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 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 Final Report of NV^ar Emergency 
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 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924075773311 
 
JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 Final Report of vV^ar Emergency 
 Activities 
 
 
 . • • * *• 
 
 NEW YORK 
 1920 
 

 .-. .. • • • . . 
 
 Vv\ 
 
:?: CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 Foreword 7 
 
 Letter of General Pershing 8 
 
 Minutes of Meeting, October 24, 1920 9 
 
 Report of the Executive Committee 13 
 
 Program of Future Work of the Jewish Welfare 
 Board — Justice Irving Lehman 94 
 
 Resolution Authorizing Amalgamation 97 
 
 Memorial Address on Harry Cutler — Louis Mar- 
 shall, Esq 98 
 
 Jacob H. Schiff, In Memoriam 107 
 
 Financial Statement 108 
 
 Executive Committee and Officers 113 
 
 Office and Field Personnel 116 
 
 Community Branches and Chairmen 124 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 The Jewish Welfare Board, organized April 9, 1917, 
 three days after the Declaration of War, was founded 
 by the Jews of the United States with the sanction 
 and recognition of the government, as their instru- 
 mentality for contributing to the preservation of the 
 morale and welfare of the soldiers, sailors and marines. 
 
 In the following pages is presented an account of 
 the Board's activities from the time of the signing of 
 the Armistice, through the period of demobilization, 
 to October 1, 1930. 
 
 A narrative of the Board's activities must neces- 
 sarily convey but an inadequate picture of the entire 
 welfare enterprise. Facts and figures portray the 
 undertaking as impersonal and detached. In truth, it 
 was vitalized by the warmest feelings of personal 
 interest and solicitude. 
 
 The facts and figures set forth here are significant, 
 however, as the expression of the great enthusiasm 
 and inspiraton of the men and women of American 
 Jewry who, in the camps and communities in this 
 country and in Europe, laboring loyally in America's 
 cause, wrought among the enlisted men benefits which 
 strengthened their morale and helped to prepare them 
 for their task. 
 
 At a previous meeting of the Jewish Welfare Board, 
 on November 24, 1918, a report was submitted which 
 dealt with the organization of the Board and its 
 welfare service during the mobilization, encampment 
 and movement of troops to France, up to the signing 
 of the Armistice. In the present report brief reference 
 is also made to the matters treated in the earlier 
 report and both constitute the complete record of the 
 war emergency welfare service of the Jewish Welfare 
 Board. 
 
AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES 
 
 Office of the Commander-in-Chief 
 
 France, April 18, 1919. 
 
 Colonel Harry Cutler, 
 Chairman, Jewish Welfare Board, 
 41 Boulevard Haussman, Paris. 
 
 My dear Colonel Cutler: 
 
 I wish to express to you my appreciation, and that of the officers 
 and men of my command, for the splendid services rendered to 
 the American Expeditionary Forces by the Jewish Welfare Board. 
 
 The activities of your organization in France commenced in the 
 summer of 1918, with the opening of a club room in Paris to 
 which American soldiers, irrespective of creed, were welcomed. 
 Handicapped by lack of personnel and facilities, your representa- 
 tives, during the remaining months of hostilities, did valuable 
 work among the soldiers of the Jewish faith and others, taking 
 advantage of the opportunities offered by the larger welfare 
 agencies to keep our soldiers in touch with their religion and their 
 homes. 
 
 Since the signing of the armistice you have grasped the oppor- 
 tunity for increased recreational facilities, and have increased 
 your personnel, opened additional club rooms at important centers, 
 and shown a commendable eagerness to co-operate with the Army 
 and the other welfare societies and to bear your full share of the 
 responsibility for keeping up this important work until all troops 
 can be returned to America. 
 
 Will you please accept this letter as an expression of my appre- 
 ciation to you personally, and to all those at home and abroad who 
 have co-operated with and supported you so splendidly. 
 Very sincerely yours, 
 
 [Signed] John J. Pershing. 
 
MINUTES OF MEETING 
 
 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 October 24. 1920 
 
 The Annual Meeting of the Jewish Welfare Board 
 was held at the Jewish Center, 131 West 86th Street, 
 New York City, on Sunday, October 24th, 1920, at 2 
 P. M. Dr. Cyrus Adler, acting chairman, presided 
 and the following members were present: 
 
 Henry J. Bernheim, Joseph Rosenzweig, Walter E. 
 Sachs, Charles Hartman, Israel Unterberg, Bernard 
 Semel, Abram I. Elkus, Louis Marshall, Irving Leh- 
 man, Benjamin Washer of the Louisville Branch, 
 Leon Obermayer of the Philadelphia Branch, Mrs. 
 P. Galinsky of the Utica, N. Y., Branch, Rabbi F. L. 
 Rosenthal of the Columbus, Ga., Branch, Joseph Hor- 
 mats of the Troy, N. Y., Branch, Maurice Beck of the 
 Patchogue, N. Y. Branch, I. Weitzenkorn of the 
 Wilkesbarre, Pa., Branch, Maurice Krohngold of the 
 Akron Branch, Felix M. Warburg, representing the 
 Y. M. H. & K. A., Dr. Samuel Shulman, representing 
 the Central Conference of American Rabbis, Isadora 
 Feintuch, representing the I. O. B. S., Rabbi Nathan 
 Stern representing the N. Y. Board of Jewish Min- 
 isters, Jacob Billikopf, Edward J. Steinam. 
 
 Regrets at their inability to attend were received 
 from: 
 
 Secretary of War Baker, Secretary of Navy Daniels, 
 Mortimer L. Schiff, Rabbi Edward N. Calisch. 
 
 Dr. Elias Solomon delivered the following invoca- 
 tion: 
 
 "Sovereign Ruler of the Universe in Whose hands 
 rest the destinies of men and of nations: Look down 
 
JO JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 from Thy holy habitation on our beloved country, and 
 in Thy mercy guide it and preserve it in safety and 
 happiness. Vouchsafe unto it every manner of good. 
 Give it of Thy bounty, of the dew of heaven and of the 
 fatness of the earth. Cause all within its borders to 
 dwell in harmony and in peace with one another and 
 to seek one another's well-being and the good of their 
 common land. Bless the constituted authorities of 
 these United States. Be with them, direct and guide 
 them in their counsels and their undertakings. Endow 
 them with the spirit of wisdom and understanding that 
 they may labor and uphold the peace of the land and 
 advance the welfare of the nation and the happiness 
 of all mankind. 
 
 May our beloved country ever be the home of justice 
 and of freedom, the abode of equality and brotherly 
 love. 
 
 Be Thou a shield about us and remove from us 
 every enemy, pestilence, sword, famine and sorrow. 
 O shelter us beneath the shadow of Thy wings; for 
 Thou, O God, art our Guardian and our Deliverer. 
 Guard our going out and our coming in unto life and 
 unto peace from this time forth and for ever more. 
 Spread the canopy of Thy peace over this land, over 
 Israel and over all mankind. Amen." 
 
 In beginning the proceedings, Dr. Adler spoke 
 feelingly of the death of Colonel Cutler. 
 
 A memorial address on the late Colonel Cutler was 
 delivered by Mr. Louis Marshall. 
 
 A motion was made that the memorial be entered as 
 a part of the minutes and preserved in the records of 
 the Jewish Welfare Board and a copy be sent to the 
 family. Hon. Abram I. Elkus seconded this motion 
 and it was unanimously adopted by a rising vote. 
 
 Dr. Adler presented the report of the Executive 
 Committee, covering the period from November, 1918, 
 
MINUTES OF MEETING— OCTOBER 24, I92O 11 
 
 to date. Upon motion, the report of the Executive 
 Committee was received and ordered, printed. 
 
 In the absence of Mr. Mortimer L. Schiff, Chairman 
 of the Finance Committee, Dr. Adler read the financial 
 statement of the Jewish Welfare Board up to Septem- 
 ber 30, 1920. Upon motion the financial statement was 
 received and approved. 
 
 Judge Irvina Lehman submitted the report of the 
 Joint Cbnference Committee regarding the proposed 
 amalgamation with the Council of Y. M. H. & K. A. 
 and referring to the future work of the Jewish Welfare 
 Board. He presented a resolution authorizing the 
 Executive Committee of the Board to take the neces- 
 sary steps to perfect the amalgamation. 
 
 The Chairman read a telegram from Mr. Mortimer 
 L. Schiff, expressing the hope that the proposed con- 
 solidation would be favorably considered. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Shulman moved that the Committee's 
 report be accepted and the resolution adopted. The 
 motion was seconded and was unanimously carried. 
 
 The Chairman appointed the following Committee 
 on Nominations : Judge Irving Lehman, Leon J. Ober- 
 mayer, Edward J. Steinam to suggest individuals to 
 succeed the members of the Board, whose terms 
 expired in 1919 and 1920 and to fill the vacancy caused 
 by the death of Colonel Cutler. The Committee on 
 Nominations made the following recommendations: 
 
 For members of the Executive Committee to serve 
 until 1923: 
 
 Walter E. Sachs Boris D. Bogen 
 
 I. Edwin Goldwasser Maurice H. Harris 
 
 Louis E. Kirstein Bernard Semel 
 
 Carl Dreyfus 
 
12 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 For members of the Executive Committee to serve 
 until 1923: 
 
 Joseph Rosenzweig Charles Hartman 
 
 Henry J. Bernheim Morris Wolf 
 
 William Rosenau Morris Rothenberg 
 
 Israel Unterberg 
 
 To fill the term of Colonel Cutler ending 1931 
 William Fischman 
 
 There being no other nominations, upon motion the 
 Secretary was directed to cast one ballot for the 
 nominees of the Committee on Nominations, which 
 he did, thereupon announcing the election of the 
 persons named. 
 
 Upon motion, a minute was unanimously adopted, 
 expressing the profound sorrow of the Jewish Welfare 
 Board on the death of Jacob H. Schiff. 
 
 The Chairman extended an invitation to the dele- 
 gates of the Jewish Welfare Board who were not mem- 
 bers of the Y. M. H. & K. A. to attend the dinner 
 of the Council to be held that evening at the Y. M. 
 H. A,. 92nd Street and Lexington Avenue, New York 
 City. 
 
 Upon motion the meeting adjourned. 
 
 A motion picture of the activities of the Jewish 
 Welfare Board was then shown. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 Joseph Rosenzweig, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
13 
 
 REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 
 Presented by Dr. Cjnnis Adier, Acting Chairman 
 
 REVIEW OF MOBILIZATION ACTIVITIES 
 
 Your Executive Committee begs leave to submit the 
 following report of the activities of the Jewish Welfare 
 Board for the period subsequent to the previous meet- 
 ing of the organization on November 34, 1918. 
 
 It is unnecessary here to make more than casual 
 reference to the matters treated in the earlier report. 
 As stated there, the Jewish Welfare Board, then 
 known as the Jewish Board for Welfare Work was 
 organized at a meeting of representatives of prominent 
 Jewish national organizations, held on April 9, 1917. 
 
 The sanction of the Government to conduct welfare 
 activities within the camps and naval stations was 
 subsequently accorded to the organization, which 
 thereafter assumed its tasks in co-operation with and 
 under the supervision of the War Department Com- 
 mission on Training Camp Activities. 
 
 Overcoming the many obstacles and difficulties 
 naturally encountered in laying the early foundations, 
 actual work was begun in the camps in September, 
 1917, when, following the mobilization of the regular 
 army and the state militia, the camps of the country 
 were receiving the first quotas of drafted men. 
 
 It was resolved as a guiding principle to extend 
 the service of the organization to soldiers and sailors 
 without sectarian restriction, but at the same time 
 to make adequate provision especially for the needs 
 of the soldiers and sailors of the Jewish faith, whose 
 particular requirements could be fulfilled only by an 
 understanding Jewish organization. 
 
14 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 The growth and expansion of the organiaztion there- 
 after followed the constantly increasing number of 
 men called into service. As the Board had from the 
 outset maintained a flexible organization and program, 
 it was enabled to adapt itself readily to the assumption 
 of the additional responsibilities entailed by this rapid 
 mobilization. The executive staff at National Head- 
 quarters was enlarged. A school for the training of 
 field representatives was established. The service of 
 the Board was extended to additional military and 
 naval posts. Jewish Welfare Board buildings were 
 erected in the camps as homes for the men and to 
 supplement existing recreational facilities. 
 
 In camp and community, at the naval posts and 
 among the crews on the battleships, on the Mexican 
 Border and at the Canal Zone, among Russian recruits 
 and the Student Army Training Corps, the representa- 
 tives of the organization were active in behalf of the 
 men in uniform, joining with the workers of the other 
 welfare agencies in helping America prepare an 
 efficient army. 
 
 The welfare service of the Board was carefully 
 designed to make comprehensive provision for the 
 religious, recreational, educational and personal ser- 
 vice needs of the soldiers, sailors and marines. 
 
 The religious program was complete and included 
 daily services, Friday evening. Sabbath and, where de- 
 sired or necessary, Sunday morning services. The 
 High Holidays and festivals were appropriately cele- 
 brated. Formal religious services were supplemented 
 wherever possible by biblical discussions and study 
 groups. 
 
 The "Star of David" man, as the Jewish Welfare 
 Board representative came to be called, was a source 
 of solace, friendship and counsel to the new recruits 
 coming from civilian pursuits, especially to those of 
 foreign birth, who in many instances found it difficult 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 17 
 
 to adjust themselves to military life. No problem of 
 personal, family, business, legal or military nature was 
 too insignificant for the attention of the representa- 
 tives who occupied a great deal of their time in 
 eliminating the worry, homesickness and general low- 
 ering of spiritual, mental and physical tone, through 
 personal and intimate ministrations. The sick and 
 convalescent at the hospitals were likewise the recip- 
 ients of every attention. 
 
 Classes in civics, American history and current 
 events, literary meetings, open forums and lectures 
 were some of the activities conducted for the instruc- 
 tion of the enlisted men. 
 
 The social and recreational activities undertaken 
 by the Board, alone and in co-operation with the 
 Young Men's Christian Association and Knights of 
 Columbus, were very helpful in creating a wholesome, 
 happy spirit. 
 
 In the communities. Centers were established as 
 clubrooms for the soldiers and sailors for their use 
 when on leave in town. Entertainments and home 
 hospitality formed an important part of the communi- 
 ties' contribution to their welfare and happiness. 
 
 At the various affairs and sociables in the Jewish 
 Welfare Board huts in camp and at the Center in 
 town, refreshments and delicacies were always gen- 
 erously distributed to all men. 
 
 Among the supplies, also furnished free to the men, 
 were prayer books, bibles, stationery, magazines, Yid- 
 dish and English books, cigarettes, matches and other 
 articles, statistics of which are listed at the conclusion 
 of this report. 
 
 Overseas, the Board before the signing of the 
 Armistice had already cleared the way, over many 
 disappointments and difficulties, for extending its wel- 
 fare activities to the troops in France. It had been 
 the wish of the Allied Military authorities that the 
 
18 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 Jewish Welfare Board should not have a distinct and 
 separate organization, because of the scattered units 
 of soldiers of Jewish faith and because of the diffi- 
 culties involved in serving a moving army engaged 
 in active warfare. It had been thought best previously 
 to have the Jewish Welfare Board and some other 
 welfare organizations function through the Y. M. C. A. 
 The then-Chairman of the Board, the late Colonel 
 Harry Cutler, while in France was successful in hav- 
 ing an independent status accorded to the organization 
 for the prosecution of its activities. 
 
 In addition, many difficulties relating to securing 
 passports for workers had confronted the Overseas 
 Department. It was almost impossible to secure suit- 
 able workers under the regulations which excluded 
 men of draft age, even those exempt from active ser- 
 vice, and prohibited the consideration of applicants 
 whose parents or grand parents were born in enemy 
 countries. It finally became necessary for the War 
 and State Departments to intercede in behalf of this 
 Board to secure the sanction of the English and 
 French Embassies in removing these prohibitive re- 
 strictions, so that workers could be secured for whose 
 loyalty to this country the voucher of the Chairman 
 of the Board was sufficient. 
 
 With these obstacles overcome and official recog- 
 nition secured, the work expanded and progressed 
 rapidly. 
 
 This in brief outHne represents the status of the 
 Board's activities when the Armistice was signed. It 
 will be my pleasure now to describe in greater detail 
 the manner in which the organization undertook the 
 responsibilities which devolved upon it during the 
 Post-Armistice period. 
 
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REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 21 
 
 POST-ARMISTICE— DOMESTIC SERVICE 
 
 The cessation of hostilities following the Armistice 
 in November 1918, brought increased opportunities 
 and responsibility to the welfare agencies both here 
 and in France. The stream of troops from the United 
 States to Europe ceased and instead the men began 
 to return home. Military discipline and restraint were 
 relaxed and provided the men with greater leisure. 
 
 The consequence of these changed conditions was a 
 great restlessness on the part of the soldiers and sailors. 
 The men in France were anxious to return for their 
 discharge. The necessary delays in transporting back 
 to this country the overseas contingents, added to the 
 anxiety and impatience of the men. In the United 
 States the discharge of many men could not be quickly 
 effected because it was necessary to maintain skeleton 
 organizations to receive and later to discharge the 
 men returning from abroad. 
 
 This situation made necessary the modification of 
 the camp program of the Jewish Welfare Board, re- 
 sulting in varied degrees of emphasis being placed 
 on the welfare activities which had hitherto been con- 
 ducted. In addition, the introduction of new activi- 
 ties to meet the altered situation was imperative. 
 
 Personal Service 
 
 The personal service cases which were brought to 
 the attention of the field workers under the new con- 
 ditions increased in number and became more diverse 
 in character. In the past personal service consisted 
 in a great measure in making the recruit acquainted 
 with military life, and in looking after the needs of 
 his family. The problems which now arose were 
 those incidental to the discharge of the troops and 
 their preparations to reassume civilian life. 
 
 Men returning from overseas were anxious to know 
 
22 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 about business conditions in the United States, and 
 opportunities for employment. They were given the 
 latest information by the representatives on new de- 
 velopments in the fields in which they were interested. 
 
 The men had to be informed regarding the advisa- 
 bility of retaining their insurance, and the procedure 
 for the conversion of this insurance, if so desired. 
 The opportunities which the Government had opened 
 for vocational education for ex-service men were also 
 placed before the soldiers and sailors. They were 
 encouraged to retain their Liberty Bonds and were 
 told what procedure they were to follow in order to 
 secure their bonuses. 
 
 The function and assistance of the U. S. Employ- 
 ment Service was likewise brought to their attention. 
 They were urged to return promptly to their home 
 towns after their discharge and save their pay for the 
 time that might elapse before a job was secured. The 
 representatives urged the enlisted men to register with 
 the agents of the United State Employment Service. 
 In many instances they acted as the agents for this 
 organization, securing information as to vocational 
 preference and past experience of the soldiers for the 
 use of the United States Employment Service. 
 
 At the time of discharge the representatives made 
 certain to see the enlisted man before he left camp and 
 gave him a card of introduction to the Chairman of 
 the Jewish Welfare Board Branch in his own com- 
 munity or the town to which he was going. Com- 
 munications were often sent to the former employer of 
 the soldier advising him of the latter's forthcoming 
 discharge and suggesting his re-engagement. Pocket 
 wallets were presented to the enlisted men before they 
 left camp, as a farewell souvenir from the Board. 
 
 In order to enable the field workers to supply the 
 men with the most authoritative and recent informa- 
 tion on subjects in which they were particularly inter- 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 25 
 
 ested, an Information Bureau was established at 
 National Headquarters. This Bureau issued on the 
 average about twenty bulletins monthly on subjects 
 of vital concern to enlisted and discharged men. 
 
 At the request of the Bureau of War Risk Insur- 
 ance, the Jewish Welfare Board printed pamphlets 
 explaining the rights of the soldiers, sailors and ma- 
 rines in connection with insurance, compensation and 
 allotments and outlining in easy, understandable form, 
 the requirements which had to be fulfilled in order to 
 safeguard these privileges. These bulletins were 
 widely distributed in the camps of this country and 
 abroad. 
 
 The Information Bureau was also a source of assist- 
 ance to the relatives anl friends of the men in connec- 
 tion with family, business and legal problems inci- 
 dental to their return to civilian life. 
 
 It would be difficult from the very nature of the 
 work, to state with exactness the precise total number 
 of instances of personal service extended by the field 
 representatives. As suggestive, however, of the large 
 scale on which personal ministrations of the organiza- 
 tion were conducted, approximately 300,000 personal 
 service matters are estimated to have been handled 
 from August 1918 to August 1919. 
 
 Recreational Program 
 
 The need for maintaining the good cheer and buoy- 
 ant spirits of the enlisted men became more urgent 
 than ever during the period of demobilization. Whole- 
 some and varied diversion had always been a source of 
 enjoyable recreation to the men, but was now of 
 added significance as a means of counteracting the 
 tedium and restlessness of waiting in camp for 
 discharge. 
 
 Hitherto, the entertainments had been designed to 
 relieve the strain of military drill and preparation for 
 
26 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 the front. Military drill and routine were now greatly 
 relaxed. The men were given more frequent leaves 
 of absence from the camp and visited the communities 
 more often. It was accordingly imperative to see that 
 this increased leisure was spent in a most wholesome 
 and beneficial manner. 
 
 The Entertainment Division at National Headquar- 
 ters was enlarged to meet adequately the increased 
 need for social and recreational work. Entertainment 
 centers were established at Philadelphia, in the Central 
 States, northern New Jersey and at Boston. These 
 Centers co-operated with and were under the super- 
 vision of the National Entertainment Director. 
 Through the efiforts of the Sectional Entertainment 
 Directors, singers, musical performers and other en- 
 tertainers were secured for the various military and 
 naval posts. 
 
 In camps and debarkation centers and at the com- 
 munity buildings in town, dances, musicals, vaude- 
 ville programs, boxing bouts, moving pictures, "stunt" 
 nights and special features which had formed a part 
 of the regular entertainment program were increased 
 in number. 
 
 In order to bring specialized entertainment to a 
 particular group of the men of Jewish faith, a Yiddish 
 operatic troupe was sent to the New England, Eastern 
 and Southeastern camps. The opera "Shulamith," 
 presented by this company was especially well 
 received. 
 
 Vaudeville companies were sent on a tour of camps 
 remote from cities which could provide attractive en- 
 tertainment on a large scale. These companies per- 
 formed not only at Jewish Welfare Board huts, but 
 also at Red, Cross, Young Men's Christian Association 
 and Knights of Columbus Buildings. 
 
 As a part of the recreational program, every en- 
 couragement was given to athletics. At one camp the 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 29 
 
 representative organized a basketball team, which was 
 a part of the camp basketball league. The camp 
 workers were often coaches of baseball and other ath- 
 letic teams. 
 
 The direction and stimulation of these outdoor ac- 
 tivities were undertaken in the most intimate co- 
 operation with the Young Men's Christian Association 
 and Knights of Columbus. 
 
 Recreational equipment such as motion picture ma- 
 chines, pianos, pianolas and phonographs were fur- 
 nished for each of the buildings. 
 
 The work of the field representatives during the 
 trying period of demobilization can best be under- 
 stood from a review of a typical weekly program at 
 one of the large demobilization camps. 
 
 Monday evening — Songs and recitations by the 
 men themselves. 
 
 Tuesday evening — Open forum and refreshments. 
 
 Wednesday evening — Smoker and minstrel show. 
 
 Thursday evening — Lecture by officer of high rank. 
 
 Friday evening — Religious services. 
 
 Saturday evening — Amateur show. 
 
 Sunday evening — Professional entertainment and 
 refreshments. 
 
 Educational Activities 
 
 In the conduct of educational activities, the stress 
 was likewise placed on those phases of the work 
 which would be most helpful to the men on their 
 return to civilian life. 
 
 The interest of the soldiers in educational work 
 during mobilization appeared to be rather in cultural 
 subjects. The classes conducted then were not only 
 instructive, but were also helpful means of diverting 
 the minds of the men from the serious business of 
 military training. 
 
30 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 The men now began to looK upon the educational 
 service as of the greatest value in preparing them for 
 their reassumption of civilian duties. In France and 
 in this country, soldiers, sailors, and marines were 
 fired with an ambition to do bigger things and occupy 
 a bigger place in life than had hitherto fallen to their 
 lot. In many instances men were eager to take up 
 work for which they were unsuited by ability and 
 previous training. Those who appreciated their 
 shortcomings in this respect were anxious to improve 
 the opportunity by educating themselves for the work 
 which they wanted to do. Our representatives were 
 of assistance to those who did not realize their handi- 
 cap, by indicating to them how they could hope to 
 fulfill their new ambitions by attendance at the educa- 
 tional classes and through diligent study. 
 
 Courses were organized in English, Spanish, French 
 and mathematics and in bookkeeping, history, map 
 studies and current events. Other classes were 
 formed as needed. Specially qualified teachers were 
 secured to instruct the men. At one camp the instruc- 
 tors of the educational courses were professors from 
 a neighboring college. 
 
 At the request of the military authorities, English, 
 Yiddish and Russian lectures on naturalization and 
 citizenship were arranged. 
 
 At San Antonio, Texas, the Jewish Welfare Board 
 in conjunction with the San Antonio Chamber of 
 Commerce, organized an agricultural exhibit and a 
 series of lectures on agricultural topics. The military 
 authorities not only sanctioned this plan, but gave it 
 their heartiest support. It was felt that many men 
 from rural districts who would be inclined to seek posi- 
 tions in the large cities would be induced to return 
 to farm work as a result of the educational influence 
 of this exhibit. 
 
 Brig. Gen. E. I.. Munson, at the time Chief of the 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 33 
 
 Morale Branch of the War Department, referring 
 to the agricultural exhibit, wrote as follows: 
 
 "One most valuable activity, which this office 
 recently learned through the newspapers, was 
 largely, if not entirely originated by the Jewish 
 Welfare Board, was a course in practical farming 
 and a farm exhibit at Camp Travis, Texas, in which 
 over four thousand soldiers soon to be discharged, 
 enrolled for the course. 
 
 "The Morale Office, Camp Travis, reports that 
 this course was so attractive that some soldiers 
 requested delay in discharge and others remained 
 after discharge in order to complete it. Such 
 practical helpfulness is most appreciated by this 
 office and the men themselves." 
 
 The class work was supplemented by lectures held 
 at regular intervals by prominent Rabbis and laymen. 
 The attendance at these lectures ranged from groups 
 of one hundred or more to over three thousand. 
 
 Religious Program 
 
 Religious services were continued in camp on Fri- 
 day evening, and Sabbath and were well attended. As 
 the men were in the communities more often, they 
 were enabled to attend the services at local syna- 
 gogues and temples frequently. 
 
 The release of the men from intense military duty, 
 also permitted of a more normal celebration of the 
 religious holidays. Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, 
 Succoth and other days were observed with the same 
 splendid spirit and, where appropriate, with as liberal 
 distribution of gifts as during the days of mobilization. 
 
 Community Co-operation 
 
 In the communities the local Branches lent the 
 fullest co-operation in carrying out the program of 
 Post-Armistice service. 
 
34 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 Home hospitality was increased and was helpful in 
 warding off the feeling of homesickness among the 
 men. The Community Center was made more attrac- 
 tive and the schedule of entertainments was extended. 
 The Branches arranged welcome-home receptions to 
 returning soldiers and took a prominent part in the 
 public demonstrations accorded to local Divisions on 
 their arrival from overseas. 
 
 In the large Centers throughout the country, dor- 
 mitory accommodations were provided so that the 
 men could find lodging under wholesome conditions, 
 while seeking employment. In New York, Chicago 
 and the other large cities, dormitory facilities were 
 supplemented in many instances by canteen accommo- 
 dations, which were offered to all enlisted and ex- 
 service men. 
 
 The local organizations were likewise of assistance 
 in helping the men find employment. Their activi- 
 ties in this direction are discussed hereafter in this 
 report. 
 
 POST-ARMISTICE— OVERSEAS WORK 
 
 Substantially, the program of activities overseas was 
 similar to that obtaining in this country. In the course 
 of the development of the work, Mr. Mortimer L. 
 Schiff went abroad on a mission for the Committee 
 of Eleven of the United War Work Campaign and 
 also assumed the responsibility for the general super- 
 vision of the Overseas Department. Mr. Schiff was 
 subsequently followed by the late Colonel Cutler who 
 was in France for six months, during which period he 
 took actual charge of the welfare program. Dr. Cyrus 
 Adler and Mr. Louis Marshall of the Executive Com- 
 mittee were also in France and lent their assistance 
 und co-operation in furthering the work of the Board. 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 37 
 
 Arrangements were made to secure the service of 
 Captain Elkan Voorsangcr of the Chaplains' Corps of 
 the U. S. Army, who became the Executive Director 
 of the overseas organization. After Colonel Cutler's 
 return to the United States, Dr. Cyrus Adler, the Vice- 
 Chairman of the Board, remained several months to 
 help complete the plans for expanding the work. 
 
 Personnel and Buildings 
 
 A total of one hundred and seventy-eight workers, 
 men and women, stationed at fifty-seven Centers, 
 served overseas. These Jewish Welfare Board repre- 
 sentatives acquitted themselves most creditably and 
 in not one instance did the army officials or French 
 Government authorities have any difficulty whatsoever 
 with them. 
 
 Of the Centers, twenty-three were located in towns 
 and were rented, twenty-eight were loaned by the 
 Army, two by the Knights of Columbus, two by the 
 Red Cross, one by the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
 ciation, and one by the Belgian Government. 
 
 The location of these Centers was largely the re- 
 sult of changes made necessary by the signing of the 
 Armistice. When hostilities ceased, a new situation 
 developed. Instead of troops coming to France, they 
 were being returned to the United States. The 
 Jewish Welfare Board assigned its workers and 
 located its buildings in accordance with the plan pur- 
 sued with regard to the movement of the units of the 
 iVmcrican Expeditionary Forces. Thus, Centers were 
 established in Germany to serve the Third Army, or 
 Army of Occupation. In the same manner. Centers 
 were established in the area occupied by the Second 
 Army, and in the large training areas where the First 
 Army was located. All other combatant units being 
 concentrated upon the Le Mans area, otherwise known 
 as the American Embarkation Center, Centers were 
 
38 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 likewise opened in this area. Inasmuch as all troops 
 were to pass through the Embarkation Center and 
 the Ports of Embarkation on their way to the United 
 States, and in view of its limited personnel, the efforts 
 of the Board were concentrated largely at these latter 
 posts. 
 
 With this program in mind, immediately after the 
 signing of the Armistice, the scope of the work in 
 the Le Mans area and at the Ports of Embarkation at 
 Brest, St. Nazaire and Bordeaux was increased, it 
 being considered of primary importance that the great- 
 est emphasis be laid upon the work in these areas. 
 Second in order in degree of importance was the 
 work with the Third Army in Germany. The re- 
 mainder of the facilities both in buildings and per- 
 sonnel was distributed among the Divisions in the 
 First and Second Armies. Centers were established in 
 Germany during the month of January, 1919, a total 
 of seven being operated in this area. At the same time, 
 Centers were established in the Service of Supply area 
 and the work extended to the other permanent camps 
 along the lines of communication, so that the Jewish 
 Welfare Board had a series of Centers running from 
 Tours through St. Aignan, Gievres, Bourges, Beaune, 
 Is-sur-Tille, Dijon and Chaumont. 
 
 In addition, a large number of workers were as- 
 signed to the following Divisions: the 6th, 29th, 5th, 
 7th, 33rd, and 79th. These workers moved along with 
 the Division from point to point until it finally em- 
 barked for the United States. 
 
 In short, the program was to serve, first, the men 
 immediately scheduled for return, and secondly, those 
 stationed in the more permanent camps. 
 
 The character of a J. W. B. Center depended largely 
 upon the kind of troops and the physical conditions of 
 the area in which the Center was located. In the 
 towns, the Center assumed the character of a club. 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 41 
 
 comprising a social room, a library, writing room, 
 meeting rooms and kitchen. In the camps, generally 
 barracks, hangars, or welfare buildings formerly used 
 by the other agencies were occupied, these buildings 
 being extensively equipped for entertainment purposes 
 and for the serving of refreshments. In every instance, 
 it was the eflfort of the representative to make the 
 building as comfortable as possible. 
 
 Program 
 
 The fundamental principle of the activity overseas, 
 as in the case of the work in the United States, was 
 to provide the maximum of service without charge 
 of any kind to the soldiers, who, regardless of anj^ 
 religious distinction, were at all times welcome in the 
 Jewish Welfare Board Centers and to the various 
 functions. In the distribution of supplies and in the 
 serving of refreshments, the same policy was main- 
 tained. 
 
 The religious program conducted was similar to 
 that followed in the camps of this country, consisting 
 of religious services daily, Friday evening and Sab- 
 bath, and in addition the observance of the Jewish 
 holidays and festivals. A total of 1,740 religious 
 services were held, the attendance in the aggregate 
 being 180,000. 
 
 Passover 
 
 The Festival of Passover was celebrated under sig- 
 nificant circumstances. In 1918, the army authorities 
 provided matzoths which were distributed among the 
 soldiers of the Jewish faith. When plans were dis- 
 cussed for the arrangements for the Passover of 1919, 
 the War Department requested the Jewish Welfare 
 Board to provide matzoths. Accordingly, there was 
 purchased in this country a large quantity for the 
 use of the men overseas, and this amount was sup- 
 
42 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 plemented with purchases made in France, a total of 
 300,000 pounds being furnished. Through the assist- 
 ance of the Quartermaster Corps, arrangements were 
 made for the distribution of these matzoths. Every 
 soldier of the Jewish faith was given a two-day pass, 
 and assigned to one of the nine concentration centers 
 where Passover celebrations were arranged. 
 
 The Passover Service celebration held in Paris in- 
 cluded a full course Passover Seder supper, religious 
 .service, and addresses by prominent representatives 
 of the War Department, including the Hon. Raymond 
 B. Fosdick, Colonel R. M. Lyon, Colonel Gouthiers, 
 representing Marshal Foch, as well as by Colonel 
 Harry Cutler, Dr. Cyrus Adler, Judge Julian Mack and 
 Mr. Louis Marshall. Altogether twenty-four Seders 
 were held with an attendance of 30,000, including sol- 
 diers of the Allied forces. In this connection, it may 
 be mentioned that the French troops were likewise 
 provided with matzoths from our stores. 
 
 The religious welfare of the soldiers of the Jewish 
 faith was not only the concern of the field representa- 
 tives but of the Rabbis who served as Army Chaplains 
 as well. The assistance given by the Board to the 
 War Department in the appointment of these Chap- 
 lains was fully explained in the previous report of the 
 Executive Committee. 
 
 There was a close relationship between the Board 
 and the Chaplains. The latter acted as liaison officers 
 of the organization in the conduct of religious activi- 
 ties and worked in the closest co-operation with the 
 field representatives. The Jewish Welfare Board sup- 
 plied each Chaplain with an automobile and type- 
 writer, and a special fund of 500 francs per month to 
 be expended as he saw fit in behalf of the uniformed 
 men. 
 
 The most important phase of personal service ren- 
 dered by the workers overseas was maintaining contact 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 45 
 
 with relatives back home. They answered inquiries 
 from the parents and friends of the soldier and kept 
 them constantly informed of his well-being. Informa- 
 tion was furnished on many quasi-legal and military 
 matters. The representatives wrote letters for those 
 who were unable to write, and provided reading ma- 
 terial and such comforts as the soldier required. 
 
 The Jewish Welfare Worker was always the host 
 to the man in uniform. A genuine pleasure in dis- 
 tributing refreshments was the spirit that marked this 
 phase of activitiy. In harmony with the homelike 
 atmosphere of the hut, the soldier was accorded the 
 treatment of a guest, and the plan followed in the 
 distribution of refreshments permitted of no line of 
 waiting soldiers, but each man was given attention 
 immediately upon his entering the building. 
 
 Entertainment 
 
 Entertainments were provided daily at the principal 
 Centers. A feature of the program, which included 
 the usual vaudeville and motion picture shows, dances 
 several times a week and special performances on holi- 
 days, was the organization of units and special enter- 
 tainments that were routed throughout the camps. 
 These units included the "Tuneful Trio" which gave 
 a total of eighty-one concerts, consisting of Yiddish 
 folk songs and other musical numbers. Altogether, 
 over 60,000 men were entertained by this unit. The 
 most important entertainment work undertaken by the 
 Jewish Welfare Board was the presentation of the 
 Second Army Show, "Who Can Tell," in response to 
 a request made by Colonel Lyon, in charge of Welfare 
 activities for the American Expeditionary Forces. 
 This show was played for five weeks consecutively, 
 one of the performances in Paris being attended by 
 the President and Mrs. Wilson and members of the 
 President's party. Another entertainment venture 
 
46 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 was the "Dovetail Troupe," a vaudeville unit of 
 unusual merit, which toured the camps throughout 
 the American Expeditionary Forces. 
 
 Altogether there was an attendance of 3,750,000 at 
 5,000 entertainments and dances provided by the over- 
 seas organization. 
 
 Hospital Service 
 
 As in the case of the welfare program in this coun- 
 try the importance of hospital service was always 
 emphasized. The work included ward visitation, dis- 
 tribution of supplies among the sick and the wounded, 
 furnishing reading material, writing letters to the 
 folks back home and the performance of countless 
 other personal services. A total of 40,000 wounded 
 men were visited and served. 
 
 Educational Work 
 
 In addition to courses in English, French, and com- 
 mercial subjects conducted by the workers in the va- 
 rious Centers, the Board assigned to the Army Edu- 
 cational Corps two members of its staff. Dr. David 
 S. Blondheim was stationed at the Sorbonne Univer- 
 sity and Dr. Hyman C. Enelow at the American Uni- 
 versity at Beaune. 
 
 Russian Soldiers 
 
 Welfare Service was extended to Russian soldiers 
 in France. These men found themselves among con- 
 ditions of life that were totally strange and unfa- 
 miliar to them. The workers understood the psycholo- 
 gy of these Russians, both Jew and non-Jew, and took 
 every opportunity to perform personal services for 
 them. In addition, the Jewish Welfare Board was 
 able to supply many Russian prisoners in Germany 
 with matzoths during the Passover of 1919. 
 
Sim i ,1 i 
 
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 m. 
 
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REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 49 
 
 SERVICE TO RETURNING TROOPS 
 
 In order to carry out its plan of an all-inclusive 
 service to the enlisted men, the Board added to its 
 schedule of welfare service other activities, which 
 would make for the increased welfare and happiness 
 of the men under the Post-Armistice conditions. 
 
 Troop Train Service 
 
 The field representatives made it a practice to wel- 
 come the men as they came into camp from the trans- 
 ports and from the debarkation camps. In co- 
 operation with the Y. M .C. A. and K. of C. workers, 
 the representatives would board the incoming trains 
 at a convenient distance from the camp and meet the 
 men before they arrived at their destination. The 
 customary supplies were distributed on the trains and 
 personal service cases received attention. 
 
 At one camp the representative had been advised 
 by another worker at a distant post that a train of 
 troops had left for his camp. The train arrived at 
 midnight and was met by Jewish Welfare Board work- 
 ers at the station. The camp was in utter darkness 
 save for the Jewish Welfare Board building. The 
 soldiers were directed to the hut for coffee and sand- 
 wiches, the Commanding Officer marching his men 
 into the hut and from there assigning them to their 
 respective barracks. 
 
 The communities made provisions for troop trains 
 passing through the city en route to camp. During 
 the stop-over period ladies of the Branch provided 
 coffee, sandwiches, fruit and smokes. If the train 
 was to make a long stop, the troops were directed to 
 canteens and lodging places and advised where they 
 could secure wholesome entertainment and recreation. 
 In some of the large cities, a representative was 
 assigned to depot work to meet the incoming trains. 
 
 At the camps whenever an unusually large group 
 
so JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 left, the field representative accompanied the men on 
 the train a short distance. The personal needs of the 
 men were taken care of and the worker was ready to 
 meet any emergency requirements. Whenever the 
 number of men leaving the camp was comparatively 
 small, one of the soldiers of the group was assigned 
 to take the place of the representative. 
 
 On the Transports 
 
 Pursuant to an order by the War Department, 
 issued on December 18, 1918, the welfare organizations 
 were authorized to place representatives on the trans- 
 ports to accompany the troops back to the United 
 States from France. 
 
 The Board organized a Transport Service Division 
 to supervise this work. Thirty-one representatives 
 were assigned to troop ships and on the fifty-two 
 round trips completed by these workers, thousands of 
 men, including the crews, were reached by this service. 
 
 In co-operation with the other welfare agencies the 
 organizations presented to the soldiers on the trans- 
 ports so-called community boxes containing refresh- 
 ments, stationery, etc. The Board contributed ap- 
 proximately $14,000 as its share towards the purchase 
 of these gift boxes. 
 
 The representatives distributed during the voyage 
 athletic equipment and such supplies as fountain-pen 
 ink, tablets, soap, hair-brushes, handkerchiefs, pencils, 
 tooth-paste, shoe-shining outfits, games, including 
 cards and dominoes, checkers and chess. 
 
 The workers co-operated with the other welfare 
 agencies in promoting clean, wholesome entertainment 
 on board ship. 
 
 Innumerable- personal service cases were accorded a 
 great deal of time and attention. 
 
 Religious services were held regularly on the trans- 
 ports, either by the "Star of David" man or a Jewish 
 man selected from among the enlisted personnel. The 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE S3 
 
 traditional Friday evening services were a regular fea- 
 ture and the holidays were celebrated in an appropriate 
 manner. 
 
 Meeting Returning Troops 
 
 When the soldiers and sailors returned to this 
 country, the Jewish Welfare Board participated in the 
 hearty greeting which was extended to every incom- 
 ing ship at the ports of debarkation. Representatives 
 at Hoboken, Boston, Portland, Philadelphia, Norfolk, 
 Newport News and Charleston met in all four hun- 
 dred and fifty-three transports with returning troops, 
 supplied the men with gifts and daily newspapers, and 
 rendered service that added to the warmth of their 
 welcome. 
 
 As the work proceeded, it was decided that each 
 agency should be solely responsible for the distribu- 
 tion of some needed article. The Board was given the 
 exclusive privilege of distributing handkerchiefs to 
 the men. On account of the difficulties experienced in 
 obtaining handkerchiefs in France, this gift was 
 acknowledged by the men with grateful enthusiasm. 
 
 There were also distributed "Hello" cards, which 
 the men quickly forwarded to relatives and friends 
 announcing their arrival, and postcard pictures of the 
 various transports, together with pencils. Other work 
 on the piers embraced collecting mail and delivering 
 it to the military postoifice, giving information and 
 advice, and carrying messages between the men and 
 their relatives and friends waiting outside the yards. 
 
 An important feature of the work at the debarkation 
 ports was the visitation to the sick bays of the trans- 
 ports. The workers as soon as the boat was made 
 fast, visited the sick and wounded, brought them 
 delicacies and smokes and performed any personal 
 errand requested of them. 
 
 In addition to the service among the returning 
 
54 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 troops, the work at the debarkation ports consisted of 
 activities in behalf of the troops permanently sta- 
 tioned at these places, and also ministrations for the 
 crews of the ships in port. In order to make pro- 
 visions for the needs of the latter, a program of ship 
 visiting was followed. Every ship which docked at 
 the port was visited by a representative who estab- 
 lished personal contact with the members of the crew. 
 
 At Hoboken, N. J., a Center was maintained where 
 entertainments and dances were held at regular inter- 
 vals for the permanent troops and for the members 
 of the crew of the various ships in port. The Center 
 was equipped with lounging chairs, writing tables and 
 recreational facilities. Hospitality was extended to all 
 soldiers, sailors and marines. 
 
 Caring for the Wounded and Sick 
 
 The hospital activities had always received much 
 attention on the part of the field representatives. Be- 
 fore the Armistice, the hospitals were filled with the 
 sick only. The instances where confinement was of 
 long duration were rare. Now the wounded and dis- 
 abled were being returned from France. Many of 
 these men were unfortunately required to remain in 
 hospital or convalescent homes for a considerable 
 period. 
 
 The Hospital Service Division was organized at 
 National Headquarters in January, 1919, to promote 
 special activities in conjunction with the efforts of 
 the hospital authorities and the educational and recrea- 
 tional officers of the hospital and the American Red 
 Cross. 
 
 A total of fifty-four field representatives who had 
 training in pedagogy or experience in teaching, were 
 assigned to forty general hospitals, seventeen base 
 hospitals, functioning in physical reconstruction, sev- 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 55 
 
 enteen regular base hospitals, thirteen debarkation 
 hospitals and six miscellaneous hospitals. 
 
 Ward entertainments for bedridden patients were 
 a regular feature of the hospital service. Moving pic- 
 tures were displayed on the ceilings of the wards. 
 Vaudeville shows and concerts, followed by the serving 
 of refreshments were arranged. 
 
 Over one hundred thousand wards were visited by 
 the workers of the Jewish Welfare Board. Bedside 
 ministration was a usual part of the work. Repre- 
 sentatives came for a bedside chat, to write letters to 
 relatives and friends and to bring cheer and comfort 
 to the patients. Fruit, delicacies, cigarettes, writing 
 materials and other articles of comfort were provided 
 for all the men, regardless of creed. 
 
 The volunteer hospital committees of the com- 
 munity Branches were of the greatest assistance in 
 this work. The men and women of the cities and 
 towns near the hospitals brought to the sick soldiers 
 the comfort of personal interest and contact. 
 
 Among the educational activities conducted at the 
 hospitals were classes in advertising, bookkeeping, 
 commercial law, banking, stenography, typewriting, 
 English, singing, instrumental music, Hebrew and 
 Jewish history. In many instances individual in- 
 struction was given to the patients in addition to the 
 class work. A total of five hundred classes attended 
 by over ten thousand men were conducted by repre- 
 sentatives in the hospitals throughout the country. 
 
 An important phase of the work was the task of 
 encouraging patients to avail themselves of the oppor- 
 tunity for training offered by the authorities. As a 
 means to this end, the Board published and distributed 
 thousands of copies of a booklet, "My Diary," to the 
 patients of the various hospitals. This booklet, practi- 
 cally arranged, contained important information re- 
 garding War Risk Insurance, and the opportunities for 
 
56 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 vocational training that were given to ex-soldiers by 
 the Government, photographs and descriptions of edu- 
 cational activities in which wounded men might par- 
 ticipate, blank pages for diary purposes and other 
 valuable material. 
 
 The Jewish Welfare Board at those places where 
 no Governmental appropriation was available, fur- 
 thered the educational activities by supplying needed 
 equipment such as typewriters, tools of various kinds, 
 desks and printing outfits. 
 
 For the recreation of the wounded and sick there 
 were arranged varied entertainments. Wounded men 
 were given automobile and bus rides, taken on sight- 
 seeing tours, sleigh rides and motor boat rides. Thea- 
 tre parties were frequently held in neighboring towns. 
 Athletic teams, composed of wounded and slightly dis- 
 abled rhen, were formed and games played. Field and 
 track meets and checker and chess tournaments were 
 conducted. 
 
 Altogether over four thousand entertainments, with 
 a total attendance of approximately one million two 
 hundred thousand, were arranged by the Board in 
 the military hospitals. An aggregate of over one 
 hundred thousand men attended religious services and 
 the celebrations of the Jewish holidays, which were 
 held in the hospitals. 
 
 In addition to the usual religious activities, the spiri- 
 tual needs of the men were further provided for 
 through the generous distribution of religious supplies 
 and accessories. 
 
 During the influenza epidemic in the fall and winter 
 of 1918-1919 the representatives were very helpful in 
 alleviating the distress of the scourge. Hospital visi- 
 tation was of course the most important activity. Dis- 
 regarding the danger to which they exposed them- 
 selves, the workers waited upon those who were 
 stricken and rendered them every assistance. Letters 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 59 
 
 were written to the homes of the men to allay the 
 fears of anxious parents. Panic-stricken relatives who 
 came personally to camp had to be reassured, or com- 
 forted in their grief. Cheerful and intimate talks with 
 the soldiers at their barracks helped to buoy up de- 
 pressed spirits. Arrangements were made for the fun- 
 erals of those who succumbed. No act of kindness or 
 mercy was left undone which could bring succor to 
 the stricken or solace to the bereaved. 
 
 Employment Activities 
 
 The employment activities sought to comprehend 
 the situation which was created by the return of the 
 soldiers. It was recognized that the problem con- 
 stituted a Jewish community obligation to be dis- 
 charged by Jewish communities, through such insti- 
 tutions, lodges and other agencies as were ready 
 and able, by reason of their physical resources and per- 
 sonnel, to engage in such efforts successfully. 
 
 The Board was fortunate in securing the co- 
 operation of the Y. M. H. A. and I. O. B. B. in the 
 conduct of the employment activities. Through the 
 assistance of these national organizations, local 
 agencies were mobilized for the task of finding suit- 
 able employment for the men. Special committees on 
 employment were created by the Jewish Welfare 
 Board conjointly with the Y. M. H. A. and I. O. B. B. 
 in all cities in which the three organizations had 
 local bodies. Wherever one of these organizations 
 had no local constituent body, the other or others 
 assumed responsibility for the activity. Other local 
 Jewish agencies that desired to participate were 
 welcomed. 
 
 The efforts of these organizations were thus har- 
 monized and brought under centralized control, the 
 work being conducted in accordance with uniform 
 national policies and financed by the Board upon the 
 
60 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 basis of a budget rendered monthly in advance for 
 the review of the National Office. 
 
 In every instance where there was a general city 
 Re-employment Bureau for Returning Soldiers and 
 Sailors, the local joint committee of the I. O. B. B. 
 Council of Y. M. H. A. and Jewish Welfare Board 
 worked in thorough co-operation, so as to avoid dupli- 
 cation and to increase the effectiveness of the general 
 employment effort of the community. 
 
 In nine communities, separate employment bureaus 
 were maintained by local J. W. B. committees. In 
 twelve cities, employment organizations were operated 
 by the Y. M. H. A. in co-operation with the Jewish 
 Welfare Board. In fifteen cities, the Jewish Welfare 
 Board established no independent bureau of its own, 
 but made direct contribution of personnel or funds, or 
 both, to the community employment bureau conducted 
 jointly by the soldier and sailor welfare agencies. In 
 one hundred and eight communities, the employment 
 activities were carried on by volunteer committees 
 under the joint auspices of the Y. M. H. A., the I. O. 
 B. B. and the Jewish Welfare Board. 
 
 In New York City the Employment Bureau was 
 organized with one central office and seven branch 
 employment offices. When the various welfare 
 agencies agreed to finance the Re-employment Bureau, 
 established by the Merchants' Association of New 
 York, the Jewish Welfare Board abandoned its own 
 employment office and joined with the other welfare 
 organizations in the support of this bureau for re- 
 turning soldiers. The Jewish Welfare Board con- 
 tributed approximately $45,000 towards the main- 
 tenance of this bureau. The Board stationed two 
 uniformed representatives in this office, who acted as 
 vocational advisers. They interviewed about three 
 thousand applicants for employment, to whom they 
 rendered advice and assistance. Jewish employers 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 61 
 
 were prevailed upon to make available opportunities 
 for employment in their establishments. Men were 
 advised as to educational opportunities and were re- 
 ferred to institutions where they might secure addi- 
 tional training. A particular effort was made to secure 
 employment for Sabbath observers, who experienced 
 greater difficulty than others in finding suitable 
 positions. 
 
 The Chicago Bureau, whose unusual efficiency was 
 largely made possible by the local I. O. B. B. Employ- 
 ment Organization, registered 1,637 men of whom 
 1,477 were placed. Over five hundred discharged men 
 virere induced to enter the night schools and two hun- 
 dred went to technical schools. 
 
 The activities of the Employment Service, as has 
 been observed, were not confined solely to securing 
 positions. Men were advised as to chances for growth 
 and promotion in various fields of work. Every en- 
 couragement was given to those who desired to enter 
 upon some new work which would improve their con- 
 dition. Wherever preliminary educational training 
 was necessary before this step could be taken, the 
 employment secretary rendered every assistance to 
 enable the man to secure this preparation. 
 
 The Jewish Welfare Board endeavored to share 
 fully the responsibility devolving upon the community 
 in the solution of the ex-soldier employment problem. 
 The local situation and particular needs of the ex- 
 service men in each city determined the extent of the 
 organization's contribution in men and funds to the 
 program of securing positions for the unemployed. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF SUPPLIES 
 
 The following is a list of articles distributed by the 
 Jewish Welfare Board during the war emergency 
 period in the camps of this country and abroad. This 
 
62 JEWISH WELFARE 130 A RD 
 
 table does not include the large quantities of refresh- 
 ments, cigarettes, comfort articles and similar gifts 
 supplied to the enlisted men by the field representa- 
 tives and the members of the local Jewish Welfare 
 Board Branches. 
 
 Stationery- 
 Soldiers' and Sailors' Letterheads 20,000,000 
 
 Soldiers' and Sailors' Envelopes 10,000,000 
 
 Postal Cards : 
 
 Camp Views ^ 617,250 
 
 Chanukah 250,000 
 
 "Hello" 2,753,250 
 
 Rosh Hashanah 253,000 
 
 Purim 209,000 
 
 Transport •. 1,531,339 
 
 Passover ^ 210,000 
 
 Religious Supplies 
 
 Matzoth (poimds) 282,423 
 
 Soldiers and Sailors Prayer Books 268,046 
 
 Soldiers and Sailors Bibles 181,515 
 
 Holiday Prayer Books 60,500 
 
 Haggadahs 93,500 
 
 Singer Prayer Books 17,500 
 
 Kinoth 5,000 
 
 Selichoth 5,300 
 
 Book of Esther 16,500 
 
 Mezzuzahs 5,570 
 
 Talethim 630 
 
 Tephillin (pairs) 695' 
 
 Tzitzith 1,550 
 
 Books and Pamphlets 
 
 Song Books 70,600 
 
 Calendars 53,000 
 
 Maccabean Spirit 50,000 
 
 On Intermarriage 20,000 
 
 The Allied Countries and the Jews 1,500 
 
 Books (Yiddish and English) 19,360 
 
 Golden Rule Hillel 30,000 
 
 Potency of Jewish Race 30,000 
 
 Allotment and Insurance 30,000 
 
 Sentinel— Jewish Welfare Board Monthly 60,000 
 
 Veneral Diseases 20,000 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 65 
 
 Address on Right Living, Hon. Josephus Daniels 20,000 
 
 My Diary 40,000 
 
 Fit to Fight (Russian- Yiddish) 23,500 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Matches (boxes) 1,570,000 
 
 Handkerchiefs 1,510,000 
 
 Wallets 80,000 
 
 Checker, Chess and Domino Sets 59,300 
 
 TERMINATION OF WAR EMERGENCY ACTIVITIES 
 
 In the latter part of October, 1919, the War Depart- 
 ment issued General Order No. 109, made effective 
 November 1, 1919, which provided for the transfer of 
 welfare activities from civilian to Government control. 
 In December, 1919, a similar order, made effective 
 January 1, 1930, was promulgated by the Navy Depart- 
 ment. In compliance with these orders, the Jewish 
 Welfare Board withdrew from the camps and naval 
 posts of the country and prepared to bring to a close 
 its camp service activities. The representatives were 
 instructed to cooperate with the Commanding Officers 
 and Camp Educational and Recreational Officers in 
 helping to make the transition. At such posts, both in 
 the Army and Navy, where its service was released, 
 the Board, in common with the practice adopted by 
 the other welfare agencies turned over cheerfully to 
 the War and Navy Departments camp buildings and 
 equipment required for the use of the enlisted men. 
 
 Even prior to the issuance of the order, pursuant to 
 which the Government assumed the performance of 
 welfare activities, the organization had been occupied 
 in effecting a continually progressive curtailment of 
 its program, personnel and facilities. 
 
 With the constant return of the soldiers from over- 
 seas and the discharge of men from the service in the 
 
66 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 camps of the United States, the soldier popula;tion 
 began to dwindle, resulting in a gradual slackening 
 in the demands upon the Board for its welfare minis- 
 trations. Furthermore, as posts were closed and 
 camps abandoned here and there throughout the coun- 
 try, the field of its activities was correspondingly- 
 narrowed. 
 
 Confronted by this condition, strict economy de- 
 manded that the organization accommodate itself 
 speedily and with great mobility to the situation as it 
 developed from day to day at each camp, in order 
 that no money or efforts be expended beyond those 
 proportionate to and required by the existing 
 needs. On the other hand, the obligation owed to 
 the enlisted men made it imperative that provision 
 for their religious, social and recreational welfare 
 should at no time be insufiScient. Even though many 
 men were leaving the service each day, those still 
 in uniform were entitled to receive the full measure of 
 the Board's care and attention. 
 
 The Jewish Welfare Board endeavored to reconcile 
 the necessities of the situation by adopting and pur- 
 suing a policy of retrenchment without diminution 
 of essential service. Instead of fixing arbitrarily 
 the time of its withdrawal from any naval post, 
 camp or community, and in the meantime continuing 
 its activities undiminished until that day regardless of 
 a continually lessening need, it was determined to 
 leave open the date of retirement from any center. 
 This step, it was resolved, would not be taken unless 
 and until the absence of any further need for soldier 
 welfare service automatically, as it were, terminated 
 the vvrork. Pending that time, the welfare activities 
 were to be curtailed and made currently commen- 
 surate with the existing need, so that there should at 
 no time be any waste or superfluity. 
 
 This conception of the Board's responsibility was 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 67 
 
 formally expressed in the following resolution of the 
 Executive Committee, passed at a meeting of the 
 Committee on July 9, 1919 : 
 
 "With reference to the continuation of the 
 buildings, it was unanimously agreed that where- 
 ever there is an active camp and the facilitie's of 
 the Jewish Welfare Board are needed for the 
 service of the men, regardless of the small num- 
 ber of men of Jewish faith in any camp or post, 
 the activities of the Board should continue on the 
 principle that the Board functions to all men, 
 regardless of creed." 
 
 Procedure in Effecting Demobilization 
 
 Guided by this policy, the administration proceeded 
 to terminate the formal welfare program in the camps, 
 naval posts and communities. There took place a 
 marked curtailment in the extent of the service pro- 
 gram, the salvaging of buildings, automobiles and 
 other equipment, a rapid reduction of field personnel, 
 the slackening of community Branch activity and the 
 contraction of the National Office Staff as well as of 
 the facilities of the National Office. 
 
 During September, 1919, the work overseas had 
 been discontinued and the Transport Service brought 
 to a close. 
 
 The task of withdrawing from the camps and dis- 
 posing of buildings and property was in charge of a 
 Committee on Buildings and Salvage of the Executive 
 Committee. A Salvage Division was organized at 
 National Headquarters to administer the details of 
 this work. 
 
 The field supervisors visited the camps and com- 
 munities and made an intensive study of the situation 
 at each post with respect to the advisability of closing 
 camp buildings, disposing of automobiles and other 
 equipment and removing the workers. In addition, 
 
68 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 the field supervisors were called upon to ascertain the 
 need for continuing activities in the various com- 
 munities. The National Office was in constant com- 
 munication with the local Branches in order to keep 
 continuously informed regarding the desirability of 
 contracting or concluding the activities of the local 
 organizations. Retrenchment conferences of the 
 Executive Staff were held daily to consider the re- 
 ports and recommendations of the field supervisors, 
 the communications from the Branch officials and 
 the latest advices and announcements from the War 
 and Navy Departments. 
 
 The administration was thus enabled to obtain a sur- 
 vey of the entire field and was in a position to take 
 immediate and responsive action with respect to the 
 situation at any camp. 
 
 Salvaging Building and Equipment 
 
 In salvaging the buildings, where they were not 
 required by the Government, authority was first 
 secured from the War Department. The Chairman of 
 the local Branch and, in some instances, the field 
 representative, was requested to solicit bids. All bids, 
 together with the recommendations of the Chairman 
 or representative, were submitted to the National 
 Office for consideration and action. In each instance 
 the buildings were sold to the highest bidder. 
 
 The following is a statement of the buildings trans- 
 ferred to the Government or salvaged : 
 
 Buildings Turned Over to Army 20 
 
 Camp Custer (including equipment) 
 
 Camp Devens " 
 
 Camp Dix " 
 
 Camp Dodge " 
 
 Camp Eustis " 
 
 Camp Funston " 
 
 Camp Gordon " 
 
 Camp Grant " 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 69 
 
 Camp Humphreys (including equipment) 
 Camp Jackson " 
 
 Camp Kearny " 
 
 Camp McClclIan (part equipment) 
 Ft. McHeni-y (including equipment) 
 Camp Meade " 
 
 Camp Pike " 
 
 Camp Raritan " 
 
 Camp Sherman " 
 
 Camp Travis " 
 
 Camp Upton " 
 
 2bldgs. 
 
 Buildings Turned Over to Navy 5 
 
 Brooklyn, 69th St. Receiving Station (including equipment) 
 Newport Naval Station " 
 
 Norfolk Naval Base 
 Parris Island (two buildings) 
 
 Buildings Salvaged 23 
 
 Camp Beauregard 
 
 Camp Bowie 
 
 Chickamauga National Park 
 
 Camp Fremont 
 
 Great Lakes Naval Station 
 (equipment to Navy) 
 
 Camp Greene 
 
 Camp Hancock 
 
 Camp Johnston 
 
 Camp Logan 
 
 Camp McArthur 
 
 Camp Merritt 
 
 Camp Mills 
 
 Camp Sevier 
 
 Pelham Bay Naval Station 
 
 Seward Park 
 
 Camp Shelby 
 
 Kelly Field 
 
 Camp Lee 
 
 Camp Lewis 
 
 (part equipment to Array) 
 
 Camp Wheeler 
 
 Camp Sheridan 
 
 Camp Stuart 
 
 Camp Wadsworth 
 
 Total Number of Buildings Erected 48 
 
 As for furniture, automobiles, equipment and sup- 
 plies, wherever possible, these articles wrere trans- 
 
70 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 ferred to other camps where needed. If no transfer 
 could be effected, the various items were also sold to 
 the highest bidders. 
 
 Demobilizing Field Personnel 
 
 In withdrawing its workers from the field, the 
 Board was ever mindful of the diligence and loyalty 
 of these men and women and in appreciation sought 
 to give them every assistance in resuming their normal 
 occupations and associations in civil life. 
 
 Where the War Department advised that a camp 
 would be closed by a certain day, the workers at that 
 camp were given a four weeks notice of their ensuing 
 retirement. In all other instances the representative 
 would be kept at his post until the need for welfare 
 activities there had ceased. Provision was then made 
 for the granting of a month's salary to the worker 
 when he left the service of the Board. 
 
 The following table shows the number of workers 
 in the Home, Transport and Overseas Service from 
 the period immediately subsequent to the signing of 
 the Armistice to January 1st, 1930, indicating the 
 gradual manner in which the workers were retired: 
 
 Home Transport O'rseas 
 Service Service Service 
 
 November 15, 1918 265 .. 2 
 
 April 1, 1919 242 7 139 
 
 May 1, 1919 208 25 136 
 
 June 1, 1919 177 28 156 
 
 July 1, 1919 154 3 132 
 
 August 1, 1919 116 .. 83 
 
 September 1, 1919 88 
 
 October 1, 1919 69 
 
 November 1, 1919 55 
 
 December 1, 1919 13 
 
 January 1, 1920 2 
 
 Auditing and Collection of Camp Records 
 
 Before the work was closed at any camp, a careful 
 audit was made of the financial accounts. All records. 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 71 
 
 reports and files were collected and forwarded to the 
 National Office for transfer to the permanent files of 
 the organization. 
 
 Retrenchment-Community Activities 
 
 Corresponding to the abandonment of camp activi- 
 ties was the reduction in the scope of the work of the 
 Community Branches. As the enlisted men returned 
 and resumed their civilian positions, the need for the 
 war ministrations of the communities decreased. 
 
 The steady decline of Branch activities and the 
 decrease in the amounts expended each month for 
 community service are revealed in the following table : 
 
 Number of Branch 
 
 Community Branches Subventions 
 
 April, 1919 73 66,SS1.S9 
 
 May, 1919. 63 43,028.11 
 
 June, 1919 43 32,409.41 
 
 July, 1919 38 20,662.64 
 
 August, 1919 31 12,361.27 
 
 September, 1919 17 8,167.68 
 
 October, 1919 7 5,340.71 
 
 November, 1919 6 2,325.50 
 
 December, 1919 7 1,589.52 
 
 January, 1920 4 778.19 
 
 Reduction of Office Personnel 
 
 In reducing the number of employees of the Na- 
 tional Staff, consequent upon the curtailment of the 
 work in the field, a practice was followed similar to 
 that pursued in connection with the field workers. 
 The office staff was given suitable advance notice in 
 each instance so that the worker could make other 
 personal adjustments. 
 
 The following table of the number of employees at 
 the National Headquarters up to January 1, 1930, 
 shows the gradual reduction that was made in the 
 office personnel during the demobilization period : 
 
72 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 Number of Employees 
 
 November IS, 1918 157 
 
 April 1, 1919 132 
 
 May 1, 1919 125 
 
 June 1, 1919 98 
 
 July 1, 1919 82 
 
 August 1, 1919 79 
 
 September 1, 1919 66 
 
 October 1, 1919 48 
 
 November 1, 1919 36 
 
 December 1, 1919 32 
 
 January 1, 1920 21 
 
 The space occupied by the National Headquarters 
 in November, 1919, when the Government took over 
 welfare work, was less than one-third of the space 
 occupied at the time of the signing of the Armistice, 
 one year before. 
 
 The retirement from the field of war service was 
 a task of no small dimensions. A large organization 
 created virtually over night had to be domobilized and 
 in the process the welfare and contentment of the 
 enlisted men could not be neglected. 
 
 It was necessary to maintain a sufficient staff at 
 National Headquarters in order to take care of the 
 salvaging, the auditing of records, the return of funds 
 from camps and communities, the preparation of ofifi- 
 cial reports and many other matters incidental to the 
 withdrawal from the camps, and also to continue the 
 welfare activities for which the Jewish Welfare Board 
 was still responsible and which are described later in 
 this report. 
 
 Award of Certificates 
 
 In bringing its war service to a close, it was felt 
 that formal recognition should be made of the meri- 
 torious services of the representatives and co-workers 
 throughout the country and that this recognition 
 should be embodied in some permanent form. The 
 Executive Committee at its meeting on May 31, 1919, 
 passed a resolution providing for the presentation of a 
 certificate of meritorious service and a gold pin to 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 73 
 
 those who had rendered substantial service to the 
 Board for a period of at least three months. 
 
 In accordance with this resolution, there was pre- 
 sented to the field representatives, to the members of 
 the communities, whose names had been submitted by 
 the local Branches as worthy of the honor, to the 
 heads of departments and employees at the National 
 Office who had served more than six months, and to 
 volunteer entertainers who had helped to make affairs 
 at the camps successful, a certificate, together with a 
 gold pin. This certificate testified to the fact that it 
 had been awarded in recognition of the loyal and 
 patriotic service rendered to the organization by the 
 worker. 
 
 Photographs, Slides and Motion Pictures 
 
 During the course of its activities, the Board en- 
 couraged, insofar as possible, the taking of photo- 
 graphs of the various phases of its activities in camp, 
 community, hospital, debarkation center, transport 
 and overseas. Stereoptican slides were made of the 
 most suitable of these photographs and constitute with 
 them a graphic story of the work. 
 
 As a permanent record of the work of the Jewish 
 Welfare Board, a motion picture film has been com- 
 pleted, depicting and illustrative of its welfare opera- 
 tions. This picture is historical in its portrayal of 
 the part taken by the organization in welfare service 
 during the Great War. A copy of this film will be 
 filed in the archives of the War and Navy De- 
 partments. 
 
 Reports 
 
 The Board has been frequently called upon for a 
 history of its organization and activities. Such reports 
 have been requested by and furnished to a number 
 of Divisions of the War and Navv Departments, to 
 
74 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 the French Government, War Camp Community Ser- 
 vice, and to numerous national and state historical 
 societies, and to other official organizations. 
 
 WELFARE SERVICE IN PEACE TIME 
 
 When the conduct of the welfare work within the 
 camps was taken over by the War and Navy Depart- 
 ments on November 1, 1919, and January 1, 1920, 
 respectively, the Jewish Welfare Board determined 
 that the uniformed men of Jewish faith should con- 
 tinue to have insofar as possible the benefit of its 
 ministrations in the camp, and as requested by both 
 Departments, in the community as well. There was 
 obviously no less need for the continuance of the help- 
 ful, friendly interest of the Jewish community in its 
 sons in the Army and Navy. Clearly, therefore, the 
 organization had a definite responsibility, which it has 
 sought to meet during these recent months, in spite of 
 many difficulties which were created by the change of 
 the military forces from the war to a peace basis and 
 by the organization and re-organization in the War 
 and Navy Departments of Divisions to look specifi- 
 cally after soldier and sailor work. 
 
 It has been the aim of the Board to meet primarily 
 those Jewish needs which naturally were unprovided 
 for by the non-sectarian welfare program of the Gov- 
 ernment Departments. 
 
 Assistance to Army and Navy Morale Administration 
 
 As previously referred to, the Jewish Welfare 
 Board, in its desire to assist the Government, turned 
 over to the Army and Navy such buildings and equip- 
 ment as were needed to continue the morale program. 
 
 When the Army and Navy Departments requested 
 additional funds to conduct welfare work, pending 
 the receipt of congressional appropriations, the Com- 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 75 
 
 mittee of Eleven, on which Mr. Mortimer L. Schiff 
 was the representative of the Jewish Welfare Board, 
 after investigation, voted that each welfare agency 
 should contribute on the basis of the proportionate 
 share of work that each was conducting at that time 
 inside the camps. Detailed budgets submitted by both 
 departments were reviewed and the sum of $2,864,000 
 was allotted to the Government by the welfare 
 agencies for its educational and recreational activities. 
 Of this amount, the Jewish Welfare Board contributed 
 $137,170 to the Army and $40,400 to the Navy, making 
 a total of $177,570. 
 
 It is worthy of mention that when the Army reor- 
 ganized its welfare program and chose its supervising 
 personnel, two former field representatives of the 
 Board were selected as educational and recreational 
 supervisors in two out of the nine Corps Areas in the 
 country. 
 
 Personal Service Continued 
 
 The many post-war problems of the ex-soldier and 
 his family are receiving solicitous consideration. The 
 Personal Service Division at National Headquarters 
 is at the present time handling approximately three 
 hundred pending cases each month. These matters are 
 referred by the individuals themselves, who call at the 
 National Office, by the field representatives of the 
 Board, and by soldiers in the camps. A worker is sta- 
 tioned at Washington, D. C., to facilitate contact with 
 the various divisions of the Government in connection 
 with these activities, especially with the Bureau of 
 War Risk Insurance. 
 
 Present Contact With Service Men 
 
 Very shortly after the Board was asked by the War 
 and Navy Departments to continue its interest in the 
 uniformed men, particularly in providing suitable com- 
 
76 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 niunity activities, a field investigation was made 
 to determine what were at present the special needs 
 of the Jewish men in the service. The result of this 
 investigation which was supplemented by many com- 
 munications received from soldiers, morale officers and 
 chaplains throughout the country made clear the 
 necessity for the continuation of the service of the 
 Jewish Welfare Board in meeting the special problems 
 of the men of Jewish faith in the Army and Navy. 
 
 Accordingly, in the early part of the year 1920, the 
 National Office communicated with the commanding 
 officers of the various posts throughout the United 
 States and advised them that it vvas desirous of con- 
 tinuing its co-operation and assistance to the men in 
 the service, particularly to help the Jewish men to 
 preserve their religious life. 
 
 The Commanders were advised that the organiza- 
 tion was prepared to supply Prayer Books, Bibles and 
 Jewish Literature and also to assist in the celebration 
 of the Jewish holidays. It was suggested that a Jewish 
 man at each post should be designated to act in a liai- 
 son capacity between his comrades of the Jewish faith 
 and this Board. The Naval and Military officials ex- 
 pressed their hearty approval and endorsement of this 
 offer of co-operation. In addition, the co-operation of 
 the communities adjacent to camps and naval stations 
 was enlisted. 
 
 The Jewish Welfare Board is at present in contact 
 with eighty-four camps and naval posts and eleven 
 hospitals throughout the United States. In addition 
 it is active in behalf of the men in the Canal Zone, the 
 Philippines, and of the soldiers and sailors stationed 
 in Hawaii. 
 
 Ministrations are made available at those points 
 through seventy-four keymen, who are soldiers desig- 
 nated by the Camp Commander to act as informal 
 Jewish Welfare Board representatives at the particular 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 77 
 
 post ; through eleven chaplains, five morale officers and 
 four commanding officers, who keep the National 
 Office constantly advised of the needs of the men. The 
 soldiers' welfare at one of the posts is looked after by 
 the community Branch nearby. 
 
 In addition to this co-operation, there are three paid 
 workers, stationed at the Walter Reed Hospital, 
 Washington, D. C, at the Hospital, Fox Hills, N. Y., 
 and at the Brooklyn Navy Yard and surrounding posts. 
 
 There has been sent for distribution among the 
 men at these posts during the year 1,357 soldiers 
 Bibles, 1,069 Prayer Books, hundreds of Jewish cal- 
 endars, Hebrew grammars, and Menorah candlesticks. 
 A portable organ was furnished to one post- Seventy 
 Yiddish books and twenty English books have been 
 forwarded to the camps, together with English news- 
 papers and magazines of Jewish interest. Checker, 
 chess, and domino sets have been provided. 
 
 When the \Ka.r and Navy Departments took over 
 welfare work, they provided stationery for the enlisted 
 men. However the Board donated approximately 
 2,000,000 letterheads and envelopes which it had in 
 stock, to the Navy Department. Since then at the 
 special request of the keymen in the camps, additional 
 quantities of stationery have been sent. 
 
 As further activities in the camp program, arrange- 
 ments have been made for the holding of religious 
 services and the conduct of personal service work. 
 
 At the larger hospitals the usual ministrations are 
 being continued in behalf of the sick and convalescent. 
 The representatives and several of the community 
 Branches are continuing to furnish the men with every 
 influence that will add to their comfort and happiness. 
 
 Community Interest Maintained 
 
 Community activities have been encouraged where- 
 ever the soldier needs have required the continuance 
 
78 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 of this work. Although at the present time there are 
 only three Branches conducting the full program of 
 welfare service, eighteen communities in addition, are 
 co-operating with the special representatives (key- 
 men) at the nearby camps in taking care of the re- 
 ligious, social and recreational requirements of the 
 enlisted men. 
 
 Through the generosity of the communities, soldiers 
 and sailors are invited to enjoy home hospitality and 
 are also welcome guests at the community entertain- 
 ments and socials. In connection with the hospitals, 
 refreshments, delicacies and reading material are sup- 
 plied to the patients. Rabbis from the towns and cities 
 are visiting neighboring camps to conduct services 
 wherever satisfactory arrangements have been ef- 
 fected. 
 
 At San Diego, California, where there is an un- 
 usually large soldier and sailor population, the Board 
 has recently authorized the transfer of its building 
 from Camp Kearny into that city where it will be 
 used as a Center for the soldier sand sailors in that 
 vicinity. 
 
 Passover 5680-1920 
 
 The arrangements made for the celebration of Pass- 
 over during the past year clearly demonstrated the 
 essential character of the Board's services, particularly 
 in meeting the religious requirements of soldiers and 
 sailors of Jewish faith. 
 
 Upon the i-epresentations of the Board, the War 
 and Navy Departments granted furloughs to men of 
 Jewish faith for the Passover celebration and in- 
 structed the commanding officers to lend their assist- 
 ance and co-operation to the Board in the distribution 
 of matzoth and Haggadahs supplied by the organiza- 
 tion. Altogether the Jewish Welfare Board distrib- 
 uted 25,560 pounds of matzoth and 5,531 Haggadahs. 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 79 
 
 The military and naval officials were very generous 
 in their assistance, in many instances taking a personal 
 interest in the supervision of the necessary arrange- 
 ments. At one hospital where there were over 200 
 men of the Jewish faith, the commanding officer or- 
 dered specially prepared kosher meals to be served 
 to these men throughout the Passover week. 
 
 The community Branches assisted in the observance 
 of the holiday by inviting to private homes men who 
 could not go to their famiHes and in arranging seders 
 for those who could not be accommodated in homes. 
 Special community Seder celebrations for uniformed 
 men were arranged in twelve cities adjacent to camps 
 and in the Canal Zone. Following its customary prac- 
 tice the Board reimbursed the communities for the 
 expense of providing meals and lodging. 
 
 High Holidays 5681-1920 
 
 The 5681-1920 celebration of Rosh Hashanah and 
 Yom Kippur afforded another opportunity for provid- 
 ing for the religious needs of Jewish men in the mili- 
 tary and naval service. In conformity with previous 
 practice, the matter of furloughs for the holidays was 
 brought to the attention of the War and Navy De- 
 partments. At the request of the Board the War 
 Department granted a leave of eighty-four hours and 
 the Navy Department authorized a leave of ninety- 
 six hours for the celebration of Rosh Hashanah, and a 
 similar period for the observance of the Day of 
 Atonement. 
 
 The situation this year was different from previous 
 years. There were no official representatives of the 
 organization through whom arrangements could be 
 made for the holidays. It was therefore of the utmost 
 importance that every possible step be taken to as- 
 sure adequate arrangements, particularly for those 
 who could not go home on furlough. Communications 
 
80 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 were sent to the commanding officers, chairman of 
 former Branches and the soldier keymen at various 
 posts and hospitals throughout the country, soliciting 
 their co-operation in effecting the necessary arrange- 
 ments for the holidays in behalf of those men who 
 could not take advantage of the furlough and return 
 to their homes. 
 
 At several posts and at the larger hospitals, the 
 Board conducted religious services. In the majority 
 of cases, through the co-operation of the local 
 Branch, the men were invited to religious services at 
 the synagogues and temples in the community. In 
 addition, the Branches, as usual imder the circum- 
 stances, provided home hospitality, or otherwise in- 
 sured kosher meals for the men during the New Year 
 and on the eve and night of the Day of Atonement. 
 The Board expended over $6,500 to provide meals and 
 lodgings for the men where there were no adjacent 
 communities to assist. 
 
 Special Holyday Prayer Books were supplied for 
 the observance and 10,000 New Year's cards were dis- 
 tributed for the use of the soldiers. 
 
 A feature of the celebration of these holidays, was 
 the holding of religious services for the Jewish soldiers 
 stationed in the Hawaiian Islands. Under the aus- 
 pices of the Jewish Welfare Board a Rabbinic student 
 was sent to Honolulu, where seventy-five Jewish men 
 attended the first religious services ever held on the 
 Island for the United States soldiers and sailors of the 
 Jewish faith. 
 
 The arrangements for the men stationed on the 
 Mexican Border are also worthy of mention. Through 
 the co-operation of the community, arrangements were 
 made whereby all the men stationed along the Border 
 were concentrated for the holidays at a central place 
 where services were conductd and meals and lodging 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 81 
 
 provided. Similar arrangements were made in the 
 Canal Zone. 
 
 Graves Registration Work 
 
 In February of 1918 the War Department had issued 
 a general order to the effect that the graves of Jewish 
 soldier dead were to be marked with the six-pointed 
 Star of David (Magen David) in conformity with 
 similar practice of the allied countries. 
 
 This order was reiterated in a cable communication 
 by General Pershing sent to the Adjutant General, 
 July 29, 1918, a copy of which was referred to the 
 Cemeterial Branch of the War Department, as follows : 
 
 "Reference paragraph 7 your cablegram 1734, 
 instructions issued in February last to Chaplains, 
 Quartermasters and Chiefs of Graves Registration 
 Units and Groups, A. E. F., prescribed permanent 
 headboards for deceased Hebrew soldiers to con- 
 form in shape, size, finish and painting to Army 
 Regulations 495, Officers of Graves Registration 
 Service have been instructed to substitute such 
 headboards for any crosses that may have inad- 
 vertently been placed on Jewish graves. (C. O. 
 M. 1013.)" 
 
 Because of the exigencies of warfare, and because 
 there was no information in the records of the Amer- 
 ican Red Cross or the Cemeterial Division as to the 
 religious faith of the members of the A. E. F., it was 
 extremely difficult to identify the Jewish dead. In the 
 hurried burials it was to be expected that many graves 
 of Jewish dead would not be marked with the Magen 
 David. 
 
 The Jewish Welfare Board undertook to ascertain 
 who among the dead were of the Jewish faith, so that 
 the graves of these men would be properly marked by 
 the headboard designated for the Jewish dead. 
 
82 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 This task was undertaken in France in May, 1919, 
 by a special corps of workers in co-operation and with 
 the sanction of the Cemeterial Division of the War 
 Department, formerly known as the Graves Registra- 
 tion Service. 
 
 At about this time, the Central Records Office of 
 the A. E. F. began to move all of its data to this 
 country, and the Cemeterial Division had already be- 
 gun its task of concentrating the bodies of soldier dead 
 in American Military Cemeteries. As a result, it was 
 no longer possible for the Graves Registration Bureau 
 of the Jewish Welfare Board to make an extended 
 investigation in France. 
 
 The work was accordingly transferred to this coun- 
 try in September of 1919 and was continued on a large 
 scale with infinite care. It was a task surrounded 
 with many difficulties. It was necessary to examine 
 every casualty record of the wounded, dead and miss- 
 ing. The corps of workers sent by the Board to 
 Washington, reviewed over 400,000 records in the files 
 of the American Red Cross, and over 75,000 records 
 of the Cemeterial Division. From these records, 
 names of soldiers or of nearest relatives of soldiers 
 that appeared to be Jewish, were selected for inves- 
 tigation. 
 
 Wide publicity has been given to the efforts of the 
 Board to secure information regarding Jewish dead. 
 Through the assistance and co-operation of parents, 
 relatives, synagogues, Jewish Centers and lodges, and 
 of the local Branches of the Board, additional names 
 have been obtained. Personal investigations wherever 
 possible, and direct communications with families or 
 persons whose emergency addresses appear on the War 
 Department records, have likewise proved helpful 
 sources of information. 
 
 In each instance where the identity of the soldier 
 has been definitely determined, the National Office 
 
REPORT OP THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 83 
 
 makes proper certification of this fact to the Cemeterial 
 Division which accepts this certification as conclusive 
 evidence of the faith of the deceased, so that the head- 
 board may be changed if the grave is incorrectly 
 marked. Thus far a total of over 1,500 names have 
 been certified as of Jewish men who have found an 
 eternal resting place overseas. Additional names are 
 being constantly recorded. 
 
 The Cemeterial Division concerned itself chiefly 
 with the task of marking graves and with cemeterial 
 care. The duty of photographing the graves was as- 
 signed to the Photographic Section of the American 
 Red Cross. A photograph of each grave was made 
 by that organization and sent to this country to be 
 forwarded to the family of the soldier. In the absence 
 of adequate information photographs of crosses mark- 
 ing graves of Jewish dead were being released to 
 families in this country. 
 
 In this connection the Board was enabled to render 
 another important service in reference to the soldier 
 dead. On the representations of the Jewish Welfare 
 Board to the American Red Cross, that organization 
 extending every co-operation, agreed not to forward 
 photographs of probably Jewish dead so that the 
 Board might investigate and ascertain the religious 
 afiSliation of the deceased. As the Red Cross had dis- 
 continued its photographic work, the Board became 
 responsible for taking new photographs and trans- 
 mitting them to the families. A representative was 
 sent to France by the Board, who is at present sta- 
 tioned there to complete the task of photographing 
 the correctly marked graves of American soldiers of 
 the Jewish faith. Photographs are being regularly re- 
 ceived by the National Office of the Board for trans- 
 mission to the famiUes. 
 
 With the return of the bodies of Jewish soldier dead 
 for final interment in the United States, the organiza- 
 
84 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 tion has been called upon to render additional service 
 and assistance to the families of these dead. The 
 Graves Registration Bureau of the Board guides the 
 families in correspondence with the Cemeterial Divi- 
 sion, makes arrangements for military escort of the 
 body to the Jewish cemetery, assigns a rabbi wherever 
 requested to officiate at the funeral ceremony, arranges 
 for participation by the local community and in count- 
 less other ways, seeks to facilitate the last services for 
 the men who lost their lives in our country's cause. 
 
 Included in the number of bodies that will not be 
 returned to this country, there are many men of the 
 Jewish faith. The Board will seek to make suitable 
 provision for the care of these graves and for such 
 religious service as is required by Jewish tradition and 
 sentiment. There are many other problems incidental 
 to this work that still demand attention. 
 
 The late Colonel Harry Cutler at the time of his 
 death, was on his way to France to supervise the 
 Graves Registration work and to expedite its com- 
 pletion. His untimely passing caused a postponement 
 of this plan. However, the Board has been fortunate 
 in having obtained the services of Captain Elkan Voor- 
 sanger, who recently sailed for Europe in behalf of the 
 Joint Distribution Committee. Captain Voorsanger, 
 who is familiar with this work, will make necessary 
 arrangements to facilitate its early and satisfactory 
 consummation. 
 
 The Board is constantly expanding its program of 
 Army and Navy work, increasing the number of sol- 
 dier representatives and extending its service daily to 
 more camps and naval stations in this country and in 
 the insular possessions. 
 
 The spiritual and cultural needs of the men we seek 
 to meet by every measure possible under the circum- 
 stances. Special emphasis is laid on appropriate cele- 
 bration of Jewish holidays so that whatever can be 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 85 
 
 done is done to conserve the religious influence of 
 civilian life. 
 
 Every effort is made to secure the interest of the 
 community in the men stationed at neighboring posts 
 in order that they may continue a wholesome contact 
 with civilian social life amidst Jewish surroundings. 
 
 THE WAR RECORD OF AMERICAN JEWS 
 
 The Jewish Welfare Board realized the importance 
 of establishing, as a function of its welfare work, an 
 authentic record of Jewish participation in the war, to 
 serve as an instrument of morale during the conflict, 
 and as an enduring memorial after the war. 
 
 To this end the Board undertook the active support 
 of the Bureau of Jewish War Records that was estab- 
 lished by the American Jewish Committee exclusively 
 for the purpose of collecting such data. It has been 
 the main source of the Bureau's financial resources and 
 has contributed up to September 1, 1920, $99,633.09 
 toward maintaining this agency. 
 
 The undertaking was attended with problems of 
 exceptional difficulty. As is well known, the official 
 records of the Army and Navy were not accessible 
 during the war, while unofficial lists were not in 
 existence. The Jews in the service came from every 
 section, city and village in the country, were scattered 
 in every branch of the service, in many cases were not 
 affiliated with any known Jewish organizations or 
 institutions. The collection of their names involved, 
 therefore, the organization of a systematic search 
 among the men in the camps and at the front, and 
 among their friends and relatives at home. 
 
 The Jewish Welfare Board conducted through its 
 field representatives and community Branches inten- 
 si^-e campaigns for the registration of Jewish soldiers, 
 
86 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 sailors and mai-ines. Registration cards were dis- 
 tributed to field representatives in camps of this coun- 
 try and abroad, in the communities and on the trans- 
 ports. Conspicuous notices were posted in the camp 
 buildings and community Centers, calling upon the 
 soldiers and sailors to register. The field workers 
 were instructed to forward all information of a statisti- 
 cal character gathered by, or known to them — includ- 
 ing religious census taken by the Board, or by other 
 agencies, furlough records for Jewish holidays, and 
 individual registration cards signed by the Jewish sol- 
 diers. Through its examination of the casualty rec- 
 ords of the War Department, the Graves Registration 
 Bureau of the Jewish Welfare Board was able to add 
 many names of Jewish service men. 
 
 These continuous activities on the part of the field 
 workers resulted in the transfer to the Bureau of 
 War Records of some eighty thousand registration 
 cards of men in the service. 
 
 The office of the Bureau of War Records, on the 
 other hand, concentrated upon the families and 
 friends of the soldiers and sailors in the United States. 
 To this end it enlisted the co-operation of all religious, 
 fraternal, industrial and labor organizations through- 
 out the country, distributing among them several mil- 
 lion registration cards, calling for information as to 
 name of soldier, home and service address, age, nativ- 
 ity, branch of service, rank, regiment, company, date 
 of induction, of discharge, whether volunteered or 
 drafted, in what actions engaged, and whether 
 wounded, cited or promoted. 
 
 In addition, the Office of the Bureau of War Records 
 instituted a press clipping service for the collection of 
 data as to all reports of enlistments, service flag dedi- 
 cations, honor rolls, and all other possible sources of 
 information. All army orders and assignments, 
 casualty lists, the records of local draft boards, the 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 87 
 
 Red Cross lists and similar sources were thoroughly 
 searched and followed up for possible clues. 
 
 From all these sources there were gathered more 
 than 500,000 records. These have been systematically 
 collated and, after duplicates were eliminated, copied 
 in triplicate and filed in three separate catalogues — 
 one arranged alphabetically, another by branches of 
 service, and a third by states, cities and towns. At 
 present the collection covers about 150,000 records, 
 net — that is, individual records of soldiers, sailors and 
 marines, freed of all duplications; about 35,000 press 
 clippings systematically arranged ; numerous photo- 
 graphs, letters and documents of historical value ; and 
 about 15,000 questionnaires (holographic, with few ex- 
 ceptions) embodying the fullest information as to 
 individual service histories, particularly in the cases 
 of casualties and citations. 
 
 The Bureau of War Records reports that the process 
 of gathering and verifying the data is still under way, 
 hence it is as yet impossible to furnish definite figures 
 bearing upon the American Jews in the war. Certain 
 preliminary findings have been published, however, in 
 a First Report of the Office of Jewish War Records, 
 which may be had upon application. These findings 
 indicate that the record of Jewish service in the war 
 was remarkable in several respects : 
 
 1. The total number of Jews in the service dur- 
 ing the war may be conservatively estimated, on 
 the basis of available evidence, at from 200,000 
 to 325,000. 
 
 2. Proportionately, although they constitute but 
 three per cent of the total population of the United 
 States, they have contributed more than four per 
 cent of the armed forces of the United States 
 which, on Armistice Day numbered 4,800,000. 
 
 3. The volunteer spirit appears to have been 
 
88 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 the principal factor in this contribution. Accord- 
 ing to the best evidence there were nearly 40,000 
 Jewish volunteers in the service, or practically 
 twenty per cent of the total Jewish contingent. 
 
 4. The record of honors conferred upon Jewish 
 soldiers for valor in action is notable. No less 
 than 1,100 citations far valor are on file in the 
 office of Jewish War Records. Of these 723 were 
 conferred by the American command, 287 by the 
 French, 33 by the British, and 46 by various other 
 allied commands. Of the most valued, Congres- 
 sional Medal of Honor — of which only 78 have 
 been conferred to date — at least three were 
 awarded to Jewish soldiers. The Distinguished 
 Service Cross is worn by at least 150 American 
 Jews, the rare French Medaille Militaire by four 
 American Jews, and the Croix de Guerre by 174 
 Jews in the A. E. F. 
 
 5. Nearly 10,000 Jews were commissioned of- 
 ficers in the several branches of the service. In 
 the Army there were more than 100 colonels and 
 lieutenant colonels, more than 540 majors, 1,400 
 captains, and over 7,000 lieutenants. In the Navy 
 500 Jews were commissioned officers, the highest 
 rank reached being that of Read Adiniral. In the 
 Marine Corps 60 Jews were commissioned officers, 
 including one Brigadier-General. 
 
 6. The total of casualties, among Jewish men, 
 according to the latest estimates, was from 13,000 
 to 14,000, including about 2,800 who made the 
 supreme sacrifice. 
 
 The record thus confirms to the world on the basis 
 of indisputable evidence, the facts already familiar to 
 the workers of the Jewish Welfare Board who were 
 in intimate contact with the men at the front — that 
 the Jews of America, when the call came, answered 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 89 
 
 readily, served gallantly, and, in their numbers, died 
 bravely for the United States. 
 
 FUTURE WORK OF THE JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 In September 1980 the following announcement 
 dealing with the future work and development of the 
 Jewish Welfare Board and the National Council of 
 Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Association, was 
 issued to the public by the Joint Conference Com- 
 mittee representative of the Executive Committee of 
 the Jewish Welfare Board and of the Board of Man- 
 agers of the Council of Y. M. H. & K. A. : 
 
 "After the signing of the Armistice, the Jewish Wel- 
 fare Board engaged upon a comprehensive program 
 of demobilization work in camps and communities, and 
 with the passing of this phase of the war emergency, 
 the Executive Committee decided upon the selection of 
 a Committee on Post-War Program to undertake a 
 careful study of the entire situation with respect to 
 the Board's responsibility for soldier and sailor work, 
 and to the Jewish Community as such, during peace- 
 time. As members of this Committee, the Chairman 
 appointed Justice Irving Lehman of New York, who 
 acted as Chairman, Mr. Louis E. Kirstein of Boston 
 and Mr. Charles Hartman of New York. 
 
 "Many of the Community Branches of the Jewish 
 Welfare Board and prominent Jewish leaders, fully 
 impressed by the success of the co-operative war effort 
 of the Jewish national organizations represented in the 
 Jewish Welfare Board, expressed the desire that the 
 results of this united harmonious effort should not be 
 lost in peace-time. The Secretary of War and the 
 Secretary of the Navy expressed themselves similarly, 
 and both Departments requested that the Jewish Wei- 
 
90 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 fare Board, in common with the other welfare organ- 
 izations, continue the conduct of community activi- 
 ties in behalf of service men. 
 
 "The Committee on Post-War Program concluded 
 that in order to offer to ex-service men and to mem- 
 bers of the Jewish community in general full oppor- 
 tunity for self-development and social activity, and to 
 the uniformed men now in the service appropriate 
 recreation and entertainment when on leave in the 
 communities, suitable Jewish Centers must be made 
 available. The Executive Committee of the Jewish 
 Welfare Board has therefore decided that in addition 
 to the continuance of its work, insofar as the same 
 may be permitted, in Army and Navy camps, it would 
 undertake the work of developing such Centers in va- 
 rious parts of the country. These Centers should be 
 based on no particular form of Jewish religious point 
 of view and should be restricted to no particular group 
 of members, but should furnish a common meeting 
 ground for all the Jews of the community and main- 
 tain those activities which would contribute to their 
 welfare and development and to the strengthening of 
 their Jewish consciousness as a constructive force in 
 American life. 
 
 "The Jewish Welfare Board has adopted a program 
 to provide expert assistance in the activities being 
 carried on by such institutions already in existence, 
 and to organize and assist in campaigns for the erec- 
 tion of new Centers wherever required- It will seek 
 to do this work with the co-operation of all forces 
 within the community, and insofar as other national 
 organizations may be conducting in whole or in part 
 work which the Jewish Welfare Board contemplates 
 doing in the future, it must endeavor to arrange to 
 aA^oid all unnecessary duplication of work. In con- 
 sonance with this plan, a conference was recently 
 held of committees representing the National Council 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 91 
 
 of Young j\Ien's Hebrew & Kindred Associations and 
 the Jewish Welfare Board, at which it was agreed that 
 the work now being conducted by the National Coun- 
 cil of Young Men's Hebrew & Kindred Associations 
 should be continued by the Jewish Welfare Board, 
 but upon the express condition that all constructive 
 accomplishments of the Council should be preserved, 
 and that each Center be assured full autonomy. It is 
 also planned that the Centers be given a voice in the 
 election of members of the governing committee of 
 the Jewish Welfare Board. 
 
 "The details of the plan will be submitted to the 
 full membership of the Jewish Welfare Board at its 
 annual meeting and to a convention of the Young 
 Men's Hebrew & Kindred Associations, both to be 
 held in the fall. 
 
 "The undersigned feel that the above plan holds out 
 promise for the development of a strong national 
 organization that will promote and advance the Jewish 
 Center movement in America in the broadest spirit 
 of Judaism and Americanism. Such an organization, 
 with the moral support of the Jewish community of 
 America and with adequate funds and personnel, 
 would meet an outstanding and insistent need that has 
 continuallv made itself more manifest as Educational 
 Alliances, Y. M. H. A's., Y. W. H. A's., Jewish Centers 
 and the like have increased in number and enlarged 
 their activities, and it is hoped that the cummunities 
 and national organizations will now lend themselves 
 heartily to the furtherance of this effort. 
 
 [Signed] 
 
 Felix M. Warburg Harry Cutler 
 
 Mrs. Israel Unterberg Irving Lehman 
 
 Charles Hartman Carl Dreyfus 
 
 Cvrus Adler I. Edwin Goldwasser 
 
 In accordance with this announcement, Judge Leh- 
 
92 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 man, Chairman of the Committee on Post-War Pro- 
 gram of the Jewish Welfare Board, will present today 
 details of the plan as submitted by this Committee 
 and as approved by the Executive Committee of the 
 Jewish Welfare Board and the Board of Managers of 
 the Council of Y. M. H. & K. A. If the proposed 
 project is approved by the Jewish Welfare Board mem- 
 bership and by the convention of constituent organ- 
 izations of the Council of Y. M. H. & K. A., also meet- 
 ing today, the Jewish Welfare Board will cheerfully 
 assume the responsibility which will thereby be 
 vouchsafed to it, to serve the Jewish people of the 
 communities, while at the same time it continues to 
 provide for the soldiers, sailors and marines the social, 
 religious and spiritual influences so essential to their 
 welfare. 
 
 IN APPRECIATION 
 
 It is with a deep sense of pleasure and appreciation 
 that grateful acknowledgement is made to all who by 
 their money, thought, labor and inspiration, helped to 
 make the organization an efficient instrumentality for 
 the welfare of the American fighting forces. 
 
 The appreciation and gratitude of the organization 
 are cheerfully extended to the War and Navy Depart- 
 ments and their respective Secretaries, to their mili- 
 tary associates in Washington, to the officers of the 
 Commission on Training Camp Activities and its 
 Chairman, the Hon. Raymond B. Fosdick, and to the 
 officers in the camps, for their sympathy and assistance 
 so generously accorded. It is similarly a pleasure to 
 record the constant support and friendship of the 
 American Red Cross, the Knights of Columbus, The 
 Young Men's Christian Association, the Young 
 Women's Christian Association, the Salvation Army, 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 
 
 93 
 
 the War Camp Community Service and the American 
 Library Association. These organizations were of 
 great assistance to the Board, particularly din-ing the 
 early stages of its work when it lacked adequate facili- 
 ties in the camps. It was a great gratification to 
 co-operate with these agencies in the celebration of 
 national holidays and other memorial occasions. The 
 Jewish Welfare Board is glad to have been able to 
 have assisted various veteran associations, the Boy 
 Scouts of America, and other national organizations in 
 placing their particular message before the enlisted 
 men. 
 
 The Jewish Welfare Board repeats its appreciation 
 expressed in the Annual Report submitted on Novem- 
 ber 24, 1918, to all the affiliated national Jewish organ- 
 izations for their assistance. It is a special privilege to 
 make grateful acknowledgement of the zeal for service 
 displayed by the chairman, officers and members of 
 the local Branches, who assumed leadership in the 
 conduct of community activities. 
 
 Mention is here made of appreciation for the devo- 
 tion and earnestness of the Executive Staff and their 
 assistants at National Headquarters, and of the field 
 representatives, men and women, who served so faith- 
 fully here and abroad. 
 
 To those of the public who by contribution of funds 
 assured the adequacy of financial resources, and to all 
 who by their moral support brought added inspiration 
 and stimulus, the Board offers as an all too insufficient 
 recompense the sincere expression of its heartfelt 
 thanks. 
 
 • • ; ; 
 
 ■ * • V 
 
 - • .•. 
 
 ■ • • • • 
 
 I * *" • , • • * 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 
 
 
94 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 PROGRAM OF FUTURE WORK OF THE JEWISH 
 WELFARE BOARD 
 
 By Justice Irving Lehman, Chairman of Committee 
 on Post- War Program 
 
 The Jewish Welfare Board and the Council of 
 Young Men's Hebrew & Kindred Associations were 
 both formed in a spirit of devotion to country and to 
 Jewish ideals and traditions. Both recognized as a 
 fundamental principle of their work that through the 
 preservation of these Jewish ideals and traditions, the 
 Jewish youth of America could best be served so that 
 he in turn could best sei've his country. 
 
 The Jewish Welfare Board is striving to promote 
 the social welfare of the soldiers, sailors and marines 
 in the army and navy of the United States, and espe- 
 cially to provide for them adequate opportunities for 
 the observance of their religious life. The Council 
 of Young Men's Hebrew & Kindred Associations has 
 been seeking to promote the religious, intellectual and 
 social well being of Jewish young rnen and women. It 
 has been assisting in the organization of Jewish 
 Centres, Young Men's Hebrew Associations, Young 
 Women's Hebrew Associations and other kindred 
 associations. It has been advising and encouraging 
 such associations when formed, and assisting them in 
 extending their activities and in making them more 
 efficacious. 
 
 The Jewish Welfare Board has learned that its work 
 apippg goldJ€U:s. and sailors _ can be effectively carried 
 out ,bh?3^.^fi :fPr9i|s''^t?^Pr:^'^^' • -^ communities, and 
 espec^ly..w.ith..tho5e,sp.c;i,alj^ recreational and religious 
 org4"fiJza'i:it)risriw{b1*h:t6e; qVfnrauiMties created for the 
 alharotmdr' advancement .of ..Jewish, young men and 
 
PROGRAM OF FUTURE WORK 95 
 
 women. Such organizations meet the need for recrea- 
 tion of the soldiers and sailors stationed at neigh- 
 boring military posts, and of those who pass through 
 or visit the community. The work in the army and 
 navy must, therefore, necessarily be strengthened, and 
 the opportunities for service to the enlisted men 
 increased as Jewish Centers are organized and devel- 
 oped in the communities. 
 
 The Council of Young Men's Hebrew & Kindred 
 Associations has always been eager to co-operate in 
 this work through its constituent societies. It has 
 recognized that the responsibility of a community 
 extended not merely to its own members, but em- 
 braced the obligation to serve the country wherever 
 possible, and in reference to the men in uniform, the 
 possibilities for helpful service were clearly apparent 
 and numerous. It therefore becomes evident that 
 the two organizations, alike in spirit and working in 
 close co-operation, can by a merger of their activities 
 best fulfill the purposes which each has been seeking 
 to accomplish. 
 
 The program of the Jewish Welfare Board to be 
 formed as a result of this merger must be broad 
 enough to encompass the objects of both organiza- 
 tions. For every soldier and sailor of the Jewish 
 faith provision must continue to be made to meet his 
 spiritual and religious needs. A\'herever conditions 
 permit, religious services should be held regularly. 
 The High Holy Days, Passover and the other holi- 
 days and festivals, should be celebrated with appro- 
 priate adherence to the traditional ritual and customs, 
 so that their full significance will be borne to the 
 enlisted men. These religious ministrations must be 
 in charge of representatives of the Board, either paid 
 workers or volunteers ; and above all, in this effort to 
 conserve the religious life of our men in uniform, it 
 will be imperative to have the fullest support and co- 
 
96 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 operation of the Rabbis of the country, who can assist 
 so greatly among the soldiers and sailors who are 
 stationed in their vicinity. Thus, through these efforts 
 we shall give assurance to the men of Jewish faith 
 in the army and navy and to their fathers and mothers 
 that the Jews of America are interested in their wel- 
 fare during the period of their service to their country. 
 
 Within the communities the program of the Jewish 
 Welfare Board will include a study of local conditions 
 relating to Jewish Center work. We shall then be in 
 a position intelligently to determine the needs of the 
 communities and how far the existing facilities supply 
 these needs. This information will furnish a basis for 
 the formulation of definite programs for local or- 
 ganizations. ' 
 
 The National Organization should make available 
 as speedily as possible specialized assistancie in the 
 conduct of activities of institutions already in exist- 
 ence. It should suggest and stimulate the inclusion of 
 new activities in the program. By advice and direc- 
 tion it should aid in the extension of present facilities, 
 including the erection of new buildings. It will be 
 called upon and must be prepared to help in conduct- 
 ing membership and financial campaigns. It must be 
 ready to counsel and initiate plans and policies that 
 will enhance the service of the local institutions to 
 the communities. 
 
 In order to undertake this program, we must have 
 trained workers both in our own National Organiza- 
 tions and in the local Centers. For that reason the first 
 task of the Jewish Welfare Board must be the training 
 of a group of professional workers of the highest type. 
 Only as we develop such workers can the potentiali- 
 ties of this social and civic enterprise for advancing 
 the interests of our people and country be realized 
 most completely. 
 
 The foregoing are the principles underlying the plan 
 
RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING AMALGAMATION 97 
 
 for the merger of the Jewish Welfare Board and the 
 Council of Young Men's Hebrew & Kindred Associa- 
 tions. Here also are suggested the nature and scope 
 of work that should engage the efforts of the new 
 organization. 
 
 RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING AMALGAMATION 
 
 WITH COUNCIL OF Y. M. H. AND K 
 
 ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 Resolved : 
 
 That the Executive Committee of the Jewish Wel- 
 fare Board be authorized to enter into an agreement 
 with the Council of Y. M. H. and K. A's. for the 
 conduct of the work which is now being carried on by 
 the said Council; and for that purpose: 
 
 To adopt a new constitution, by-laws, rules and 
 regulations for the Jewish Welfare Board, the govern- 
 ment of its business; the management of its affairs 
 and the choice, powers and duties of its officers and 
 agents ; and, if they see fit, to secure the incorporation 
 of the Jewish Welfare Board under the Membership 
 Corporation Law or under any other special or general 
 statute of the State of New York ; and 
 
 In conjunction with such other persons as may be 
 associated with them under the provisions of the con- 
 stitution and by-laws made and adopted in accordance 
 with this resolution, to do and perform all things in 
 the government and management of the business and 
 aflfairs of the Jewish Welfare Board which may be in- 
 trusted to them under the provisions of the said con- 
 stitution and by-laws. 
 
MEMORIAL ADDRESS ON 
 HARRY CUTLER 
 
 By Louis Marshall, Esq. 
 
 We have met on this momentous day in the life of 
 the Jewish Welfare Board with hearts attuned to grief. 
 Our beloved leader, Harry Cutler, who with a singular 
 devotion dedicated himself to the cause for the fur- 
 therance of which this organization was formed, is 
 not here to greet us with his cheerful smile and his 
 commanding presence. "The silver cord is snapped 
 asunder, the golden bowl is shattered and the pitcher is 
 broken at the fountain." It is fitting, therefore, that 
 we pause before turning to our regular proceedings to 
 commemorate the friend whom we esteemed and 
 honored and loved for the manhood that was in him, 
 for the virtues that he exemplified, for his achieve- 
 ments for the betterment of humanity, for his loyalty 
 to his faith and the unselfish spirit that compelled him 
 to serve his brethren and his country, even to the 
 extent of dying for them before he had reached the 
 meridian of his years and the zenith of his powers. 
 
 His was a remarkable career overflowing with inspi- 
 ration, miraculous as a commentary upon the innate 
 qualities of the man and of the wonders that may be 
 wrought in those whose souls are- responsive to the 
 genius of America. Driven from inhospitable Russia in 
 tender childhood, a refugee from the brutality stimu- 
 lated by autocracy, in poverty, but not helpless or ab- 
 ject he came to these shores a boy of eight with stout 
 heart and will unconquerable. Without friends, with- 
 out influence, without the opportunity of education, 
 asking naught of charity, he eliminated childhood from 
 
HARRY CUTLER 
 
 Chairman of Executive Committee of Jewish \Velfare Board from July. 1917, 
 until his death. August 28, 1920 
 
MEMORIAL ADDRESS ON HARRY CUTLER 101 
 
 his calendar and struggled with his revered mother to 
 maintain the family. 
 
 No service was so menial, but that he was prepared 
 to render it, so long as it was honorable. His daily 
 tasks as a newsboy, a bootblack, a worker in a cannery, 
 a mill-hand, heroically performed, qualified him for the 
 Distinguished Service Medal later bestowed by his 
 grateful country and the Medal of Honor that came 
 to him from beyond the seas that he had first crossed 
 in the steerage. 
 
 He was ambitious and diligent in his business. 
 Deprived of the advantages of scholastic training, he 
 taught himself with such thoroughness that one mar- 
 velled at his mastery of the English language and his 
 complete absorption of the finest elements of New 
 England idealism. He prospered as a manufacturer, 
 in spite of the keenest competition, and the men of his 
 craft soon learned to value his ability by placing him 
 at the head of their organizations, so that he might be 
 their spokesman whenever it became necessary to de- 
 fend their rights and to promote their welfare. 
 
 Wealth, however, did not lure him or narrow his 
 outlook or blunt his sense of brotherhood. Though 
 within his reach had he been willing to pursue it, 
 scarce beyond the dawn of manhood, he deliberately 
 chose to answer the call that came to him from his 
 country, his people and oppressed and suffering hu- 
 manity. He was chosen to sit in the Legislature of 
 Rhode Island, where he fought the battle of social 
 justice against the opposition of the most powerful. 
 He closed his ears to the siren song of temptation, to 
 all promise of high office, but true to himself and his 
 trust, nothing could swerve him from the rugged path 
 that he had chosen. 
 
 This product of a Russian ghetto, an outcast from 
 the land of his birth, became so impressed by the sense 
 of obligation he owed to the land that had welcomed 
 
102 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 him, that he enlisted in the State Militia and by sheer 
 merit, became the Colonel of his regiment. No occa- 
 sion involving the welfare of the state and city of his 
 adoption passed that did not find him in the front rank 
 of the workers and among the selected leaders. He 
 enjoyed the esteem and confidence of all of his towns- 
 men, neighbors and associates, Jews and non-Jews 
 alike, than which higher or worthier tribute is incon- 
 ceivable. 
 
 As a Jew he felt in his heart and soul the throb of 
 pride for all that his people had contributed to civiliza- 
 tion and morality, to ethics and religion, and to the 
 noblest conception of human brotherhood. His soul 
 was agonized by the misery, the persecution, the op- 
 pression which those of his faith had suffered and were 
 suffering at the hands of their brutish and barbarous 
 foes. Where others were moved by what they heard 
 and read, he knew what it all meant because the iron 
 of unreasoning hatred had pierced his very vitals and' 
 he hoped and prayed for the time to come when he 
 might help in the emancipation of those who walked 
 in the gloom and darkness of the prison house of 
 Eastern Europe. That time came. 
 
 As a member of the American Jewish Committee, 
 he co-operated in bringing to success the movement 
 for the abrogation of the Russian treaty. It was a 
 sacred moment when he lifted his voice in the halls of 
 Congress in protest against the insult that Czarisra 
 had inflicted upon American citizenship. It was given 
 to him to labor in Paris on behalf of the Minority 
 treaties which are to guarantee full civic, religious 
 and political rights to the racial, linguistic and religious 
 minorities in Eastern and Central Europe. He joined 
 in every effort to keep open for immigration the doors 
 of opportunity through which he had been permitted 
 to enter. 
 
 He was loyal to the faith of his fathers, active in 
 
MEMORIAL ADDRESS ON HARRY CUTLER 105 
 
 the Synagogue, the Religious School, and in the wider 
 movements that tended to perpetuate Judaism and to 
 inculcate its precepts. It was, therefore, inevitable that 
 when at the outbreak of the war it was found necessary 
 for the Jews of America to establish an organization to 
 minister to the needs of our boys in the Army and 
 Navy, all eyes turned to him for leadership and with 
 unanimity that was significant, he was chosen for the 
 onerous and exacting post of Chairman of the Jewish 
 Welfare Board, which, by his labors, was evolved into 
 the powerful instrumentality that it became. To its 
 objects he applied himself under the most forbidding 
 conditions, regardless of his personal business, his 
 peace of mind and his health until he was stricken at 
 the helm at the very moment when glorious fruition 
 had crowned his devoted efforts. 
 
 Nothing that he did was perfunctory. He gave un- 
 remitting attention to the slightest details. Nothing 
 was so unimportant as to escape his notice. He 
 traveled at night, so that he might be at his desk dur- 
 ing the day. On both sides of the Atlantic he was 
 equally energetic and efficient. His task was never for 
 a moment out of his thoughts. He was tactful, diplo- 
 matic and at the same time forceful. His interest in 
 the well-being of the boys in the camps and at the 
 front was that of an elder brother. It was genuine 
 and spontaneous, free from all pretense. He succeeded 
 in building up what in the end became an excellent 
 working staff, and of establishing among his co- 
 workers an esprit de corps that earned the most sincere 
 of praise, the appreciation of those whom they were 
 called upon to serve. 
 
 Colonel Cutler never for 'an instant, even under the 
 most trying circumstances, lost his zeal and enthusi- 
 asm, nor did he ever relax- in the ardor of his desire 
 to embody in his organization that Jewishness which 
 gave it distinction and without which it would have 
 
106 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 been devoid of all character. It may be said in all 
 sincerity that a complete history of the war could not 
 be written without giving due credit to the several 
 welfare agencies that co-operated with the Govern- 
 ment, and that a history of the Jewish Welfare Board 
 would be imperfect if there were lacking upon its 
 every page, the impress of that lovable and noble 
 personality, that fine, red-blooded exponent of Judaism 
 and Americanism whom we shall never cease to hold 
 in honor and affection — Harry Cutler. 
 
107 
 
 JACOB H. SCHIFF 
 IN MEMORIAM 
 
 Jacob H. Schiff lived a life, rich in enduring useful- 
 ness and service to Israel, America and humanity 
 everywhere. 
 
 To the needy and unfortunate among his people the 
 world over, he brought succor and hope through his 
 sympathy and aid, and with loving passion he be- 
 friended every endeavor to advance the weal of Israel 
 and make of it a stronger and a nobler people. 
 
 The Jewish Welfare Board at its founding and ever 
 thereafter, was honored, inspired and strengthened by 
 the interest and support of Mr. Schiff, who, in his 
 solicitude for the welfare of America's soldiers and 
 sailors, contributed early and generously to the re- 
 sources of the Board, and often brought to its councils 
 the encouragement of his presence and the guidance of 
 his wisdom. 
 
 The Jewish Welfare Board expresses its profound 
 sorrow at the loss which it, in common with Jewry and 
 the rest of Mankind, has sustained, and expresses its 
 deepest and most heartfelt sympathy to his family. 
 
108 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 FINANCIAL STATEMENT 
 June 7th, 1917. to September 30th, 1920 
 
 Receipts : 
 
 United War Work Campaign $3,666,182.00 
 
 New York City Campaign, 1917 898,543.04 
 
 Other Campaigns, 1917-1918 720,961.37 
 
 Miscellaneous Donations 555,457.19 
 
 Interest on Investments 136,831.37 
 
 Interest on Bank Balances 16,851.33 
 
 Salvage 143,486.99 
 
 Total Rceipts $6,138,313.29 
 
 Disbursements : 
 
 United States (Exhibit A) $3,497,242.98 
 
 Overseas (Exhibit B) 659,079.51 
 
 Total Disbursements $4,156,322.49 
 
 Appropriated Balance $1,981,990.80 
 
 Current Assets : 
 
 Cash in Banks $77,173.77 
 
 Notes Receivable 20,000.00 
 
 U. S. Certificates of Indebtedness 1,689,150.03 
 
 U. S. Liberty Bonds and War Savings 
 
 Stamps at Par 195,667.00 
 
 Total $1,981,990.80 
 
FINANCIAL STATEMENT 109 
 
 EXHIBIT A 
 UNITED STATES DISBURSEMENTS 
 
 Construction and Equipment of Buildings : 
 
 Construction $556,720.84 
 
 Equipment 74,588.69 
 
 $631,.309.5.! 
 
 Operating Expenses for Welfare Work at 
 Army and Navy Camps, Posts, Sta- 
 tions and Hospitals, Embarkation and , 
 Debarkation Ports and on Transports 
 and Warships : 
 
 Operation and Maintenance of Service 
 
 Buildings $168,049.30 
 
 Salaries and Expenses of Field Repre- 
 sentatives 744,81025 
 
 Uniforms and Equipment of Field 
 
 Representatives 53,161.26 
 
 Free Distribution of Supplies, Including 
 Tobacco, Handkerchiefs, Refresh- 
 ments, Candy, Sanitary Supplies, 
 Writing Paper, Envelopes, Etc 180,347.60 
 
 Entertainment and Recreation, Includ- 
 ing Concerts, Vaudeville, Motion 
 Pictures, Athletic Supplies, Etc.... 157,711.62 
 
 Religious Services and Supplies, Includ- 
 ing Matzoth, Bibles and Prayer 
 Books 102,720.86 
 
 Employment and Vocational Guidance. 44,293.43 
 
 Educational Activities, Including Lec- 
 tures, Classes, Literature, Etc 29,456.35 
 
 Automobile Cost, Maintenance, Equip- 
 ment and Supplies 118,671.75 
 
 $1,599,222.42 
 
 Subventions to 165 Jewish Welfare Board 
 Community Branches Providing Soldier 
 and Sailor Centers, Canteen Service, En- 
 tertainment, Etc 605,497.28 
 
110 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 EXHIBIT A (Continued) 
 
 UNITED STATES DISBURSEMENTS 
 
 Pro Rata Allotments to Army and Navy 
 Departments for Welfare Work 177,570.00 
 
 Campaign and publicity Expenses, Includ- 
 ing Contribution to United War Work 
 Campaign Expenses 56,560.08 
 
 Compilation of Statistics of Participation of 
 Jews in the War (Bureau of War Records) 99,633.09 
 
 Headquarters Expenses: 
 
 Salaries 191,786.53 
 
 Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment 34,811.57 
 
 Rent, Light and Heat 20,663.77 
 
 Telephone and Telegraph 20,60523 
 
 Postage 12,999.85 
 
 Stationery and Printing 21,628.63 
 
 Miscellaneous 24,955.00 
 
 327,450.58 
 
 TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS- 
 UNITED STATES $3,497,242.98 
 
FINANCIAL STATEMENT 111 
 
 EXHIBIT B 
 
 OVERSEAS DISBURSEMENTS 
 
 Operating Expenses for Welfare Work at 
 Camps, Hospitals, Debarkation Ports 
 and Centers (Including Canteens) : 
 
 Operation and Maintenance of Centers, 
 Including Canteens and Service 
 Club 16,598,75 
 
 Salaries and Expenses of Field Repre- 
 sentatives 235,528.64 
 
 Uniforms and Equipment of Field 
 
 Representatives 37,881.1 1 
 
 Free Distribution of Supplies, Includ- 
 ing Tobacco, Handkerchiefs, Re- 
 freshments, Candy, Sanitary Sup- 
 plies, Writing Paper, Envelopes, 
 Etc 27,844.52 
 
 Entertainment and Recreation, Includ- 
 ing Concerts, Vaudeville, Motion 
 Pictures, Athletic Supplies, Etc... 20,542.49 
 
 Religious Services and Supplies, Includ- 
 ing Matzohs, Bibles and Prayer 
 Books 218,429.31 
 
 Automobile Cost, Maintenance, Equip- 
 ment and Supplies 56,348.59 
 
 $613,173.41 
 
 Headquarters Expenses for OfHce Rent, 
 Stationery and Printing, Supplies, Tele- 
 phone, Telegraph and Cable, Postage, 
 Freight, Publicity, Etc 37,636.00 
 
 Loss on Foreign Exchange 8,270.10 
 
 TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS- 
 OVERSEAS $659,079.51 
 
112 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 NECROLOGY 
 
 HARRY CUTLER 
 
 Chairman, Executive Committee 
 Died August 27, 1930. 
 
 ALBERT S. WEISBERGER 
 
 Overseas Service — Paris Headquarters. 
 Died April 15, 1919. 
 
 JULIAN H. COHEN 
 
 Domestic Service — Camp Fremont 
 Died November 1, 1918. 
 
 SAMUEL GITLIN 
 
 Domestic Service — Camp Merritt 
 Died January 2, 1919. 
 
 MAURICE L. STERN 
 
 Domestic Service — Camp Hancock 
 Died February 26, 1919. 
 
113 
 
 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND OFFICERS 
 
 *Harry Cutler, Chairman 
 (From July 16, 1917, to August 28, 1920) 
 
 Cyrus Abler, Acting Chairman 
 
 Joseph Rosenzweig, Secretary 
 Walter E. Sachs, Treasurer 
 Henry J. Bernheim 
 Boris D. Bogen 
 Carl Dreyfus 
 Abram I. Elkus 
 William Fischman 
 I. Edwin Goldwasser 
 Maurice H. Harris 
 Charles Hartman 
 Louis E. Kirstein 
 Irving Lehman 
 M. S. Margolies 
 Louis Marshall 
 fD. De Sola Pool 
 William Rosenau 
 Morris Rothenberg 
 Mortimer L. Schiff 
 Bernard Semel 
 Israel Unterberg 
 Morris Wolf 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OFFICERS 
 
 Harry L. Glucksman, Executive Director 
 Ellis Slatoff, Comptroller 
 
 *Deceased. 
 
 f Resigned October 24, 1920. 
 
114 
 
 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 COMMITTEES 
 
 Advisory 
 
 Jacob Billikopf 
 Henry Cohen 
 Joseph H. Cohen 
 JuUus Eiseman 
 Sidney Hillman 
 Jacob Kohn 
 Nathan Krass 
 Sam A. Lewisohn 
 Henry Morgenthau 
 David Phillipson 
 
 Max Pine 
 
 Joseph M. Proskauer 
 JuUus Rosenwald 
 Jacob H. Schiff 
 Benj. Schlesenger 
 Isaac Siegel 
 Maurice Stern 
 Oscar S. Straus 
 Mayer Sulzberger 
 Felix M. Warburg 
 
 Buildings and Salvage 
 
 Israel Unterberg, Chairman I. E. Goldwasser 
 
 Carl Dreyfus Louis E. Kirstein 
 
 Morris Rothenberg 
 
 Chaplains and Religious Activities 
 
 Cyrus Adler, Chairman 
 Bernard Drachman 
 Louis Grossman 
 Maurice H. Harris 
 
 Irving Lehman 
 M. S. Margolies 
 David de Sola Pool 
 William Rosenau 
 
 Elias L. Solomon 
 
 Finance 
 
 Mortimer L. Schiff, Chairman Louis Grumbach 
 Henry Brenner E. M. Steinam 
 
 Walter E. Sachs 
 
 Cyrus Adler, Chairman 
 Henry J. Bernheim 
 Louis Marshall 
 
 General Activities 
 
 Bernard Semel 
 Mortimer L. Schiff 
 Israel Unterberg 
 
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND OFFICERS 115 
 
 Home Service Personnel 
 
 Bernard Semel, Chairman Leon W. Goldrich 
 
 Boris D. Bogen I. E. Goldwasser 
 
 Joseph Rosenzweig 
 
 Overseas 
 
 Henry J. Bernheim, Chairman Irving Lehman 
 Abram I. Elkus David de Sola Pool 
 
 Charles Hartman A. A. Silberberg 
 
 Administrative 
 
 Harry Cutler, Chairman Joseph Rosenzweig 
 
 Cyrus Adler Walter E. Sachs 
 
 Henry J. Bernheim Mortimer L. Schiff 
 
 Irving Lehman Chester J. Teller 
 
 Israel Unterberg 
 
116 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 OFFICE AND FIELD PERSONNEL 
 
 Administration 
 
 Chester Jacob Teller, Executive Director 
 
 (From November 1917 to June 1919) 
 
 Harry L. Gluckman, Executive Director 
 
 (Since July 1919; Assistant Executive Director from December 
 
 1917 to June 1919) 
 
 Ellis Slatoff, Comptroller 
 
 (Since May 1918) 
 
 Field Secretaries 
 
 Leon W. Goldrich 
 
 Ludwig B. Bernstein 
 
 Horace J. Wolf 
 David De Sola Pool 
 
 Field Supervisors 
 
 Joseph B. Abrahams 
 
 Leon A. Baer 
 
 Aaron Horwitz 
 
 Joseph C. Hyman 
 
 Philip Russ 
 Herman L. Slobin 
 Jacob L. Wiseman 
 
 National Office Staff 
 
 Chester G. Bandman Louis Kraft 
 
 Barnett R. Brickner Samuel Margoslies 
 
 Constance P. Brown Max Oppenheimei 
 
 Max H. Cohen Osias Ostreicher 
 
 William H. Erler Louis Popkin 
 
 Abraham Feitelberg Aaron G. Raskin 
 
 Irving Goldfarb Frank J. Rubenstein 
 
 Louis Goldfarb Anna E. Sherline 
 
 Samuel S. Grossman Joseph H. Solomon 
 
 Samuel Hertz Joseph B. Tarr 
 
 Henry Horowitz Harry Warshaw 
 Harold B. Weissman 
 
117 
 
 Field Representatives — Overseas Service 
 
 Etta Aaronson 
 
 Solomon Abelow 
 
 H. H. Ackerman 
 
 Wolf Adler 
 
 Rebecca Affachiner 
 
 Rose Alexander 
 
 Myron Antel 
 
 Murray April 
 
 Joseph M. Arkush 
 
 Samuel Baker 
 
 Rabbi Nathan Barash 
 *Simon Barchak 
 tRay Barnett 
 
 David Becker 
 
 Helen B. Behal 
 
 Marion B. Benson 
 
 Sophia Berman 
 
 Zena Blanc 
 
 Samuel J. Blaut 
 
 David S. Blondheim 
 
 Jack Bloom 
 
 Lena Blumenthal 
 
 Sadie Berg 
 ♦Abraham Burstein 
 
 Catherin Cauman 
 
 Adreienne Cerf 
 
 Irving Chayken 
 
 Eva F. Cohen 
 
 Louis J. Cohen 
 *Leo Cooper 
 
 Frank A. Cowen 
 *Benjamin Daniels 
 *Edgar Drachman 
 
 Louis Drucker 
 
 Maud Drucker 
 f Eva G. Dushkin 
 
 Ada Edelman 
 
 Dorothy Edison 
 Jennie Eisenberg 
 
 H. G. Endow 
 
 Emanuel Epstein 
 Mattie Feinberg 
 Ida Feldman 
 *Max Felshin 
 
 Ella Fleishman 
 Bessie Fox 
 Rebecca Fox 
 Henri Frank 
 Irving H. Frank 
 Harry Frankel 
 Rita Freeman 
 Abraham Friptu 
 Jeanette Frisch 
 Margaret Fromm 
 Newton Gardiner 
 Celia Gassen 
 Simon Gazan 
 Benjamin Giffin 
 Saul Gilbert 
 Beatrice Goldber 
 Eleanor Goldberg 
 Isabel Goldberg 
 
 *Simon Goldberg 
 Joseph A. Golde 
 
 *John Goldhaar 
 
 *Paul Goldman 
 Ralph Goldman 
 
 *Jacob Goldstein 
 Lillian Goodman 
 Ida Gordon 
 Rose Gordon 
 Saul Gorson 
 Lillian E. Gottlieb 
 Zelda Greenberg 
 Esther C. Haber 
 Solomon Heimann 
 Gertrude Heyman 
 Rita Hocheimer 
 Edward Israel 
 Emanuel Jack 
 Morris L. Jacobs 
 Lillian L. Jacoby 
 Rebecca Joffe 
 Sarah Kamrass 
 Ruth Kann 
 Samuel Kaplan 
 Reuben Kaufman 
 Esther B. Klein 
 
 *Also field representative Domestic Service. 
 tAlso member National Office Staflf. 
 
118 
 
 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 Ray Klein 
 
 Abraham Klubock 
 
 Morris Kramer 
 
 Louis L. Krauss 
 
 Sara Landman 
 
 Esther Levy 
 
 Lester Levin 
 
 Felix Levy 
 
 Regina Levy 
 
 Howard Lichtenstein 
 
 Lenora Liman 
 
 Ethel Lipraan 
 
 Ada Loewy 
 
 Louis Luxembourg 
 
 Rose Lutsky 
 *Meyer Magui 
 
 David Manning 
 
 Louis Marckwald 
 
 Eugenie Marx 
 
 Essie Michael 
 ♦Lawrence J. Michaels 
 
 Leo Mielziner 
 
 Rose Minzesheimer 
 ♦Clifton L. Moise 
 
 Henrietta Moscowitz 
 
 Marcella Moscowitz 
 
 Fannie Newman 
 
 Edith Odes 
 
 Joseph Pedott 
 
 Cyrilla Perlman 
 
 Ray Perlman 
 
 Minnie Rabinowitz 
 
 Reuben Rabinowitz 
 
 Lawrence Rich 
 ♦Solon J. Rieser 
 
 Isabel Rinaldo 
 
 Charles Rivitz 
 
 George Rooby 
 
 Albert Rosenberg 
 
 Harry Rosenberg 
 
 Julia Rosenberg 
 
 Ruth Rosenberg 
 
 Edward Rosenblum 
 
 Esther Rosenfield 
 ♦Abraham Rosenstein 
 ♦David Rosenthal 
 
 Leonard J. Rothstein 
 
 Anna Rubenstein 
 
 Henpr J. Sachs 
 
 David Satz 
 ♦Samuel Schaeffer 
 
 Rena Schloss 
 
 William A. Schwab 
 
 Sophie Serber 
 
 Hannah Shulman 
 
 Bessie Spanner 
 
 Elizabeth Steinbrook 
 
 Marjorie Steindler 
 
 Nathan Stember 
 
 Abe Shefferman 
 ♦Harry Shapiro 
 
 Leonard Louis Shapiro 
 ♦Edward Shulman 
 ♦William S. Sindey 
 
 Matilda Solomon 
 ♦Leo Sorrin 
 ♦Leo Stirn 
 
 Miriam Teichner 
 
 Louis Truehaft 
 
 Eva Volport 
 
 Elkan C. Voorsanger 
 
 Abraham Weil 
 
 A. S. Weisberger 
 
 A. L. Weinstock 
 
 Rose Weisman 
 
 Jerome Wertheimer 
 
 Rose Williams 
 
 Adele Winston 
 
 Aaron Wirpel 
 
 Rose Wolfson 
 
 Evelyn Mae Younger 
 
 William Zuckerman 
 
 ♦Also field representative Domestic Service. 
 fAlso member National Office Staff. 
 
119 
 
 Field Representatives — Domestic Service 
 
 Abraham Aaron 
 David Aaronson 
 Isadore Abelson 
 William Ackerman 
 Isaac Adler 
 A. S. Albrecht 
 Herman Alofsin 
 William Alter 
 Ernest J. Altman 
 Benj. S. Applestein 
 H. L. Arenson 
 Frank Astor 
 H. H. Auerbach 
 Joseph Balaban 
 Robert Bandes 
 A. A. Barnett 
 Isadore Barsky 
 Alvin D. Baumgarten 
 Levi Becker 
 Irving Beckhardt 
 Samuel Belinkoff 
 Abraham Beresof sky 
 H. J. Berkowitz 
 Joseph Berkowitz 
 Alexander Berlin 
 Jacob Berlin 
 Jerome M. Bernstein 
 Leo B. Bernstein 
 David Blank 
 Joseph Blatt 
 Nathan Blechman 
 Joshua Bloch 
 David Mitchell Blum 
 Henry Blum 
 Chas. Blumenthal 
 Samuel C. Blumenthal 
 Samuel J. Bosniak 
 David S. Bond 
 Philip Braunstein 
 Meyer Braverman 
 Nathan Brenner 
 Edward Brodstein 
 Abraham Bronstein 
 
 M. M. Brooks 
 Sol. Buchwald 
 David S. Cahan 
 Morris Cahan 
 S. S. Cahan 
 Simon A. Cohen 
 Walter Caminer 
 A. Caplan 
 Leon Chassey 
 Samuel Chassey 
 Morris Clark 
 E. A. R. Cohen 
 G. G. Cohen 
 Joseph Cohen 
 Julian H. Cohen 
 Louis Cohen 
 Max Cohen 
 Max H. Cohen 
 Max I. Cohen 
 Milton E. Cohen 
 Isadore Cohen 
 Robert Myron Cohen 
 A. D. G. Cohn 
 Theodore J. Comparte 
 Camuel Cornick 
 Leonard Cowen 
 
 0. R. Cummins 
 
 1. Davidoff 
 Morris M. Davidow 
 Harry E. Davis 
 Arthur K. Deutsch 
 Louis Diamond 
 
 E. Z. Dimitman 
 
 A. E. Dobrin 
 Isadore Dominitz 
 Frank S. Dreeban 
 Samuel Dreyfoos 
 Moses J. Eckstein 
 
 B. C. Ehrenreich 
 Benj. Eisenstein 
 Chas. H. Eliscu 
 Alexander Elishewitz 
 Nathan Elkin 
 
120 
 
 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 M. J. Escoll 
 Harry Ettleson 
 Meyer Caspar Falkoflf 
 Jacob Faller 
 Isaac Feinstein 
 David L. Feldraan 
 Harry Feldman 
 David Fichman 
 Abraham A. Finkelstein 
 S. S. Finkelstein 
 Israel Flapin 
 Max Flax 
 Solomon Foster 
 Emanuel E. Fox 
 Leo J. Frachtenberg 
 S. J. Frank 
 Solomon Fredman 
 Morris A. Freed 
 Frank E. Freedman 
 Monroe M. Freedman 
 A. N. Freiberg 
 Joseph R. Freifeld 
 Chas. Fried 
 Chas. X. Fried 
 Michael Fried 
 Marcus Friedlander 
 Moses Friedlander 
 Alfred Friedlich 
 Nathan Friedman 
 Max M. Friedman 
 Samuel C. Friedman 
 S. H. Friedman 
 Richard A. Friedson 
 Ephraim Frisch 
 Max M. Fritz 
 Chas. Freund 
 J. L. Gabel 
 David Gittleson 
 Dr. Samuel Gerson 
 M. H. Gelfand 
 Samuel Ghinsburg 
 Mathew I. Ginsburg 
 Nathaniel Ginsberg 
 H. Hart Gilfix 
 Samuel Gitlin 
 Henry Gittler 
 Julius B. Gluck 
 Herman O. Goffin 
 A. P. Goldberg 
 
 Louis J. Goldberg 
 M. M. Goldberg 
 Henry M. Goldman 
 Herbert C. Goldman 
 Julius Goldman 
 Max L. Goldman 
 Harry T. Goldsmith 
 Samuel T. Goldsmith 
 David J. Goldstein 
 Isador Goldstein 
 Jacob Goldstein 
 Max A. Goldstein 
 Jacob S. Golub 
 Edward Goodman 
 Meyer Gordon 
 Abraham A. Goretsky 
 H. C. Gorin 
 Jaques Gottlieb 
 J. L. Gould 
 Louis Greenbaum 
 Max Greenberg 
 Harry Greene 
 Louis D. Greenzweig 
 Benj. S. Gross 
 Alexander Grossman 
 Arthur S. Grossman 
 Lazar Grossman 
 Louis J. Grossman 
 Fred. L. Guggenheimer 
 Felix Haas 
 L. J. Hass 
 Sigmund Haiman 
 D. F. Harris 
 Gilbert Harris 
 Samuel Harris 
 Joseph Hassner 
 D. S. Hausman 
 Bernard Heller 
 Nathan Herzog 
 Robert A. Hess 
 Nathaniel Hirsch 
 Henry Hirschson 
 Julius Hochfelder 
 Chas. Hoffman 
 William Hoffman 
 A. Holtzberg 
 Chas. Horn 
 Walter Hyams 
 Moses Hyamson 
 
FIELD REPRESENTATIVES— DOMESTIC SERVICE 121 
 
 Henry Hyman 
 Max C. Isaac 
 I sadore Isaacson 
 Charles Israel 
 Louis Israel 
 Louis Isbitz 
 L. H. Jackson 
 Isadore Jacobson 
 Cyrus J. Janover 
 Isidor Krillow 
 Burnett S. Jordan 
 Theodore F. Joseph 
 Adolph Jungman 
 A. E. Kallman 
 Israel Kaminsky 
 Maurice J. Karpf 
 A. M. Kaplan 
 Jacob Kaplowitt 
 L. I. Kaplan 
 J. H. Kaplan 
 Jacob Kartman 
 Emil Katzka 
 Benj. Kaufman 
 Nathan Kaufman 
 Samuel B. Kaufman 
 Henry Kay 
 Mandie Kay 
 Samuel Keiser 
 W. S. Kellner 
 Samuel J. Kessler 
 J. Kirshenbaum 
 Emil Klein 
 A. S. Kleinfeld 
 H. S. Kline 
 Arthur S. Kling 
 Boris Komar 
 Mordecai Konowitz 
 Louis J. Kopald 
 Hyman S. Kraft 
 William Kraft 
 S. L. Kregarmer 
 Saul Krohnengold 
 I^on Kupperman 
 Samuel Kurcias 
 Albert B. Kurtz 
 Harry Kurzman 
 J. Landau 
 
 Sol Landman 
 Phil. A. Langh 
 Solomon Lasky 
 Morris Lavetts 
 Lawrence Lavine 
 B. G. Lazareff 
 Morris Lazaron 
 Harry Lebovvsky 
 Max Leichtman 
 Joseph Leiser 
 Fred P. Leve 
 Bernard I. Levine 
 Davis Levine 
 Harry Levine 
 Morris Levine 
 Lee J. Levinger 
 M. M. Levinson 
 A. A. Levinthal 
 Harry Levor 
 Hyman Lewin-Epstein 
 Maxwell Lewis 
 Morris Lewy 
 Philip Lewy 
 D. H. Light 
 Alvin Linker 
 Benj. Lorber 
 George Lowenstein 
 George Lubinsky 
 Alvin Luchs 
 ♦Harry Mackler 
 Philip Madden 
 Edgar Magnin 
 Samuel Makoff 
 Hyman Malachoff 
 Chas. Mantinband 
 Israel W. Marcus 
 James Marcus 
 Chas. Margold 
 H. S. Margolies 
 H. Z. Markowitz 
 L. H. Markson 
 Melville Marx 
 David C. Matt 
 Joseph Mellen 
 Benj. Meltzer 
 Henry Mendels 
 I. H. Mendelsohn 
 
 *Also member of Central Office Staff. 
 
122 
 
 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 S. Felix Mendelsohn 
 B. Menkes 
 Max J. Merritt 
 J. Merfield 
 William Messer 
 Frank Michael 
 Harry Michaelson 
 Julian H. Miller 
 Samuel Mirkin 
 William Mithell 
 Bernard Modell 
 Henry Morris 
 A. G. Moses 
 Jacob L. Mueller 
 Max Munves 
 Lewis M. Neikrug 
 Morris Newfield 
 H. H. Nussbaum 
 Herman Okun 
 I. L. Orleans 
 Chas. L. Ornstein 
 F. J. Ostrow 
 M. P. Ostrow 
 Hyman Padway 
 Lesser Paley 
 Alvin A. Paul 
 M. H. Pehr 
 Emil J. Perlberg 
 Louis Phillips 
 I. E. Philo 
 Bernard Pines 
 George H. Pins 
 Samuel Pitchel 
 Robert S. Pollack 
 Benj. Posner 
 Samuel Pressman 
 L S. Privul 
 *George W. Rabinoff 
 Benj. Rabinowitz 
 Isadore Rabinowitz 
 N. Rabinowitz 
 J. Raisin 
 Julius Raphael 
 Saul Raskin 
 Irving Ravett 
 Louis Raymon 
 Irving Reichert 
 
 Isadore Reichert 
 Philip Reichert 
 Victor E. Reichert 
 A. A. Reichman 
 Malvin Reinheimer 
 A. B. Rhine 
 
 Abraham N. Richardson 
 Hernani Rieser 
 Joseph Riseman 
 Leo Rosen 
 Sam Rosen 
 H. J. Rosenbaum 
 
 A. L. Rosenberg 
 H. I. Rosenberg 
 H. G. Rosenblum 
 Arthur Rosenfeld 
 Walter J. Rosenfield 
 Joseph S. Rosenthal 
 
 B. W. Roth 
 Samuel Roth 
 Joseph Rothstein 
 Harry Rotkowitz 
 George Rubenstein 
 Leonard Rubenstein 
 Louis H. Rusga 
 
 A. S. Sacks 
 Harry Sackler 
 Harry Sandow 
 Elconon Saulson 
 Aaron Schacne 
 Gilbert F. Schamberg 
 Philip Schiller 
 Herbert B. Schoenblum 
 Morris Schreiber 
 Max Schreibstein 
 Bernard Schubert 
 Abraham M. Schultz 
 Salvadore J. Schwab 
 S. L. Schwade 
 Emanuel Schwartz 
 Wm. B. Schwartz 
 William Schwartzman 
 David Scott 
 Alfred Seelenfreund 
 Louis M. Seelenfreund 
 Max L. Seidenman 
 Alvin W. Seligman 
 
 ♦Also member of Central Office Staff. 
 
FIELD REPRESENTATIVES— DOMESTIC SERVICE 123 
 
 Louis A. Shapiro 
 
 Adolph Shirpser 
 
 Joseph I. Shor 
 
 A. H. Shiuger 
 •"Abraham Shoul 
 
 William Siegel 
 
 Isadore Siegeltuch 
 
 Maxwell Silver 
 
 Jacob Silverman 
 
 Nathan Silverstein 
 
 Bertram H. Simon 
 
 Harry Simon 
 
 Jesse A. Simonson 
 
 Arthur Simpkins 
 
 Joseph Singer 
 
 Jacob Skirball 
 
 David L. Slater 
 
 Abraham D. Slatoff 
 
 Julius C. Smith 
 
 William Smith 
 
 M. G. Smolensky 
 
 George Solomon 
 
 Leo M. Solomon 
 
 Isadore Sondheim 
 
 Merle Spandau 
 
 Maurice R. Spear 
 
 Louis Spector 
 
 Leon Spitz 
 
 Jacob Sterrman 
 
 William H. Stein 
 
 Alexander A. Steinbach 
 
 Joseph Steiner 
 
 Henry Steiner 
 
 Bernard J. Stern 
 
 Frank Stern 
 
 Henry W. Stern 
 
 Maurice L. Stern 
 
 Harry Sternfield 
 
 William Sternseher 
 
 Samuel Stickle 
 
 Joseph S. Stovin 
 
 Henry A. Strauss 
 
 Joseph Strauss 
 
 Sidney Strauss 
 •Maurice Suravitz 
 
 L. Suskyn 
 
 Nathaniel Suzmer 
 
 J. J. Taubenhaus 
 
 Morris Teller 
 Sidney A. Thorman 
 Benjamin A. Tintner 
 Jacob Tarshish 
 Jacob Turner 
 Henry Unger 
 Leon Urbach 
 Arthur Van Kleef 
 Hartog Veld 
 L. L. Vogel 
 I. Warsaw 
 Jacob Wattenmaker 
 Victor M. Weil 
 Alex S. Weinberg 
 Harry E. Weinberg 
 Edwin S. Weiner 
 Jack Weinstein 
 Jacob Weiss 
 Maurice Weiss 
 William Welber 
 Harvey Wessel 
 Simon Wienir 
 Nathan Wilchins 
 I. J. Williams 
 Harold S. Wiseman 
 Bernard Wolf 
 Sol. M. Wolffson 
 Joseph A. Wolf 
 Chas. Wortzman 
 Aaron Yaffe 
 Jack Yellen 
 H. L. Young 
 Isadore Zackheim 
 William Ziff 
 Samuel Zuckerman 
 Jacob Bashin 
 Leo C. Baum 
 Lazarus J. Brother 
 Jacob S. Cooley 
 Nathan I. Diamond 
 Edward Fauer 
 Joseph K. Feingold 
 Jacob Rosen Freifeld 
 James H. Coller 
 David Heilbrun 
 William V. Joel 
 Benjamin Rosenthal 
 Jacob S. Stone 
 
 *Also member of Central Office Staff. 
 
124 JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 
 
 COMMUNITY BRANCHES OF THE JEWISH WELFARE 
 BOARD AND CHAIRMEN 
 
 Akron, Ohio Maurice Krohngold 
 
 Albany, New York A. P. Lewis 
 
 Alexandria, Louisiana Mrs. M. Heyman 
 
 Alexandria, Virginia Leopold Rushan 
 
 Allentown, Pennsylvania M. L. Fecheimer 
 
 Altoona, Pennsylvania Isaiah Scheelii/ie 
 
 Anniston, Alabama Mortimer S. Sterne 
 
 Asheville, North Carolina Julius Lowenbein 
 
 Atlanta, Georgia M. F. Goldstein 
 
 Atlantic City, New Jersey Harry Cassman 
 
 Auburn & Lewiston, Maine .... A. Mandelston 
 
 Augusta, Georgia Aaron Silver 
 
 Austin, Texas Joe Koen 
 
 Baltimore, Maryland William Levy 
 
 Battle Creek, Michigan Sol Rosenfeld 
 
 Bay City, Michigan Edward Lichtig 
 
 Bayonne, New Jersey Sam S. Cohen 
 
 Bethlehem, Pennsylvania J. G. Beilin 
 
 Boston, Massachusetts Carl Dreyfus 
 
 Bridgeport, Connecticut J. B. Klein 
 
 Brockton, Massachusetts Abraham J. Freedman 
 
 Brooklyn, New York Adolph Feldblum 
 
 Brooklyn Women's Branch, 
 
 New York Mrs. Slomka 
 
 Brownsville, Texas A. Ashamine 
 
 Bryan, Texas Joe Gelber 
 
 Buffalo, New York Rudolph J. Warner 
 
 Burlington, Vermont Charles Levin 
 
 Butte, Montana William Meyer 
 
 Camden, New Jersey Mayer Segal 
 
 Canton, Ohio Herbert Strauss 
 
 Carlisle, Pennsylvania Charles Berg 
 
 Charlotte, North Carolina Will Weill 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina .... Leo Wetherhorn 
 
 Chattanooga, Tennessee Paul Heyman 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming Louis Lipson 
 
 Chicago, Illinois M. E. Greenebaum 
 
 Chillicothe, Ohio Sam L. Segal 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio Harry Hoffheimer 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio Louis Wolsey 
 
 Columbia, South Carolina August Kohn 
 
 Columbus, Georgia F. L. Rosenthal 
 
 Columbus, Ohio -,. Max Topper 
 
COMMUNITY BRANCHES 125 
 
 Corpus Christi, Texas Alex Weil 
 
 Dallas, Texas H. S. Scheline 
 
 Dayton, Ohio. S. G. Kusworm 
 
 Denver, Colorado C. E. H. Kauvar 
 
 Des Moines, Iowa David Oransky 
 
 Detroit, Michigan FredButzel 
 
 Dover, New Jersey Samuel G. Meyerson 
 
 Douglas, Arizona David Benshimol 
 
 Easton, Pennsylvania David Levy 
 
 Elmira, New York Nathan Bimberg 
 
 El Paso, Texas Samuel Given 
 
 Erie, Pennsylvania Henry L.Zacks 
 
 Far Rockaway, New York Isaac Landman 
 
 Fitchburg, Massachusetts Lewis Rome 
 
 Flint, Michigan , . . Harry Winegarden 
 
 Fort Wayne, Indiana Mrs. Frieda Strauss 
 
 Fort Worth, Texas George Fox 
 
 Fredericksburg, Virginia David Hirsh 
 
 Gary, Indiana J. Propper 
 
 Grand Rapids, Michigan G. A. Wolf 
 
 Greensboro, North Carolina Sidney J. Stem 
 
 Greenville, South Carolina Alexander Meyer 
 
 Gulf port, Mississippi I. B. Rau 
 
 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Henty C. Claster 
 
 Hartford, Connecticut Maurice Hartman 
 
 Hattiesburg, Mississippi Herman Katz 
 
 High Point, North Carolina... Philip A. Silver 
 
 Hoboken, New Jersey Herman Geismar 
 
 Holyoke, Massachusetts Jacob L. Barowsky 
 
 Houston, Texas Meyer C. Wagner 
 
 Indianapolis, Indiana Morris M. Feuerlicht 
 
 Jacksonville, Florida Emil Bernstein 
 
 Jackson, Michigan J. B. Wolf 
 
 Kalamazoo, Michigan Sam Folz 
 
 Kansas City, Missouri Samuel Loebenstein 
 
 ' Kenosha, Wisconsin J. D. Rosenblum 
 
 Kingston, New York Morris Kaplan 
 
 Knoxville, Tennessee. I. Winick 
 
 Lafayette, Indiana Mrs. Moses Schultz 
 
 Lakewood, New York Abraham Jacobson 
 
 Lancaster, Pennsylvania Edward Rosenstein 
 
 Laredo, Texas Ferdinand Worraser 
 
 Lincoln, Nebraska Jacob Singer 
 
 Little Rock, Arkansas Theodore D. Abeles 
 
 Los Angeles, California E. M. Reise 
 
 Lowell, Massachusetts Solomon Baker 
 
 Louisville, Kentucky Benj. S. Washer 
 
 Macon, Georgia Morris Michael 
 
 Madison, Wisconsin L. B. Wolfenson 
 
126 JEWISH WELPARE BOARD 
 
 Manchester, New Hampshire . . Abraham Machinist 
 
 Marion, Ohio Henry Strelitz 
 
 McKeesport, Pennsylvania Joseph H. Ruben 
 
 Meriden, Connecticut Nathan I. Dimond 
 
 Meridian, Mississippi A. Brill 
 
 Middletown, New York L. Stern 
 
 Middletown, Ohio Ed. Hirsch 
 
 Milwaukee, Wisconsin Chas. Levi 
 
 Minneapolis, Minnesota ) nj- • -iir ur 
 
 St.Paul.Mi;mesota \ Maunce Wolff 
 
 Montgomery, Alabama Chas. F. Moritz 
 
 Monmouth County, 
 
 Long Branch, N. J. ) 
 
 Red Bank, N. J. )■ Isaac Berger 
 
 Asbury Park, N.J. ) 
 
 Montpelier & Barre, Vermont . . Isaac Aaron 
 
 Nashua, New Hampshire M. M. Kaplan 
 
 Nashville, Tennessee Leopold Jones 
 
 Newark, New Jersey Felix Fuld 
 
 New Castle, Pennsylvania Marcus Feuchtwanger 
 
 New London, Connecticut Perry J. Hollandersky 
 
 New Orleans, Louisiana Ralph J. Schwarz 
 
 Newport News, Virginia Sol Peyser 
 
 New Rochelle, New York Lewis K. Goldman 
 
 New York, New York Leon L. Watters 
 
 New York Teachers Branch, ,,. „ t>i 
 
 New York MissH.Blum 
 
 Niagara Falls, New York Ben. Friedman 
 
 Norfolk, Virginia Moe Levy 
 
 Norwich, Connecticut Herman Alof sin 
 
 Nyack, New York Benj. Levison 
 
 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma LB. Levy 
 
 Omaha, Nebraska Harry Lapidus 
 
 Patchogue, New York Alfred Blum 
 
 Paterson, New Jersey Abraham Wolf 
 
 Pensacola, Florida Morris Levy 
 
 Peoria, Illinois W. B. Woolner 
 
 Perth Amboy, New Jersey. .... Chas. I. Silk 
 
 Petersberg, Virginia Sol Cooper 
 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Leon Obermayer 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Leonard S. Levin 
 
 Pittsfield, Massachusetts George A. Newman 
 
 Phoepus & Hampton, Virginia. M. S. Cooper 
 
 Plattsburgh, New York Julius Mendelsohn 
 
 Portland, Maine Samuel Rosenberg 
 
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire.. Mrs. S. M. Cohen 
 
 Portland, Oregon Joseph Simon 
 
 Portsmouth, Ohio Henry Atlas 
 
 Racine, Wisconsin Mrs. David Winter 
 
COMMUNITY >B RANCHES 127 
 
 Rahway, New Jersey Sidney Harris 
 
 Reading, Pennsylvania S. S. Schweriner 
 
 Richmond, Virginia H. T. Ezekiel 
 
 Rochester, New York Horace J. Wolf 
 
 Rockford, Illinois Arthur E. Schulein 
 
 Rockland, Maine Mrs. Simon Rosenberg 
 
 Rome, New York M. Gardner 
 
 Saginaw, Michigan A. D. Phillip 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah L. Marcus 
 
 San Antonio, Texas Morris Stem 
 
 San Diego, California Jacob Weinberger 
 
 San Francisco, California M. C. Sloss 
 
 San Jose, California J. H. Dasteel 
 
 Scranton, Pennsylvania A. B. Cohen 
 
 Seattle, Washington M. S. Bornstein 
 
 Shreveport, Louisiana Meyer Benson 
 
 Silver City, New Mexico Mrs. Eli Borenstein 
 
 South Bend, Indiana Mrs. Maurice J. Goldberg 
 
 Spartenburg, South Carolina ... I. H. Greenwald 
 
 Springfield, Illinois Albert Meyers 
 
 Springfield, Massachusetts Samuel Price 
 
 Springfield, Ohio Justin Altschul 
 
 Stamford, Connecticut Albert Philips 
 
 Staten Island, New York A. Greenwald 
 
 St. Joseph, Missouri Morris Mayer 
 
 St. Louis, Missouri Moses Schoenberg 
 
 Syracuse, New York William Rubin 
 
 Tacoma, Washington Mrs. Lee Lewis 
 
 Tarrytown & North Tarry- 
 town Branch, New York... AbeEdelson 
 
 Terre Haute, Indiana Isaac Goodman 
 
 Toledo, Ohio Lou Frank 
 
 Utica, New York Mrs. P. J. Galinsky 
 
 Trenton, New Jersey Nathaniel H. Koplin 
 
 Troy, New York Joseph Hormatz 
 
 Yicksburg, Mississippi Joseph Hirsh 
 
 Waco, Texas Abe Alexander 
 
 Washington, D. C Milton Strasburger 
 
 Waterbury, Connecticut Herman J. Weisman 
 
 Waukegan, Illinois Sam Schwartz 
 
 Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania. ... J. K. Weitzenkorn 
 
 Wilmington, Delaware David Snellenberg 
 
 Worcester, Massachusetts Archibald M. Hillman 
 
 Youngstown, Ohio Max E. Brunswick 
 
MAY g 1 mi