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 Mycenaean Tro' 
 
 3 1924 028 248 650 
 
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 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
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 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
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TO 
 THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR 
 
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 Kat <T0(f>(2 ra fji€ya\a 
 
1^- i'w^-MsiPi'''^ • * ^ 
 
 4. 
 
 
THE VANDERBILT ORIENTAL SERIES 
 
 edited by 
 
 Herbekt Gushing Toljian and James Henry Stevenson 
 
 MYCElSrAEAI^ TROT 
 
 BASED OlSr DOEPFELD'S EXCAVATION'S IIT THE SIXTH 
 OP THE NINE BUEIED CITIES AT HISSAELIK 
 
 T 
 
 HERBERT GUSHING TOLMAN, Ph.D., D.D. 
 Prnfciiiior of Greek in VavdcrhiJt Tjnivernitii 
 
 AND 
 
 GILBERT CAMPBELL SCOGGIN, M.A. 
 Infitnictur in tiic Univcraity School, NashviUc, Tenn. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 NEW YORK : CINCINNATI : CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
 1 1 1,1 1 \' I , : . n Y 
 
Copyright, 1903, by 
 Herbert Gushing Tolman 
 
 AND 
 
 Gilbert Campbell Scoggin 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The first time I came in sight of the Troad, I felt 
 as if the whole panorama of the Homeric wars had 
 been suddenly spread out before me. This, I am 
 sure, has been the experience of all visitors to the 
 Trojan plain. About four miles off the mainland is 
 Tenedos. Farther to tlie west is Imbros, while high 
 above it, clear and distinct on the horizon, is the 
 great Saoke of Samotbrace. On the north, the Hel- 
 lespont resembles a large river with steep banks, 
 where the Thracian Chersonesus meets the eye. On 
 its southern shore, between Sigeum (marked to-day 
 by the unattractive houses of the village of Yeni 
 Shehr) and the mound In Tepeh — indicating where 
 the high and rocky Rhoetean shore began — was the 
 position of the Greek fleet. The coast along the 
 Aegean consists of a line of foot-hills, while the east- 
 ern Ijoundary of the plain is formed by the spurs of the 
 Ida chain. Between these ranges, in a spot especially 
 favored by nature, sheltered as it is by hills and sea, is 
 the valley of the Scamander (modern Mendere), fertile 
 and rich-soiled, Avhere to-day is still to be recognized 
 much of the Homeric flora. The present course of 
 the river is toward the northwest corner of the plain, 
 but in ancient times it probably flowed close beside 
 the Ida range, and, meeting the Simois at the swamp 
 of the modern Dumbrek Su, emptied by what is now 
 a dead arm of the sea (In Tepeh Asmak) into the Hel- 
 lespont. Here, on a ridge of the mountains where the 
 
 (5) 
 
6 MYCENAEAN TEOV 
 
 valleys of the Mendere and the Dumbrek Su meet, is 
 the plateau of Hissarlik, with its nine strata of set- 
 tlements dating from an age of thirty centuries be- 
 fore Christ to the time of the acropolis of the Ro- 
 man Iliou, which reached its end about fire hundred 
 years after the Christian era — a spot in full view of the 
 traveler as he enters the Dardanelles en route to Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 The excavations (1893-9i) which Durpfeld con- 
 tinued after Scliliemann's death (1890) show in the 
 sixth stratum from the bottom a Mycenaean city built 
 in terraces, with a mighty circuit wall, three massive 
 towers, three gates, and numerous buildings. For 
 this stately acropolis Dorpfeld claims the title of 
 Homeric Troy, and few archaeologists who have stood 
 under its imposing walls are inclined to dispute this 
 claim. He notes the following characteristics ( Troja 
 xincl II ion, pp. 601-612) in which the VI City agrees 
 with the description in the Homeric poems: 
 
 1. Its low site in the Troad corresponds to that de- 
 scribed in Y, 216, "Sacred llios, built upon the plain." 
 The epithets "well-walled" {tvTtixn'^)-, "steep" {a'nru- 
 i/os), "sheer" (aiTru's), apply to its high and precipi- 
 tous walls, which to-day impress every visitor with 
 their massiveness and strength. "Beetling llios" 
 ("IXtos 64>pvo(.(Tcra, X, 411) appropriately describes the 
 abrupt slope of the northern side of the plateau, 
 while "windy" ( ^rc/xdcis ) fully characterizes the plain 
 swept Ijy the breezes from the Plellespont. 
 
 2. The well-wrought stones, as seen in the South 
 Citadel Wall, the towers, and several buildings, show 
 that the poet's description of dwellings built of "pol- 
 ished stone" (^eo-ToTo XlOoio) was not based on the imag- 
 
PliKFACE 
 
 ination, althougli, when the Cyclopean walls of Tiryns 
 and Mycenae were the only relics of the heroic age, 
 they seemed to contradict the Homeric picture. 
 
 3. In n, 702, we are told that "thrice did Pa- 
 troclus seek to climb upon the 'elhow' of the lofty 
 wall." Such an escalade is possil)le in the strongly 
 scarped lower wall of the YI City, where its rough 
 stone forms an "elbow" with the perpendicular up- 
 per wall. Again, we read (Z, 4:33) that ' ' Iscside the 
 fig tree the wall may he best scaled, and the city is 
 more assailable." This portion of the citadel must 
 have lain on the western side, Avhcre the slope of the 
 hill makes the town more accessible than on the north, 
 and wdiere, too, the excavations show the walls of our 
 city to be more poorly constructed. 
 
 4. Of the many gates of Troy (B, 800), Homer 
 gives the names of two, the iScaeau and the Darda- 
 nian. Of the three gates unearthed in our city, VI T 
 must have formed the principal entrance on that por- 
 tion of the hill where the city was most accessible; 
 while on the northern side, where the wall is entirely 
 destroyed, the gate towering high above the plain 
 could have been reached only by a ramp, such as is 
 seen to-day in the ruins of the retaining wall beside 
 the Northeast Tower. It is presumable that the Dar- 
 danian Gate lay in the direction of the Ida range, to- 
 ward the southeast, where Dardania was situated, 
 and where the excavations have brought to light the 
 great South Gate, VI T. From this gate, the farthest 
 removed from the battlefield, the Trojans (E, 789) did 
 not dare to issue while Achilles went forth to battle, 
 nor did the Trojan women (X, 1.55) venture longer to 
 wash their garments at the springs lying near. 
 
MYCENAEAN TKOY 
 
 The Scaean Gate, on the other hand, must have 
 been on the side of the hill toward the Greek ships. 
 If we restore a northwestern gate in the missing 
 North Wall, we should have a gate opening, as did 
 the Scaean Gate, on the battlefield, and flanked on the 
 assailants' left by a mighty tower from which the 
 beholder had an extensive view over the plain. With 
 the North Wall and the Northwest Gate restored, the 
 following plan may mark the outline of the Trojan 
 citadel. 
 
 Plan I. The Kestored Citadel 
 
 5. Inside the city, according to Homer, were sepa- 
 rate dwellings. The royal palace must have lain in 
 the center of the citadel, where, in the VI City, all 
 buildings are destroyed. The house of Alexandros 
 (Z, 316) consisted of thalamos, doina^ and aule. Such 
 an arrangement is seen in the stately building VI A, 
 where we observe a closed room, a half -open ante- 
 
PREFACE ;» 
 
 chamber, and an open court. While YI F shows Cy- 
 clopean masonry, VI A is constructed of small rec- 
 tangular stones. In fact, Homer's description so 
 fits the buildings of the VI City that it seems as if 
 the poet had an accurate knowledge of the Trojan 
 house. 
 
 In two places in the poems (Z, 88 and E, 4i6), — re- 
 garded by many scholars as interpolations (cf. C. 
 Robert, Studienzur IlkiH), — references are given to 
 temples. Moreover an altar of Zeus lay at the summit 
 of the citadel (X, 172 ). There is a possibility that the 
 building VI C of our city may be a temple. 
 
 6. The citadel walls of the VI Stratum, forming an 
 immense polygon, the broad circuit street inside the 
 city, with several cross streets leading to the summit 
 of the acropolis, and the houses arranged in terraces 
 about the center of the citadel, justify the Homeric 
 epithets, "well-stablished" (Iv^fxr^To^) and "well- 
 built" (evKTi)a£VOs). 
 
 My special obligation is due to Dr. Wilhelm Dorp- 
 felcl for his kind permission to use freely his great 
 work, T7'OJaundIUon, on which I have based the de- 
 scription of the Mycenaean City, and from which I 
 have taken much of the illustrative material. 
 
 Professor Alfred Heinrich also has allowed the use 
 of his excellent monograph, Troja iei Homer unci in 
 der Wirklichheif. On this work the chapter entitled 
 "The Mycenaean Age and the Homeric Poems" has 
 been largely based, but several of Professor Heinrich's 
 views are here slightly modified. 
 
 I have adapted to the present work — especially in 
 the chapters on the "Troad" and " Mycenaean Civili- 
 zation" — a number of sections from an article on the 
 
10 MYCENAEAN TliOY 
 
 Troad, which I wrote shortly after a journey to the 
 Orient. 
 
 In my preparation of this volume Mr. Gilbert 
 Campbell Scoggin, my former pupil, and now a 
 teacher of some years' experience, has been closely 
 associated, and it is an especial pleasure to me, as his 
 old teacher, to connect his name with mine on the 
 title-page. 
 
 Mycenaeology is a little over a quarter of a century 
 old. It was in 1S7G that Dr. Schliemanu unearthed the 
 treasures from the royal graves at INIycenae and gave 
 the world the first glimpse of that ancient civilization 
 which has since been shown to have extended over the 
 mainland of Hellas and the isles of the south Aegean 
 — a civilization whose type is thesame, howeverwidely 
 distant the localities where remains are found, whether 
 in Crete or Thessaly, in Rhodes or Argolis, in Cyprus 
 or Boeotia. It was for him to present the problem 
 which is daily assuming vaster proportions. It will 
 be for others to solve it. But the solution is not now. 
 Theories advanced yesterday are to-day set aside. It 
 is only when all the evidence has been gathered in 
 that the great questions connected with Mycenaean 
 culture can be tinally settled. It is almost providen- 
 tial that Dorpfeld's Troy, with its imported Myce- 
 naean pottery, should remain buried until the very 
 time when the new science could pronounce verdict 
 upon it. Herbert Cushing Tolman. 
 
 Vauderbilt Uuiversitj', 
 
 Nashville, Tenn., October 2, 1903. 
 
TABLE OF CON^TEi;rTS 
 THE TROAD 
 
 PAai! 
 
 1. General Description of the Plain 19 
 
 2. The Scamander 36 
 
 3. The Simois 39 
 
 4. Bnnarbashi 29 
 
 5. Scbliemann's Tro}'. II .Stratum 33 
 
 6. Dc'irpfekVs Troy, VI Stratum 35 
 
 7. Was There a Keal Troy '.' 43 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN CITY 
 
 8. Masonry 45 
 
 9. Building Matei-ial 40 
 
 The Walls of the Citadel 
 
 10. The Extent 48 
 
 11. Periods of Construction 48 
 
 13. The Projections 49 
 
 13. West Wall 49 
 
 14. East Wall 53 
 
 15. South Wall 53 
 
 The Gates 
 
 16. The East Gate 55 
 
 17. The South Gate 56 
 
 18. The West Gate 59 
 
 The Toweks 
 
 19. The South Tower 61 
 
 30. The East Tower 63 
 
 31. The Northeast Tower G4 
 
 (11) 
 
12 MYCENAEAN TROT 
 
 The Inner Citadel p^ce 
 
 22. VI A 68 
 
 23. VI B , 70 
 
 24. VI M 71 
 
 25. VI G 16 
 
 26. VI F 77 
 
 27. VI E 78 
 
 28. Remaining Buildings of the First Terrace 79 
 
 29. VI C: 81 
 
 30. Streets 83 
 
 31. Springs 83 
 
 32. Review of tlie Citadel 84 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION 
 
 33. Extent 87 
 
 34. Pottery 90 
 
 35. Date 90 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN AGE AND THE 
 HOMERIC POEMS 
 
 36. Architecture 91 
 
 37. Art 93 
 
 38. Writing 94 
 
 39. Who Were the Authors? 96 
 
 40. Armor 105 
 
 41. Dress 108 
 
 42. Disposition of the Dead 110 
 
 43. The Homeric Troy. . .' 110 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTEATION"S 
 
 Fig. Page 
 
 East Wall of Mycenaean Troy (Frontisjnece) 
 
 (After Dorpfeld, Truja und Iliim, Beilage 15.) 
 
 1. Mount Ida 19 
 
 (After a Drawing.) 
 
 2. Plain of Troy 21 
 
 (After DOrpfeld, Troja und IlUm, Beilage 68.) 
 
 3. The Site of Troy 23 
 
 (After Durpfeld, Triijaund lUim, Beilage 1.) 
 
 4. Siege Scene from Silver Vase 30 
 
 (After Guhl und Koner, Liben dfr (Jricclicn mid ROmer, Fig. 3.5.) 
 
 5. Southwest Wall of II Stratum 32 
 
 (After Di'irpfeld, Troja und Riun, Beilage 6.) 
 
 6. Paved Kamp of II Stratum 35 
 
 (After Dorpfeld, Trojaimd Ilinn, Fig. 19.) 
 
 7. Wall of Mycenaean Troy 37 
 
 (After Hemrich. TrojahfA Hiimcr und in d€r Wirklichkeit, p. :13.) 
 
 8. False-Necked Mycenaean Jar 39 
 
 (After American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. V, PI. VI.) 
 
 9. Retaining Wall of VI M 46 
 
 (After Dorpfeld, Troja und Hion, Fig. .34.) 
 
 10. North Wall of Tower VI h 47 
 
 (After Dorpfeld, Troja und lUon, Fig. m.) 
 
 11. West Wall 50 
 
 (After Di'irpfeld, Troja und lUon, Pig. 37.) 
 
 12. East Wall 51 
 
 (After Dorpfeld, Troja und Ilion, Beilage 16.) 
 
 13. East Gate 54 
 
 (After Dorpfeld, Troja und Ilion. Beilage 17.) 
 
 (13) 
 
14 MYCENAEAN TROY 
 
 Fig. Page 
 
 14. Gx-ound Plaa of East Gate 56 
 
 (After Dcirpfeld, Triija und llion, Fig. 4(1.) 
 
 15. South Gate and South Tower 57 
 
 (After Dijrpfeld, Trnjaund IlUnt, Be'.lage 18.) 
 
 1<5. Ground Phm of South Gate 58 
 
 (After DGrpfeld, Troja und lUim, Fig. 4t.) 
 
 17. Ground Plan of West Gate 59 
 
 (After Dr.rpfeld, Trnja und lUiin, Fig. 4(i.) 
 
 18. Ground Plan of East Tower 62 
 
 (After Dorpfeld, Trojaund Ilinn, Fig. 47.) 
 
 19. East Tower 63 
 
 (After D.irpfeld, Tmjaund lUnn, Fig. 48.) 
 
 20. Ground Plan of Northeast Tower 64 
 
 (After D()rpfeld, Trojaund Rinn, Fig. 52.) 
 
 21. Great Northeast Tower 66 
 
 (After DOrpfeld, Troja, 18S3, Fig. 13.) 
 
 23. Ground Plan of VI A 68 
 
 (After Diirpfeld, Tnijaund Iliini, Fig. .56.) 
 
 23. The West Wall of VI A 69 
 
 (After Dorpfeld, Tnijaund IU:in, Beiltige Si.) 
 
 24. Ground Plan of VI M 72 
 
 (After Dorpfeld, Tnija und Ilitni, Fig. ,"T.) 
 
 25. Wall of VI M 73 
 
 (After Dr.rpfeld, Trnja tincllluin, Be:lage24.) 
 
 26. Ramp of Mycenaean Troy 75 
 
 (After Diirpfeld, Troja und nion. Fig. r,;>.) 
 
 37. Ground Plan of VI F 77 
 
 (Aft«r Dcirpfeld, Troja und Uion, Fig. 80.) 
 
 28. Ground Plan of VI E 78 
 
 (After Dorpfeld, Trojaund Uion, Fig. 61.) 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 15 
 
 Fig. Page 
 
 2a. Walls of VI E 80 
 
 (After Di'irpfeld, Trojaiuid lUtni. Beilage 25.) 
 
 30. Gi-ound Plau o£ VI C 82 
 
 (After D.'.ryfeld, Tnijaund lliun, Fig. la.) 
 
 31. Circle of .Shaft-Graves at INIycenae 80 
 
 (After a Photograpli.) 
 
 32. False-Necked Amphora from Crete 89 
 
 (After American Journal af Ardiaeohirjij, Vol. V, PL VI.) 
 
 33. Beehive Tomb 92 
 
 (After a Photograph.) 
 
 34. Inlaid Dagger-Blade from Mycenae 93 
 
 (After Uiihl und Koner, Lehcn dcr Oricchc^l und R(jmi?r, Fig. 'Si.) 
 
 35. Pottery from VI Stratum 95 
 
 (After Diirpfeld, Tnijaund lUnn, Beilage 3;!.) 
 
 80. Spindle Whorls 97 
 
 (After DiJrpfeld, Troja mid Iliiin, Beilage 48.) 
 
 37. The Lions' Gate at Mycenae 100 
 
 (After Guhluiid Koner, Lchcn cler Gricchen nnd Runier, Fig. 24) 
 
 3R. Gold Cups from Vapliio 102 
 
 (After (ii^hl uud Koner, Lchen der Gricdicn und Romcr, Fig. 40 ) 
 
 30. Kyanos Frieze from Palace at Tiryns 104 
 
 (After Baumeister, DcnkVKdcr, Fig. 1904.) 
 
 40. Gold Cup from Mycenae 105 
 
 (After Guhl und Koner, Lebctl dcr Gricchcn u)nl Romcr, Fig. 3j. 
 
 41. Shield Model from Spata 100 
 
 (After Reiehel, Hmncrifichc Vaffoi, Fig. ().) 
 
 42. Gold Ring from Shaft-Grave IV 107 
 
 (After Reichel, Hoincriache Waffoi, Fig. 11.) 
 
 43. "Warrior Vase from Jlycenae 108 
 
 (After Guhl und Koner, Lehai der Gricclwn und Bomcr, Fig. 37.) 
 
 44. Gold Signet from Mycenae 109 
 
 (After Baumeister, Denlimaler, Fig. U92J 
 
16 MYCENAEAN TKOY 
 
 LIST OF PLANS AXD MAPS 
 
 Page 
 
 Plan I. Restored Citadel ^ 
 
 (After Dorpfeld, Trojavnd lliun, Fig 470) 
 
 Map A. The Troad 37 
 
 {After Heinricli, Troja hcl Ihnncr und in dcr WiikUcliheit, p. tj ) 
 
 Plan II. Citadel of II Stratum, 1890 34 
 
 (After Sohliemarm, Bericht, 1890, Taf . Ill ) 
 
 Plan III. Citadel of M.ycenaean Troy 40 
 
 (After Heinrich, Troja hci Homer und in dcr ]Vh'kJichkeU, p. 33.) 
 
MYCENAEAN TROT 
 
 2 
 
Fuit Ilium et ingens 
 Gloria Teucrorum 
 
THE TEOAD 
 
 1. General Description of the Plain. Far in the south 
 of the Trojan Plain rises a high mountain peak, from 
 
 Fig. 1. Mount Ida 
 
 which extend ramifications, northeastward and south- 
 westward, so numerous and multiform that by old 
 writers the mountain was likened to a monstrous cen- 
 tipede. ^ This is "many ridged" Ida (X, 171; A, 112; 
 
 1 Strabo, XIII, .583. 
 
 (19) 
 
20 MYCENAEAN TROT 
 
 Y, 91), and that topmost crest is Gargarus,' rising al- 
 most six thousand feet, blue and majestic, its ranges 
 broken by river valleys, until at last a line of hills 
 runs to the Hellespont and completes the eastern 
 boundary of the Trojan Plain. On this summit sat 
 Zeus, "exulting in glory, looking down upon the city 
 of the Trojans and the ships of the Achaeans " (®, 4:7- 
 52). Here was his sanctuary (®, AS). Hither re- 
 paired Hera (S, 292). 
 
 A little distance from the coast is an island rising 
 like a hill out of the sea. Its proximity to the 
 shore makes it a conspicuous ol^ject in the Trojan 
 country. 
 
 Est in conspeotu Tenedos, notissima fama 
 Insula dives opum, Priami diim regna manebant. 
 
 The theater of the Homeric wars is before our eyes. 
 Tenedos (A, 38, i52; A, 625; N, 33; y, 159) lies in front 
 of the wide Besika Bay, about four miles from the 
 mainland and tweh'e from the Hellespont. Farther 
 in the distance is "rugged" Lubros (N, 33; O, 78), 
 aboA'e which towers the huge Samothracian moun- 
 tain.^ It was from this summit that Poseidon looked 
 upon the battle, "for thence was plain in sight all 
 Ida, and plain in sight were Priam's city and the ships 
 of the Achaeans" (N, 11-11). In a clear day "holy" 
 Lemuos (B, 722) shows its outline in the west, while, 
 over one hundred miles distant, Mount Athos (3, 229) 
 is dimly seen at sunset. 
 
 Between the Thracian Chersonesus, which in the 
 
 1 Gargarns (called to-day Kazdagh) is mentioned in 6, 48; E, 
 292, 353; 0, 153. 
 
 2 Called by a Scholiast to N^ 11, Saoke. 
 
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 (21) 
 
22 MYCENAEAN TKOT 
 
 clear atmosphere of the Troad seems close at hand, 
 and a sandy promontory guarded by the crumbling 
 old fortification of Kum Kaleh ("sand fortress"), 
 the "strong-flowing" Hellespont (B, 846; M, 30) meets 
 the sea. Near the entrance jiits out Cape Sigeum, 
 where to-day is the Christian village of Yeni Shehr, 
 while about four miles to the east is the rocky shore 
 of Ehoeteum {Bhoeteae orae, Verg. Aen., Ill, 108). 
 Between these two points, not very far from Troy 
 (for heralds go and return before sunrise), was drawn 
 up the Greek fleet, "row behind row, filling up the 
 shore's wide mouth, which lay betwixt the headlands" 
 (H, 33). 
 
 Along the Aegean Sea a low line of hills slopes 
 somewhat abruptly toward the water's edge. The 
 eastern range, stretching from the highest crest of 
 Ida, after repeated interruptions, ends at Ehoeteum. 
 Between these eastern and western ranges lies the 
 deep-soiled valley of the Scamander, with here and 
 there groves of oaks, while reed and tamarisk line the 
 river bank, as in Trojan days. ^ Another valley — this 
 time of an insignificant swamp stream, called Dum- 
 brek Su, and often identified with the Simois — cuts 
 the eastern chain of hills at a little distance from the 
 Hellespont. 
 
 Here at the southern point of meeting of the two 
 valleys of the Scamander and the Dumlirek Su is the 
 mound of Hissarlik, rising about sixty feet above the 
 plain, and over three miles distant from the sea and 
 from the Hellespont. ^ The hillside is rather precipi- 
 
 iCf. Fellner, Die homerische Flora, Wien, 1897. 
 ^Wo cite some of the early adherents of the Troy-Hissarlik the- 
 ory: Maclaren, Topography of the Plain of Troy, 1832; Grote, 
 
(23) 
 
24 IVXYCENAEAN TROY 
 
 tous on the north where it meets the swamp of the 
 latter stream, forming a marked contrast to its o^entle 
 incline westward into the broad and level plain of the 
 Scamander. 
 
 The name Hissarlik ("little fortification") was giv- 
 en to this localitj^ because of the Hellenistic remains 
 which were here visible. In fact, the inhabitants of 
 the little settlement of Tshiblak, a mile or so distant, 
 designated it the "Place of Ruins" {Asarllli). To- 
 day it is a place of ruins indeed, and, we may add, 
 of isolation and desolation as well. A more lonely 
 spot the traveler rarely visits, and he can find shelter 
 for the night only in the miserable little villages of 
 Yeni Shehr or Yeni Koi. Yet this insignificant hill 
 marks the site of the Homeric Pergamos, or at least 
 that city whose siege and capture formed the histor- 
 ical basis of the poems. On the same plateau was 
 built the Grseco-Roman Ilion, with its world-renowned 
 Athena temple. Xerxes (Herodotus, VH, 43) and 
 Alexander (Arian, I, 11) ascended the citadel, be- 
 lieving that they stood in "divine Ilios." 
 
 As the eye surveys the Trojan country, it is attract- 
 ed to those heights near Bunarbashi, almost ten miles 
 distant from the Hellespont, amid which, in the moun- 
 tain fastnesses, where the Ida range is high and steep, 
 is the fortress of Balidagh. Rising as it does five 
 hundred feet, it forms an excellent spot for an im- 
 
 History of Greece, 1846; Schliemann, Ithaka, 1869; Gladstone, 
 Homer, 1878; Saj'ce, Contemporary Review, 1878; Eekeiibrech- 
 er, Die Lage des homerischen Ilion, 1843; Brann, Homer xind 
 sein Zeitalter, 1858; Christ, Topographie der troianischen 
 Ebene, 1874; Mej'er, Geschichte von Troas, 1877; Lenormant, 
 Les Antiquitfe de la Troade, 1876. 
 
THE TEOAD 25 
 
 pregnable stronghold. In early times many believed 
 that it was Priam's citadel. ^ This is not strange, for 
 so strategic is its position that Count von Moltke 
 writes: " AYe who are no scholars allow ourselves to 
 be guided solely by military instinct to the spot which, 
 in old times as well as now, men would have selected 
 for an inaccessible citadel." 
 
 The mention of objects familiar only to one who 
 knows the Trojan country suggests that the poet had 
 seen the Troad;^ that, as he observed the sun set be- 
 hind Imbros and "wooded" Samothrace, bringing 
 them boldly out in the ruddy glow of the twilight, 
 he pictured deity on the mountain's topmost crest. 
 A man as conservative in this matter as Professor 
 Christ is led to assert ( GescMchte der griecldschen 
 Litteratur^ 1898, p. 55): "His descriptions of Mount 
 Ida, of the plain of the Scamander (E, 773), of Posei- 
 don's high lookout from Samothrace (N, 10) are so true 
 to nature {zfi<j<-n no viel JSfnturvKiJirlieit) that we must 
 
 1 Leehevalier, Voyage de la Troade (Lechevalier visited the 
 Troad in 1785); Choisenl-Goviffier, Voj'age pittoresque de la 
 Gruce, 1820; Texier, Description de I'AsieMineure, 1839; Per- 
 rot, Excursion uTroie, 1874; Lenz, Die Ebene von Troia, 1798; 
 von Moltke, Brief e iiber Zustiinde vind Begebenheiten in der 
 Tiirkei, 1841; Forchhamnier, Beschreibnng der Ebene von 
 Ti-oja, 1842; Welcker, Kleine Schriften, 1844; Kiepert, Memoir 
 iiber die Construction der Karte von Kleinasien, 1854; Halin, 
 Die Ausgraljungen auf der homerischen Pergamos, 1864; Has- 
 l^er, Beitriige zur Topographic der homerischen Ilias, 1867; 
 Curtius, Griechische Gesehiclite, 1874; Leake, Journal of a 
 Tour in Asia INIinor, 1824; Fellowes, Excursion in Asia Minor, 
 1838; Acland, The Plains of Troy, 1839; Rawlinson, Herodo- 
 tus, 1875. 
 
 ^Heiurich, Troja bei Homer und in der Wirklichkeit, 1895, 
 
/ 
 
 26 IVnrCENAEAN TEOr 
 
 feel that the poet had looked with his own eyes upon 
 the theater of his heroes' deeds." At any rate, the 
 traveler, as he looks down upon the city and land of 
 the Trojans, does not feel inclined to be skeptical; 
 rather he is ready to exclaim: 
 
 O patria, O divum domus, Ilium, et incluta bello 
 Moenia Dardanidum. 
 
 Every spot before him seems pregnant with the bur- 
 den of Troy's story: 
 
 Hie Dolopum manus, hie saevus tendebat Achilles; 
 Classibna hie locus; hie acie certare solebant. 
 
 2. The Scamander. Before it broadens out into the 
 plain, the Scamander (Mendere) flows through a rocky 
 valley. Its present course is considerably over a mile 
 distant from Hissarlik. It empties into the Helles- 
 pont at the extreme west corner of the plain. Con- 
 sider the situation: the distance of the Scamander 
 from Hissarlik; its outlet, near Sigeum, to the ex- 
 treme west; the Greek fleet along the Hellespont, and, 
 accordingly, on the right bank of the ri^'er. Now 
 Homer's picture puts the Greeks on the opposite side. 
 Beloch represents the Scamander of Homer as flow- 
 ing its present course. ^ In doing tliis he is compelled 
 to give a forced interpretation of O, 692, a wrong ex- 
 planation of A, 498, and $, 1 S.^ These difiiculties 
 have induced many to believe that the poet had no 
 acquaintance with the Troad. He puts the Greek 
 host along the Hellespont; again he represents them 
 
 1 Griechische Geschichte, 1893. 
 
 ^S, 433, and IT, 395 ff., are ignored by him. Cf. Heinrich, 
 Troja bei Homer und in der Wirklichkeit, 1895. 
 
THE TROAD 
 
 27 
 
 on the left of the Scamander. Priam has to ford the 
 river to visit the tent of Achilles. Surely there is no 
 room along the Hellespont between the mouth of the 
 present Scamander and the sea. The Greek camp 
 
 Map a. The Troad 
 
 must, therefore, lie to the right; and if so, why should 
 Priam have occasion to cross the stream ? 
 
 An old river bed is seen close to Hissarlik, dry in 
 summer, with here and there pools of water. This 
 has been identified with the ancient course of the Sca- 
 mander. It is flooded in the rainy season, and bears 
 the name Kalifatli Asmak, from the little village of 
 Kalifatli by its side. But we have not yet enough to 
 
28 MYCENAEAN TROT 
 
 explain the situation in the Iliad; for after passing 
 Kum Koi ( " sand village "), which lies a little to the 
 northwest of Hissarlik, the small stream has made a 
 sharp bend, and empties through a delta too far to 
 the west to allow the position of the Greek fleet be- 
 tween its mouth and the sea. 
 
 The Homeric description needs the following: At 
 Rhoeteum, near a mound, which is called to-day In 
 Tepeh, but which tradition styles the "Tomb of 
 Ajax," is observed a streamlet which almost joins in 
 a direct line the Kalifatli at the point where the latter 
 makes its bend to the westward. Here we may mark 
 the mouth of the historic river. In that case the 
 Scamander of Trojan times flowed along the eastern 
 range of hills, passing under the mound of Hissarlik, 
 and from thence making its course in a straight line 
 to the Hellespont, which it joined at Ehoeteum. This 
 would leave the bend of the sea from Sigeum to Ehoe- 
 teum free for ships, and would place the Greeks on 
 the opposite side of the river to the Trojans. Deme- 
 trius of Skepsis, misinterpreting a statement in He- 
 rodotus, ^ supposed that the shore along the Hellespont 
 had advanced. Virchow has made geological tests 
 and failed to find anything to indicate that this por- 
 tion of the plain is an alluvial deposit. He shows also 
 how it is impossible for land to form against such a 
 swift torrent. ^ Furthermore, in a work attributed to 
 an old geographer, Scylax, the statement is made that 
 Ilion is twenty-five stades from the sea, which is prac- 
 tically the distance of Hissarlik from the Hellespont 
 
 1 Herodotus, II, 10. 
 
 ^Bcitriige zur Landeskunde der Troa3. 
 
THE TEOAD 29 
 
 to-day. This theory for the old course of the Sca- 
 mander is still unrefuted.^ 
 
 3. The Simois. The insignificant swamp brook 
 (Dumbrek Su), often identified with the Homeric 
 Simois, can hardly be classed with Vergil's buffeting 
 
 river: 
 
 Ubi tot Simois correpta sub undis 
 Scuta virum galeasque et fortia corpora volvit. 
 
 It seems that this stream ought not to have a prom- 
 inent place in Homer; yet it is referred to seven times, 
 with no hint of its being smaller than the Scamander. 
 Hercher argues that the mention of the Simois in the 
 Homeric poems is a late interpolation by one who 
 knew nothing of the Trojan country.^ Rossmann 
 takes the opposite extreme view, and believes that 
 only one thoroughly versed in the Troad could pic- 
 ture the Simois in the light it is. He bids us look at 
 the picture of the Scamander imploring the Simois to 
 aid against Achilles (*, 308 ff. ), and supposes that 
 such a scene would be inapplicable to an independent 
 {selhstiindiger) stream; that it is highly fitting that 
 the Simois flow its sluggish and lazy course, remain- 
 ing in the swamp till through the pressure of high 
 water it reaches the Scamander. Yet Rossmann's 
 argument (quoted with favor by Heinrich) loses its 
 force when we consider that in all probability this 
 portion of the Iliad belongs to the third stratum of 
 the poem. 
 
 4. Bunarbashi. To the old arguments identifying 
 
 1 "Uud es scheint niclits dagegen zu spreclien," Heinrich. 
 
 2 Ueber die homerische Ebene ron Troja, 187.5. Cf . Hein- 
 rich, Troja bei Homer und in der Wirklichkeit. 
 
30 
 
 JXYCEXAEAN TEOY 
 
 theheights of Buuarbashi with "steep" aud "windy" 
 Troy,^ Nikolaides, in the 'E4>T]ixcpU apxaioAoytKi;, 1894, 
 adds a new one remarkably unique. From Grave IV 
 on the acropolis of Mycenae, a grave which is the 
 oldest of the shaft-tombs, was taken a silver vase 
 
 Siege Scene from Sn.vER Vase 
 
 (Mycenae.) 
 
 whereon was pictured a battle scene. The vase is 
 shattered, but <jne large fragment and several smaller 
 ones are preserved. The engraving was obscured by 
 a thick accretion of oxide; hence this most interesting 
 relic lay in the National Museum unnoticed. Kou- 
 manoudes was the first to bring the scenes to light, 
 and Tsountas to give them to the world in the "Ecftrj/xc- 
 
 ' See footnote on jiage 25. 
 
THE TEOAD 31 
 
 pts apxa.i-oXoyi.K-j, 1891. A coatest before a walled city 
 is clearly seen. On the steep hillside rise the fortifi- 
 cations, towering above which, like terraces, are 
 squares upon squares, which may represent the roofs 
 and towers of the city. On the wall stand women, 
 five in number, while the hand of a sixth is seen up- 
 raised. They appeal wildly to the struggling war- 
 riors to save the city. Immediately under the battle- 
 ments are two figures, upright and serene. These 
 may be the elders of the town come out beyond the 
 gates to inspire resolution, clothed with the chlcdna/ ■^ 
 or they may be spearmen, with shield and spear. ^ 
 Before the two figures kneel bowmen, with arrows 
 fixed; and in front of these stand slingers in the 
 midst of action. At the bottom appear the head and 
 breast of a helmeted warrior wearing a short ohiton. 
 Two men are crouching among the slingers. This 
 picture almost fits the battle scene on the shield of 
 Herakles. ^ 
 
 Nikolaides startles us by seeing on this vase the 
 battlements of Troy. From the wall Hecuba, An- 
 dromache, and other women are looking on the fate 
 of Hector (X, 40.5), while Achilles nods to the Greeks 
 not to strike at Hector, but to leave to him alone the 
 glory of his death. Lines below the combatants are 
 interpreted as the two springs — the one warm, the 
 
 iiSo The Mycenaean Age, p. 163, 1897. "A necessary com- 
 plement was the chlaina, or thick woolen cloak, reaching to 
 the knees, or even to the ankles, and doubtless worn habitually 
 by the elders, and in winter at least by the young men. It 
 appears on the two old men just behind the bowmen on the 
 background of the siege scene. ' ' 
 
 2 So Kossbaeh, Philologus, 1893. 
 
 SHesiod. Shield (.f Herakles, 337 fl. 
 
(32) 
 
THE TROAD 
 
 other cold — which the adherents of the Bunarbashi 
 theory think they lind on this spot. ^ 
 
 If this were Troy, the steep upon whicli stands the 
 city would suit Bunarbashi far better than Hissarlik. 
 But Nikolaides fails to consider that the vase is prob- 
 ably older than the period of the Trojan war.^ 
 
 5. Schliemann's Troy. II Stratum. The view of 
 many scholars, as we have seen, had placed the PIo- 
 meric citadel on the Balidagh summit near Bunarba- 
 shi. Others had followed the tradition which had ex- 
 tended from ancient times, that the Grajco-Eoman 
 Ilion occupied the site of ancient Troy. In 1868 
 Heinrich Schliemann first visited the Troad, and he 
 too examined the heights overlooking plain and sea, 
 above Bunarbashi; but the remains here disclosed, 
 both during the excavations of llahn in 1864 as well 
 as during those of Schliemann, were scanty and in- 
 significant. Convinced that Priam's city was not on 
 this mountain fortress, Schliemann turned his atten- 
 tion to the low, oval-shaped plateau of Hissarlik, and 
 published his belief^ that here was the site of the 
 Homeric Troy. In 1870 he began his work of exca- 
 vation, which he continued with repeated interrup- 
 tions for twenty years (1870, 1871, 1873, 1873, 1878, 
 1879, 1882, 1890). At fii-st he found on the hill of 
 tlissarlik seven distinct layers of superimposed settle- 
 ments.* The first, an insignificant settlement, lay on 
 
 ' Leohevalier, Voyage de la Troaile, 1803. Cf. Heinrich, 
 Troja bei Homer mid in dcr Wirklichkeit. 
 
 ^Frazer, Pausanias, IH, 117. 
 
 ^Illiaka, der Peloponnes und Troja, 1809. 
 
 * Schliemann, Ilios; Schuchhardt-Sellers, Schliemann's Ex- 
 cavations, 1891; Perrot et Chipiez, Hist, de I'Art dans I'An- 
 tiquite, 6, 179 (English edition, 1894). 
 3 
 
(34) 
 
THE TROAD 
 
 35 
 
 the virgin rock; its walls and houses were built of clay 
 and rubble stones. The second was thought by Schlie- 
 mann to be the Ilios of Priam. Its circuit wall and 
 buildings were constructed of brick, with stone foun- 
 dations. A palace was discovered corresponding 
 somewhat in general arrangement to the palaces of 
 Tiryns and Mycenae. The pottery, often grotesque, 
 was monochrome. On some of the gold ornaments 
 
 Fig. 6. Paved Kamp at Gate FM (II Stkatdji) 
 
 unearthed were rosettes and spirals similar in pattern 
 to what we designate to-day the gold work of the old- 
 est stage of Mycenaean civilization. The citadel, as 
 shown by the discovery in 1890 of three citadel walls, 
 had been twice extended. A conflagration had de- 
 stroyed the town. This must be, Schliemann thought, 
 the Homeric Troy. In perfect assurance he applied 
 to every object found an appropriate name. The gold 
 ornament, with its countless tassels, became part of 
 
3b MYCENAEAN TROY 
 
 the "Treasure of Priam" ( Scliatz des Pi'iamos). In 
 the ]Museuni fiir A"(.ilkerkuude, at Berlin, where most 
 of the discoveries are preserved, we used to read a 
 label as significant as the folloAving: " Skull of a Tro- 
 jan Warrior" {Seluldd ehies ti'djdiuschen Kriegers). 
 We cannot condemn such enthusiasm when we realize 
 that the all-controlling aml)ition of Schliemann's life 
 — a life which reads like romance — was to find the 
 Homeric Pergamos. It is pathetic to remember that 
 he died just as "Mycenaean Troy" was brought to 
 light. However much his statements may be modi- 
 fied or his theories changed, the name of Heinrich 
 Schliemann will be spoken reverently as long as his- 
 tory, literature, and art have place among men. 
 
 We are now able to assign the date of Stratum II 
 to alx)ut the period of Cretan dominion (2500-2000 
 B.C.), and in so doing we recall the tradition that 
 Teucer, founder of the most ancient Trojan city, 
 came from Crete. Surely the archaic pottery of this 
 stratum is inferior to that found at Thera (dated circa 
 2000 B.C.). 
 
 6. Dorpfeld's Troy. VI Stratum. In the excava- 
 tions which Schliemann and Dijrpf eld carried on con- 
 jointly in 1890 nine layers of settlements were dis- 
 tinguished instead of seven. In the sixth stratum (in 
 themegaron of YI A) was found the lustrous class of 
 pottery characteristic of the best Mycenaean period. '■ 
 Ruins of city buildings were also discovered. The 
 neglect in former excavations to appreciate the im- 
 portance of this settlement is partly due to the fact 
 
 iSehlieiuann, Bericht iiber die Avisgrabungen in Troja im 
 Jahre 1R90 (Taf. I, II). 
 
Fig. 7. AVall of JMycexakax Tk<jy 
 
 Oil tliG left is seen tlie well of the YI Ptratiim, and on the right appear 
 the foundations of structures built in Roman times. Between these, and 
 also on the extreme left of the picture, the inferior masonry of the VIII 
 Stratum can be distinguished. In the distance stretches the valley of 
 the Sinaois. 
 
 (37) 
 
MYCEKAEAN TKOT 
 
 that the Romans cut away old buildings to obtain a 
 level foundation for the new city. 
 
 Dorpfeld continued the work after Schliemann's 
 death. Fortiticatiou walls, dwellings, gates, towers 
 were laid bare. ^ Some of the streets Avere paved with 
 gypsum. The citadel was terrace-formed. Several of 
 the houses consist of a large apartment and antecham- 
 ber, resembling in this respect the megaron of the pal- 
 ace discovered at Gha, th e private house unearthed close 
 to the south wall of the citadel of Mycenae, and the 
 women's hall at Tiryns. Although the large megara 
 at Mycenae and Tiryns are distinguished by ante- 
 chaml'jer (TrpoSo^os) and vestibule ( ai'^ovo-a ) , the Ho- 
 meric description fits the simpler arrangement of a 
 single anteroom designated ))j both names. The col- 
 umns of the Trojan megaron are absent, with one ex- 
 ception. This may show that the design was taken 
 from the buildings of the prehistoric settlements, es- 
 pecially the palace of the second stratum. The wall 
 of the city, built out of blocks of limestone, is seen 
 on the south, west, east. The foundation wall, six- 
 teen feet thick and fifteen to twenty feet high, is scala- 
 ble on the east side. Upon this is built a perpendicu- 
 lar upper wall, six feet thick. There are three gates 
 — one on the south, another on the southwest, another 
 on the east. A tower stands by the south gate, an- 
 other juts out farther toward the east wall, while at 
 the northeast corner rises a mighty tower which 
 guards the water supply.^ 
 
 Vases of ^Mycenaean pattern were unearthed, in- 
 
 1 Dorpfeld, Troja, Bericht iiber die im Jahre 1893 in Troja 
 veraiistalteten Ausgrabungen. 
 
 2 Dorpfeld, Mitth. Ath., 1894. 
 
THE TEOAD 
 
 eluding the lustrous "false-necked" Mycenaean jars. 
 Each of these jars — unique specimens of ceramic art — 
 has a closed neck with a spout close beside it, through 
 which the liquid is poured, while the handles, join- 
 ing the neck, resemble a pair of stirrups; hence the 
 German name, "stirrup-jar" {Jjiigellxcmne). Since 
 the general type of pottery of this stratum is the de- 
 
 Fig. 8. False-Necked Mycenaean Jab 
 
 veloped monochrome and prol>r!l)ly a native product, 
 the Mycenaean ware must be explained as importa- 
 tions.^ 
 
 The following points of comparison between the VI 
 City and Homeric Troy were given by Dorpfeld in 
 the report^ of his work ftir 1893: 
 
 1. The Pergamos of Troy, according to Homer, 
 was no level citadel, since near the dwellings lay Iv 
 a.KpoTa.TT] TToXci (X, 172) an altar of Zeus. So, ac- 
 cording to the conception of the poet, there was a 
 highest point in the citadel, where was the altar of 
 Zeus and perhaps the two temples of Athena and 
 Apollo. For the citadel of the second stratum such 
 
 iBriickner, Die keramischen Funde, Troja, pp. 80-120. 
 2 Dorpfeld, Troja, Bericht iiber die im Jahre 1893 in Troja 
 veraustalteten Ausgrabungen, pp. 56-60. 
 
(40J 
 
THE TROAD il 
 
 a description is impossible, for it was built on a level; 
 but in the sixth city the middle and northern part lay 
 higher than the rest. 
 
 2. The buildings of Tiryns are erected partly in 
 Cyclopean manner with great or small unhewn stones, 
 and partly with clay bricks. According to Homer's 
 words, we have to suppose most of the buildings in 
 the Trojan citadel built in a different manner — /. e., 
 of smooth, hewn stones. So the dwellings of the 
 sons and sons-in-law of Priam were ^eo-roTo Xi&oio (Z, 
 2Jr±). While this description could not fit Tiryns, 
 it exactly suits the dwellings found on our citadel. 
 This is Avortli}^ of note, as it was thought impossible 
 that walls and towers at that time could be built of 
 hewn stone. 
 
 3. In the Pergamos of Troy, Homer knows a num- 
 ber of separate buildings^ dwellings, and temples, 
 which, though separated, yet lie near together. In 
 the citadel of Tiryns such separate dwellings are not 
 found. At most, one can see a second separate 
 dwelling in what is generally regarded as the wom- 
 en's apartment. It is otherwise in our citadel. All 
 the buildings thus far found are separate structures 
 at a little distance from each other. 
 
 4. The house of Alexandros, according to Homer 
 (Z, ol6), consisted of three parts: the thalnmxK^ 
 the dmna, and the aule. By thahtmos we can un- 
 derstand a closed chamber, which formed the interior 
 of the dwelling and was used as a sleeping apartment. 
 The donia is a reception-room in front of the thaJa- 
 mos, thus being the anteroom of the house. The 
 aule is the open court before the dwelling. A like 
 threefold division is seen, though not so clearly, in 
 
42 MYCENAEAN TKOr ' 
 
 the palaces of Tiryns and Mycenae. The court is a 
 double one. The doma consists of a hall, antecham- 
 ber, and vestiljule; and, instead of a single thalamos, 
 we have there a special women's apartment, with a 
 number of rooms beside it. In our citadel several of 
 the buildings discovered consist of such an arrange- 
 ment. Before each str acture we must suppose an open 
 court. The great closed apartment is the thalamos, 
 and the half-open antechamber is the doma. 
 
 Dfjrpfeld described the nine strata of settlements 
 on Hissarlik as follows:^ 
 
 I. Lowest primeval settlement; walls of small rub- 
 ble stones and clay; primitive finds; date (only con- 
 jectured), 3000 to 2.500 B.C. 
 
 II. Prehistoric citadel, with strong walls of defense 
 and largo dwellings of brick; three times destroyed 
 and rebuilt; monochrome pottery; many ol)jects of 
 bronze, silver, and gold; date (conjectured), 2500 to 
 2000 B.C. 
 
 III., IV., \. Tliree prehistoric villages above the 
 ruins of the second burned city; dwellings of small 
 stones and brick; similar old Trojan pottery; date, 
 about 2000 to 1500 B.C. 
 
 VI. Troy; citadel of the Mycenaean age; massive 
 wall, with a gi-eat tower ^ and respectable houses of 
 well-wrought stone; the Pergamos of which Homer 
 sang; developed monochrome Trojan pottery; im- 
 ported Mycenaean vases; about 1500 to 1000 B.C. 
 
 iDiJrpfeld, Troja, Bericht ilbor die jm Jalire 189.3 in Troja 
 veraustalteten Aiisgrabungen, pp. 86-87. 
 
 2 Later, as we have seen, three towers were unearthed; also 
 three gates— one of which was walled up in Mycenaean times 
 — and a door leading to the Northeast Tower. 
 
THE TROAD 4:3 
 
 VII., Vni. Villages of the older and later Greek 
 period; two separate strata of simple stone houses 
 above the ruins of the VI Stratum; native mono- 
 chrome pottery, and almost all the known kinds of 
 Greek ceramic art; date, 1000 B.C. to the beginning 
 of our era. 
 
 IX. Acropolis of the Roman town Ilion, with a 
 famous temple of Athena and beautiful Ijuildings of 
 marble; Koman pottery and other objects; marble in- 
 scriptions; date, beginning of our era to 500 A.D. 
 
 7. Was There a Real Troy? With only Schliemann's 
 "Burnt City" before them, we do not wonder that 
 scholars were skeptical. Opinions were divided. 
 One extreme view declared: "We know nothing of 
 Hion, in spite of Hissarlik and Schliemann. There 
 are found interesting excavations in the land south of 
 the Hellespont, but this is no proof that Troy was 
 once on this spot. A pious opinion must not stand 
 in place of proof. " ^ In imi)licit faith that the Myce- 
 naean discoveries are an exact picture of the Homeric 
 age, Schiilze swung to the opposite extreme. "The 
 heroes of the Trojan war," he asserts, "used elegant 
 vessels, wore seal rings upon tlieir fingers, were at- 
 tired in ornaments of gold, and have left as an in- 
 heritance to our day their faces outlined in gold 
 masks. "^ 
 
 The picture of life in Homer is practically the same 
 for Greeks and Trojans. Both races have the same 
 political, moral, and religious conditions. Comment- 
 
 'W. Ribbeck, Homerische Miscolleii, 18S8. 
 
 ^Mykenai, Eine kritische Untersnchung der Schliemann- 
 schen Alterthiimer unter Vergleichuug russischer Funde, 
 1880. 
 
44 MYCENAEAN TROY 
 
 ing on this, Leaf said:^ "But we know for certain 
 that the dwellers upon the hill of Hissarlik were at a 
 completely different and altogether lower stage of 
 civilization than the royal race of Mycenae. Scarcely 
 half a dozen objects have been found which show a 
 point of contact. If, therefore, Homer correctly de- 
 scribes the Achaeans, his Trojans are quite imagina- 
 ry." Ludwich, although admitting that most Myce- 
 naean finds are older than the Homeric age, yet de- 
 clared them to show that the Iliad is no picture of 
 the imagination, but rests upon a real foundation.^ 
 
 What shall be our verdict, now that a new Troy 
 has been brought to light? Shall we accept Dorp- 
 f eld's positive words: "Stratum VI is the Homeric 
 Troy, destroyed by the Greeks" {Stratitm Vlist das 
 IwmermJie Troja von den, G rleclien zerstort^^f At 
 any rate, we are sure that here is a city which had 
 come in touch with Mycenaean civilization, and we 
 can belie\'e that its destruction formed the historical 
 basis of the poem. " The differences," says Frazer, 
 "between the Achaean civilization, as revealed to us 
 by Homer, and the Mycenaean civilization, as ex- 
 hibited in the monuments, are to be explained by the 
 somewhat later date of the poems, . . . having been 
 composed at a time when the old civilization . . . 
 survived only in popular tradition and the lays of 
 minstrels as the fading memory of a golden age of 
 the past." 
 
 'Introduction to Sclmchhardt-Sellers, 1891. 
 
 ' Schliemauns Ausgrabnngen und die homerische Knltnr, 
 189.3. 
 
 ^Dorxjfield, Lecture before Harvard University, Oct. 12, 
 189G. 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITY 
 
 In the earlier excavations on the hill of Hissarlik 
 the stately circuit wall and the buildings of the VI 
 Stratum had not come to light. Shortly before 
 Schliemann's death, in the year 1890, the fii-st struc- 
 ture, with the vases of Mycenaean pattern found 
 therein, was unearthed. This building (VIA), we 
 may say, formed the starting point for completely 
 laying bare the Mycenaean citadel. While on the 
 southeast and northeast of the hill a part of the South 
 Circuit Wall and several inner buildings remain bur- 
 ied undei ruins and debris, yet the excavations ena- 
 ble us to form a satisfactory picture of the massive 
 city wall, the huge towers, the gates, the terraces, 
 and the dwellings of the ancient fortress. ^ 
 
 8. Masonry. 2 The VI City shows a marked differ- 
 ence in its style of masonry. Some portions of the 
 walls are made of blocks carefully wrought and fitted 
 together, without cement, so closely that the interstices 
 are hardly visible; others are constructed of stones, 
 only the outside of which is polished, and the inter- 
 stices filled with rubble and clay; again, in several 
 places, the stones are unwrought, as in the so-called 
 Cyclopean masonry. 
 
 iDGrpfeld, Troja und Ilion, pp. 107-108, 1903. Cf. Dorp- 
 feld, Mitth. Ath.. pp. 380-394, 1894; DOrpfeld, Troja, 1893; 
 Scliliemann, Bericht fiber die Ansgrabungen in Troja im Jalire 
 1890; Schuchhardt-Sellers, Schliemann's Excavations, Appen- 
 dix I, 1891. 
 
 2Dorpfeld, Troja und Ilion, pp. 109-111. Cf. Dorpfeld, 
 Troja, 1893, pp. 30-36; Heinricli, Troja bei Homer und in der 
 Wirklichkeit, p. 3.5; Tsountas and Manatt, The Mycenaean 
 Age, Appendix A, p. 371, 1897. 
 
 (45) 
 
46 
 
 MYCENAEAN TEOY 
 
 Such differences in tlie style of stone work are rec- 
 ognized in tig. 9 and fig. 10. In the former we see a 
 projecting angle of the building VI M, and observe 
 how well-wrought and how closely fitted are the 
 stones at the corner, while in the lower part of the 
 
 Fig. 9. Retaining Wall of VI M 
 wall the blocks become more irregular and the inter- 
 stices are filled with ru])ble. In the latter figure 
 there is seen a portion of the Tower VI h projecting 
 from the East Citadel Wall. It will be noted that 
 the city wall (c) shows on its scarped surface irregular 
 stones, in contrast to which the blocks of the tower 
 wall appear well-wrought and with such regular inter- 
 stices that they remind us of the fine Hellenic isodo- 
 mous masonry. 
 
 9. Building Material.^ Originally a brick upper 
 wall, later replaced by stone, was built upon the solid 
 
 iDurpfeld, Troja und llion, p. Ill, 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITY 
 
 4:7 
 
 lower wall of the stronghold. Clay was employed in 
 the construction of the horizontal roofs of the houses. 
 The building material for the timbers of the roof, for 
 the platform inside the towers, for the beams in some 
 of the walls, for the pillars and doors, was wood. 
 The parastades, on the other hand, seem to have been 
 built of stone, not of wood as in the case of the II 
 
 Fig. 10. North Wall of Tower VI h 
 
 Stratum. In the construction of the pavement burnt 
 lime was used, as is seen on the steep ascent near the 
 building YI M, leading from the South Circuit Wall 
 to the high terrace of the inner citadel. It is likely 
 that lime cement, like the IMycenaean pottery, was 
 an importation, since it has not been discovered else- 
 where. Although great 2?t'fhot' filled with that sub- 
 stance were unearthed in the Tower VI h, yet Dorp- 
 feld does not believe that lime was generally used in 
 the VI City for building material. 
 
i8 MYCENAEAN TROY 
 
 The "Walls op the Citadel 
 
 10. The Extent.^ The wall on the whole east side 
 of the hill has been uncovered to its foundation. 
 Even on the south side and in a part of the west side, 
 where it is not fully excavated, its course is clearly 
 defined. On the north, however, no trace remains un- 
 less it Ije a small fragment near the great Northeast 
 Tower. The entire circum^'allation must have meas- 
 ured about .54:0 meters. Of this circumference, 330 
 meters are preserved, giving us about three-fifths of 
 the original circuit. When the other two-fifths were 
 destroyed, ^^■e cannot fully determine. A tradition, 
 however, preserved in Strabo XIH, 599, declares 
 that Archaianax (about 5.50 B.C. ) used the stones of 
 old Ilios to build Sigeum, while still another tradi- 
 tion states that Achilleum was constructed from the 
 Trojan ruins. In the modern village of Yeni Shehr, 
 which occupies the site of Sigeum or Achilleum, there 
 are built into several of the houses square stones 
 which correspond in material and workmanship to 
 the blocks of the VI Stratum. The ancient situation 
 of both these towns to the north of Troy favors this 
 tradition. 
 
 11. Periods of Construction.^ The fortress wall ex- 
 hiliits such diJ3:erent styles of masonry that it is im- 
 
 ^DOrpfeld, Troja und Ilioii, pp. 112-113. f'f. Dijrpfeld, 
 Troja, 1893, pp. 38-46; DCrpfeld, Mitth. Afli., 1894,382 ff; 
 Heinrich, op. cit. pp. 38-39; Tsoiiiitas and Manatt, op. cit. pp. 
 309-370. 
 
 sDOrpfeld, Troja und Ilion, p. 113. Cf. Dorpfcld, Mitth. 
 Ath., 1894, p. 385; Heinrich, op. cii. p. 35; Tsouutas and Ma- 
 natt, op. cit. p. 370. 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITY 4:9 
 
 possible to assign its whole construction to the same 
 period. At one time must have been built the AVest 
 Wall, from its western end to the Gate YI U; at an- 
 other period the entire South Wall, from VI U to the 
 Gate VI T, together with the Towers VI h and VI g 
 which project from the East Wall. To still another 
 period belongs the East Wall, from the Gate A"I T to 
 the Tower VI g. 
 
 The poorest style of masonry is seen in the West 
 Wall, which, with the exception of portions repaired 
 at a later time, consists of small unwrought stones. 
 In the East Wall the blocks are larger and better 
 hewn, while the best form of masonry appears in 
 the South Wall and in the towers, where the great 
 stones are cut into rectangular blocks and closely fitted. 
 
 12. The Projections.-' The wall of the citadel forms 
 a great polygon, whose sides are of equal length and 
 whose corners are distinguished by advancing angles. 
 These advancing angles are a survival of the same 
 style of masonry as is seen on a scale almost twice as 
 large in the vast circumvallation at Gha, near Lake 
 Copals — an architectural feature which sho'^^'s a 
 marked correspondence between the Mycenaean for- 
 tress of Boeotia and Mycenaean Troy. They occur 
 also at Tiryns, in old Egyptian walls, and sometimes 
 even in Greek walls of classical times. The projec- 
 tions in the walls of Troy vary in depth from 0.10 m. 
 to 0.1.5 m., and in a few cases to 0.30 m. 
 
 13. West Wall.^ Even though the West Wall shows 
 
 iDorpfeld, Troja uiid Ilion, pp. 119-120. Cf. Dnrpfeld, 
 Mitth. Ath., 1894; Heinricli, o^J. cit. p. 35; Tsountas and Ma- 
 natt, op. cit. pp. 370, 376; Noack, Mitth. Ath., 1894, pp. 435 ff. 
 
 ^Dorpfeld, Troja uud Ilion, pp. 114-115. 
 4 
 
50 
 
 MYCENAEAN TROT 
 
 weaker construction than the others, yet it forms a 
 strong defense. Its perpendicular superstructure is 
 completely destroyed, while exposure to the air has 
 caused such injury to the outside of the lower wall 
 that we can scarcely distinguish a ressault, or ad- 
 vancing angle. Its scarp is about 0.40 m. to every 
 meter in height. We note in fig. 11 two essentially 
 
 Fi(i. 11. West Wall 
 
 Well-dressed blocks are shown at a, and irregular stones at h. 
 
 different portions of the West Wall. On the left (a) 
 the stones are well-dressed and quadrangular, while 
 on the right the masonry shows irregular blocks filled 
 in with rubble. There can be little doubt that the 
 ruder masonry is the older, while the more advanced 
 style of building is a later restoration, probably con- 
 temporaneous with the building of VI A, since the re- 
 pairing of the wall extends from the Gate VI U to the 
 northwest corner of this structure. 
 
^ "^ ^ 
 
 C :=- ET* 
 
 •^ Ct- 
 rl- ■« M 
 
 <l "> & 
 
 C" ^ CD 
 
 3 s B 
 
 
 aw 
 S ° 
 
 
 Its iS"* ''.' ' 
 
 
 ' » 
 
 
 
 (51) 
 
•52 MYCENAEAN TEOY 
 
 14. East Wall.^ The frontispiece shows the strong- 
 ly scarped substructure of the East Wall, rising 4 m. 
 to 5 m. in height. A portion of the superstructure 
 (e), belonging to the north side wall (b) of the Tower 
 VI h, is seen above the city wall (a). In several 
 places the upper citadel wall also can be distinguished 
 by the small regular stones used in its construction. 
 Figure 12 gives a clearer view of this East Wall, show- 
 ing the style of wrought stone, the interstices, and 
 the projecting angles. A small portion of the upper 
 wall can be noted at d, while in the distance is seen 
 the Gate VI S. 
 
 The lower Avall is about 6 m. high and 4.60 to 5 m. 
 thick, with a scarp of something like 0.37 m. to every 
 meter in height. It is rendered more firm and solid 
 by the inward slope of the layers of stone. Above 
 this massive substructure is built the upper wall, 1.80 
 m. to 2 m. thick, which rises to-day, in its best-pre- 
 served portions, 2 m. high. The stones of which it 
 is constructed are small and quadrangular. They 
 were used in its erection sometime during the exist- 
 ence of the VI City, since remains of clay brick in 
 the great Tower VI g show unmistakably that the en- 
 tire superstructure originally consisted of this mate- 
 rial. Throughout its whole extent the East Citadel 
 ^^'all, which exhibits the same style of masonry from 
 the ToAver VI g to the Gate VI T, curves at no point, 
 Ijut forms an immense polygon. Each side is about 
 I) m. long, and, projecting beyond its predecessor, 
 makes a solidly constructed advancing angle. 
 
 15. South Wall.- The South Wall, owing to the 
 
 iDorpfeld, Troja und Ilion, pp. llG-119. 
 ^Di'.rpfeld, Troja iind Ilion, pp. 121-133. 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITY 53 
 
 greater measurements of its stone, is more stately in 
 appearance than the East Wall. Its blocks, 1.50 m. 
 long and 0. 30 m. high, are well- wrought and so close- 
 ly joined that no riibl)le is needed to fill the inter- 
 stices. The scarp is about 0.23 m. to every meter in 
 height. A small portion of this wall is seen in the 
 foreground of fig. 25, where we observe the well- 
 dressed rectangular blocks of stone. It is similar in 
 its masonry from the Gate VI T on the south to the 
 Gate VI U on the southwest, and was provided with 
 the same kind of advancing angles as was noted on 
 the East Wall. 
 
 It is a puzzling question to explain the difference 
 in masonry as seen in the wall of our fortress. Did 
 the builders so advance in their art while erecting this 
 circumvallation of over five hundred meters that they 
 were able to finish in well-dressed rectangular blocks 
 of stone the wall which they had begun in rude 
 Cyclopean style? Dorpfeld once inclined to this 
 view,'- but now favors the belief that a miiform Avail 
 originally surrounded the whole hill, and during the 
 existence of the VI City the east and south portions, 
 which show the finest style of masonry, were entire- 
 ly rebuilt. 
 
 The Gates 
 
 In the part of the city wall which is preserved there 
 have been unearthed three great gates, together with 
 a door leading to the Tower VI g. The East Gate is 
 designated VI S, the South Gate VI T, and the West 
 Gate VI U. There must have been at least one other 
 
 iDorpfeld, Mitth. Ath., 1894, p. 385. 
 

 'siiia, 
 
 Fig. 13. IIast Gate 
 
 The citadel y.'all is marked a. Ruins of the VII Stratum are visible 
 at / and e, while at li is seen the wall of the Athena Precinct (IX 
 
 Stratum). 
 
 (5i) 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITY 
 
 gate to the citadel, situated in the missing uorth 
 wall.i 
 
 16. The East Gate.^ This gate is -^vell preserved, 
 and can be seen in hg. 13 and tig. 13. The wall of 
 the city, coming from the north and forming a bow- 
 like projection (h g f e in lig. 14) )jt}^ond the entrance, 
 makes a veritable cul-de-sac, where an assailant ap- 
 proaching from the south would be hemmed in be- 
 tween both walls of the fortress before he could reach 
 the gate (a b). Such an arrangement, in a somewhat 
 altered form, is well known to have existed at Myce- 
 nae and Tiryns. 
 
 In fig. 13 the reader will see on the left (a) the 
 great East Wall of the city, partly covered by a frag- 
 ment (f ) of the gate of the VII Stratum. On the 
 right the end of the other citadel wall incloses the 
 gateway. The left corner is seen at b and c, but the 
 fagade is hidden by the great square wall (h.) which 
 the Romans erected as the foundation of the East 
 Hall of the Athena Precinct. 
 
 As we enter the passageway, which is about 2 m. 
 broad, we see on our left the wall of the city extend- 
 ing over 6 m. until it ends (fig. li) at the well-pre- 
 served corner (c). The right wall is preserved to a 
 height of only 2 m., while above it (fig. 13) lie ruins 
 (e) belonging to the VII Stratum. Its original 
 height Avas at least 4 m., since it must have had an 
 elevation equal to that of the lower wall of the cita- 
 del. Bej^ond the bow-shaped gateway was the door, 
 
 iDorpteld, Troja unci Iliou, p. 126. Cf. DOrpfeld, Mitth. 
 Ath., 1894; Heinrich, op. cil. p. 35; Tsountas and Manatt, op. 
 di. pp. 3:0-.371. 
 
 ^Dorpfeld, Troja und Ilion, pp. 126-131. 
 
56 
 
 MYCENAEAN TKOY 
 
 of which nothing remains. The opening (a b in iig. 
 14) is about 1.80 m. broad. The cross Avall is only 
 1.20 m. thick, and is so loosely connected with both 
 side walls as to form a striking contrast to the solid 
 masonry of the fortress. A ramp ran from the gate- 
 way to the interior of the city, for at v two steps 
 are found leading to the terrace of the buildings VI 
 E and VI Q. At the right and left is free access to 
 
 Fig. 14. Ground Plan of East Gate 
 
 the space between the circuit wall and the wall of the 
 first terrace. 
 
 17. The South Gate.i The great South Gate VI T 
 was probably the principal gate of our city, for it is 
 broader than the East Gate, and lies in the same di- 
 rection as did the chief entrance (F O) to the II City. 
 Likewise, even in Roman times, the propylaeum of 
 the Athena Precinct was on the south. Here VI T 
 
 I UOrpfeld, Troja unci Ilion, pp. 131-183. 
 
(57) 
 
58 
 
 MYCENAEAN TROT 
 
 / 
 
 opened upon the gi-eat plateau of the later lower 
 town, and consequently was especially fitted by na- 
 ture as an approach to the fortress. 
 
 We can note the position of this gate in fig. 15. 
 Its ground plan, as it remained during the existence 
 of the VI City, without the walls of later structures, 
 is seen in fig. 16. The gateway is 3.20 m. to 3.35 m. 
 in In-eadth, and is paved with blocks of stone, beneath 
 which is a canal 0.50 m. deep and 0.30 to 0.40 m. 
 
 Fig. 16. Ground Plan of South Gate 
 
 wide for the carrying off of rain water. Since this 
 entrance was in use during the time of the VII and 
 VIII settlements, there is some doubt as to whether 
 the canal and pavement belong to the Mycenaean 
 City. On its east side the gateway is flanked by the 
 citadel wall (d g), 5 m. thick, while on the west there 
 juts out beyond the citadel wall, which is here only 
 2.20 m. thick, a massive rectangular tower (r 1 o p), 
 constructed at a later period. In earlier times only a 
 tower-shaped projection (s p t u) extended from the 
 fortress. Two unwrought blocks of stone, perhaps 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITY 
 
 69 
 
 belonging to the VII Stratum and evidently intended 
 to guard the corners, stand at the front angles (g 1) 
 of the gate. 
 
 18. The West Gate.^ We can note something of 
 the form of the West Gate VI U in lig. 17, although 
 
 Fig. 17. Ground Plan of West Gate 
 
 it has suffered great destruction and later buildings 
 have been erected upon it. The South Citadel Wall 
 (h. g f) ends abruptly at e f, while the West Citadel 
 Wall (ab c) terminates with equal abruptness atcd. 
 The ends of these two walls form a gateway 4 m. 
 wide. No tower projecting from the wall (b c) flanks 
 the passage, as at the Gate VI T, although it is pos- 
 sible that such once existed and was later destroyed 
 
 ^Dorpfeld, Troja iind Ilion, pp. 135-139, 
 
60 JIYCEKAEAN TKOY 
 
 when this entrance was walled up. The gateway 
 bends toward the right, giving- access l^y a gradual 
 incline to the street between the South "Wall and the 
 building Yl M, as well as to the iirst terrace of the 
 citadel. A retaining wall (d k m), which borders 
 the passageway on one side, is preserved only at its 
 two ends. It is likely that there was a paved ramp 
 at the corner (m). A wall serving as a doorsili and 
 an erect stone of the door pillars (k) show where 
 proljably the door inclosure (i k) must have been. 
 We can infer that the breadth of the opening was 
 something like 2.50 m. A piece of a canal (s) is seen 
 within the passage. 
 
 During the time of the VI City the gate must have 
 been completely closed, as a wall betvs^een c d and f e 
 indicates. This wall, on account of its masomy, is to 
 be assigned to the period of the VI Stratum; further- 
 more, we know tliat the inhabitants of the VII Stra- 
 tum used the same wall in the construction of their 
 houses. The reason for walling up this entrance may 
 have been that in the war which resulted in the de- 
 struction of the city it was found that the fortress 
 could be more easily defended by reducing the num- 
 ber of gates. 
 
 Tlie gateway VI U shows somewhat larger meas- 
 urements than the two gates \l S and YL T; but we 
 can hardly suppose that it formed the chief entrance, 
 since the direction of VI T, as we have shown above, 
 favored its being the principal gate to the citadel. 
 
 The Toweks 
 
 The three towers of the fortress are very similar in 
 their masonry, and were doulitless later additions to 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITY 61 
 
 the citadel wall. Since the Tower VI g contains 
 some remains of its original brick superstructure, we 
 are led to infer that it is older than the Towers VI h 
 and VI i, which show no trace that their upper wall 
 was ever built of anything but stone.-' 
 
 19. The South Tower. ^ We have seen that the great 
 rectangular Tower VI i (fig. 16) was erected later 
 than the bastion (s p t u), and that it projects from 
 a part of the city wall which is only 2.20 m. thick. 
 Within the tower has been found an inner room 5. 70 m. 
 long and, in tlie center, 5.30 m. broad. A door 
 (a), which in later times was walled up, opened on 
 the north. The purpose of the foundations (q) is not 
 known, since they are not near enough to the center 
 of the inner room to serve as a base for a supporting 
 pillar. The sides of the tower are of varying thick- 
 ness. The front wall is 4.40 m. broad, while the side 
 walls are not over 2.20 m. The right wall, forming 
 an angle at k, bulges out to a greater width, thus 
 furnishing stronger preelection for the corner (g) of 
 the city wall on the east of the Gate VI T. The 
 tower walls are preserved only to a height of 2 m. 
 Consequently we can get no conception of the upper 
 structure of either the gate or the tower. Two very 
 remarkable stones (m n in fig. 15), the purpose of 
 which is unknown, are situated liefore the front wall 
 of the tower. There can be no doubt that they must 
 he assigned to the VI City. 
 
 iDOrpteld, Tvoja mid llion, p. 139. Cf. Dorpfeld, Mitth. 
 Ath., 1894; DOrpteld, Troja, 1893, pp. 40-56; Heinrich, op. cit. 
 35; Tsoiintas and Manatt, o?.). cit. p. 371. 
 
 2Dui-pfcld, Troja und llion, pp. 133-135. 
 
62 
 
 MYCENAEAN TROY 
 
 20. The East Tower.^ The Tower VI h, erected to 
 flank the East Citadel Wall, lies midway between the 
 two gates VI S and VI T. It juts out 8 m. beyond the 
 city wall and is over 11 m. in breadth. The tower 
 forms a rectangle, of which the right half (d e f g in 
 fig. 18) extends beyond the East Wall, while the left 
 half (c a) rises higher, forming an upper story. Its 
 
 Fig. is. Gkound Plan of East Tower 
 
 masonry resembles that of the South Citadel Wall. 
 The contrast between this style of building and that 
 of the East Wall can be noted in fig. 19, where we 
 see the scarped East Wall (a), the north (b) and the 
 south (c) walls of the tower. It will be observed that 
 the city wall (a) consists of smaller and more irregu- 
 lar stones. On the right of the picture are to be seen 
 two pieces of the upper story of the tower, consist- 
 
 ^Dorpfeld, Troja mid Ilion, pp. 139-144. 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITY 
 
 63 
 
 ing of small but regular stones (d). The founda- 
 tion is not so solid as that of the East Wall — a fact 
 which has caused the rents visible in the tower walls 
 at c. The thickness of the front wall (e f in fig. IS) 
 is about 3 m., while that of the side walls (d e and g f) 
 is about 2 m. The existence of numerous holes in 
 
 Fig. 19. East Tuwek 
 
 both side walls leads us to assume that at the top of 
 the tower a horizontal platform was supported by 
 wooden timbers extending lengthwise, on which were 
 laid the strong iloor beams. It is probable that upon 
 these were placed planks and reeds, which were cov- 
 ered with a layer of earth. The lower inner room, 
 which must have been about 3 m. high, extended to 
 ithe outside wall of the citadel, while the upper room 
 reached some distance beyond, until shut in by the 
 wall (a c). 
 
6i 
 
 MYCENAEAN TEOY 
 
 Although the walls of the upper story of the tower 
 are only about 1.22 m. thick, yet their strength was 
 certainly sufficient, since tower walls were not so ex- 
 posed to the attacks of a besieging host as was the 
 wall of the citadel itself. A door (b) led into the 
 upper story, but the lower story was inaccessible ex- 
 cept by steps from aliove. The advanced style of 
 masonry of the Tower VI h, seen in fig. 19, shows 
 tliat it was one of the latest additions to the city 
 wall. 
 
 21. The Northeast Tower. ^ The great Northeast 
 
 .■^.''' 
 
 Fig. 20. Ground Plan of NoBrriEAST Tower 
 
 Tower, seen in fig. 2o, is the most stately tower of 
 the VI City. It inclosed a great rock spring ( B b), 4 
 m. square, while near by are several steps which led 
 to the higher ground of the citadel. 
 
 iDorpfeld, Troja unci Ilion, pp. 144-1.51. Cf. DOrpfeld, 
 Troja, 1893, pp. 43, 46-50. 
 
THE MYCENAEAN GITT 65 
 
 This tower (iig. 21) was situated where the East 
 Wall of the city ended on the north, and was entered 
 by a door (f). In order that the passage might not 
 be diminished when the door swung back, there was 
 a deep niche immediately behind the entrance for the 
 reception of the door- wings. Beyond this are four 
 steps leading to the inside of the tower, where is the 
 gi'eat spring (B b), surrounded by a wall 2 m. thick. 
 At the left of the passageway, in the interior of the 
 tower, are the steps (ba), which are not so well 
 wrought as those within the gateway. These must 
 have furnished communication between the tower and 
 the interior of the citadel. The inhabitants of the 
 city could descend these steps to reach the spring, or 
 else, turning to the right, pass outside the wall, 
 through the gateway. The lower part of the spring 
 is cut out of the solid rock. The upper portion is 
 built of small stones belonging to the VII Stratum, but 
 traces have been found of an e:irlitr and thicker wall 
 of large stones. The rock-hewn portion of the spring 
 is presumably 7.50 m. deep, showing that the spring 
 itself must have lain 10 m. below the VI City. The 
 narrowest portion is i.25 m. wide, while above and 
 below this there was a slight increase in breadth. On 
 the east and north the outside of the tower wall is in 
 a good state of preservation. Altove it, as we have 
 observed, are remains of the earlier superstructure of 
 unburnt brick. 
 
 This massive tower projects S m. beyond the cita- 
 del wall, and is IS m. broad. Its masonry (fig. 20), 
 so compact and so polished on the outside, makes it 
 seem strange that such a building can be ascribed to 
 Mycenaean times, when we consider the rude Cyclo- 
 5 
 
ri^i^'l£i^i€i,gi3''^^Tx-- 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 31. Great Northeast Tower 
 
 On the left is seen the Roman wall, and on the right the steps of the 
 VIII Stratum. 
 
 (66) 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITY 67 
 
 p3an walls of Tiryns and Mycenae;^ but the same 
 style of building in structures inside the citadel, 
 where was found pottery characteristic of the best 
 jNIycenacan period, establishes the fact that the city 
 was a fortress of the Mycenaean Age. The massive 
 stones, with their close interstices and tlicir well- 
 wrought sm'face, are visible to-day in spite of expo- 
 sure to the weather and in spite of the violent de- 
 struction which the town must have suffered. 
 
 The cross section of the north corner of the tower 
 shows that the scarp in the lower portion, Avhich is 
 about 3 m. high, was greater than in the upjicr por- 
 tion, which once may have had a height of 6 m. The 
 increase in the scarp in the lov.'cr part of a fortifica- 
 tion, such as is seen on the northeast surface of our 
 tower, shows the technical skill of the old builder. 
 Should we supply a slightly scarped upper structure 
 of brick, we should get a twice-broken line whose 
 whole shape bears a marked resemblance to the Eiffel 
 Tower. 
 
 In time of the Mycenaean City this massive tower, 
 18 m. broad, with its substructure 9 m. high, on 
 which arose a perpendicular upper wall, dominated 
 the whole northeast part of the citadel. The dwellers 
 in the VII Stratum repaired the upper wall witlupiarry 
 stones, while the Greek settlers of the Vlli Stratum 
 built the steps beside the tower and the walls of small 
 stones, which we can recognize on the right of fig. £0. 
 Even at so late a date a portion of the Northeast 
 Tower remained visible. But this last relic of the 
 
 ^Cf. Dorpfeld, lutrodnction to Tsonntas and Manatt's The 
 Mycenaean Age, p. xxx. 
 
68 
 
 MYCENAEAN TROY 
 
 Mycenaean Citadel was finally buried under masses of 
 debris and the mighty walls of the Athena Precinct of 
 the lloman llion. 
 
 The Inner Citadel 
 22. VI A,^ The fust buildings excavated lay on the 
 
 Fig. 23. G HOUND Plan of VI A 
 
 "western side of the city. It was in the year 1890 that 
 the west half of the building VI A was unearthed, 
 close to the citadel wall, and in 1893 it was complete- 
 ly laid bare. Figure 23 shows its west wall (b) lying 
 beside the city wall (a). The foundations, which are 
 in a fairly good state of preserration, give its gi'ound 
 plan as seen in fig. 22. The hall is 11. .5.5 m. in length 
 and 9.10 m. in breadth. Before this lies the ante- 
 chamber of the same breadth and 4.26 m. deep. No 
 
 1 Dorpteld, Troja nnd llion, pp. 151-153. Cf. DurpfeM, 
 Troja, 1893, pp. 15-20; Schlieniann's Bericht iibcr dieAiisgra- 
 bnngen in Troja ini Jahre 1890. 
 
pi CO 
 
 a 
 
 <! a 
 
 05 W 
 
 p. o 
 
 
 .*v ^*-_,>i * 
 
 tf-.-*** 
 
 I'S'^ 
 
 
 (69) 
 
70 MYCENAEAN TEOY 
 
 traces of columns or bases of columus have been 
 found either in the hall or in the antechamber. The 
 several stones (ab) discovered in the upper half of 
 the hall, to judge from their form and position, can- 
 not have served as bases for pillars. Neither can we 
 accept the -siew that wooden columns existed and were 
 afterwards destroyed, for in that case some remains of 
 their bases would have been found. Hence we must 
 conclude that the roof, in spite of the great breadth 
 of the hr.ll, could not have been supported by interior 
 columns. 
 
 A heap of ashes, partly buried under a house wali 
 of the VII Stratum, was found in the center of the 
 hall, and warrants the assumption that our building 
 was a dwelling house. The upper walls were prob- 
 ably erected out of tine building stone, and their 
 complete destruction may be due to the fact that 
 they were utilized by the inhabitants of the VII Stra- 
 tum as material for their houses. Xo traces of clay 
 brick are to be found in this structure. The roof 
 was probal:)ly horizontal, and built of earth resting 
 upon a steep incline constructed of straw or similar 
 material. We have no information as to the lighting 
 of the apartment. Certainly there must have been a 
 door between the hall and antechamber, but its size 
 and form are unknown. 
 
 23. VI E.i To the north of VI A was discovered 
 the great building VI B, fronting the southwest. 
 Three walls of an antechamber and a small portion 
 of a side wall of the hall are preserved. Since the 
 
 iDorpfeld, Troja und llion, pp. 153-1.55. Cf. Dorpfeld, 
 Troja, 1893, pp. 20-23. 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITY 
 
 71 
 
 antechamber agrees with that of VI A, it is likely 
 that the whole buikliug also was similar to it. As 
 the proportions of VI A were 11.55x9.10 m., we 
 can infer that the length of the hall VI B, which had 
 a breadth of 11.85 m., must have had a length of 
 about 15 m. Its walls are stronger and constructed 
 of larger blocks of stone than are the walls of VI A. 
 The length of these blocks (f in fig. 23) is over one 
 meter, while the thickness of the foundation wall is 
 2. 10 m. Small stones were used for filling up the in- 
 terstices. The slope of the hill necessitated a greater 
 length for the northwest wall, in order that it might 
 be made to conform to that of the opposite side. Con- 
 sequently the antechamber exhibits the irregularity 
 of two side walls of unequal length. This building 
 also shows no trace of pihars, since the base of porous 
 limestone, resembling those of Tiryns and Mycenae, 
 which was found in this vicinity, cannot with any 
 certainty be assigned to VI B or to VI A, or even to 
 the VI Stratum at all. 
 
 The building VI B faces the citadel wall in such a 
 way as to form in front of its antechamber a triangu- 
 lar space shut in by the citadel wall and the rear wall 
 of VI A, thus making an open court. The whole ar- 
 rangement corresponds closely to the house of Paris 
 (Z, 316), which consisted of an anle (court), doma (an- 
 techamber), and thalamos (hall). 
 
 24. VI M.i The building VI M, which lies south 
 of those previously mentioned, differs both in situa- 
 tion and ground plan from the other edifices. It is 
 built on a terrace over 4 m. high, which was ap- 
 
 ' DOrpfeld, Troja iind Ilion, pp. 155-161. 
 
72 
 
 JIYCENAEAN TKOY 
 
 proached by a broad road leading from the city wall. 
 It does not have a hall and antechamber, but con- 
 tains a number of adjacent rooms, as seen by the 
 ground plan in fig. 2i. The destruction of the upper 
 wall leaves no indication as to how these different 
 apartments were connected. 
 
 The stately retaining wall (fig. 25) rises 6 m. high, 
 
 Gkou>;d Plan of VI M 
 
 with four advancing angles similar to those of the cita- 
 del wall. The distance between these projections is 
 about 5. 50 m. , which is about one-half the distance be- 
 tween the projections of the city wall. The masonry 
 resembles that of the South "Wall of the citadel. Huge 
 well- wrought rectangular stones are placed at the cor- 
 ners. The interstices are filled with rubble. The up- 
 per portion of the structure has suffered considerably 
 from exposure to the weather. So great has been the 
 injury from this cause that the sharp corners are worn 
 

 ? ^ 
 
 
 "0? hrj 
 
 o 
 
 a ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 *i*^jA 
 
 (73) 
 
74 MYCENAEAN TROT 
 
 off and the stones have become almost shapeless. 
 The under portion was probably protected by the 
 ascending roadway, which ran between the retaining 
 wall and the city wall. This must have been built 
 to a greater height during the existence of the two 
 periods of the VIl Stratum, and in the time of the 
 VIII Stratum it probably concealed the whole struc- 
 ture. The western corner (a in fig. 2-i) is in a good 
 state of preservation; but the eastern corner (f), which 
 chanced to be unearthed by Schliemaun in 1872, was 
 later destroyed. 
 
 The several inner rooms are shut in by the great re- 
 taining wall and the side walls. The large hall (t) is 
 over 13 m. deep, while the rooms (s and r) have a 
 depth of only 5 m. It is not likely that the walls 
 which surround the room (n) belong to the VI Stratum. 
 The massive steps at the north of the building, with 
 the two inclosing walls, ascended to the second terrace 
 of the citadel. 
 
 The presence of a scarped surface on the south 
 wall, near the steps, indicates that there was an open 
 court at k. The communication between this court 
 and the inner rooms, as well as the connection of the 
 rooms with each other, is unknown. A canal lead- 
 ing through the west wall, and a great jyithos, were 
 found in the room (r). The hall (t) was cut into two 
 sections (h and i) by a poorly built cross wall. In 
 the former (h) were unearthed six great pithoi, and 
 in the latter ( i ) a strangely formed cylindrical ves- 
 sel, 0.80 ni. in height and 0.40 m. in diameter, as well 
 as numerous millstones and about fifty weaving im- 
 plements. These finds would indicate that the build- 
 ing was a dwelling house. 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITY 
 
 75 
 
 The wall on the north of the steps (m 1) may belong 
 to another building designated VI N, but as to its 
 form and position we have no indication. 
 
 Both on the west and east of VI M a ramp led to 
 the inner part of the citadel. The buildings of the 
 VII Stratum are built over the western ramp which 
 is still to be recognized in the layer of small stones 
 and earth out of which it was constructed. The east 
 
 Fig. 36. Ramp of Mycenaean Troy above the Wall of 
 THE V City 
 
 ramp was partially destroyed by the great north 
 trench dug by Schliemann in 1872,^ and its eastern 
 portion alone remains. Under the later masonry of 
 the VII and IX Strata, a little to the west of the bit 
 of wall VI L (seen in the square 7 E in the Plan of 
 the Citadel ) , is a limestone pavement. The course of 
 this road, designated b in fig. 26, lies above the wall 
 (a) of the V Stratum. The circular piece of wall, VI 
 L, belongs to our city, and may mark the place where 
 
 iCt. Schliemann, Ilios, p. 24. 
 
76 
 
 MYCENAEAN TEOT 
 
 the road leading from the Gate VI T turned north- 
 ward in order to reach the ramp that led toward the 
 summit of the acropolis. 
 
 25. VI G} Passing toward the east side of the cita- 
 del, we find small ruins (VI K, VI H, VIJ) of the 
 walls of buildings discovered at the east of the unex- 
 cavated portion that lies to the north of the Gate VI 
 T. The first important structure that confronts us is 
 VI G, which has been cut in twain by the great south- 
 east trench dug by Schliemann in 1873.^ On the 
 northeast of this trench a rectangular piece of wall, 
 with an inner wall beside it, is preserved. Of the 
 antechamber, only the small portion remains which 
 lies at the southwest rim of the trench. The same 
 trench may have destroyed also the cross wall which 
 separated the antechamber from the hall. If this be 
 so, our building, which faced the southwest, must have 
 consisted of an antechanil)er and a large hall, 11 m. 
 long and 6 m. broad. Behind this was a small apart- 
 ment that might have been used for a rear room, 
 were it not for the fact that the northeast wall is closed, 
 thus affording no passageway. In this room, as well 
 as in the hall, several pithoi have been discovered. 
 The masonry consists of small, poorly wrought stones, 
 and resembles that of the East Wall of the city. 
 
 Southeast of VI G a portion of wall belonging to the 
 VI Stratum has been found lying close to the citadel 
 wall, but we have no indication of the purpose which 
 it served. 
 
 iDOrpfekl, Troja unci Ilion, pp. 1G1-1G3. Cf. Dorpfeld, 
 Troja, 1893, p. 29. 
 
 2 Cf. Schliemann, Ilios, p. 34, 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITY 
 
 77 
 
 26. VI F.i The ground plan of the building VI F 
 (fig. 27), which is probalily a dwelling house, forms 
 a trapezoid. Its single hall is about 8.50 m. in 
 breadth. Its west side is 11.50 m. long, its east 
 side 12 m. long. The walls are not of eqvial thick- 
 
 FlG. 
 
 Gkouxu Plan ok VI F 
 
 ness, for the east wdl (b e) formed the retaining 
 wall of the high terrace where the building stood, 
 and consequently it is built to a thickness of 2.60 m., 
 while the other walls measure only 1.50 m. The out- 
 side of this retaining Avail shows two advancing an- 
 gles, somewhat greater than those in the retaining 
 wall of VI M and in the outer wall of the city. There 
 are two doors — the larger (i), 2.07 m. broad in the 
 south wall; the sraallcr (li), 1.40 m. Tiroad in the 
 
 ' Dorpfeld, Tro ja nnd Ilion, 
 Troja, 1893, pp. 28-29. 
 
 pp. 1C3-1G3. Cf. Dr.rpfeld, 
 
78 
 
 MYCENAEAN TROT 
 
 west wall. The former (i) was walled up ia later 
 times. The whole structure shows a style of mason- 
 ry inferior to that of the other buildings of the VI 
 City. Its poorly wrought stones are in striking con- 
 trast to the finely polished blocks of the adjacent 
 building, VI E. A horizontal layer of earth, which 
 appears between the layers of stone at the outside of 
 
 Fig. 28. Guoukd Plan of YI B 
 
 e f, indicates that a horizontal wooden beam was once 
 built into the masonry. A similar architectural de- 
 vice is seen in the court wall of the palace of Mycenae, 
 as well as in some of the buildings of the II Stratum. 
 27. VI E.i The stately building VI E has a form 
 (fig. 28) similar to the one which we have just dis- 
 cussed, and, like it, was probably a dwelling house. 
 
 iDCirpfeld, Troja und Ilion, pp. 164-1G9. Of. Durpfeld, 
 Troja, 1893, pp. 27-28. 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITY 
 
 The large inner room is 6.40 ru. broad. The length of 
 the east wall is y.SOm., and that of the west walllO m. 
 The excellent masonry (seen in fig. 29) consists of pol- 
 ished stones, closely joined together, forming a marked 
 contrast to that of the Cyclopean walls of Tiryns and 
 Mycenae, and indicating that the structure must have 
 been erected during the later period of the Mycenae- 
 an City. There is a trace of a door (i) in the corner 
 of the southwest wall, but it leads, not into an open 
 space, but to the door (k) of the building VI C. Such 
 a position makes it uncertain whether this door be- 
 longed to the VI City. Perhaps the original entrance 
 was in the north wall; but, owing to the rained con- 
 dition of this wall, it cannot be distinguished. 
 
 28. Remaining Buildings of the First Terrace.^ To 
 the north of VI E are the remains of two buildings, 
 VI Q and VI P, which undoubtedly were situated on 
 the broad road beside the city wall. Their ground 
 plan must have been similar to VI E and VI F. The 
 north corner and two pieces of the side wall of VI Q 
 are preserved. The wall ran parallel to the city wall, 
 and must have been a scarped retaining wall, thicker 
 than the others. Its masonry shows that the build- 
 ing belonged to a later period of the VI City. The 
 breadth of the inner room was about 6.50 m. and its 
 length 1.5 m. A broad ramp led from the Gate VI S, 
 between the buildings VI Q and VI E, to the center 
 of the citadel. Close by the north corner of A"I Q a 
 single wall is found belonging to a building which is 
 designated VI P. 
 
 All these buildings which we have descriljed — i. e., 
 
 iDi)rpfeld, Troja nud Uion, p. 169. 
 
Ife' 
 
 
 
 (80) 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITY 81 
 
 VI A, B, M, G, F, E, Q, P— lay on the tii-st terrace, 
 which must have contained a total number of at least 
 eighteen houses. 
 
 29. VI C.^ The remains of the buildings which 
 were built upon the second terrace are very scanty. 
 The ground plan of the structure VI C alone can be 
 determined. One of its walls was injured by the 
 great trench which was dug in 1882. The building 
 consists of a large hall 1.5.30 m. long, and, in the 
 western portion, 8.40 m. broad. "Whether it formed 
 a trapezoid like VI E and VI F, with its greater 
 width on the east, cannot be determined, owing to the 
 destruction of the north wall. In front of the hall 
 is a very small antechamljer facing the west. The ma- 
 sonry of the foundation is of un wrought stone. The 
 walls vary in thickness, as seen in tig. 30. The east 
 wall, which is the strongest, has a thickness of about 
 1.90 m., while the thickness of the side walls is 1.40 
 m., and that of the west wall only 1 m. The greater 
 strength of the east wall may be due to the fact that 
 it served as a retaining wall of the second terrace. 
 The roof beams must have rested on the two side 
 walls, a fact which can account for the weakness of 
 the west wall. Within the large hall a stone base (f ) 
 has been found in situ, which is the only sure indica- 
 tion of columns in all the buildings of the VI City. 
 Its position shows that there must have been two 
 other bases at g and h, in order to give a row of sup- 
 porting columns in the middle of the building. The 
 base, which is cylindrical, is 0.28 m. high and 0.62 m. 
 
 iDorpfeld, Troja unci Ilion, pp. 170-175. Cf. Dorpfeld, 
 Troja, 1893, pp. 22-25; Koldewey, Neandria, 51. Programm 
 znm Winkelmannsfest, 1891. 
 6 
 
82 
 
 MYCENAEAN TEOT 
 
 in diameter at the bottom, and 0. 57 m. at the top. It 
 rests upon an irregular stone foundation, and must 
 have supported a wooden column of only 0.38 m. in 
 diameter. There is a door in the east wall, desig- 
 nated e d in the ground plan, but it is doubtful wheth- 
 er it belongs to the time of the Mycenaean City. 
 "\Ve should expect a door in the west wall, opposite 
 the line of columns, between the hall and the ante- 
 chamber, but no trace of it is found. Such was the 
 
 
 
 Fig. 30. Ground Plan of VI C 
 
 position of the door in the temple at Neandria, which 
 shows so many points of resemlilance to our building 
 that DiJrpfeld suggested that VI C may have been a 
 temple. 
 
 The remains of the other buildings of the VI City 
 are so scanty that no idea can be formed of their plan 
 or situation. It is likely that these ruins are situ- 
 ated on the second terrace. In the center of the cita- 
 del no part of the Mycenaean fortress remains. 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITT 
 
 30. Streets.^ A description of the streets leading 
 from the gates to the ascending terraces of the citadel 
 has been given in the discussion of the various build- 
 ings. As we enter through the gates we find our- 
 selves on the circuit road which lies between the city 
 wall and the houses of the first terrace. Originally 
 this wide avenue may have extended around the whole 
 hill, but in later times it was interrupted by build- 
 ings, such as VI A, lying adjacent to the city wall. 
 Steep ramps led to the upper terraces. The position of 
 three of these in the Plan of our Citadel is at B 6, D 7, 
 and J 4. Others surely existed, but are either partly 
 destroyed or not fully excavated. Small streets, some 
 of which ran parallel to the city wall, and others in 
 the general direction of the ramps, separated the 
 houses. Near the South and East Gates the pave- 
 ment is constructed of stone slabs. The ascending 
 road in the square D 7 was built of stones and lime. 
 Two other ramps were paved with small stones and 
 earth. 
 
 31. Springs.^ Natural springs furnished water in 
 the time of Mycenaean Troy. Deep wells were con- 
 structed within the citadel. Several belonging to the 
 time of the VI City and of the later settlements have 
 been found. The great Northeast Tower (VI g) guard- 
 ed the most important of these wells (Bb), which 
 has been described in the discussion of the tower. 
 On the broad road between the East Wall of the city 
 and the building VI F a second well (Be) has been 
 unearthed, which is undoubtedly of the Mycenaean 
 
 'Dorpfeld, Troja und Ilion, p. 175. 
 
 2 Dorpfeld, Troja und Ilion, pp. 175-181. 
 
8J. MYCENAEAN TROt 
 
 period. At the top are parts of two large pitlioi, 
 placed one above the other and walled in with small 
 stones. This portion lay above the level of the VI 
 City. Underneath the upper structure the well was 
 built of small stones, while below the masonry the pit 
 was hewn deep into the rock. We can infer that this 
 spring was used also by the inhalntants of the VII 
 City. A third well has been found between the 
 building VI Q and the Tower VI g. There is some 
 doul>t as to its belonging to the VI Stratum. It con- 
 sists of a rectangular pit, completelj^ walled in, al)out 
 13 m. deep, with a farther extension into the rock of 
 1.50 m. An underground passage about 3 m. below 
 the level of the IX Stratum connected with the shaft, 
 thus indicating the height at which the spring once 
 ended. During the existence of the IX City a small 
 round temple of marble stood over the mouth of the 
 well. The excavations show that wooden frames 
 were inserted in the masonry where the wall rests 
 upon the rock, as well as higher up. This introduc- 
 tion of wooden beams into stone work we have noted 
 already in the retaining wall of VI F. 
 
 32. Beview of the Citadel.^ What do we note in the 
 Mycenaean City? We see (1) an imposing circuit 
 wall, showing earlier and later styles of building; (3) 
 resting on this massive substructure a perpendicular 
 upper wall, built originally of brick and later of 
 stone; (3) three strong and mighty towers flanking 
 
 iDOrpfeld, Troja und Ilion, pp. 182-183. Cf. Durpfeld, 
 Troja, 1893, pp. 9-13; DOrpfeld, Mittli. Ath., 1804, pp. 380 fE.; 
 "Trojanisclie Frage dureh dio Atisgrabungen gelost." Durp- 
 feld, Lecture before Harvard University, October 13, 1896. 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CITT 85 
 
 the city wall; (4) three great gates, one of which 
 was walled up during the existence of the city, and a 
 door affording access to the Northeast Tower; (5) in- 
 dividual dwellings within the citadel, separated by 
 broad and narrow streets; (6) concentric terraces, as- 
 cending toward the center of the city; (7) a broad 
 circuit road between the first terrace and the city 
 wall, with ramps leading up to the summit of the 
 acropolis; (8) several wells within the citadel. 
 
 The demolition of the upper wall of the city, the 
 ruin of the gates, and the destruction of the walls of 
 the inner buildings could have been wrought only by 
 hostile hands. In several places are seen traces of an 
 extensive conflagration. About the date of the great 
 catastrophe we can judge only approximately. The 
 presence of Mycenaean pottery establishes the fact 
 that the city belonged to the period of Mycenaean 
 culture. The damage to the walls from exposure to 
 the weather during the existence of the VI City and 
 the gradual increase in the elevation of the ground 
 between several buildings show a period of long du- 
 ration. TVe can conjecture that the city flourished 
 between 1500 and 1000 B.C., a date which corresponds 
 to that given by tradition for the fall of Homer's 
 Troy. 
 
H 
 
 ■< 
 
 02 
 
 o 
 a 
 
 6 
 
 (86) 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION 
 
 33. Extent. What do we mean by "Mycenaean 
 pottery," "Mycenaean Troy?" The term "Myce- 
 naean " is roughly applied to those palaces, dwelling 
 houses, tombs, pottery, weapons, gems, and orna- 
 ments which exhibit a similarity, more or less strik- 
 ing, to those found on the citadel of Mycenae — mon- 
 uments which evidently are the work of one and the 
 same race. Recent excavations have shown the ex- 
 tent of Mycenaean iniiuence to 1)6 broader than schol- 
 ars of a few years ago even dreamed of believing. 
 We venture to bxirden the reader with a list of some 
 forty localities which unmistakably had come in touch 
 with this civilization. It is noteworthy how many 
 districts mentioned in the Homeric poems are here 
 included. In addition to the monuments at INIycenae, 
 Tiryns, and Hissarlik, -"^ Mycenaean remains have been 
 found at the Ai'givePIeraeum,'^ jSIauplia,^Midea^ (near 
 Naxiplia), Asine'"" (in Argolis),Ivampos^ (near ancient 
 
 iSchliemann, Mycenae and Tiiyns; Schuehhardt-Sellers, 
 Schliemann's Excavations; Tsonntas and Manatt, The Myce- 
 naean Age; Frazer, Paiisanias, III, 07-230; DGrpfeld, Trojaund 
 II ion. 
 
 2 Report of American School at Athens; American .lournal 
 of Arcliaeology. 
 
 ^Frazer, Pansanias, III, 141; TIpaKTiKu Tf/<; 'Ap;[;awl. ''Ernipia;, 
 1892, 52. 
 
 ■> Frazer, op. cit., Ill, 2.31; Mitth. Ath., 17, 95. 
 
 ^Frazer, oji. ciL, V, 601. 
 
 ^Frazer, O^l- cit., Ill, 136; TcroyKraf, llpanTiKa ri/f 'ApxaioX 
 '-Eraioiar, 1891, 23. 
 
 (87) 
 
88 MYCENAEAlSr TEOY 
 
 Gerenia), Arkina^ (six hours from Sparta). Vaphio^ 
 (the ancient Pharis; cups of exquisite worlimanship 
 found), Pykis^ (Nestor's home), Phigalia,* Masara- 
 kata^ (in Cephallenia), Megara,^ Menidi' (seven 
 miles from Athens), Spata^ (nine miles from Athens), 
 Thoricus" (in Attica), Acropolis of Athens^" (pre- 
 historic palace), Halike^^ (ancient Halae Aixouides, 
 southeast of Athens), Kapandriti^^ (ancient Aphidna), 
 Eleusis,^^ Salamis,^'' Aegina,-^'' Calauria,^^ Gha" (near 
 Lake Copais, identified by some with the Homeric 
 Arne; extensive remains of prehistoric palace found), 
 Orchomenos^^ ("Treasury of Minyas"), Thebes,^^Tan- 
 
 'Frazer, op. cit., Ill, 136; 'E(pr/ficpl( afixain?LoyiKf/, 1889, 132. 
 
 ^Frazer, oj3. cit., Ill, 134; Gardner, New Chapters in Greek 
 History, TO; Brunn, Griechische Kunstgeschichte, I, 46. 
 
 ^Frazer, o;.). cit., V, 608; Bulletin deCorresp. Hellfeique, 20, 
 388. 
 
 ■'Milcliufer, Anfiinge der Kunst in Grieclienland, 54. 
 
 sWolters, Mitth. Alh., 19, 488. 
 
 •■Furtwiingler und Lijsehcke, Mykenische Vasen, 53. 
 
 ^Frazer, op. cit.. Ill, 137; Lolling, Mitth. Ath., 13, 139. 
 
 SFrazer, op. cit.. Ill, 143; Mitth. Ath., 3, 82. 
 
 "Fraser, op. cj^, III, 138, Ae?,Tlov apxatoAoyui6v, 1890, 159. 
 
 '"Tsountas and Manatt, O]). cit., p. 8. 
 
 "Ibid., p. 9. 
 
 i^Frazer, oj). cit.. Ill, 144. 
 
 WFurtwiingler und Lijsehcke, op. CJ<., 40; Gazette arch^o- 
 logiiiue, 8, 248. 
 
 '■'Tsountas and Mauatt, op. cit., 387. 
 
 KIbid., 388-394; Evans, Journal of Hellenic Studies, XIII, 
 195. 
 
 i^Frazer, op. cit., V, 596; Mitth. Ath., 20, 267. 
 
 "Frazer, o^j. cit., V, 121; Tsountas and Manatt, op. cit., 
 374. 
 
 isFrazer, op. cit., V, 188. 
 
 '"Furtwiingler und Liischcke, op. cit., 43. 
 
THE MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION 
 
 89 
 
 agra,^ Lebadea,^ Delphi,^ Daulis,* Goura (Phthio- 
 tis), Dimini^ (three miles to the west of Volo, the 
 ancient lolcus), Melos^ (four superimposed settle- 
 ments, the last of which is Mycenaean), lalysus' 
 (in Rhodes), Thera,* Crete'' (prehistoric palace at 
 
 Fig. 32. False-Necked Amphoka from Crete 
 
 Cnosus, and extensive Mycenaean remains at Gou- 
 las, Gortyna, Courtes, Kavousi, Marathokephala, 
 
 ^Furtwiingler und Lijschcke, ox>. cit., 43. 
 
 2 Ibid., 42. 
 
 ^Frazer, op. cit. V, 398; Bulletin de Corresp. Hellenique, 
 18, 195. 
 
 ■i Furtwangler und Lijsohcke, op. cit., 43. 
 
 «Frazer, op. cit., Ill, 140; Mitth. Ath., 9, 99. 
 
 ^Annual Report of British School, 8, 1. 
 
 ^Frazer, op. cit., Ill, 147; Furtwiingler und LiJschcke, op. 
 cit., 1. 
 
 ' Fouqu^, Santorin et ses Eruptions. 
 
 ^A. J. Evans, Journal of Hellenic Studies; Halbherr, Amer- 
 ican Journal of Archaeology; Boyd, American Journal of Ar- 
 chaeology. 
 
90 MYCENAEAN TROT 
 
 Anavlochus, Erganos), Cj^rus,^ Egypt,^ Sicily,^ 
 Italy.* 
 
 34. Pottery. Of Mycenaean pottery we distinguish 
 two main types: the older dull type, ornamented with 
 linear decorations — e- g., spirals, parallels, circles, 
 curved and straight lines — painted in dark red, violet, 
 brown, but sometimes white; the later lustrous type, 
 adorned with geometric patterns, bands, spirals, but 
 more generally with scenes from marine life— r'. y. , 
 the starfish, the cuttlefish, seaweed, etc. — sometimes 
 with birds, and later with animals and men, brilliantly 
 glazed in red, broMai, and less frequently in white. 
 
 35. Date. The discoveries now being made in Crete 
 seem to point to that island as the home of the My- 
 cenaean cultus. The prestige of [Mycenae may have 
 followed the decline of Cretan supremacy. At any 
 rate, 2000 B.C. is not too early a date at which to 
 place the most flourishing period of this civilization 
 in Crete, for Mycenaean remains have been found in 
 Thera buried under volcanic deliris of an eruption of 
 about 1800 B.C.* Legends of a vast Cretan empire 
 are probably reminiscences of that mighty maritime 
 nation, once supreme on Mediterranean waters. 
 
 1 Murray, Smith, and Walters, Excavations in Cj'prus. 
 
 2 Flinders Petrie, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 11, 271. 
 Turtwiingler nnd Loscheke, op. cit., 47. 
 
 niiid., ojh cit., 48. 
 
 ^Fouque, Santorin et ses Eruptions, argues for 2000 B.C. 
 
THE MYCEITAEAI^ AGE A>^D THE 
 HOMEEIC POEMS 
 
 The Mycenaean Age is a bronze age, and in a gen- 
 eral way is similar to the bronze ages of Northern 
 Europe. It offers many problems which have not 
 yet been solved. Each year brings nvmierous and 
 important discoveries. It is not our purpose to give 
 even a superficial presentation of this civilization, 
 but only to discuss its main characteristics, with ref- 
 erence to life as pictured in the Homeric poems. -^ 
 
 36. Architecture.^ We can classify under the head 
 of the architecture of this age those mighty walls, 
 usually designated Cyclopean, their massive gate- 
 ways, and the walls which even at this time were 
 constructed of uniformly fitted stones. Here, too, 
 belong the palaces, with wooden columns resting on 
 stone bases, and the so-called "beehive" tombs (fig. 
 
 iHeinrich, Troja bei Homer und in der Wirklichkeit, pp. 
 13-14. Cf. Tsonutas and Manatt, The Mycenaean Age, 1897; 
 Frazer, Pansanias, Vol. Ill, pp. 144-100, 1898; Eidgewaj', Early 
 Age of Greeee, Vol. I, 1901; Schuchhardt-Sellers, Schliemann's 
 Excavations, 1891; Perrotet Chipiez, Hist, del'artdansl'anti- 
 quite, tome VI (English edition, London and New York, 1894); 
 Bnsolt, Griechische Gesehiohte, Vol. I, pp. 3-126; Brunn, 
 Griechische Kunstgeschichte, Vol. I, pp. 1-G4; Reisch, Die 
 mykenische Frage, Verhandhingen der 42 Versammlung 
 deutsch. Philolugen, 1894, pp. 97-123; TdofnTaf, MvKijvai nal 
 MiKTivalo; IIoAzr<(T//of, pp. 173-264, 1893. 
 
 ^Heinrich, Troja bei Homer nnd in der Wirklichkeit, p. 14. 
 Cf. Tsountas and Manatt, The Mycenaean Age, pp. 12-158; 
 Frazer, Pansanias, Vol. Ill, pp. 98-144. 
 
 (91) 
 
(92) 
 
THE MYCENAEAN AGE AND HOMERIC POEMS 93 
 
 S3), as Avell as the shaft-tombs 
 (fig. 31) and the chamber- 
 graves which were cut hori- 
 zontally into the hillside. 
 
 37. Art.i Under the head 
 of art we can classify the 
 archaic stone sculptures, such 
 as the Lions' Gate at Mycenae 
 (fig. 37), the engraved stones, 
 and the inlaid and embossed 
 work in metal. This work 
 reached its perfection in the 
 five inlaid dagger-blades (fig. 
 3-t) from the shaft-tombs at 
 Mycenae, and the two em- 
 bossed gold cups from the 
 beehive tomb at Vaphio, 
 near Sparta (fig. 38). While 
 in these works may be seen 
 some traces of Oriental in- 
 fluence, yet true originality 
 and entire independence are 
 shown in the decoration and 
 painting of the Mycenaean 
 
 iHeinrich, Troja bei Homer 
 unci in der Wirkliohkeit, pp. 
 14-16. Cf. Furtwiingler und 
 Loschke, Mykenische Vasen, 
 1886; Tsountas and Manatt, The 
 Mycenaean Age, pp. 217-267 
 Dumont et Chaplain, Les c^ra- 
 miques de la Greoe propre, pp. 
 3-66; Frazer, Pausanias, Vol. Ill, 
 pp.111-113; Ridgeway, Early Age FiG. 34. 
 of Greece, Vol. I, pp. 13-16. Blade from Mycenae 
 
 Inlaid Dagger- 
 
9i MYCENAEAN TROT 
 
 pottery. Such pottery, together with the chamber- 
 tombs and beehive tombs, constitutes the most cer- 
 tain and decisive marks of this civilization. The 
 vases, with a glossy painting which exhibits every 
 variety of shade from yellow to dark brown, show 
 such uniformity in technique, form, and ornamenta- 
 tion that they must have had a common source, 
 whence they were carried by traders to the most dis- 
 tant shores of the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 Since this characteristic pottery (fig. 35), in addi- 
 tion to the monochrome vessels of Trojan work, was 
 found in the VI Stratum at Hissarlik, we can con- 
 clude that this settlement must have come in touch 
 with the Mycenaean world. 
 
 38. Writing.! There is no longer any doubt that a 
 developed form of written characters existed in the 
 Mycenaean age. A. J. Evans has shown from the rich 
 finds which he has made in Crete that there are two 
 difi'erent styles of writing, the older of which is picto- 
 graphic and reminds us of the Egyptian hieroglyphics, 
 while the later is linear and resembles somewhat the 
 alphabets of Cyprusand Western Asia. Symbols have 
 been found on the handles of an amphora and of a 
 stone vessel from Mycenae,^ on two amphorae from 
 the beehive tomb of Menidi, in Attica,^ on a three- 
 handled vessel from Nauplia,* and on a stone pestle 
 
 iHeinrioh, Troja bei Homer unci in tier Wirklichikeit, p. 16. 
 Cf. Evans, Primitive Pictographs and a pre-Phoenician Script 
 from Crete and the Peloponnese, Jonrnal of Hellenic Studies, 
 1894, pp. 270-373; Tsountas and Manatt, The Mycenaean Age, 
 pp. 268-293. 
 
 2Cf. Tsountas and Manatt, pp. 268-269. 
 
 sCf. Il)id.,p. 268. 
 
 ■*Cf. AeAr/ov apxo-ioXoyiKijv^ 1892, p. 73. 
 
-1 
 
 ^^vl 
 
 Fig. 35. Pottery from VI Stratubi 
 
 I, II, III are imported Mycenaean ware. IV, Y are Mycenaean forms 
 imitated in Trojan monochrome. YI is a different style of imported pot- 
 tery resembling the island art of the pre-Mycenaean period. YII shows 
 Mycenaean flower motive in Trojan technique. YIII, IX are native 
 Trojan ware. 
 
 (95) 
 
96 MYCENAEAN TROY 
 
 from Mycenae. ■■- The linear signs show a striking 
 similarity to those found by Flinders Petrie on the 
 fragments from Kahim and Gurob, in Egypt. ^ Twen- 
 ty out of thirty-two are exactly similar; about fifteen 
 resemble the signs of the Cypriote syllabary. While 
 the linear style of writing belongs to ]\Iycenaean 
 times, the pictographic signs are of much older ori- 
 gin, and are assigned by Evans to a date as early as 
 the third millennium before Christ. AYith the intro- 
 duction of the later style of writing the older did not 
 disappear, but the two systems overlapped each other. 
 
 In the excavations of Schliemanu in the year 1890 
 there was unearthed in the VI City a brown terra- 
 cotta whorl, ^ on which was an inscription that Pro- 
 fessor Sayce pronounced to be "a splendid instance of 
 Cypriote epigraphy." And even in the early period 
 of the II City* there are numerous seals and whorls 
 (fig 36), with symbols which bear close resemblance 
 to those found by Evans in Crete. 
 
 39. "Who Were the Authors?^ The question now 
 arises: "Who were the bearers of this civilization? " 
 The Iliad shows such a high development in language 
 and verse that its composition must have been going 
 on for a long period. It indicates that the Greeks, 
 
 ^Cf. TljiaKTiKU TfjQ 'Apx^uo?^. ''P.raLjnat;, 1889, p. 9. 
 
 ^Cf. Petrie, Ten Years' Digging in Egj'pt. 
 
 ^Cf. Schlieniann, Bericlit iiber die Ausgrabungen in Troja 
 im Jahre 1890, p. 25. 
 
 *Cf. Schliemann, Ilios, p. 691. 
 
 * Heinrich, Troja bei Homer und in der Wirkliclilceit, pp. 
 17-33. Cf. Ridgeway, Early Age in Greece, Vol. I, pp. 80- 
 393; Tsountas and Manatt, The Mycenaean Age, pp. 316-346; 
 Frazer, Pausanias, Vol. Ill, pp. 148-158; Gardner, New Cliap- 
 ters in Greek History, pp. 70 ff. 
 
-m 
 
 (1J49) 
 
 ,.'-'"$■■ 
 
 
 
 i- L_ 
 
 ^^'T^-*"^ 
 '« 
 
 *'^< 
 
 
 
 k btoi) 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4- \ 
 
 \\\ 
 
 J'^y' 
 
 Fig. 3G. Spindle Whorls 
 
 (97) 
 
98 MYCENAEAN TROT 
 
 even at this time, w^ere at the height or in the decadence 
 of the Mycenaean civilization. ^ Furthermore, the dis- 
 coveries reveal the fact that Cyprus,^ before the be- 
 ginning of the first millennium, had been settled by 
 people bearing the Mycenaean culture. 
 
 If we assume that the civilization was foreign, then 
 must the Greek hero-tales become unintelligible. 
 When Homer speaks of Tiryns and Mycenae, "rich 
 in gold" (y, 305), of Amyclae (B, 584), of Boeotian 
 Orchomenos (B, 511; A, 284); when he mentions the 
 tale of the Argonauts (fi, 79); when he brings 
 Crete into touch with the royal house of Mycenae 
 (r, 230; T, 172); and when he has the blind bard De- 
 modocus sing of the great events which occurred be- 
 fore the walls of Troy (B, 44), the poet undoubtedly 
 refers to Mycenaean times. It is altogether incon- 
 ceivable that the singers of the Homeric times, in 
 their recital of glorious deeds, would have magnified 
 the achievements of barbarians. Rather is it true 
 that the pride v.'hich everywhere appears in the Ho- 
 meric epic extols the exploits of the ancestors of the 
 Greeks.^ 
 
 The heroic age of the Homeric poems coincides es- 
 sentially with the Mycenaean civilization, and the 
 chief heroes were princes of people who possessed 
 Mycenaean civilization. Thus we are led to infer 
 that the bearers of this civilization, at least on the 
 mainland, were largely Greeks. 
 
 Tsountas has shown that two strata of Mycenaean 
 
 ^Cf. Reisch, Die mykenische Frage, p. 117. 
 ^Cf. Reisch, op. cit., p. 109; Busolt, Griecliisclie Geschichte, 
 Vol. I, p. 320. 
 
 ''Cf. Perrotet Cliipiez, op. cit., p. 938. 
 
THE SrrCENAEAN AGE AND HOMEEIC POEMS 99 
 
 population are to be distinguished in Argolis, tlie 
 older of ■which is the Danaans and the younger the 
 Achaeans. ^ 
 
 The Danaans are associated by tradition with Ar- 
 gos and the seacoast. Their ancestor, Danatis, is 
 closely connected with the hydrography of Argolis, 
 as the myth of the Danaides illustrates. ^ Probably 
 the Danaans originally dwelt iu pile villages and 
 founded Tiryns, which was once surrounded by 
 swamps. The Achaeans lived in and around Myce- 
 nae in the mountainous country to the north. These 
 two people came into conflict with each other. A 
 friendly settlement seems to have been reached, the 
 Achaeans remaining masters of the upper country 
 without expelling the Danaans. 
 
 According to legend, Mycenae was founded by Per- 
 seus, a descendant of Danaiis of Tiryns, and his de- 
 scendants ruled in INIycenae until the time of Eurj^s- 
 theus; then the sovereignty passed to Atreus and Thy- 
 estes — i. e. , to the Achaeans. 
 
 From the fact that the citadel at Mycenae shows 
 two periods of construction — an older, in which the 
 wall had an entrance similar to that of Tiryns, and a 
 later, in which the citadel was extended and the Lions' 
 Gate was built — Tsountas Infers that the earlier pe- 
 riod, to which must be assigned the shaft-gra^-es in 
 the so-called circle of graves on the acropolis, corre- 
 sponded to the founding by Perseus, and that the 
 later, with the beehive tombs situated outside the 
 
 ^a.lGovvTagjMvia'/vai Kal Mvicrjvahi/;'no/tT(afinr^ pp. 239-245; Tsoun- 
 tas and Manatt, pp. 341 ff. 
 
 ^Cf. Harrington and Tolman, Greek and Roman IMytlioIa- 
 gy, p. 97. 
 
(100) 
 
THE MYCENAEAN AGE AND HOMEEIC POEMS 101 
 
 citadel, corresponded to the rule of the Atri- 
 dae.i 
 
 A people very closelj^ related to the Danaans were 
 the Minyans, who were bearers of Mycenaean civili- 
 zation and were the founders of Orchomenos, on 
 Lake Copais. The influence of this race is seen not 
 only in Boeotia, but also in Laconia, on the island of 
 Thera, and at Thoricus in Attica. Heinrich sug2:ests 
 that the names jVIiuyas and INIinos show something 
 more than an accidental similarity. In that case the 
 remains of Mycenaean civilization which have been 
 found, as we have seen, in such great abundance in 
 Crete would bring that island into the circle of coun- 
 tries inhaliited by the Minyaus.'-^ 
 
 The genuine Mycenaean citadel, Gha,' on Lake Co- 
 pais, is quite similar in construction to Tiryns which 
 was originally surrounded by swamps. It stands in 
 closest relation to the draining of Lake Copais by the 
 Minyans, who converted the whole region into a fruit- 
 ful and cultivated soil. In this Cyclopean structure 
 some archaeologists recognize the Homeric Arne, 
 mentioned in the Catalogue of the Ships (B, 507). Only 
 quite recently has an English stock company com- 
 pleted the work, begun l)y the French, of draining 
 the lake. The results show the great system of drain- 
 age of this Minyan citadel. These ancient people 
 turned the water of the lake, by means of three great 
 stone canals which are partly preser-\'ed, into the 
 
 I'l'liis luis already been noted by Perrot, Journal des Sa- 
 vaiUs, 1893, p. 444. 
 
 2 Of. Evans, op. cit., pp. 370 ff. 
 
 3Cf. F. Noack, Mitth. Atli., 1894, pp. 405-485; Tsountas and 
 Manatt, The Mycenean Age, Apj^endix B, pp. 374-383. 
 
(102) 
 
THE MYCENAEAN AGE AND HOMERIC POEMS 103 
 
 natural conduits existing in the northeast. Such a 
 work could not have been executed save by a people 
 who had thousands of slaves under their direction. 
 A line of Mycenaean fortifications on the northeast 
 guarded the outlets, since any obstruction would have 
 been disastrous. 
 
 There can be no doubt that the possessors of the 
 Mycenaean culture were a seafaring people. This is 
 shown by the prominent place given to marine plants 
 and animals in Mycenaean ornamentation. The dis- 
 coveries on the islands and coast of the eastern Medi- 
 terranean Sea have widely extended our view of My- 
 cenaean civilization. This influence, as we have seen, 
 spread to Troy, while in Crete have been found not 
 only remarkable ruins of palaces and beehive tombs, 
 but also bronze weapons, false-necked jars, stone 
 vessels, intaglios, and other objects in great al^un- 
 dance. Mycenaean pottery has been discovered even 
 in Egypt, atGurob, dating probably from the time 
 of Amenophis III {circa 14i0 B.C.), at Tel-el- Amar- 
 na, dating from cli'ca 1400 B.C., and at Kahun, dat- 
 ing from circc(, 1100 B.C. A fresco from the tomb 
 of Kameses III {clrcct 1200 B.C. ) shows the familiar 
 "false-necked" amphorae. On the other hand, at 
 Mycenae have been found porcelains from Egypt, 
 with the cartouche of Amenophis III, and a scarab of 
 the same king, and another engraved with the name 
 of his wife Tlii, while at the Argive Heraeum were 
 unearthed several scaral;>s of Thothmcs III.^ 
 
 This rich civilization seems to have received a sud- 
 den check on the mainland of Greece. There is no 
 
 iCf. Frazer, Pausanias, Vol. Ill, pp. 148-149. 
 
104 MYCENAEAN TEOT 
 
 further development in artistic form or technique, 
 such as we admire in the gold cups from Vaphio, 
 the gold dagger-blades from Mycenae, and the char- 
 acteristic pottery. This interruption may be account- 
 ed for by the invasion of a northern tribe into the 
 Peloponnesus. According to tradition, such an inva- 
 sion was made by the Dorians about 1200 B.C.-' In 
 Crete alone there is no evidence of this interruption, 
 since that island could be but remotely affected by 
 
 ■5.'-" '" ' 
 
 1 _. , „-ZCD 
 
 ' -?^^ (_^ 
 
 
 .~r>i r 
 
 
 J ,->.- L. 
 
 
 
 r- 
 
 _, c 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 Fig. 39. Kyanos Friezb from Palace at Tiryns 
 
 such a movement.^ But the INIycenaean civilization 
 did not disappear mthout extending its influence 
 among the invaders.^ 
 
 The Homeric world stands in close relation to the 
 Mycenaean age. Such a palace as that at Tirjms fur- 
 nishes us a fair specimen of those princely abodes 
 descril)ed in the Odyssey. Here we find the gates, 
 the vestibules, the courts surromided with columns, 
 the men's hall, the women's apartment, and even the 
 bath room. The cornice of blue glass paste, or l->ja- 
 
 iCf. Busolt, Griechische Gescliichte, Vol. 1, p. 259. 
 
 2Cf. Evans, op. cit., p. 359. 
 
 ^Cf. Furtwiingler nnd Loschcke, 0|). cit., p. vii. 
 
THE MYCENAEAN AGE AND HOMERIC POEMS 105 
 
 vos, such as adorned the halls of Alcinotls, is recog- 
 nized in a similar ornamentation (fig. 39) in the pal- 
 ace at Tiryns. A gold cup (fig. 40) from Mycenae, 
 with doves above the handles, reminds us of the golden 
 cup of Nestor described in A, 632. 
 
 Fig. 40. (_!oLD Cup fkoji Mycenae 
 
 40. Armor. ^ The discovery of swords and spear- 
 points, as well as battle scenes and hunting scenes 
 portrayed on Mycenaean objects, furnishes us a fair 
 picture of the armor of Mycenaean times. The large 
 Mycenaean shield (fig. 34 and fig. 41) extended from 
 
 ^Heinrich, Troja bei Homer und in der Wirklichkeit, pp. 
 23-37. Cf. Reichel, Ilomerische "Waff en, 1901; Ridge waj', 
 Early Age of Greece, Vol. I, pp. 399-336; Tsountas and Ma- 
 natt, The Mycenaean Age, pp. 191-316; Helbig, Das homer- 
 ische Epos aus den Uenkmalern erlautert, 1887; Max Muller, 
 Asien imd Europa nach altiigyptischen Denkmiilern, 1893, pp. 
 853 ff. 
 
/ 
 
 / 
 
 106 MYCENAEAN TROY 
 
 the neck to below the knees of the wearer. It was sus- 
 pended by a strap {TeXa/jLiiv, B, 388; E, 796, etc.) from 
 the left shoulder, and was managed partly by means of 
 this strap and partly by means of the horizontal stay 
 (Kavwv, ®, 193; N, 407). Perpendicular to this stay, 
 which ran crosswise from one edge to the other, was 
 a second stay running lengthwise, which gave stabil- 
 ity. The shield was covered with layers of oxhide. 
 The center of gravity lay in its lower half, thus great- 
 ly facilitating its manipulation. The shield, when 
 not in use, could be drawn behind the back by means 
 
 Fig. 41. Shield-Model fko^i Spata 
 
 of a thong. The hero with such hedYj armor fre- 
 quently used the war chariot to pass from one place 
 to another on the battlefield. 
 
 This great shield we find pictured in the Homeric 
 poems. It was "the man-encircling shield" (do-iris 
 afji<j>il3p6T7i, B, 389; A, 32; M, 402; Y, 281), "the shield 
 reaching to the feet" (TroSrjvcKij<;, O, 646). Hector re- 
 turning home from the battle carries it upon his back, 
 and its edge strikes his neck and ankles (Z, 117). A 
 Mycenaean shield of colossal size, like a to'sver, is 
 
THE MYCENAEAN AGE AND HOMERIC POEMS 107 
 
 borne by Telamonian Ajax {<f>cpwv o-a/cos r/uVe vvpyov, H, 
 219; A,485; P, 128). 
 
 Besides the long shield, there may have been a semi- 
 cylindrical shield, as seen in lig. •42. 
 
 The use of the small round shield required the 
 wearing of a breastplate, but with the large shield 
 heavy armor would have been unnecessary. 
 
 The Homeric greaves (KV7;/trSes) were gaiters of cloth 
 or leather, worn around the leg in order to prevent 
 
 Fig. 43. Gold Ring from Siiaft-Gkavb IV at Mycenae 
 
 the chafing of the shin against the great shield. They 
 were provided with metal guards, specimens of which 
 have been found in the Mycenaean graves. The 
 greaves which IlejAaestus made for Achilles were 
 constructed of tin. 
 
 The Mycenaean helmet (rig. 43) was of leather, 
 overlaid with metal. It contained no visor, but was 
 ornamented with a tuft of horsehair (Xo(^o?), horn- 
 like projections (c^aXot), and with knobs of metal 
 ((jidXapa). Often the leather helmet was adorned 
 with rows of boars' teeth, as in the case of Meriones 
 (K, 263). A collection of such teeth has been found 
 in the fourth grave at Mycenae. 
 
 The offensive weapons of Mycenaean times were of 
 
108 
 
 MYCENAEAN TKOY 
 
 bronze. The Iliad, with the exception of A, 123, and 
 2, 31, mentions only bronze swords, lancies, and ar- 
 rows. ^ The representations on the Mycenaean orna- 
 ments exhil:)it a striking correspondence with the ear- 
 liest portions of the Homeric poems. 
 
 41. Dress.^ It is probable that in Homeric times 
 
 Fig. 4.3. Wakrior Vase from Mycenae 
 
 the undergarment of the men (soma) corresponded 
 to that worn by the hunters in fig. 34. The long chiton 
 of white linen can be recognized in a Mycenaean vase 
 of the so-called third style.^ Over this was thrown 
 the woolen clilaina, generally fastened with a buckle. 
 The principal garment of the women was the long 
 robe (TreVAos or lavos) fastened on the shoulder by a 
 
 1 Professor Ridgeway (Early Age of Greece, Vol. I, pp. 294 
 ff.) goes so far as to maintain that the Homeric age was an iron 
 age, and that the more freqnent use of the word bronze {xa?.i<6r) 
 than the word iron (c/VSv/ior) is merely a reminiscence of an 
 earlier use of that metal. Cf. Je^-ons, Iron in Homer, Journal 
 of Hellenic Studies, 1803. 
 
 ^Heinrieh, Troja bei Homer und in derWirklichkeit, p. 27. 
 Cf. Tsountas and Manatt, The Mycenaean A,ge, pp. 1.59-190; 
 Eidgeway, Early Age in Greece, Vol. I, pp. 297-299. 
 
 •^Cf. Furtwiingler und Loschcke, q/). cit. Plate XLI. 
 
THE MYCENAEAN AGE AND HOMERIC POEMS 109 
 
 brooch (ircpovrj) like the DoviG chiimi, while about the 
 waist was worn a girdle. But Mycenaean monuments 
 (the tvfo gold signets and the stone tablet from My- 
 cenae, the engraved gem from Vaphio) show a dress 
 tightly fitting the upper portion of the body (fig. 4i) 
 and trimmed below the waist with flounces. It is 
 likely that the body of the garment was buttoned.^ 
 
 Fig. 44. Gold Signet from Mycenae 
 
 Although Schliemann found no trace of brooches in 
 the shaft-graves at Mycenae, yet the discovery by the 
 Greek Archaeological Society of three kinds of 
 brooches in the lower town may indicate that the 
 transition from the older dress seen on the monu- 
 ments to the garment fastened by the fibula occurred 
 during Mycenaean times. 
 
 iTsount.is ( 023. cil. p. 63.) suggests that several of the so- 
 called spindle whorls on account of their small size and fre- 
 quent occiircnco are to be regarded as buttons. 
 
110 MYCENAEAN TROY 
 
 42. Disposition of the Dead.^ In the Mycenaean age 
 the dead were buried. This custom rested upon the 
 primitive cultus of the dead. In Homer, on the other 
 hand, the dead were burned on a funeral pile, and a 
 mound erected in their honor, an insignificant mark 
 of respect (ye'pas Oavovrwv) compared with the Myce- 
 naean method of burial. Traces of the divine regard 
 in which the dead were held in Mycenaean times are 
 surely manifest in the magnificent funeral celebration 
 which Achilles prepared for Patroclus. The slaying 
 of the twelve noble youths by Achilles at the funeral 
 of his friend is based on the soul cultus of the past 
 time. It seems likely that the bodies buried in the 
 shaft-graves at Mycenae were embalmed in a sort of 
 crude way. To this custom, apparently, points the 
 expression rap^f.w (''bury"), occurring three times in 
 the Iliad, and probably, like Tapi;)(£vetv, originally hav- 
 ing reference to the preservation of the body.^ 
 
 43. The Homeric Troy. In consequence of the 
 clear connection between the earlier parts of the 
 
 ^ Heinrich, Troja l^ei Homer nnd in der Wirklichkeit, pp. 
 27-39. Cf. Tsountas and Manatt, The Mycenaean Age, pp. 
 9.5-96, 136-139, 364-365 ; Ridgeway, Early Age in Greece, 
 Vol. I, pp. 338-339. 
 
 ^Professor Ridgeway (Early Age of Greece, Vol. I, pp. 337 ff .) 
 has advanced the hypothesis that the Homeric Achacans came 
 from the north, and possessed a civilization to which the term 
 EaUstait has been applied, from that Alpine region where 
 traces of this cnlture are still found; that these "fair-haired" 
 people of the north pressed into the Peloponnesus and min- 
 gled with the Mycenaean race. In this way Professor Ridge- 
 way endeavors to explain the blending of the two civiliza- 
 tions — the Mycenaean and the Achaean — which he believes 
 appear in the Homeric poems. 
 
THE MYCENAEAN AGE AND HOMERIC POEMS 111 
 
 Homeric poems and Mycenaean times, it must be 
 admitted that of all the settlements on Hissarlik, only 
 that one which shows that it has come in touch with 
 Mycenaean civilization can lay claim to the title of 
 Homeric Troy. Suc:h a city was our fortress with its 
 huge walls, towers, gates, and inner buildings — a city 
 which before its destruction had at least commercial 
 relations with the people bearing the civilization 
 which has been briefly descrilted. 
 
VANDERBILT ORIExNTAL SERIES 
 
 EDITED BY PROFESSORS 
 
 HERBERT GUSHING TOLMAN, Ph.D., D D. 
 
 AND 
 
 JAMES HENRY STEVENSON, Ph.D. 
 
 INDEX TO THE CHANDOGYA UPANISHAD [Ready) 
 
 By Charles Edgar Little, Pn.D. 
 
 THE CHANDOGYA UPANISHAD (Nearly Ready) 
 
 Translated by C. E. Little 
 
 THE TEXT OF THE CHANDOGYA UPANISHAD 
 
 Edited by C. E. Little 
 
 INDEX OF RITES TO THE GKIHYA SUTKAS 
 
 By H. C. TOLMAN 
 
 OUTLINE OF VEDIC MYTHOLOGY 
 
 By H. C. TOLMAN 
 
 ASSYRIAN AND BABYLONIAN CONTRACTS (Tvith Aramaic 
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 By J. H. Stevenson 
 
 HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY AND DECIPHERMENT OF 
 THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 By J. H. Stevenson 
 
 FINAL CLAUSES IN THE SEPTTTAGINT {Nearly Ready) 
 
 By John Wesley Eice, Ph.D. 
 
 HEBREW SYTNfONYMS 
 
 By Dr. Isidore Lewinthal 
 
 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPaiENX OF THE JEWISH SYNAGOGUE 
 
 By Isidore Le\¥inth.\l 
 
 HERODOTUS AND THE EMPIRES OF THE BAST. Based on 
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 By the Editors 
 
 THE BOOK OF SAMUEL. Text, Vocabulary, and Grammatical, 
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 By .J. H. Stevenson 
 
 THE MYCENAEAN ARMOR. Based on tlie Recent Conclusions of 
 Reichul and Robert 
 
 By Benjamin Magrudee Dr.vke, Ph.D. 
 
 HOMERIC LIFJ:. By Professor Edmund Weissenborn. (Ready) 
 Translated by Gilbert Campbell Scoggin', M.A., arid 
 Charles Gray' Burkitt, M.A. 
 
 MYCENAEAN TROY. Based on Diirpfcld's Excavations in Ibo Sixth 
 of tile Nine Buried Cities at Hissarlik 
 
 By H. C. ToLMAN and (i. C. Sooggin 
 
 THE RIG VEDA. Part I. The A^vin Hymns 
 
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