U4A4 Cornell University Library HD 9486.U4A4 1905 Census of manufactures: 1905.Agricultura 3 1924 013 775 154 '« Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013775154 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR BUREAU OF THE CENSUS S. N. D. 'NORTH, DIRECTOR BULLETIN 75 CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES: 1905 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ■ 1907 CENSUS BULLETINS. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 25. 26. 28. 29. 30. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 1. Geographical distribution of population. 2. Quantity of cotton ginned in the United States (crops of 1899 to 1902, inclusive). 3. Street and electric railways. 4. A discussion of increase of population. 5. Central electric light and power stations. 6. Mineral industries of Porto Rico. 7. Estimates of population of the larger cities of the United States 46, for 1901, 1902, and 1903. 47 8. Negroes in the United States. 48. 9. Mines and quarries. Quantity of cotton ginned in the United States (crops of 1899 49. to 1903, inclusive). Municipal electric fire alarm and police patrol systems. 50, The executive civil service o^ the United States. 51 A discussion of age statistics. 52. Proportion of the sexes in the United States. 53. A discussion of the vital statistics of the Twelfth Census. 54. Irrigation in the United States: 1902. 55 Telephones and telegraphs: 1902. 56 Census of manufactures: 1904. Michigan. 57 Quantity of cotton ginned in the United States (crops of 1900 58 to 1904, inclusive). 59 Statistics of cities having a population of over 25,000: 1902 and 60 1903. 61 Commercial valuation of railway operating property in the United States: 1904. 62 22. Proportion of children in the United States. 63 23. Census statistics of teachers. 24. Insular and municipal finances in Porto Rico for the fiscal year 1902-3. /^ / cy f^~^%- American cotton supply and its distribution for the year end- ing August 31, 1905. Illiteracy in the United States. 27. Census of manufactures: 1905. Maryland and District of Columbia. Census of manufactures: 1905. Kansas. Census of manufactures: 1905. Nebraska. Census of manufactures: 1905. Arizona, Indian Territory, Now Mexico, and Oklahoma. 31. Census of manufactures: 1905. Delaware. 32. Census of manufactures: 1905. Iowa. 33. Census of manufactures: 1905. Florida. Census of manufactures: 1905. Montana, Nort Dakota, and Wyoming. Census of manufactures: 1905.^Jiftgsouri and Arkansas. Census of manufactures: 1905. Rhode Island? Census of manufactures: 1905. Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, and 75 Utah. 76 Census of manufactures: 1905. Indiana. 77 Census of manufactures: 1905. North Carolina and South 78, Carolina. Note.— Bulletins in this list may bo obtained upon Cotton production and statistics of cottonseed products: 1905. Census of manufactures: 1905. New Hampshire and Vermont. Connecticut. Alabama. Virginia and West Virginia, population of 8,000 to 25,000: Census of manufactures: 1905. Census of manufactures: 1905. Census of manufactures: 1905. Statistics of cities having a 1908. Census of manufactures: 1905. Census of manufactures: 1905. Minnesota. Kentucky and Tennessee. Census of manufactures: 1905. Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Census of manufactures: 1905. California, Oregon, and Wash- ington. Statistics of cities having a population of over 30,000: 1904. Census of manufactures: 1905. Maine. fcota. South Census of manufactures: 1905. Census of manufactures: 1905. Census of manufactures: 1905. Census of manufactures: 1905. Census of manufactures: 1905. Census of manufactures: 1905. Census of manufactures: 1905. Census of manufactures : 1905. Census of manufactures: 1905. Census of manufactures: 1905. Illinois. Massachusetts. New Jersey. Georgia. Wisconsin. United States. Ohio. New York. Pennsylvania. Canning and preserving, rice cleaning and polishing, and the manufacture of beet sugar. Census of manufactures; 1905. Glass and clay products. Supply and distribution of cotton for the year ending August 31, 1906. Census of manufactures: 1905. Butter, cheese, and condensed milk, flour and grist mill products, and starch. Census of manufactures: 1905. Coke. Census of manufactures: 1905. Automobiles and bicycles and tricycles. Census of manufactures: 1905. Metal working machinery. Child labor in the District of Columbia. Child labor in the United States. Census of manufactures;^'©©?: iPetroleum refining. Estimat^gS,rfiip9jrtriatwri: 1904, 1905, 1906. of manufactures: 1905. Boots and shoes, leather, and leather gloves and mittens. Census of manufactures: 1905. Electrical machinery, appa- ratus, and supplies. Census of manufactures: 1905. Textiles (combined textiles, cotton manufactures, hosiery and knit goods, wool manu- factures, silk manufactures, flax, hemp, and jute products, and dyeing and finishing textiles). Census of manufactures: 1905. Agricultural implements. Cotton production: 1906. Census of manufactures: 1905. Lumber and timber products. Census of manufactures: 1905. Iron and steel and tin and teme plate, application to the Director of the Census. CONTENTS. Table 1. — Comparative summary, with pgr cent of increase: 1850 to 1905 7 The industry by geographic divisions 9 Table 2. — Per cent distribution of establishments, capital, and value of products, with per cent of increase, by geographic divisions: 1905 and 1900 1 '. ,... 9 The industry, by states 9 Table 3. — Comparative summary, by states and geographic divisions: 1905 and 1900 9 Eank of the three states leading in value of products in 1905: 1850 to 1905 11 The industry in cities 12 Table 4. — Summary for cities having a population in 1900 of 20,000 or over: 1905 12 Products 12 Table 5. — Number and kind of principal agricultural implements manufactured, by states: 1905 13 Table 6.— Kind and value of products, by states: 1905... 13 Table 7. — Comparative summary — number and kind of agricultural implements manufactured: 1870 to 1905 14 Table 8. — Number of establishments reporting each kind of implement, with the total number manufattured: 1905 15 Table 9. — Industries manufacturing agricultural implements as a minor product, with number of establishments and value of such products, by kinds: 1905 16 Table 10. — Establishments manufacturing agricultural implements as a minor product, and value of such products, by states: 1905 1 16 Power 17 Table 11. — Power — comparative summary, with per cent each kind is of the total: 1905 and 1900 17 Patents in relation to agricultural implements 17 Table 12.— Patents granted to June 5, 1906 17 Exports - 17 Table 13. — Value of exports of agricultural implements: years ending June 30, 1900 to 1905 17 Table 14. — Agricultural implements— detailed summary, by states: 1905 20 MAPS. AND DIAGRAMS. Map 1. — States having products valued at 1100,000 and over: 1905 .' 11 Map 2. — States having products valued at $100,000 and over: 1900 11 Diagram 1. — Comparative growth of the value of products, by geographic divisions: 1850 to 1905 8 Diagram 2. — Growth of the total value of exports and of total value of exports to specified countries: 1890 to 1905 .• 18 (3) LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR, BUKEAU OF THE CeNSUS, Washington, D. 0., August S, 1907. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a bulletin on the manufacture of agricultural implements, prepared in the Bureau of the Census under the supervision of Mr. William M. Steuart, chief statistician for manufactures. This bulletin forms a part of the census of manufactures of 1905, which was taken in conformity with the requirements of the act of Congress of March 6, 1902. The statistics cover the calendar year ending December 31, 1904, with the exception of those foj the state of Michigan, which relate to the year ending June 30, 1904. The census of Michigan was taken in collaboration with the state authorities, and the census year for that state was adjusted, in compliance, with the act of Congress of March 1, 1904, to meet the requirements of the state laws. The schedule used in collecting the statistics for the census of 1905 was identical in all essential details with that used in 1900, and comparison can be made with all of the items of the two censuses. The schedule for the census of 1900, however, differed in some respects from those used at prior censuses. Comparisons, however, can be made with all of the items of inquiry except those relating to capital, salaried officials, clerks, etc., and their salaries, the average number of employees, and the total amount of wages paid. Live capital — that is, cash on hand, bills receivable, unsettled ledger accounts, raw materials, stock in process of manufacture, finished products on hand, and other sundries — was first called for at the census of 1890. No definite attempt was made, prior to the census of 1890, to secure a return of live capital invested. Changes were made at the census of 1900 in the inquiries relating to employees and wages in order to eliminate defects found to exist in the form of inquiry adopted in 1890. At the census of 1890 the average number of persons employed during the entire year was called for, and also the average number employed at stated weekly rates of pay, and the average number was computed for the actual time the establishments were reported as being in operation. At the census of 1900 the greatest and least numbers of employees were reported, and also the average number employed during each month of the year. The average number of wage-earners (men, women, and children) employed during the entire year was ascertained by using 12, the number of calendar months, as a divisor into the total of the average numbers reported for each month. This difference in the method of ascertaining the average number of wage-earners during the entire year may have resulted in a variation in the number, and should be considered in making comparisons. At the census of 1890 the number and salaries of proprietors and firm members actively engaged in the business or in supervision were reported, combined with clerks and other officials. In cases where proprietors and firm members were reported without salaries the amount that would ordinarily be paid for similar services was estimated. At the census of 1900 only the number of proprietors and firm members actively engaged in the industry or in supervision was ascertained, and no salaries were reported for this class. It is therefore impossible to compare the number and salaries of salaried officials of any character for the two censuses. Furthermore, the schedules for 1890 included in the wage-earning class overseers, foremen, and superin- tendents (not general superintendents or managers), while the census of 1900 separates from the wage-earning class such salaried employees as general superintendents, clerks, and salesmen. It is possible and probable that this change in the form of the question has resulted in eliminating from the wage-earners, as reported by the present census, many high-salaried employees included in that group for the census of 1890. With the exception of several other changes of a minor character in the special features of the schedule, the investi- gation has been conducted along the lines followed at the census of 1890. Very respectfull)'^. Hon. Oscar S. Straits, Secretary of Commerce and Labor. (5) AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. The statistics of the manufacture of agricultural im- plements extend over half a century. They include the number and value of implements used for tilling the soil, sowing or planting the seed, harvesting, and preparing the crop for the market. The importance of this industry is shown by the value of farm implements and machinery in use on the farms of the United States which in 1904 reached the sum of $844,989,863,1 a gain of nearly $100,000,000 since 1900. The invention and perfection of machin- ery for use in connection with agriculture have revo- lutionized farming in the United States, and thus have exercised a far-reaching influence upon the economic conditions of the nation. Moreover, a large propor- tion of the labor-saving devices in use in the year 1905 upon farms in all parts of the globe were of American design and manufacture. But in spite of the wide ex- tent of its market, the area of significant product within the United States is relatively small. At the outset the industry was widely distributed in small shops over the country. The implements used ' Bureau of the Census, Report on Wealth, Debt, and Taxation, page 37. were of simple construction, and their manufacture required little capital. With the progress in agricul- ture the demand grew for labor-saving devices. The increased cost of producing such machinery required increased capital, and to make the industry pay under present conditions, extensive and particularly expen- sive exploitation has been necessary. Indeed, the requirement for a large and increasing proportion of capital to product is now a marked characteristic of the industry. The manufacture of agricultural implements is so closely allied to that of foundry and machine shop products that some establishments classified as " agri cultural implements" at one census so change the character of their products as to come entirely or principally under " foundry and machine shop prod- ucts " at a succeeding census, and thus drop out of the class in which they had been previously included. Such changes should be considered in comparing the statistics for the different censuses. Table 1 presents the leading facts of the industry for each census from 1850 to 1905. Table 1.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, WITH PER CENT OF INCREASE: 1850 TO 1905. Number of establiahments Capital Salaried officials, clerks, etc., num- ber Salaries Wage-earners, average number. . . Total wages Men 16 years and over Women 16 years and over. Wages Children under 16 years. . . Miscellaneous expenses. Cost oi materials used. . Value of products 648 8196,740,700 7,199 $7,572,646 47,394 S25,002,650 46,631 124,777,846 679 S191,308 184 $33,496 $15,178,098 $48,281,406 $112,007,344 715 $157,707,951 1900 10, $8,363, 46, $22,450, 46, $22,358, 826, $11,394, $43,944, $101,207, 1S90 910 $145,313,997 3,717 704,667 38,827 107,094 38,327 998,650 =$3, $18, $17, $75,553 212 132,891 129,548 603,265 271,651 1880 1,943 $62,109,668 W 39,580 $15,359,610 38,313 (*) 73 1,194 (<) $31,531,170 $68,640,486 1870 2,076 $34,834,600 (*) (<) 25,249 $12,151,504 24,634 (.<) 12 m 603 m $21,473,925 852,066,875 1860 2,116 $13,866,389 W W 17,093 85,925,177 17,086 W 7 (<) m (') (') 36,993,162 $20,831,904 1850 1,333 $3,564,202 W (*) 7,220 82,167,868 7,211 9 C) 82,445,765 $6,842,611 1900 to 1905 29.4 24.8 228.3 29.6 1.7 11.4 1.0 10.8 170.6 189.7 26.2 26.5 33.2 9.9 10.7 PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1890 to 1900 221.4 8.5 170.3 125.7 20.0 24.0 20.5 24.2 225.7 n2.6 28.5 218.9 2.4 39.1 24.5 1880 to 1890 253.2 134.0 21.9 17.9 (?) 294.5 2 82.' 2 0.2 18.4 1870 to 1880 26.4 78.3 56.8 26.4 56.5 608.3 "98!d' 46.8 31.8 1860 to 1870 21.9 151.2 47.7 105.1 44.2 71.4 207.1 149.9 1850 to 1860 68.7 289.0 136.7 173.3 136.9 185.9 204.4 1 Exclusive of the statistics of 93 establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of otherproducts. These establishments made agricultural implements to the value of $1,349,679. ' Includes proprietors and firm members, with their salaries; number only reported in 1905 and 1900, but not included in this table. * Not reported separately. • 6 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. • Not reported. (7) 8 The number of establishments has steadily decreased since 1860 until in 1905 there were less than half the number reported in 1850. To some extent this re- duction is accounted for by the changes in classifica- tion, but a more important reason is undoubtedly the absorption of small establishments by large ones. Diagram 1. — Comparative growth of the value of products, by geo- graphic divisions: 1850 to 1905. 900 1906 SOUTH ATLANTIC. WESTERN.- With increased transportation facilities which bring the products of the great factories within easy reach of the farmer, many small shops which were formerly equal to supplying all local demands, have been either driven out of business or absorbed by larger establishments. Coincident with the decrease in establishments there has been a steady increase in capital. Between 1850 and 1905 capital increased over fiftyfold. This in- crease is explained in part by the different methods of reporting capital employed at various censuses. Live capital — cash on hand, bills receivable, material and stock on hand, etc. -was first reported at the census of 1890. In all discussion of capital this fact should not be overlooked. The decrease in the number of establishments and the increase in the capital invested, number of persons employed, and value of products indicate a concen- tration of the industry. The centraHzing tendency is further illustratpd by the fact that the average capital invested and the average value of products per establishment increased from $2,674 and $5,133, respectively, at the census of 1850, to $303,612 and $172,850 at the census of 1905. It is probable that the tendency shown toward in- creasing cost of materials is in part the result of change in the character of the principal material, rather than an increase in quantity. Wood was super- seded by iron, and that in turn by steel. Further- more, prices of the same material fluctuated from year to year, so that only the most general deductions can be made from the returns for cost of materials. ^ Value of products showed no change commensurate with those recorded in number of establishments. The value of products of the industry in 1905 was approximately sixteen times that of 1850. In the last thirty-five years the value of products has in- creased moderately but steadily. From 1900 to 1905, computed on the decade basis, the percentage of in- crease was slightly less than during the previous dec- ade. It must be remembered, however, that the value of products in many industries has become so large that a small percentage often represents a great ab- solute increase. The current expenditure per dollar of product — that is, salaries, wages, miscellaneous expenses, and cost of materials — ^has increased from 79 cents in 1890 to 85 cents in 1900 and 86 cents in 1905. Prior to 1890the only items of current expenditures reported separately were wages and material. The amount thus expended per dollar of product was singularly uniform through- out the thirty years — 67 cents in 1850, 62 cents in 1860, 65 cents in 1870, and 68 cents in 1880. The following tabular statement shows the average value of products per establishment from 1850 to 1905: AVERAGE VALTIE OF PROD- UCTS PER ESTABLISHMENT. Amount. Per cent of increase. 1905 $172,850.84 141,548.85 89,309.51 35,327.06 25,080.38 9,844.95 5,133.24 22 1 1900 58.5 1890 " "■ 152.8 1880 40 9 1870 1860 91 8 1850 TTie indtistry ly geographic divisions. — The distri- bution of the returns by geographic divisions of states brings out in a striking way the localization of the industry; this is shown in Table 2. .Table 2.— PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHMENTS, CAPITAL, AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS, WITH PER CENT OF INCREASE, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1905 AND 1900. ESTABLISHMENTS. CAPITAL. VALUE 01' PE0DUCT3. DIVISION. Per cent of total. Per cent of in- crease. Per cent of total. Per cent of in- crease. Per cent of total. Per cent of in- 1905 1900 1905 1900 1905 1900 crease. UnltedStates 100.0 100.0 J 9.4 100.0 100.0 24.8 100.0 100.0 10.7 North Atlantic 26.4 7.2 67.6 4.3 4.5 29a 6.7 57.6 4.1 3.5 117.8 14.6 19.5 13>4 16.0 16.9 0.7 80.6 1.5 1.3 16.9 0.7 79.7 1.4 1.3 17.3 20.8 26.2 31.7 24.3 17.9 1.5 76.1 2.9 1.6 15.3 1.2 80.1 1.9 1.5 30.0 South Atlantic , 33.3 North Central 5.2 South Central 69.3 Western 15.9 The predominance of the North Central division in both 1900 and 1905 is very marked. The only division which in any degree competes with it is the North Atlantic. The latter, although it did not contribute one-fourth as much to the total value of product, in- creased from 1900 to 1905 at a rate about six times that of the North Central division. The North Atlantic and the South Central divisions gained slightly in their proportion of products, at the expense of the leading group. The industry, hy states. — Centralization is further emphasized when the contribution of each state to the total is seen. Table 3 is a comparative summary, by states and geographic divisions, for 1900 and 1905. Table 3.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1905 AND 1900. Census. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Capital. SALARIED OFFICIALS, CLERKS, ETC. TVAGE-EARNERS AND WAGES. Miscellane- ous expenses. Cost of ma- terials used. Value of Number. Salaries. Average number. Wages. products. United States 1906 ISOO 1905 1900 1906 1900 1905 1900 1906 1900 1906 1900 1905 1900 1£05 1900 1905 1900 1605 1900 1905 1900 1905 1900 1906 1900 1906 1900 1906 1900 11905 21900 648 715 S196,740,700 157,707,961 7,199 10,046 $7,572,646 8,363,210 47,394 46,582 $25,002,650 22,460,880 $16,178,098 11,394,656 $48,281,406 43,944,628 $112,007,344 101,207,428 171 208 31,327,403 26,703,466 1,280 973 1,175,095 967,287 9,921 8,202 4,944,1,59 3,969,712 2,094,653 1,166,856 8, 511, COO 6,749,331 20,087,471 15,464,912 13 17 8 12 10 17 9 9 3 5 76 87 10 11 43 60 47 41 393,869 584,247 62,100 112,003 490,725 484,277 731,710 706,472 320,374 348,221 23,436,429 20,115,962 432,195 249,957 5,460,011 4,102,327 1,272,265 1,053,020 19 27 3 4 23 24 27 35 17 19 934 659 37 8 220 197 64 59 12,700 17,195 2,200 2,300 31,084 18,267 36,804 45,358 17,148 13,330 809,322 675,999 40,005 11,289 226,832 183,549 73,694 66,692 153 218 45 45 247 211 418 312 181 154 6,279 6,651 204 147 2,394 1,564 1,024 •761 77,471 100,033 24,767 16,626 113,624 85,846 212,586 159,700 81,698 62,111 3; 240, 885 2,797,269 89,787 60,083 1,103.441 688; 044 324,658 234,197 20, 140 28,430 4,449 3,485 41,559 15,909 63,564 44,677 16,253 9,961 1,329,244 833,948 53,082 23,827 566,272 196,719 105,183 64,242 76,585 98,197 13,568 22,364 182,403 163,515 262,036 216, 313 117,420 76,132 6,678,339 4,824,871 117,696 115,697 2,074,973 1,232,242 852,255 623,000 205,660 290,261 61,860 79,891 441,671 369,637 654,051 634,789 269,743 194,746 13,046,891 10,637,254 391,926 249,963 5,016,679 3,198,471 1,619,366 1,214,866 11 13 13 9 4 5 16 10 3 4 329,900 472,863 116,736 77,537 13,351 14,676 792,004 454,988 20,175 33,057 21 29 8 7 20,220 21,738 9,250 3,970 314 278 107 91 12 10 S84 360 7 12 115,727 107,980 30,883 20,169 4,065 2,606 170,723 99,951 3,260 3,491 20,640 26,183 5,108 1,971 6,794 931 71,728 33,864 913 1,293 182,433 128,434 50,950 41,047 12,635 6,394 601,894 437,799 4,343 10,326 404,281 "NTorth Carolina . 343,291 126,865 99,128 34,932 14,090 36 23 44,124 30,884 1,039,671 737,652 13,617 20,705 1 Includes 2 Includes r.603— Bull 75—07 2 establishments distributed as establisliments distributed a follows: Maryland, 2; s follows: Delaware, 1: West Virginia, 1. Maryland, 2; West Virginia, 1. 10 Table 3.-C0MPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1905 AND 1900-Continued. Census. Num- ber ol estab- lish- ments. Capital. SALARIED OFFICIALS, CLEBKS, ETC. ■WAGE-EARNERS AND WAGES. Miscellane- ous expenses. Cost of ma- terials used. Value of products. 1 Number. Salaries. Average number. Wages. North Centra! division 1906 1900 1905 1900 1906 1900 1905 1900 1905 1900 1906 1900 1905 IGOO 1C06 1900 1S05 IGOO 1906 1900 1906 1900 11905 nooo 1905 1900 1905 1900 1905 1900 1905 8 1900 1905 1900 *1906 1905 1900 1906 1900 5 1908 = 1900 373 412 S::s,3i0,i)27 125,638,588 5, .579 8,785 $6,007,792 7,086,506 34,167 36,913 $18,617,027 17,467,911 $12,384,957 9,865,933 $36,561,634 35,209,845 $86,277,440 81,098,474 Ohio 71 78 41 45 82 94 42 69 52 61 21 18 30 24 21 26 3 9 7 4 3 4 28 29 24,301,986 23,628,442 14,523,167 8,324,664 71,383,289 62,202,330 14,342,106 8,932,344 20,837,996 15,291,564 7,793,316 3,730,056 3,319,102 1,878,090 1,299,575 1,412,166 134,600 184,081 629, 439 19,760 46,362 35,213 2,996,365 2,274,794 918 1,688 389 518 1,929 4,444 713 620 1,017 1,180 249 182 231 164 89 81 11 11 32 6 1 1 176 140 1,001,714 1,368,775 466,156 489,649 2,162,293 3,419,742 678,309 548,763 1,050,112 836,316 319,375 189,832 204,277 123, 472 93,161 101,977 6,000 6,705 35,705 1,075 690 200 201,686 169,086 5,059 6,862 3,643 3,419 15,359 18,231 3,164 1,944 3,669 3,289 1,176 928 1,027 644 525 493 26 87 106 11 15 15 1,724 1,102 2,909,540 3,271,163 1,840,609 1,593,881 8,851,404 9,064,954 1,685,677 962,636 1,885,776 1,625,766 637,232 423,064 469,690 243,489 261,116 242,307 15,025 41,128 52,181 2,460 8,778 7,074 711,643 428,630 1,650,747 1,483,605 1,594,048 696,463 3,960,647 5,346)224 1,902,405 1,329,530 2,278,736 699,865 541,739 241,388 337,149 96,540 67,362 65,326 6,674 4,646 52,124 856 3,428 1,491 427,575 184,932 5,692,218 6,059,515 2,975,468 2,619,621 17,750,852 18,859,617 3,497,210 2,482,235 3,519,856 3,290,690 1,089,641 718, 604 1,366,712 669,989 452,056 406,977 13.686 82,866 204,622 10,819 9,313 9,022 1,547,396 752.712 12,891,197 8,060,675 Illinois 38,412,462 42, 033j 796 8,719,719 6, 339, 508 10,076,760 7,886,363 2.885,065 1,763,780 2,692,212 Missouri 1,508,667 1,068,008 Nebraska * . 963,965 46,000 176,446 395,262 Not distributed by states 18,275 » 30,200 27,325 3,289,646 1,942,840 6 9 12 11 3 4 4 5 3 29 25 1,898,666 1,736,595 756,812 417,689 38,660 63,875 147,271 67,636 164,966 2,533,750 2,038,083 129 95 ,34 38 135,092 124,720 60,593 35,066 970 680 613 373 22 21 47 28 72 558 614 438, 101 300,106 216,306 113,425 8,310 4,680 23,943 10,419 24,983 405,163 350,430 316,892 148,009 65,203 12,170 1,203 825 36,402 23,928 7,876 165,830 122,693 1,091,345 466,193 314,279 201,712 13,630 18,236 74,233 66,672 63,908 808,322 609,740 2,190,917 1,320,714 768,895 463,406 38,000 2 8 5 6 100 89 1,360 9,400 7,950 6,600 114,580 83,740 41,350 187,134 117,370 104,600 1,733,521 1,496,336 California 25 20 4 5 2,240,143 1,852,167 293,607 185,926 87 81 13 8 99,440 74,900 15, 140 8,840 479 562 79 52 348,531 322,272 66,632 28,158 122,986 106,011 42,844 16,682 723, f 02 638, 668 84,420 71,172 1,483,746 1,357,849 249, 776 138,487 1 Includes establishments distributed as follows: North Dakota, 1: South Dakota, 2. 2 Includes establishments distributed as follows: North Dakota, 1; South Dakota, 3. 8 Includes 1 establishment in Alabama. * Includes establishments distributed as follows: Alabama. 2; Arkansas, 1. & Includes establishments distributed as follows: Colorado, 1; Utah, 1; Washington, 1; Oregon, 1. fi Includes establishments distributed as follows: Colorado, 1; Utah, 2; Washington, 2. Of the 37 states engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements in 1905, 23 have re- ported manufactures at each of the seven censuses since 1850, and 4 others — California, Kansas, Minne- sota, and Texas — since 1860. In the 10 remaining states the industry has maintained an " irregular ex- istence. In 1880 only 12 states reported products valued at over $1,000,000 each. All of these except Massa- chusetts and Missouri have continued in the same class, and 4 — Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Penn- .sylvania — wthin twenty-five years have raised their contribution beyond the $5,000,000 mark. New York has been prominent at every census since 1850, but after 1860 it ceased to be preeminent. In 1905, how- ever. New York reported a gain of $2,508,637 coin- cident with Illinois' loss of $3,621,344. In 1 905, 24 states having products valued at more than $100,000, contributed 99.6 per cent of the total value of products; 6, having products valued at between $1,000,000 and $5,000,000, 10.1 per cent; and 7, whose products passed the $5,000,000 mark, 85.9 per cent. Of the last 7, Illinois, New York, and Ohio contributed 57.5 per cent, and Illinois alone 34.3 to the total output. From Map 1 it will be observed that with the ex- ception of California and Georgia the states reporting in 1905 a product valued at less than $5,000,000 but more than $1,000,000 border on the states reporting highest production, bounding these on the south and west. Georgia has passed the $1,000,000 mark since 11 1900, having become a center for the South as Cali- fornia became for the West. In addition to a decrease in the value of products in two of the leading states^-Ohio and Illinois — there has been a decrease since 1900 in Maine, New Hamp- shire, and Nebraska. These last states, however, re- port a comparatively insignificant output. Rank of the three states leading in value of products in 1905: 1850 to 1905. STATE. 1905 ■ 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1 2 3 1 3 2 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 2 1 3 1 2 4 New York. 1 Ohio 5 Map 1.— states HAVING PRODUCTS VALUED AT $100,000 AND OVER: 1905. J*»^r-- S f— f^- r-^ . - ] r\ \ ' ^.^ 1 i 1 =i — .-«.^ 1 1 I I Less than $100,000. I I $100,000 but less than $1,000,000. ^^^ $1,000,000 but less than $5,000,000. Qfji $5,000,000 and over. ^ Map 2.— states HAVING PRODUCTS VALUED AT $100,000 AND OVER: 1900. (^r"~---. ^ L_r I I Less than $100,000. I I $100,000 but less than $1,000,000. (^^^ $1,000,000 but less than $5,000,000. ^fl $5,000,000 and over. 12 The three states which led in 1860 — New York, Ohio, and Ilhnois — were still the largest producers in 1905. They have each in turn held the lead, but Illinois out- stripped Ohio in 1890, and made such rapid strides that it now far outdistances all others in value of products. The central location of Illinois and its proximity to the rich prairie farms of the central West is probably the primary cause of its preeminence. It is unlikely that the decrease reported in 1905 in lUinois is more than temporary, since the decrease of $3,621,344 in value of products between 1900 and 1905 is due primarily to the fact that many of the largest plants had an unused production, or " carryover," at the close of the season of 1903 almost twice as large as that of any other year in their'history. This resulted in a great decrease in production in 1904, the year covered by the census figures. Xew centers of manufacture have appeared since 1 900 in Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, and Tennessee. The greatest advance has been in Kansas, where the value of products has increased more than twentyfold. In Iowa, the value of products has increased 78.4 per cent; in Minnesota, 63.6 per cent; and in Tennessee, 65.9 per cent. The industry in cities. — In the report upon this in- dustry at the census of 1900 a table was presented sum- marizing the returns for the cities in which this indus- try was an important factor. Table 4 presents the main statistics of the industry, as reported at the census of 1905, in cities of 20,000 population or over. The remarkable consolidation which has been in progress renders it necessary to include several of the cities shown in 1900 with "all other cities" in 1905. Table 4.— SUMMARY FOR CITIES HAVING A POPULATION IX 1900 OF 20,000 OR OVER: 1905. Total Canton, Ohio Dayton, Ohio Decatur, 111 Detroit, Mich Evansville, Ind Indianapolis, Ind . . Kansas City, Mo . . . La Crosse, Wis Minneapolis, Minn Moline,llli Norfolk, Va Peoria, 111 Quincy, 111 Eaeine, Wis Rock£ord,Ill South Bend, Ind... Sprin^eld, Ohio. . York, Pa All other cities 2 . . . Number of estab- lish- ments. Capital. J114,539,659 2,421.469 1,778.76a 839, 182 848,282 466,223 324, 744 375, 924 904,660 371,775 18, 218, 130 171,286 4, 615, 744 312, 921 12,090,893 970, 274 2, 636, 883 11,463,619 1,475,441 54, 773, 55; i7 i SALABIED OFFICIALS, CLEEKS, ETC. Number. 3,916 67 47 20 98 27 28 26 34 31 258 10 155 26 705 32 122 332 76 1,822 Salaries. WAGE-EAENEES AND ■fl'AGES. ! Average number. $4,168,950 75, 795 54,211 23,466 82,256 28,940 26,250 36,370 40,599 28,690 408,529 9,890 196, 814 26, 876 682, 106 35,990 163,635 376,339 71,414 1,801,781 26, 867 525 359 120 255 179 86 113 256 148 2,199 163 946 152 1,486 386 L559 1,746 809 15,381 Wages. 814,498,687 238,644 187,937 63,353 121,379 91,564 39,928 59,526 lia, 691 69,900 1,363,187 57,916 660,953 72,569 807,611 219,740 866,488 946, 051 318, 953 8,315,207 Miscella- neous expenses. 87,527,340 173, 366 180, 648 18.004 261,143 32, 360 34, 965 7,784 86, 329 36, 174 1,255,637 10, 559 276, 546 47,121 1, 737, 228 266,286 261^ 086 485; 777 116, 328 2,243,000 Cost of mate- rials used. 828,463,530 633,039 487,109 178, 882 433,719 172, 758 80,824 121, 182 260,956 177,649 4,129,411 ' 76, 365 1,007,653 148,207 1,391077 631^022 1, 158, 664 1,783,390 637, 246 15, 048, 378 Value of products. 863,787,418 1, 154, 239 1,014,321 326, 183 939, 657 402,880 242,339 303,648 642,425 387,834 8,347,014 199,392 2, 309, 962 343,865 5,177,079 1,161,036 2,744,001 4, 051, 167 1,263,635 32,876,741 1 Population less than 20,000 in 1900, but the city is included in this table on account of its importance in the industry 2Inclndes establishments distributed as follows: Akron, Ohio, 1; Albany, N. Y., 1; Anderson, Ind., 1; Atlanta, Ga., 1- Auburn N Y 4- Bay City Mich 2- Binghamton, N. Y^., 1; Boston, Mass., 1; Buffalo, N. Y., 1; Cedar Kapids, Iowa, 1; Chattanooga, Tenn., 2; Chicago, 111., 6; Cleveland,' Ohio 'l' Columbus Ohio' 3' Of the establishments reported at the census of 1905, 26.5 per cent were located in the above cities. These plants returned 58.2 per cent of the entire capital invested in the industry and 56.9 per cent of the total value of products. The average capital per estab- lishment for these cities was $665,928, and the average value of products was $370,857, while for all agricul- tural work outside of these cities the average capital and the average value of products per establishment was $172,691 and $101,302, respectively. Chicago ranked first, but it has been included in "all other cities " in order not to disclose individual opera- tions. Auburn, N. Y. ; Columbus, Ohio; Louisville, Ky.; and Milwaukee, Wis., have also been so included for the same reason. The preeminence of Chicago is due chiefly to the extensive manufacture of harvesting machines, in which it leads all cities of the world. It also produced 69.4 per cent of the grain harvesters, 67.5 per cent of the.headers and binders, 61.5 per cent of the mowers, 58.8 per cent of the reapers, 20.7 per cent of the corn harvesters, and 46.2 per cent of the horse hayrakes manufactured in the United States. Although the population of Moline in 1900 was less than 20,000, the city is included in Table 4 on account of its importance in the industry, in which it ranks second. By far the greater value of its manufactures of agricultural implements was in implements of culti- vation, viz, 15,945,108, or 71.2 per cent of the total value of all agricultural implements manufactured in the city. Products. — Illinois leads in the production of most of the principal agricultural implements, some of the notable exceptions being horse hayforks, scythes, and thrashers. Of the fu-st, Ohio contributes almost the 13 whole product, but in the manufacture of scythes Maine leads, followed by New York. The scythe, in fact, appears to be a distinctively Eastern product, being contributed in 1905, entirely by Maine, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, and New Hampshire. Iowa, which had a small product in 1900, reported none in 1905. The manufacture of thrashers centers in Mich- igan and Wisconsin, which together contributed about one-third the total number, but in 1905 the former reported an increasing and the latter a decreasing product. Table 5 shows by states the number and kind of the principal agricultural implements reported at the census of 1905, The total value of products, classified according to Table 6.- kind, is shown by states in Table 6. NUMBER AND KIND OF PRINCIPAL AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS MANUFACTURED, BY STATES: 1905-. STATE. Cultiva- tors. Harrows. Hows. Planters and drills. Harvesters, headers, and binders. Horse hajiorks. Horse hayrakes. Mowers. Scythes. Thrashers, horsepower and steam- power. United States 555,720 453, 173 1,268,441 446,063 119,560 62,801 236,297 267, 692 705,025 10,187 California 599 100 9,364 192,122 10,489 7,836 3,615 10,000 718 2,951 26,663 667 4,000 4,789 167,798 1,808 2,115 800 2,000 212 1,280 26,291 3,134 450 455 2,362 700 130,463 268,787 265,258 6,197 2,309 1<0,847 1,248 4,431 25,058 1,713 415 626 71 264 2,190 371 1 8 79,026 Georgia 27,706 108,691 21,288 ■ 397 2,010 48,038 Tllmois 79,682 120,926 880 12,668 110 i:0,826 513 1,031 60 Iowa 499 105 1,075 1,673 ■K"o.Tiafl,s Mflinft 253,791 11 Massachusetts 1,293 106,173 3,267 2,500 1,232 1,000 942 378 496 1,565 2 Michigan 1,302 1,208 2,150 859 Miirnftsntfl. 930 , 8,600 9,411 MiRRn^i-n . 12,000 18 Nflw HftTiipsliiTw 295 65 90,802 4,010 125,611 48, 497 72,004 15,034 27,467 6,465 109,576 71,139 7,622 126,817 90 72,480 4,563 979 16,861 4,800 66,859 4,672 260 6,200 200 760 37 New York 22,292 39,844 57,919 240,204 700 Ohio 5,512 2 55,000 36,262 19,382 976 1,563 692 39,332 19, 191 2,080 31,248 43,115 3,791 30 60,000 203 Virffinia 5,900 33,641 5,240 5,260 29,255 725 1,950 19,815 7,594 25 2,988 11, 140 350 17,070 1,975 AH other states i 81 i Includes states as follows; Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Table 6.— KIND AND Maryland, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, West Virginia. VALUE OF PRODUCTS, BY STATES: 1905. STATE. Total value. Seeders and planters. Implements 01 culti- vation. Harvesting implements. Seed sepa- rators. Miscella- neous. AU other products Amount received foi* repair work, etc. $112,007,344 Sll,226,122 $30,607,960 $30,862,435 $6,639,883 $19,534,114 $11,169,534 $1,968,296 California 1,483,746 269,743 1,039,671 38,412,452 8, 060, .575 2,692,2)2 395,262 2,190,917 205,650 654,051 8,719,719 2,885,055 38,000 1,068,008 46,000 61,860 391,926 13,045,891 126, 866 12,891,197 6,016,679 34,932 768,895 187,134 441,671 404,281 10,076,760 398, 192 12,260 600 162,967 2,998,075 694,047 269,957 49,050 484,709 325 133,002 1,004,734 272,876 6,000 40,115 36,000 123, 717 226,662 424,580 12,273,939 3,346,696 497, 436 132,742 1,638,150 22,022 166,057 1,313,664 83,936 33,000 226,333 7,500 3,960 187,243 2,545,947 46,070 3,031,384 987,619 192 546,076 166,074 40,829 189,287 2, 219, 657 138,300 413,262 29,880 3,015 267,475 998 128,206 2,532,881 2,513,607 310,960 113,770 42,980 3,107 65,889 2,824,237 1,229,401 326,487 11,603 310,806 2,634,487 520,650 446,118 79,500 10,262 52,967 119, 807 1,463,419 382,460 337,530 5,875 915,095 718,575 277,189 760 9,766 2,600 14,968 1,479,173 636,246 7,247 Illinois. i6,874,4i3 138,533 868, 104 12,470 3,050 117,679 108,328 630,215 148,397 183,562 128,468 22,4.59 6,980 2,000 7,150 46,000 114,377 232,739 291,189 45,389 362,821 2,500 85,882 16,279 47,600 2,000 5,841,389 1,100 3,193,853 393,917 9,500 19,047 889,596 33,225 1,193,560 658,270 10,725 70,293 26,450 11,035 162,279 1,547,331 113,775 810 74,912 1,800,182 24,000 2,016,919 186,449 3,215 12,000 14,133 461,814 85,401 1,410,520 8,495 2,430,677 2,229,802 20,000 87,685 3,800 96,602 3,296 2,742,225 16,890 9,190 Kpw York 96,443 13, 975 Ohio 501,482 489,956 523,422 70,666 8C0 5,806 700 263,270 1,465 1,541,020 34,895 40,000 8,035 110 26,569 16,800 1,035,688 45,900 3,366 Virtrinin 32,225 911,438 75 8,930 79,401 48, 357 ' Includes states as follows : Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Maryland, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, West Virginia. 14 Implements of cultivation and harvesting, which together form more than one-half of the total value of products, are by far the most important classes, and are thus obviously the staple articles at the present time in this industry. It is of interest therefore to analyze the geographic location of these products. Seven states, all except Kentucky bordering the Great Lakes, reported approximately four-fifths of the value of implements of cultivation, and four — Illinois, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin — nine-tenths of the value of harvesting implements. These values combined represent nearly 50 per cent of the total value of prod- ucts. Unfortunately no comparison with 1900 is pos- sible as this segregation was not made at that census. It is from harvesting implements that Illinois derives supremacy in the industry, although this state also leads in value of products of implements of cultivation. New York and Illinois produced 73.6 per cent of the total value of harvesting implements manufactured. The preponderance of the value of these implements in the two leading states is noteworthy. It was the large value of this class of products in New York which enabled that state to outrank Ohio, since Ohio sur- passed New York in the value of every other class of implements produced. In value of implements of cultivation Indiana is second, closely followed by Ohio and New York. Kentucky, Michigan, and Wisconsin also passed the milhon dollar mark. Table 7 compares the number and kind of imple- ments manufactured as reported at each census from 1870 to 1905. Table 7. — Comparative summary — number and kind of agricultural implem,ents manufactured: 1870 to 1905. KIND. 1905 1900 1890 1880 1870 Beedera and planters: Planters — Bean 7,210 86,653 83,719 127,062 35,756 606 28,228 76,929 33,546 621 23,012 22,236 69,910 1,142 232 3,469 238,941 313,088 1,070 22,619 8,098 67,852 104, 323 348,850 331, 620 6,512 200 129,516 78 135 45,675 25,338 6,302 21,940 91,635 36,862 474 26,995 6,263 83,283 3,788 189 2,008 206,982 295,799 130 15,230 76,311 74,168 97,261 380,269 277,173 854 Corn- Hand . . 77,601 54,639 66,74S 68,691 21,709 19,288 2,000 Potato Drills- Beet Com Grain 44,830 16,728 43,222 32,033 Grain sowers Ifime spreaders iiisters 18,603 Manure spreaders 18.155 20,289 4,245 = 318,067 57,716 6,900 Tobacco trajisplanters. . . Implements ot cultivation: Cultivators — Beet 239,008 206,482 88,740 Wheeled Celery hillers 1 Cotton sweeps Harrows- Disk 53,980 214,986 254,814 9,150 135,139 Hoes, dozens . 299,338 Markers and furrowers . . 1 Classified as " fertilizer distributers." 2 Not reported separately. T.4.BLE 7. — Comparative summary — number and hind of agricultural implements manufactured: 1870 to 1905 — Ctontinued. 1905 190C Implements of cultivation- Continupd. Plows- Disk Shovel Steam Sulky or wheel AValking Potato coverers and hill- ers Rollers Stalk cutters Harvesting implements: Grain cradles Harvesters and binders and headers, grain . . . Harvesters — Bean Com , Other Hay carriers Hayforks — Hand, dozens Horse .' Hay loaders , Hayrakes — Hand, dozens Horse Hay stackers Hay tedders Mowers Mowers and reapers com- bined Potato diggers Potato hooks Reapers Scythes Scythe snaths Sickles Stackers Seed separators: Bean separators Other separators Clover hullers Corn buskers Comshellers- Hand Power Fanning nulls Thrashers- Horsepower Steampower Thrashers and sepa- rators combined. . , 39, 146 121, 899 1,699 138,899 966,898 2,938 22,188 16,146 30,056 108,810 6,924 3,161 86, 121 346,297 62,801 27, 174 76, 139 236,297 8,670 35,746 267, 692 5,693 11,703 139,940 60,996 706,025 699,636 247,716 845 727 12,109 351 1,327 47, 189 6,082 22,994 2,237 7,950 17, 345 102, 320 207 136, 105 819,022 3,052 12,590 13,425 36,163 233,642 1,426 20,707 6,283 64,303 152,840 51,770 7,273 68,013 216, 345 12,069 14, 510 397,561 1,065 21,033 20,860 35,945 718, 453 637,214 446,660 247 40 1,707 661 10,726 106,381 8,185 30,369 1,314 3,661 5,394 1890 67,286 1,182,059 5,168 21,605 84,222 125,942 1880 1,326,123 3,002 167,492 3,429 24,351 2 264,742 1,823 3,019 64,826 114,790 6,184 12, 176 170,893 15,681 4,816 8,834 796,400 511, 856 4,577 651 85,438 6,726 21,460 2,769 2,661 5,937 126,737 206,727 1870 864,947 4,803 103,646 3,666 8,967 308,732 95,626 2,334 72,090 54,920 33,453 35,327 1,244,264 ■ 437,178,^ 95,61^ 9,103 1,412 44,370 59,157 "ib/m no, 424 108,188 207, 310 80, 619 881,244 17,680 3,600 1,131 5,206 12,941 'i9,'772 >22,931 1 Harvesters of aU kinds, not reported separately. 2 Hay, manure, and spading forks, hand; not reported separately. 'Not reported separately. General comparisons only are possible with the re- ports previous to 1900, owing to the difference in the schedules used before and since that census. The heads and subheads in the table are those of the sched- ule of inquiry for the census of 1905, and are almost identical with those of the 1900 schedule. For these years, therefore, a fair comparison can be made. At the three earlier censuses, however, the form varied materially and was much less comprehensive. Articles were put under one head which in the later censuses came under two or more heads, and some implements, manufactured only on a small scale, were left out alto- gether. Moreover at the later censuses there was natu- rally a greater variety of implements. Comparison of these earlier censuses with the later ones is, therefore, often misleading. Horse corn planters increased steadily from 1890 to 1905, while the number of hand corn planters advanced from 18Y0 to 1900 and then declined. Of implements classed as seeders and planters, bean planters, cotton 15 planters, and manure spreaders have made the most marked gains since 1900, and of implements of cultiva- tion, beet cultivators, celery hillers, markers and fur- rowers, steam and disk plows, and rollers, the greatest proportional increase. Disk harrows show an increase over 1900, while all other varieties show a decline. The advance of over 54,000 dozens since 1900 in the number of hoes manufactured, indicates that no labor- saving device has yet been invented to supplant this simple and useful instrument. The more important harvesting implements show a decrease in number. The falling off in harvesters and mowers, however, should not be interpreted as in- dicating a decline in the use of such implements, for a greater number of improved harvesting machines are in use to-day than ever before. The decrease in num- ber manufactured may be accounted for, in part, by the fact that important manufacturers in Illinois and Ohio reported a greater "carryover" from the year 1903 than ever before. Also most of the large farms are now supplied with elaborate labor-saving devices, and as these are standardized so that when repair is needed the worn-out part may be easily replaced, new machines are not required for a long period of time. The output of scythes has decreased steadily since 1880. Except in very rough and hilly regions, the scythe has been displaced by mowing machines, which require less labor. Mechanical motive power has been successfully adapted to use in mowing machines and the auto-movi^er is now a frequent sight in city parks. Table 8 shows the number of estabUshments report- ing each kind of implement with the number of each kind mantifactured at the census of 1905. Table 8. — Number of establishments reporting each hind of imple- ment, with the total number manufactured: 1905. Seeders and planters: Planters- Bean Corn- Hand Horse Cotton Potato DriUs— Beet Com Grain Grain sowers Lime spreaders Listers Manure spreaders Seed sowers Tobacco transplanters. All other Implements ot cultivation: Cultirators— Bean Beet Small Wheeled Celery WUers Cotton scrapers Cotton sweeps Equalizers Harrows — Disk Spring-tooth Spike-tooth Hoes, dozens Markers and furrowers Number ol estab- Number of imple- ments. ments. 7 7,210 10 86,553 48 83,719 36 127,052 18 35,756 6 606 25 28,228 39 76,929 29 33,546 3 521 21 23,012 22 22,236 28 59,910 i 1,142 15 22,063 5 232 11 3,459 79 238,941 90 313,088 6 1,070 10 22,519 6 8,098 12 67,852 55 104,323 35 86,408 106 262,442 22 331,620 12 5,512 Table 8. — Number of establishments reporting each kind of imple- ment, with the total number manufactured: 1905 — Continued. Implements of cultivation— Continued. Plows- Disk Shovel Steam Sulky or wheel Walking Potato coverers and hillers Hollers Stalk cutters All other Harvesting implements; Grain cradles Harvesters and binders and headers, grain. Harvesters — Bean Com other Hay carriers Hayforks — Hand, dozens Horse Hay loaders Hayrakes— Hand, dozens Horse Hay stackers Hay tedders Mowers Mowers and reapers combined Potato diggers Potato hooks Reapers Scythes Scythe snaths Sickles , stackers All other Seed separators: Bean separators Other separators Clover hullers •. Com buskers ComsheUers — Hand Power Fanning mills Thrashers — Horsepower Steampower All other Miscellaneous: Bean pullers Cane mills Carts Check rowers Com cleaners Com hooks Com knives Cotton gins Cotton presses Ensilage cutters ■ Engines and boilers Farm trucks Gardening implements Grubbing machines Hand carts Hay-cutters Hay presses Hayracks Horsepowers Lawn mowers Pea hullers Portable sawmills Portable steam engines Pumps- Hand Horse Steam Road carts Shovels, spades, and scoops Singletrees Sirup evaporators Sorghum evaporators Straw stackers Thrasher trucks Traction engines Wagons Wagon trucks ..- Water tracks Weeders Windmills Number of estab- lish- ments. 29 62 5 62 155 14 68 34 10 18 21 5 17 Number of imple- ments. 39,146 J21,899 1,599 138,899 956,898 2,938 22,188 15, 146 12,480 30,066 108,810 665 6,924 3,161 85,121 345,297 62,801 27, 174 76, 139 236, 297 8,670 85,745 267,692 5,693 11,703 139,940 60,996 705,025 699,636 247,716 845 6,669 727 12,109 361 1,327 47, 189 6,082 22,994 2,237 7,950 1,182 1,587 2,996 21,365 12,478 106 44,628 125,149 72 18 10,696 369 4,320 494,034 1,043 9,359 29,283 5,719 620 4,804 34,000 1,706 1,828 1,190 81,765 1,000 165 373 868,899 220,549 768 2,447 8,034 1,269 6,165 7,027 54 2,077 12,224 2,009 The tendency of establishments toward specializa- tion is shown by an increase in the numbers of certain kinds of implements manufactured with a correspond- ing decrease in number of establishments reporting. 16 This was the case in connection with the following im- plements: Horse corn-planters, small and wheeled culti- vators, disk harrows, shovel and walking plows, rollers, horse hayforks, hay loaders, hayrakes, and reapers. The fourfold increase in the number of mowers and reapers combined is particularly marked when it is considered that the same number of establishments manufactured these in both years. Attention is called to the list of implements enumer- ated under the heading "miscellaneous." Some of them are semiagricultural and not closely connected with the tilling of the soil, but are included because made in establishments manufacturing agricultural . implements as their principal product. All the foregoing statistics refer to establishments engaged exclusively or primarily in the manufacture of agricultural implements. The extent to which ag- ricultural implements were manufactured as a minor product in connection with other industries is shown in Table 9. Table 9.— INDUSTRIES MANUFACTURING AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AS A MINOR PRODUCT, WITH NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND VALUE OF SUCH PRODUCTS, BY KINDS: 1905. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. INDUSTRY. Total. Seeders and planters. Implements of cultiva- tion. Harvesting implements. Seed sepa- rators. All other agricultural implements and parts. Amount received for repair worlc, etc. Aggregate 741 $113,357,023 111,450,968 830,889,086 $31,030,843 $7,012,698 $30,961,391 $2,012,048 Agricultural implements 648 93 112,007,344 1,349,679 11,225,122 225,836 30,607,960 281, 125 30,862,435 168,408 6,639,883 372,815 30,703,648 257,743 1,968,296 43,762 Industries otlierwise classified Foundry and ms^hme shop products * 54 24 5 10 823,412 308,569 53,748 163,950 123,804 63,332 1,000 37,700 216,917 59,858 48,945 6,740 31,823 80,900 207,561 143,129 9,025 13,100 204,621 15,762 9,560 27,800 21,564 19,748 2,340 Carriages and wagons ". .'. Lumber, planing miU products Allotlieri 4,350 1 Includes establishments distributed as follows : Cordage and twine, 1; dairymen's, poulterers' , and apiarists' supplies, 2; galvanizing, 2; iron and steel lorgings, 1; steam fittings and heating apparatus, 1; structural ironwork, 1; wood, turned and carved, 1; woodenware, not elsewhere specified, 1. In view of the close relation between foundry and machine shop products and agricultural implements, it is but natural to find in that industry the greatest number of plants manufacturing agricultural imple- ments as a minor product and the greatest value of this product. The value of agricultural implements manufactured as a minor product by establishments in other indus- tries forms but a small part of the aggregate value. Seed separators are in value the most important agricultural implements made by such establishments. The 741 establishments engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements, either as a principal or a subsidiary product, with their total value of products of $113,357,023, represent the actual extent of this manufacture in the United States during the calendar year 1904, so far as can be ascertained from the vari- ous schedules returned. In addition to the 648 establishments reported at the census of 1905 as actively engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements as a principal product, 8 idle establishments were reported, with a capital of $242,400. These idle establishments embrace plants that were once in operation but not operated during the census year. Table 10 shows the number of establishments pro- ducing agricultural implements as a subsidiary product and the value of such products distributed by states. Table lO. — Establishments manufacturing agricultural vmplements as a minor product, and value of such products, by states: 1905. STATE. Number of estab- lish- ments. Value of products. Total 93 $1,349,679 California 14 7 6 3 5 5 3 7 3 8 5 4 4 9 11 21,044 Illinois Indiana 220,126 9 298 Kentucky 28,001 60,673 9,667 64,119 6,375 289,181 136,034 3 232 Minnesota Missouri.! New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania South Carolina Vermont 16,600 278,260 74,164 Wisconsin All other states > ■Includes establishments distributed as follows: Arkansas, 1; Connecticut, 1; Georgia, 1; Iowa, 1; Kansas, 1; Massachusetts, 1; Mississippi, 1; Texas, 1- Vir- ginia, 2; Washington, 1. These 93 plants, which were scattered over 24 states, do not cover all establishments in which a small quan- tity of agricultural implements or parts were produced, but only those which have separately reported finished implements in commercial quantities. Of the states, California had by far the greatest number of plants; but the average value of product per estabhshment was only $1,503. Wisconsin ranked second in number of estabUshments, with an average value of product of $30,918. Ohio stood third in number of plants, but first in value of products. In 17 value of products, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, and Pennsylvania followed in the order named. Power.— Table 11 shows the different kinds of power employed by agricultural implement manufacturers at the censuses of 1900 and 1905. Table 11.— Power— comparative mmmary, with per cent each kind is of the total: 1905 and 1900. Numtier of establlshinents reporting power Total horsepower Owned: Engines — Steam — Number Horsepower Gas and gasoline — Number Horsepower Water wheels — Number Horsepower Water motors — Number Horsepower Electric motors — Number Horsepower Other power, horsepower Bented: Electric motors — Number Horsepower Other kind, horsepower Furnished to other establishments, horsepower 1905 Amount. Per cent of total. 589 106,623 100.0 698 75,018 70.4 165 2,360 2.2 128 6,288 59 4 12 w 690 16,885 2,157 15 8 2.0 182 3,828 75 3.6 0.1 751 1900 Amoimt. 193 6,543 320 1,100 338 Per cent of total. 595 77,189 678 100.0 61,147 75 79.2 1,055 159 1.4 6,768 as 8.5 0.4 1.4 0.3 ■ Not reported. 2 licss than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The total horsepower used increased 38.1 per cent between 1900 and 1905. To this increase steam en- gines and electric motors were the largest contributers. The horsepower of the latter in 1905 was between two and three times as great as in 1900. Gas and gasoline engines, although they have more than doubled in number and horsepower, still form a very small pro- portion of the total. The only decreases reported are those for water wheels and '-other kind" of rented power, 7 and 71.8 per cent, respectively. Patents in relation to agricultural implements. — The following is a list of patents granted to June 5, 1906: Table 12. — Patents granted to June o, 1906. CLASS. Total. Jan. 1, 1902, to June 6, 1906. Prior to 1902. Total 46,729 4,828 41,901 Plows: Including cotton choppers and scrapers, cultiva- tors, etc., parts and attachments 12,799 6,430 9,411 12,431 5,658 1,175 944 862 1,136 711 11,624 5,486 8,549 11,295 4,947 Harrows and diggers: Including clod crushers, forks, hoes, land rollers, potato diggers, rakes, shovels, stalk choppers, transplanters, etc., parts and attachments Seeders and planters: Including broadcast, checkrow, drills, fertilizer distributers, etc., parts and attachments Harvesters: Including binders, fruit gatherers, hand binders, hay loaders, horse rakes, mowers, scythes, and Separators and thrashers: Including band cutters and feeders, cane strip- pers, clover hullers, corn husking machines and implements, cornshellers, fruit and vege- table separators, etc., parts and attachments... Exports. — The exportation of agricultural imple- ments is one of the most important branches of the American export trade in manufactured articles, rank- ing fourteenth among all classes. Compared with the value of the other classes of exported machinery agricultural implements are far in the lead, being nearly twice as great as that of carriages, cars, other vehicles, etc.; and builders' hardware and saws and tools. The United States leads the world in the exportation of agricultural implements, with the United Ejngdom as its principal competitor. Table 13 shows the value of agricultural implements exported each year from 1900 to 1905; distributed by class and country. Table 13.— VALUE OF EXPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS: YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1900 TO 1905.' CLASS AND COUNTRY. Aggregate Mowers, reapers, and parts of: Total France Germany Russia United Kingdom Canada, Newfoundland, and Labrador Argentina British Australasia All other countries Plows, cultivators, and parts of: ' Total France Germany Russia United Kingdom Canada, Newfoundland, and Labrador Argentina '... British Australasia All other countries All other implements, and parts of: Total France Germany Russia United Kingdom Canada, Newfoundland, and Labrador. Argentina Bntish Australasia All other countries 1905 $20,721,741 10,559,891 656, 573 015,385 689,457 402,970 499,206 472,156 476, 112 548,032 1, 1, 2,892,060 55,723 31,899 224, 551 121,699 364, 409 805,136 215, 627 1,073,116 7,269,790 205,702 198, 817 048, 653 543, 712 035,300 755,561 468,294 013,751 1904 122,749,635 11,568,062 2,666,602 1,042,176 2,341,199 908,862 1,265,471 1,289,412 510,797 1,543,543 3,537,810 95,285 31,611 205, 391 150,714 523,771 1,146,267 250,078 1,134,693 7,643,763 301,865 605,239 861,468 864,603 1,572,871 1,560,797 794,210 1,182,710 1903 821,006,622 10326,641 2,420,428 775,674 2,016,374 788,247 1,918,342 635,549 416,571 1,356,456 3,169,961 87,501 26, 143 42,299 53,402 534,788 1,003,880 131,141 1,290,807 7,510,020 281,327 617,266 1,578,472 580,983 1,570,727 1,181,828 720, 461 978,966 1902- $16,286,740 8,818,370 1,428,823 1,163,933 1,698,794 708,379 1,729,873 689,509 271,502 1,137,557 2,791,092 396,098 158,055 34,961 158,652 366,098 621,802 264, 682 790,744 4,677,278 276,776 656,684 664,201 320,618 1,027,689 628, 511 428,328 774,471 1901 $16,313,434 9,943,680 1,459,807 1,660,946 1,295,277 1,435,330 1,259,570 805,703 384,411 1,642,635 1,888,373 124,967 65,172 126, 469 98, 613 234, 108 369, 522 151,170 718,462 4,481,381 483,513 951,201 270,861 361,549 633,426 245,353 471,319 1,064,169 1900 $16,099,149 11,243,763 2,652,795 2,529,422 710,066 982,188 1,192,458 1,194,961 466,397 1,515,476 2,178,098 68,197 227,378 45,993 179,950 247,306 388,903 162, 109 868,262 2,677,288 189, 583 129,654 274,671 188,305 571, 442 221,880 269,776 831,977 1 Bureau of Statistics, Department of Commerce and Labor, '• Commerce and Navigation of the United States.' 18 In the fifteen years 1890 to 1905 the extension of trade to foreign countries has been very great. The value of exports during the fiscal year 1905 formed 18.5 per cent of the total value of products for the census of 1905; for 1900 the ratio was 15.9 per cent. The absolute increase in value from 1900 to 1905 was more than $4,000,000 and from 1890 to 1905 be- tween $16,000,000 and $17,000,000. The value of agricultural implements exported dur- ing the fiscal years 1870, 1880, and 1890, together with their percentages of the total value of products of the industry for the census years 1870, 1880, and 1890, are as follows: 1870, $1,068,476, or 2.1 per cent; 1880, $2,245,742, or 3.3 per cent; and 1890, $3,859,184, or 4.7 per cent. Almost every agricultural country in the world imports American implements in quantities governed by its industrial and economic condition. The use of labor-saving machinery for agricultural purposes naturally depends largely on the cost of labor. Tliis was revealed by the 54 rei)lies received from United States consuls to a Department circular sent at the request of the National Association of Agricultural Implement and Veliicle Manufacturers, which indicated that where the cost of farm labor is low very few agri- cultural implements are used% The higher the wage the greater the demand for the up to date implements. Russia and Argentina, the two great wheat produc- ing countries, were in 1905 the leading importers of American agricultural machinery. Russia received 18.6 per cent of the total value of all exports, nearly four times as much as in 1900, and Argentina 24.3 per cent, an actual increase since 1900 of 178.7 per cent. Of all the economy effected by labor-saving machines, the saving resulting from the use of machines in harvesting the com and wheat crops is greater than any other, and that obtained in the harvesting of the wheat crop probably greatest. Moreover, evidence confirming the statement already made that the de- mand is intensified in countries where labor is expen- sive or hard to obtain is found in the report of the American consul at Odessa in 1903 where he writes that at that time labor was so scarce in many places that troops were sent to work in the fields. In Argentina the scarcity and consequent high price of labor renders the use of labor-saving machinery a ne- cessity. Much of the land suitable for wheat growing in that country is not as yet under cultivation, and in the opening up of this land lies an opportunity for agricul- tural implements similar to, though less extensive than, that which came from the opening up of the West. Diagram 2. — Growth of the total value of exports and of total value of exports to specified countries: 1890 to 1905. z o o - « Oi d Ol 00 CD CB ocsocaoicDtffo Ooop'o oococooococooio) a>o>a>n}n 2* 23 22 31 20 19 re (0 in < :} 16 o o 14 12 • M Qg^ag^ / V / \ j ^ 1 1 1 / / / i / / / / y } / ^ / / "^ / N X /C'Hi / ^; / ■■'1^ y \. tr" _*— «■ '•^•, ^ V- ■>< >*• ■••. .— •-., \ .*■ ^ ™™ i^ ■» — . ''-*i Sc; >'-■ m ^^ TOTAL VALUE OF EXPORTS — ^— ^^— ^^ ARGENTINA— >-»-«-«- FRANCE XS^RMANY RUSSIA CANADA Table 14, which follows, is a full statement by states of the agricultural implement industry as reported at the census of 1905. 20 Table 14.— AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS- United States. California. Connecticut. Georgia. IlUnois. 1 Number ol establishments 648 $196,740,700 $12,648,650 $26,547,150 $26,036,717 $131,608,183 496 7,199 $7,672,646 607 $1,481,818 6,692 $6,090,828 6,889 $6,767,189 703 $323,639 62,979 29,513 47,394 $25,002,660 46,631 $24,777,846 579 $191^308 184 $33,496 51,543 53,639 53,836 51,648 48,431 44,799 40,436 39,781 39,100 41,813 45,311 49,176 $16,178,098 $81,113 $714,836 $14,248,729 $133,420 $48,281,406 $36,622,860 $97,348 $36,425,502 $1,756,298 $46,872 $485,453 $8,626,381 $844,552 $112,007,344 $11,225,122 $30,607,960 $30,862,436 $6,639,883 $19,634,114 $11,169,634 $1,968,296 7,210 86,553 83,719 127,052 35,756 606 28,228 76,929 33,546 521 23,012 22,236 59,910 1,142 22,063 232 3,459 238,941 313,088 25 $2,240,143 $158,198 $201,928 $248,276 $1,631,741 19 87 $99,440 8 $16,200 79 $83,240 69 $78,622 10 $4,618 706 256 479 $348,531 473 $347,101 3 $320,374 $11, COO $75,000 $148,892 $84,882 2 17 $17,148 5 $5,808 12 $11,340 9 $10,362 3 $988 207 76 181 $81,698 175 $80,278 16 $792,004 $13,650 $157,449 $208,372 $412,633 16 35 $44,124 7 $16,600 28 $27,624 27 $27,104 1 $420 852 306 584 $170,723 560 $166,607 82 $71,383,289 ~ $6,118,380 $10,689,969 $11,588,525 $42,986,415 43 1,929 $2,162,293 126 $429,389 1,803 $1,722,904 1,688 $1,619,469 215 $103,435 20,273 10,113 15,359 $8,851,404 14,914 $8,703,660 441 $147,003 4 $741 16,685 " 16,940 16,741 15,690 15,029 13,455 11,735 12,211 12,454 14,929 16,043 17,166 $3,960,647 $19,628 $208,349 $3,717,542 $15,228 $17,750,862 $13,593,622 $312 $13,693,310 $677,209 $10,009 $223,501 $2,892,745 $353,766 $38,412,452 $2,998,075 $12,273,939 $16,874,413 $916,095 $2,532,881 $2,634,487 $183,562 780 2,165 58,061 31,256 461 656 11,014 4,398 12,191 2 Capital, total 3 Land 4 Buildings 5 MacWnery, tools, and implements B Cash and sundries ! Proprietors and firm members 8 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: Total number « Total salaries 10 Officers of corporations — Number 11 Salaries. 12 General superintendents, managers, clerks, etc.— Total number 13 Total salaries 14 Men- 15 Salaries 16 Number 17 18 Wage-earners, including pieceworkers, and totaj wages: 19 Least number employed at any one time during the year. . ■^1 21 22 Men 16 years and over — Average number. 23 Wages 24 Women 16 years and over — ?f, Wages 26 6 $1,430 524 659 559 604 603 444 366 349 346 435 437 451 $122,986 $1,426 $11,404 $110,007 $160 $723,902 $470,884 6 $1,420 188 189 188 190 177 169 70 164 176 196 196 197 $16,263 34 $4,116 749 742 669 538 439 325 291 416 482 660 663 726 $71,728 $4,700 $7,376 $69,502 $150 $601,894 $377,781 27 Wages 28 Average number of wage-earners, including pieceworkers, employed during each month:> Men 16 years and over — 29 30 March 31 32 May 33 34 July 36 36 September . 37 October 38 39 December . 40 41 Kent of works 42 Taxes $2,029 $14,224 $ii7;426" $79,562 43 44 . Rent of offices, interest, insurance, and all other sundry expenses not hitherto Included. 45 46 Prineipfll Tnfl.tfirifl.ls, total cost 47 48 $470,884 $20,033 $7,366 $3,583 $168,362 $63,675 $1,483,746 $12,260 $123,717 $413,262 $3,015 $267,476 $326,487 $337,630 61 $79,562 $15,730 $377,781 $20,504 $145 $1,997 $187,117 $14,350 $1,039,671 $162,967 $424,580 49 Fuel 60 51 Mill supplies $1,989 $16,822 $3,317 $269,743 $600 $226,662 $29,880 52 53 Freight 54 Products, total value 55 Seeders and planters ... 66 57 58 $5,875 $128,206 $310,806 $7,247 59 Miscellaneous $998 $11,603 60 All other products , 61 62 Kind and quantity of products, number of implements: Seeders and planters- 63 Corn — 'Hand.. 64 Horse . - 65 27,607 66 67 Drills- Beet . 10 676 199' 70 Grain sowers 100 71 16,815 981 1,422 425 600 74 18,039 1,476 77 Implements of cultivation — Cultivators- 73 2 47 477 78 Beet 1,906 9,672 180,644 9,364 80 Wheeled ; ioo 1 The average numbers of women and children employed during each month, being small, are not shown in this table. 21 DETAILED SUMMARY, BY STATES : 1905. Indiana. Iowa. 41 114,523,167 $1,000,274 S2,2g3,83» 11,263,391 $9,97S,663 15 1466,156 42 J100,567 347 $365, 589 318 $351,958 29 $13, 631 4,322 2,608 3,543 $1,840,609 $1,823,786 42 $14,398 13 $2,425 3,529 3,937 3,962 3,921 3,780 3,694 3,458 3,300 3,015 2,923 2,977 3,360 $1,594,046 $1,920 $75,200 $1,515,638 $1,288 $2,975,468 $1,876,772 $49,718 $1,827,054 $113,081 $6,724 $17,708 $845,423 $115,760 $8,080,575 $694,047 $3,346,695 $138,533 $718,575 $2,513,607 $520,650 $128,468 2,830 180 200 6,595 11,483 8,517 35,522 ""m 5,400 5,089 Kansas. 30 $3,319,102 $114,373 $449,833 $349,677 $2,405,219 19 231 $204,277 29 $40,848 $163,429 177 $153,301 25 $10, 128 1,632 720 1,027 $469,690 $469,204 4 $486 923 978 1,017 1,052 1,076 1,082 1,210 1,173 1,106 954 884 821 $337,149 $2,938 $12,463 $310,109 $11,639 $1,356,712 $942,293 $942,293 426,274 $1,615 $19,398 $341,216 $25,916 $2,692,212 $269,957 $497,435 $868,104 $277, 189 $310,950 $446,118 $22,459 103 244 50 1,051 2,890 Kentucky. 7 $629, 439 $45,400 $92,200 $126,426 $365,413 9 32 $35,705 5 $7, 120 27 $28,585 23 $26,505 4 $2,080 175 26 105 $52, 181 104 $52,056 1 $125 134 136 118 108 110 114 90 112 122 $52,124 $3,621 $48,253 $250 $204,522 $183,703 $183,703 $5,161 $100 $2,713 $9,620 $3,225 $395,262 $49,050 $132,742 $12,470 $750 $113,770 $79,500 $6,980 1,300 10 550 150 1,035 15 3,600 $1,898,666 $166, 300 $225,600 $246, 400 $1,260,366 4 129 $135,092 $28,600 121 $106,492 115 $103,292 6 $3,200 1,204 796 970 $438, 101 950 $435,101 Maine. 20 $3,000 1,037 1,015 990 865 813 801 846 857 904 1,049 1,073 1,150 $316,892 $13,163 $303,729 $1,091,345 $961,018 $20,000 $941,018 $29,969 $1,545 $7,430 $87,244 $4,139 $2,190,917 $484,709 $1,638,150 $3,050 $9,766 $42,980 $10,262 $2,000 5,000 40,000 3,038 4 5,000 5,000 13 $393,859 $38, 430 $60,850 $76,011 $218,568 14 19 $12,700 2 $3,200 17 $9,500 13 $8,800 4 $700 201 84 153 $77, 471 151 $76,850 2 $621 Massachusetts. 163 164 182 181 174 151 98 103 151 164 163 118 $20,140 $322 $2,506 $17,312 $75,565 $46,317 $481 $45,836 $8,795 $448 $604 $13,514 $5,887 $205,650 $325 $22,022 $117,579 $2,500 $3,107 $52,967 $7, 150 50 718 $731,710 $7,400 $36,926 $99,127 $588,257 7 27 $35,804 3 $12,000 24 $23,804 19 $21,720 5 $2,084 502 340 418 $212,586 417 $212,386 1 $200 Michigan. 425 448 463 469 472 444 423 361 375 370 372 382 $63,554 $13,702 $6,994 $35,245 $7,613 $2.52,036 $198, 633 $3,090 $195,543 $9,231 $193 $1,772 $37,145 $5,062 $654,051 $133,002 $166,057 $108,328 $14,968 $65,889 $119,807 $46,000 1,293 1,053 2,300 2,851 100 Minnesota. 42 $14,342,106 $559,4.32 $1,410,165 $1,141,299 $11,231,210 26 713 $678,309 64 $124,726 649 $553,683 568 $520,245 81 $33,338 4,110 1,736 3,164 $1,685,677 3,142 $1,681,645 2 $725 20 $3,407 3.459 3,497 3,572 3,425 3,186 3,166 3,128 2,953 2,982 2,529 2,781' 3,026 $1,902,405 $2,682 $78,891 $1,788,096 $32,736 $3,497,210 $2,860,039 $2,783 $2,857,256 $90,224 $8,371 $31,929 $486,647 $20,000 $8,719,719 $1,004,734 $1,313,564 $530,215 $1,479,173 $2,824,237 $1,453,419 $114,377 6,324 54,982 1,748 6,215 26,946 14 592 9,352 3,195 282' 2,959 1,867 152 826 12,367 12,318 21 $7,793,316 $136, 366 $799,069 $642,551 $6,215,330 10 249 $319, 375 28 $74,745 221 $244,630 -200 $234, 148 21 $10,482 1,696 522 1,176 $637,232 1,175 $636,868 1 $364 Mississippi. 1,426 1,492 1,396 1,378 1,3''5 1,301 1,238 1,141 1,028 817 652 856 $541,739 $2,246 $21,413 $518,080 $1,089,641 $598,940 $2,876 $596,064 $58,553 $958 $5,042 $420,806 $5,342 $2,885,055 $272,876 $83,936 $148,397 $535,246 $1,229,401 $382,460 $232,739 3,257 665 iio' 3 $38,650 $550 $4,600 $14,400 $19,100 5 35 19 22 $8,310 22 $8,310 19 19 17 15 16 24 23 23 28 29 28 23 $1,203 $240 $108 $855 $13,630 $11,750 $11,750 $650 $25 $725 $480 $38,000 $5,000 $33,000 2,500 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 8,500 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 I 80 22 Table 14.— AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS^ 81 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 163 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 Kind and quantity oi products, number ol implements— Continued. Implements 01 Ciiltivation— Continued. Celery tiiUers Cotton scrapers Cotton sweeps Equalizers Harrows — Disk Spring-tootli Spilce-tootk '- Hoes, dozens Markers and furrowers Plows — Disk Shovel Steam Sulky or wheel Walking Potato coverers and liillei^ Boilers Stalk cutters All other Harvesting implements — Grain cradles , Harvesters and hinders and headers, grain Harvesters — Bean Com Otiier Hay carriers Hayforks — Hand, dozens Horse '. Hay loaders Hayrakes — Hand, dozens Horse Hay stackers -. Hay tedders Mowers Mowers and reapers combined Potato diggers Potato hooks Reapers Scythes Scythe snaths Sickles Stackers Another Seed separators — Bean separators ' Othe.r separators Clover hullers Com huskers Comsheilers — Hand Power Fanning mills Thrashers — Horsepower Steampower All other Miscellaneous — Bean pullers Cane mills Carts Check rowers Corn cleaners Corn hooks Corn knives Cotton gins Cotton presses Ensilage cutters Engines and boilers Farm trucks Gardening implements Grubbing machines Hand carts Hay-cutters Hay presses Hayracks Horsepowers Lawn mowers Pea hullers Portable sawmills Portable steam engines Pumps- Hand - Horse Steam - Road carts Shovels, spades, and scoops Singletrees Sirup evaporators ; . . , Solium evaporators Straw stackers Thrasher trucks Traction engines Wagons Wagon trucks Water trucks Weeders Windmills United States. 1,070 22,519 8,098 67,852 104,323 86,408 262, 442 331,620 5,512 39,146 121,899 1,599 138,899 956,808 2,938 22,188 15,146 12, 480 30,056 108,810 665 6,924 3,161 85,121 345,297 62,801 27,174 76,139 236,297 8,670 35,745 267,692 5,693 11,703 139,940 60,996 705,025 699,636 247,716 845 6,659 727 12,109 351 1,327 47, 189 6,082 22,994 2,237 7,950 1,182 1,587 2,996 21,365 12,478 106 44,628 125,149 72 18 10,696 369 4,320 494,034 1,043 9,359 29,283 5,719 620 4,804 34,000 1,706 1,828 1,190 81,765 1,000 165 373 868,899 220,549 768 2,447 8,034 1,269 6,165 7,027 54 2,077 12,224 2,009 California. 171 '386 990 30 20 58 1,264 12 '367 227 35 2,190 1 371 1,449 1 Connecticut. 4,000 39,155 400 300 "is' 79,026 172 12 "i,'3.56' 29 133 4 1,050 990 Georgia. 3,981 2,026 4,789 4,674 'i25"779 47 1,350 150 Illinois. 124,896 768 874 20 3,900 867 52,550 44, 418 1,200 112, 180 51 4,033 19, 478 6,977 23 85,403 167,906 231 8,822 1,628 36 27,751 18, 158 120,926 560 1,019 '170,826 16 1,592 35,856 583 10,653 2,573 300 513 950 10,890 10,363 106 174 1,125 15,767 165 2,739 1,9 2,616 27,000 13,932 1,000 135 716 397 1,161 23 DETAILED SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1905— Continued. Indiana. Iowa. Kansas. Kentucky. Maine. Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi. 81 82 638 205 3,600 800 4,000 5,000 1,000 5,000 83 1,300 40 373 1,702 30,240 134 424 5,032 1,300 19,959 47,547 800 84 10 85 86 700 1,108 1,200 212 200 250 800 2,000 1,270 6,300 3,134 87 15 88 89 90 320 10,540 75 225 1,000 5,000 263 9,025 i46 56 47 91 20,414 233,984 2,301 3,750 300 1,709 1,000 133,847 297 4,134 2,132 13,638 166 1,500 93 1,192 700 415 94 95 200 126 118 3,039 1,152 96 125 1,400 425 1,500 97 98 15,000 168 99 1,208 100 101 ~ 499 105 2 1,300 102 1,075 103 12,316 35,660 1,673 4,612 5,850 12,668 3,556 700 104 62,004 105 106 107 ' 1,200 2,196 942 1,496 378 108 880 110 43 496 6 109 110 798 1,565 200 111 930 11? 113 800 1,100 8 5 60 26,616 114 115 116 253,791 117 169,000 42,960 129,692 lis 139,716 119 822 ** l?fl 1,200 121 300 3,730 122 290 191 50 7,457 123 124 183 628 185 125 8,415 690 250 20 2 12fi 6 770 1,028 15 11,750 588 1,562 40 5,748 41 818 127 128 11 129 60 35 130 131 139 1,32 133 9,500 150 , 200 i;h 1,209 1.35 1,36 7,332 219 25,296 6,024 137 20 1,780 1,38 139 141) 42 40 141 27 142 50 12 24,800 UR 15.396 758 1,093 5,000 14,363 144 145 iso 932 146 960 . 147 309' 660 532 400 78 148 7' 'eo' 149 150 216 47 26' 175 ,32 151 152 153 1,'i4 155 156 157 158 159 - 61,566 6i' :!;!;;";!;;;;;;!j:;;!;;;;;;;;;;:;' 6,'288" 75,000 500 5,125 160 161 i,"i29' 366' i,'6i6' 98 1,727 50 584' 1,132 i,'766' 67i' 162 163 164 lfi.5 504' 8 io" 20 60" 166 167 i;« 24 Table 14.— AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS— 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 Power: Number of establishments reporting Total horsepower Owned— Engines- Steam— Number Horsepower Gaa and gasoline- Number Horsepower Water wheels- Number Horsepower Water motors — Number Horsepower Electric motors- Number Horsepower Other power, horsepower Kented— Electric motors — Number Horsepower Other kind, horsepower Furnished to other establishments, horsepower United States. 589 106,623 75,018 165 2,360 128 6,288 4 12 16,885 2,157 182 3,828 75 751 California. 21 605 11 183 16 197 5 Connecticut. 3 690 270 11 320 Georgia. 14 1,657 16 916 21 618 Illinois. 76 46,648 181 31,038 16 147 10 928 415 11,714 1,625 41 1,163 33 22 25 DETAILED SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1905— Continued. Indiana. Iowa. Kansas. Kentucky. Maine. Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi. 36 3,916 35 3,248 10 137 2 100 28 1,918 21 1,526 9, 103 1 22 6 255 2 150 5 93 4 983 6 856 11 1,691 5 4 46 13 1,548 9 888 6 413 2 120 7 345 39 6,659 51 5,217 11 138 1 60 18 2,717 22 2,463 4 39 2 45 2 45 171 172 > 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 5 85 20 15 321 5 12 177 3 18 31 673 18 190 181 182 183 11 90 5 12 4 109 1 8 2 10 29 581 3 25 184 IS.'i 186 1S7 685 1 ZD Table 14.— AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS— Missouri. Nebraska. New Hampshire. New Jersey. New York. North Carolina. 1 Nnmbp.r nf ftstfl.hlishTTiPTit.H '^1 $1,299,575 $138,660 $191,914 $185,020 $784,091 18 89 $93,161 13 $29,100 76 $64,061 70 $60,637 6 $3,424 846 360 525 $261,116 521 $260,181 1 $300 3 $635 637 560 571 616 633 698 534 505 416 399 435 449 $57,362 $4,029 $3,564 $48,487 $1,282 $452,056 $361,299 3 $134,600 8 $62,100 $3,260 $9,000 $16,400 $33,460 11 3 $2,200 10 $432,195 $21,375 $75,967 $54,767 $280,086 9 37 $40,005 g $13,050 29 $26,955 27 $26, 445 2 $510 326 95 204 $89,787 204 $89,787 75 $23,436,429 $1,001,905 $2,926,797 $2,998,146 $16,509,S81 66 934 $809,322 53 $144,912 881 $664,410 809 $632,480 72 $31,930 8,616 2,897 6,279 $3,240,885 6,251 $3,233,585 19 $4,789 9 $2,511 7,392 7,707 7,741 7,358 6,520 6,124 5,111 4,918 4,277 4,927 6,103 6,834 $1,329,244 $6,382 $62,600 $1,259,841 $421 $5,678,339 $4,127,262 $5,109 $4,122,163 $227,673 $5,770 $42,909 $1,214,238 $60,487 $13,045,891 $1,800,182 $2,548,947 $5,841,389 $461,814 $1,410,520 $889,596 $96,443 13 $116,735 $3,960 $23,600 $27,560 $61,625 13 8 $9,250 6 $7,600 2 $1,650 2 $1,650 ■>. Capital, total 3 4 Buildings $16,000 $60,300 $59,300 2 11 $6,000 2 $2,500 9 $3,500 9 $3,500 S fi Casli and sundries . 7 8 Salaried oificials, clerts, etc.: Total numlser. . (1 Total salaries in Officers of corporations- 11 1? General superintendents, managers, clerks, etc.— Tntn.I Tumnhpr 3 $2,200 2 $1,900 1 $300 71 33 45 $24,767 45 $24,767 13 Total salaries 14 Men- Number 15 Salaries , . 16 Women— 17 18 19 Wage-earners, including pieceworkers, and total wages: Least number employed at any one time during the year 69 5 25 $15,025 25 $16,026 160 103 107 $30,883 103 $30,328 ^1 Total wages . . m Men 16 years and over- Average number . ?™i 24 Women 16 years and over — ?n ?fi Children under 16 years — 4 $565 s 121 125 120 113 94 86 82 82 84 108 110 112 $5,108 $140 $788 $3,755 $425 $60,950 $40,554 97 RR Average number of wage-earners, including piecoworkers, em- Men 16 years and over^ 7 7 17 33 34 38 60 36 25 19 19 5 $6,574 $435 $108 $6,031 63 46 59 64 64 37 29 22 30 46 48 43 $4,449 $100 $422 $3,927. 245 271 286 298 269 239 108 113 125 143 160 201 $53,082 $400 $1,169 $50,323 $1,200 $117,596 $108,417 ?<) February an 31 April . 3? Mav 33 34 July 3"i August 36 37 ^S November 39 4n 41 42 Taxes 43 44 Rent of offices, interest, insurance, and all other sundry ex- penses not hitherto included. 45 $13,686 $12,521 $13,668 $10,426 $2,260 $8,166 $2,120 46 47 48 $361,299 $15,190 $12, 521 $227 $80 $38 $170 $650 $46,000 $36,000 $7,500 $108,417 $4,624 $40,554 $3,185 4q Fuel... . 50 51 Mill supplies . - - . . - $4,341 $58,041 $13,186 $1,068,008 $40, 115 $226,333 $291, 189 $45,389 $362,821 $85,882 $16,279 $403 $620 $970 $1,266 $2,420 $391,926 $74,912 $187,243 $2,000 $1.4,133 $86,401 $19,047 $9,190 46 $420 $4,391 $2,400 $126,865 $24,000 $46,070 $1,100 52 53 Freight.. . 54 Products, total value •$61,860 65 56 $3,950 $47,600 57 59 $2,500 $8,495 $33,225 $13,976 60 $9,500 $810 61 Kind and quantity of products, number of implements: Seeders and planters- Planters- 63 Corn- Hand 750 2,445 960 50 4,750 65 66 Potato 934 250 Drills— 68 357 125 1,268 11,948 118 34 69 1,000 71 72 1,060 ^ 73 74 906 2,691 8,694 1,376 100 300 700 75 77 78 79 80 Implements of cultivation- Cultivators— Beet 1,804 7,607 11,759 3,275 23,746 3,721 6,000 455 Wheeled 1 Includes establishments distributed as lollows: Alabama, 2; Arkansas, 1; Colorado, 1; Maryland, 2; North Dakota, 1; Washington, 1; West Virginia, 1. Oregon, 1; South Dakota, 2; Utah, 1; 27 DETAILED SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1905— Continued. Ohio. Pennsylvania. South Carolina. Tennessee. Texas. Vermont. Virginia. W isconsin. All other states.! 71 $24,301,986 $1,532,522 $3,660,252 $3,186,546 $15,922,666 39 918 $1,001,714 103 $230,794 816 $770,920 686 $713, 166 129 $57,764 7,612 3,280 5,659 $2,909,540 5,619 $2,894,691 39 $14,673 1 $176 6,531 6,888 6,964 6,740 6,155 5,584 4,720 4,048 4,129 4,491 5,312 6,866 $1,650,747 $1,977 $114,757 $1,. 504,925 $29,088 $5,692,218 $4,639,103 $200 $4,638,903 $169,408 $130 $63,386 $729,922 $90,269 $12,891,197 $2,016,919 $3,031,384 $3,193,853 $501,482 $2,430,577 $1,193,560 $523,422 43 $5,460,011 S416, i06 $746,505 $803,640 $3,493,560 64 220 $226,832 31 $54,006 189 $172,826 168 $164,674 21 $8,152 2,674 2,141 2,394 $1,103,441 2,376 $1,1)99,719 1 $235 17 $3^487 2,396 2,436 2,472 2,531 2,509 2,447 2,314 2,246 2,248 2,263 2,296 2,355 $566,272 $686 $10,904 $541,183 $13,500 $2,074,973 $1,615,192 $244 $1,614,948 $65,457 $620 $11,803 $367,379 $14,622 $5,016,679 $186,449 $987,619 $393,917 $489,966 $2,229,802 $668,270 $70,666 4 $13,351 $600 $2,465 $3,600 $6,786 5 12 $756,812 $49,750 $108,183 $126,674 $472,305 • 9 34 $60,593 7 $17,700 27 $32,893 21 $29,945 6 $2,948 846 466 613 $216,306 693 $213,231 3 $825 17 $2,250 746 643 641 609 628 496 478 610 560 638 626 651 $65,203 4 $147,271 $1,950 $12,800 $18,928 $113,693 10 $490,725 $39,000 $77,600 $102,889 $271,236 8 23 $31,084 3 $10,000 20 $21,084 20 $21,084 11 $329,990 $25,600 $48,906 $53,116 $202,369 18 21 $20,220 1 $3,000 20 $17,220 16 $14,960 4 $2,260 445 234 314 $115,727 312 $115,277 52 $20,837,995 $997,476 $2,072,312 $2,129,587 $15,638,620 42 1,017 ■$1,050,112 44 $98,613 973 $951, 499 916 $920,252 58 $31,247 4,897 1,909 3,569 $1,885,776 3,630 $1,874,628 20 $6,640 19 $5,607 3,616 4,013 4,263 4,027 3,673 3,194 3,328 3,603 3,421 3,000 3,052 3,470 $2,278,736 $8,497 $64,561 $2,205,328 $350 $3,519,856 82,662,268 $556 $2,661,713 $143,062 $623 S37,S77 $632,612 $43,414 $10,076,760 $911,438 $2,219,6,57 $1,641,020 $1,035,038 $2,742,225 $1,547,3,31 $79,401 13 $615,100 $46,063 $88,421 $116,408 $264,218 13 19 $22,330 6 $6,140 13 $16,190 13 $16,190 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 $9,400 3 $4,600 5 $4,800 6 $4,800 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 17 9 12 $4,065 12 $4,066 72 43 47 $23,943 47 $23,943 288 207 247 $113,524 238 $111,689 7 $1,636 2 $300 261 270 256 254 248 237 224 204 224 218 221 240 $41,559 $50 $2,143 $39,366 226 129 173 $93,653 171 $93,278 18 19 20 21 23 23 24 26 2 $450 310 319 330 338 323 321 311 300 286 284 306 316 $20,640 $6,340 $1,823 $12,477 2 $375 188 177 180 187 196 184 141 137 154 166 172 170 $55,060 $1,500 $2,814 |I50,246' $500 $161,984 $135,420 26 27 12 12 12 10 8 11 13 12 12 14 14 14 $6,794 $125 $54 $5,36'; $1,250 $12,63? $11,745 67 50 51 34 37 34 37 35 48 63 ^ 56 62 $36,402 $750 $668 $19,584 $15,400 $74,233 $66,935 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 $4,954 $59,299 S950 $314,279 $234,683 42 43 44 $182,403 $156,879 $9,075 $147,804 $11,802 8i82,433 $1.39,833 $045 $139,188 $7,898 $600 $680 $31,816 $1,606 $404,281 $32,226 $189,287 $1,465 $16,800 $3,296 $152,279 $8,930 45 46 47 $11,745 $180 $234,683 $22,461 $66,935 $1,960 $276 $299 $2,848 $2,915 $187,134 $135,420 $5,737 $1,300 $817 $7,945 $765 $398,192 $75 $138,300 $34,895 $45,900 $16,890 $113,775 $48,357 48 49 ."iO $60 S6S0 $774 $55,361 $1,000 $768,896 $12,000 $545,076 $6,806 $40,000 $87,685 $70,293 $8,036 $2,985 $10,737 51 52 .53 $34,932 $3,216 $192 $441,671 54 65 $150,074 $700 $40,829 $263,270 $26,669 $96,602 $11,0.35 $3,366 66 57 58 $20,000 $10,725 $800 $3,800 $26,450 $110 59 60 61 62 25,578 6,054 3,634 664 35 7,258 23,636 2,338 123 244 2,442 68 642 633 4,033 1,500 6,291 63 3,022 575 675 1,375 64 260 6,000 66^ 66 1 67 200 l.SO 7,208 6,407 K8 1,075 69 70 71 2,525 75 3,50 600 7? 1,611 11,700 73 600 74 75 1,150 76 7 225 65,167 44,187 77 500 3,385 29,056 78 62,116 9,023 6,900 5,240 80 28 Table 14.— AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS- Missouri. Nebraslia. New Hampshire. New Jersey. New Yorlc. North Carolina. 81 Kind and quantity ol products, number of implements— Con. Implements of cultivation— Continued. Celery hillers 720 S? m 84 1,600 2,447 22,866 65,594 38,367 67,061 476 422 8,884 86 Harrows- Disk 199 86 Rnn'Tlp'-tfint.h 87 Spike-tooth 256 7,622 90 88 260 8q 209 90 Plows- Disk 91 Shovel ^. 10 92 91 Sulky or wheel 144 482 2,951 78,545 1,338 2,014 94 Walking .... 296 65 4,000 96 96 Rollers 8 97 Stalk cutters 108 30 98 All other 1 99 Harvesting implements- 700 19,161 550 1,881 700 740 60,800 750 300 ion 101 Harvesters— Bean 10? 103 Other . t 104 .50 106 Hayforks- Hand, dozens ^ 106 200 107 108 Hayrakes— 625 12,000 3,691 7,650 14,157 39,844 109 110 111 1 18,063 67,919 2,200 21,467 240,204 ••-« ■■ ■ 112 113 Mowers and reapers combined 114 Potato dififffers 24 116 116 Reapers ] 117 Scythes ' 72,004 118 119 Sickles 120 *" 121 All other 1,373 221 122 Seed separators- - Bean separators . . . 123 Other separators . . 55 124 126 4 891 92 126 89 611 126 Comshellers— Hand 4,000 40 127 128 129 Thrashers- 9 9 14 23 130 131 132 Miscellaneous— 1,207 133 134 Carts 145 135 Check rowers 136 137 67,716 139 Cotton gins 14 13 140 300 32 4 120,000 142 30 143 540 75 3,220 145 Grubbing machines 146 500 700 1,660 1,384 23,232 326 220 8 110 6 162 85 21 106 20 17 6 154 Portable steam engines 165 Pumps — Hand 167 Steam 30 168 169 160 161 162 Sorghum evaporators 60 479 692 362 163 Straw stackers '- ' 30 166 166 167 168 169 170 11 87 462 174 1,803 Wppdpr