. 
 
 ANTGNEINOT. 
 KAI2AP02. 2EBA5TOT 
 
 . . . Tf2N. H. &IAOZEBA2TOZ. EQEXlflN. BOTAH. KAI. 
 . . . ZTOT. TOT. rPAMMATEHS. TOT. AHMOT. 
 
 {On another fragment of door-jamb.) 
 
 &ATZTEINAN . 
 
 BTTATEPA. 
 
 M. ATPHAIOT . 
 ANTS2NEINOT . 
 
 {On another fragment of door-jamb!) 
 &AT2TEIN ATTOKPATflPA 
 6EANATT0 KAI 
 
SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA. 19 
 
 No. 16. 
 Fadilla and Faustina, two daughters of the Emperor Marcus 
 Aurelius, are here mentioned, and the doors of the temple were 
 probably repaired in their time ; the name of the secretary is missing 
 
 No. 17. 
 
 {Fragments of dedicatory inscriptions from the torus of the column-bases; taken from the 
 Schedae epigraphicae by Herr Hermanus Foehl.) 
 
 TI 2APAIHNHAPT AIT OTAO 
 . . . yi . . 2ap8n)vr) 'AprefiiSu tov ovBbv av£0r)Kev 
 PO APOT 
 . . dvSpov 
 EM ANE O PT NH ANT 
 
 'Apre/iiSi avd0r)K€, 
 ETZ E&H TOT HKE E9H 
 
 avid^ne, aveOrjKe, avcOrjKe, 
 
 ©P NEO E OA PI2T 
 
 Opaav . . 'Apia-T . . . 
 
 TEA KE OA MIAO APT 
 
 . . tcXtjs, avedrjice, 'ApTepiSos, 'A prep.& u 
 
20 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
 
 NO. 1 8. 
 
 (JLO) TOl 
 
 S(&) iracrav to>v Kpicrvav Kal ra ad\a SoVra 
 tois fJLOVcn.Koi<s Kal tois aOXrjTcus 4k tS>v ISlcov 
 Kal TTavrjyvpiap^TJa-avTa twv ' ApTejJLeicnjojv Kal 
 dycovoderrjiravTa t5>v p.eydXcoi' Uvdiotv Kal 
 apxieparevcravTa rac iir' 'lawias Kal 'EWrjcnrovTov 
 Kal ayoivoOeTrjcravTa t5>v -^pvcro^opoiv, Sovra 
 Kai Ketovas rfj 7rdXet ets to dp^alov yv/xvacrvov. 
 rcov TTOirjcrafiivT)? Ovkma<; . . rrjs ju/ijTpos avrmv. 
 
 No. 1 8. 
 
 .... of all the trials, and given the prizes to the musicians 
 and to the athletes at his own expense, and presided at the great 
 festival of the Artemisia, and conducted the games at the great 
 Pythia, and held the office of chief-priest to the guild comprising 
 Ionia and the Hellespont, and conducted the games for the 
 Chrysophori, and likewise given columns to the city for the 
 Old Gymnasium. 
 
 . . . erected by Ulpia . . their mother. 1 
 
 1 This explains the purpose of the inscription. It consisted of two parts, com- 
 memorating Ulpia's two sons. The inscription on the left hand is too fragmentary 
 to be restored. Like the right-hand inscription, however, it appears to have men- 
 tioned the guild of Ionia_and the Hellespont. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 FROM 
 
 THE AUGUSTEUM. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM. 
 
 No. i. 
 
 Ay][Lt]Tpiov ivLavTtp . . . 
 <f>vXrjs 'Efacrecov. 
 ATqiL-fjTpLOs MrjvofaXov, Tpv- 
 (jxovos Bopevs' ©oas Apa- 
 5 KOVTop.4vov<s Owa)rp. rrjs 
 Se/Jaarijs. 'AXe£av8po<; 
 AiokXtJovs tov 'AXetjdv- 
 Spov AafidvSrjos ' IJ.v0l- 
 oiv $epi,inrov tov Ne- 
 
 10 dvSpov S'icus. TrJLot,. Uvdi- 
 as 'EpfioXdov 'E^e7TTo\e)u,eus ' 
 IIv068<apo<; ' ' AnroXXoivLov 
 tov ' ' AttoXXwvLov 'E-^eTTToXefxevs. 
 Kaprjuauoi. Evo-efir)<i Aei- 
 
 15 Kaiov Heios " Tpv^xav Tpv- 
 (/)(ovos tov NeiKayopov 
 Xr)\a>vr)os. Ev<i>vvp.oi, 
 HpaKXeuros 'HpaKXeiTov tov 
 A ttoXXwvlov rXavKrjos ' 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM. 
 
 NO. I. 
 In the . . . year of Demetrius. Of the tribe of the Ephesians : 
 
 Demetrius, son of Menophilus, [son of] Tryphon ( ?), Borean ; 
 
 Thoas, son of Dracontomenes, CEnopian. Of the Augustan tribe : 
 
 Alexander, son of Diodes, son of Alexander, Labandean ; Pythion, 
 
 son of Pherippus, son of Neander, Siean. Teians : Pytheas, son 
 
 of Hermolaus, Echeptolemean ; Pythodorus, son of Apollonius, 
 
 son of Apollonius, Echeptolemean. Carineans : Eusebes, son of 
 
 Deicaeus, Pian ; Tryphon, son of Tryphon, son of Nicagoras, 
 
 Chelonean. Euonymians : Heracleitus, son of Heracleitus, son of 
 
 Apollonius, Glaucean ; Apellas, son of Menodotus, Polyclean. 
 
 Bembineans : Lesbon, son of Teimotheus, son of Teimotheus, 
 
 Aegotean. 
 
 Line 4. For Tpi^wrae we should probably read Tpvfwvnc or ™D Tpvfwvos. 
 
 A very interesting inscription, in part barely legible, and difficult of illustration. 
 The occasion on which it was composed would have been evident but for the mutila- 
 tion of the beginning : the date alone in part survives. The inscription may possibly 
 be a list of contributors to some public works in some unknown year of one Deme- 
 trius, who was probably an Ephesian official. The persons named are arranged 
 according to their tribes, but the arrangement of the tribes themselves is not easy to 
 explain ; it is certainly not chronological, but may possibly be in the order of their 
 rank. Ephorus s. v. BeVra (Miiller, Fragm. Hist. Grac. vol. i. p. 242 ; Guhl, Ephes. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM. 
 
 20 'ATreWas M-qvohorov Ilokv- 
 kXtjos. jBe/AySeivaiot. 
 Ae<r/3a)v Teu/jLodeov tov 
 TeifioOeov AlywTeos. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 AyaOrj tv^tj. 
 EvxapLo-rS o-ol, Kvpia "Apre/xi, T. Xko.ttti.os Qpovreivos, veoTroios, 
 fiovXevTTjs, o-vv Kol rfj yvvaiKi p.ov 'Epevvia AvTpoivia, eWi^evoW 
 ayvcos kcu evo-e/3ws, anrovhoiroiovvTOs OeoirofJiTTOv T. tov MeveKparovs 
 
 tepav. 
 
 1 The Essenes, priests of Artemis, bound to perpetual chastity, may very pos> 
 sibly be connected with the Jewish monks of the same name. The verb kaar,vtvu> 
 appears to be new. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM. 
 
 p. 29) mentions the five Ephesian tribes as Bennians (read Bembineans), Ephesians, 
 and Euonymians, to which the Teians and Carineans were afterwards added. All 
 these occur in this inscription, and beside them the Augustan tribe. Each man's 
 name is followed by that of his father, and sometimes that of his grandfather, with a 
 further designation which doubtless indicates the division (a tjiparpta, or something 
 analogous) of the tribe to which he belonged. The readings of two or three names of 
 persons are uncertain, as Neander (possibly Leander or Menander), Pytheas.and 
 Pherippus. The names of these divisions are not given in Pape's Worterbuch der 
 Grkchischen Eigennamen ; some of these are faint -in the inscription. 
 
 No. 2. 
 With Good Fortune. 
 I give thanks to thee, O Lady Artemis, both I Scaptius 
 Frontinus, Temple-builder 1 and member of the Senate, and my 
 wife Herennia Autronia, I having performed the office of Essene, 
 in a holy and pious manner, Theopompus making the drink 
 offering, Caius the son of Menecrates being .... of the temple. 
 
 1 Curator, or Shrine-maker (?). 
 
No. 3. 
 
 ayadfj Tvxy- 
 ev)(apLcrrQ) <xot Kvpia "ApTe.pi MrjrpoScopog Aapa /Soa tov 'A\e£dvhpov 
 <j>v\fjs Tyficov xiXiao-rvs Eipviropirov veoTroirjcra<s eucre^SaJs Tas . . . 
 . . r)i>eia<s pera k<u twv . . . avrov rixvcav Kal ywaucl . . . avrov 
 'Aykaia. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 dyaOfj tv>XQ' 
 ev^apicTTCi Trj AprepiSi I,Te<f>avos Xvverov .... pera. Kal tov vlov 
 %Te(f>dvov /cat tov Svvprjvov . . Ho. AlXCov IlXovToyev . . . /3ov\evTOv 
 Kal i<])T)l3dp)(ov . . . Trapa<f)v\a,Ko-z « 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 ■f] fiovXr] Kal 6 Syjpos iripiqa-av rows veoTroiovs . . . hrl TrpvTavecos. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 With good fortune ! 
 
 . I Metrodorus, son of Dama, having been a Temple-builder, 
 
 piously, and .... by the aid of Alexander of the Teian tribe, 
 
 thousand of Eurypompus, offer my thanks to thee, O Lady 
 
 Artemis. 
 
 [In this he joins] with his children and his wife Aglaea. 
 
 No. 4. 
 With good fortune. 
 
 I Stephanus, son of Synetus, render thanks to Artemis, together 
 
 with my son Stephanus, and 
 
 Publius Aelius a Councillor and Ephebarch 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 The council and the people testify to the honour of the Temple- 
 builders in the year of the presidency of . . . 
 
No. 6. 
 
 a.yo£fj Tvxy. 
 ol ok iv Kal rots, crvv .... avdaiperou Trpvrdvevs 
 
 Ovokovio. (?) av lepaT€vovcrr]<s X ttJs, lepoicqpvKos 
 
 .... MapKov Kpdrepos .... ir\iov <j>v. KapievaCcav ■& 'A\0aipeveos 
 (?) Aiovxhtios <j)v. 'E(j>eaea>. ■£ -4e/6eSios . . . ot yefo 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 17 fiovXr) Kal 6 Srjpos irCprjo-av KKavhiav KX.auSjoi' 
 
 Kal Mlvhiov .... tepe'a? Kal dvyarepa /cal '-4tto . . 
 
 lepaTevcrao-au ttj<s 0eov 
 
 No. 8. 
 
 dyaOfj rv^rj. 
 
 evxapio-Toi o-OL Kvpia " Aprt.pi T. $\ . . . . 'AXegavo'pos AlXiavbs 
 ^tXoo-ejSao-Tos lepoKrjpvg, dyopdvopos, crTpaTrjybs, veonoios, <rvv /cal rrj 
 yvvaiKL pov Ovqo'ia ALoprjhikk^ kcu t<S iraTpl avTrjs OvtjSlm Aiopyjh'ei. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM. 
 
 No. 6. 
 .;■■'" With good fortune. 
 
 Allusion is here made to certain citizens or authorities of the 
 city, a priestess, and a sacred herald. Also to Marcus Craterus . . 
 
 of the Carenaean tribe, the Althaimenean thousand, 
 
 Dionysius of the Ephesian tribe, the Lebedian thousand 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 The Council and the people testify to the honour of Claudia, 
 
 Claudius, and Mindius, priests, and of daughter of . . . 
 
 and Apo . . . who acted as priestess to the goddess .... 
 
 No. 8. 
 
 With good fortune. 
 
 I Alexander ^Elianus, friend of Augustus, a sacred herald, 
 
 Aedile, General, and Temple-builder, render thanks to thee, O Lady 
 
 Artemis, together with my wife Vedia Diomedtlla and her father 
 
 Vedius Diomedes. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM. 
 
 No. 9. 
 
 Tl(}. KXavSiov SzkovvSov fSiaropa rpifiovviKiov, "Akktjixtov ovrjXa- 
 tov \eiKTopa. Kovpiarov <j)i\e<f>ecriov (crvv) ko.1 aXXots en-ioTj/iois 
 P(op,aioLS iKocrp-yjcrav Ecpecri<ov voXirai 
 
 {Five remaining lines almost entirely erased.) 
 
 No. 10. 
 
 . . . ^e^acrTw ' ttjv aypeiav 
 
 KadiipuKjav 
 
 No. II. 
 
 Nlkov 'IovXiov Tifiepiov, Apovcrov 'IovXiov Tifiepiov vibv KaCcrapa, 
 
 Tifiepiov ' IovXiov Sefiao-rbv vlbv XatVapa, 01 veo- 
 
 iroirjaavTes 'IovXiov Kaiaapa eVl irpvTavea>s 'AXe£dv8pov 
 
 tov AiroXXwLov nao-a.XXa.Tov iviavro 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM. 
 
 No. 9. 
 
 Tiberius Claudius Secundus, Viator of the rank of tribune ; 
 Accensus Velatus, a lictor curiatus, friend of the Ephesians, with 
 other illustrious Romans, are adorned by the Ephesian citizens 
 
 {The rest obscure and fragmentary.} 
 
 No. 10. 
 
 f Certain persons] solemnly consecrate an expiatory offering. 
 
 No. II. 
 
 The victorious Julius, son of Tiberius Drusus Julius Caesar, son 
 of Tiberius Julius Augustus Caesar, son of Tiberius Julius Caesar 
 
 the Temple-builders, [or curators, congratulate] 
 
 in the year of the presidency of Alexander Apollonius Pasallatus, 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM. 
 
 No. 12. 
 
 veoTTOirjcras lepoirpenYus k<li <£i\oti/xws /nerd twv 
 
 TeKvcov ijlov tov <]>i\ov OvakevTO? /cat tou <j>iXov $povTeu>ov /cal ^iXiys 
 ^avcTTLvrjs ttJs dvyarpos fiov. 
 
 No. 12. 
 
 [I render thanks to thee, O Lady Artemis,] having 
 
 been a Temple-builder (or Curator) religiously and honour- 
 ably, together with my children the beloved Valens and the 
 beloved Frontinus, and my beloved daughter Faustina. 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 ■n-pvravis trpmoyivov tov Sl^wvlSov %ip,(i>vio<i . . . A(TK\r)tn l d?)r)<i 
 MipMovos Tpv<f}<ov oT/3a/8eXa<£os UeXacry^os 
 
INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 FROM 
 
 THE ODEUM 
 
 A 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM 
 
 NO. I. 
 
 AvTOKparap Kaicrap Oeov Tpdiavov 
 TIapOiKOv vibs 0eov Nepova eicyovos 
 Tpa'iavos 'ASpiafbs 5eySacrros ap^epevs 
 yu.eyjcrTos Srjpap^LKTJ? efoucrtas to y, viraTos to y, 
 5 TTa/rr/p narpCSos 'Efyecrioiv tois ap^ovcri /cat rrj /3ov\fj vaipeiv. 
 A. 'Epacrrbs koX TroXeLT7]s vp.<x)u et^ai (jtrjcnv /cat itoW . . . 
 ttKl /cat rrjv dakaacrav /cat oo~a diro tovtov SwaTos 
 Xpijo-ipos yevecrOai ttj TraTplSt /cat tov £6vovs tovs rjye- 
 fiovas ael Sta/co/u^eti'— i/xol Se Sis "^§17 crvvefiaLvev 
 
 ]0 to ju,e> Tvpwjov eis 'PoSov diro tjjs 'E<f>ecrov Kop.itpp.iva> 
 vvv Se a7ro 'JEXevcrtvos tt/oos v/ids a<j>i,Kvovp,dva>, fiovXeTai 
 Se fiovXevTrjs yevicrdai, /cdyw r^v ju.ei' SoKipacriav i<f>' vp.elv 
 troiovpai, et Se p.r}dev ivrroSoiv .... /cat (jxtiveTai tijutjs dftos 
 to apyvpiov ocrov StSoacrtv ot /3ouXeiWTes Swcrco ttJs apxaipe<rla$ eVe/ca. 
 
 15 EuTu^etre. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM. 
 
 NO. I. 
 
 The Emperor Caesar, son of the deified Trajan, conqueror of 
 Parthia, descendant of the deified Nerva, Trajanus Hadrianus 
 Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribune of the People for the third 
 time, Consul for the third time, Father of his country, to the 
 Magistrates of the Ephesians and to the Council, greeting. 
 Lucius Erastus affirms that he is a citizen of yours, and sails much 
 also on the sea, and that, as far as he can from doing this, he makes 
 himself serviceable to his country, and continually conveys over the 
 sea the chief men of the [Ionian] race. Moreover he had inter- 
 views with me on two former occasions, first, when I made a 
 voyage from Ephesus to Rhodes, and now on my arrival at your 
 city from Eleusis. His wish is to become a member of the 
 Council, and I accordingly commit to you the legal investigation of 
 his claims ; and if nothing stands in the way, and he appears to you 
 deserving of that honour, I will give the amount of money which 
 they pay on being admitted to the Council, 1 and to meet the 
 expenses of the election. . Farewell. 
 
 1 Or, which the members of the Council pay (for the candidate). 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM. 
 
 NO. 2 
 
 AvroKpdrap Kalcrap, 6eov 'ASpiavov 
 vlbs, Oeov Tpaiavov UapdiKOv vltovbs, 
 Oeov Nepova eKyovos, Tiros AlXios 'ASpiavbs 
 ' Avroivetvos ^e/SaoTos, dp^cepevs peyLCTTOS 
 5 S?7jU,ay3^(,KT}s efoucrtas to — avTOKparcop to — viraros 
 
 to y, irarr/p 7raTptSos, 'EtfrecricDV tois ap^ovcri Kal tyj /3ov\rj 
 
 Kal to) Srjpco -^aupew. 
 UepyapTjVOvs dnehe^dp,rjv iv tois tt/>6s vpd<; ypdp.pa&iv 
 ■Xprjcrapevovs tois bvopaaiv oh iyci) -^prfcrOai Tr)V irokiv 
 
 10 T7)v vfitTepa v dw eijyrjvdprjv. Olp.au Se Kal 2p.vpva.L0Vs Kara 
 rv XV v iroLpaXekoiirevai Tavra iv tw irepl rijs (rvvdvo-Las 
 \Jjr)<f)Lo-paTt,i tov Xoiirov Se e/coVras evyvo)p.ov7jo-eiv, idv 
 /cai vpels iv tois 7rpos avrovs ypdp.p.acriv ov irpoo-rJKU 
 Tpoirov Kal /ce'/cptTai, ttjs ttoXcws avT&v del rjre p,ep.vr)- 
 
 15 ^eVoi. To \}n]<t>i,o-p,a eireptpev ZovXttikms 'Iov\t,avb<s eVir/jon-os p)i>. 
 
 fivTu^etTe. 
 To Se \pij<f>t,o-p,a iiroirjcrev ypapparevav A. OvrjSios 'AvTcovelvos. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 The Emperor Caesar, son of the deified Hadrian, grandson of 
 the deified Trajan, conqueror of Parthia, descendant from the deified 
 Nerva, Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus, Pontifex 
 Maximus, Tribune of the People for the — time, Imperator for the 
 — time, Consul for the third time, Father of his country, to the 
 Magistrates of the Ephesians, and to the Council, 
 and the People, greeting : 
 
 In my letters to you I expressed my satisfaction that the people 
 of Pergamus had adopted the names which I had directed your 
 city to use. I think, moreover, that the people of Smyrna have by 
 accident passed over these in their decree concerning the joint 
 sacrifice, and that for the future they will show their right feeling 
 by their deliberate adoption of them, if you also in your letters to 
 them shall always have made mention of their city in the manner 
 that is becoming and has been decided. This decree is sent by 
 Sulpicius Julianus, my Procurator. Farewell. 
 
 This decree was drawn up by Publius Vedius Antoninus, 
 acting as scribe. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 AvTOKpaTOjp KoLcra.p, deov 'ASpiavov 
 
 vtos, 0eov Tpa'iavov UapOiKOV v'uovos, 
 
 0eov Nepova e/cyo^os, Tiros AlXio? 'ASpiavbs 
 
 Avt<i>v€lvo<; ^ejSacrros, dp^iepevs p.eyicrTOs Sy]p.ap 
 
 5 x lK ^ s efoucrias to 17, avro/cpaYwp to /3, v7raTos to S, 
 
 Trarr/p TrarpiSos, 'Efacricov tois dp^ovab /cat t^ fiovXrj /cat ra 
 St^igj \aipei,v. Tr/v ^xAoTt/ucw -qi/ ^>i\oTt|U,etTai 
 737305 v/xas OuTjStos '-4i/T<wi'eti'os ep,a0ov ov^ outojs e/c 
 rfiy v/JLerepcov ypafj.p,a.T(oi> a>s e/c rav eKeCvov, fiovXopie- 
 
 10 J'os yap 7rap' ep,oO ru^eiv /3or)0eLa<s eis top KocrpjOv t£>v 
 epyav S)v vfieiv iTTTjvyeiXaTO, iBrfXaxrev ocra Kal r/XtKa 01- 
 /coSop^/xaTa irpocrTL0r)cnv tt) 7rdXet, aXX' vpets ovk op- 
 6£>s aTreOe)(e<r6e airbv Kaya> Kal crvvcofjuoXoyrjo-a 
 a rJT-qcraTO /cat aTre§e£dp.r)v on (tvvtto- 
 
 15 XeiT£VOp,tV(t)V TpOTTOV ol TOV e«> W- 
 
 pu> eis #eas /cat Sta^opds /cat ret t5>v &> 
 
 ttjj/ ^iXoTLfxiav, dXXd St' ou irpos ro euvo 
 
 cretv Trjv ttoXlv Trporjpr)T(u. To xjjrfcjiLo-iJLa iire[i\}iev 
 
 IovXiavbs 6 /cparto-Tos avdviraros. EvTm/elre. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM TUB ODEUM. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 The Emperor Caesar, son of the deified Hadrian, grandson of 
 the deified Trajan, conqueror of Parthia, descendant of the deified 
 Nerva, Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus, Pontifex 
 Maximus, Tribune of the People for the eighth time, Imperator for 
 the second time, Consul for the fourth time, Father of his country, 
 to the Magistrates of the Ephesians, and to the Council and the 
 People, greeting: 
 
 The public spirit shown to you by Vedius Antoninus I have 
 learnt not so much from your letters as from his. For being 
 desirous to obtain assistance from me for the general plan of the 
 works which he proposed (or offered) to execute for you, he 
 explained how many buildings and of what size he proposes to add 
 to the city ; but you did not accept his proposals in the right spirit, 
 while I both agreed to what he requested and approved his designs, 
 because 
 
 This decree is sent by Julianus, the most worthy 
 
 proconsul. Farewell. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 AvroKparap Kaicrap, Oeov 
 'ASpiavov utos, deov Tpdiavov 
 HapOiKov vtavbs, Oeov Nep- 
 ova eKyovos, Titos AiXios '-^Spicwos 
 5 'AvToiveivos ^eySacTTo?, dp^tepevg 
 
 jneytcrros S^/ia/o^i/c^s e^bucrias to 
 ly, avTOKpaTcop to /3, u7raTos to 8, 
 iraTrjp iraTpiSos, 'Ecfaecriayv toTs 
 apxpvcrL kolI ttj fiovXrj kcu tw Syjfito 
 )(aCpeLV. 
 10 EiooTi ju.oi S^XovTe t^v (piXoTifiCav 
 
 7JV OuijSlOS ! ' AvTOiVeiVO<i (j)lXoTL[JL€2- 
 
 Tat ir/Dos ujuas Trap' e/icw 
 
 ^apiTas ei£ toi' evepyeryjv tt?s tto- 
 Xecus. 
 15 to \jJTj(f>Lo-p.a eirep,\jjev 
 
 ZouXiaVOS 6 KpaTLCTTOS 
 
 av6vTra.TO<;. EvTv^euTe. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM. 
 
 No. 4, 
 The Emperor Caesar, son of the deified Hadrian, grandson of the 
 deified Trajan, conqueror of Parthia, descendant of the deified Nerva, 
 Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, 
 Tribune of the People for the thirteenth time, Imperator for the 
 second time, Consul for the fourth time, Father of his country, 
 to the Magistrates of the Ephesians, and to the Council and People, 
 
 greeting : 
 I am aware of the public spirit which you show me that 
 
 Vedius Antoninus exercises towards you, 
 
 from me thanks to the benefactor of the city. 
 
 This decree is sent by Julianus, the most worthy 
 
 Proconsul. Farewell. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM. 
 
 No. 5 is a decree of Antoninus Pius, but it is too fragmentary 
 for publication. 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 (On the base of a statue found in the Odeum.) 
 
 Aovkiov AlXiov Avprjkiov Koppodov rov vlbv rov 
 
 AvTOKparopos OvtjSlos AvToiv eivo<s. 
 
 This statue to Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus, the son of the Emperor, was 
 set up by Vedius Antoninus. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 FROM 
 
 THE GREAT THEATRE 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 Inscription No. i. — Column i. 
 etii nprTANEnz 
 
 TIB. KA. ANTinATPOT IOTAIANOT MHN02 
 
 noziJEnNOZ q iztamenot 
 
 *E8o£e Trj /3ov\fj Kal t<S NeoiKopS 8r)p,qi <£iXoo"e/8ao-r<u 
 Ilepl S>v ive<f>dvi,o-av Ti/8. XX. Tl/3. K\. 'A\e£dv8pov vlbs Kvp. 
 ToiAiavos ^)tXoiraT/Dis kal (j>i\oo-e/3acrTO<s dyvbs evo-e/3r)s 
 ypap.p.a.Tevs to v Srjpov to ft, Kal ol (TTpaTiqyol Trjs 7rdXe«s </>iXocre- 
 
 ftao-Toi (^iXoreijUovs dvSpas vepl tt)v irokiv Kal Kara 
 
 5 rravTa dirihu^av crTopyr)v yvrjcriciuv ttoXcltwv dp,oi,/3al 
 
 to airoXaveiv p,ev tovs et . . crav 
 
 fiovko/xcvous Tre.pl .... 
 
 'Ofioia ap,0L@r) icnrovSaKOTas tt)v peyLcrTr/v 0e- 
 
 10 ov ApT ep.iv rjs St,' evepyeo-Las wdvTa yiVerat iracnv ra KaXXuxra" 
 
 KaOrjKec . . . 
 irapa. ttj noXei Te Ovl/3lo<s XaXovTapios d- 
 
 vr)p ImnKTJs Tagios ydvu Kal 'Actio. 8i.dcrrjp.os orpaTeiais re Kal 
 en-iTpoTrals virb tou Kvpiov rjpwv avTOKpaTopos KeKocrprjpevos 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 
 
 No. i. — Column i. 
 
 In the presidency of Tiberius Claudius Antipater Julianus, on 
 the sixth day of the first decad of the month Poseideon (end of 
 December). 
 
 It was resolved by the Council and the public assembly of the 
 Neocori, 1 friends of Augustus. 
 
 Respecting the matters in which Tiberius Claudius, Julianus, son 
 of Tiberius Claudius Alexander, of the Carenean (Cyrenean) tribe, 
 friend of his country and friend of Augustus, a virtuous and 
 honourable man, scribe to the Assembly for the second time, and 
 the Praetors of the city, friends of Augustus, have shown them- 
 selves to have been men of public spirit towards their country, 
 and in [all things have exhibited] the affectionate regard of true- 
 born citizens, requitals [shall be made to them] for the 
 
 enjoyment of 
 
 A like requital [shall remunerate ?] those who have shown 
 zeal towards the very mighty goddess Artemis [from whose good- 
 ness ?] there come to all the most excellent gifts 
 
 and Vibius Salutarius, a man of equestrian rank in family, and 
 illustrious in Asia, decorated by our lord the Emperor with 
 
 1 Or perhaps, ' Meeting of the Temple-keepers.' The interpretation of this 
 mutilated inscription is in many parts very uncertain. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 TroKeLTrjs rjperepos xal tov fiovXevriKov crvveSptov irpbs ttol 
 15 . . . a07))(pai Sux0e<re<ws kcu ras airb rrjs Ti/^jys em tch tts 
 
 . . TrpoKoiras /cocr/x^cras t5>v ■qdwv crepvoTrjTL evcref3a)v pev (fnXoTei- 
 
 /uais T-qv apyyiyeTiv . . rats pev iircvoiats icrirovSaKev irepX Tr]v Qpiqo~K- 
 
 eiav peyaX6\]jv)(os kcli KaOiepaxrecrLV rr/v ttoXlv KaTairav 
 
 Kev vpbs oe iraprjXOev els Tr/u eKKkrjaiav viricr^ero Se d- 
 
 20 vuKovLcrfiaTa ev pep ^pvcreov ev at /cat apyvpe . . . 
 
 eirt^pvcra, erepa aireiKovio-paTa oktcj eirlvpvcra 
 
 Column 2. 
 
 Kai TeXeiv tqkov Spa^pelov koll acro-aptalov 
 . . o\pe6i)crop,evo}v Kaff etcacrTov eviavrbv Ka- 
 ra ttju BiaTa^LV airov Trj yeveo-iot tt)<; deov rjpepa 
 t)tls ecTTiv tov 6apyqXi5>vo<s prjvbs even? icrrapevov 
 5 vTToXoyqo-as • airohacreiv ra xptjpara Se avrbv ra /ca- 
 oiepoipeva orav fiovXrj rq 77 tows nX'qpovopovg av- 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 
 
 military commands and embassies, a citizen of ours, and a 
 member of the Supreme Council in assembly. 
 
 having adorned it by the dignity of his character, showing 
 
 pious regard by his liberal gifts for the [goddess] the foundress of 
 the city, has shown zealous intentions in her religious service by 
 his munificence, and by dedications to the temple has in all respects 
 done honour to the city, and moreover came forward to the as- 
 sembly and engaged to contribute (or consecrate) effigies, one of 
 
 gold, in which also silver plated with gold, and other eight 
 
 effigies plated with gold 
 
 Column 2. 
 
 and will (or shall) pay interest of a drachma and an as 
 
 who shall be chosen each year according to his schedule 
 on the birthday of the goddess, which is the sixth of the first 
 decad of the month Thargelion (May), after reckoning up the 
 amount; and (that) the money shall be paid which has been 
 devoted to the service of the Temple, whenever a council is con- 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 tov rfj irokei KopLitpp-evoiv t5>v k.K.do~Tov irpocrohaiv 
 
 Tvpoio~Tap,iva>v. irepl a>v airavTatv StaYafti' elcrrjyiqcra- 
 
 to . . o . . crev hn.Kvpu>Qr\vai Kal Std \prj(f>Lcrp-dT(ov .... 
 
 10 v ttJs iiravacTTOLO'eco's .... 
 
 avrjp kcu evepyeras clko . . XXt 
 
 OvtTTios ITpo/cXos /cat 'A(f>p<£vio$ $Xaouta- 
 
 vos 6 Kpa.TLCTTO<s TrpecrfievTr]<; avTi&T parity o$ .... avvTrepfiXjiTO) 
 
 VTCS TT)V 
 
 25 7roX.eiraitt 
 
 Kal St' imcTToXcov 
 
 evcrau ware St 
 
 ou auro 
 
 " evcreftf} 
 
 20 ets Se rrjv debv <£t\oT€i/iOf re 
 
 T£ /Aeytorais Tt/^ats <w re cti'ao-Tao-e- 
 
 crtv ep . . . iv to> lepS ttJs 'Apre/iiBo? iv rots eVtcn^oTdYots 
 
 roirots T7?s ToXews avaypaxjiafJidvav tw /cat vpiKre'w 
 
 crre^avw eV Tats e/c/c X-qo-tats t^cov ret /cat <£iXa/>- 
 
 05 re/ui' — Tr?z/ Se 7rap ; . tow Trpoyeypap,p,€v<av te- 
 
 /><£ . . . wf /cat ttjv j K tov lepod ets to 64a- 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 
 
 vened, by his heirs, those persons who are appointed to [collect] 
 the revenue of each receiving it for the State ; with respect to all 
 
 which — has proposed that a schedule shall be sanctioned (by 
 
 the Council) and 
 
 Vettius Proclus and Afranius Flavianus the most excellent 
 Legate Propraetor 
 
 Note. The interpretation of the first part of this column is very doubtful The 
 latter portion is too fragmentary to be intelligible. 
 
 Either avrbv or roue K\r)poi'6fiovs (lines 5 and 6) seems grammatically incorrect, 
 unless we read or av /3o«\ijrct«, whenever he wishes that his heirs, &-c, or ra yptjfiara Se 
 avTov, or, ' that his heirs shall pay the money that has been consecrated by him 
 <iir£ (?) to the State.' 
 
 in the temple of Artemis, in the most conspicuous 
 
 positions in the city and with a golden 
 
 crown in the assemblies an d a fnend 01 
 
 Artemis . °f ^ e aforementioned 
 
 an d t he from the temple to the theatre 
 
 B 
 
rpov koX ttjv Ik tov Oedrpov et? to lepbv rfjs 'ApTefiiSos 
 
 tos 
 
 30 o>Tffl dedrpa .... 
 
 avTov /jLapfiapLvq) 
 
 to) iv Toira> iTTLTyjSeia) (fxXorei- 
 
 lx7)p,aTi Kal irepl rrjs Sicwoju/Jjs t<£ KaOi- 
 
 epeofieva ) fiaTcuv - rfj re ftovXfj /ecu rfj I?ey8a- 
 
 °~ T0 ous vTrio-^ero civtos koX yepov- 
 
 o~t a e/cScweicrn)? yevecr9< 
 
 ax 
 
 Column 3. 
 
 Taio<i Ovifiios, r. vlbs, Ovco(f)€V TeLva, ^aXovrdpios SiaVa- 
 
 i;iv elo-<j)epeL Kara to yeyovbs \]j-rj<f>io-[Ji.a 
 
 'E(f)eo-L(ov [iovXfj ko.1 rfj <f>L\o(re(3 do-Tr) yepovaua . . 
 
 rais vit ' Ap- 
 
 6 Te/uSos 
 
 TT) 'E(f> cri Kal 
 
 4> 
 
 (A lacuna of 6 lines.) 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 
 
 and that from the theatre to the temple of Artemis ; 
 
 in the theatre 
 
 and for the distribution of the 
 
 sums consecrated, he engaged that he would himself [pay them] 
 to the council, and to the most august goddess, and would himself 
 give a loan of them to the assembly of elders. 
 
 Gaius Vibius Salutarius, son of Gaius, of the Vofentine tribe, intro- 
 duces a disposition according to the decree already passed 
 
 the Council of the Ephesians and the assembly of elders, the friend 
 of Augustus of Artemis 
 
 The enumeration of the images dedicated to Artemis by Gaius Vibius Salutarius 
 appears to have been here commenced. The list is continued on the following pages. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 6\/ajs \eiTp£>v [?] ovvklcov y. /cat eifccbv . . . 
 
 15 'E(f>e 6X/CJ79 XevrpSiv y. NeoKopatvrav trapa. 
 
 SakovTapLG) avrco KadiepwKOTi, fiera Se ir\v HaXovTapiov reXevT-qv 
 aTToooduicrtv at Trpo8y]Xovp,evai, ei/cwes tS 'Effrecriw ypafL/JLarel 
 vpoyeypapL/Jbevq) oTa0jU,<£ dirb 7W KXr)pov6p,cjv avrov, hipurdfj Se av- 
 Tas TiOecrOai iv rats e/c/cXijcrtaig iiravoi Trj<s creXtSos rijs fiovXrjs irpb tyjs 
 
 20 xpvereas 'Apre/AiSo? /cat tcov dXXcov eiKovoiv. 'Apre/jus Se xpverea oX/o}? 
 
 Xeirp£>v Tpi&v /cat at irepl avrrjv apyvpeoi eXa<£ot Svo /cat ra Xouvd 
 
 oXktjs Xecrpcov Svo, ovvkiS)v Se'/ca, ypap.p.aTcov vivTe, /cat etKoiv dpyv- 
 pea Trjs t,epas o-vvkXt/jtov, 6Xkt}<s XeiTpav 8, ovvkloiv /3, /cat e'lKav apyv- 
 pia rijs <f>iXocrefido-Tov /cat cre/x.i'OTaT^s 'Efao-Lcav fiovXrjs, oX/crJs XeiTpwv [?] 
 
 25 ovvKidv S, ypap.p,a,Tcav 6, ra /cat aura /ca#ie/3GjjueW rrj Te'ApTejJuSi /cat 717 (£i\o- 
 cre/3acrTw 'E<j>eo-Lcov fiovXfj • 'O/aoiws /cat apyvpia * Apre/xis Xa^TraBrjcjio- 
 pos 6X/a?s X£ /cat et/cwv apyvpia tov B-qp-ov tou ' Pafxaitov 6X/07S Xeirpow [?]. 
 /cat et/cwv apyvpia rrjs faXoo-efido-TOv yepovcrtas oX/crJs Xeirpau [?] ra, /cat 
 aura KaOiepajxiva rfj re 'Apri^St, /cat t# 'E</>ecriW yepovaCa 
 
 30 0/x,ot(us /cat aXX^ "Aprepis apyvpia Xap.tr aBy]^>6po<i e 
 
 T17 eV T17 egeSpa tSiv i<fyij^(ov 6X/oJs X£ ovvklwv e, ypappaTmv [7] 
 Kat et/cwf apyvpia tov Ittttikov Tayuaros 6X/C77S Xy-rjp.iovv- 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 
 
 of the weight of [?] pounds three ounces, and [let ?] a statue of ... . 
 of the weight of three pounds be religiously kept in the custody 
 of Salutarius, who himself consecrated it ; and after Salutarius' death, 
 let the afore-described statues be restored to the scribe (Regis- 
 trary ?) of the Ephesians according to the afore-named weight by his 
 (Salutarius') heirs ; and let it be made a rule that they be placed at the 
 public meetings above the seat of the Council (in the theatre ?), in 
 front of the golden statue of Artemis and the other statues. And a 
 golden Artemis weighing three pounds, and the two silver deer at- 
 tending her, and the rest of the [images ?] of the weight of two 
 pounds ten ounces and five grammes, and a silver statue of the 
 sacred Senate, of the weight of four pounds two ounces, and a 
 silver statue of the loyal and most venerable Council of the 
 Ephesians, of the weight of — pounds four ounces nine grammes, 
 which were themselves also consecrated to Artemis, as well as to 
 the worshipful Council of the Ephesians. Likewise (item) a silver 
 Artemis bearing a torch, of the weight of six pounds, and a silver 
 statue of the Roman people of the weight of — pounds, and a 
 silver statue of the most worshipful assembly of elders of the 
 weight of [? pounds], [all] which were themselves also con- 
 secrated to Artemis as well as to the assembly of elders of the 
 Ephesians. Item, another Artemis of silver bearing a torch, 
 [which stands ?] in the exhedra of the young men, of the weight of 
 six pounds five ounces — grammes ; and a silver statue of the 
 Equestrian Order of the weight of three pounds and half an ounce 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 klov ypapp,a.T<x>v 8, /cat aXkr) eiKbiv apyvpea rrjs 'E<f)r) /Betas .... 
 
 ra /cat aura Kadi.epcop.eva rfj re 'ApTefii&L /cat rot? /car' eviavTov exao-Tov 
 
 35 7/££ position of 
 this fragment is 
 doubtful. 
 
 i<f>y]ftoi<s 
 
 (f)l,d\.7)V 6\kyJs . 
 
 2e/3acrTO . . . . 
 
 Column 4. 
 
 10 
 
 pos . . . 
 apyvpea 
 
 s v 
 67TI 
 
 /cat 
 
 twv tepa 
 
 e7riTeXei rats 
 
 'Opotcas /cat apyvpea "Aprepis \apiraBrj(j)6- 
 
 pcs /cat et/c&)i» 
 
 e 'ApTepiSi 
 
 Opotcos /cat aAA.17 v ^p- 
 
 T6/U? 6X/CT79 \eiTp5)v [?] ovvkl uv y rjpiovvKtov (?) ypappa- 
 to>v [?] 'Quotas /cat et/caw ap yvpea </>v\.fjs Ev- 
 
rrr 
 
 GREAT THEATRE. 13 
 
 and four grammes ; and another silver statue of the company of the 
 Ephebi, [all] which were themselves also consecrated to Artemis 
 as well as to those who each year 
 
 a libation-vessel (patera) of the weight 
 .... loyal 
 
 Column 4. 
 The list of images dedicated to Artemis by G. Vibius Salutarius 
 appears to have been continued in this column. 
 
 shall contribute to the 
 
 Likewise [item] a silver Artemis 
 
 bearing a torch and a s '* ver 
 
 image to Artemis 
 
 Likewise [item] another 
 
 Artemis of the weight of pounds [?], ounces 3-*, grammes [?]... 
 Likewise a silver image of the Euonymian tribe, 
 
14 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 (ovvfjiov to, KadiepoifLe- 
 
 va • . . . . kcu eiKciiv apyvpea </>iA>js 
 
 16 OTGlSl- 
 
 /ecu eiK«i)z> 
 
 apyvpea <f>v\.7}s re 
 
 v rijs 0e- 
 
 20 ov ra 
 
 e/e roO tepou ttJs 
 
 'ApTep.i8o<; iirl t5>v 
 
 few Kara 
 
 lepa n 
 
 25 Kara ere 
 
 rot? y8a 
 
 Ta KaOie- 
 
 pcofiei/a 
 
 (A lacuna of 10 lines.) 
 
 ov rj rets ei/coVas irpos to 
 
 I.Q TiVL rpoircp KaKovpyvjdrjvat, e7U 
 
 ecrrw lepocriAia /ecu ctcreySeia /ecu ouSev 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 15 
 
 the consecrated offerings 
 
 '. and a silver image of the 
 
 tribe 
 
 and a silver 
 
 image of the tribe 
 
 from the temple of 
 
 Artemis 
 
 (An unintelligible passage!) 
 
 the consecrated offerings 
 
 (A lacuna of 10 lines.) 
 
 or the images with a view to being 
 
 in any way injured let it be regarded as sacrilege and 
 
 impiety. And nothing 
 
1 6 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 Opos iv tois Trpoyeypap,p.4vqts. o/ttukov'kj- 
 
 fJiao-L plo, expvTos Tr)v irepl tovtcov eKSi/acw eV dvdv 
 
 - Tcjv Se Ka-OizpcopevGov inrb $ahovra- 
 
 45 piov reXeaet tokov ^akovTapuos SpaxjjLialov ko.0' iicao-Tov evi- 
 
 avTov to. yet.v6p.eva. SrjvdpLa. ^iXia oKTaKocria a<f>' av Swcret tS ypappa- 
 T€l Trjs fiovXyjs Srjvdpia TeTpaKoaia nevTiJKOVTa oVcos iiruTekel Suavopr/v 
 tois fiovXevTcus cvtcS lep<£ ivTwirpovdq) rrj yevecriqt ttjs p.eyio~Tr)s Ocas' Ap- 
 TejauSos, rj icrTtv pr/vbs ©apyeikiavos cktij lo-Tapevov yeivopevr/s TrjsSiavo- 
 
 50 pys ttjs TrepTTTTjs, SvSopevov iicdcrTcp t5>v vapovrwv hrjvapiov ivbs, 
 
 /cat e^oy Tos i^ovo-Cav tov enl tt/s 8La.vop.rjs dirovti hovvcu kcu diroTeio-ai 
 Tjj fiovXfi vnep e/cacrrot; ovopaTos tou pr) irapa.yevop.evov /cat XaySoWos. 
 
 Column 5. 
 
 (A lacuna of some lines.) 
 
 10-a tois 
 
 ova, aiXeo ko.1 
 
 tov Kkrjpov yeivopevov 
 
 <ria 7) tov ypa.ppa.Teos ttjs 
 
 povXys r)v r) dvaypa<f>r)v pera 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 17 
 
 in the aforementioned effigies 
 
 having the right of demanding satisfaction 
 
 for these 
 
 And for the sums dedicated by Salutarius to the use of the 
 Temple, Salutarius shall pay interest, at the rate of a drachma [for 
 each mina, i.e. 1 2 per cent.], yearly the one thousand eight hundred 
 denarii accruing, from which he shall pay to the Secretary of the 
 Council four hundred and fifty denarii, that he may carry out the 
 division of revenue to the members of the Council in the Temple 
 in the pronaos on the birthday of the mighty goddess Artemis, 
 which is the sixth of the first decad of the month Thargelion 
 (May), when the fifth distribution takes place, one denarius being 
 given to each of those present, and the person presiding over 
 the distribution having the right to give to (or for) anyone absent 
 [and] to pay it to the Council for each name [i.e. each member] 
 not present and not receiving it 
 
 Column 5. 
 
 (A lacuna of some lines.) 
 The first part of this column is quite unintelligible. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 aTroTeiaaTcj irpoo-Teipov 
 
 'O/iouws ojto tov irpoye- 
 
 ypappevov tokov koit' ivtavrbv eKacrTov koX rats e£ <f)v- 
 Xats Kkrjpov rqs irpoyeypap- 
 
 10 eVjjs Tr<; <f>v\rjs ets ovo/AaTa Si- 
 
 tcou Xr/^opevav acrcrdpia 
 
 yevopevos k6X\v/3os vtto 
 
 7roXetras KhqpovcrOai 
 
 'O/Aouus owcret oltto tov rrpoye.ypafjip.4uov tokov kclt eviavTov 
 
 15 eKao~Tov 07Tws iirurekr} ickrjpov 
 
 Trjs '^4/3Tej«,i8os 
 
 wv Tatv \r)£o- 
 
 pevav 6 i(f>rj[3apxos X *" 
 
 /hs 'Opoi(D<s Swcrei goto toC irpoyeypappi- 
 
 20 vou tokov t<h apxiepel ev 'Etfrecrcp vaov koivqv 
 Trjs '^[(rias . . . oVcus .... fear' ewaurov eKao-- 
 tov ttj yeveo-ica tt/s &eov r)pepa iTriTtkel 
 
 T17S Aprepihos \ap- 
 
 Se avaypaxjjapepcov 
 
 25 . . yeivop.ivrj's ttj's ava- 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 19 
 
 let them pay a fine 
 
 Likewise [he shall give] from the 
 
 aforesaid specified interest yearly to the six tribes 
 
 a share in the aforementioned 
 
 to the tribe, to the persons named 
 
 [who shall get] as their share nine asses 
 
 Likewise he shall give from the afore-specified interest 
 
 yearly that he may contribute a share 
 
 of Artemis 
 
 the captain of the young men 
 
 . . . Likewise he shall give from the afore- 
 specified interest to the high-priest of the common 
 
 temple of Asia at Ephesus . . . that yearly 
 
 on the birthday of the Goddess he may pay 
 that of Artemis 
 
20 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 ypa<firjs - 'O/xotws Swcrei dirb tov vpoyeypap- 
 pivov tokov . . . . Trj lepeia. Trjs 'ApTepiSos 
 
 ■ i . Trj<s 'AprepiSos eis 
 
 .... 'OpoCas Swo-ei <X770 tov irpoyeypap- 
 
 30 pevov tokov kglt eKKkrfo~iav hva\v veoiroi- 
 
 ois tov lepov &9at e/c tov irpovdov 
 
 T-ijs 'ApTepfios Ta aireiKovLo-paTa Tr)<; deov koll t<xs eiKovas nal 
 raaXXa direi.KoyiO'paTa in tov deasrpov els tov irpovaov av0rjjjLe- 
 pov 817 'Opoiois Scocret dwb tov irpoyeypappi- 
 
 35 vov tokov K<x& €Kao~Tov iviavTOV Kai T0I9 TraiSovopois 
 auTovs ev Trj yeveo~Lq> ttj? Oeov rjpepa eViTeXe- 
 
 Icrdai raty els bvopaTa M \ap/3avov- 
 
 tcov 7] y\pipq, iv tgj lepS Trjs 'ApTep&os 
 
 LTCOV Kai TU>V TTOLlSovOptoP ^WptS 
 
 40 OpoCax; Bcocrei dirb tov irpoyeypap- 
 
 pivov tokov KO.& eKacrTov iviavTov tw ra KaOdpcna ttolovvtl irape- 
 
 to. Xoltto. S77- TpcaKOVTa wcttc Ka- 
 
 0apd ets to lepov diro^ipr^TaL to. direiKO- 
 
 viapaTa Kai clvto, eis tov irpovaov Trjs ApTe- 
 
 45 pi$o<s diroKaOio'TrjTai /cgit' ISCav vpoaipeo~LV ayopas fj 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 21 
 
 Likewise he shall give from the afore-specified 
 
 interest to the priestess of Artemis 
 
 of Artemis to the 
 
 Likewise he shall give from the afore-specified 
 
 interest at every assembly to the two Curators of 
 the temple, whose duty it shall be to carry (?), from the pronaos 
 of Ar temis, the effigies of the Goddess, and the images, and 
 the other effigies, from the theatre to the pronaos on the same day. 
 denarii. 
 
 Likewise, he shall give from the afore-specified interest yearly 
 to those also who have the care of the boys' education, on the 
 
 birthday of the goddess, to be paid of those who 
 
 receive up to the number of forty-nine . . on the — day in the 
 
 Temple of Artemis [the wages] of the and of 
 
 the educators of the boys separately. 
 
 Item, he shall give from the afore-specified interest yearly 
 
 to the person who performs the rites of purification 
 
 the remaining thirty denarii, so that [all] the effigies may be again 
 carried back clean into the Temple, and may themselves also [be 
 deposited] in the pronaos of Artemis, according to his own choice 
 of the agora, or 
 
22 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 , r)Orj 8t,SoarO<u Kaff ,eKao~Tov £vl- 
 
 avTov to)v to. vpoyey patina Srj- ^i\ta 
 
 ti Sbdra^LV eio-evevKeiv firjSev 
 
 eXXas cr aX\a irpoo~ao~<\)a'Kit l op,evov . 
 
 50 Eav oe r)0r) Se diroSovvai Ta^eiov ra ttJs 
 
 KaOiepcop.evyj^ e^eaTai avTqi eir avdvKr) Xr}^/op,e- 
 
 va> Teicrai tS ypafi^areu Trjs fiovkrjsTa. yeivofieva virep t£>v 
 Kauiepwp.evatv .... tov dp-^aiov 8r) - irevTaKis x^ La 
 'OfioCm Kal tco ypap,fiaT€L (?) rrjs yepotxxias to. yeivop,eva 
 
 55 virep rcSf KaOtepcop-evcov rfj yepovcrua S17- rerpa/cis ^t- 
 Xia TerpaKoaia irevTrJKovTa — 'O/totws /ecu rots deoXoyois 
 Kal u/w<wSchs to. yew6p,eva virep ttjs KaOuepcocreco's dpyaiov 
 ov) - oia/cocria irevTrJKOVTa irevre — 'O/^ouws toj ypafifnaTei 
 tov $7)p.ov ra Xoiird yeivop-eva tov dp^aCov virep Trjs KaOiepm- 
 
 60 crews tcov ets tovs 7roXeiTas tX-qpav Kal £ff)r)fio)V kuI veo- 
 iroi5>v Kal o-Kr)irTov)(a>v Kal Ka9apo-Ca)v Sr) - fxvpia Sia/cdcna 
 e/3Bop,7JKOVTa irevTe oVws eKhzvitpicnv avrd iirl tokoj 
 do-aapioiv SexaSuo apyvpS>v dSidiTTcoTa Kal eiriTeXfj- 
 tch Kad* e.Kao~Tov b'lavTov diro tou tokov to. SiaTerayfie- 
 65 va dvvirep0eT(i><; ais irpoyeypairTau — 'Ecu- 8e irpb tov goto- 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 23 
 
 [Not/wig certain can be made of the next nine lines.] 
 
 Item, to the Recorder of the Senate the proportion accruing for 
 the offerings dedicated to the Senate, four thousand four hundred 
 and fifty denarii. Item, to the Theologi and the singers of the 
 goddess's praises, the proportion of the principal that accrues for 
 the ceremony of consecration, two hundred and fifty-five denarii. 
 Item, to the Recorder of the people (or popular assembly) 
 the remaining sum accruing from the principal for the consecra- 
 tion of the allotments for the citizens and of the young men 
 coming of age and the custodians of the Temple and the staff- 
 bearers (or vergers) and the purifiers of the statues, twelve 
 hundred and seventy-five denarii, that they may lend the said 
 money on secure (or permanent) interest of twelve silver asses, and 
 that the specified amounts be paid yearly out of the interest 
 immediately as has been before appointed. And if, before repay- 
 
24 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 Bovvai tol Biapvpia Brj. rj BuaToi^acrdai airb irpoaoBov 
 )(0)pCa)v SiSocr#<u tov tokov clvtcov r) TekevTrjcrei 
 2a\ovTdpios, vnoKucrOoxrav ol Kkrjpovopoi avrov rrj ei- 
 XvTTjcrei t£>v Kadiepoip.ev(av Brj- Biapvpiav, Kal tois eira- 
 
 70 Ko\ov6rjcra(ri to/cois ^XP" T1 7 s evXvTrjcrea)'}, vrroKei- 
 
 pevcav avra>v Tjj irpoi^u /card to. lepa. 717s deov /cat to. ira- 
 pa. tois TrpecrftevTepois eKBavio~TiK<L evypafya — 'T7reo~veTO 
 Se ^akovToipios ware ap^eaOai tt)v <f>ikoTeipiav avrov 
 t<£ ivea-TWTi eret ev rfj yevecrCco Trjs deov r)pepa Swcrew 
 
 75 Br/- ^eiXia 6/craKoo-ia eU Tcts irpoyeypappevas Biavopas 
 /cai Kkrjpow;. prjBev Be e^eo-Tco tw ap^ovTi r) e/c SuaSp iSiw- 
 ry ireipacral tl dXXafai ^ peTaOelvaL rj peTOLKovoprjcraL rj peTa- 
 \pr)<j)io~ao~0aL twv KadLepapevcov aveLKOVLO-paTcov rj tov 
 apyvpCov r) Tr}$ irpocroBov avrov rj peTaOelvaL eis erepov iropov 
 
 80 yj avaXcapa rj aXKo tl iroirjo-aL irapa, to. Trpoyeypap.jj.eva Kal Sta- 
 TeTaypeva, errel to yevopevov irapa raura corco awvpov. 
 'O Be TTe ipao-a<i av Trovfjo-al tl virevavTiov Trj Siara^ei rj tois 
 vwo ttJs fiovXijs Kal tov Brjpov hjjrj(f)io'p J evoi<s Kal eTTi/ce/ev- 
 papevoLS irpb Tavrrj's Trjs Siara^ea)?, dTroTeicraVw el? 
 
 85 Trpoo-K oo-prjpa Trj ? peyCarrj? 6ea<; 'ApTepiBo? Brj- Bt.ap.vpia 
 
ing the twenty thousand denarii, or making arrangements for the 
 interest thereof to be paid from the rent of the farms, Salutarius 
 shall depart this life, let his heirs be liable for the speedy settle- 
 ment of the twenty thousand denarii that have been consecrated to 
 the goddess, and for the accruing interest till the time of such 
 settlement, they being subject to having the payment enforced, 
 after the manner of the other sacred property of the goddess, and 
 according to the tables of money-lending in the hands of the 
 Elders. Salutarius further promised, with a view to his munificent 
 gift commencing in the present year on the birth-day of the 
 goddess, that he would give one thousand eight hundred denarii 
 towards the afore-specified distributions and allotments. And be 
 it not permitted to the Archon, or to any private person by right 
 of any legal decisions, to endeavour to change or to transfer 
 or otherwise dispense or alter by any decree of the people any of 
 the consecrated images or the money or the revenue from it, or to 
 transfer it to any other fund or expenditure, or to do anything 
 else with it other than what has been prescribed and appointed ; 
 since [it is decreed] that anything done contrary to these regula- 
 tions be of no effect. And let anyone who shall have endeavoured 
 to do anything contrary to the disposition or to the purposes sanc- 
 tioned and ratified by vote of the Council and the People, previous 
 to this present disposition, pay towards the adorning of the mighty 
 goddess Artemis twenty-five thousand denarii, and to the Imperial 
 
26 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 irevTo.Ki,'; ^eiXta kcu eU tov tov He/3ao-Tov <fiuo-Kov aXka At]- M E 
 ■fj Se Trpoyeypappivq Stara^ts eorco Kvpia ets tov amavTa. ypo- 
 
 vov /ca&us OveTTLOs IIpoKkos evepyeT7]<; 
 
 /ecu a.vdvTraTO<; /ecu A<f>pavLO<s &\<xovLavb<; 6 K.pwTi<TTO<i Trpeo-j3evT^<s 
 00 /ecu avTL<jTpaTrjyo<s Sia im,o-To\a>v irepl Taurus Tiys 8iaT<i£e- 
 ws ineKvpacrav koX (Lpicrav to Trpoyeypa/JifJievov Trpoo-TijJLOV. 
 Pa'tos Ouet/3tos Pa'iou vtbs ' flfievTeiva 1 HaXovTapios elcrev/jvova 
 ttjv SiaYafw /ecu KaOupiocra to. irpoyeypap,p.iva. 
 
 1 AV, for Obu>(j>u>TEir<f, i.e. Vofentina. 
 
 Column 6. 
 
 EITI JJPTTANEnS TIB. KA. ANTHIATPOT IOTAIANOT 
 
 A&PANI02 ^AAOTIANOH ANTIZTPATHTOS 
 
 ■^aCpeiv 
 
 Ov£ttlo<s ZTpd/cXos evepyenjs /ecu dz^vrrciTos 
 
 Xitou apur- 
 
 OS TOiV OIKIO 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 27 
 
 privy purse other twenty-five thousand denarii. And let the 
 
 prescribed disposition be in force for all time according as 
 
 Vettius Proclus, the public benefactor and proconsul, and Afranius- 
 Flavianus, the most excellent legate and propraetor, have by letter 
 respecting this disposition ratified and determined the afore- 
 mentioned fine. 
 
 I, Gaius Vibius Salutarius, son of Gaius, of the Voventine tribe 
 introduced this disposition and dedicated the afore-mentioned gifts. 
 
 Column 6. 
 
 In the presidency of Tiberius Claudius Antipater Julianus. 
 
 Afranius Flavianus Propraetor, 
 
 greeting : 
 
 Vettius Proclus the public benefactor and proconsul, 
 
 {Unintelligible!) 
 
28 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 t Xoaev 77o\X.oi? 
 
 5 € VWS €)(CL TTpOCT- 
 
 v 7] ttjv eavrov 
 
 ■ a- ■ ■ rip irokw e^et 
 
 9 ai/ TrpeirovTcov. 
 
 Te P Koa-fie 
 
 10 /capo- aKOLvai /cat 
 
 ei7 " tcr el<S TZLfjLTJv /cat evaefieiav kiri- 
 
 favt ' AprefAbSos /cat rod o lkov t5>v AvTOKparo- 
 
 P a)V ^e paTCDv a(f>ie <£t\oTeipou- 
 
 h-evovs at vfLelv re irepl TcLvSpbs x<*-P lTa s tlctcov 
 
 15 irepl eu peyetas . a . . . firjvvcrai p-apTvprjcrcu rfj Se evc^pta rfj 
 vpoa-yjKovo-7) avrbv virep vp.5>v apetyacrOai ocr . . avrco /cat 7ra- 
 P ■ • M ■ ■ ■ • Secr0at vopitfa 7rpo? to /cat irXetous etvat tous 
 opotws irpo6v{iovpJpov<; el ovtos ^awopeV^s /card tt)v 
 agiav dpot^s ru^am . . . eVetSdf /cdpot eV tois pdXtcrTa 
 
 20 Kexapio-pevov /cat ^SiaTcw et ov efatpeVws tow c/>tW 
 
 Teipw /cat o-Tepyco trap vp.elv opcfrjv rj papruptas /cat retp^s 
 agiov/xevov. Ilepl peV Tot Taurus twj/ xprjpaTCJv Siard- 
 £eft>S /cat rail/ o.tTUKovicrp.a.TOiv T17S 0eoi) /cat twj' eiKovoiV 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 29 
 
 [The first part of this column is too fragmentary for even a conjectural restoration 
 of the text. The latter lines refer to the expediency of encouraging public spirit by 
 honouring those who have already shown it.~\ 
 
 since 1 to myself also it would be especially grateful and 
 
 most agreeable if I should see one of my friends whom I so highly 
 honour and affectionately regard thought deserving of a testimony 
 and an honour in your city. With respect however to this disposition 
 of the property and the effigies of the goddess and the images, 
 
 1 hruSkv [!,] seems by a late Greek use to represent cum sit, which in the earlier 
 Attic idiom would be inulii ion. But probably ?o«i fwt is the right reading. 
 
3 o INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 OTTbis awots Se^crei ~xprjcr9a.i Kal ets rjvTcva oiKOVofJiCav 
 
 25 avBpa rera^OaL, avTov re tov avanOivTa elcrrjyrjcracrdaL 
 vo/ju^a evkoyov eivav, «m v/xas ovtcos \jjr)(f)[cracr0a.i. eiret- 
 Bav Be vtto re avTov tov KadiepovvTos Kal vpcov airwv Kvpca- 
 9fj to. B6£avTa, /3ov\o[ji,aL ravra eicraei p,evew inl Tav avTwv 
 airapa\\a.KT(a<s vtto jUijSeVos p.rjBep.ia. 1 TTapev^eiprja-ei \v- 
 
 30 6p,eva rj [leTaTide/xeva. el Sens TreipaOeCr) ottcoctovv rj crvv- 
 ^ouXevcrai ti tolovtov rj elcrriyrjo-acr 9 ai irepl rrjs juera^ecre- 
 ws ko.1 jueTaSioi/ojcrecdS t£>v vvv vtto re avrov Ka\ vcj>' i- 
 jjlo)v KvprjOrto-op-ivoiv, tovtov avvrrepdeTcos /3ov,\o/x,ai 
 is p.ev to Trjs jj,eyCo-Trj<; deas 'ApTefuBos lepbv KaraOio-- 
 
 35 6ai Trpoo-TELfiov Br/ M. TrevraKus ^i\ta, eis Se tov tov 
 
 HefiaaTov (pCaKov aXXa Ai). M. TrevTaKLS ^tXta, Kal . . rrj 
 
 yep ovo-La aXXa At] . jjuvpia irevTaKLo-xfkia 
 
 Ka -9 avdviraTos 
 
 Ka - 1 £.TTiQ-To\r}<; 
 
 40 ey "Eppo)o-9e. 
 
 1 MIIAEMIAN on the stone. 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 31 
 
 to decide how it will be proper to apply them and for what purpose 
 connected with the Temple a man should be appointed, I think it 
 reasonable that both the person dedicating them should introduce 
 a decree, and that you should pass it accordingly. And as soon as 
 the measures approved shall have been ratified [finally passed] by 
 the person himself who dedicates them and by yourselves, I desire 
 that these provisions should remain for ever on the same footing 
 without being changed, neither relaxed nor altered by any one by 
 any stealthy contrivance. And if anyone should attempt in any 
 way whatever either to recommend to another any of such pro- 
 ceedings, or to introduce any decree respecting the alteration and 
 different administration of the provisions which have now to be 
 ratified by the donor himself and by you, I desire that he should 
 immediately pay into the Temple of the mighty goddess Artemis a 
 fine of twenty-five thousand denarii, and to the privy purse of the 
 august Emperor other twenty-five thousand denarii, and to the . . 
 
 other fifteen thousand denarii. 
 
 Farewell. 
 
32 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 Eni nPTTANEflU TIB. KA. ANTinATPOT IOTAIANOT. 
 MHN02 
 
 "ESo£e ttj fiovXy <f)i\ocre/3d(rT(p irepl a>v ive<f>dvicrav Tij8 KX.au - 
 Tl/3. K.X - 'AXetjdv&pov - vl Kvp 1 - 'IovXiavbs (^iXoVaTpis /cat <£iXo- 
 
 45 cre)8ao"Tos ayvbs evo~e/3r] i s, ypap,p,aTev<s tov StJ/jlov to /3. Kal ol 
 crTpaTrjyol rrjs 7roXea)s (JuXocrefiacrToi. 6V<us ef fj tois xpvcro- 
 (j>opova-Lv (j>epei.v ets toLs e/cKX^crias /cat toi>9 dyw^as 
 to, direiKoviap-aTa Kal ei/cdVas t<z Kadiepcofieva vvb TaCov 
 Ovei/3iov HaXovrapCov e/c tow irpovdov Trjs 'Aprep-iSos crvv- 
 
 50 eTrifieXov/jLevav Kal t£>v veoiroiStv crvvTrapaXafifiavovTav /cat t5i> 
 i<j>rjfi(oi> dirb Trjs MayvrjTiKyjs irvXr)<; Kal crvvTrpoTTeviTovTCiiV 
 p-^Xpi rrjs Kopr)crcn,Kr}<s ttvXtjs, AeS6)(0aL rrj fiovXrj <£iXoo"e- 
 fido-rcp KadoTi irpoyiypaiTTai Tifi. KXav. Ilpapicrios 
 $py]T(0piavb<; (f>iXocrefiacrTO<; 8eSoy/jLaToypd<f>T)Ka Map/cos 
 
 55 KatcreXXios MapKiavos (juXoaefiao-Tos SeBoyfj.aToypd^>7]Ka. 
 
 Tifi. Kkav. 'IovXiavbs <f>LX6iraTpi<s Kal <£iXocrej8acrTos dy^os eutre^s 
 6 ypa/Ji/jiaTevs tov Siy/xou to )8. e^dpafa 
 
 1 Perhaps Kap. ; »/<& note, p. 34. 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 33 
 
 In the Presidency of Tiberius Claudius Antipater Julianus. 
 In the month of 
 
 It seemed good to the Council in its respect for the Imperial 
 authority, with regard to the subjects explained to it by Tiberius 
 Claudius Julianus, son of Tib. Claudius Alexander, of the Cyrenean 
 (Carenaean?) tribe, lover of his country and friend of Augustus, 
 virtuous and devout, scribe (secretary) of the public assembly for 
 the second time, and the praetors of the city, friends of Augustus. — 
 In order that it be permitted to the gold-bearers to carry into 
 the public assemblies and the games the effigies and statues 
 which have been dedicated by Gaius Vibius Salutarius out of the 
 Pronaos of the Temple of Artemis, the custodians of the Temple 
 likewise taking charge, and the young men also joining in taking 
 them from the Magnesian Gate, and accompanying them in the 
 procession as far as the Coressian Gate ; it is hereby decreed by 
 the Council in its respect for the Imperial authority, as has been 
 specified above. 
 
 I, Tiberius Claudius Proresius Fratorianus, the friend of 
 Augustus, have drawn up (or put in writing) this decree. I, Marcus 
 Caesellius Marcianus, friend of Augustus, have drawn up this decree. 
 And I, Tiberius Claudius Julianus, lover of my country, and friend of 
 Augustus, virtuous and devout, Recorder to the popular assembly 
 for the second time, have engraved it on the stone. 
 
34 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 'Eni nPTTANEnZ. TIB. KA. 'ANTinATPOT 'IOTAIANOr 
 MHN02 nOSEIJESlNOS 
 
 60 *ESofe TJ7 /3ov\fj <f)i\o(reftdcrT<t) Trepl tbv ive(f)dvio-av Tlj3. 
 K\. Tl/3. K\. 'A\e£dv8pov vl. Kvp. 1 'louXtavos (^iXoVarpis 
 Kai (piXoae/3a<XTOs dyvb<s eucrejSijs, ypafi^areiis tov Stjfiov to yS. 
 kou ol (TTpaTTjyoi Trjs 7roXe<us ^>tXocre/8ao"Tot 
 
 'Eirei ol yjpvo-o<jiopovvTe<s Trj 6e£ lepeis koX iepoveii«xi virear- 
 
 65 ^ovto <j>epew Kal av (faepeiv rd aTTUKovio-p,aTa ra Ka0iepco- 
 Oevra vrrb Oveifiiov IlakovTapiov rjTrjoSrjTroTeTOTrov (?) 
 iv tcS dedrpta Tr)v irpa>Tr)i> creXiSa ottov r) etKoiv Trjq 'OjU.oi'oias, 
 
 AeBo^dai ex €LV avTovs tov tottov /ca#t£ew Se npbs Tr)v Ev- 
 crefSuav o.vtov<; Xeu^et/AovoSi'Tas - Aeho-^Oai Trj fiovXrj 
 
 70 ^tXoo"e/3ao"Ta) yeveo-dai kolQoti trpoyiypaiTTai. 
 
 r. Av4>ioio<s 2l\ovolvo<; oSiXocreySacrros BeSoy/JLaToypd<f>y]Ka 
 A. MovvaTio<s Uao-cros </>iXocre]6aa-Tos SeSoyp.aToypd<f)riKa 
 Nr/pevs OeocjiCXov ojuXoo-e^SacrTos SeSoyjuaToypac^/ca 
 
 1 KYP. is certainly on the stone; perhaps the Y is an error of the stone-cutter's 
 for A. 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 35 
 
 In the presidency of Tiberius Claudius Antipater Julianus. 
 In the month of Poseideon. 
 
 It seemed good to the Council in its respect for the Imperial 
 authority, with regard to the subjects explained to it by Tiberius 
 Claudius Julianus, son of Tiberius Claudius Alexander, of the 
 Cyrenean (Carenaean?) tribe, lover of his country, and friend of 
 Augustus, virtuous and devout, Recorder of the popular assembly 
 for the second time, and the praetors of the city, friends of Augustus : 
 
 Whereas the priests who wear golden ornaments in honour 
 of the goddess and the victors in the sacred games undertake to 
 carry and carry back the effigies which have been dedicated by 
 
 Vibius Salutarius, place in the theatre, viz. the first 
 
 seat (row of seats) where the statue of Concord is placed ; it is 
 hereby decreed ' that they shall have that place, and that they shall 
 sit there facing the statue of Piety,' attired in white. It is hereby 
 (likewise) decreed by the Council in its devotion to Augustus that 
 it shall be as has been before specified. 
 
 I, Gaius Aufidius Silvanus, friend of Augustus, have drawn up 
 (or put in writing) this decree. I, Lucius Munatius Bassus, friend 
 of Augustus, have drawn up this decree. I, Nereus the son of 
 Theophilus, friend of Augustus, have drawn up this decree. 
 
36 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 ZEZTfl ATTIfl SOTBOTPANn f. B. MAPKI2 A2I- 
 75 NII2 MAPKEAAI2 TUATOI% UPO H KAAANAfLN MAPTIflN 
 Eni nPTTANEfLS TIB. KAATAIOT ANTinATPOT IOTAIANOT 
 MHN03 AN6E2THPinN02 B. 2EBAZTH. 
 
 .Taios OueiySios r. vl. Ova)<f>evTeiva SaXovTapios <£tXdp- 
 T6/us «ai (fiikoKcucrap SiaTadjiv etcn^epet kclto, to Trpoye- 
 
 80 yovbs rjiyj<f>io-p,a irepl Siv irpocrKaOiepciiKe Trj fieyCo'Trj dea 'E<£e- 
 
 crta, 'AprefiiSi, /cat Trj ^tXocre/Sacrrw 'Ecftecrioiv fiovXrj 
 /cat Trj (^iXocreySacrTO) 'E^ecrucov yepovcria /cat tois XP v ~ 
 <ro<f>opovo-i Trj 8ea> /cat tois lepevcriv /cat te/sovei/cais irpb 
 7ro\ea)s . . /cat tois . . . 'Etfrecricov iratcrt /cat 0ecr 
 
 85 jUiwSots vaou toji' Ife/Sacnw iv 'Ecfteo-cp kolvov Trjs Mcrtas /cat 
 
 aKpofiarais T17S ^eou rot? St/caiots /cat irpocrTei 
 
 //.ots a>s & Tg irpoTepa StaTafet ^crc&aXia-Tai — Ei/co- 
 vtuv apyvpecov Bvo .... cricu^ wcrre auras eu'ai ctui* rot? 
 aireiKOv'io-p,ao-w Trjs deov dpiOpS TpiaxovTO, /cat /xtai' 
 
 90 Kai apyvpiov akXcov Sij- ^etXtcui' TrevTaicocrLOiV wcrre elvat 
 
 aura crw rots TrpoKa6iepoip.4voL<i Srj. p,vpLois viXtois irej'- 
 Ta/cocriots e<£' <£ et/caw apyvpia 'Ad-qvas vapp,ov(rov 6X/07S 
 ow tcj ivapyvpat Trj<; /3acre&)s aur/Js \.UTpS>v enrol rjpLiovv- 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 37 
 
 In the consulship of Sextus Attius Suburanus for the second 
 time, and of Marcus Asinius Marcellus, on the eighth day of the 
 Calends of March, in the presidency of Tiberius Claudius 
 Antipater Julianus, on the second of the month Anthesterion, a 
 solemn day (?). 
 
 Gaius Vibius Salutarius, son of Gaius, of the Vofentine tribe, 
 devoted to the service of Artemis, and a friend of Caesar, proposes 
 a disposition in accordance with the decree already passed, with 
 respect to the property which he has before dedicated to the mighty 
 goddess Artemis of Ephesus, and friend of Augustus, and to the 
 Council of the Ephesians, devoted to the service of Augustus 
 and to the Council of Elders, devoted to the service of the 
 Emperor, and to the gold -bearers to the goddess, and to the 
 priests and the victors in the sacred games, in honour of . . . 
 .... without the city, and to the children- of the Ephesians, and 
 the deliverers of oracles belonging to the Temple [of the Augusti 
 at Ephesus] which is the common possession of all Asia, and to 
 the acrobat-performers [?] of the goddess, under the pains and penal- 
 ties which have been in the former settlement secured. Of the 
 silver images of ... . two ... so that they shall be placed with 
 the effigies of the goddess in number thirty-one, and in money 
 other fifteen hundred denarii, so that they shall be taken with 
 the eleven thousand five hundred denarii already dedicated to the 
 Temple, on condition that a silver statue of Athena, the patroness 
 of general literature, of the weight, together with the silver- 
 
38 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 klov, ypap,p.dT(ov oktcj, r) KaOiepafxeviq rfj re 'Apre/JuSi koX 
 95 reus alel e<rop,4voi<s 'E^ea-Ccov iraial, ridt)rai Kara irdcrav vo- 
 jjujaov €KKkrjcriav eirdvo) rrjs creXiSos ov ol iraiSes Kaditpvrat . 
 
 Column 7. 
 
 (A lacuna of probably 20 lines.) 
 
 t^rjKDVTa 
 
 ev tw lepqt Trjs 'Apre/uSo*; ye 
 
 vop.dvoiv Kara dv 
 
 Eav oe nves Twr Xavovrav 
 
 5. Tas 6v(TLas prj dvoicriv rj ju,t) el(r<l)ep(t)cri.v 
 t,epa> cos StaTera/fTai, dirohoToxrav eis to 
 KocrpsriiLa, rrjs 'Apre/uSo? S17 
 
 O/iotws owcret dvb tov vpoyeypap.p.euov tokov 
 /cat tois ^eo-/x,wSot5 els Siavo/A'jji' Sij-£. 
 10. coo-re Xapftdveiv avrovs ev t<£ lepw tt}s 'Apze 
 p-iBos rfj yevea-LO) rrjs Oeov dud dcradpia, 6' 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 39 
 
 plating of the base of it, of seven pounds, and half an ounce, and 
 eight grammes, which (statue) has been dedicated to Artemis and 
 to the youth of the Ephesian citizens which shall at any time 
 succeed, and which shall be set at every regular assembly over 
 the row of seats where the boys sit. 
 
 Column 7. 
 
 A lacuna of probably 20 lines. 
 (Too fragmentary for translation.) 
 
 And if any of those who have been appointed shall fail to offer 
 the sacrifices, or to contribute to the Temple as has been appointed, 
 let them pay towards the adorning of Artemis denarii. 
 
 Likewise he (?) shall give from the aforesaid interest to the 
 priests also who deliver the oracles, for distribution among them, 
 seven denarii, so that they shall receive them in the Temple of 
 Artemis on the birthday of the goddess at the rate of nine asses 
 apiece. 
 
 7 
 
4 o INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 'O/aoiws Swor'et dirb tov irpoyeypappevov tokov 
 kcu Tots aKpofiaTaLS Trjs 0eov e£s Biavopijv 
 §r}. te. wcrre \ap,fidvei.v avTovs t~q yevecnca 
 
 ]5 Trjs #eou dU'a dcradpia Sacdrpia rjpio-v 
 
 Ilpbs Se to p.evetv to. direiKOVio-paTa iravra 
 KaOapa. efecrrco ocra/cts av ivSe^Tau 
 ii<p.d(Tcre<T0a.L per 1 dpyvpcopaTLKr} virb tov 
 alel karopivov €7ri twv Trapa6t)KS>v rrapov- 
 
 20 tcov Suo v€01tolS>v Kai cncqirrovyov 
 
 CTeJoa Se uX.7? pr]8epia iKpdcraecrOai koX 
 to. Xonra 8t)-6kto) Sodyjo-erai Kaff eKacrrov 
 iviavTov T<2 iirl twv TrapaOrjKav eis tijv 
 impiXetav t£>v aTTeiKovio-paTav koX tov 
 
 25 dyopa.o-p.bv ttJs dpyvpcopaTLKyjs yfjs 
 
 'Ttrio")(£TO 8e Sakovrdpios ha>o-eiv «rai S»j- 
 e/carov TpiaKovTa TrevTe — wcttc dp^eaOai 
 tt)v <j>tXoT€Lpiav avrov T(£ iveo~T<t)Ti. erci 
 T V ycvto'La) ttj<s 6eov rjpepa. 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 41 
 
 Likewise he shall give from the aforesaid interest to the 
 acrobat-performers (?) of the goddess, for distribution among them, 
 fifteen denarii, so that they shall receive them on the birthday of 
 the goddess at the rate of thirteen asses and a half apiece. 
 
 And that all the effigies may remain clean, let it be 
 lawful, whenever required, to have them wiped with plate- 
 powder (?) by the person who shall at any time be custodian of the 
 sacred deposits, in the presence of two curators of the Temple 
 and a staff-bearer (verger ?), but not to have them wiped with 
 any other material ; and the remaining eight denarii shall be given 
 annually to the custodian of the sacred deposits for the care of the 
 effigies and the purchase of the earth used for plate-powder. 
 
 Salutarius, moreover, engaged to give one hundred and thirty- 
 five denarii, so that his public-spirited liberality shall commence in 
 the present year with the birthday of the goddess. 
 
42 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 30 Tas §e TTpoyeypaix/jievas et/coVas fat Ta? 
 
 TrpoKaOiepcofJieva 1 ; iv rfj irpo Tavrrj? Sta- 
 Tafet /cat ra dTret/co^tcr/i-ara navra T7js 0eo9 
 <j}ep€T0)q-av iic tov vpovdov Kara vacrav eKKkr)- 
 aLav eis to dearpov /cat tovs -yiywi/co^s ayw- 
 35 vas /cat strives erepai v-rro rrjs /3oiAr~s /cat tov 
 Sij/xov bpicrdrj<TOVTai rfp.epai e/c ro>v veorroi- 
 £>v Svo /cat ol lepoveiKai /cat (tktjtttov^O's /cat 
 (fyvkcLKOL, kcu rrakiv arrofyepiroxrav ets to 
 lepov /cat KOLTaTiOicrdaxrav crvvTrapa\ap,pa- 
 40 vovrmv /cat r£>v ecj)rj/3cDV anb rrjs Mayvrj- 
 Tt/cr?s ttvXtjs /cat //,£Ta T<is e/c/cX-jjcrtas 
 (TwirpoTTevTrovTOiv ecus tt^s KopyjcraiKrjs 
 Trvkrjs, Ka6<h<i /cat ev tois rrpoyeyovocri 
 \l)7)<t>L(T(jLa<TL rj fiovXf) /cat 6 Stj/aos atpiaav. 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 43 
 
 And let the aforesaid statues, and those which were before 
 consecrated (named) in the provision preceding this, and all 
 the effigies of the goddess, be brought out from the Pronaos 
 (of the Temple), on each day of public assembly, into the theatre 
 and the gymnastic performances, and on any other days that 
 shall be determined by the Council and the People in assembly, by 
 two curators of the Temple, and the conquerors in the games, and 
 a staff-bearer (verger), and guards ; and let them be taken back 
 into the Temple and deposited there, the young men also joining 
 in taking them from the Magnesian Gate, and after the assemblies 
 accompanying them as far as the Coressian Gate ; according as, 
 in the foregoing decrees, the Council and the People in assembly 
 determined. 
 
 END OF THE INSCRIPTION. 
 
44 INSCRIPTIONS II? OM THE 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 DIANAE EPHESIAE 
 ET PHYLE CARENAEON, 
 C. Vibius, C. f. Vofentina Salutaris promagister portuum 
 provinciae Siciliae, item promagister frumenti mancipalis, 
 praefectus cohortis Asturum et Gallaecorum, tribunus militum 
 
 legionis XXII. primigeniae piae fidelis, subprocurator provinciae, 
 Mauretaniae Tingitanae, item provinciae Belgicae, 
 
 argenteam, item imagines argenteas duas, unam 
 
 Dianae et alteram phyles, sua pecunia fecit, ita ut omni 
 
 cum apparatu supra bases ponerentur, ob quam Deae 
 
 et phyles dedicationem sex phylais consecravit H. S. 
 
 XXXIIICCCXXXI1IS. 
 'AprefjaSi 'EcfiecrLa, /cat rfj <f>v\fj rav KaprjvaMv T. Ouei/Jios T. vio<s 
 
 OvaxfrevTeiva 
 SaXovrdptos ttjs iirap^eia's ^iKeXias- 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 45 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 In honour of Diana of Ephesus 
 and of the Carenaean Tribe. 
 Gaius Vibius Salutaris, son of Gaius, of the Vofentine Tribe, 
 deputy master of the harbours of the province of Sicily, also 
 deputy overseer bf the public corn 1 (?), praefect of the cohort of 
 the Astures and the Gallaeci, military tribune of the 22nd Legion 
 entitled Primigenia Pia Fidelis, subprocurator of the province of 
 Mauretania Tingitana, also of the province of Belgica, has erected 
 
 at his own cost a silver , also two silver* images, one 
 
 of Diana, the other of the aforesaid Tribe, providing for their being 
 set upon their pedestals with all their furniture : for which offering 
 in honour of the Goddess and the Tribe he has set apart and made 
 over to the six Tribes (of Ephesus) thirty-three thousand three 
 hundred thirty-three sesterces and a half. 
 
 1 Manceps has been shown by Godefroi to mean a public baker. 
 
46 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 'H TipaiTr) Kal /JLeyvcrTT) fir)- 
 rpowoXis r/Js 'Ao-las kclI Sis 
 vecoKopos tS)v Sefiiao-T&v 
 Tot" Treraa-ov tov dedrpov 
 Kal tov Trpoo-KrjVLOV Kal to TroSw/xa 
 /cat rons o-ei(f)dpovs Kal tyjv Xoltttjv 
 fpjkucrjv Trapao-Kevrjv tS)v OeaTpi- 
 k£>v /cat ras Xet7roucras dvpas /cat tol 
 iv r<w dedrpa) \evKo\Wa, a. fikv irreaKev- 
 ao-ev, to. Se /cat KaTecrKevaaev, e/c tojv tSt- 
 (ov, ypa/AfjiaTevovTos JJottXCov Ovr/Suov 
 Avtovuvov Aa-idp-^ov, ipyerricrTaTovv- 
 
 TOJV 
 
 JJottKlov AtiXCov MvjvoSotov BepevuKLavov 
 
 /cat Patou ATTaXov tov 'ArTaKov <f>iXoo-e^do-TOiV 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 47 
 
 No. 3. 
 The first and greatest metropolis of Asia and twice temple- 
 guardian of the Augusti gave the awning of the theatre, together 
 with the proscenium, and the floor, and the curtains, and all 
 other wooden furniture of the stage, and the remaining doors, and 
 the white marble-work in the theatre, partly restored, partly new, 
 at its own expense. Publius Vedius Antoninus the Asiarch was 
 Recorder, P. Atilius Menodotus Berenicianus and Gaius Attalus 
 son of Attalus, friends of the Emperors, being superintendents of 
 the works. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 lepOKrjpVKtVOVTOS 1 
 
 Haropvetvov, Trpeo-,3vTep(ov (?) 
 
 , Ayadfi Tv-^rj. 
 Avp. ' ' AyaOoirovs ev^apia-Tw 
 ™ 8e.<£ teal rfj Kvpia ^corei- 
 pa Kai ry tv-^tj ttjs yepov- 
 (nas otl rr/v ttlcttlv errj- 
 prjcra. rrj yepovcrCa crvv Kai 
 
 TOIS I/AOIS TTO.CTLV, 
 
 b avrbs ypap.p.arevs 
 
 Kai yvp,vacriap')(o<; 
 
 Line 1 : On the office of itpaiciipul see C. F. Hermann-Stark, Gottesd. Alt. 36. 9 ; 
 55. 23 ; and at Ephesus in particular, Gulil, Ephesiaca, 107. Line 2 : Officers of 
 finance, called Trpe.a(StvTipm, occur in the great inscription, p. 24, 1. 72. Line 6 : 
 It is not quite clear what deities are intended. Artemis was sometimes called 
 
GREAT 1HEATRE. 49 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 ' Saturninus being sacred herald [being] 
 
 of the elders (?) ' 
 
 ' With Good Fortune. I, Aurelius Agathopus, render thanks- 
 giving to the god and to the Lady Saviour [goddess] and to the 
 Fortune of the senate because I have kept my faith to the senate 
 together with all my family, I being at once recorder and gymnasi- 
 arch, with success.' 
 
 2<impa (Guhl, 125) ; but not apparently under circumstances that suggest the 
 Ephesian goddess. Some deity at Ephesus is twice called j) 2<irapa in one 
 of the inscriptions published by C. Curtius {Hermes, iv. 198 f.). At Athens the 
 last day of the year was celebrated by sacrifices to Zeus Soter and Athene 
 Soteira (Stark in Gottesd. Alt. 61. 21) ; and the designation Soteira, though applied 
 to various goddesses, seems to have specially belonged to Athene (Hesych. s.v. : cf. 
 Aristoph. Ran. 378 ; Lobeck, Agl. 980). The Athenian custom may have migrated 
 to Ephesus with Androclus, and this conjecture is confirmed by the subject of the 
 present inscription. Line n : On the office of recorder (ypa^^aTtvc), mentioned 
 Acts xix. 35, see Guhl, 73, and especially an inscription in C. I. G. 2953 b. Line 
 12 : On the office of gymnasiarch see Krause, Gymn. u. Agon. d. Hell. 181-201, and 
 Guhl, 74, who quotes an inscription (C. I. £.2986. 3) in which the same person 
 appears as both prytanis and gymnasiarch. 
 
 The inscription apparently records a thanksgiving by the recorder of the city for 
 the successful completion of his audit, or some similar act of rendering account of 
 documents (or other public property) in his keeping at the expiration of his year of 
 office. Only a small fragment of the dating remains. 
 
5 o INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 6 S^jitos iTeL/JLTjareu Td'iov x 'Iovkuov, /3acriA.e&>s 'AXe^dvSpov vlov, 
 'AypiTnrav, Ta/xiav Kal dvTLcrrpdTrjyov T77S 'Acrias, Sta re ttju aXXrqv 
 dperr/v Kal rrjv eis ttjv ttoKiv evvoiav. 
 
 1 This C. Julius Agrippa, son of King Alexander, is perhaps not mentioned else- 
 where. Alexander, son of Aristobulus, murdered by Scipio at the instigation of 
 Pompey, B.C. 49, is doubtless the king intended. He struck, as is now believed, 
 money with the title AAESANA. BACIAEQN (Madden's Jewish Coinage, p. 75). 
 It was quite natural that his son should be called Caius Julius, as Julius Caesar 
 was his father's friend (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 7). Agrippa is a name occurring more 
 than once among the Jewish princes, the person after whom they were called 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 . . A. Gil StS VecOKOpOS TGJV Jje- 
 
 fiacrTcov Kara to, 86yp.aTa rrjs 
 crvvKhqTov Kal vewKopos 
 'ApTefuSos Kal <f>i\ocre/3acr- 
 
 TOS 'E(f>e<TLO)V 7ToXtS TOP TTETa- 
 
 arov tov dedrpov 8va<j>oprjdev- 
 ra o\ov iirecrKevacrev Kal dirrjp- 
 
No. 5 . 
 
 The people honoured Caius Julius, son of King Alexander, 
 (surnamed) Agrippa, quaestor and propraetor of Asia, both on 
 account of his other virtues and for his goodwill to the city. 
 
 being M. Vipsanius Agrippa, who wrote to the Archons of Ephesus (temp. Augusti) 
 in favour of the Jews, and was a friend of Herod the Great (Joseph, Ant. xvi. 6). 
 
 This inscription cannot well be later than 21 B.C., when Augustus surrendered 
 the province of Asia to the Senate, and then placed it under an avOv-xaTos instead of 
 an ajTiorpar/jyoc (Merivale, Romans under the Empire, c. xxxiv. ; Conybeare and 
 Howson's Life of St. Paul, c. viii.) 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 The city of the Ephesians 
 
 .... and twice temple-warden of the Augusti, according to the 
 decrees of the Senate, and temple-warden of Artemis, and friend 
 of Augustus, entirely repaired and made good the awning of the 
 theatre after it had been torn to pieces, both from other sources 
 and [from the liberality of] 
 Tineius Sacerdos, Proconsul. Farewell. 
 
52 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 TLcrev €K re aWcov iropaw kcu ov . 
 avOvwaTOs 
 
 No. 7 
 
 AvTOKpaTopa Kaicrapa 
 T'ltov Aikiov 'ASpcavbv 
 ' AvTwvelvov Hefiao-rbv 
 
 Evcrefir} 
 tijs Trpa>T7)s Kal p,eyi(TT7)<; 
 fiYjTpoTTokeas t^s Mcrias 
 Kal Sis vecoKopov t£>v Jie/Jao - - • 
 twv E(f>eaioiv rj 770X15 Kal rj fiov^rj 
 Kal 6 Syjjuos e7ri JJeS. UpeuTKetvov 
 avQvrraTOV, \l)T](f>Lcrp,a Trpofiov- 
 Xev0evTO<s TIo. Tep,eKKivov $\a- 
 f3t,avov ypap,p,aTio)s tou 8t]p.ov 
 (jtvXrjs 'ABpiavrj';. 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 53 
 
 The inscription is interesting (among other reasons) because it applies the 
 word rcuKopoe to Ephesus in its capacity of temple-warden both to Artemis and to 
 the Emperors, as do also certain coins of Caracalla, reading E^ECICUN TP1C 
 NEOKOPtUN KAI TIIC APTEMIAOC. (Rev. Numism. 1859, p. 305, &c.) 
 
 Q. Tineius Sacerdos was consul a.d. 219. The petasus may probably designate 
 the awnings above the heads of the spectators (see Lucret. iv. 75). If these were 
 supported in the middle by a pole they would somewhat resemble a petasus. 
 
 Rost and Palm cite the Corp. Insc. ii. p. 802, for wiraaoe as the 'roof (Bach, 
 ? awning) of the Odeum. 
 
 No. 7. 
 The city and senate and people of" the Ephesians, the first and 
 
 * 
 
 greatest metropolis of Asia and twice temple-warden of the 
 Augusti, consecrate an image of the Emperor Titus ^Elius 
 Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius, in the time of Ped. 
 Priscinus, 1 proconsul, Publius Gemellinus Flavianus, town-clerk of 
 the people, of the Hadrianean tribe, having proposed the decree. 
 
 1 Peducaeus Priscinus, whose name can scarcely be read, was consul 141 a.d.; 
 and is mentioned in connection with Ephesus in an inscription, Bockh, n. 2966. 
 With this inscription compare n. 2968. 
 
54 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 8. 
 
 <f> 
 
 Aao8i,Kev<; teal 'Ecfrecrios veiKrjcras p-ey- 
 
 aXa Ecfrecnja cepa tcreXacrTi/ca dvSpcov trvyprjv ' 
 
 Aihvpeia iv MetktjTcp dyeveCcov wvypifv • 
 5 Aeia. HefiaoTa oiKovpeviKa iv ylaoSi/ceta dyeveCcov Trvyprjv 
 
 kolvcl .dcrias iv Ecf>e<Ta> dyeveicov Trvypijv ' 
 
 KOLva 'Acrtas iv AaoSiKeia ayeveicov wvyptjv • 
 
 eiriveiKia iv 'E(j)ecrco dyeveicov irvyp,rjv • 
 
 Tpa'iaveia AeXcpiveua iv Ilepydpico dvSpcov irvy]j/qv • 
 10 Ecftecrrja rd peydXa 'E^ecr^tSt * </»,£ dvhpcov Trvyp.rjv ' 
 
 Aeia 2e/3acrTd oiKovpeviKa iv AaohiKela. dv8pcov Trvyprjv ' 
 
 Evo-efieia iv Hot toko is dvSpcov irvyprjv " 
 
 SepacTTa iv NeairoXei dvSpaJv irvyprjv " 
 
 TT\v i£ Apyovs datrCBa dvSpcov Trvyprjv " 
 15 'ApTe/xeio-ia iv 'E^ecrcp dvSpcov Trvyprjv ■ 
 
 /ecu TaXavTioiLovs kcu OepaTinovs dvSpcov irvyprfv ' 
 
 dycovoderovvros T. 
 
 IovXlov 'PrjyeCvov dpvi- 
 
 epecos /8 vacov rccv iv 'E<£. 
 
 1 Perhaps a mistake of repetition for mswaerijojei. 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 55 
 
 No. 8. 
 
 (A or B) a citizen of Laodicea and Ephesus, who was the 
 victor in the following contests : 
 
 in the great sacred Ephesia with triumphal entry for boxing 
 
 against men, 
 in the Didymea in Miletus for boxing against youths, 
 
 in the Augustan ecumenical Dia (games in honour of Zeus) in 
 
 Laodicea for boxing against youths, 
 in the Commune Asiae held in Ephesus for boxing against youths, 
 
 in the Commune Asiae held in Laodicea for boxing against youths, 
 
 in the Epinicia in Ephesus for boxing against youths, 
 
 in the Trajanean Delphinia at Pergamus for boxing against men,. 
 
 in the great Ephesia in the 5 1 7th Epheseid for boxing against men, 
 
 in the Augustan ecumenical Dia in Laodicea for boxing against 
 
 men, 
 in the Eusebea at Puteoli for boxing against men, 
 
 in the Augustan at Neapolis (Naples) for boxing against men, 
 
 in the Shield from Argos for boxing against men, 
 
 in the Artemisia at Ephesus for boxing against men, 
 
 and for the contests in which a talent or other money-prize was 
 
 given for boxing against men. 
 Titus Julius Rheginus being the director of the games, being also 
 
 high-priest for the second time of the temples in Ephesus. 
 
56 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 9. 
 
 a.yaivoderovvTO'i St' ala>i>os 
 Ttfiepuov IovXlov 'PrjyeCvov 
 dp^tepews vax&v raw iv 'E(j)ecra>. 
 
 No. IO. 
 $A. TiTiavbs eTrap)(o<> Aiyiirrov 
 
 No. II. 
 MdpKos AvprjXios 'Pov<f>eLvos 
 
 'A\e£av$pei)s Kal 'E<^ecrtos Kal 
 'PoSios fiovXeu. 1 
 
 1 Sic on stone. 
 
 No. 12. 
 Nepova Tpdiavo> KaCcrapc SeftacrTa) Tepp.aviKh , 
 
 to o. ayop.£v(av dytovcov HkefiaaTwv BaXfitWyjcuv ' aytovoOerovvTOS 
 
 $\aoviov 'AvSpa, ypap,p,aTevovTOs rrjs avvoSov KopaKOs 
 
 The inscription is of the reign of Trajan, but probably nothing more definite 
 can be said. The Barbillean games in Ephesus are mentioned in an inscription of 
 Aphrodisias in Caria, not earlier than Hadrian (Bockh, 2810), but not in any 
 inscription of Ephesus contained in Bockh, nor on any coin of the place. Barbillus 
 was an astronomer, in honour of whom these games were instituted by Vespasian. 
 Dion. Cass. lxvi. 9. The stone has ' BAABIAAHQN.' 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 57 
 
 [Notes to Inscription No. 8.) 
 
 This stone like many others interchanges i and el (in the words daeKairriKa, 
 MeiXjjrp, iirivdaa), and has v for £i (in '%<piarja). For the double accusative with 
 yEUricrag see Bockh, n. 2999. 
 
 This would seem either to be an inscription on the base of a statue of the 
 victorious athlete, or a tablet commemorating his name and achievements. An 
 Ephesian inscription commemorates one who increased the prizes (di/jara) of the 
 competitors and raised statues to the victors (Bockh, n. 2954, B). This inscription 
 is quite a lapis dassicus for the names of the contests in which the victor engaged. 
 His name has perished, though we still know the cities of which he was a joint- 
 citizen. The greater part of these contests are named elsewhere : see Bockh, n. 2810 
 (Aphrodisias), for njv e$ "Apyove aa-n-iSa, n. 1720 (Delphi), for the EW/W iv 
 QortoXoie, and those iv NcairoXfi, and the Athenian inscriptions relating to the 
 victories in the gymnastic contests, particularly nos. 232, 234, 247, in which last the 
 ayStvn ToXavTiaim and Oe/iariicol are (as here) named together. They are in contrast 
 with the (rTE(j>av~iTa.i aywvEq, in which the prize was a wreath. Several of them are 
 also mentioned on coins, as the Koira 'Acriac (in more places than one), the Sefiaara, 
 the AiSvuEid, the 'E^tVia, the 'Eim-iiaa, the Iselastica (on various Latin coins of 
 Syria), and the OIkoviieviko., for which see Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. vol. iv. c. xxi. 
 
 The EW/kia at Puteoli were instituted by Antoninus Pius in honour of Hadrian : 
 consequently this inscription must be at least as late as his reign. 
 
 Can the stone-cutter have inscribed 'Ttytorflli in error for ire vrmrnptSt ? See 
 Inscr. No. 18. 
 
 For ayevewt, in contrast with avtSpte and iraJSec in later Greek times, see 
 Bockh on n. 232. 
 
 A high-priest of Asia of the temples in Ephesus is mentioned in Bockh, n. 2987, 
 and many others. 
 
 No. 12. 
 To ... . Nerva Trajanus Caesar Augustus Germanicus, the 
 Augustan Balbillean games being celebrated for the fourth time ; 
 Flavius Andreas being the president of the games, and Corax 
 [the son of ] being the clerk of the assembly 
 
58 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 Splendidissimae 
 civitatis Ephesiorum : 
 Trjs TrpcoTrjs koli fieyicrrrji 
 fjLT)Tpotr6\eois tiJs '/Icrias 
 5 /cat /8 vecoKopov to>v 2e/3a.<TTa>v : 
 
 Aulum Iunium Publii filium Fabia 
 Pastorem, Lucium Caesennium 
 Sospitem Legatum Pro Praetore provinciae 
 Asiae, Praetorem designatum, Tribunum 
 
 10 plebis, Quaestorem Augusti, Tribunum 
 militum leg ionis xm Geminae, Trium- 
 virum aere, argento, auro flando 
 feriundo Seviro Turmae equitum 
 Romanorum, rarissimo viro, 
 
 15 Sextus Iunius Philetus 
 
 et Marcus Antonius Carpus 
 honoris causa. 
 
 H C 
 
GREAT THEATRE. S9 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 Of the most illustrious city of the Ephesians : Of the first and 
 greatest metropolis of Asia and twice Neocorus of the Augusti : 
 Aulus Iunius Pastor of the Fabian tribe, the son of Publius, and 
 Lucius Caesennius Sospes, Propraetorian Legate of the Province 
 of Asia, Praetor designatus, Tribune of the Commons, Quaestor of 
 Augustus, Military Tribune of the 13th Legion, named Gemina, 
 Triumvir of the Mint, Commander (?) of one of the six troops of 
 Roman knights, a most eminent man, have had this monument 
 erected in their honour by Sextus Iunius Philetus and Marcus 
 Antoninus Carpus. 
 
 1 There is apparently something wanting at the beginning, to connect these 
 genitives with the two men honoured, A. Iunius, Pastor of the Fabian tribe, and L. 
 Caesennius Sospes. But then there is some strange hiatus in the sense between 
 ftriundo and Seviro, unless we suppose that the Greek scribe has had his eye caught 
 by the preceding datives, and has written Seviro and rarissimo viro, instead of 
 Sevirum, etc. ; so that it is this same Sospes who is sevir of one of the six troops of 
 Roman Knights, and an incomparable man as well as Master of the Mint, etc. etc. 
 
60 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 14. 
 
 'H Bovkr) Kal 6 8rj/j,o<; ttjs 
 
 'Efiecricov iro\ea)S 
 
 ireiprjcrev 
 
 vcLKTjcravTa 
 
 5 E^ecrrja to. peydXa crTaSiOv, 
 
 Avyovareia iv HepydjjLby crraSiw, 
 
 'Icrdpta. crrdhiov, 
 
 'OXvfnna iv 'A0ijvai<s arrdSiov, 
 
 ttjv i£*Apyov<; 'AcrmSa a-rdStov, 
 10 Nepeua iv "Apyei crrdSiov, 
 
 Uavekhqvia iv 'Adrjvafs crrdSLOv, 
 
 OXvfnna iv TpdXkecrL ardBuov, 
 
 'Icrdpta crraSioi', 
 
 AiZvp.ua iv MeiX^TO) ardSuov, 
 15 Koivbv 'Acrias iv Kv^lko) oTaSioi', 
 
 This inscription was evidently set up, probably by the civic authorities, in 
 honour of an Ephesian athlete, who had been a winner at various games, chiefly in 
 footraces. The form of the lost beginning is easily restored by analogy. Similar 
 inscriptions are not uncommon, as C. I. G. 234, 1068, 1515, 2810, 3208; the 
 various agonistic inscriptions of Attica, Peloponnesus, and Boeotia are collected 
 together in C. I. G. 232-250, 1416-1432, 1579-1591. On the records of Ephesian 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 61 
 
 No. 14. 
 
 ' [The Council and the People of the city of the 
 
 Ephesians honoured for having won] 
 
 in the great Ephesian games a race, 
 
 n the Augustan games at Pergamus a race, 
 
 n the Isthmian games a race, 
 
 n the Olympian games at Athens a race, 
 
 in [the games of] the Shield of Argos a race, 
 
 in the Nemean games at Argos a race, 
 
 n the Panhellenian games at Athens a race, 
 
 n the Olympian games at Tralles a race, 
 
 n the Isthmian games a race, 
 
 n the Didymean games at Miletus a race, 
 
 in [the games of] the Community of Asia at Cyzicus a race, 
 
 athletes, in inscriptions and elsewhere, see Krause, Gymnastik it. Agonik d. 
 Hellenen, 772. 
 
 Line 5 : By the ' Great Ephesian' games [named above No. 8, lines 2, 10] are 
 doubtless meant the Olympian games at Ephesus, also called 'ASptaveia ('A^iara 
 'OXifnria, C. I. G. 2810), in one inscription (2987 b) to. McyoXa "Atyiaveia, and in 
 another (2999) to. MtydXa 'OXfyiria : see Krause, Gymn. 138, 172 ; Olympia, 206 f.; 
 
62 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 ' AcrKkrjireia. kv IIepya.fjLw cttolSlov, 
 'OXv/jLTna iv Tapirw crraSioi', 
 ' ' Avatp.p[$ov avhpwv irivTadKov • 
 aywvoOerovvTos Bl at- 
 20 aivos Ti/3. 'IovX. ' PiyyeCvov, 
 
 ap-^Lepeco<; /3' va.5iv twv 
 
 iv 'Etfrecra), 
 vtto aXenroT7)v(-eiTTT7]v) P. KotrivLov 
 
 cf. 323 f. ; Guhl, Ephesiaca, 124. The double accusative in this and the following 
 lines is in conformity with usage. Line 6 : Augustan games at intervals of five years 
 were largely celebrated in the provinces (Suet. Oct. 59); but Pergamus happens to 
 be one of the few localities already known (Krause in Pauly, R. £. s. v. Augustales). 
 The earliest known temple of Augustan worship in Asia was at Pergamus (Eckhel, 
 D. N. V. vi. 100 f., cited by M. Waddington, Voy. Arch. iii. 245). Line 7 : pro- 
 bably the Isthmian games proper are meant : local Isthmian games seem to have 
 been very rare, two localities only in Asia Minor being known, Ancyra in Galatia 
 and Nicasa in Bithynia (Krause, Pythien Nemeen u. Isthmun, 207 f.). Line 8 : for 
 Olympian games at Athens, early and late, see Krause, Olymp. 210 ff. ; Gymn. 192 f., 
 764. Line 9 : on the games of the Shield of Argos in honour of Hera, referred to 
 in several inscriptions, see Boeckh on Pind. 01. vii. 77; C. F. Hermann-Stark, 
 Goltesd. AH. 52,. 2. Line 10 : in late times the Nemean games proper were cele- 
 brated at Argos : see Boeckh on C. I. G. n 24 (cf. 234, 1068), Krause, Pyth. not; 
 Gymn. 701. Line n : Panhellenian games were not celebrated at Athens till the 
 time of Hadrian (K. O. Miiller, Aeginctica, 157 f., cited by Boeckh 1. c. ; see Krause, 
 Gymn. 764). Line 12 : Tralles is known to have had Olympian games (Krause, 
 Olymp. 232 ff. ; Gymn. 776). Line 13 : on line 4 ; it seems more likely that the 
 Isthmian games proper are intended in both lines than that secondary Isthmian 
 games were celebrated at both Pergamus and Tralles. Line 14 : the Didymean 
 games were celebrated at the oracle of the Branchidae at Didyma near Miletus : see 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 63 
 
 in the Asclepian games at Pergamus a race, 
 in the Olympian games at Tarsus a race, 
 in [the games of] Anazarbus a pentathlon of adults : 
 Tiberius Julius Rheginus, for the second time High Priest of the 
 Temples at Ephesus, being perpetual President of Games : he 
 
 [having been trained] under Caius Cosinius as Anointer.' 
 
 C. J. G. 2881, 72, -3, -4, -8 ; Krause, Gymn. 13, 773. Line 15 ; Cyzicus is known 
 to have possessed a temple of the Community of Asia (C. I. G. 3662, cited by M. 
 Waddington, 1. a); the games are mentioned in inscriptions (C. I. G. 3674 ff.) ; 
 various local games of the Community of Asia are referred to here and there, but 
 they have not yet been sufficiently investigated. Line 16 : on the worship of 
 Asclepius at Pergamus see the authorities cited by C. F. Hermann-Stark, 41.18 : this 
 is apparently the only record of the games ; but Asclepian games were celebrated 
 at another more famous Asiatic sanctuary of Asclepius, that of Epidaurus (Krause, 
 Gymn. 702, 736). Lines 17, 18: for Olympian games at Tarsus and Anazarbus, see 
 Krause, Olymp. 206 f., 227 f. ; Gymn. 706, 796. Line 18 : on the pentathlon, see 
 Krause, Gymn. 476-497 ; a winner of many footraces, such as the subject of this 
 inscription, would naturally possess the supple activity which was more necessary 
 than sheer strength for success in the group of five athletic contests (ib. 548 f.). 
 Line 19 : the designation & YU ,yodeTr,g for presidents or umpires of games is common 
 in Greek literature ; but little seems to be known about the tenure of the office. 
 The agonothetes of the Olympian or Hadrianian games is probably here intended : 
 another Ephesian is called apx"! '" 'A<n'ac vai»> tu>v kv 'Efiay mi aywvvOiT>i>> twv 
 /uyaXiov ' Atftiaviiur (C. I. G. 2987 b), and another tov &yu»ot)tTOv t&v rui St/WoS 
 kyttniv Ka\ ypa^arewg rob cr„xuv (2961). Line 20 : Rheginus appears as an Asiatic 
 name in inscriptions and on a coin. Line 21 : on the high priesthood of the 
 Augustan temples of Asia see on inscription No. 4, line 23. Line 19 evidently refers 
 to the original training, which redounded to the credit of the public anointer; this 
 functionary came at last ' almost to hold the place of a dietetic physician ' (Krause, 
 Gymn. 240 ; also 230-243 ; cf. Wyttenbach on Plut. Mor. 133 b). A Caianus 
 Cosinnius is mentioned in an Ephesian inscription (C. I. G. 2983), and Boeckh 
 remarks that the name Cusinnius occurs on Ephesian coins. 
 
64 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 15. 
 
 7775 irpo)Trj<s /cat 
 
 jneytcrTTjs 
 
 [ir)TpoTr6\eo)s 
 
 rrjs 'Acrias /cat /S. vemKopov 
 5 roll' crefiaiTTcov Ecfiecricov 7ro\ews 
 
 1^ /3ov\r) /cat 6 8rjfJLos 
 
 iriiirjcrav 
 
 r. 'IovKtov Aovttov, 
 
 T. OveLJ3iov Ovapov Adp,- 
 10 /StXXov ra/xiav /cat avTLCTTpa- 
 
 Tryyov rpiuiv avdwaTwv, 
 
 ttjv TL[x,r]i> avacrTrjcra.i'Twv 
 
 M. ' Avroiviov 
 
 ETrurvyxavov 
 15 crw Kapna) /cat 'ETTtTT'yyat'a) 
 
 Tots Te'/Cl'OtS 
 
 tov eai/Twt' evepyeTtji/. 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 
 
 65 
 
 No. 15. 
 
 The Council and the People of the city of the Ephesians, the 
 chief and greatest metropolis of Asia, and twice Temple-Warden 
 of the Augusti, 
 
 (thus) honoured Gaius Julius Lupus, Titus Vibius Varus Lambillus, 
 steward and propraetor to three proconsuls : 
 
 the (statue) being erected by Marcus Antonius Epitynchanus 
 together with his children Carpus and Epitynchanus in honour of 
 their benefactor. 
 
 No. 16. 
 
 S. TI. CLAV 
 
 . . CIVITATIS. EPH 
 
 RAVIT. V. K 
 
 ILVNTVR. EA. FIDE. ET. C 
 QVALIS. ET. PERPETVA. I . 
 
 . . VIGENTIS. SIM 
 
 NIFIC 
 
66 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 17. 
 
 AvTOKparcop Kaicrap, 0eov Tpdiavov JJapOiKov vio?, 
 ffeov Nepova viwvos, Tpaiavbs 'ASpiavbs Jje^SaoTOS, 
 apxiepevs peyLo-Tos, Brjpap^LKrj's efoucrias to 8', 
 viraTOS to y , Effaeo-Ccov rfj yepovcria ^aipuv. 
 5 MtTTcos MoSecrros 6 /cparioros ev hroLrjcrev to. 8lk- 
 ata Karavet/Aas ei' tt) Kpicrei. 'Eirel Se 7roX.\ous iBrjXmcraTe 
 <T<f>€Tepi^ecr0ai ^prjpaTa vperepa oucrtas Ta>v.8eBapeicrp.e- 
 vcav /ca/re^wras, ou (^acr/coz-ras Se Kkiqpovopeiv, rows Se 
 Kai clvtovs -^pecoo~Ta<; ovras, Treiropfia. vputv to avTiypa^iov 
 10 toC \lir)<f)io~p.aTos KopvrjXCcp IIpeio-K(i) t<S KpaTio-Tw 
 avdviraTO} uva ei ri TotouTOf etij, irnXe^rjTai twol, 
 os Kptvel te Tap.(f)i.o-/37]T0vpepa ko.1 elo-rrpd£ei irdvTa, 
 ocra a^ 6(j)ei,\.r)Ta.i rfj yepovaua. 'O TTpeo-fievcov rjv 
 KaovceWios 'Attlkos u> to icfroBcov SodajTco eiye /x^ 
 lo TrpoiKa vireax^To irpeo-fievo-eiv. Evtv^cItc. Ilpb 4 K.'OKTcufipMv. 
 Tpipp.a.TevovTo<; UoTrkiov PovTtCklov Bdaaov. 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 67 
 
 No. 17. 
 
 The Emperor Caesar, son of the deified Trajan, conqueror of 
 Parthia and grandson of the deified Nerva, Trajanus Adrianus 
 Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribune of the people for the fourth 
 time, Consul for the third, to the Senate of the Ephesians, greeting : 
 
 The most worthy man Mettius Modestus did well in apportion- 
 ing the proper shares in his judgment. And whereas ye have 
 shewn that many persons are appropriating your moneys by retain- 
 ing the property of some who have borrowed, not claiming to be 
 the inheritors, and others who are themselves in the position of 
 debtors, I have sent your copy of the decree to the right excellent 
 Cornelius Priscus, Proconsul, in order that, if anything of the 
 kind should exist, he may select some person who shall decide on 
 the matters in dispute, and shall enforce payment of all moneys, 
 whatever may be due to the Senate. The Commissioner appointed 
 was Cascellius Atticus, to whom the expenses of the journey must 
 be paid, unless indeed he undertook to be Commissioner gratis. 
 Farewell. On the fifth before the Calends of October (Sept. 
 27), in the year when Publius Rutilius Bassus was clerk of the 
 senate. 
 
68 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 1 8. 
 
 tov vp,vq>8ov UpoKrjpv£, ypa/jL- 
 /xaxeus Aopiaveiwu, u/wojSos vep.rjTr]<; 
 fiovXrjs yepovo-uas xP V(r0( t > °P av 
 ■qyciiviaaTo dywms rpeis, i<TTe<f>07) Sva), 
 a.ya>vo6e.TOvvTo<s St' ataii/os Tt/3. 'JouX. 
 Prjyeuvov ' ' Aaiap^ov fi'. vacov t£>v iu 'Etfreaa) 
 rfjs </>t£. UefTaerT//3t8os. 
 
 No. 19. 
 
 ypa.p>p.aTev6vT<i>v tov iepcaraTov crvvehpiov tov /uo-^wtWou, 
 
 M. _4vp. Jtowcri/cXeovs Kopfiovkwos /cat ^u/3. Aiovvo-'lov A'mttov 
 Qeoivoq o-vvemp.e\.r)craiJLev(ov Trjs 8ei,TTvo(f>opLaicrj<s Trop,irrj<;. T 'IovXlov 
 iTnrapxpv (I) 1 koI Avp.' AKkwqov /cat ' Ao-toitiov Evtvx ov s Noweviov 
 
 /cat Tifi. Kk 
 
 The stone has imiEAXPY. 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 69 
 
 No. 18. 
 
 The herald attending on the sacrifices of the Composer to the 
 Theatre, clerk of the Adrianea, himself a composer, comptroller to 
 the Senate, the Council of Elders, and the gold-bearers, 1 engaged 
 in three contests, and was crowned victor in two ; Tiberius Julius 
 Rheginus for the second time Asiarch of the temples in Ephesus 
 in the 517th lustrum, being life- President of the games. 
 
 1 Wearers of golden ornaments or gold-embroidered robes on high occasions in 
 
 the irpuilpia. 
 
 No. 19. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius Dionysicles [son of ?] Corbulo, and Aurelius 
 Dionysius Distus, son of Theo, being secretaries of the most 
 sacred assembly of the Misthoterium ; Caius Julius Hipparchus, 
 and Aurelius Alcinous, and Astatius Eutyches, son of Nunechius, 
 
 and Tiberius Claudius having joint care of the 
 
 procession of Deipnophori. 1 
 
 1 Like the Daphnephoria, solemn convoys of meat offerings to the temples. 
 
70 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 20. 
 
 . . . Kara to e£rjs 'Po&ov 
 
 *A\eLa ttolCScov av$pa>v 
 
 iv 'E(f>i(ra) Tralhcov 'OXvfMna 
 
 iv E<f)eaq> rraiScov BakfiLWyja 
 5 A6rjva<; Traiocov IlaveXkyjvLa 
 
 iv TpaWecrLV ttclC&cov dvSpatv 
 
 Okvfiiria, 'Pdip/qv KavLTCoXua 
 
 dyeveicov, NeairoXw 'XefSao-Ta. 
 
 dyeveicov, iv NeiKoiroXei. dyevetcov 
 10 ' 'Aktiol, iv "Apyei dyeveCcov Nejxeia, 
 
 iv 'E<j>io-ci) dyeveiuav Apre/jLCLcrca, 
 
 iv ' IepaitoXei ayeveCcov 'AnoXXcovei-a. 
 
 iTroirjcra Se Kal 'OXvp-irta Ta iv IleCcrr) lepav x 
 
 iv AaooiKeia, dvopcov Aeia., iv Sdp8eo~LV 
 15 dvSpcov -)(pvo-oiv6iva, Zfivpvav 
 
 Kara, to e^iys 'OXvp,TTLa, Trj<s crwdSou 
 
 Aopuava. ' OXv/nna. dvSpaiv Trvyp-rjv^ 
 
 1 o Sevrepov 'Avaficov 2 iv IleCo-r) 
 
 iTeLjjLTtjdrjv dvBptavTi Kal fiovXrj. 
 
 1 itpav is on the stone, but would seem to be an error for lepa. 
 * Error, it would seem, for avlp&v. 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 71 
 
 No. 20. 
 
 in the regular order at Rhodes 
 
 in the Alean games with boys and men ; 
 
 at Ephesus, the Olympian with boys ; 
 
 at Ephesus, the Balbillean with boys ; 
 
 at Athens, the Panhellenic with boys ; 
 
 at Tralles, the Olympian with boys and men ; 
 
 at Rome, the Capitoline games with striplings ; 
 
 at Neapolis, the Augustan with striplings ; 
 
 at Nicopolis, the Actian with striplings ; 
 
 at Argos, the Nemean with striplings ; 
 
 at Ephesus, the Artemisia with striplings ; 
 
 at Hierapolis, the Apollonia with striplings ; 
 
 I performed also in the Olympian sacred contests at Pisa ; 
 
 at Laodicea, the games in honour of Zeus with men ; 
 
 at S'ardis, the Chrysanthine with men ; 
 
 at Smyrna, in the regular order at the Olympia of the [athletic] 
 
 guild, and the Hadrianean Olympia with men in boxing, 
 for the second time with men(?). At Pisa ; 
 I was honoured with a statue, and a seat in the Council. 
 
72 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 21. 
 
 VENDO CON 
 
 PLACET. EX. CONSTITYTIONE.VEDI.POLLIONIS. CON 
 
 INVICEM. DANDI. AVT. ACCIPIENDI. ESSE. NON. PLACET 
 ET. INPENSA. SVPERVACVA. REM. PVBLICAM. ONERANT . . 
 ITEM. SERVOS. PVBLICOS. QVI. DICVNTVR. INFANTES. EXIG . . 
 IPSORVM. ALANTVR. VICARIS. SVIS. PLACET. IP.. 
 DIANAE. INPORTIONE. OPSONL DICVNTVR. ESSE. DIV . . 
 
 TVM. VEDI. POLLIONIS. CONSTITVTIONE. CON . . 
 
 IAPI 
 
 . . . AVT 
 
 ONTIA. ET. VETVS. 
 . OPIBVS. NEC. SVF. 
 
 I. EXPEDIRE. QVOTIENS. 
 . . VOCANT. AVT. AVCTI 
 . . . NON. AGVNT. DILEC 
 
 NT. QVANTVM 
 
 M. COMPENDIVM. 
 
 S. FAC 
 
 Letters dotted under are doubtful. 
 The relative positions of these ten fragments is uncertain. 
 
GREAT THEATRE. 73 
 
 No. 22. 
 
 TrpvTavevcra(rai>, 
 
 fj Kal SieSefaTO rr/v vpvTavet- 
 av napa tov iavrrjs vuov, 
 M. KoikCov UleKovvSov Aop.La.vov 
 rr)v avdo-TacrLV TTOLrjarapevov, 
 Ko . AoWiov Ko . vov, Aioo-Kopov 
 tov Trarpbs avrrjs irpaTO- 
 KOvpyjTOS Kal ypappareo)? 
 rr}s fibvXrjs. 
 
 No. 22. 
 
 having held the office of President, who also re- 
 ceived in succession the presidency from her own son, Marcus 
 Coelius Secundus Domianus having caused the restoration to be 
 made, Quintus Lollius Dioscurus, son of Quintus, her father, being 
 chief of the Curetes and secretary to the Council. 
 
74 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE GREAT THEATRE. 
 
 No. 23. 
 
 .... MevdvSpov (?) UacrcraXa to y6 
 
 MerayeiTviatvos l/3 
 
 .... Kopvomov (?) "Zoma/rpov 2 ip(ovr/o<; (?) . . . 
 ypapparev? (?) tot) Byjpov 6 /cat cd/ros /SacrtXevs 
 
 s /cat 01 (TTpaT-qyoi Trjs TroXews 
 
 vcrtv . . . rds irepl ray vSaTtov 
 
 7rept avTu>v evypacpa 
 
 \jjr)(f>io-paTa vtto tov 8 . 1 
 
 kclto. rd? TrpovTrap)(ovaa<; 
 
 epypa<j>a 
 
 aTrop.epicrp.ov t£>v 
 
 are 
 
 No. 24. 
 
 /Dei# 
 
 eTTLKXyjOeis Tpavs SoXtvo- 
 Spo/xos vet/ojcras .... 
 T"r)v TrepuoSou /cat t/hs 
 'OXvpnia tol iv IIzLo-r) 
 Kara to ££rjs /cat rows 
 irepovs dyawas 
 7rdVras. 
 
 The text of these two inscriptions (Nos. 23 and 24) is uncertain. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 FROM 
 
 TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI, &c 
 
 A 
 
 r 
 
 OBflMOJKAIHKAOAYTOYEniKEIMENHZOPOSEiTINAYP^fflfPOIYXEBB-A-IIEAEYQEP 
 AEKAAAPXQY'KAIAYPHAIAXAAEiANAPASroWIKOZAYTOY-KAlTEKNaN"""""* 
 
 AYTHHCOPOCSCTINAAY TTO I KAITGKNflN AYTOY 
 
 ro 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM 
 
 NO. I. 
 (From a tomb near the Magnesian Gate.) 
 
 evTa,TTov<s 6 ra<£os iraioos 
 
 7raTjOOs re <jvv auT<5 ' 
 MapkeWeZvo<s erjv dfi(f)OTepov 
 
 OVOfJLOL ' 
 
 . aWot fiev (TTe<f>dvoi<ri. ^oais 
 
 8aKvpois re kcu gjScus 
 rei/Afticriv rov crov, MapKeXkeive, 
 
 ' AvriyQbiv 8' 6 iraTTjp ^iv^tjv 
 
 so./ » /$ 
 
 toiav GTTeocoKev 
 rowov e^etv idikwv ovvop.a 
 Kal ddvarov. 1 
 Hanc aram si quis temptaverit transferre aut in terram excidere, 
 aut alias amoveri curam fecerit, dabet 2 fisco poenam nominatim 
 HS. X. MM. HS. Haec ara defenditur ab ieis qui sunt in 
 Tabulario Ephesi. 
 
 0L\ovfievrj dvSpl lSiq> Kal tekj/ois Ik tuv ISCcou. 
 
TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI, ETC. 
 
 NO. I. 
 
 Seven feet [long] is the tomb, of son and father together, 
 
 Marcellinus was the name of both. 
 Others with garlands, libations, with tears and hymns, 
 
 Pay honour to thy tomb, Marcellinus ; 
 But thy father, Antichthon, offered his own life, 
 
 Wishing to share both name and death. 
 
 If anyone shall attempt to move away this altar or throw it 
 down on the ground, or shall cause it to be removed elsewhere, 
 he shall pay a penalty to the imperial treasury, viz. 12,000 
 sesterces. This altar is under the protection of those who are 
 (mentioned ?) in the Record Office of Ephesus. 
 
 Philumena (erected this) to her own husband and children at 
 
 her own cost. 
 
 1 This epitaph is in elegiac verse with metrical peculiarities ; see eit-Tcnrovc and 
 MapKeXkelve. 
 
 2 Dabet is perhaps an error for dabit ; or we might read debet. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 (Inscription on marble sarcophagus and pier under west side of road to Magnesia 
 
 ad Maeandrum.) 
 
 DIS MANIBVS 
 T. VALERIC T. F. SECVNDO. MILITIS. COH 
 OR TIS VII 
 
 PRAETORIAE. CENTVRIAE. SEVERI 
 T. VALERIVS. T. F. SECVNDVS. MILES. 
 COHORTIS. VII. PRAETORIAE. CEN 
 TVRIAE. SEVERI. DOMO. LIGVRFAE 
 MILITAVIT. ANNIS. VIII. STATI 
 ONARIVS. EPHESI. VIXIT 
 ANNOS. XXVI. MENSES VI. 
 
TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI, ETC. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 (From a cippus on the road to Magnesia ad Maeandrum.) 
 
 M. HELVIO. L. F. FAL. 
 
 GEMINO. ITT. VIR. A. A. A. 
 
 F. F. SALIO. PALATINO. TRIB. 
 
 MILIT. LEG. XVI. GERMANIAE 
 Q. CAESARIS. PRAET. LEG. MACED. 
 PRO. PR. LEG. ASIAE. PRO. PRAET. 
 ADLECTO. INTER PATRICIOS. A. 
 DIVO CLAVDIO. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 (From a handsome marble monument on the road to Magnesia ad Maeandrum.) 
 
 M. CALPVRNIO. M. F. COL. RVFO. 
 
 PRAEF. FRVMENTI 
 
 EX. S. C. 
 
 LEG. PRO. CYPRO PR. PR 
 
 ET. PONTO ET. BITHYNIAE 
 
 ET. PRO. ASIAE. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM 
 
 No. 5, 
 
 A. Atinnius Noember Novilliae Pyrallidi 
 
 Coiugi suae carissimae fecit sibi familiaeque (?) 
 
 XXavSta Mdyva TifiepCov KkavSCov Aioyv-qTOV yvvrf fidp,p,rj 181a. 
 
 os a,v ravTa tol ypdfifiaTa ck/coi/^, r) 
 
 aXkorpia octtS fiaXr), vtt€v0vpo<s eo~T(o tTj yepovaCa X- CN. 
 
 koX rots rajouais ttjs 7rd\e<us •X* CN. 
 
 Ztflcrev irrj hq, ju/jji/cs /3, upas S. 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 (From a tomb on the road to Magnesia.) 
 Ei ti<; tovtov tov /3a>p,ov rj to fivT]p,eiov rj d(j)avCcreL rj 
 KaTao-Tpexjjet r) ypdp.p,a e/cKd'»//ei, Stucrei eis tov <f)[o~Kov "X M. B. $. 
 Os av iirdvo) 1 tov r)pa>ov tovtov rj aopov iiriOf} rj fiojfiov, SaJtret 
 eis E(f)4o-t,ov (fiCo-KOv to irpoyeypap^pivov irp6o~Ttp,ov. 
 1 Or vircoavid. The transcript has airtpiavu). 
 
TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI, ETC. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 Aulus Atinnius Noember to Novilla Pyrallis 
 
 His dearly beloved wife, had this made for himself and for his family. 
 
 Claudia Magna, wife of Tiberius Claudius Diognetus, 
 
 to her own mother. 
 
 whosoever this inscription shall erase, or throw in the bones of 
 
 another, be he responsible to the Senate for the sum of 2^6 
 
 denarii ] and to the treasurers of the city for the sum of 250 denarii. 1 
 
 She lived 38 years, 2 months, 4 hours. 
 
 1 The numbers meant, both here and in the next inscription, cannot be deter- 
 mined with certainty. 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 If anyone shall either destroy or throw down this altar or tomb, 
 or shall erase a letter, he shall pay to the exchequer 2,500 denarii. 1 
 
 Whosoever shall place either a sarcophagus or an altar upon 
 this sanctuary shall pay the afore-mentioned penalty to the Ephe- 
 sian exchequer. 
 
No. 7. 
 
 {From a sarcophagus near junction of roads between the Coressian Gate and the Temple.) 
 
 avTT) 7} ctojoos ioTiv KaX 6 inroKeCpevos /3a>pb<s M. Hop. Bopcovos 'Iarpov 
 
 <f><\ocre/3dcrTov. t,fj. 
 KaX OiikirCas Neiictjs yvvauKos avTOv. tfi 
 
 ets tyjv 1 irepco ovhevl efecrrai pkqdrjvai, lav Se tis erepov fidkr) vTapa 
 V jpdppa £kko\}itj ri iraXijay, prj IvirX-qa-dono p-rfre fi'iov firJTe t4k- 
 v<av p,rjTe o-aj/Aoxos, /uifre 6 irahjcras pijTe 6 ayopdcras. 
 Tijs aropov K7]SovTai, to crvviSpiov, ol Iv 'E<j)ecra oltto tov Moucreiou laxpoi, 
 oil's KadLepaio-dTr/v eis ickrjpov M.A.K. ■¥: X. 
 1 Perhaps the stone was intended to have rig t!\v aopov. 
 
 No. 8. 
 
 iav oe tis irapa. tovs yeypappivows SeoTTTas * 
 
 rj ypdppa e/CKoi/rc? r) irci>Xr)crai 0eXrj(rrj to 
 
 pvrjpeiov, Scocrei t<w Tap.ua ■& B # 
 
 KuX CIS T7)U ttoXlv -X" B <£. 
 
 1 Sic. Perhaps for heoirorag, meaning ' besides the owners whose names are in- 
 scribed.' 
 
TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI, ETC 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 This sarcophagus with the altar beneath is the property of 
 Marcus Pomponius Boro the physician, the friend of Augustus (he 
 yet lives) ; and also of Ulpia Nika his wife (she too is alive). 
 
 It shall not be lawful for anyone else to be laid in it ; and if 
 anyone lays in it any other corpse, or erases the inscription, or 
 sells the tomb, may he have no enjoyment either in his life, or in 
 his children, or in his own body ; and this applies to either seller 
 or buyer. 
 
 This sarcophagus is under the care of the Board of Physicians 
 of the Museum in Ephesus, for whom they consecrated it 1 as an 
 hereditary possession. 
 
 1 The concluding letters specify a sum of money in drachmae or denarii. 
 
 No. 8. 
 
 But if anyone contrary to the written [? J shall either erase a 
 letter or desire to sell the tomb, he shall give to the treasury 
 2,500 denarii and to the city 2,500 denarii. 
 
io INSCRIPTIONS FROM 
 
 No. 9. 
 
 (From a tomb near the Magnesian Gate!) 
 
 Avtt) 17 cropos icrriv Avprjkiov 
 'HpcoSov tov koX Zev^ave/xCov 
 /cat Avprjkicvs Air<f>La<s kcu riKvcav ovtcov. 
 Zoxtlv. 
 
 No. IO. 
 
 (From a tablet over door of tomb!) 
 
 V. P. TERENTIVS. OLYMPVS. SIBI 
 ET. OCTAVIAE. PAVLAE. V. VXORI 
 SVAE. SVISQVE. 
 
 ZH. H. TEPENTIOZ 0ATMII02 
 EATTfl KAI OKTABIA nATAA ZH 
 TH TTNAIKI KAI TOIH IAI0I2. 
 
TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI, ETC. 
 
 No. 9. 
 This sarcophagus belongs to Aurelius H erodes, also called 
 . Zeuxanemius, and Aurelia Apphia, and their children. In their 
 lifetime. 
 
 (The following inscriptions, from Nos. i\ to 21, are from tombs or sarcophagi in the 
 Via Sacra, the road from the Magnesian Gate to the Temple of Diana.) 
 
 No. 11. 
 
 L. MEMMIVS. T. E 
 
 OVE 
 
 TARRICHINENSIS. HEIC. SITVS 
 
 EST. 
 
 No. 12. 
 
 {From a small marble sarcophagus in the Via Sacra.) 
 
 P. CORNELL NICEPHORI. NOMENCLATORIS. 
 n. KOPNHAIOT. NEIKHQOPOT. NOMEISKAATOPOS '. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 Tl. KXa. Evrvxps tfxiv to p,vr}p,eLov KaTeo~Kevao-ev 
 kavTw Kal KXavhia Movo"tj rfj yvvaud Kal KXav. Bevovorr) 
 Trj Ovyarpl /ecu T. Mapio) MapKeXXco to. yavfipai Kal Ti. KXav. Bevovarco 
 to) via koli Tots tovtcov e/cyoVois Kal tois a.Tre\ev0epoi<s. 
 
 No. 14. 
 
 Tovto to v)p£ov aw toi> <r<oXapia> Kal tois iiriKeipivois 6crTO0rj- 
 Kapiois Svo iarlv Avp. Evr&xpvs EvoSov fiovXevrov Kal Avp. Tarias 
 t^s yvvaiKO'i avTov Kal tAkvwv airwv. El Se tis toX/a^ctci irepov 
 TTTtofia ddifiai rj ypdp,p.a iKKoifiai, Scocrci tS Tap.ei<o 4f B <&. Zmcriv. 
 
TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI, ETC. 13 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 Ti. Claudius Eutychus in his lifetime erected the tomb for 
 himself and Claudia Musa his wife, and Claudia Venusta his 
 daughter, and T. Marius Marcellus his son-in-law, and Ti. Claudius 
 Venustus his son, and their descendants, and to his freedmen. 
 
 No. 14. 
 
 This sanctuary with the terrace and the two ossuaries that are 
 thereupon belongs to Aurelius Eutyches Euhodus, a councillor, 
 and to Aurelia Tatia his wife, and to their children. But if any- 
 one shall dare to bury another body herein or to erase a letter, he 
 shall pay to the treasury 2,500 denarii. In their lifetime. 
 
i 4 INSCRIPTIONS FROM 
 
 No. 15. 
 
 Tovto to r)paiov KaX 6 oVeros toVos icmv 
 noviroivias $avcrTeivr)<s KocrjtMjTei/Jijs ttjs '-4pTe/uSos 
 dirb Trpoyovwv kcu MevdvSpov dv&pbs avrijs. Tov 
 r)pa>ov k7]8ovtq.i Avp . . . kcu NetKcov kcu 04 Xiwoi av 
 aire\ev6epoL MevdvSpov tovtov o-io'ctos 6 davir .... fia. 
 Zrjt. 
 
 No. 16. 
 
 Avtt) r) cropbs kcu 6 ^Soj/aos 6 XLQwos koX 6 TrepifioXos 
 
 6 irepl ovtov ecTTiv Hoju,7reias Aioytvias 
 
 kcu MdpKov HepfitXiov 'AXe^dvSpov kcu t4kv. avrwv. ZShtw. 
 
 - '--' - - No. 17. 
 
 ToUTO TO f]p<£6v icTTLV KCU 7) KO.T CLVTOV CT0/30S <TVV TCu 
 
 irepifioXo) Avp. XpvcrepaiTos He/3. direXevOdpov Se<aSdp)(ov kcu 
 TeKvcov avTov kcu Ouewias KcwreTaAeu'ij? yvvaiKos avrov. Zcicriv. 
 
No. 15. 
 This shrine and the dedicated spot belong to Pomponia 
 Faustina, priestess of Artemis, an hereditary office, and to Menan- 
 dros her husband. The shrine is under the care of Aur .... 
 and Neikon and the rest of the freedmen of Menandros. 
 
 [Remainder unintelligible^ 
 
 No. 16. 
 This sarcophagus and the stone altar and the enclosure which 
 is around it belong to Pompeia Diogenia and Marcus Servilius 
 Alexander, and their children. In their lifetime. 
 
 No. 17. 
 This sanctuary and the sarcophagus which is along it, 
 with the enclosure, belong to Aurelius Chryseros, a freedman of 
 Augustus, a decurio, and to his children, and to Vennia Capitolina 
 his wife. In their lifetime. 
 
16 INSCRIPTIONS FROM 
 
 NO. 1 8. 
 A. Kakjrovpv'ua Ka\irovpviavq> 
 T. Ka\TrovpPLo<s Kvivruwhs 'A(j>pLKav6<; 
 /career icevacrev criiv rrj iK/3aGrp.ei$cocret, 
 
 TOV fttOflOV. 
 
 'Ptjvco Trap irorapco yevoprjv, ildWirra 8e /jujrrjp, 
 
 KvivTLavbs Se Trarr/p, UpoutriaSos Se Trdrp'qs, 
 KakTTovpviavbs 8' ovvopa. err] 8' inl irevre \6yoitriv 
 Elv 'Ecjtecrtp cr^oXacras ei/cocrenjs eOavov. 
 'O evo^Xijcras rovrco tco fitofuqi fj T<S tottco Kara/3a\el el<s rbv (Jhctkov 
 ■3f fivpia. 
 
 No. 19. 
 
 ".418775 vv/j.^>l8i(ou KpaSvrjv TreTr\r)06ra Aeicrpcov 
 
 Zui'Ckov ata/cT&i r^JS' vneuacrcre rd<f>a>, 
 Kakrj re yvoyrrj re TravaiZourj HrparoviKrj 
 
 yeivar ' i\e£av§pov Kovpov bp'qyevea, 
 dorois Kal icLvouri Trpocrrjveas ierdXa. pev elireiv, 
 
 icrdka Se fcai /5e'£ai irairas eVicrra/xeVovs. 
 AyToyeves, crii Se 7raiSas eV fipcoecrcri, <f>v\dcrcroL<s, 
 
 KeKkifLevmv alel ^Zpov enep^opevo^. 
 
TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI, ETC. 17 
 
 NO. I a 
 To Lucius Calpurnius Calpurnianus 
 Titus Calpurnius Quintianus Africanus 
 set up and furnished with its plinth 
 this altar. 
 I was born by the river Rhenus, Pollitta was my mother, 
 Quintianus my father, Prusias my country, Calpurnianus my name, 
 and after studying for five years philosophy at Ephesus, I died 
 at the age of twenty years. 
 
 Any person molesting this altar or place shall pay ten thousand 
 denarii into the imperial treasury. 
 
 No. 19. 
 
 ' Hades (Death) laid beneath this much-lamented tomb [Zoilus] 
 
 satisfied in heart with his first marriage-bed, and fair as she was 
 
 and beloved by him, she bore a boy Alexander at the same birth 
 
 with the much-revered Stratonice. Kind they were in speaking 
 
 good words to citizens and strangers, and well too they knew how 
 
 to do good deeds to all. Son of Latona ! may'st thou keep these 
 
 children among the heroes (below), ever visiting the spot where 
 
 they lie buried.' 
 
 In the first and second lines the names are conjectural, the termination only of 
 the latter being legible. In line 3 TErNiiTIITE is quite certain, and the letter pre- 
 ceding seems to have been H. The verse allows only of two or three syllables 
 supplied. Hesychius has : y^wr?/ • aSe\(j>fi, ?; kpupivn. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM 
 
 No. 20. 
 
 Dis Manibus : 
 Aciliae Lamyrae coniugi 
 carissimae : Apollonius 
 August! nostri verna, arcarius Pro- 
 vinciae Asiae, hoc monumentum 
 cum sarcophago fecit et sibi et su- 
 is. Quorum curam agunt collegia 
 libe rtorum et servorum domini nostri Augusti 
 i nfra s cripta , Magnum et Minervium tabulari- 
 orum et Faustinianum commen- 
 tarensium et decurionum et ta- 
 bellariorum. 
 Hoc monumentum heredem non sequitur. 
 
TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI, ETC. 19 
 
 No. 20, 
 
 Sacred to the gods Manes. 1 In honour of his beloved wife 
 Acilia Lamyra, Apollonius born slave of our Lord Augustus, 
 cashier of the Province of Asia, erected this monument together 
 with a sarcophagus for himself and his family. The custody of 
 these (the monument and the sarcophagus) is given to the colleges, 
 enumerated below, 2 of the freedmen and the slaves of our Lord 
 Augustus, to wit the Great college and the Minervian college of 
 accountants and the Faustinian college of registrars and overseers 
 and keepers of the archives. This monument does not fall to the 
 heir. 
 
 1 Or»holy spirits of the dead. 
 
 2 It is clearly AVG. I. S. on the stone. The Faustinian was a college in honour 
 of Faustina. 
 
2o INSCRIPTIONS FROM TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI, ETC. 
 
 No. 21. 
 
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No. 2. 
 
 (Found at the junction of the roads near the Coressian gate, three or four stadia from the 
 
 Peribolus ; but not in situ.) 
 
 A 
 
 io-Trjcrap.ev TrevTeKcuSeKaTrjv <tttJ- 
 
 \r)v trp oq rfj lepa X^P9-) KaL e/fKaiSeKcmp anjkrjv 7rpos rots tepots, &>s 17 
 
 aufiacna, olvt- 
 i£vyov r/Js <TTa6acr7}<; ' Trpoekdovres Be ia-Tt]crafiev e7TTa/catSe/caTiji' 0-07X171/ 
 
 irpos rots opuois rots kou TrpoeXdovTes ofjioicos ecrrijcrajLiei' 6- 
 
 KT(QK<u8eK<iTr]v (rrrjhfjv 6(jlolcd<; Se Trpoekdovres io-Trjo-a,p.ev 
 
 ivvea.Kcu$eKa.T7]u uttJXtjv • 6/aoicds Se icrTij(rap,ev elKoo-rrjv <mj\r)U a 
 
 io" rots ' raura Se ecr 
 
 B 
 
 . T1JS Se/COtTTJS (rT7J\.r)S 
 
 Kara to yiveiov tov . 
 tijs ivdrrjs cmjXijs /c . 
 ttjs oySo^s 0T17X17S o . 
 ofioia>$ Se io-TyjcrafjLev . 
 
CI7 Y AND SUB URBS. Ig 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 A 
 
 ' [we set up a fifteenth [stel/] against the sacred 
 
 domain, [and a sixteenth] against the temples, at (or where) the 
 stone-fence is, [opposite to] that which had been set up : [and 
 going on] we set up a seventeenth steU against the boundaries that 
 
 : and going on we in like manner set up an eighteenth 
 
 steU : and in like manner going on we set up a nine- 
 teenth \stele ; and in like manner] we set up a twentieth steU .... 
 and these ' 
 
 B 
 
 . of [the] tenth [sield] 
 
 down the chin (or beard) 1 . . . 
 
 of the ninth steU 
 
 of the eighth steti 
 
 and [in like manner] we set up 
 
 1 Or opposite. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 Part of an inscription recording the means taken to, mark the boundaries of the 
 sacred domain of a temple, doubtless the Temple of Artemis. An inscription at 
 the angle of the Artemisian Peribolus (No. i.) states that Augustus caused the 
 temple of ' the goddess ' (so Gr. : Dianae, Lat.) and the Augusteum to be walled 
 round (nx«j0>>ai, muro mumendum), and two others (2. 3.), likewise attached to 
 the Peribolus a few feet off, state that Augustus ' restored the sacred stelae of the 
 roads and watercourses (piidpui') for Artemis.' One adds that the watercourse has a 
 width of 1 5 cubits, and the other that the road has ' with the watercourse of the river ' 
 a width of 30 cubits ; thereby implying that the road and river (? Selinus) ran side by 
 side, and were of the same width. It seems to follow that the restoration of the stelae 
 was distinct from the building of the Peribolus, while both took place by order of 
 Augustus. We learn from Strabo (xiv. 1. 23, p. 641, Cas.) that Antony having ex- 
 tended the boundary of the sanctuary to double the distance allowed by Mithradates, 
 the concession was annulled by Augustus. When therefore Augustus is said in the 
 inscriptions to have ' restored ' the stelae of the roads and watercourses, the language 
 has special force if they together formed the extreme boundary of Artemisian 
 territory. It is indeed difficult to reconcile the distances given, though vaguely, by 
 Strabo with the supposition that the Peribolus marked only an inner enclosure 
 within the extreme Augustan limits ; for Mithradates is said to have exceeded but 
 slightly the stadium ' from the corner of the roof,' which had formed the interval in 
 an earlier determination by Alexander ; and the Peribolus is a little more than a 
 stadium distant from the site of the Temple. But on the other hand a statement of 
 Strabo that the Antonian sanctuary included ' a certain part of the city ' cannot be 
 strictly true, unless the Antonian boundary was much more than twice as far from 
 the temple as the Peribolus; though it may be justified by the supposition that it 
 refers to the inclusion of outlying suburbs. In any case the inscriptions render it 
 impossible to identify the line marked by the stelae with the line of the Peribolus. It 
 seems probable, therefore, either that Strabo confused the distance of the Peribolus 
 with that of the outer line, or that the limits restored by Augustus were not really 
 Mithradatic, but intermediate in range and date between those of Mithradates and 
 those of Antony, for on many occasions {avrijiri 7roXX<k-ij), says Strabo, the bound- 
 aries of asylum were changed. Old lines of demarcation were not likely to be 
 always entirely obliterated at these successive enlargements ; and thus what had 
 once been the entire domain might easily remain in later days as an inner enclosure, 
 a TifievoQ within a x^e lepog. Nor is it perhaps accidental that we hear of a three- 
 fold sanctuary (rifievos re ko.1 upbv tca\ va.6i>) as dedicated to the Ephesian Artemis 
 
CITY AND SUBURBS. 21 
 
 by Xenophon, at a much earlier time, at Scillus in Elis (Paus. v. 6). So also an 
 Ephesian inscription in C. I. G. (2954 a) states oh juoiw iv r jj fiiitripq. wiikti a \\a 
 
 icai Trapa ro7c aWmc'EWrjat (?) izavra\nv avtiadai uvttjq lepa renal Tt/xivr) nat uvti] 
 [? vaovc] re t iBpvoOai ml /3u)juov£ aratctladcu, where avtiadai followed by re cat shews 
 
 that two kinds of sacred lands (not buildings) are meant, whether Boeckh's supple- 
 ments are exactly right or not : for vaovg he is not responsible. Upon this supposi- 
 tion the present inscription may be assumed to refer to the Augustan restoration 
 recorded in the other inscriptions, and to be a statement of details by the horistae, to 
 whom the religious function of limitation belonged. On the other hand, it would 
 naturally be referred to the Antonian enlargement by those who take the Peribolus 
 as the true Augustan boundary. It is tolerably clear from lines 2 and 3 that the 
 course followed by the horistae did not, at least at that point, intersect the boundary, 
 but coincided with it ; since otherwise one alone of a pair of stelae would not have 
 been described as set ' against the sacred domain.' 
 
 Fragment A. records the placing of stelae, the fifteenth to the twentieth ; fragment 
 B apparently relates to some acts, probably of consecration, performed at or near 
 the several stelae (the tenth to the eighth) in inverse order, doubtless as the horistae 
 retraced their steps. Fragment A consists of two detached portions, which evidently 
 belong to opposite ends of the same lines, the intermediate words being lost. In 
 fragment B, the letters of which are a shade larger and more distant, the greater part 
 of each line is lost. 
 
 A, line 2 : rjj hpq. X<*W : c ^- C- ?• &■ T-9 2 ^, lepbq 6 x^pc rrje 'Apri/xiSoQ k. r. X. ; 
 2919, xwpos ('epos affiAoc kutvvaov TSaKxpv. lb. rote upolg. What these temples were 
 does not appear. The boundary may have been drawn with especial care at this 
 point that neither sanctuary might encroach on the other. The obscure but perfectly 
 legible phrase wc h alfxaaia may indicate either the point where a stone-fence met the 
 road, or the boundary line formed by a stone-fence between the road and the 
 enclosure (rt'/itroc) of 'the temples': w likewise occurs in a somewhat similar 
 inscription a.t Priene (C. I. G. 2905, D, 10 f.), airo Se roirov <ie irapaftpu itapa tuv 
 finvvbv eiQ to airoXrjyov avrov opavQ ETrecoXaJ/o/jEi'. 'Ar riCvy ov is not certain; but it 
 
 gives the right sense, and is of the required length: avriaroixov is too long. One 
 stele was fixed just within the conjoined road and river, the other opposite to it on 
 the other side of the road and river, touching the boundary of 'the temples.' 
 In line 4 after toIq bpiotg to~is about fourteen letters are wanting before rai, and in line 5 
 about ten letters between oTr}\riv and opolwc. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 B, line 2, to yivewv, which is quite distinct, is probably the bearded chin of 
 some statue, on which oil or libations may have been poured by way of consecration 
 (cf. C. F. Hermann, Gottesdienstl. Alterth. 106 ff.). 
 
 The Priene inscription quoted above contains a record of the marking of political 
 boundaries, partly by stelae {iQiiKa^Ev opov), partly by inscriptions on rocks [aWov] 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 (On a loose stone found in the village of Ayasalouk, apparently part of a column.) 
 
 -avr)% LeparevovTOs 
 Sia /3lov tcov irpo 7roXe- 
 
 60? ATj/XrjTpLao-TQJV 
 
 /ecu Alovvctov 0\eo) p,v- 
 cttwv TLtov Avptjkiov 
 nXovrdp^ov, Upcxftav- 
 rovvTos Ho. KXavSiov 
 'ApLo-Tocfxkvovs, iinp,e- 
 \r)TOv Se rSiV p,vo~T7)- 
 
 puav ^aropveCKov 
 
 . (TTOVO . <T . vo<; 
 
CITY AND SUBURBS. 23 
 
 ilpov eTreKo\a\pafi£v). The Ephesian inscription is slightly noticed by E. Curtius 
 (BeHrage zur Gesch. u. ToJ>og. Kleinasiens in Proc. of Berlin Academy, 1872, 
 pp. 28 f.). Tacitus describes briefly an investigation of the claims of asylum urged 
 by various Asiatic temples, including that of Ephesus, which was made by the senate 
 under Tiberius (Ann. iii. 60 ff,). 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 ' . . . . Titus Aurelius Plutarchus being priest for life of the 
 Demetriasts and mystae of Dionysus Phleos without the city, 
 Publius Claudius Aristophanes being hierophant, and Saturneilus 
 .... being commissioner of the mysteries ' 
 
 The subject of the inscription does not appear. What remains of it refers to 
 certain persons holding office in connection with religious mysteries. Line 2 : Im 
 (Siou occurs similarly in other inscriptions, e.g. at Aphrodisias, hpia Sth fiiov dtat, 
 'A^oStVjjc (C. I. G. 2782, 15). On the phrase vpb ttoXewc prefixed to the names of 
 deities see Boeckh in C. J. G. 2963 c, and Waddington, Voy. Arch. iii. n. 1601 : 
 these writers give references to Artemis at Ephesus (2963 c), Demeter at Smyrna 
 as here (3194, 3211), Hecate at Aphrodisias (2796), Dionysus apparently at Thera 
 as here (2462, hpia ha yii ovq tov wpo ttoXewc Atoi'vaqv), and a local deity, Tirymnus, 
 at Thyatira (3493 : cf. 3500); also "OyKa irpb ^oXewc (Athene) at Thebes in Aesch. 
 Theb. 162. Temples so described evidently stood at the entrance of cities, without 
 the gates. Line 3 : Ar^jjrpiaffr/yc is a new word, denoting those who had charge of 
 the festivals or rites in honour of Demeter : many similar titles, as Atoi'viriaaTai, 
 'A(nc\r)Tia<rra(, occur in inscriptions (C. F. Hermann-Stark, Gottesd. Alt. 7 n. 10 : for, 
 67 n. 9). A ovvolot of mystae of Demeter is mentioned in inscriptions of Smyrna 
 (C. I. G. 3194, 3199, 3200). Line 4 contains an obscure name of Dionysus, which 
 
24 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 appears in several forms, <b\ib>s (<6XeW), <b\ei/g, <b\wvg or <I>Xtoc ($X£ioc), and <&Xo«>c. 
 Aelian, V. H. iii. 41, on ro 7roXvi."up7r£'i:i' 01 ap^aioi u)v6/.ia^ov (pX'jciv, odev tov Awvvaov 
 $\e&va knaXow ; Hesych., (DXewe, Aiovvoov iepov ; Herodian, 71-. /xnv. Xe£. p. 6 : ro 
 4>evg (<b\tvs) kirl tov Aioi'ixrov Kciftevoi', we kv rate kirwXriatoiv evpofitv, icaff laropiav 
 early dprifiivov, and so in other gramm. cited by Lobeck (Aglaoph. 402) and others. 
 Etym. Mag. (s. v. <^Xai) OXeuc, 6 Awvvitoq iv X/w, itaph to tvKapwtiv. Schol. Apol. 
 Rhod. i. 115, kcu at/roc %k AtovvooQ <I>X<oSe i>vofxaZ(.T(>, euro tov cpXtiv tov oh'ov, kariv 
 £vdr)veii: Etym. Mag. (s. v. KpToc), ro Sk $Xioc, oi\\xa.ivu c*k tov Awvvaov, k. t. X. 
 Plut. Sytnp. Probl. V. 8, p. 683 E, elvai c*k kcu -S>v 'EXXnvwv Tivac. o? $Xo/w Aiorvatg 
 Qvovniv ; and again he has ro *Xo7oi' twice in a corrupt passage of his Quaest. Graec. 
 (561 p. 303 D), on the pursuit of the Amazons by Dionysus from Ephesus to Samos : 
 cf. <3>Xoiove for $\iovq, as an ancient home of the mysteries, three times in Hipp. 
 Haer. v. 20. The absence of an article after «u seems to shew that a single college 
 of ministrants discharged both offices. In like manner the term ivpb h-oXewc is 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 (From a pedestal found in a building near the Odeum.) 
 Ho. OvrjSiov 
 ' AvtcovIvov, 
 rbv KTio-rrjv 
 Trjs 'E(f>ecrC(DV 
 
 ■fj crvvepyaaCa 
 TOiv \avaploiV. 
 
CITY AND SUBURBS. 25 
 
 apparently common to both seats of worship, though it might belong to the 
 Demetriasts alone. Hitherto there has been hardly more than constructive evidence 
 for Ephesian worship of either Demeter or Dionysus (Guhl, Ephesiaca, 123, 127 £). 
 It seems probable that the worship of Demeter came from Eleusis to Ephesus with 
 the Athenian immigration under Androclus(Guhl) ; and there is evidence that, like 
 Persephone, whom Hesychius states to have been herself called *\o<a by the 
 Laconians, Dionysus was often associated with the Demeter of the mysteries in early 
 times : cf. Preller, Dem. u. Pers. 53 f., 135, 209 ff. ; Gerhard, Mythol. i. 139 f., 453, 
 473 ff. On the names of offices relating to the mysteries see C. F. Hermann-Stark, 
 ubi sup. 32, 55. Line 10 : The forms 2,aTopvel\og and Zaropveivoq both occur in 
 inscriptions as they do in literature. In line n 'lovarov 'Ovairliovoe would fulfil the 
 requirements of space, but cannot be confidently accepted. The transcript doubt- 
 fully indicates as the last word 'O/iritrwvog. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 [To] Publius Vedius Antoninus, the founder of the city of the 
 Ephesians, [erected by] the guild of the woolcarders. 
 
 P. Vedius Antoninus was apparently a favourite of Antoninus Pius, employed 
 by him in the erection of public buildings at Ephesus : see inscriptions from Odeum. 
 This emperor, like Augustus and apparently Hadrian, is called a founder by the 
 Ephesians in another inscription (C. Curtius, 184 ff.) ; and here the title is extended 
 to his local representative. 
 
 The word awtpyaaia, ' guild,' occurs in many Asiatic inscriptions : cf. Boeckh 
 on No. 3480. The woolcarders are properly called epwvpyol : the common Latin 
 term in a Greek dress is known only from the scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, iv. 
 177 (odcv Kai KavupwL Kakovrrai o't KTSnaral). 
 
26 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 (From a pedestal found in excavation on the high ground nearly opposite the Odeum.) 
 
 . . . \lOLV (?) , 
 
 dvyaripa Ti/3. K\. 'Ep/jbeCa 
 
 TOV XajU,7TpOT(XTOU VTTOLTIKOV 
 
 Kcd ^ttXtas Uet^iaSos tt}? 
 5 Kpa.TL(TTr)<s viraTLKrjs, 
 
 dSe\(f>rjv Tl/3. K\. ApaKOVTos 
 StocrtTrd.Tpa'S ©eaWScs 
 
 TO)V KpaTlCTTCiV, 
 
 aveipuav «ai a/rroyovov 
 
 10 TToXkaiV VTraTLKUV, 
 
 <f X. ZdJTLKOS TTjV l8«W 
 
 TraTpcovLaav. 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 (From a gate in street near the Great Theatre.) 
 XpiaTiavo)v fiaa-Ckeuv 
 Trpacrivoiv 
 
 TroXka tol errj 
 Eixrefiecov j3acnkecov 
 
 77"o\Xa TO, €T7) 
 
CITY AND SUBURBS. 27 
 
 •No. 5- 
 
 [To] Aelia (?)... ., daughter of Tiberius Claudius Hermeias, 
 the right illustrious consular, and of ^Elia Peithias, the right 
 excellent consular, sister of Tiberius Claudius Dracon, of 
 Sosipatra [and] Theonis the right excellent, kinswoman and 
 descendant of many consular persons, [erected by] Flavius 
 Zoticus, [she being] his own patroness. 
 
 A sepulchral inscription to a lady by a dependent, probably a freedman. 
 
 Line 1 : Only the bases of four letters remain, taken (perhaps rightly) as belong- 
 ing to YXavliav by C. Curtius, who has published this inscription in Hermes, iv. 
 193 f. Line 3 : C. Curtius takes ov as the last syllable of 'Epjue/ou ; but the analogy 
 of line 4 suggests the article.. Line 12 : The word Trarf/wrwa has been previously 
 known only (in the form -laaa) from the later Greek law-books, cited by Ducarige, 
 
 P- "37- 
 
 C. Curtius points out that the name Flavius indicates a date not earlier than 
 
 that of the Flavian emperors. 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 Of the Christian emperors 
 of the green faction 
 
 may the years be many ! 
 
 Of the pious emperors 
 may the years be many ! 
 
28 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 {From a basilica near the Odeum.) 
 
 Tiberio Claudio Secundo, viatori tribunicio, accenso velato, 
 lictori curiato, gerusia honori(s) caussa sua pecunia. 
 17 yepov<rCa iTeCp-rjcrev Tifiepiov KXauStov £eKOvv$ov, ovi&Topa Tpi- 
 fiovviKiov, aKKTjVaov ovrjka/rov, \eiKTopa Kovpta/rov £k tS)v 18lo)v. 
 
 No. 8. 
 
 (From a marble step at the east end of the double church in the Forum.) 
 
 JU.77S ' ApuTTofiovkov AiopoOeos 'Iiririov 
 
 77? ... Ooyevos Ala")(pi(x)v ' AiroWcwtov 
 
 nipycovos 'Aprifioiv 'AprepLOtvo? 
 
 'ApuTTofiovKov AioTreLdr)? KkrjTov 
 
 5 'Api<TTo/3ov\ov nXarws iTXarwi'os 
 
 HpvTavi<s 'IttttokXcIov 
 
 'AprefivScopov 'EyKaiptos 'EyKaipuov 
 
 , yopov Xaipe(f>a)V Xaipe<f>a>vo$ 
 
 'Hpa/cXeiS^s ' ' Avriyevov 
 
 10 vlov MvjTpag MTjTpa 
 
CITY AND SUBURBS. 
 
 29 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 The Senate erected (this statue ?) at their own expense in 
 honour of Tiberius Claudius Secundus, a tribunician viator, one 
 of the accensi velati, and a lictor curiatus. 
 
 ' ' Apio-fapypv 
 
 vtos 
 
 .... Trjpewvos 
 
 15 XCwvos 
 
 • jxevovTOS" 
 
 0vdvK.pa.T0v 
 
 ov 
 
 flT]VLOV 
 
 20 * a/>x&as 
 
 3Was 'Apiarayopov 
 Uoo-eiSwvios ITocreiSwciou 
 JVtKo/xaxo5 NuKavos 
 'ApTep-CSaipos Aiovvo-ticXeov 
 'EKKXrjfropa 'Tp-qSov 
 Zyjvohoros 'A/cpuo-Cov 
 Ty}\icrrpa.To<s 'AvBpo(j)6pj3ov 
 Alcjv Kvdvvov 
 Zr)v6BoTO<s Kvvl .... 
 2Was 0euSa ... 
 
30 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 ZtjvoSotov 
 
 ArtfLOKk . . : . 
 
 <i)V0VT0<i 
 
 'AttoWwvlSov 
 
 25 _ opos 
 
 ©pdcrcDVOs 
 
 aptcavos 
 
 OKparov 
 
 'ApiCTTo8ll]IJ.OV 
 
 30 &€0(j)L\\0V 
 
 'A\e£dv$pov 
 
 TiOV 
 
 p0)TL0V 
 
 35 KpOLTOV 
 
 Karacov 
 
 Kovpavov 
 
 s KXecovos 
 
 18175 MevdvSpov 
 
 40 os 'Apre/JuScopov 
 
 Miqv6(f>i\os Mrjvo(f>CX.ov 
 JTocretSwi'ios Kv8 .... 
 ZcjlXos Hpvrdvi8o<i 
 ' 'Ava^C/3to i s 'Hpayopov 
 HvOloiv 'AprefiiScopov 
 IIaia)vio<; Xapicnevov 
 Ti/aokX^s KavcrrpCov 
 Tip,68eos 'EpfjLiiriTov 
 'A0r)vay6pa<; 'AvSpoTrofXTrov 
 Ue.i6ay6pa<5 XappLariatvos 
 'EiraiveTos MavSpcovos 
 @ed(^)iXos Apjvvrov 
 At][LOKptxTX]<i A'qp/qrpiov 
 ' Epfjioy 4vr)<i Xaipiov 
 $i\eas $Ckiov 
 ' AiroWodefiis 'Acrreov 
 Evy]vci)'s OeoB(opov 
 ZJocreiSftmos AiokKclov. 
 Ay)p.TjTpio<; AT)p,r)Tpiov 
 ' Airo\\6S(opos ZcoiXov 
 
ZcoTTVpOS 'Ep/JLLOV 
 
 ' ATTo\\civio<s Maiavhplov 
 . . . TcoXecDV IIvppov 
 ov KavcrTpiov 
 
 45 kos TeLcrajJizvov 
 
 ' ' Aprefiihoipo^ 'Apre/JiiBwpov 
 
 Zanrvpos Zanvpov 
 
 .... 7ros 'HpaicXeiBov 
 
 .... \av ' 'AiroXkoiviov 
 
 50 'AiroXkas KXeWos 
 
 ArjiLrjTpio'i IToXukXcitov 
 '^■n-oXXas MiqTpa 
 'Avatjayopas 'Aye\eo)vo<; 
 'ApurTOKpdTrjs Alaxpiwos 
 
 ' ApMTTOVlKOS 'ApiCTTap^OV 
 
 'AvTL<f>a>v Ko}[xai,ov 
 Kopotvos Bepywvos 
 ZrjvoSoTos ZtjvoBotov 
 Tlepiyiviqs lUifjLwuCBov 
 
 No. 9. 
 
 {From a pedestal in the Wool-factor's Hall.) 
 TIottKiov OvrjSuov Uairiavov 'AvTcovelvov tov KpdrurTov Kkr)povop,<a 
 Xprja-dp-cvov rrj ay KOTaTrj dea> 'Efccrla 'ApripiBi 17 Trarpls dvevewaaro. 
 
 No. 9. 
 Publius Vedius Papianus Antoninus the most excellent, after 
 he had made the most holy Ephesian goddess Artemis his heir, 
 his country commemorated. 
 
32 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. IO. 
 
 (Fcund in a pier of the Coressian Gate, to which it did not originally belong.) 
 
 o>s dyadov KaX iralBa KaTafyOip-ivoio \iirecrdai, 1 
 
 etire p.ekiyk<x)<T<r<i}v iS^ois 6 nuepiScov " 
 tovt ervjLiws kif e/^oi, <£iXe, KeKpiTcu ' av yap aveikev 
 
 p.vdp.av a Ka/aa, irats 7raX«' elpydcraro. 
 KaXav S' i^crw^cov 2 yevera. -^dpiv, ov fiiOTOV (j)(o<5 
 
 Bevrepov, dXXa /cXe'ovs ^' tcpo^ ficoTov. 
 alvco Movcrdcov crep.vov yevos, ets dperav yap 
 
 SS)Kav e/Jiol tckvov ^Sxrav iv<f>poo~uvav. 
 
 1 Horn. CW. iii. 1 96. 2 Sic on stone. 
 
 No. 11. 
 
 [Found near the Magnesian Gate.) 
 
 TO t'OWp 
 
 €K toC /catvoS MdpvavTos 
 
 tov etcra^^eVros wo 
 
 KXavSiou ^dioyeVou? 
 
 'E^tjiieX^roG. 
 
CITY AND SUBURBS. 33 
 
 No. IO. 
 ' How good a thing it is to leave behind a son when one is 
 dead!' said the poet well versed in the sweet- tongued Muses. 
 This, my friend, is judged to be true in my case ; for the memory 
 which malice had destroyed, a son again revived. And to show 
 by a good act his lasting gratitude for his parent, he kindled for 
 me, not indeed a second light of life, but an immortal life of fame. 
 All praise to the revered race of the Muses ! for they have given 
 me a living delight in my child for his virtue. 
 
 An epigram to commemorate the victory of a son in some musical or poetical 
 contest, and supposed to express the sentiments of a deceased father, whose memory 
 had been traduced. The son had vindicated in his prize-poem the character of his 
 father, and so given him, not a second lease of life, but a glorious restoration ot 
 repute. The contest was under the patronage of the Muses, who accordingly receive 
 the grateful thanks of the father. 
 
 The inscription is in Doric. 
 
 No. II. 
 
 The water from the new (River) Marnas, 1 brought into 
 
 [the city] by Claudius Diogenes, Superintendent. 
 
 1 The river Marnas is known from coins struck in the time of Domitian and 
 Antoninus Pius. 
 
 14 
 
34 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 NO. 12- 
 
 (From a small column found near the City Port.) 
 
 Kwrav (p 
 
 'ASpiavai ' AvTcovewa) 
 
 Kaiaapi 5e/8aoT&> Ev<re/3e2 
 
 Kal ttj irpcoTrj kol) pLeyicrTrj 
 
 jxrjTpOTr6ki.L T-ijs ' Acria<; 
 
 koI Sis vecoKopov 1 tcov 'Se^acrrStu 
 
 'EfacrCan' 7ro\et Kal rots eirl 
 
 to Te\u>viov Trjs i^Ov'iKyj? 
 
 wpayfiaTevofxevoLS 
 
 Kofiivia 'Iovvta 
 crvv Tip /3q)jj.S Trji> Eicriv 
 
 e/c Toiv tStwv aveOrjKev, 
 TrpyTavevovTos .... rj/x .... aros. 
 
 1 Should perhaps be i-euiKopa. 
 
CITY AND SUBURBS. 35 
 
 No. 12. 
 
 to Hadrianus Antoninus Caesar Augustus called 
 
 Pius, 1 and to the first and greatest metropolis of Asia, twice temple- 
 warden of the Augusti, the city of the Ephesians, and to those 
 who are engaged in the toll-office of the fish-market, Cominia 
 Junia dedicates out of her own property this statue of Isis 
 
 with the altar, holding the office of President of the 
 
 Senate 
 
 1 The Emperor Antoninus Pius. 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 (Found in a building on the road to Magnesia ad Maeandrum.) 
 
 PAVLLVS. FABIVS. PERSICVS. PONTIFEX. 
 SODALIS. AVGVSTALIS. FRATER. ARVALIS. 
 
 -Paullus Fabius Persicus was consul a.d. 34. 
 
36 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 No. 14. 
 
 (Found in a bone-worker's shop near the Odeum.) 
 
 tovto to rjpqtov Kal 
 
 6 aveTos T07TOS 1<tt\v 
 
 UojXTTatvias $avo-Tt.vrj<; 
 /coo-jaijreijO^s T77S 'AprefiiBos 
 ano TTpoyovwv, Kal Mevdv- 
 opov dvSpbs avTrjs- Tov 17- 
 ptpov KijBovTai Avpekios 
 
 KCLL NeLKCDV Kal 01 XoilTol 0.77- 
 
 tkevdepoi MevdvSpov 
 tovtov oveverov. 
 
 No. 15. 
 
 .... lov Apa fiiKov ' A§LafiTqviK.ov IIapdu<ovBpe.TavviKov MiyiaTOV tov 
 yrj<S Kat dakdo-o-rjs SeaTTOT-qv, Kal tov KTLO-Trjv t>js irp&T-qs Kal 
 /i.eyto-rijs p,r)TpoTTo\€0)s t^s 'Ao-Las Sis vecoKopov 'E<f>eo~ia>v 7roA.eo>s . . 
 Iovia. (?).,.. re 
 
 
CITY AND SUBURBS. 37 
 
 No. 14. 
 
 This sanctuary and this consecrated space is that of Pomponia 
 
 Faustina, hereditary adorner 1 of Artemis, and of her husband 
 
 Menander. The sanctuary is under the care of Aur[elius] and 
 
 Neikon and the other freedmen of Menander of She lives. 
 
 1 Or ' tire-woman.' Perhaps one who dressed or decked the statue of the 
 goddess. 
 
 No. 15. 
 
 L. Septimius Severus Pius (?) Arabicus Adiabenicus Parthicus 
 
 Britannicus Maximus, lord of land and sea, and the founder of the 
 
 first and greatest metropolis of Asia, the city of the Ephesians, 
 
 which has been twice temple-warden ] in Ionia (?).... 
 
 1 This inscription certainly belongs to the Emperor Septimius Severus, in the 
 last year of his reign, 210-1, when alone he bore the title Britannicus. See Homer, 
 Zur Geschichte d. Sept. Sev. p. 318. After lttnrbrri\v kh\ we must certainly read 
 something ending in -iarr\y, probably to>> icri<m)t>. Ephesus received great additions 
 to its buildings from the Sophist Damianus (Philost, V. Soph. ii. -23), who stood 
 high in favour with Sept. Severus (Suidas : cf. Guhl, p. 157/)- 
 
38 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 NO. 1 6. 
 {Found in an excavation near the site of the Temple.) 
 
 *E8.o£ev ttj /3ov\fj kclI t<5 SrjfJLO) " 
 
 HevoKpLTOs 'ApLo-Ttcos euTrev " 'EireiBr) 
 
 $Ck<j)V, Alovv<tlos, 'IepaKkrj^, Mevnnro<s, 
 
 '-Epct/uoi 1 StarjOtySo^res iv 'PdSft), tracrav 
 
 evvoiav /ecu -^peCav TTape^OfievoL 8ta- 
 
 Ttkovaiv Kal KOLvfj t<£ StJ/jlco Kal ISla 
 
 reus ivTvyx&vovcn. rwp. ttoXltwv Kal 
 
 orav avrovs eWacrTOs irapaKakff 
 
 AeSo^dau ttj fiovkfj Kal t<£ St^ikw 
 
 itraiveaai re avrous iirl rfj eivoia 
 
 tjv e^ovcn, 7rpos tt\v tto\lv, Kal SeSdcr&u 
 
 aurots Kai eKyo^ois avTuiv irokiTelav ifi tern 
 
 Kal 6/xota KaOairep rots aXXois evepyeVcus 
 
 07rws Tracrt (j>avepbv criW 
 
 tos airoT0iai> Sia 
 
 eiTLKXrjpcocrat Se aurous as (j)v\r)v Kal ^iXtacr- 
 
 tw tous Ecrcrrjvas, dvaypdxpat Se ToSe 
 
CITY AND SUBURBS. 39 
 
 No. 16. 
 Resolved by the Council and the People. 
 Xenocritus the son of Aristeus moved : That whereas Philo, 
 Dionysius, Hieracles, and Menippus, ■ the Eramians, 1 living in 
 Rhodes, continue to manifest all good will and service both to the 
 people collectively and individually to those citizens who have 
 intercourse with them, and whensoever anyone seeks their assist- 
 ance : It has been resolved by the Council and the People to 
 commend them for the good will which they entertain towards 
 the city and to grant to them and their descendants the rights 
 of citizenship on terms of perfect equality like as to its other 
 
 benefactors ; that it may be plain to all that 
 
 also that the Essenes , allot them 
 
 a place in a tribe and a thousand, and that the temple-wardens 
 inscribe this decree on a pillar of stone and set it up in the 
 temple of Artemis, where also they dedicate the other grants of 
 
 citizenship. 
 
 Admitted into a tribe as Epheseans, and into a thousand as 
 
 ' The word is so written, but it does not appear to occur elsewhere. 'Ep&vnoi 
 however is found. 
 
40 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 
 
 to \pijcf>L<TiJ.a tow; veo>7rotas els crT^kiqv 
 XlOlvtjv koX orfjcrai et? to lepuv ttjs 
 'ApTefuSos ov kolI rds aXXas 7roXtTeta? 
 avaTi&eaxriv • eAa^ov <$>vky)v 'Ecfrecreis, 
 ^iXldCTTW 
 
 No. 17. 
 
 {Found near the Magnesian Gate.) 
 
 Earinus 
 
 Aug. Lib. Tabular. 
 
 Provinc. Asiae 
 
 . D . D . 
 
 K.afrevyy)v Eapwos 
 
 HefiacrTOv aireXevdt- 
 
 pos ra/SXapios ina./:- 
 
 ^etas \4o~ias 
 
CITY AND SUBURBS. 4I 
 
 No. 1 8. 
 s - Pro curatori Augg. nostr orum, item Praesidi Alpium 
 
 Cottiarum et Maritimarum, Praefecto vehiculationis Pannoniae 
 utriu sque et Moesiae Superioris et Norici, Praefecto alae primae 
 A sturum [?], Tribuno legionis XI. Cl audiae, Advocato F isci, 
 
 adfinis Dominorum nostrorum Augustorum, .... cus, August- 
 o rum Libertus [?], Adiutor tabularii Provinciae. 
 .... OR. ARK. MAGistrorum O. 
 
 No. 18. 
 
 In honour of , Procurator of our Lords the Augusti, and 
 
 also l Governor of the Cottian and the Maritime Alps, Prefect of 
 the 2 transport [posting] service of both the Pannonias and of 
 Upper Moesia and Noricum, Prefect of the First Troop of the 
 Astures (?), Tribune of the uth 3 (the Claudian) legion, legal 4 ad- 
 viser of the Privy Purse, [friend of 5 Publius Fulvius PlautianusJ 
 connexion by marriage of our Lords the Augusti : this was erected 
 
 by cus, Freedman of the Augusti, Assistant Registrar of the 
 
 Province of . . . ., Master of 
 
 1 ' Praeses Alpium ' occurs often as a title in inscriptions. 
 
 2 ' Praefectus vehiculorum ' is also a common title. 
 
 3 'Claudia ' is a very common title of the nth Legion. 
 
 4 ' Advocatus fisci ' too is not unfrequent. 
 
 5 Mommsen is undoubtedly right in saying that the name erased is that of 
 P. Fulvius Plautanus, the notorious Praefectus Praetorii of Septimius Severus, and 
 father-in-law of Caracalla, who married his daughter, Fulvia Plautilla, which made 
 him 'adfinis Augustorum.' For after his disgrace and death, a.d. 203, his name is 
 often found thus erased in inscriptions. The ' Augusti ' therefore here spoken of 
 are Septimius Severus and his son Caracalla. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE CITY AND SUBURBS. 
 
 No. 19. 
 
 iy pkv rrjs I . . . . 
 
 Seft^s ets ttjv apiCTTeprjv .... 
 Treropevos, rjp p.ev d.TTOKpv^jei p . . . 
 egios, 7)v oe evapei tt)v ev . . . 
 evcovvpov TTTepvya, kolv ey . . . 
 iirapel ko.v aTTOKpvxjjeL, 1a .■ . . 
 
 evcovvpos, iy Se rrjs dpucr- 1 t : p . . 
 Teprj<i es ttjv Be^Lr/v ttcto- l. p-q . . . 
 
 pCVOS, fjp, pkv idvS OLTTOKp- ovt . . . 
 
 ihjiei, evwvvpos, fjv Se ttjv o : av . . . 
 he^LTjV iTTepvya indpas \ vat . . . 
 
 No. 19. 
 
 In flying (?) from right to left if the bird shall get out of sight -(?), 
 
 it is lucky, but if it shall raise its left wing, and whether it raises 
 it or hides, it is unlucky ; and if, in flying from left to right, it 
 should get out of sight in a straight line, it is unlucky ; but if raising 
 the right wing .... 
 
 This inscription appears to have been cut on the stone in columns. A few 
 letters of the adjoining column to the right exist on the stone, but they are only suffi- 
 cient to show that the same subject is continued. 
 
POSTSCRIPT. 43 
 
 POSTSCRIPT. 
 
 Additional note on Inscription from the site of the Temple of Diana, No. 7. 
 
 The subject of this inscription must be Annius Verus, the father of the Empror 
 Marcus Aurelius ; and the marriage referred to must be that of his daughter Amia 
 Cornificia, younger and only sister of Marcus Aurelius (J. Capit. M. Ant. 1), b a 
 man of great wealth whose name is on good grounds assumed to have been Umni- 
 dius Quadratus (Haakh in Pauly, Real-encyc. v. 744), as that of their son undoubtedy 
 was (Capit. 7). From the time that M. Aurelius was adopted as heir to the empre 
 by Antoninus Pius in accordance with Hadrian's wishes, that is, from 139, such a 
 marriage would be fitly called fiaaCkCwz : and the name Verus is preserved in tie 
 fifth verse, the end of which maybe avidijd at Ovripov as legitimately as aviO^i 
 Ztovfjpor. In the fourth verse Verus is called ' father' of Quadratus, Whereas he was 
 in fact only father-in-law : but there is reason to think that the true relationship wav 
 described in the now mutilated prose heading. Uaripa kjjSe .... may oe read as 
 varipa m^egrijt-, which can only mean 'father by marriage;' Kifaarw, usually a son- 
 indaw, denotes sometimes other relations by marriage, and once is employed vdiere 
 a step-father is the subject (Demosth. P/wrm. p. 954) ; so that its combination with 
 wa T r lP would exclude ambiguity in either word. The father of Annius Verus was a 
 distinguished man, twice consul, and city prefect (Capit. M. Ant. 1 ; cf. Dio Cass, 
 lxix. 21). Annius Verus himself died in the praetorship (Capit. ib.), and at an early 
 age. He must have been alive in 129, when M. Aurelius at the age of eight was 
 received among the Salii (Capit. 4), for a fatherless son was not admissible (Borghesi, 
 (Euvres, iv. 511) ; but he cannot have lived much longer, for M. Aurelius admits 
 debts of virtue to him only indirectly through the 'reputation and memory' which 
 he left behind him, not directly, as in the case of his grandfather and mother (1. 1, 
 as rightly understood by Casaubon and others). The two surviving epithets in the 
 inscription, 'a consular, a pontifex,' are such honorary titles as might naturally be 
 bestowed under the empire on a person standing near the court. Of Anma Corni- 
 ficia, who seems to have borne a third name Faustina, hardly anything is known : 
 she is mentioned in two inscriptions (Orelli-Henzen, 5475, 5476 : cf. Borghesi, 111. 
 
44 POSTSCRIPT. 
 
 241), atfl her name Cornificia passed to her niece, a daughter of M. Aurelius 
 (Borghesi). On her marriage M. Aurelius gave up to her the whole of his father's 
 fortune/(retaining only his grandfather's) upon his mother's request that he would 
 divide/t ; and further suggested to his mother that she might, if she pleased, bestow 
 her ofn patrimony on his sister, that she might not be inferior in fortune to her 
 husbaid (Capit. 4). At the time of the marriage M. Aurelius was apparently 
 betw/en fifteen and eighteen (Capit), so that the date must be 136-139. At a 
 lateitime, after his sister's death, M. Aurelius gave a share of his own mother's 
 pro/erty (Capit. 7) to his sister's son Ummidius Quadratus. Spartianus (ffadr. 15) 
 me/tions an Ummidius Quadratus as persecuted by Hadrian ; and Haakh points 
 oul that the wealthy husband of Annia Cornificia may easily have attracted the 
 Deror's jealousy in his last years as a possible aspirant to the throne and rival of 
 successors chosen by Hadrian himself. For other Ummidii Quadrati, earlier 
 ar 1 later, Haakh's article may be consulted. 
 
 As the marriage took place some two or three years before the adoption of 
 
 Aurelius in 139, and the death of Annius Verus earlier still, the use of the term 
 
 /3o)riX£ioi' shows that the statue cannot have been erected immediately after either 
 
 e/ent. The poet Hadrianus, who erected it, must have been a freedman or other 
 
 /dependent of Annius Verus. 
 
 F. J. A. Hort. 
 
 e 
 th 
 
 M 
 
 V.