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Cornell University Library 
 QE 262.M2D13 1891 
 
 The geology of the country around Mailer 
 
 3 1924 004 543 389 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004543389 
 
LIST OF MAPS, SECTIONS, AND OTHER PUBtrCATIONS OF THE 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Ths Maps are those of tlie Ordnatfoe Survey, geologically coloured by the Geological Survey of the United Eingdom, under 
 
 tbe Superliitendence of Sir i£cH. G£i£iE, LL.D., F.R.S., Director General. 
 iVm Maps, Sections, and Mismoirs illustrating Scotland, Ireland, and the West Indies, and for full particulars of all publica- 
 tions, eee " Catalogue," Price 1».) 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES.-(8caleane-inchtDaniile.) 
 Maps marlted * are also publislied as Urift Maps. Those marlted t are published only as Drift Maps. 
 Sheets 3«, 5, 6*, 7*. 8 *, 9, 11 to 22. 25, 26, 80, 81, 38 to S7i 40, 41 , 44, 47*, 64*, 65t, 69t, 70*. 8S', 86', price Sa. 6d. each. 
 Shset 4, Sa. Sheets 2*, 10, 23, 24, 27 to 29, 82, 33, 89, 58, 84t. 85t, 4«. each. I. of Wigljt (New Series), 6». 
 Sheets divided into quarters ; all at 3s. each quarter-sheet, excepting those in brackets, which are la. Gd. each, 
 1«, 42, 43, 45, 46, N W, SW, NB', SB, 48, NWt, 8 W», NBt, (SB'), (49t), 50t, 51', B2 to 57. (57 NW), 69 to 63, 66 SWt NHfe 
 ■. NW", SEt, 67 Nt, (St), 68 Et, (NW*), SWt, 71 to 75, 76 . (N) S, (77 N), 78; 79, NW*, SW,NB', SB*, 80 NW*, SW, NE»i 
 -SE*. 81 N W», SW, NB, SB. 82, 88*, 87, 88, NW, SW*, NB, SB, 89 NW*, SW*„ NB, SE*, 90 (NE*), (SB*), 91, (NW'j, (SW*), 
 NB*, SE*. 92 SW*, NE, SE, 93 NW, SW, NB*, SB*, 94 NWt, SWt, (NBt), SEt, 96 NW', NE*, (SE*), 96 NV*. SW', NBS 
 SB*, 97 NW*, SW*. NB', SE, 98 NW, SW, NB*, SB, 99 (NB'). (SE*), 101 SB. NE*, 102 NE*, 108*, 104*. 106 NW, SW, 
 (NE*.), SB, 106 NW', SW', NE' SE* 107 SWt. NE*, SE*, 108 SW*, NB', SE*, 109 SW, SB*, 110 (NW*), (NE*), SE*. SW«^ 
 
 HORIZOZfTA.!. SSCTIOirS, VBRTSC.a.3L SECTIOirS, ,'^ 
 
 1 tu 146, England, price 5s. each. 1 to 78, England, price 3i.6d. each. 
 
 COMPLETED- COTTSTTIES OF ENCiLAMD AKH WAIiES, on a Scale of one-inch to a Mile. 
 
 ■ Sheets marked * have Descriptive Memoirs. Sheets or Co unties marked t are Illustrated by General Memoin. 
 
 iNGLESBIt,— 77N,78. Hor.Seot'.40. 
 
 BEDFORDSHIEE,— 46NW,NE, SWt, SEt. 62 NW, NE, SW; SB. 
 BEEKSHIEE,— 7*, 8t, 12*, 13*, 34*, 45 SW*. Hor. Sect. 69, 71, 72, 80. 
 
 BRECKNOCKSHIBEt,— 86, 41, 42, 56 NW, SW, 57 NE, SE. Hor. Sect. 4, 5, 6, 11, and Vert. Sect. 4 and 10. 
 BCCKINGHAMSHIRB,— 7* 13* 46* NB, SE, 46 NW, SWt, 62 SW. Hor. Sect. 74, 79. 
 
 OAEEMAETHENSHlREt, 87, 38, 40, 41, 4S NW, SW, 56 SW, 57 SW, SB. Hor. Sect. 2-4, 7,8 ; and Vert. Sect. »-6, 18, 14. 
 CABRNARVONSHIEB,t-74 NW, 76, 76, 77 N, 78, 79 NW, SW. Hor. Sect. 28, 31, 40. 
 •CAMBEIDGESHIEE,t-46 NE, 47*. 51', 52 SE, 64*. 
 
 CARDIGANSHIRBt,— 40, U, 66 NW, 67, 68, 59 SE, 60 SW. Hor. Sect. 4, 6, 6. 
 
 CHESHIRE,— 73 NE, NW, 79 NE, SB, 80, 81 NW*, SW', 88 SW. Hor. Sect. 18, 48, 44, 60, 64, 65, 67, 70. 
 CORNWALLt,— 24t, 26t, 26t, 29t, 30t, 31t, 32t, & 33t. 
 
 DENBIGHt,-78NW,74,76NB,78NE,SB,79NW,SW,SB,80SW. Hor.S6Ct.31,36, 38, 89,43, 44; andVert.Seot 24 
 DiSUBYSHIREt,— 62 NB, 63 NW, 71 NW, SW, SE, 72 NE, SB, 81, 82, 88 SW, SB. Hor. Sect. 18, 46, 60, 61 69 70 " 
 I)EVONSHIREt,-20t, 21t, 22t- 23t, 24t, 26t, 26t,& Z7t. Hor. Sect. 19. 
 DORSETSHIRE,— 16, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22. Hor. Sect. 19, 20, 21, 22, 66. Vert. Sect. 22, 
 ESSEX,— 1', 2*, 47*, 48. Hor. Sect. 84, 120. 
 FLINTSHIREt,— 74NE, 79. Hor. Sect. 43. 
 
 GLAMOEGANSHIEEt,— 20, 36, 37, 41, & 42 SE, SW. Hor. Sect. 7, 8, », 10, 11 ; Vert. Sect. 2, 4 6 6 7 9 10 47 
 GL0TICBSTBRSHIRB,-19, 34*, 86, 43 NE, SW, SB, «*. Hor. Sect. 12 to 16, 69i, Vert. Sect. 7, 11 16 46 to 61 ' 
 HAMPSHIRE,- 8t, 9t, 10*, lit, 12*, 14, 15, 16. Hor. Sect. 80. 
 
 HEREPOEDSHIHE,-42 NE, SE, 43, 55, 66NE,SB. Hor. Sect;. 6, 18, 27, 30, 34 ; and Vert. Seet. 15 
 HBETrQEDSHIIiiE,- It NW, 7*. 46, 47*. Hor. Sect. 79, 120, 121. 
 HUNTINGDON,— 61 NV. , 62 NW, NE, SW, 64', 66. 
 KENTt,-ltSW&SE, 2t, 3t, 4*, 6t. Hor. Sect. 77 and 78. 
 
 LANCASHIRB,-79 NB, 80 NW*, NE, 81 NW, 88 NW, SWt, 89, 90, 91, 92 SW, 98. H. S. 62 to 68, So to 87 V S 27 84 «i 
 lEICESTEESHlRE,-53 NB, 62 NE, 63', 64'. 70', 71 SB, SW. Hor.^ Sect. 46, 48, 49, 62 122 124 126 
 LINCOLNSHIEEt,— 64*, 66, 69, 70', 83', 84*, 86*. 86*. ... 
 
 MEBIONETHSHIEEt.-59 NB. SE, 60 NW, 74, 75 NE, SE. Hor, Sect. 26, 28, 29, 31. 82 85 87 88 SB 
 MIDDLBSBXt.-ltNW,SW,7', 8t. Hor. Sect. 79. <>. i>». b/. »8, 39. 
 
 MONMOUTHSpiRE,-36, 36, 43 SB,NE, 48 SW. Hor. Sect. 6 and 12; and Vert. Sect. 8 9 10 12 
 MONTGOMEETSHIEEt,-66 NW, 69 NE. SE, 60, 74 SW, SE. Hor. Sect. 26, 27, 29. 80. 82 84 36 i« « 
 NOBPOLKt,-60NW*,NE*,64*,65*,66*,67,68*,'" . »". ^=, o». oo, »b, 38. 
 
 PEMBEOKESHIREt,-38, 39, 40, 41, 68. Hor. Sect. 1 and 2 ; and Vert. Sect. 12 and IS. 
 EADNOR.SHIRE,— 42 NVV, NE, 66, 60 SW, SB. Hor. Sect. 6, 6, 27. 
 ErUTLANDSHIEEt, -this pounty is wholly included within Sheet 64.* 
 
 ""Tsl^lTand^'^Ii^lec^^rai.'" ''^' '^' "' '' ^^' ''• '' ^^' ^^- «<"•■ «-'• ''• ^^- 30. S3, 84, 86, 41. 4*. 
 SOMERSETSHIRE,-^, 19, 20, 21, 27, 35. Hor. Sect. 16, 16, 17, 20, 21, 82; and Vert. Sect 12 46 47 4R io «„ ., 
 STAFPpRDSHIEE,-64 NW, 66 NE, 61 NE, SE, 62, 63 NW, 71 SW 72 7^ NE SE 81 Rff tw t' *V"'."- 
 
 24. 25. 41, 42, 43, 49, 64, 67, 51, 60; and Vert. Sect. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 21 28 26 ' ^" ^°^- ^^"t- ", 2S. 
 
 SUFFOLK,— 47,* 48,* 49, 60, 51, 66 SB*, 67. ' ' ' 
 
 SURREY,-1 SWt, 6t, 7*, 8t, 12t. Hor. Sect. 74, 76, 76, and 79. 
 SUSSEX,- 4*, 6t, 6t, 8t, 9t, lit. Hor. Sect. 73, 76, 76, 77, 78 
 
 W,i.RW10KSHIRE,-44*,45NW, 53*, 64, 62 NE, SW, SB, 63 NW, SW SE Hor Sect s-i *. t« «i ir ^ = 
 WILTSH[RE,-12*, 13', 14, 15, 18, 19. 34', and 85, jfor. Sect. 16 and 59 ' ^ ° " ' ^^'''- ®«''*- »• 
 
 WORCESTBRSHIRE,-43 NE, 44*, 54, 55, 62 SW, SE, 61 SB. Hor. Se^t. 13, 23, 26, 60, 69, and Vert Sect IB 
 
 gemerai, vasmoxns of the ceoiogzcaii svrvev " 
 
 RMPORT on CORNWALL, DEVON, and WEST SOMERSET. By Sir H T De La Bbowb ij,. irs-n. 
 FIGURES and DESCRIPTIONS of the PALJSOZOIC POSSTlSi^ thV^Jw n ,i i**- ^^'^-^ 
 The MEMOIRS Of the GEOLOGICAL SURVEySeaT BRITAIN. Vof I ll^^Vof H ^f.^T V^f """«■ (^.P.) 
 N. WALES, By Sm A, C. Eamsat. App„ by J. W, Salter and R. Ethemge 2^Vd Ed ^^}V w,'?^'f/; 
 LONDON BASIN. Pt.I. Chalk* Kocene of S.& W. Tracts. By W. Weii/kbe 13, fVoi iJ f m"'°'"^''°°'"'*''-) 
 Guirto to tlie GEOLOGY of LONDON and the NEIGHBOURHOOD By W Whita^I^ ^i IJ^™""''. *<=.) (O.p.) 
 TE RTIAEY FLU VIO-MARINE FORMATION of the ISLE of WIGHT B^ P^w.t??" "^ ^*- 
 Tl.e ISLE OF WIGHT. By H. W. Bmbtow. New Ed. b/c. R«?L !f StZ^T. ^r"!" '" 
 
MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURYEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 THE OOTTNTRT AKOUHD 
 
 M ALLE RST AI^ G, 
 
 WITH PARTS OF 
 
 WENSLEYDALE, SWALEDALE, AND 
 ARKENDALE. 
 
 (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET 97 N.W. 
 NEW SERIES, SHEET 40.) 
 
 J. E. DAKTNS, M.A., R. H. TIDDEMAN, M.A., F.G.S., 
 
 E. EUSSELL, C.E., F.G.S., C. T. CLOUGH, M.A., F.G.S., and 
 
 A. STEAHAN, M.A., F.G.S. 
 
 (Parts bt J. G. GOODCHILD, F.G.S., C. E. De KANCB, 
 
 Assoc. Inst. C.B., F.G.S., G. BAKEOW, F.G.S., ahd 
 
 F. H. HATCH, Ph.D., F.G.S.) 
 
 CUBLIBEED BT OBDER 01 IHB LOBSS COHMISSIOITEBB 01' EBB MAJESTY'S TBEABirBT. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
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 BT ETRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, 
 
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PREFACE. 
 
 "The geological examination of tlie area described in 
 this Memoir was begun by Mr. (now Professor') T. McK. 
 Hughes, and iriaiiy of the lines in the south-western part 
 of the map, more especially among the Silurian Rocks, 
 remain as originally laid doWn by him. On his retire- 
 tdient' from the staff of the Geological Survey, the map- 
 ping was carried on by Mr. Goodchild ' under thei 
 superintendence of Mr. Aveline, but wias ultimately 
 completed by Messrs. Dakyns, Tiddeman, Eussell, De 
 Ranee, Clough, Strahan, and Barrow, under the super- 
 intendence of Mr. Howell. In ' the final revision of the 
 complicated series of contemporaneous and intrusive 
 igneous rocks, Mr. Strahan had the valuable assistance 
 of Messrs. Marr and Harker, whose published work 
 is well known to geologists. Dr. Hatch also examined 
 the rocks in the field, and furnished petrographic notes 
 upon them. 
 
 The present Memoir has been written by those who 
 finally completed "the surveying of the ground, but the 
 notes made by Professor Hughes and Mr. Goodchild have 
 been freely used, while in the case of the' Stockdale Shales 
 advantage has been taken of a valuable paper by 
 Mr. Marr and Dr. Nicholson. The whole Memoir has 
 been edited and arranged by Mr, Strahan. 
 
 Of the area described in the following chapters, a large 
 proportion lies at an elevation"o^~more than 2,000 feet 
 above the sea. Embracing a portion of the main water- 
 parting of England, it includes the sources of the 
 Rivers Ure and Swale, which drain into the North Sea, 
 and the Lune and Eden, which flow to Lancaster and' 
 Carlisle respectively. ' 
 
 o 63866. Wt. 8719. E. & S. a 3 
 
VI 
 
 The oldest rocks in the district are the Ooniston Lime- 
 stone series and accompanying igneous masses, followed 
 by the Upper Silurian groups. These are covered 
 unconformably by the Carboniferous system, which 
 spreads over the main portion of the area and shows 
 a great development of the lower groups up to the 
 Millstone Grit. The late Professor Phillips selected the 
 top. of the Main Limestone as the base of the Millstone 
 Grit. But in mapping the whole of the North of 
 England the Survey has been compelled to abandon that 
 line and to include in the Carboniferous Limestone series 
 all the strata up to the base of the Ingleborough Grit. 
 
 One of the distinguishing characters of the ground 
 here described is the remarkable scenery produced by 
 the denudation of gently inclined strata. The great 
 cake of Cai-boniferous formations has been deeply 
 trenched by the various streams, and the once con- 
 tinuous sheet of Millstone Grit has been reduced to 
 detached outliers capping the higher ridges and hills . 
 
 A bibliography of the more important works relating 
 to the geology of the district will be found in the 
 Memoir on the Geology of the Country around Ingle- 
 borough, &o. (Quarter-sheet 97 S. W.) 
 
 1 Arch. Geikie, 
 
 3rd June 1891. Director-General. 
 
vu 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 PbUACE, by the DiBECIOB GrENEBiLL -^ - - - V 
 
 CHAPTER I. INTEODUCTION, by J. R. Dakyns, R. H. 
 Tiddeman, J. a. Goodohild, 0. T. Clongh, 
 
 and A. Strahan - • • • 1 
 
 Wateksheds - • - • 1 
 
 Agbicdltube, &o. .... 3 
 
 Table or Stkata .... 4 
 
 Introducioby Acoofkt op the Rocki . 6 
 
 II. LOWER SILURIAN ROOKS, by B. Rnsaell, 
 J . Q. G-oodchild, and A. Strahan. 
 
 COSISION LiUESIOKE SeBIES WITH COHTEMFO* 
 
 BANE0U8 AND INTBUSITE IgNEOUS RoCKB . 13 
 
 Orois Haw to Taiths - - - 14 
 
 The Bawfhey, Sally Beck, and Wandale • 16 
 Backside Beck amd Ctmtley ■ - .20 
 
 Fossils - - . . - 27 
 
 III. UPPER SILURIAN AND INTRUSIVE 
 IGNEOUS ROOKS, by R. Russell, J. G, 
 Goodchild, and A. Strahan. 
 
 Stockdalb Shales - 
 ComsTON Flags 
 CoMSTON Geits 
 Baknisdale Slates 
 
 28 
 34 
 37 
 
 IV. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES : 
 
 DiSTBICT 1. The SoniH.WBSTBEN COBIIEB 01 
 
 THE Map, by R. Russell and A. Strahan : — 
 
 The Basement Beds • . .40 
 
 The Great Scar Lvmestone amA ToredaU 
 Bocks along Ihe east side of the Bent 
 FomU:— 
 
 (1.) The Clough ... 43 
 
 (2.) Doveoote Gill - . - 43 
 (3.) Hebblethwaite and Penny 
 
 Farm Gills ... 47 
 
 (4.) Nor Gill ... 49 
 
 (5.) Whinny Gill - . . 53 
 
 (6.) Gutter Scales ... 54 
 
 (7.) Taiths Gill and Bluecaster . 56 
 (8.) The Rawthey . . .61 
 
 (9.) Needlehouse or Uldale Gill . 67 
 
 V. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES, 
 continued. 
 
 D18TIUCT 2. Gaesdale and Gbisdale, by 
 0. T. Clough, A. Strahan, and G. Barrow 70 
 
Page. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES, 
 contimied. 
 
 District 3 : — 
 (1.) Ravenstonedalb, and Upper Eden 
 Valley, by R. H. Tiddeman : 
 
 Lower Limestone Shales - .78 
 
 Great Sear, Limestone Series - 79 
 
 - .. ^YoredalB' Series - - 82 
 
 (2.) Mallebstang, by J. R. Dakyna - 88 
 
 VII. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES, 
 oontinned. 
 
 - Distbict4:-^ 
 
 (1.) The Valley op the Uee (WensibY'. 
 - BALE), by J. R. Dakyns, 0. B. 
 De Ranoe, and 0. T. Clough - 92 
 
 (2,) The Watebsheb between Wenslet- 
 
 BALE AND SwALEBALE, by J. R. 
 
 Dakyns and 0. E. De Ranee - 99 
 
 VIII. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES, 
 continued. 
 DisTBicT 6. SvALEDALE, by 0. T. Clough - 103 
 
 IX. CARBONIFEROUS, LIMESTONE SERIES, 
 continued.. 
 DisiEiCT 6, Aekendalb, by G. Barrow - US 
 
 X. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES, 
 continued. 
 District 7, by J. R. Dakyns :^ 
 
 (1.) BiKKBALE ANB THE UPPEK PaET OP THE 
 
 . Basin op the Swale - - 127 
 
 (2.)>WiNT0N ANB Kabbb, Fells - - 133 
 
 XI. CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS, continued. 
 Millstone Gkit -.^ 
 
 (1.) Baugh Fell, by A. , Strahan and G. 
 
 BaiTO* . ' ' ..Vj . . jgg 
 
 (2.) Swartb Fell, by R. H. Tiddeman - 137 
 (3.) Wild Boar Fell, by J. B. Dakyns - 137 
 (4.) Little Feill, by J. R. Dakyns - - 138 
 
 (5.) Msilerstaug Edge and the neigh- 
 bouring part of Birkdale, by J. B. 
 Dakyns, amd B. H. Tiddeman - 139 
 
 , (6.)i Abbotside Common and Shunner 
 Fell, by J. E. Dakyns and C. E. 
 DeEaaaoe - - . . 142 
 
 (7.) Muker Common, by C. E. De Bance 
 
 I and C. T. Oloagh - - . 147 
 
 (8.) Beldon and Crackpot Moor, by C. T. 
 
 Clough - - - - 148 
 
 (9.) Nine Standards and Coldbergh Edge, 
 
 by J. B. Dakyns - - . 14^ 
 
 (10.1 Ravenseat Moor, by G. Barrow - 150 
 (11.) "Water Crag, Rogan's Seat, and Tan 
 .' . , .Hill, by O.T.:(Jiough and G.Barrow 161 
 (12.) Between Gunnerside Beck and the 
 
 Swale, by 0. T.,C]ough - . 158 
 
 (13.) Surrender Moss and Great Pinseat, 
 
 by C. T. Clough and G. Barrow - 159 
 
IX 
 
 rtHAPTBB XII. PERMIAN AND TRIASSIO ROCKS, by 
 
 W. T. Aveline and R. H. Tiddeman - 161 
 
 XIII. METALLIFEROUS MINING :— 
 
 Introduction, by J. G. Goodohild and 0. T. 
 
 Olough - - . - - 165 
 
 Faults and Veins : — 
 (1.) Wensleydale, by J. R. Dakyns and 
 
 0. B. De Ranee - - - 168 
 
 (2.) Swaledale, by 0. T. Oloagh - - 170 
 
 (3.) Arkendale, by G. Barrow - - 178 
 
 (4.) Various nearly horizontal faults, by 
 
 O.T. dough- - - - 180 
 
 XIV. GOALS AND BUILDING STONES :— 
 
 (I.) Goals, by J. R. Dakyns and J. G. 
 
 Goodohild - - - - l(i2 
 
 (2.) BuiLDisa Stones, by J. G. Goodohild - 184 
 
 XV. SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS :— 
 
 Glacial Deiet - - - • - 186 
 
 Glacial Stei^b - - - - - 193 
 
 XVI. SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS, continued. 
 
 River Gkavels and Alluvium, by J. B. 
 
 Dakyns and C. T. Clouah - - - 194 
 
 Peat, by 0. T. Oloagh and G. Barrow - 195 
 
 Landslips, by 0. T. Clough - - - 196 
 
 Oaves, by 0. T. Clongh - - - 197 
 
 Cultivation Tereacbs, by 0. T. Clough - 197 
 
 Neolithic Flint-Implements, by 0. B. De 
 
 Ranee ... . 197 
 
 APPENDIX.— FOSSILS FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS 
 LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 O 63^56. 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. • 
 
 Frontispiece. — View of Wild Boar Fell from Cote Wold, near 
 Hawea Junction. The Cross Fell range seen in the 
 distance through the Mallerstang valley. From a 
 sketch by C. T. dough. 
 Fig. l.-^Section in Odd Grill, Wandale, showing a felsitio sill 
 resting on Coniston Limestone, displaced by small 
 faults, by E.TRussell - - - - - 19 
 
 2. — Section in Backside Beck, showing the Coniston Lime- 
 stone Series faulted, as supposed, against a felsitic 
 sill, byjl. Eussell 22 
 
 3. — Section in Backside Beck, showing the base of the 
 
 felsiticsillofFig. 2, by E. iBuBBell - - - - 23 
 
 4. — Plan of a dyke of felsite intrusive in Pale Slates in 
 
 Whinny Gill, by E. Eussell - - - - 33 
 
 5. — Section across Backside Beck, north-west of Narth- 
 
 waite, by Professor Hughes - - - - 36 
 
 6. — Plan of a dyke of mica-trap in Backside Beck, by 
 ^- E. Eussell 36 
 
 7. — Section across the Dent Fault near Dove Cote Gill, by 
 
 A. Strahan - - - - - 45 
 
 8. — Section across the Dent Fault near Hebblethwaite Hall, 
 
 by A. Strahan ------ 46 
 
 9.-^Plan of a small fault in the Catboniferous Limestone in 
 
 Taiths Gill, by E. Eussell - . - - 57 
 
 10. — Section across the Dent Fault near Taiths Gill, by 
 
 A. Strahan ...... 58 
 
 11. — Section across Swaledale, by C. T. Clough - - 104 
 
THE GEOLOGY OP 
 
 THK COUNTEY AHOUND 
 
 M A L L E K S T A N G, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 CHAPTER I- INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The area emliraced by this map, with the exoeption of the 
 larger valleys and of a small area near Kirkby Stephen, consists 
 entirely of moorland. It reaches its greatest height of 2,340 
 feet in the Great Shunner Fell. Other points of maximum 
 elevation are High Seat 2,328, Wild Boar Fell* 2,823, Hugh 
 Seat 2,257, Swarth Fell 2,235, Lunaset 2,218, Baugh Fellt 
 2,216, Kogan's Seat 2,204, Sails 2,185, Water Crag 2,1 70: so 
 that the district is of great elevation. It is also bordered on 
 the west, south, east, and north-=east by areas of high elevation, 
 and it contains the head-waters or sources of the Lune, Eden, 
 Swale, and Ure (or Yore). 
 
 Watersheds. 
 
 The country is physically divided into two unequal portions 
 by a great trench traversing the hills as a continuous valley in 
 which flow the rivers Ure and Eden ; for one can walk from 
 theHumber to the Solway, crossing the water-parting of England 
 imperceptibly, by following up the Ure and going down the 
 Eden, thus passing right through the heart of the Pennine 
 Range, without once leaving a narrow valley hemmed in by 
 steep fells. 
 
 The Eden anJ Ure take their sources from two gills which 
 run down the easb flank of this long continuous valley ahd, on 
 
 * The spelling of this and all other names is that given on the Ojduance Map. 
 In this case, however, it is probably wrong. The native pronunciation is Wilber 
 or Wyber, the 1 sound being exceedingly faint. There is no sound of d in the 
 word.-J. RD. 
 
 ■} By the old authors frequently spelt Bar or Bow Fell. 
 
 o 63SS6. A 
 
2 IKTKODUCTION. 
 
 arriving at the bottom, flow off to the north and south respec- 
 tively. The fell in which they rise is Lunds Fell, and the- 
 waters go by the name of Hell Gill and Ure Head. 
 
 The Eden flows north over Carboniferous rocks of the Yoie- 
 dale Series and the Great Scar Limestone, until it arrives at 
 Whai ton II all, where it enters upon the overlying red Permian 
 Rocks. West of the Eden Valley and its southern continuation in 
 the drainage of other river-basins, is a line of fells running about 
 north -north-east, consisting, as we proceed from south to north, 
 of Baugh Fell 2,216 feet, Swarth Fell 2,235 feet. Wild Boar 
 Fell 2,32Ji feet, Little Fell 1,831 feet, Greenlaw Rigg 1,318 
 feet, and Birkett Common 1,150 feet. This line of hills is here 
 crossed by the Eden and continues on the other side in a range 
 of buttresses subsidiary to the higher fells which bound the 
 valley on the east and culminate, in Mallerstang and Nine 
 Standards. These lesser hills are Great Bell 1,230 feet, and 
 Hartley Birkett 1,255 feet. 
 
 Wild Boar Fell is drained on the north-west by Scandal Beck, 
 which runs into the Eden, and on the west and south-west by 
 the sources of the Rawthey, a part of the Lune drainage. The 
 longest afiluent of the Rawthey lies between Wild Boar Fell and 
 Baugh Fell, in XJldale, running to the north-west. A.nother 
 source, Sally Beck, which runs S. 30° W., lies in a valley coinciding 
 with the upper part of Scandal Beck, and situated on a branch 
 of the great system of faults hereafter described. 
 
 West of this valley lies a great mass of fells of Silurian 
 Rocks extending to Tebay on the west and Sedbergh on the 
 south, chiefly within the Lune drainage-system ; not more than 
 three square miles of it belonging to the Eden basin, with which 
 it is connected by Scandal Beck. This beck diains, besides, 
 a high area of Carboniferous Limestone comprised in Ash Fell 
 and part of Crosby Garrett Fell, through which it passes by the 
 narrow defile of Smardale, soon entering a drift-covered area 
 and coursing over Permian Rocks from near Smardale Station 
 onwards to its junction with the Eden. The other part of 
 Crosby Garrett Fell also drains into the Eden hy Potts Beck, 
 called lower down Waterhouses Beck, in the north-west corner- 
 of the map. 
 
 The Ure flows south to the Moor Cock near Hawes Junction,, 
 where it turns eastward down Wensleydale close along the 
 southern edge of the map. It is joined by several large 
 affluents on both sides, the principal of which, as far as this 
 map is concerned, is the stream from Cotterdale. 
 
 The water-parting between the Ure valley and Garsdale Head 
 IS so ill- defined, that whilst crossing it you scarcely perceive you. 
 are passing from one dale into another ; and the stream that 
 forms the boundaiy of the north and west Ridings of Yorkshire,, 
 about one third of a mile east of Dandry Mire, runs some- 
 times into the one dale and sometimes into the other. At 
 present it runs into the Ure, but an old channel and alluvial 
 
INTKODUCTION. 3 
 
 flat leads from it into Garsdale. After crossing the water-parting 
 however, we descend somewhat rapidly into Garsdale. 
 
 With the exception of a narrow strip which drains into the 
 Eden, the whole of the north-eastern portion of the ground 
 included in the map drains into the Swale, either directly or by 
 Vay of Arkendale. 
 
 Agkicultube, &c. 
 
 Nearly the whole of the area comprised within the limits of 
 this map consists of pastoral land of one kind or another. 
 Whatever may have iDeen the case under older systems of 
 cultivation pursued in this district the whole of the arable land 
 is at the presentiday confined to a small area in the neighbour- 
 hood of Kirkby Stephen, and extending over an area bordering 
 -upon the Eden not much more than one and a half square 
 miles. Even here the high annual per-centage of wet and cold 
 days renders this form of agriculture irregular and uncertain 
 in its results. 
 
 , Meadow -land, i.e., grazing land that is periodically mown for 
 . hay, is for the same reason generally confined to the lower ground 
 of the valleys; for even where favourable local circumstances 
 have been improved upon by. a ,higher system of cultivation 
 than usual, haymaking is often a complete failure.. Mobt of 
 the. meadow-land is situated upon the loamy alluvial deposits 
 near the streams ; but the lower slopes of the hills are frequently 
 overspread with a covering of loamy soil transfer red,, in, the form 
 of rainwash, from the surface of the rock nearer the summits. 
 
 From the meadow^land zones of rough grazing land, or pas- 
 ture, follow the slopes of the hills, and extend upward to the 
 moorlands of the summits. In consequence of the varied nature 
 of the surface appropriated for this purpose no general descrip- 
 tion can be given, as there is every gradation from the dry 
 soi's with their short, sweet grass, through the coarser grass 
 and rushes developed upon the stony clays, to the rough heathery 
 pasture fostered by the patches of peaty soil that occupy the 
 spaces between the masses of weathered rock. Here and there, 
 and especially on the outcrop of the limestones, large patches of 
 perfectly bare rock occur ; but even in these patches lines of soil 
 settled in the joints frequently nourish a fairly abundant vege- 
 tation. 
 
 Above the pasture nearly, the whole of the surface not 
 occupied by crags, weathered blocks, or bare rock of any kind, 
 consist's of moorland, based upon a covering of peat, which 
 ranges in thickness from a few inches up to as much as 10 or 
 12 feet. Here and there, near the head^ waters of the streams 
 innumerable gullies branch out in all directions: and cut the 
 ' peat" up into detached islets with wet, cofFee-coloured slopes, and 
 summits clothed with tufts of heather and the other vegetation 
 of the moorlands. Vegetation of a similar character prevails all 
 over the area covered by the peat, and only occasionally gives 
 place to herbage consisting of the coarser grass and rushes. 
 
 A 2 
 
4 INTEODUCTION. 
 
 The moorlands aiFord feeding ground for the hardier breeds 
 of sheep during the open weather, while the oxen and the other 
 breeds of sheep are grazing in the pasture-lands below; the 
 meadow land is used for grazing purposes, chiefly for cows, 
 from the autumn until the spring. The Wensleydale cheeses 
 are well known, rivalling those of Stilton in quality, to which 
 they are like in character. They are made from milk supplied 
 not alone by Wensleydale, but also by the neighbouring parts of 
 Swaledale. Butter-factors collect the Swaledale butter and take 
 it over once a week to Hawes market. 
 
 Swaledale is also the seat of a considerable mining industry ; 
 and was formerly so to a much greater degree than it is 
 now ; for of late years the mines have greatly fallen oif, and 
 many of them have been quite abandoned. This is doubtless 
 due to two co-operating causes, viz., the low price of lead, chiefly 
 owing to the developrnent of Spanish lead-mines, and the 
 exhaustion of the more productive and more accessible veins. 
 
 The population of Upper Swaledale is considerally greater 
 than it would have been had no mines existed to help the 'farm- 
 ing interest. We should not then have seen the fields climbing 
 up the steep dale-sides so determinedly, nor so many comfort- 
 able homesteads nestling under well- grown trees. At present 
 (1883) many of the miners are compelled . to emigrate or leave 
 for work in other parts of England, and it is said that owing to 
 this cause the population of the district has decreased by at 
 least one-third within the last 1 years. To many persons the 
 abrupt sides, narrow gorge-like character, and isolation of Swale- 
 dale, render it the most attractive of all the Yorkshire dales. 
 
 Table of Strata. 
 
 The following is a general list of the strata occurring in the 
 district now under consideration : — 
 
 Hecent and 
 Post-Glacial 
 
 {Alluvium. 
 Peat. 
 River Terraces. 
 
 ^— • {SerCIay. 
 
 Tkias. Soft red sandstone (St. Bees Sandstone). 
 
 Pbemian. Eed sandstone and brookram. 
 
 A. Grit of Shnnner Fell top. 
 Shale, with some thin fosailiferous limestone. 
 
 B. Grits of Piokersett Edge, Wild Boar, and Swarth 
 Pells, Kogan'fl Seat, &c. 
 
 Shale and sandstone. 
 
 C. Calcareous sandstone and flags. 
 Shale and sandstone. 
 
 D. GritB, of White Walls and Low White Scar on Wild 
 Boar Fell, Low Loven Soar, &o. 
 
 Shale and sandstone, with the Tanhill Coal at or 
 near the base. 
 ( B. Grits of Howgatp Edge (Butter tubs; = the Ingle- 
 L borough Grit. 
 
 MlILSTONE GSIT.' 
 
TABLE OF STEATA. 
 
 pa 
 n 
 
 1^ 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 TOBEDALE 
 EOCKS. 
 
 Shale, probably absent in places. 
 
 G-annister-like sandstone, often double, with a coal 
 between the two beds (= the Grindstone ?) 
 
 Shale, with two thin, fossiliferous, calcareous beds 
 (the Tell Top Limestones). 
 
 The Chow Chert and Limestone. 
 
 Sandstone and shale (the Ten-Fathom Grit). 
 
 Shale. 
 
 Limestone or chert (The Little Limestone).* 
 
 Sandstone and shale (the Ooal-Sills), with a thin 
 coal. 
 
 The main chert. 
 
 The Main Limestone. 
 
 Sandstone, with a thin coal near the top. 
 
 Shale. 
 
 Chert. 
 
 The Undeeset Limestone. 
 
 Sandstone, with a thin coal. 
 
 Shale. 
 
 Limestone, thin (The ■Three-Takus Limestone). 
 
 Sandstone and shale. 
 
 Limestone (The Fi.ve-Taeds or Phillips' Impure 
 Productal Limestone). 
 
 Sandstone and shale. 
 
 The Middle Limestone in three divisions, viz., the 
 Middle Limestone (proper) above, the Cockle- 
 shell in the middle, and the Single Post below. 
 
 Sandstone, flags, with a thin coal in the upper t>art. 
 
 Shale. 
 
 The Simonstone Limestone. 
 
 Sandstone and shale with thin Limestones. 
 
 The Hardraw Scar Limestone, occasionally in two 
 beds. 
 
 Sandstone and shale. 
 
 The Melmerby Scar Series, consisting of alter- 
 i nations of limestone, shale, and sandstone above, 
 
 and of thick and pure limestone below. 
 
 The Ash Fell Beds ; alternations of sandstone, 
 limestone, and shale. 
 l_ The Bavenstonedale Limestone Series. 
 Lower Limestone Shales. 
 Basement Bed.s ; red conglomerate and sandstone. 
 
 Great Scar , 
 Limestone ■{ 
 Series. | 
 I 
 
 Upper 
 Silurian. 
 
 Lower 
 Silurian. 
 
 Vnconformity. 
 
 TBannisdale Slates. 
 I Ooniston Grits. 
 ■{ Ooniston Flags. 
 
 Stockdale Shales.{ J^i^pg^J-ifi^^^^^ ^^^^_ 
 
 Ooniston f Ashgill Shales. 
 
 Limestone \ Contemporaneous felsite (rhyolite) and ash. 
 Series. L Limestone and shale. 
 
 Intrvjswe Igneous Boelcs. 
 
 Diabase. 
 
 Mica-trap and andesite dykes. 
 
 Felsite (microgranite), as sills and dykes. 
 
 * This, with the sandstone and shale below it, constitutes the cherty and calca- 
 reous series known as the Ked and Black Beds. 
 
INTEODUCTION. 
 
 iNTEODTiaTORY ACCOUNT OF THE RogKS. 
 
 The Silurian Kocks form the group of hills, known collectively 
 as the Howgill Fells. The group extends from Tpbay to Se^- 
 hergh, but its height declines generally towards the north, and 
 along Ravenstonedale its surface dips gently beneath the Casr- 
 bonif erous Rocks. Owing to the contorted and faulted character 
 of the strata it is difficult to depict in general terms the structure 
 of the country. On the whole, however, the rocks may be 
 described as forming a series of domes, which have their centres 
 of elevation close to the fault bounding them on the east, and 
 which pass westwards into a series of minor flexures, subordinate 
 to the anticlinal axis which ranges through Grayrigg Forest.* 
 
 The oldest rocks here displayed form part of the Coniston 
 Limestone Series. They consist in the lowest part exposed of 
 •dark shales with bands and lenticular masses of black limestone. 
 Upon these, in the northern part of the district, rest thick well- 
 ^bedded felspathic mudstones, probably fine volcanic ashes, 
 which here and there contain a band of coarse volcanic breccia. 
 The ashes are followed by lava-flows of close-grained felsite 
 (rhyolite), usually pink, and these by laminated; sheets of fihei 
 ash which graduates upwards into the more shaly upper division 
 ■of the Coniston Limestone Series, known as the Ashgill Shales. 
 In the southern part of the district these volcanic rocks are 
 unrepresented, and the Ashgill Shales lose much of their thick- 
 ness, as though they were overlapped in this direction by the 
 Upper Silurian Rocks.f 
 
 The lowest member of the Upper Silurian Series consists of 
 black pyritous strata, known as the Graptolitic Mudstones or 
 the Skelgill Beds, so named by Mr. Marr from the beck of that 
 name near Ambleside. Upwards these are interstratified with 
 pale bands and eventually pass into the pale-green and felspathic- 
 looking shales known as the Pale Slates (the Browgill Beds of 
 Mr. Marr),' with which they constitute the Stockdale Shales, as 
 coloured on the map. 
 
 The Coniston Flags succeed the Stockdale Shales in a similarly 
 gradual manner. They consist of blocky and flaggy mudstones 
 with occasional sandy bands and with calcareous concretions. 
 Towards their base Monograpius priodon occurs in profusion. 
 Upwards they graduate into the tough fine-grained grey grits, 
 which constitute the mass of the Coniston Grits. The Bahnisdale 
 Slates consist of alternations of dark -grey and olive mudstones 
 with flagSj thinly-bedded grits, and partings of roughly cleaved 
 .shaje. A portion only of this sub-division is exposed to view in 
 
 " Geology of tlje Country around Kendal, Sedbergh, Bowness, and Tebay rOeoI 
 ■Survey Memoir), 2nd ed., pp. 1-S, 1888. 
 
 + The contemporaneous felsites in the Coniston Limestone Series of this neigh- 
 hourhood were first recognised as such, and distinguished from the intrusive felsites 
 hy Mr. J. G. Goodchild. 
 
lNTr.ODUCT>)BT ACCDUNr OF THE E0CK3. 7 
 
 "lliis'district, the upper beds being concealed beneath ■■ the Car- 
 boniferous Rocks of Ravenstonedale. 
 
 All these members of the Silurian syiStem are more or less 
 penetrated by' intrusive igneous rocks, the bulk of which, how- 
 ever, occur in the immediate neighbourhood of the domes of 
 ■elevation already alluded to. The intrusive rocks fall naturally 
 into three groups, namely, (1) diabase, which occurs as bosses 
 and dykes intruded through the Pale Slates; (2) mica-trap, 
 which occurs as dykes in all the Silurian Rodks; (3) felsite 
 (microgranite), which occurs as "sills" intruded between the 
 bedding-planes of the Coniston Limestone, Pale Slates, and 
 Coniston Flags, oi- as dykes in any of the Silurian Rocks. A 
 dyke of porphyrite or altered andesite has nlso been observed in 
 ■Coniston L'mestone. On these rocks Dr. Hatch makes the 
 following observations : — 
 
 " (1.) The diabase is a compact dark-coloured rocli;, and mucli decom- 
 posed, the lath-shaped felspars being kaolinized, and the angite mainly 
 converted into an aggregate of hornblende-flbres (uralite). Iron-ore 
 occurs in scattered granules. 
 
 " (2.) The mica-traps or minettes are compact rooks; usually varying in 
 colour from black to light-grey, but occasionally they are of a reddish- 
 brown or cream tint. Their most characteristic feature is abundant 
 brown mica disposed through the rock in lustrous plates. In some cases 
 these are of some size ; in most of the rocks, however, they are minute 
 specks, present in countless numbers, giving the rook a glistening 
 appearance. Cnder the microscope the mica sometimes appears in 
 regular six-sided plates, but more frequently in ragged patches and 
 .blades. It is a dark-brown biotite, probably meroxene. Penetrating the 
 mica, fine needles of apatite are often to be observed. Another important 
 feature in these rooks is the presence of carbonate of lime in considerable 
 quantity. In many cases they are so highly charged with oaloite as to 
 effervesce freely with acid. This mineral has, in many cases, completely 
 replaced the original constituents, forming pseudomorphs, the shape of 
 which givei some indication of the nature of the replaced mineral. Augite 
 ;has doubtless been replaced in this way, and the shape of some of the 
 •caloite-pseudomorphs point to olivine having been an original accessory 
 constituent of the rocks. The felspar (orthoolase) is surprisingly small in 
 quantity, being confined to small microlites and interstitial patches in 
 the groundmass, but the latter is generally so obscured by calcite-dust 
 and iron-staiuing that even this can only be made out after dissolving 
 .away the carbonate of lime from the section with dilute acid. Chlorite is 
 also present in patches and scattered fibres. In part this mineral is no 
 doubt derived from the decomposition of the biotite, in part also from the 
 augite. Magnetite is present in scattered granules. 
 
 " (3.) The intrusive felsites resemble the lavas in appearance, but have 
 a more crystalline texture, the groundmass being distinctly microcrystal- 
 line. They may be described, therefore, as microgranites." 
 
 These intrusions may be inferred to be of post-Silurian age, 
 for no petrologioal distinction can be draiwn between the dykies 
 or sills, whether of felsite or mica-trap, in the Lower Silurian 
 .and those in the newest Silurian strata existing in the neigh- 
 bourhood. On the other hand we have strong evidence that 
 they were pre-Carboniferous, for not only have we failed to find 
 igneous rocks penetrating the Carboi;iiferous strata, but in more 
 than one case a dyke has been planed off, xvith the Silurian strata 
 
8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 in which it has been intruded, before the deposition of the 
 Carboniferous Basement Conglomerate. The period separating 
 the Silurian and Carboniferous epochs, however, was long, and 
 we have reasons to suppose that the intrusions were not strictly 
 contemporaneous, for the mica-trap dykes cut across the felsite- 
 sills in a manner that can be explained only on the supposition 
 that they were of later age. Considering their petrological 
 aifinity, we have some reason to suppose that the felsites (micro- 
 granites) mark the same outburst of plutonic activity as the 
 Shap granite, which we know also to have been of post-Silurian 
 and pre-Carboniferoiis nge,* while the mica-traps seepi to have 
 been injected along cracks, traversing both the felsites and the 
 sedimentary rocks, at a later date and probably to a greater 
 distance from the source of the melted material. 
 
 A glance at the map shows that the intrusions especially 
 abound in the immediate neighbourhood of the domes of eleva- 
 tion which we have already noticed, and that away from such 
 centres the felsites are either absent or appear only as narrow 
 dykes. We know, moreover, that the domes had not only come 
 into existence in pre-Carboniferous times, but that there had' 
 been time for the removal of the whole of the Upper Silurian 
 rocks from many of them before the Carboniferous Basement 
 Conglomerate was deposited. These facts suggest that the same 
 plutonic energy which injected great sheets of felsite between 
 or through the sedimentary strata was instrumental in elevatiog 
 the strata into their existing domed form. 
 
 The Carboniferous Eocks repose naturally upon the upturned 
 edges of the Silurian strata along the northern flanks of the 
 Howgill Fells. t Towards the east of these hills, however, they 
 are limited by a great fault, and instead of dipping away from 
 the older rocks, are tilted up, and even inverted, along a belt of 
 ground from a quarter to half a mile in width. The line of fault 
 thus marked runs from the southern end of the Vale of Eden to 
 near Ingleton, crossing Garsdale and Dent. We have elsewhere 
 pointed out that the name of Pennine Fault, under which this 
 line of fracture has been included with that which runs along 
 the foot of the Pennine Range, is misleading, inasmuch as the 
 former ranges about south-south-west with a downthrow east, 
 while the latter runs south-east with a downthrow west. We 
 accordingly proposed to use the name of the Dent Fault for the 
 former, after the dale in which its effects are characteristically 
 developed. t In the map now under description a length of 
 about nine miles of the Dent Fault is included. Towards the 
 north it is traced with difficulty, and probably dies out, a num- 
 
 * Geology of the Country around Kendal, &e. (Geol. Surrey Memoir) 2nd ed., 
 p. 34, 1888. 
 
 t Geology of the Country around Kendal, &c. (Geol. Survey Mem.). 2nd ed., 
 pp. 20, 2 1 . 25, and plate iii. 
 
 t The Geology of the Country round Inglehorough, &c. (Geol. Survey Memoir), 
 pp. 83, 84, 1890. 
 
/ INTRODPCTOKV ACCOUNT OF THE KOCKS. 9 
 
 ber of lesser faults crossing it at right angles, all with down 
 throws to the south, contributing to this result. Southwards it 
 becomes a well-defined line of crush, doubling back the Great 
 Scar Limestone and at times the Yoredale Rocks, and throwing 
 them face to face with the Silurian strata. Though the dis- 
 placement effected by the fault is considerable, the compression 
 undergone by the strata along its whole length forms its most 
 marked characteristic. Its effects reach to about half a mile 
 eastwards, the Carboniferous Rocks then assuming a nearly 
 horizontal position, and extending with but little disturbance 
 over the remainder of the area included in the map. Owing to 
 a gentle easterly dip their lower members sink below the surface 
 in the eastern part of the area. The Millstone Grit on the other 
 hand, which occurs as small outliers only in the western part, 
 forms extensive moorlands as it descends to a lower level east- 
 wards. 
 
 According to the usual nomenclature the larger sub-divisions 
 of the Carboniferous Rocks are as follows : — 
 Millstone Grit. 
 
 Yoredale Rocks (Upper Limestone Shale). 
 Great Scar, Carboniferous, or Mountain Limestone. 
 Lower Limes! one Shule. 
 Basement Beds (red conglomerate). 
 The red conglomerate, the Old Red Sandstone of authors, is 
 in reality the base of the Carboniferous Series, for in many parts 
 of the north of England and Wales it dovetails with the over- 
 lying Carboniferous beds. It is, however, of quite local occur- 
 rence. It seems to have been deposited in hollows and the beds 
 so formed to have been then overlapped by higher Carboniferous 
 sandstones and shales. These latter, therefore, in the absence of 
 the red conglomerate rest directly on the Silurian strata. 
 
 For the Lower Limestone Shales and Great Scar Limestone 
 we adopt the classification given by Mr. Tiddeman in his 
 description of the north western part of the map (p. 78. See 
 also Geology of the Country around Kendal, &c., 1888, pp. 25- 
 28 and 31-33), as the greater part of these beds only occur 
 there. Owing to the number of sub -divisions in the Great Scar 
 Limestone, it is somewhat doubtful in many places what ought 
 to be considered its top. Professor Phillips selected the Gale 
 Limestone and took the next limestone as the lowest of his 
 Yoredale Series, calling it the Hardraw Limestone ;* but this 
 band cannot be distinguished from the Great Scar Limestone 
 further south, for the intervening sandstones and shales die out 
 in that direction. 
 
 * The term is misleading, for the hamlet of Hardraw stands on the limestone- 
 below the one meant ; so we call it the Hardraw Scar Limestonp, because it forms the 
 top of the scar at the waterfall well known as Hardraw Force. Phillips called the 
 next higher limestone the Simonside by mistake apparently for Simonstone, which is 
 the name of a house, for there is no such place as Simonside. Accordingly we use 
 the term Simonstone, but it is not a good name, as Simonstone does not stand on the 
 limoEtone so called but on the beds between it and the Hardraw Scar Limestone. 
 
10 I>-TI!ODUCTIOX. 
 
 The Middle Limestone consists of three divisions. The two 
 Iqwer members become distinct from the \.ipper f ^rther north 
 where they are known as the " Single-post" and " Coc!de-?heIl.," 
 "^Thoi^gh generally' thin, they are important aids to fixing horizons 
 from their character and position. The " Single post " is ao 
 ■called because it usually occurs in, a solid bed: without partings, 
 it has, moreover, a peculiar spotty appearance owing, to the 
 ■dissemination through it of a number of small calcite- crystals. 
 The " Coclileshell " gets its name from the number of Pnoducti 
 which characterise it, 
 
 The Impure, Productal Limestone of Phillips, though thin, 
 serves to fix horizons by its, marked character and position 
 close to the ton of the Middle Limestone. It becomes thicker 
 northward where it i,s known to miners as the " Five- Yards 
 Lim.estone " from its more usual thickness. In Swajedale it is 
 generally called by miners the " Third Set," though in some 
 places it is called the "Fourth Set," which in reality it is, 
 reckoning down from the Main Limestone. About Garsdale 
 it is known locally as the " Horseshoe " or the " Cocl<le-shell "; but 
 when so called it must not be confounded with the limestone 
 tetter known by that name, described above, which lies lower in 
 the series. 
 
 The next limestone, known as the " Three- Yards," in the north 
 of England, is of no importance in Wensleydale and of very little 
 in Swaledale, where, in fact it is generally omitted by miners 
 in reckoning the beds or " sets " as they are called. The Under- 
 set and Main Limestones are so thick and pure that they are in 
 general unmistakable. There is often a cherty bed on or a little 
 above the Underset known as the Underset Chert. In Swale- 
 dale the Main Limestone is immediately oveilain by a cherty 
 series known as the Main Chert and the Black and Ked Beds. 
 These pass westward and northward into a series of grits, sand- 
 stones, and shales known in the north as the " coal-sills," capped 
 by a bed of chert or limestone called the Little Limestone. The 
 term " coal-sills " is used, because in the typical area where the 
 term was first employed, the sandstones of the series often are the 
 sills to coal-seams. 
 
 The " Ten -Fathom Grit " of the Swaledale miners consists 
 generally of flags. It often has its top marked with Cauda galli 
 and of a gannistery character. It very generally occurs in two 
 divisions with a coal-seam and a thin " Crow " limestone between 
 the two members. 
 
 The highest bed of the Yoredale Series in our Table is gene- 
 rally a tough, gannister-lik-e sandstone. It is constant both in 
 occurrence and character over the greater part, though not over 
 the whole of the area of the map. It is also often double with a 
 coal between the two beds of sandstone. From its position with 
 reference to the thin fossiliferous beds in the shale below, as 
 well as from its character, it .is supposed to be identical with 
 the bed known in the north as the " Grindstone," which forms 
 
IKTRODUCTORY ACCOUNT OF THE BOCKS. 11 
 
 the gresft grit-scar near the top of Cross Fell. Its horizon is at 
 or near the base of the pebbly grit, of Ingleborough. 
 
 Owing to the low dip that prevails generally in the Carboni- 
 ferous area east of the Dent Faults the higher hills are exclu- 
 sively composed of Millstone Grit, which thus forms most of 
 the,, wild moorland of that area, while the Yoredale Beds and 
 Carljoniferous Limestone are nearfy confined to the sides and 
 bottoms of the valleys. 
 
 Liithologically the MiUstone Grit series consists of a great, 
 thickness of alternating beds of shale aiid sandstone of varying , 
 character vertically, but often persistently similar for some dis- 
 tance on the same horizon. The sandy beds vary much in 
 coarseness, hardness, and colour, and the shales occur as almost 
 unbedded clays or as finely laminated deposits, and sometimes 
 contain animal fossils and sometimes vegetable, the former gene- 
 rally in clayey or calcareous shale, the latter usually in sandy 
 shale. Coals are not uncommon ; limestones, though^ rare, are 
 occasionally met with. 
 
 It is, however, a disputed point what is the best line of divi- 
 sion to take between Yoredale Rocks and the Millstone Grit. 
 Very different lines have been tal?en by different persons in, 
 different places. This subject will be fully treated in the detailed 
 description of the rocks, but we will give here a summary of 
 the results arrived at. Phillips took as the top of his Yoredale 
 jseries the top of the Main Limestone, and we did the same 
 in our published maps of Wharfedale and Coyerdale. Other 
 geologists have taken the base of the Ingleborough Grit as the 
 base of the Millstone Grit. Now, in trying to carry on this 
 line we find that the characteristic pebbly part of that grit 
 dies out entirely. But there is generally north of Wensleydale 
 the gannister-like bed (the supposed " grindstone ") at or near 
 the base of the pebbly grit; i-n fact some sections in Swaledale 
 seem to show that the gannister and pebbly grit represent and 
 replace each other. This gannister-like rock we can trace fairly 
 well on- the whole into Westmoreland, so that were we to take 
 this aA the base of the Millstone Grit we should be able to keep 
 to one horizon so far, instead of having to run our base-line 
 athwart the teds on the dying out of the pebbly grit, as we 
 must do if we put the gannister into the Yoredale Series. 
 
 On the other hand, in the North of England the " grindstqnfe," 
 has always been taken as the topmost bed of the limestone-shales, 
 and the base of the Millstone Grit has been put at the base of the 
 sandstone next above the grindstone. Moreover, it would probably 
 be a matter of great uncertainty tracing the bed along Stainmoor. 
 It will be seen that the chief difficulty arises from the change- 
 able and inconstaut character of sandstonenbeds. ; A Limestone- 
 top is always the best line of division to take, when possible ; for 
 limestones, even when thin, persist over wide areas ; and their tops, 
 from being marked by pot-holes, can often be distinctly traced 
 «ven when the bed itself is not seen. 
 
12 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Now, the top of- the cherty series overlying the Main Linae- 
 stone is definite enough (being succeeded by shale and the Ten - 
 Fathom Grit) ; and the Little Limestone on the top of the " coal- 
 sills " is very persistent, and consequently affords an excellent 
 horizon ; and as the coal-sills and correlative cherty series thin 
 southward till they die out altogether or become a mere capping 
 of chert about a foot thick on the Main Limestone, were we to 
 take the Little ■Limestone as ^he top of the Yoredale Series 
 (making all above it Millstone Grit), we should have a line of 
 division which we could carry on, and it would also practically 
 be the same line as that taken by Professor Phillips and by 
 ourselves in Wharfedale. But, on the other hand, the limestone 
 does not form the natural top of the limestone-series of North- 
 umberland, but lies below strata which in every respect should 
 be associated with the Yoredale Series rather than with the 
 Millstone (Trit. 
 
 Confiniog oui- attention to the beds which are recognised by 
 everybody as belonging to the Millstone Grit Series, we may 
 divide the whole into five groups of sandstone separated by shale, 
 the Ingleborough Grit forming the lowest group. This and the 
 three groups above it are considered as equivalent to the Kinder 
 Scout Grit. ' 
 
 Towards the north the map includes a portion of the Permian 
 Rocks of the Vale of Eden. These strata, consisting of red sand- 
 stone and a brecciated conglomerate known as Brockram, rest 
 unconformably on the Lower Carboniferous Rocks, in the present 
 instance partly upon the Yoredale Series and partly on the Great 
 Scar Limestone. They are themselves overlapped by the St. Bees 
 Sandstone, a small area of which falls within the limits oF the map. 
 
 In the landscape the Silurian Rocks are marked by their softly- 
 flowing, rounded contours ; the Carboniferous give a tableland 
 in a state of disintegration where hard and soft alternations 
 thrust themselves into notice by abundance of, scarps and terraces, 
 only in some parts barely concealed by a veil of Drift. 
 
 The features to which the Yoredale Rocks give rise on the 
 hillsides form an important element in the landscape, besides 
 varying much the character of the ground for pastoral purposes. 
 The limestones, where thick, give a short, sweet pasture, unless 
 they are masked by debris from shales or sandstones of the over- 
 lying members. They may be often traced on the hillsides at 
 a distance by the long lines of " pots " or swallow-holes which 
 are dotted along their upper surface', and the corresponding 
 springs which issue from their base. The smaller limestones, on 
 the other hand, often require careful search to &id ; small isolated 
 swallow -holes will sometimes betray their presence when they 
 are nowhere visible at the surface, but they are often completely 
 masked. The Permian and Triassic Rocks, being mostly soft and 
 lying on low ground, gives hardly any characteristic feature at 
 all, their surface being well stippled over with abundant mounds 
 of Glacial Drift or covered over with flat spreads of alluvial wash. 
 
13 
 
 CHAPTER II— LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 
 
 CoNisTON Limestone Series with contemporaneous and 
 INTRUSIVE Igneous Rocks. 
 
 This series includes the following sub-divisions : — 
 Ashgill Shales. 
 
 Volcanic rocks (felsites and ashes), dying away southwards. 
 Black limestone and shale. 
 
 The lowest beds seen, the Coniston Limestone proper, consist 
 of black or dark-blue limestones, more or less impure, and varied 
 by bands or nodules of impure chert, alternating with dark calcare- 
 ous shale which splits up by a rough cleavage into irregular prisms 
 and splinters. As the series is followed upward the shale pre- 
 dominates, while the limestones are represented only by cal- 
 careous nodules and finally disappear, so that there is a passage 
 up into the Ashgill Shales. In the nortlrern part of the district, 
 however, the lower sub- division passes up into well -bedded 
 felspathic ashes associated with felsitic lava-flows, which in their 
 turn pass up into the Ashgill Shales. The base of the Coniston 
 Limestone is nowhere reached in the inliers about to be described ; 
 the greatest thickness of Ashgill Shales occurs in Fairy Gill 
 . where it may amount to 850 feet. The Volcanic Series reaches a 
 thickness of 60 or 70 feet, where most fully developed. A some- 
 what similar series, it may be noted, occurs in the Coniston 
 Limestone between Shap and Windermere,* between Coniston 
 and the sea, and near Appleby, while grits resembling ash-beds 
 occur, according to Professor Hughes, just above the Coniston 
 Limebtone in the Craven area.t On the series, as it occurs in 
 ihe area now under consideration, Dr. Hatch furnishes the follow- 
 ing notes : — ■ 
 
 "The contemporaneous felsites occur in thin beds (flows) among clastic 
 rooks of volcanic origin. They are grey, and reddish rocks, consisting of 
 porphyritic crystals of quartz and felspar imbedded in a compact matrix, 
 or of compact and homogeneous material without porphyritic crystals. 
 In their present state they represent altered rhyolites. The porphyritic 
 felspar is kaolinized and calcified, and the groundmass, originally glassy, 
 has assumed a felsitic or cryptocrystalline character. 
 
 "The volcanic tuffs are similar in appearance to the compact felsites, 
 but they have a laminated and sometimes banded structure. Under the 
 microscope they often present, when composed of very fine material, a 
 cryptocrystalline appearance similar to that of the felsites; but generally 
 the presence of distinct fragments enables them to be identified as clastic 
 rocks." 
 
 * Geology of the Country around Kendal, &c. (Memoirs Geol. Surrey), 2nd ed., 
 pp. 7-10, 1888. 
 
 t Geol. Mag., vol. iv., p. 354, ] 867. 
 
14 LOWEK SILCEIAN UOCKS. 
 
 Five distinct exposures of this series fall within the limits of 
 this map. The southernmost lies on the south side of Hebble- 
 thwaite Gill, in a tributary of which black shales, believed to be 
 AshgiU Shales/ riise from beneath the Pale Slates exposed in the 
 main stream. The shales are faulted against Coniston Flaga 
 towards the west, and ai'e quickly overspread by Carboniferous/ 
 Basement Beds on the east, so that the Coniston Limestone proper 
 is not exposed. 
 
 Cross Haw to Taiths. , 
 
 About a mile to the nortli the series rises again from beneath 
 the Coniston Flags and extends some two miles along the Dent 
 fault. On the north, west, and south, sides of this inlier the 
 Stocsdale Shales rest naturally upon the Ashgill Shales, but to- 
 wards the east the area is bounded by the fault, the Stockda:le 
 beds, where present, or the Carboniferous Limestone, being 
 thrown down against the Coniston Limestone. Seveji'al gills 
 intersect the margin of the area, and expose numerous dykes of 
 felsite and mica-trap, and the great intrusive sill of felsite of 
 Taiths Beck (Fig. 10, p. i58). No contemporaneous rocks have 
 been noticed in this exposure of the Coniston Limestone Series. 
 
 At the south end of ths exposure Cross Haw Beck gives a 
 poor section of the Pale Slates with two intrusive masses of 
 felsite, and above the northernmost mass a tributary strearii from 
 Marsh Yeat shows Coniston Limestone traveri=ed by a dyke of 
 mica-trap. About 100 yards farther east tlie dyke, still in 
 Cpniston Limestone, crosses the main stream, while between it" 
 and the felsite, black shales, compai able to the Dufton Mudstones, 
 crop out. The stream then,. under the name of Whinny Gill, 
 flows for about 300 yards over nearly vertical Coniston Lime- 
 stone, partly along the strike, but passing obliquely on to- 
 Pale Slates with two dykes, and eventually at High Pasture 
 Wood on to the lower beds of the Coniston Flags (pp. 32, 
 33), before it crosses the Dent Fault. It is certain that 
 the sequence here is incomplete, for there is not sufficient 
 room for the Graptolitie Mudstones and the Ashgill Shales to 
 crop otit, even supposing them to be vertical, but whether 
 their absence is due to a fault, or to the squeezing out of the 
 more plastic strata, there is not sufficient evidence to show. The 
 complication is further increased by the fact that the more 
 northern of the felsites crosses obliquely from the Pale Slates to 
 the upper part of the Coniston Limestone. Two hundred yards 
 west of 'Marsh Yeat the Graptolitie Mudstones crop out at a fork 
 in a lane, while a little further south in the same lane one of 
 the sheets of felsite comes into view. 
 
 In the next gill, that of Birks Wood, we cross Pale Slates and 
 Graptolitie Mudstones and enter upon the Ashgill Shales at 130 
 yards from the high road, and two or three yards west of a 
 mica trap dyke. Fifty yards further up the gill thick black 
 
C140SS HAW TO TAITHS. 15 
 
 limestone rises from beneath the shales. Birks Field Beck lies 
 200 yards further north. At 60 yards from the road it crosses 
 the junction of the Graptolitic Mudstones and the Ashgill Shales, 
 the latter containing nearly at their top a thin hand of grit, to 
 which allusion will be made subsequently (p. 25). Fifty yards 
 further up, the stream cuts through a mica-trap dyke, presumably 
 the same as that seen in Birks Wood, and thence eastwards 
 passes over shale with bands of limestone in which four 
 more dykes occur. Other small watercourses further north 
 along the hill-side expose shale with Lands of dark limestone, 
 and in one case a mass of intrusive f elsite of unknown extent. 
 The dip in all these gills ranges from 35° to 55° in a genetal 
 westerly direction. 
 
 Taiths Gill gives an excellent section of the Coniston Lime- 
 stone, and of a great sill of f elsite, and dykes of mica- trap 
 (Catalogue No. 1,470). Near the boundary of the Pale Slates 
 there are solne large blocks of mica-traps on the south side of 
 the stream, but it is impossible to say whether they are in situ 
 or whether they are derived from a dyke which traverses the Pale 
 Slates a little west of the line of junction. About 30 yards 
 further east f elsite occurs in the bed and on the south side of the 
 gill,- but in a very short distance ends off sharply against black 
 shale (Ashgill Shales), and seems to be thrown back to the east.. 
 Almost immediately it again crosses to the west side of the 
 brook, but soon turns slightly to the east, so that black shale 
 forms one side, and felsite the other of the water-course. This 
 continues until a north and south fault once more throws back 
 the felsite, and black shale occupies both sides of the channeL 
 At a bend in the stream the felsite again crosses to the' north- 
 west side and extends as far as a mica-trap dyke (Catalogue 
 No. 1,480) which ranges in a N. 28° W. direction. There is also 
 a shift along this dyke, for the felsite on the north-east side of 
 the dyke is now seen on the south side only of the brook. A 
 tongue of felsite projects across the stream from the main mass, 
 which once more crosses to the north-west of the stream, and 
 continues for a distance of about 100 yards to the next bend. 
 Here it is again shifted southwards; and from this place east- 
 wards as far as Taiths, black shale with bands of limestone 
 (Coniston Limestone), dipping west of north at from 30° to 45° 
 and turning to north and east of north at Taiths, is well exposed. 
 
 The Coniston Limestone is here traversed by several dykeS. 
 At Gill Wood a trap-dyke runs N. 5° W. East of Intack Wood 
 a mica-trap dyke, from 8 to 10 feet wide, runs nearly north and 
 south, and hades to the west. Eight chains farther east another 
 dyke of mica-trap ranges nearly parallel to the last-mentioned. 
 Between these two dykes a small boss of felsite comes up 
 through black shale. 
 
 Specimens of the great felsite-sill of Taiths Beck, collected at 
 the bridge near Taiths, and of one of the mica-trap dykes, are 
 thus described by Dr. Hatch : — 
 
 " (Catalogue No 1,470.) This Is a light-grey rook spotted white 'with 
 felspar-crystals. Under the microscope it is seen to consist of grains and 
 
IG LOWEE SILURIAN KOCKS. 
 
 crystals of orthoclase, and, more rarely, irregular blebs of quartz, 
 imbedded in a fine cryptocrystalline groundmass of quartz and felspar, 
 together with shreds of muscovite. The orthojclase-crystals are mUch 
 kaolinized, but sometimes show Carlsbad twinning. ^ 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,480), a dyke of mioa-trap in Taiths Gill, 200 yards 
 north of Fox Hole Eigg. A cream-coloured rock with disseminated 
 glistening flakes of mica. Dark -mica (biotite), sometimes in regular six- 
 sided plates, sometimes in ragged patches and blades, imbedded in a pale- 
 brown calcareous groundmass with a small quantity of interstitial felspar. 
 Magnetite in minute granules. Structure obscured by oalcite-dust." 
 
 It is difficult to trace the actual base of the sill of felsite 
 described above, but the exposures in the small valleys east of 
 Fox Hole Higg, on the south side of Taiths Gill, show that it 
 attains a considerable thickness. At Taiths the gill turns 
 sharply to the south and cuts a deep gorge in the Coniston 
 Limestone Series and across the felsite, which here breaks across 
 the bedding of the black shale in contact with it. South of the 
 felsite the dip varies in direction from east to north, and in 
 amount from 15° to 30°. Near the south end of Taiths Beck 
 Wood a fault crosses in a direction S. 25° W., with a hade to 
 the north-west, and on its south side the strata dip to north- 
 east, but further southwards are inclined to the south-east at 
 angles ranging from 60° to 65°, and so continue as far as some 
 small dykes of felsite near the fault which brings in the Pale 
 Slates. Between the dykes and this fault the dip is north-west 
 at 50° to 65°. The section forming JB'ig. 10 (p. 58) crosses Taiths 
 Beck at the point where these dykes are exposed. It shows also 
 the great felsite-sill, cut across, as we presume it to be, by one of 
 the vertical mica-trap dykes seen in the river below Taiths. 
 
 The Ashgill Shales are exposed in Splender Gill, Bluecaster 
 Gill, Fairy Gill,* and at various places within the triangular 
 space between the Dent Fault and Bluecaster. In Fairy Gill 
 they are cut through by a mica-trap dyke about 4 feet wide, 
 trending N. 10° W. 
 
 The Rawthey, Sally Beck, and Wandale. 
 
 The next inlier of the Coniston Limestone Series to be 
 described extends from the Rawthey to Sprintgill, and occupies 
 Wandale and the valley of Sally Beck. On the south side of 
 the inlier the series is thrown against Graptolitic Mudstones by 
 a fault which is well exposed in the banks of the river a 
 quarter of a mile west of Rawthey Bridge. Towards the west 
 arid north it dips naturally under the Stockdale Shales, and 
 towards the east it is limited by the Dent Fault. 
 
 The section in the Rawthey discloses black shale and lime- 
 stone, traversed by three dykes of mica-trap, the middle one of 
 which is thus described by Dr. Hatch : — 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,478.) Dyke 300 yards west of Eawthey Bridge. 
 Eeddish-brown rock with large flakes , of lustrous brown mica. Efiervesces 
 
 * From this piU the type-specimens of Slrophomena siluriana, described by 
 Davidson (i'oi. iSoc, Sil. Bratth. 18B4-71, p. 303) were collected by the Rev. 
 H. G. Day and Frofessor Hughes. 
 
THE UAWTHEr, SALI^V BECK, AND WANDALE. 17 
 
 with aoid. Under th.e miorosoops plates and. bladea of brown mica 
 (biofcite) imbedded in a reddish-brown grouaimasj, consisting chiefly of 
 minute felspar-miorjlifces, bnt obsonred by staining of ferric oxida. 
 Small calcareous pseudomorphs after augite (?). Miniate scattered 
 grannies of magnetite. Oavitios filled with cilcite and lined with 
 chlorite." 
 
 The middle dyke is shifted six feet on the south side of the 
 channel ; the easternmost dyke coincides with the bedding on 
 the south side, but on the north apparently ends off against a joint 
 in black shale. The dip ranges from nearly north to west, and 
 similar strata crop out in Sally Beck as far north as Bridge, where 
 a sheet of felsite crosses the stream. But from this point thin- 
 bedded fissile shales, of a grey tint,.but weathering brown, extend 
 along the east side of the valley as far as Foggygill, and are well 
 exposed near MurthwaitB and at Sally Beck. The dip, as- far as 
 it can be determined in such cleaved rocks, coincides with that 
 of the limestone in Sally Beck, and these grey shales may be 
 considered to belong to the Ashgill Shales, to which they bear a 
 close resemblance. They are probably faulted agfiinst the lime- 
 stone of Sally Beck near the felsite mentioned above. At 
 Murthwaite, Aotinocrinus, Petruia, Encrinurus, Trinudeue, 
 LeptoBiia, Orthis, and Strophomena were noted by Professor 
 Hughes. North of Foggygill limestone of the usual Coniston 
 type rises from beneath the Ashgill Shales of Murthwaite with 
 a dip to the north-west of 25° to 50*^. It is exposed both in 
 Sally Beck, where it contains two small dykes of mica-trap, and 
 in a ravine 100 yards south of Sprintgill, where it is traversed 
 by a vesicular dyke of andesite, described by Dr. Hatch as 
 follows : — 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,485.) This rock is composed of porphyritic lath- 
 shaped felspars much altered and replaced by calcite, imbedded in a dark- 
 coLmred groundmass full of minute spicules of felspar and scattered 
 granules of magnetite. Unaltered augite is not visible in the bection. 
 Vesicles infilled with chlorite." 
 
 The strike of the AshgiU Shales of Murthwaite, would, if 
 continued, carry them across the ridge into a part of Wandale, 
 where Coniston Limestone alone is exposed, and where, more- 
 over, the dip is nearly at right angles to that which prevails at 
 Murthwaite. There must therefore be a fault somewhere along 
 the ridge, as shown on the map, but there are no sections to 
 show its exact position. 
 
 In Wandale we find exposed for the first time tlie con- 
 temporaneous Volcanic Rocks in the Coniston Limestone Series, 
 to which allusion has already been made. Near the foot of the 
 dale the strata dip southwards at high angles, but sweep round 
 so as to strike along the west side of the dale for about half- a 
 mile to Odd Gill, 'where the best exposures occur, and thence 
 strike eastwards towards Sprintgill. Several sills of felsite 
 penetrate both the limestone and the Ashgill Shales, and seem 
 also to break across the contemporaneous Volcanic Series, causing 
 
 o 63866. B 
 
18 LOWER SILURIAN HOCKS. 
 
 great complication. In which class the felsite of Sally Beck 
 should be placed remains doubtful from the incompleteness of the 
 section. ' 
 
 In ascending Wandale Beck we meet, just above the road to 
 Murthwaite, hard, dark, imperfectly cleaved shales, presumably 
 the Ashgill Shale^, which occupy the stream for 200 yards. 
 About 26 yards south of a small wood on the west bank pink 
 clo.se-grained felsite crosses, and upon it lies a hard grey f elspathic 
 rock, which resembles certain bainded rocks, presently to be 
 described as presumably volcanic ash. Higher up the stream, 
 by.t geologically below the felsite^ similar grey felspathic rock, 
 yjth a second band of felsite, continues as far as the centre of 
 the^ wood, from which point 'the stream flows over felsite for 
 ^bout ,65 yards. We then come upon hard dark shales with 
 scattered cubes of iron-pyrites, and shales with bands and con- 
 cretions of limestone, the Conistpn Limestone proper, which 
 with a general north-westerly dip form the channel of the 
 be^ as far as Odd Gill. From the absence of volcanic ash we 
 suppose the last-mentioned felsite to be intrusive. 
 
 On ascending the numerous streamlets which drain the 
 western slopes of Wandale, we find no difficulty in tracing the 
 felsite associated with the supposed volcanic ash to a point only 
 300 yards short of Odd Gill where we obtain evidence of its 
 being a contemporaneous outburst, while, higher up in the 
 hill-side, a series of exposures shows an intrusive sill of felsite,. 
 corresponding in the absence of the supposed ash to thejthick 
 felsite already mentioned, but differing from it in lying above 
 the ashy series instead of below as in the beck. The intrusive 
 rock must be supposed, therefore, to break across the ashy series 
 somewhere in the small wood, or just above it, but at that point 
 the exposures are too scanty to enable us to say with cer- 
 tainty what takes place. Taking the streamlets in order from 
 south to north we find the following succession. In the first 
 streamlet nortii of the wood, dark shale and limestone dipping 
 N. 28° W. .at 67°, and passing up into grey felspathic ash near- 
 the first fence, then a felsite followed by more ash, and lastly an 
 intrusive sill of felsite. The next streamlet shows the 'same 
 sequence, with the addition pf ' a second intrusive sheet of felsite 
 higher up the hillside. The third streamlet exposes the con- 
 ^einporaneoiiS felsite and ash, and the thick sill next above it. In 
 the fourth streamlet these two reappear, with a thin band of 
 intrusive felsite between them, while above them in the hill-side 
 there crop out Ashgill Shales weathering into prism-shaped 
 fragments and containing Orthis hwnantensis. At this point 
 the contemporaneous series descends close to the west bank of 
 Wandale Beck, and runs under Drift, still, however, showing 
 through at intervals. 
 
 At the mouth of Odd Gill the contemporaneous series crosses 
 Wandale Beck, with a northerly dip of 20° to 35°, while 100 
 yards further up a felsite, doubtless the thick sill we have beem 
 
THE EAWTilEY, SALLY. BECK, AND WANDALE. 
 
 1& 
 
 tracing, appears in the west bank of the beck for about 40 
 yards. Above this again black shales with iron-pyrites are 
 seen in the east bank, but the rest of the section is obscure. 
 Odd Gill gives a good exposure of beds of ash which lie above 
 and below a contemporaneous felsite lava-flow. The volcanic 
 rocks form a little cliff for a few yards south from the junction 
 of Odd Gill and Wandale Beck. From below it rises a grey and 
 yellowish felspathic rock, much resembling felsite, though with 
 a more hackly fracture, and showing distinct bedding and even 
 lamination. Above it lies a similar rock, but more distinctly 
 shaly and with remarkably regular lamination. In these shaly 
 ashes, as we suppose them to be, runs a twelve-inch band of 
 bluish vesicular felsite, which we identify as a small lava-flo\v, 
 and which is thus .described, by Dr. Hatch : — 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,460.) This is n. dark-grey felsite with crystals of 
 light-coloured felspar (much calcified) and blebs of glassy quartz, im- 
 bedded in a compact flinty groundmass. This groundmass examined 
 under the microscope appears pale-brown and fib''ous, and exerts but little 
 influence on polarized light." 
 
 Further up the gill the laminated ashes pass up into a hard 
 dark rock, often crowded with little cubes of iron-pyrites, and 
 this into shale with limestone of the usual character. One 
 hundred yards from its mouth the gill crosses the base of the 
 intrusive felsite and gives an interesting section of a number of 
 little faults by which it is displaced (Fig. 1). The felsite has 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Section in Odd Gill, Wandale, shewing a felsitic sill resting on 
 Goniston Limestone, displaced by small faults. 
 
 By R. Russell. 
 
 lONHroH LlMtSroNt SCRirj 
 
 Scale, about 2 feet = 1 inch. 
 
 been intruded along the bedding in the form of a sill, and 
 rests upon a slightly uneven surface of a bedding-plane, the 
 small faults alluded to traversing the junction of the two rocks 
 in a northerly direction, and repeatedly shifting it from a few 
 inches to two or three feet down to the west. The felpite 
 
 B 2 
 
20 LOWEB SIIiUEIAN BOCKS. 
 
 crosses the gill obliquely and forms the bed of the stream as 
 far as the boundary-fence of the fell, where it is succeeded by 
 shale (Ashgill Shales). It there disappears under the Drift of 
 Murthwaite Rigg. One hundred yards west of Sprintgill f elsite 
 is exposed which is of close texture, pink, and associated with 
 shale much like the contemporaneous ash, but we are left in 
 doubt, from the limited extent of the section, whether to con- 
 nect it with conteniporaneous series. In the lane, and within a 
 few yards of the base of the . felsite, shale with limestone 
 (Coniston Limestone) crops out. 
 
 One hundred and fifty yards south-east of Wandale there is a 
 small exposure of diabase, intrusive in Ashgill Shales. 
 
 Backside Beck and Cautley. 
 
 On crossing the Coniston Flags of Wandale Hill we enter the 
 inlier of the Coniston Limestone Series which occupies the valley 
 of Backside Beck. ' This dale resembles Wandale in structure. 
 Towards the south-west it is bounded by a fault with a down- 
 throw to the north-east, and towards the east by the Wandale 
 Hill Fault, which runs roughly parallel to the Dent Fault, and, 
 like it, throws the strata down eastwards. On its west and 
 north sides the Coniston Limestone passes naturally under the 
 Upper Silurian rocks, as in Wandale. The volcanic rocks herein 
 exposed closely resemble those of Wandale, except in there being 
 a larger number of felsitic intrusions. 
 
 For rather more than half a mile from its mouth the beck 
 flows over Coniston Grits and;Flags (pp. 35—37). It then crosses 
 the Wandale Hill Fault, which is marked by a belt of brecciated 
 limestone, shale, and slate, with ramifying threads of calcite, and 
 exposes to view a mass of felsite intrusive in limestone. From 
 this point upwards, as far as its division into Spengill and Stock- 
 less Gill, the beck flows' over' the Coniston Limestone Series. 
 The efiect of the fault here, therefore, is to cut out the Coniston 
 Flags, the Stockdale Shales, the Ashgill Shales, and a portion of 
 the Coniston Limestone ; but further north it merely shifts the 
 Pale Slates against Coniston Flags. Fault-breccia with calcite 
 occurs on Wandale Hill also, at the intersection of the fault with 
 the western boundary-fence. 
 
 Continuing up the beck for 1.50 yards over crushed limestone 
 and shale, we see a dyke of mica-trap running S. 28° E. on its 
 west bank, and then cross shale and limestone, gently undulating, 
 but with a general north-north-westerly dip of 20° to 25°. The 
 mica-trap is thus described by Dr. Hatch : — 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,474). Darkrgrey rook witli dispersed specks of mica. 
 Under the microscope abundant brown mica (biotite) in blades and 
 patches, imbedded in a chloritic and calcareous groundmass. Isolated 
 calcareous and chloritic pseudomorphs after a well-crystallised mineral 
 having this form of angite are also present."* 
 
 * This rook was described by Prof. Boniiey and Mr. Hpnghton, and termed by 
 them a minette-felsite. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxv. p. 178. 1879. 
 
BA0KSID3 BECK AND CAUTLEY. 21 
 
 The limestones increase in thickness as we proceed, and form a 
 series of small waterfalls. Above thenext stream which enters from 
 the west, and about 30 yards above a ruined footbridge, a sill 
 of w^hitish felsite, with a dyke of mica-trap at its base, crosses the 
 stream, and, at the fence which comes down from a barn on the 
 east side of the dale, passes under limestone with thin partings 
 of shale, and but little altered. The dyke at the base of the 
 feUts has been examined by Dr. Hatch, who makes the follow- 
 ing notes:—* 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,481). Black compact rock, speckled over with glitter- 
 ing flakes of mica. EBfervesces with acid. Mloroscopic appearance 
 siinilar to that of No. 1,475 (p. 26) but finer-grained." 
 
 Both the felsite and the dyke seem to follow the bedding of 
 the rocks into which they have been injected, but on returning 
 to the streamlet on the east side we find the dyke penetrating 
 the felsite, and not, as in the beck, running between it and the 
 limestone. In this same streamlet a second sheet of felsite is 
 exposed, which can be followed down to the main beck below 
 Backside Farmhouse. Below it, in the beck, lie dark shales 
 with bands of limestone, dipping north-westward at 5° to 10°, 
 and becoming harder and more massive immediately below its 
 base, where also they contain many crystals of iron -pyrites. 
 Just above the first felsite noted Phacops Brongniarti occurs 
 in the limestone.* The second felsite is white, and presents 
 a false appearance of bedding, as is commonly the case. It 
 forms the channel of the beck for a few yards, but then mounts 
 to the top of the west bank, the limestone abutting againi^t it 
 along a line running nearly west-north-west, in a manner that 
 may be due to the intrusive rock having broken across the lime- 
 stone during injection, or, as has been assumed on the map, 
 merely to a small fault. 'J'he two felsite -sills described above 
 are both visible on the east side of the dale also, in the stream- 
 lets which descend the liillside near and south of Backside 
 Farm. It will be noticed that, though intrusive, they follow 
 the bedding for a considerable distance and thus are correctly 
 described by the term sills. 
 
 About 18 yards higher up the stream an irregular felsite-dyke, 
 about 3^ feet in width, breaks across the strata in a S. 35° E. 
 direction, and immediately north of it the dip changes to a 
 general south-westerly direction at 10° to 20°, sweeping round, 
 however, at Watley Gill to a westward direction. The strata 
 consist of dark shaies with bands and concretions of limestone, 
 and a few yards below that gill are traversed by a small fault 
 running a little south of west with a downtlirow to the north. 
 
 Above Watley Gill a number of intrusive felsites ma,ke , their 
 appearance. In their behaviour with respect to the limestone, 
 
 * At Appleby, according to Mr. Marr, the horizoa of this fossil lies above the 
 coatemporaneoiis volcanic series. Here it seems to occur at a consideixb'.e dis- 
 tance below that series. 
 
I'J. LOWER SILUEIAX EOCKS. 
 
 and in their general character, they resemble those we have 
 already described. They occur, too, at about the same horizon 
 in the limestone-series, and the change in the dip, combined with 
 the faults, would account for their reappearance. But, as will 
 be seen subsequently, the sills are inconstant and possess no 
 marked characters by which any one can be distinguished from 
 another, whether it is intrusive in Coniston Flags, Pale Slates, 
 or Coniston Limestone. The actual continuity of the sills in the 
 upper part of Backside Beck with those already described is 
 purely a matter of speculation, and of no particular conse- 
 quence. 
 
 The first felsite we come to occurs, with a thickness of 6 feet, 
 on the east side of the beck about 80 yards above Watley Gill, 
 and on the west bank a little higher up, the two exposures being 
 connected by a narrow band along a joint in the bed of the 
 stream. It abuts on the north, along a line rxmning nearly north- 
 west, against shale with bands of limestone dipping south- 
 westwards at 25° to 30°. The next till of felsite commences 
 100 yards above Watley Gill, and occupies the beck for about 
 110 yards. At its southern boundary (its upper surface, the 
 dip being here south-west and rather down the stream) it ends 
 abruptly as though hj a fault (Fig. 2). 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Section in Backside Beck, shewing the Coniston Limestone 
 . Series faulted, as supposed, against a felsitic sill. 
 
 Bv R. Russell. 
 
 CONJSTON 
 LIMCSTONC 
 
 ft L s I r E 
 
 Scale, about 4 feet = 1 inch. 
 
 Towards the north its base, after running a few feet along the 
 west bank parallel to the dip, rises sharply up, so as to abut 
 against shale with bands of Jimestone (Fig 3), possibly in con- 
 sequence of a slight shift, but no distinct break can be detected 
 in the brook-channel. 
 
BACKSIDE HECK AND CaUTLET. 
 
 23 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 Sectio7i in Backside Beck, shelving the base of the felsite of Fig. 2. 
 
 By R. Eiissell. 
 
 FELSlTe 
 
 Scale, about 4 feet = 1 inch. 
 
 The width of outcrop of this felsite may be attributed to the 
 low dip of the strata rather than to an unusual thickness. It 
 does not reappear on tlie west side of the dale, and is a few feet 
 thick only in the streamlets on the east side. Five of these 
 streamlets descend the slope north of Backside Farm. In the 
 first, which runs 100 yards north of the farm, shale and lime- 
 stone only are seen up to the boundary- wall of the fell, above 
 which is a felsite, probably a ^11, but much obscured by talus. 
 The next streamlet rises high up on Wandale Hill ; in its upper 
 parts it cuts a deep ravine in Ashgill Shales with two dykes of 
 mica-trap. Near the boundary-wall there are fragments of 
 felsite, but none of that rock seen in place ; below the wall the 
 stream traverses shale and limestone, and is crossed by felsite no 
 less than five times before its teimination. The third streamlet 
 flows over shale and limestone and four distinct sills of felsite ; 
 the foufth enters the beck at the southern margin of the wide 
 felsite already mentioned. Higher up it crosses a second sill of 
 felsite in limestone. The fifth rises just above a felsite and 
 (exposes below it a small shoulder of i ock resembling f elspathic 
 ash, and supposed in consequence to belong to the contempor- 
 aneous series. Lower down the stream crosses a felsite-sill, .md 
 then flows over limestone to its termination. In spite of these 
 numerous small exposures it has proved an impossible task to 
 join up the various sills of felsite from gill to gill. 'Jhey clearly 
 die out, wedge in, and even ramify among the sedimentary 
 beds. 
 
 The last-mentioned streamlet leads us down to the beck about 
 SO yards above the wide exposure of felsite already noted. 
 Just above the felsite a mica -trap dyke cuts through the strata 
 on the east bank, and near the same spot the dip changes ft.-om 
 south-west to nearly due north, and so continues, except in some 
 
24 I.OWEE SILUEIAM ROCKS. 
 
 undulations, to the head of the dale, the stream crossing a nearly- 
 continuous ascending section. For about 170 yards above the 
 f elsite it exposes shale with limestone, the bands of the latter 
 . rock becoming thinner and more nodular upwards until they are 
 represented only by calcareous concretions in shale. These 
 strata pass up into a hard banded black rock, perhaps a fine 
 volcanic ash, at the top of which occurs a thin band of tuff, 
 containing many fragments up to the size of a marble, and some 
 large lumps of blue felsite. On the tuff rests a close-textured 
 felsite (Catalogue No. 1,463), about 30 feet thick, pink above, but 
 becoming yellowish below, which we assume to have been a 
 submarine lava-flow. The felsite is succeeded by hard yellow 
 or grey shaly rock much resembling felsite in hand-specimens, 
 but clearly stratified and even laminated, and therefore presum- 
 ably a felsitic ash (Catalogue No. 1,464). The laminated ash is 
 about 15 feet thick and contains a. band of bluish vesicular 
 felsite (Catalogue No. 1462), 10 inches thick and precisely similar 
 to the thin band in the contemporaneous series in Wandale 
 (p. 19). In the upper part of the ash-beds there appear lines 
 of calcareous concretions as though the condition of the sea- 
 bottom was gradually becoming normal after the volcanic out- 
 burst. No fossils, however, have been found in them. Dr. Hatch 
 furnishes the following notes on the felsites and ashes referred 
 to above : — 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,463). A red homogeneous and compact felsite. In 
 this rock there are no individualised eonstituents, and the compact felsiiic 
 material is almost isotropic between crossed nicols. 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,464). A compact banded grey rock. 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,462). This rock consists of irregular porphyritic grains 
 of quartz imbedded in a cryptocryatalline or felsitic groundmass. Infilled 
 vesicles. Individualised felspar is not present." 
 
 The pink felsite occupies the stream from a point about 150 
 yards north of the northernmost wall. It thence gradually dips 
 northwards until the overlying ash descends to the level of the 
 water, but it should be noticed that a small fault follows the 
 bed of the stream for some yards and shifts the whole series 
 about 20 feet down to the west, causing an apparent want of 
 correspondence in the two banks. A few yards further on a 
 larger fault crosses the beck obliquely in a north-north-westerly 
 direction, with a considerable upthrow to the east, so that the 
 volcanic series, after dipping down below the surface, is brought 
 up again, and a repetition of the section already noted is pre- 
 sented in' the next 100 yards. 
 
 The felspathic ashes which overlie the felsite pass up into 
 hard grey slaty rocks with a few bands of limestone containing 
 Trinucleus seticomis in the upper part, and these into shales, 
 which split up into pencil-shaped splinters. Here a pink felsite 
 of close texture crosses the stream, dipping with the beds ; but 
 whether a sill or a contemporaneous lava-flow there is nothing 
 definite to show. Presumably, however, it is intru.sive, for it is 
 followed, still in ascending order, by hard rock of flinty texture, 
 
UACKSIDIi BECK AND CAUTLEY. 25 
 
 probably hardened shale, and by splintery shales and mudstones 
 (Ashgill Shales), which occupy the beck to a point 80 yards 
 above its division into Spengill and Stockless Gill, where the 
 Graptolitic Mudstones commence (pp. 28-30). About 150 yards 
 south of the forking of the beck a mica trap dyke cuts through 
 the shales in a direction N. 42° W. The rock is thus desciibed 
 by Dr. Hatch :— 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,471). Fine»grained grey rock, speckled over with 
 flakes of mica. Effervesces with acid. Lath-shaped crystals and blades 
 of brown mica (biotite) imbedded in a semi-opaque brown groundmass, in 
 which, with the exception of a few specks of magnetite, nothing can be 
 clearly disLinguished. This is due to the abundant presence of calcite- 
 dust and to staining with ferric oxide. Oalcite-pseudomorphs. Cavities 
 filled with calcite."* 
 
 A few yards below the forking of the beck and on the west 
 bank a hard calcareous grit was noted by Professor Hughes in 
 the Ashgill Shales. It has yielded Cornulites, OrtMs protensa, 
 Sow., (J. biforata, Schloth, Strophornena siluriana, Dav., and 
 Meristella craslsa, Sow. (?), according to Mr. Marr and Dr. 
 Nicholson, who remark : " The first four of 1 hese are found in 
 the Ashgill Shales. This grit-Vand is succeeded by several 
 feet of leaden-blue, cleaved, non-lanynated mudstones, with 
 abundance of Phyllopora Hisingeri, M'Coy, and Myelodadylus, 
 sp. ' They are quite similar to the A shgill Shales of other 
 areas, and we believe that both these shales and the grit are 
 referable to that horizon."t 
 
 A grit occupies a corresponding position in Taiths Gill also, 
 just above where the footpath from Lower Beckside crosses to 
 Fox Hole Uigg. There it occurs in the form of a calcareous 
 pyritous conglomerate about 6 feet in thickness, and chiefly 
 composed of fragments of Coniston Limestone and shale in a 
 dark-grey calcareous matrix. This conglomerate can be traced 
 a few hundred yards up the beck with a dip corresponding to 
 that of the adjoining Upper Silurian Eocks. The occurrence of 
 a similar grit in the Ashgill Shales of Birk's Field Beck has 
 already been noted (p. 15). 
 
 Watley Gill, which drains the saddle between the Coniston 
 Grit hills of Kensgriff and Yarlside, forms the only remaining 
 section in the Backside Valley. Near its junction with Backside 
 Beck it exposes shale with bands of limestone dipping westwards 
 at gentle angles, and 130 yards west of the junction crosses a 
 dyke of mica-trap ranging N. 37° W., on whicli the following 
 observations are made by Dr. Hatch : — 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,482). Black compact rock,- speckled over with glit- 
 tering flakes of mica. Efi'ervesces with acid. Under the microscope, 
 plates and blades of brown mica (biotite), small patclies of colourless fel- 
 spar. Greenish-yellow groundmass with minute granules of magnetite. 
 Mica penetrated by needles of apatite."J 
 
 * This seems to be the djke described ty Prof. Bonney and Mr. Houghton as 
 kersautitc-porphjrite in Qvart. Jovrn. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxv. p. 178. 18T9. 
 
 t Quart. Jovrn. Geol. Soc, vol. xliv , p. 7C0. 1888. 
 
 J This is probably the rtjke termed a keisanliteporphyrite fiom " Wattle " Gill, 
 Westerdfilc, by Prof. Bonney and Mr. H<ughtori in the Qvart. Jovrn. Geol. Soc. vol. 
 xxxv. p. 178. 1879. 
 
2o LOWER SILURIAK KOCKS. 
 
 Above the dyke it traverses laminated and shaly ash mottled 
 red and green, with a coarser band resembling that seen in the 
 beck, the whole having a thickness of about 10 feet. On this 
 Tests a little liaid grey and dark slaty rock, and then a pink 
 close-textured felsite about 20 feet thick. Above the felsite we 
 ■enter grey and red evenly-bedded felspathic ashes with some 
 bands indistinguishable, except in their being stratified, from true 
 lava-flows, and with one at least that may be of this nature, per- 
 haps corresponding to the thin vesicular felsite seen in Backside 
 Beck and Wandale in a similar |)o.sition. In their upper part 
 these ash-beds are traversed by two dykeg of mica-trap, one of 
 which reaches 1^ feet in thickness, and both of which have 
 been injected along the bedding-planes. The mica-trap is thus 
 described by Dr. Hatch :-. — 
 
 "(Catalogue No. 1,475). Compact grey rook with dispersed lustrous 
 flakes of mica. Effervesces with. acid. Plates of brown mica (biotite) 
 imbedded in a yellowish granular groundmass in which scattered granules 
 •of magnetite alone can be distinguished. Psendomorphs of calcite and 
 chlorite after a well-crystallised mineral (probably olivine) abundantly 
 present. Felspar in microlites in the groundmass, much obscured by 
 oaloite-dust. " 
 
 After crossing a gap of a few yards, in which nothing is seen, 
 we pass on to splintery Ashgill Shales for a distance of about 
 '20 yards, and reach the base of a waterfall. The section in Watley 
 Gill, though not so clear, corresponds pretty closely to that seen 
 in Backside Beck, and in Wandale. 
 
 The waterfall alluded to is formed by a thick dyke of felsite, 
 •cutting across the Ashgill Shales in a south-easterly direction, 
 the junction of the shale and igneous rock being well exposed 
 behind the falling water. A couple of yards or so above the 
 brow of the fall a dyke of mica-trap cuts through the felsite, 
 and in a little feeder a few yards to the north, two dyk^es of the 
 same rock trend about north-north-west. Above the felsite lies 
 dark shale (Ashgill Shales) weathering into columnar fragments, 
 and succeeded at about 160 yards distance from the fall, by the 
 Graptolitic Mudstones. The dykes of mica-trap alluded to have 
 been examined by Dr. Hatch with the following result : — 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,484.) Dyke in felsite at the top of a waterfall, 
 Watley Grill. Section orovvded with blades of brown mica with patches 
 of chlorite resulting from its decomposition. Scattered magnetite and 
 dispersed calcite-dust." 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,483.) Dyke in shale in a feeder of Watley Gill. 
 Dight-grey rock with large flakes of mica. Long blades and needles of 
 brown mica imbedded in a yellowish-brown groundmass. Small patches 
 of chlorite (pseudomorphous after angite ?), isolated granules of magnetite, 
 and large calcareous pseudomorphs (after olivine ?). No unaltered felspar 
 visible, but section much obscured by calcite-dust. Calcite also collected 
 in veins." 
 
 The upper part of the Coniston Limestone Series is faulted in 
 again in the valley of Cautley Beck. The best sections occur in 
 Pickering Gill, which enters Cautley Beck from the south, near 
 
FOSSILS. 27 
 
 its junction with the Eawthey. The hillside here is seamed by- 
 channels cut by the rain in soft, dark Ashgill Shales. In Picker- 
 ing Gill two dykes of mica- trap traverse the shales in a north 
 and south direction, the more westerly occurring in the line of a 
 fault which forms the western boundary of the Limestone Series 
 No limestone is seen here. 
 
 R E., J. G. G., A. S. 
 
 List of Fossils from the Ooniston Limestone Series. 
 
 1. WestBaugh Fell. 
 
 2. Murthwaite. 
 
 3. Backside. 
 
 4. Eawthey Bridge. 
 
 5. Sally Beck. 
 
 6. Fairy Gill. 
 
 Diplograptus pristis, Sis. 1.* 
 Favosites aspera, D'Orb. 5.* 
 Heliolites interstinotus, Wahl. 5.* 
 Monticulipora fibrosa, Goldf. 5.* 
 s Grlyptocrinns basalis, M'Goy. &.* 
 
 Myelodkctylus (Herpetocrinus) sp. 3. J 
 Calyraehe breTicapitata, Fortl. l.f 
 Homalonotus bisulcatus, Salt. l,t 5.* 
 Phacops Brongniarti, Portl. 3. J 
 „ conopthalmus, Bmch. 5.* 
 „ obtusicaudatus, Salt. 5.* 
 Trinucleus setioornis, Sis. 3, J 4.* 
 
 ,, concentricns, Eaton. 1,* 2,* 4.* 
 
 , Phyllopora Hisirgeri, M'Coy. 3.J 
 Ohonetes (Leptaena) minima, Sow. l.f 
 ,, sericea, Sow. l,t 5.* 
 ,, transversalis, Wahl. 5.* 
 Meristella oraasa, Sow. 3.J 
 Ortbis Aotoniae, Sow. 1,* 5.* 
 
 „ biforata, Schloth. l,t 3,1 4,* 5.* 
 „ calligramma, Dalm. 4,* 5.* 
 „ crispa, M'Coy. 4.* 
 ,, elegantula, Dahm. 1,* 4,* 5.* 
 ,, flabellulum, Sow. 4,* 5.* 
 ,, hirnantensia, M'Goy. 2.* 6.* 
 ,, poroata, If' Coi/. 6.* 
 ,, - protensa, Sew. 1,* 3. J 
 ,, eagittifera, M'Goy. 1.* 
 ,, , testudinaria, Dahi. 1,* 5*, 6.* 
 ,, vespertiiio, Sow. l.f 5.* 
 Strophomena (depressa. Balm,.), rhomboidalis, Wilch, l,t 
 . 4*, 5*. 
 Strophomena expansa, Sow. 5.* 
 
 ,, grandis, Sow. 1,f 4*, 5^. 
 
 ,, peoten, Linn. l,f 4.* 
 
 ,, .siluriana, Dav. 1,* 3.J 
 
 ■ Pterinea tenuistriata (?), Jf'Coy. l.f 
 Tentaculites annulatus, Schloth. l.f 
 
 * Collected by Prof. T. McK. Hughes and K. Gibbs. 
 f On the authority of Prof. B. Harkness. 
 
 j On* the authority of Mr. Man- and Dr. Hicholson {Quart. Jourti. Geol. Soc.,vol. 
 ilir., p. 700), or identified by Mr. Marr during a recent visit to the locality. 
 
28 
 
 CHAPTER III.— UPPER SILURIAN AND INTRUSIVE 
 IGNEOUS ROCKS. 
 
 Stockdale Shales. 
 
 This group includes the Pale Slates (or Browgill beds of 
 Mr. Marr and Dr. Nicholson*) above, and the Graptolitic Mud- 
 stones (or Skelgill Beds of those authors) below. The Pale Slates 
 correspond with the Tarannon Shales of Wales, and with the 
 Gala Beds as named by Prof. Lapworth in Scotland, while the 
 Graptolitic Mudstones seem to include representatives of both 
 the Upper and Lower Llandovery Beds of Wales, and to 
 correspond with the Birkhill Shales of Scotland. The lower 
 limit of the group is determined principally on palseontological 
 considerations, for there is an abrupt change from the fauna of 
 the Ashgill Shales to that of the Graptolitic Mudstones, without, 
 however, any stratigraphical unconformity. 
 
 The Mudstones as a whole are sooty-black, pyritous, and devoid 
 of lamination, except along the bands in which graptolites 
 are abundant ; they readily break up into fragments, the faces of 
 which are glazed with ferruginous matter. Their thickness 
 probably amounts to nearly 100 feet, but the sequence is rarely 
 complete owing to the crushing which has taken place along the 
 line of weakness caused by their softness. Upwards they 
 contain bands of pale-green rock, indistinguishable from the 
 Pale Slates, and by the gradual predominance of such bands 
 over the black mudstones pass up into that sub-division, the 
 boundary between the two being fixed solely by the occurrence 
 of certain fossils. 
 
 The Pale Slates consist of pale-green and olive-grey mudstones, 
 generally well-jointed and blocky, and in the upper layers usually 
 striped. The bedding is not evident, except in the lower part 
 where the Pale Slates alternate with dark mudstones, and in the 
 upper part where they graduate upwards into the Coniston 
 Flags. The rock seems to be coiaposed largely of a fine 
 felspathic sediment, which is either a volcanic dust or mud derived 
 from the washing of unconsolidated felspathic ash, and in its 
 hardened form often simulates the character and fracture of 
 felsite. No volcanic rocks, however, of this age are known. 
 
 The most complete section in this district occurs in Spengill, 
 one of the two principal feeders of Backside Beck, where the 
 group has been divided up into palaeontological zones by Mr. Marr 
 and Dr. Nicholson. The following table gives the complete 
 sequence of zones as determined by them from the study of a 
 
 • Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xliv. p. 659. 188S. 
 
STOCKDALE SHALES. 29 
 
 iKimber of sections of the Stockdale Shales of the north-west of 
 England.* 
 
 Sub-divisions and Zones of the Siochdah Shales according to Mr. Marr 
 a/nd Dr. Nicholson. 
 
 Browgill Beds 
 [or Pale Slates.] 
 
 Skelgill Beds 
 
 Upper T-g ,-. 1- No fossils. 
 
 T nwpr 1 B a 2 Zone of Monograptus crispus. 
 
 Lb a 1 Zone of M. twriculatus. 
 
 f A c 5 Zone of Sastrites maximus. 
 
 I A c 4 Zone of Aoidaspis erinaceus. 
 Upper "^ A c 3 Zone of M. spvnigerus. 
 
 I A c 2 Zone of Ampyx aloniensit. 
 
 [_A c 1 Monogra/ptvs Glingani-B&nd. 
 
 ""a h 6 Barren Band. 
 
 Middle 
 
 f 
 
 [or Graptolitio ■{ ^ |/A 6 5 Zone of Monogra/ptus convolutuc. 
 Mudstones.] " ~ 
 
 J A 6 4 Zone of Phacops glaber. 
 \ Ab 3 Zone of Monograptus argenteus. 
 I A h 2" Zone of JUncrimurus punctatus. 
 [_A 5 1 Zone oi Monograptus fimbriatus. 
 T wpr f -^ a 2 Zone of DimorphograptuB confertus. 
 t A a 1 Zone of Biplogra/ptus aeuminatui. 
 
 All these zones have been identified in Spengill, excepting 
 pEirt of the Middle and Upper Skelgill Beds, by Mr. Marr and 
 Dr. Nicholson, of whose account the following is an abstract.f 
 
 A a 1. They select as the base of the Stockdale Shales a hard 
 limestone-band, 6 inches thick, which is exposed on the right 
 bank of the stream, some little distance above the junction of 
 Spengill with Stockless Gill. This band contains a few crinoids 
 and is correlated by them with the Atrypa flexuosa-hand which 
 forms the base of the group at Skelgill. 
 
 A a 2 consists of black, crushed shales, passing into greyish -black, 
 very fissile shales crowded with Graptolites, and is about 25 feet 
 thicki It contains Olimacograptus normalis, Lapw., Monograptus 
 revohitus, Kurck., M. tenuis, Portl., M. aitenuatus, Hopk., 
 Jf. Scmdersoni, Lapw., Bimorphograptus confertus, Nich. (rare), 
 B. Swa/nstoni, Lapw. (abundant), Biplograptus vesiculosus, Nich., 
 B. modestus, Lapw. (P). 
 
 A 6 1 resembles A a 2 lithologically, but contains Monograptus 
 fimbriatus, Nioh., M. grega/rius, Lapw., M. atfenuatus, Hopk., 
 If. triangulatus, Harkn. (abundant), Bastrites peregrimusi Barr., 
 Biplogra/ptus sinuaius, Nioh., Olimacograptus normalis, Lapw. 
 Above these beds is a crush and then blue mudstones, probably the 
 top of the zone of Phacops glaber, for they are followed by shales 
 which exhibit a marked olive-brown staining distinctive of the 
 zone of Monograptus convolutiis. Above these come blue mudstones, 
 and then a considerable fault, which introduces the Upper Skelgill 
 group. 
 
 A s 3. In an angle of the right bank which juts out into the stream 
 some little distance below a waterfall, some very black shales, 
 interbedded with lighter bands, appear for about 2 feet below 
 mudstones (A c 4). In the upper part they contain Monograptus 
 spinigerus, Nich. (abundant), M. dAstans, Portl., M. leptotheca, Lapw., 
 M. Idbiferus, M'Coy, Rastrites u/rceolus, Bichter, Biplograptus 
 Hughesid, Nich., Olimacograptus normalis, Lapw. 
 
 * Op. cii., Fig. 13, p. 706. 
 t Ojp. eit., pp. 700-705. 
 
30 UPFEB SILIJKIAN ROOKg. 
 
 A c 4 consists of 30 feet of blue mudstoaes, without graptolitic sliailes, 
 but towards the top with calcareous nodular bands in whiclj occur 
 Lindstro3mia, sp., Favosites, Phacops elegans, Bceck and Sars., 
 Ghevrurus hvmuaronatus, Murch., Illcenus Bowmanni, Salt., Leptcena 
 qmngueaostaia, M'Ooy. The zone resembles that of Acidaepis 
 erinaceus, but has not yielded that fossil at Spengill. 
 
 A c 5 has not been found in any other section in the district. A mass 
 of hard blue mudatones, 24 feet thick, forms a waterfall in Spengill, 
 and a cliff in either bank. The cliff on the right bank forms a, 
 cornice, and immediately under this cornice there occur four inches 
 of hard, black, graptolitic shale with Bastrites mammus, Oarr., and 
 Monograjptus jaaulum, Lapw. (one specimen). Above the mudstones, 
 and at the top of the waterfall, a second band of the same thickness, 
 but lighter in colour, yields numerous examples of iS. mandmus. 
 These two bands with the intervening mndstones constitute the zone 
 of that fossil. 
 
 B a 1, which immediately succeeds, includes 19 feet of pale-green shale, 
 then 4 feet of pale- green and bluish-grey bands with some thin dark 
 seams, then 3 feet of unstriped bluish-grey beds, on which rest 
 4 inches of dark-grey shales with Monograptus turriculatus, Barr, 
 (a,bundant), and Itastrites distans,, Lapw. Above it 1 foot 10 inches 
 of pale shale separate it from another greyisji-black band, 4 
 inches thick, with Monograptus Utrrieulatus, Bair., M. Sisingeri. 
 Barr., Bastrites ddstans, Lapw. Then cornel foot 6 inches of pale 
 shale, and a third black band, 4 inches thick, with B. distans: 
 Lastly there follow 14 feet of pale shale with a concretionary grey 
 bed at top, then green beds with fine shaly bands, many of them 
 stained pink, and some grS.pColitic, 17 |eet, one of the pink 
 bands, 5 inches thick, containing Monograptus twrriiiutatus, Barr. 
 (abundant), M. rectus r, Betiolitet ohesui, Lapw. The total thickness 
 of this zone amounts to 61 feet 4 inches. 
 
 B a 2 is exposed in the left bank mainly of a shallow valley above the 
 waterfalls in Spengill. It includes 13 feet of green beds with fine 
 shaly bands (at the top of which, there may be a fault), and then a 
 thin blue-black baud, 2 or 3 inches thick and much baked by a 
 dyke, yielding Monograptus pandus, Lapw., M. griestonensis, Niool., 
 Cyrtograptus ? spiralis, G-eiu. Two or three feet of pale shale 
 separate this band from a' sill of felsite, which has been intruded 
 along the bedding, and about 12 feet of pale shale intervene between 
 the felsite and a fine grey gritty shale above, 3 inches thick, with 
 Oyrtogrwj^tms Graces, Lapw. (abundant), Monograptus pandms, Lapw., 
 and BehblAtes g'eimfeiaWMsi Barr. (one specimen). Above this come 
 16 feet of pale shales, after which is a gap crossed by a footpath, in 
 which there is room for about 10 feet of rock. The species 
 occurring in this zone all belong to the zone of Monograptus crisptis, 
 which is found in the immediate vicinity. That fossil, however, 
 has not been detected, either owing to some of the beds having 
 been faulted out, or through the alteration effected by the felsite- 
 sill. About 44 feet of rock are assigned to this zone. 
 
 B 6. Above the footpath are 14 feet of green shales, passing' up into a 
 great mass of red shales, with interstratified grits, which become 
 greenish-grey towards the passage into t^e Coniston Flags, the 
 whole having a thickness of about 160 feet. 
 
 Ih Stoeklegs Gill the sequence is incomplete. A mica-trap 
 dyke, 4 feet wide, crosses in the direction N. 2i8° W., 100 yards 
 up the gill, and is succeeded upwards by hard red shales, which 
 lie in the form of a syncline. About 230 yards up the gill 
 these shales, dipping south and south-east, are traversed by a 
 f elsitic sill, which seems to follow the bedding. Above the 
 felsite occur red mudstones, presumably belonging to the Upper 
 Browgill beds (B 6), succeeded by grey shales, and fine-grained 
 hard sandstones, dipping northward. Higher up the stream 
 
stockda;.k shales. Si 
 
 flows in a rocky channel excavated in dark finely laminated 
 sandstone belonging to the Ooniaton Flag^. 
 
 Watley Gill exposes Graptolitic Mudstones dipping north-west, 
 and above them hard grey sandstones and shales (Pale Slates) 
 dipping in various directions. The evidence for the fault here 
 shown is found in Backside Beck (p. 21). Further north along 
 the side of the valley red and purplish slate are mixed with red 
 and green beds. Another fault, which repeats the contem- 
 poraneous volcanic series in Backside Beck (p. 24), presumably 
 passes near this spot. 
 
 There are no good sections of the Stockdale Shales in Wandale. 
 Between Narthwaite and Wandale Farm several small streamlets 
 expose black shales and pale-blue and yellowish shales whick 
 seem to belong to the Graptolitic Mudstones and Pale Slater 
 respectively. The latter dip westwards below grey striped 
 sandstone, which contains Monograptus priodon in abundance 
 and forms the lower part of the Coniston Flags, the boundary 
 between the two approximately following the margin of the felL 
 Purple close-grained mudstones belonging to the Pale Slates crop 
 out in Wandale Beck 500 yards south of Adamthwaite, and 
 about 200 yards south of an exposure of Coniston Flags, but 
 from this point eastwards the boundary is conjectural. 
 
 But little is seen of the Stockdale Shales in the Cautley 
 Valley. On the shoulder followed by the County Boundary, 
 just south of an intrusive mass of diabase, olive-grey sandy 
 mudstones crop out, and a rain-channel on the southern slope of 
 the hill exposes strata of the character of the Pale Slates. 
 
 The River Rawthey cuts twice through the Graptolitic 
 Mudstones near Rawthey Bridge. East of the bridge they are 
 faulted against Coniston Flags ; west of the bridge a portion of 
 the Pale Slates intervenes. From one of the two exposures 
 (presumably the western) Prof. Hughes collected Monograptus 
 exiguus, Nich., M. pandus, Lapw., Cyrtograptus spiralis, Gein., 
 Petalograptus palmeus, Barr., from black shales interstratified 
 with pale -green shales. These fossils are identified by Mr. Marr 
 and Dr. Nicholson as belonging to the lower part of the Pale 
 Slates (zone of Monograptus crispus).* 
 
 Five hundred yards , east of Rawthey Bridge a dyke of mica- 
 trap, 6 feet wide, crosses the river in a direction N. 35° W., and 
 reappears with a width of 1^ to 2 feet, and a direction N. 42° W. 
 two hundred yards further west. It seems to run close to, but 
 not quite along the fault, which throws the Graptolitic Mudstones 
 of the Rawthey against the Pale Slates of Blue Caster. The 
 dyke is thus described by Dr. Hatch : — 
 
 "(Catalogue No. 1,479). Dark-grey compact rock with dispersed 
 lustrous flakes of mica. Veined with calcite. Effesrvesoes with acid. 
 Microscopic appearance similar to that of No. 1,476 (p. ), but with 
 larger granules of magnetite and more chlorite. Large calcareous pseudo- 
 morphs after olivine (?^" 
 
 On the south side of the Rawthey the Stockdale Shales strike 
 southwsirds between the Coniston Flags and the Coniston 
 
 * Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xliv., p. 705. 1888. 
 
32 UPPER SILUKIAN ROCKS. 
 
 Limestone Series, and are faulted in again on the east side of 
 the limestone -series by what is probably an offshoot of the Dent 
 Fault. Towards the northern part of the inlier they have been 
 penetrated by the diabase which forms the hill of Blue Caster 
 (Catalogue N o. 770). The hill offers remarkably few sections ; in its 
 northern slopes we find grey rock with bands of black graptolitie 
 shale, and further west, red and green shales, probably belonging to 
 the upper part of the Pale Slates ; on its western slopes a single 
 exposure of pale-green mudstone shows that Pale Slates intervene 
 between the diabase and the Coniston Flags somewhere east of 
 the old coach-rmd ; while at its southern end in the head of 
 Fairy Gill we noticed fragments of rock resembling Pale Slates. 
 Dr. Hatch furnishes the following note on the diabase of Blue 
 Castef, with the remark that the description applies equally well 
 to a dyke in Whinny Gil), mentioned below. The same rock 
 occurs also on the hill north of Cautley Holme Beck : — 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 770.) A finely crystalline rock of greyish-green 
 colour. Examined under the microscope it is seen to be much decomposed, 
 the section being made up largely of chlorite in patches which have 
 evidently replaced ophitio masses of augite, as they are penetrated by 
 lath-shaped crystals of felspar. There is also much secondary calcite 
 present, resulting principally from the decomposition of the felspar, which 
 m the larger crystals shows much evidence of alteration. In other parts 
 of the section the lath-shaped crystals form an interlaced plexus excluding 
 the other constituents. Iron-ore occurs in scattered granules." 
 
 Taiths Gill crosses the outcrop of the Stockdale Shales for 
 about 250 yards north eastwards from the Sedbergh road, and 
 exposes purple flags dipping north-west at 40°. They are 
 traversed by two small dykes of felsite, probably offshoots from 
 the great sill described on p. 15, and by a dyke of mica-trap, 
 which appears first on the south side of the stream, and crosses 
 to the north side about 70 yards further on, close to the top of 
 the Ashgill Shales. Taiths Gill exposes the Stockdale Shales 
 again where it crosses the Dent Fault. They are wedged in. 
 between Coniston Limestone and Carboniferous Limestone by .two 
 faults about 100 yards apart, and near the Carboniferous Rocks 
 are so deeply stained with peroxide of iron, as to have led to a 
 trial for haematite having been made a few years ago. 
 
 In Birks Field Beck the greater part of the Pale Slates lie 
 below and west of .the road, but the Graptolitie Mudstones extend 
 about 60 yards up the gill eastwards before they are succeeded 
 Tjy the Ashgill Shales (p 15.). In Birks Wood the top of the 
 Pale Slates lies about 30 yards, and that of the Graptolitie Mud- 
 stones about 80 yards east of the road, while the Ashgill Shales 
 succeed at a distance of 130 yards from the road. The lower 
 ■ part of the Graptolitie Mudstoiies crops out at a fork in the line 
 near Mirehouse, and the Pale Slate.s are seen obscurely in Cross 
 Haw Beck, when they are disordered by two intrusive sheets of 
 felsite (Catalogue Nos. 1,468 and 1,'4!69). A little further east they 
 sweep round, either by a fault or change in the dip, and cross the 
 beck, here known as Whinny Gill, in a direction a little east of 
 north, that is nearly parallel to the Dent Fault. Between them 
 and the Carboniferous Rocks there runs a narrow strip of 
 
STOCKDALE SHALES. 
 
 33 
 
 Coniston Flags, containing Monograptus priodon, Bronn., in great 
 abundance, and Cyrtograptus Murchisoni, Carr., on the evidence 
 of which they were identified by Mr. Marr* as belonging to the 
 lowest zone of that sub-division. The flags dip at angles of 60° 
 to 20° tmuards the. Pale Slates and probably therefore are faulted 
 against them, being in fact introduced by much the same com- 
 bination of faults as that seen in the upper part of Taiths Gill. 
 The Pale Slates where they cross Whinny Gill are traversed by 
 a dyke of diabare (Catalogue No. 1,476) of a similar character 
 to the Blue Caster Rock, and' a double dyke of felsite, which 
 attains a considerable thickness in the east bank, but dwindles 
 to a nairow tongue in the channel of the stream (Fig. 4). The 
 f elsite-dyke, with the Pale Slates and graptolitic flags, is exposed 
 again in a tributary stream on the east bank, but the best section 
 of the last-named occurs in Whinny Gill at the foot of High 
 Pasture Wood. The following notes on the dykes in Cross Haw 
 Beck and Whinny Gill are furnished by Ur. Hatch : — 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,468 ) The southern sill of felsite in Cross Haw Beck 
 is a cream-coloured minutely crystalline rock, consisting of crystals of 
 both unstriated and striated felspar (orthoclase and plagioclase), imbedded 
 in a crypto- to miorocrystalliae rather fibrous groundmass of quarta and 
 felspar together with films of muscovite. 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,469.) The northern sill of felsite in Cross Haw Beck 
 is a salmon-coloured rock of rather more crystalline texture, consisting of 
 a microcrystalline aggregate of quartz and felspar, with a little muscovite. 
 This rock is without porphyritic ci-ystals. 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,476.) A dyke of diabase crossing Whinny Gill 200 
 yards west of High Pasture Wood. In this rock lath-shaped felspars 
 penetrate patches of chlorite which have evidently replaced ophitio masses 
 of augite. There is much scattered caloite and some iron-ore in dispersed 
 granules." 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Plan of a dyke of felsite intrusive in Pale Slates in Whinny 
 QUI. By R. Russell. 
 
 f E L S t T E 
 
 Scale about 2 feet = l inch. 
 
 o 638.'>6. 
 
 During a recent visit to the spot. 
 
34 UPPER SILURIAN ROCKS. 
 
 Hebblethwaite Gill traverses a small inlier of the Stockdale 
 Shales. The strata, except in minor undulations, dip northwards- 
 under the Oonistom Fltigs, while the stream flows south-east- 
 wards, so as to cut obliquely across the strike. The Pale Slates 
 and the passage-beds up into the Flags are exposed, the Grap- 
 tolitic Mudstones presumably cropping out further south between 
 these and the little patch of Ash^ll Shales mentioned on p. 14. 
 On its east side the inlier is bounded by a fault, conspicuous in 
 the banks of the stream from its having served as a channel for 
 the descent of red oxide of iron from the Carboniferous Basement 
 Beds. Professor Hughes obtained Monograptus turriculatus, 
 Barr., in Hebblethwaite Gill, and Mr. Marr and Dr. Nicholson 
 found bands with Monograptus pamdus, Lapw., Cyrtograptus 1 
 spiralis, Gein., Petalograptus palmeus, Barr., and RetioUtes 
 geinitzianus, Barr., which indicate that the two graptolitic zones 
 of the Browgill Beds (Pale Slates) are here present.* 
 
 CoNiSTON Flags. 
 
 This sub-division usually succeeds the Pale Slates without any- 
 abrupt change of mineral character. Finely striped beds begin 
 to appear and gradually predominate in an ascending section 
 until the grey bandis become altogether subordinate and finally 
 disappea.r. The Coniston Flags consist of several hundred feet 
 of blocky and flaggy mudstones generally well-jointed and 
 cleaved, with occasional sandy bands. As a rule the rock pre- 
 sents a dark lead-blue tint on an unweathered surface, whick 
 passes into various shades of brown after a short exposure to- 
 the weather. The ground-tint of the rock is diversified by very 
 fine olive to dark-brown lines of lamination, which are often so 
 close as to put one in mind of the edges of a book. Irregular 
 concretionary nodules of calcareous matter are interspersed 
 throughout the rock, and occasionally develop locally into bands 
 of impure limestone. The predominant argillaceous character of 
 the rock has so favoured the development of cleavage that it is 
 often impossible to obtain an unbroken surface along more than 
 a square inch or so of the bedding-planes. One of the best sections 
 of the lo-west beds of the Coniston Flags and the passage down 
 into the Pale Slates occurs in Hebblethwaite Gill, as already 
 "mentioned. In Cross Haw Beck they dip southwards near the 
 road, but eastof a dyke of njica-trap,t 120 yards east.of the road, 
 dip north-westwards and keep this direction close up to the felsite- 
 sill, intrusive in Pale Slates, mentioned on p. 33. There they seem 
 to be terminated by a fault running south-eastwards, of which,, 
 however, we obtain a mere glimpse in the stream. The narrow 
 strip which runs northwards along the Dent Fault has been 
 previously noted (p. 83), 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, tqI. xliv., p. 705. 1888. 
 
 t This dyke is described by Professor Bonney and Mr. Houghton in Quart. Journ^ 
 Geol. Soc. vol. XXXV. p. 177, and identified as minette. 
 
CONISTON FLAGS. 35 
 
 The mica-trap dyke alluded to lies in the line of a fault, whicli 
 tounds the Pale Slates of Hebblethwaite on the west, crosses the 
 Rawtliey west of Mire House, and then forms the boundary of 
 the. Conist'jn Grits. In the Rawthey the fault appears as a fissure 
 ftUed with a conglomerate like Carboniferous Basement Beds, and 
 300 yards north of Crook's Holme it coincides with a dyke of red 
 felsite. It then crosses the Cautley Valley to Benne End, and 
 coincides in Pickering Gill with a dyke of mica-trap. 
 
 On both sides of this fault and as far up as the fault near 
 Rawthey Bridge the river runs over Coniston Flags. They dip 
 generally rather to the north of west, in natural succession to 
 the Stock dale Shales, but in some places are much folded, as 
 may be well seen between High Haygarth and Handley's Bridge, 
 within wliich space they are turned and twisted in every con- 
 ceivable direction. East of High Cautley Thwaite a felsite-dyke, 
 from 1 to 5 feet wide, crosses the river in a north and south 
 direction, apparently coinciding with the bedding. It lies at the 
 foot of a steep bank formed by an alluvial terrace on both sides of 
 and at a considerable distance above the river. South of the 
 County Boundary the stream exposes some irregular dykes of 
 same rock, and, south-east of Narthwaite, a larger dyke of 
 mica-trap, ranging rather west of north. 
 
 In the north-western slopes of Blue Caster two sails of felsite 
 have been intruded along the bedding-planes of the Coniston 
 Flags. Both are exposed in West Gill near Low Bluecaster 
 Side, and the thicker of the two can be traced on, nearly along 
 the line of the old road, to Far Gill, where it assumes the 
 character of a dyke forking and breaking irregularly through 
 the beds. The flags are hardened, and paler in colour than usual 
 so as to resemble Pale Slatep, which, however, crop out 2oO yards- 
 further up the gill. Meristella occurs in the flags at the old road.- 
 The larger of the two sills is thus described by Dr. Hatch : — 
 
 " (Catalogue No. 1,472), felsite in Near G-ill, Blue Caster. This is a 
 cream-coloured rock with small cavities stained with ferric oxide. Under- 
 the microscope are seen largish crystals of orthoolase, often showing 
 Carlsbad twinning, and others o£ striated felspar. Both felspars are 
 much kaolinized and are imbedded in a crystalline groundmass made up- 
 of larger and smaller granules of quartz and felspar, together with films 
 of muscovite. The felspar-crystals are corroded and sometimes have at 
 the periphery a zone of small quartz-blebs. A similar rook occurs at the 
 head of Taiths Gill." 
 
 On the east side of the Rawthey the Coniston Flags form 
 Wandale Hill, which is connected at its north end with the out- 
 crop which extends around the valleys of Backside and Wandale. 
 In Wandale Hill the flags dip at 15° up to 60° westwards and 
 north-westwards, in ' natural succession to the Stockdale Shales 
 to the' east of thpm ; their summit is reached west of Narthwaite, 
 where a small area of Coniston Grits is let down in an angle 
 between two faults ; but the sequence is incomplete, there pro- 
 bably being a fault near the bounda,ry of the two formations 1 
 
 c 2 
 
36 
 
 UPPER SILUKIAN ROCKS. 
 
 Pis. 5. 
 
 Section across Baclcside Beck, north-west of Nwrthwaite, by 
 Professor Hughes 
 
 Length of section about 30 y^rds. 
 
 The mica-trap dyke here shown lies in the stream where the 
 oase of the Coniston Grit runs along its bank. It is 3 feet wide 
 and extends for about 13 yards, when it abuts against hard 
 bluish-grey sandstone. About 15 yards lower down it re- 
 appears in the bed of the stream, and a short distance above 
 the sketch-plan forming Fig. f) crosses to the east side, its general 
 direction being N. 19° W. 
 
 'v\V\ 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 Plan of a dyke of mica-trap in Backside Beck, by R. Russell. 
 
 \\\\\\\Vv\\\\>\\ 
 \v\V\V' 
 
 VV'v, 
 
 
 
 ',11 
 
 'v^\ 
 
 Scale about 9 feet=l inch. 
 
 The lower beds of the Coniston Flags are repeatedly exposed 
 along the eastern slopes of Wandale Hill, where they contain 
 Monograptus priodoh in abundance, but the best section occurs 
 in the upper part of Spengill, where the passage up from the 
 
CONISTl>N GRITS. 37 
 
 Stockdale Shales is fully shown (p. 30). The following fossili 
 have been noted on Wandale Hill : — 
 
 Monograptus colonus, Barr. 
 
 „ priodon, Brorni. 
 
 ,, Sagittarius, His. 
 
 Cardiola interrupta, Broderip. 
 Orthoceras suliundulatum,, Portl. 
 
 and from the lower beds of the sub-division near Higher 
 Wards — 
 
 Monograptus tnrrioulatus, Barr. 
 
 CoNisTON Grits. 
 
 Near the top of the Coniston Flags bands of finely-grained 
 micaceous grit are first interstratified with, and afterwards 
 altogether replace, the argillaceous beds which form the prin- 
 cipal portion of that sub-division, so that the passage upwards 
 to the Coniston Grits is more or less gradual. The group of 
 strata included in the Coniston Grits may be divided into three 
 portions, viz. : — 
 
 1. An upper portion, consisting of tough, micaceous, banded 
 grits alternating with beds of flaggy sandstone, olive mudstone, 
 and an occasional band of fine conglomerate. 
 
 2. A middle portion, composed of thinly-bedded and finely- 
 grained grits with subordinate bands of dark -blue mudstone, 
 striped like the Coniston Flags. 
 
 ^^ A lower portion, in the main made up of hard, well-jointed, 
 grey, micaceous grits and sandstones. Thin bands of mudstones 
 showing traces of cleavage, occur at intervals here and there 
 amongst the grits. 
 
 The Coniston Grits occupy the greater part of the high ground 
 south of Ravenstonedale. They are faulted down against the 
 Coniston Flags near Backside as already mentioned, and are 
 exposed in various small streams west of the fault. Further 
 north they form the characteristic features of Cautley Crags, 
 Yarlside, and KensgrifF, only portions of which fall within the 
 limits of the map, now under description. They occur also in 
 the foot of the Cautley valley, and are exposed in Lathra Gill, 
 on the east side of the fault. In the Backside valley they are 
 faulted in, as before mentioned ; a micaceous grit runs down to 
 the beck just north of the lane from Narthwaite, and thence 
 follows it northwards, resting on Coniston Flags (Fig. 6, p. 36). 
 Higher up it crosses the beck, but seems to be thrown back by 
 faults, so that its boundary on the whole coincides with the 
 brook. 
 
 To the north the main mass of the Grits comes on above the 
 Flags at Grere Fell and Harter Fell, and extending over West 
 Grain and Knott, passes under the Bannisdale Slates on the 
 northern flank of these fells. A series of contortions and rolls 
 in the strata causes many alterations in the dip, but the normal 
 
88 UPPER SILURIAN ROOKS. 
 
 inclination, which varies from 15° up to 80°, is in a northerly 
 direction. These folds render any calculation of the thickness 
 of the series uncertain, but it is possible that it is not less than 
 3,000 feet. 
 
 Fossils are of rare occurrence. The upper beds have yielded 
 graptolites and orthoceratites, the species of which are not easily 
 determined. The middle beds have furnished the following : — 
 
 Monograptus colonus, Barr. 
 
 Encrinites. 
 
 Orthis. 
 
 Ehynchonella nucula, Bow. 
 
 The lower beds here and there contain Cardiola interrupta, 
 sometimes in considerable abundance. 
 
 At the top of Stoekless Gill a soft, rotten, red mica-trap dyke 
 forms the steep east side of a ravine. It runs in a N. 33° W. 
 direction and hades to the south-west. On each side of it lies 
 hard grey shale, slightly altered, and stained along the joints 
 with peroxide of iron, much of the shale also being red. Lower 
 doWn the gill the dyke reappears, but on its west side. Here 
 the beds on either side are slaty and grey, except along the 
 joints, which are coated with peroxide of iron. , Generally the 
 strata may be said to consist of micaceous sandy shales with, 
 argillaceous bands and gritty sandstones ; they probably repre- 
 sent the lower beds of the Coniston Grits. In J^ale Gill another 
 dyke, running east and west, seems to coincide with a fault 
 bringing up Coniston Grits agairist the Bannisdale Slates. 
 
 Bannisdale Slates. 
 
 This is the highest sub-division of the Upper Silurian Rocks 
 existing within the present district. It is composed of alterna- 
 tions of banded dark-grey and olive mudstones, flags, thinly 
 bedded grits, partings of slate, roughly cleaved, and occasional 
 bands of conglomerate. In most instances the argillaceous 
 bands show distinct traces of cleavage. Near the Carboniferous 
 Limestone in Ravenstonedale, the Bannisdale Slates are, in a 
 greater or less degree, stained dull-red and purple. Entering 
 the district from the west at Weasdale, they stretch eastward in a 
 belt, varying in width from three-quarters to one-quarter of a 
 mile, across Dale Gill, Wyegarth Gill and Artlegarth Beck to 
 near EUergill, where they are overlapped by the lower beds of 
 the Carboniferous Limestone Series. 
 
 A north and south fault through Newbiggin intersects the 
 slates at Pinskey Bottom. Another fault, nearly in the same 
 line as the above, throws them down to the east and shifts their 
 base southward. 
 
BANNISDALE SLATES. 39 
 
 The following fossils have been obtained from the lower beds 
 of the Bannisdale Slates in Wyegarth Gill :^- 
 
 Grraptolites. 
 
 Acidaspis. 
 
 Cardiola. 
 
 Pterinea. 
 
 Orthooeras. 
 
 '^ In a Tfine conglomerate at Greenside Gill the follow ing 
 occurred': — 
 
 Chonetes striktella, Dahn. (G. lata, V. Buck). 
 Orthis elegantula, Balm. 
 ■ Bhyncliouellai nucnla, Sow. 
 Holopella, sp. 
 Cornixlites serpularius, Schloth. ■ 
 
 ' R. R, J. G. G., A. S. 
 
40 
 
 CHAPTER IV. -CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE 
 SERIES. 
 
 For convenience in giving a detailed description of the area 
 occupied by these rocks we will reserve the account of 'the 
 Millstone Grit for a separate chapter, and place our observations 
 on the Carboniferous Limestone Series under the following 
 headings : — 
 
 District 1. The south-western corner of the map, surveyed 
 by R. Russell and A. Strahan. 
 
 District 2. Garsdale and Grisdale, surveyed by C. T. Clough, 
 A. Strahan, and G. Barrow. 
 
 District 3. (1) Ravenstonedale, surveyed by R. H. Tiddeman, 
 and (2) Mallerstang by J. R. Dakjms and R. H. Tiddeman. 
 
 District i. (!) The valley of the Ure (Wensleydale), surveyed 
 by J. R. Dakyns, C. E. De Ranee, and C. T. Clough. (2.) 
 The watershed between Wensleydale and Swaledale, sur- 
 veyed by T. R. Dakyns and C. E. De Ranee. 
 
 District 5. Swaledale, surveyed by C. T. Clough. 
 
 District 6. Arkendale, surveyed by G. Barrow. 
 
 District 7. Surveyed by J. R. Dakyns. (1.) Birkdale and the 
 upper part of the basin of the Swale. (2.) Winton and 
 Kaber Fells. 
 
 DisTEiCT 1. The south-western corner of the Map. 
 
 In this part of the area the beds have been highly disturbed 
 and even inverted by the Dent fault, and by the vast compres- 
 sion which has accompanied it. The effect of the steep dip has 
 been to crowd the outcrops into a narrow belt, but unusual as 
 their position is, the limestones can be identified in most of the 
 gills. 
 
 The Basement Beds. 
 
 This deposit occurs on the west side only of the fault. It 
 rests generally in this neighbourhood on Coniston Flags, but 
 south of Hebblethwaite Hall passes on to Pale Slates and 
 Coniston Limestone, the unconformity between it and the 
 Silurian rocks being most pronounced. The character of the 
 deposit is described by Mr. J. G. Goodchild, lately our coadjutor 
 in the mapping of this country, as follows :— " It consists of a 
 variable thickness of roughly stratified conglomerate, parted 
 by subordinate beds of a finer character. The prevailing tint 
 is a dull Indian-red, ^vhich occasionally deepens into chocolate, 
 or becomes variegated with pale-green. The included stones 
 vary from subangular to well-rounded, and range in size from 
 mere grains up to blocks two or more feet in diameter. Most 
 of the materials are arranged with their longer axes parallel 
 to the plane of deposition and they are loosely bound together 
 
THE SOUTH-WESTERN COEKEE OP THE MAP. 41 
 
 by a clayey paste, deeply impregnated with peroxide of iron, 
 which imparts its characteristic tint to the rock as a whole. 
 
 " The character of the materials partakes in great measure of 
 that of the rocks lying to the north-west of the district. 
 Sixty to seventy per cent, consist of fragments of the tough 
 grits that occur at intervals throughout the greater part of 
 the Upper Silurian series. Nearly ten per cent, consists of 
 limestone -fragments, not altogether like the limestone that 
 occurs in the older rocks in the immediate neighbourhood, 
 but bearing a close resemblance to fragments which occur in 
 conglomerates of the same age at the foot of UUswater. 
 
 " Associated with these limestone-pebbles are bits of cream- 
 coloured felsite, and representatives of the felspathic horn- 
 stones contemporaneous with the Coniston Limestone of this 
 and -the areas to the north. Here and there occurs a pebble 
 of jasper, or one of a peculiar micaceous porphyrite like that 
 which occurs in beds of this age in the Pennine area. The 
 remainder of the rock is chiefly composed of fragments of the 
 greenish and olive-coloured mudstones, and fragments of fine 
 conglomerate similar to that occurring in the Coniston Grit, 
 and at higher horizons in the Bannisdale Slates. 
 
 " It is particularly noteworthy that fragments of the peculiar 
 striped mudstones characteristic of the Coniston Flags are 
 rare out of all proportion to the area these beds are known 
 to occupy in the surrounding country. It is also worthy of 
 remark that no traces of the Lake District Volcanic Rocks or 
 of the Skiddaw Series can be clearly made out. Quartz- 
 pebbles too are rare. 
 
 " Occasionally a few stones are found that exhibit well- 
 marked grooves and striae. These are, however, easily traceable 
 across the stones into the matrix adjoining, and are rather to be 
 regarded as a foim of slickenside than as evidence of the glacial 
 origin of the rock." 
 
 The base of the conglomerates appears in Hole Beck Gill on 
 the west side of Longstone Fell, the stream for some distance 
 closely following the boundary, and the steep dip (from 20° to 
 50°) giving a deceptive appearance of a fault. The pebbles 
 seem to have been distributed over an uneven surface of 
 Coniston Flags, in one place banking themselves against a small 
 prominence formed by a mica-trap dyke in the latter rocks. 
 The -same junction comes into view again in the banks of the 
 Clough at Spitrram Wood, close to the Dent Fault, where a 
 small inlier of Coniston Flags is exposed as shown on the map. 
 Another fine exposure occurs in Dove Cote Gill, where the 
 conglomerate occupies the position shown in the accompanying 
 figure. The finest section, liowever, is obtained in Hebble- 
 thwaite Gill. The base of the conglomerate crosses the stream 
 at the Hebblethwaite Hall Mills, the Coniston Flags dipping to 
 the north at 45°, and the conglomerate a little south of east at 
 about 20°. The gill runs thence in coarse red conglomerates for 
 
i2 CAEliONIFKHOUS LIMESTONK SKBIES. 
 
 about 500 yards, the dip steadily increasing in steepness' east- 
 wards towards the Dent fault. Ahout 100 yards above the 
 point where the stream divides into Nor Gill and Penny Farm 
 Gill the coarse conglomerat^e gradually gives way to purple and 
 grey sandstones with some fragments, and bands of conglo- 
 merate (Lower Limestone Shales), while still further up these 
 sandstones become calcareous and pass into argillaceous and 
 sandy limestones with thin shale-partings and so into massive 
 limestone, thus completing the passage from the coarse con- 
 glomerate up into the Great Scar; Limestone. Quartz-pebbles, 
 though rare in the lower beds of the conglomerate, become 
 abundant in the upper part of the deposit, viz., the Lower Lime- 
 stone Shales, which form a passage up into the limestone, and 
 we are reminded here that grains and pebbles of quartz form 
 the principal ingredient, of the, grits of the Carboniferous Lime- 
 stone Series and the Millstone Grit. 
 
 A narrow strip of the lower beds of the Carboniferous Lime- 
 stone extends along the west (upcast) side of the Dent fault, 
 from near Hebblethwaite Gill to the Rawthey. As far north as 
 Whinny Gill these strata rest naturally upon the Basement 
 Beds, but from Whinny Gill northward they are bounded by a 
 fault which brings the Silurian rocks against Great Scar Lime- 
 stone, and which we will distinguish as the West Dent fault. This 
 fault is seen in Whinny GiU, where sandstone and conglomerate 
 forming part of the Lower Limestone Shales abut against 
 red-stained Silurian rocks, the former dipping at a high angle 
 to the south-east. 
 
 Whinny Gill, north- west side. 
 
 FllT. 
 
 Sandstone ....... 
 
 Shale, seen oh the south-east side to - - • , 8 
 
 Sandstone - - . -. 
 
 Sandstone, conglomeratic at the base ... 8 
 
 Sandstone - 
 
 Flaggy sandstone extending to the fault - 
 
 The dip of the conglomeratic sandstone is E. S0° S. at 65°. 
 Where- the flaggy sandstone abuts against the Silurian rocks 
 the strata are nearly on edge. 
 
 South of Whinny Gill the fault seems to divide, for while in 
 the upper part of a small brook, which flows westwards from 
 Blake Rigg across High Pasture Wood, Lower Limestone 'dips 
 E. 5° S. at 60°, and the conglomeratic sandstone rises up from 
 beneath it, in the lower part' of the brook red conglomerate is 
 inclined at an angle of 55° in a direction N. 48° W. This would 
 imply either a very sharp anticline or a fault between the out- 
 crop of the LBwer Limestone and the West Dent fault. 
 
 North of Whinny Gill the Basement Beds seem to die owt, for 
 none ai'e seen in the Rawthey, where there is believed to bea 
 natural junction (p. 61), and they are "known to be absent in 
 Ravenstonedale (p. 78). 
 
THE SOUT1I-WE3TKRN CORNER OI" THE MAP. 
 
 43- 
 
 The Oreat Scar Limestone and Yoredale Rocks along the east 
 side of the Bent Fault. 
 
 (1.) The Clough. 
 
 In the Clough the Dent fault throws the Great Scar 
 Limestone' against Coniston Flags; so far as it is visible it 
 hades to the west, and is therefore " reversed " here, as in the 
 country further south.* The limestone occupies the river-bed 
 for more than 650 yards, with a dip ranging from 90° and 75° 
 near the fault to 45° further away from it, so that the thickness 
 of rock exposed must be conisiderable, nearly sufficient indeed 
 to include the whole of the sub-division. Excepting three bands 
 of shale from 5 to 7 feet thick, the whole mass is solid lime- 
 stone/ Above it, at Danny Mill, lies sandstone with a band of 
 limestone four feet thick. Eighty and 130 yards further up 
 respectively, the Hardraw Scar and the Simonstoge Limestones 
 cross the river with dips ranging from 40° to 90° ; the latter rock 
 is composed as follows : — 
 
 The Clough, Oarsdale Foot. 
 
 Shale 
 
 ' Limestone 
 
 LmESTONE. Ii^i^estone 
 
 Feet. 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 A. few yards further east the beds sud.denly assume their 
 normal horizontal position. A section on this north bank of the 
 river gives the. following details : — 
 
 Danny Brow Gill. 
 
 
 
 Feet 
 
 Limestone. [ Limestone, not all 
 
 seen 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 Not seen - - - 
 
 . 
 
 12 
 
 Sandy limestone 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 Sandstone - 
 
 - 
 
 18 
 
 Sbale with sandstone 
 
 . 
 
 25 
 
 fLimestone, about 
 Habdkaw Shale - 
 
 . 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 Scab •{ Limestone 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 Limestone. Shale - 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 Limestone 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 ' (2.) Dove Cote Gill. 
 
 Dove Cote Gill gives a finer view of the fault. For 150 
 yards from its junction with the Clough it traverses Coniston 
 
 • Geology of the Country around Ingleborough (Geol. Survey Memoir), 1S90, 
 p. 84. 
 
44 CAEBONIFEEOUS LIMESTONE SEEIEg. 
 
 Flags, but then cuts deeply into the Carboniferous Basement 
 Conglomerate to a point 200 yards above Dove Cote Gill Farm. 
 There -the Coniston Flags rise again to the surface, but 80 yards 
 further on terminate abruptly against a wall of limestone, 
 which forms the eastern cheek of the fault. The line of frac^ 
 ture, clearly discernible in either side of the gill, slopes west- 
 wards at 52°; here again, therefore, the fault is "reversed." 
 A larger part of the Great Scar Limestone being cut out here 
 than in the Clough, this rock occupies the ravine for only 100 
 yards. Soon after passing on to the belt occupied by it, the 
 stream enters an underground passage, and issues, about 65 
 yards further down, from a cave high up in the limestone wall 
 before alluded to. The subterranean course can be entered at 
 either end, or by an open hole about half-way between. 
 The intensely shattered condition of the rock gives unusual 
 picturesqueness to this ravine. 
 
 Above the Great Scar Limestone come the sandstone and 
 thin limestone noticed in the Clough. These are followed by 
 thick shale with sandstone above, and finally by the Hardraw 
 Scar Limestone, which, with the Simonstone and Middle Lime- 
 stones, is well exposed. Between the two first-named we find 
 as usual principally sandstone with a thin limestone, but in the 
 bed of the stream, about 25 yards above the outcrop of the 
 Simonstone Limestone, We see a seam of coal, 14 inches thick, 
 which does not appear to have been worked. The Middle Lime- 
 stone is of no great thickness and is, split up in the upper part 
 by shale. Above it here, as all through Garsdale, lies a thick 
 fine shale, near the centre of which occurs the persistent band 
 of productal limestone, known locally as the " Horseshoe " or 
 " Cockleshell " from the appearance of the large Producti when 
 seen in section.* This band, the Five-Yards Limestone of 
 Alston Moor, is made up as follows : — 
 
 Dove Cote Gill. 
 
 Feet. 
 Impure limestone, weathering red and yel- 
 low - - . - - - - 4 
 Shale - - - - .*- 2 
 
 Five-Tabds 
 
 j}iv.ti- JL Aiiua f ouiim - - - - -- t^ 
 
 Limestone, 'i Limestone with Syringopora - . . i 
 
 I Limestone with ProdMotm giganteus abnn- 
 l_ d»nt ..... 2 
 
 Shale ....... 
 
 A band, about 2 feet thick, and possibly representing the 
 Three-Yards Limestone crosses the gill 180 yards higher up 
 than the Five- Yards Limestone, but 100 yards further on the 
 section comes to an end. The angle of dip ranges from 90° 
 near the Dent fault, to 3° or 4° at a distance of 650 yards 
 from it 
 
 * This is the Impure Productal Limestone of Phillips. 
 
45 
 
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 8 
 
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THE SOUTH -WEsTt UN CORNER OF THE KAP. 47 
 
 The strata here seen strike nearl3'- east and west, and there- 
 fore towards the Dent fault. In consequence of this, and the 
 steep northerly dip, Yoredale are thrown against Silurian rocks 
 immediately north of Dove Cote Gill, while in the Clough the 
 lower part of the Great Scar Limestone was brought into that 
 position. The fault, therefore, acquires a greatly increased dis- 
 placement in this short distance. A little north of Fell Yeat, 
 however, the strike of the Carboniferous Rocks changes to east 
 of north, and the whole of the beds described above, down to 
 the Great Scar Limestone, reappear. But the fault, instead of 
 running as heretofore between the Silurian (with or without a 
 covering of Carboniferous Basement Beds) and the Lower Car- 
 boniferous Rocks, keeps in the middle of the Great Scar Lime- 
 stone, with the effect of cutting out the middle beds of this 
 sub-division, and throwing its upper part against its lower. 
 The position of the fault in the limestone is marked by a crushed, 
 belt of rock, rather than by a sharp line of fracture. Figures 
 7 and 8 illustrate the different points referred to above. 
 
 (3.) Hebblethwaite and Penny Farm Gills. 
 
 The section of the Basement Conglomerate in Hebblethwaite 
 Gill has been already noted. The Lower Limestone Shales 
 succeed the conglomerate 120 yards above the point where, the 
 gill divides into Nor Gill and Penny Farm Gill. They are 
 about 130 feet thick and pass up by a series of impure lime- 
 stone of porcelainous texture, interbedded with shales, into the 
 massive rock of the Great Scar Limestone.* The last-named 
 comes on at Penny Farm Caves, with a dip to the east of 
 60° to 90°, which changes a little further on to an apparent 
 westerly dip of 65°, no doubt owing to an inversion as shown 
 in Fig. 8. We then for about 50 yards pass the belt of crushed 
 rock before alluded to, in which all trace of bedding disappears. 
 In this belt we recognise no definite planes along which dis- 
 placement has taken place, but the whole mass of rock, after 
 being compressed • beyond its " crushing point," seems to have 
 been re-arranged. In few places do we find more fully dis- 
 played the crushing and the inversion of the strata which are 
 the noticeable features of the Dent Fault. 
 
 A small fault, branching off to the north-east, cuts out the 
 top lof the Great Scar and the Hardraw Scar Limestone, and 
 throws in 'the thin limestones which underlie the Simonstone 
 Limestone, the section being as below: — 
 
 Penny Farm Oill. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Simonstone Limestone - - - - - 22. 
 
 Sandstone, thick - - ' - - - - — 
 
 , , Limeetone - - - - - - . -,;j 3 
 
 Shale - - - - - - -4 
 
 Sandstone -"" - - - - - - — 
 
 Liniestone, with 2 feet of shale - - - - 10 
 
 • The Bequence closely resembles that in North Wales. See Geology of the 
 Coasts adjoining Ehyl, &o. (Geol. Surrey Memoir). 
 
Ft. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 48 OARBONIFIROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 The Middle Limestone consists of about 8 feet of limestone 
 above, 12 feet of shale in the middle, and 6 feet of limestone 
 below. Above it lies the thick shale, already noted in Dove 
 Cote Gill, the Five- Yards Limestone occurring in its usual 
 position. 
 
 Penny Farm Gill. 
 
 TfTvu Yartis ' Eed-topped limestone in two beds 
 -[■ V i Shale . - - - 
 
 L Limestone with Prodactus giganteus 
 
 On the top of this shale occur.! a thick sandstone, which forms 
 a noticeable feature in Garsdale (p. 72). Resting upon it, 
 where Haskew Gill joins Penny Farm Gill we find 8 feet of 
 limestone with chert, probably the Three-Yards Limestone. 
 Fifty yaids higher up the strata, which so far are all inverted 
 (so as to dip apparently westwards), become vertical, and in a 
 few yards abruptly assume the gentle inclmation normal to the 
 district^ the distance from the fault at which the change takes 
 place being 320 yards. 
 
 Continuing our ascent of the gill we next see massive sand- 
 stone, overlain by thick shale with a seam of coal. The coal 
 was once extensively worked^ and traces of the old shale-heaps, 
 dotted all along this part of the hillside, assist us in tracing the 
 outcrop. The seam is not the same as that worked in Garsdale ; 
 the Garsdale coal lies above the Underset Limestone, and has 
 not been found on the west side of Baugh Fell. 
 
 The Underset Limestone crosses the gill 160 yards above the 
 coal-crop, the section being as follows : — 
 
 Penny Farm Qill. 
 Undehset r ^^^°^ calcareous shale (as seen in G-ars- 
 
 LIM.S.O.K |,it'rJ2^ : : 
 
 Sandstone 
 
 Limestone (about) ... 
 
 Shale 
 
 Sandstone ..... 
 
 Feet. 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 12 
 
 1 
 2-3 
 12+ 
 
 The Main Limestone crosses the gill about 200 yards east of the 
 Underset and reaches a thickness of 16-20 feet, the intervening 
 beds consisting chiefly of shale with two bands of sandstone, and 
 of a thick sandstone which forms the floor of the Main Lime- 
 stone. Above it lies shale, with a thickness amounting perhaps 
 to about 90 or 100 feet, and containing in the upper part a coal- 
 seam on which a few shafts have been sunk in the Penny Farm 
 Gill. This seam occupies the same geological position as that 
 worked on the north side of Garsdale and identified as the 
 Little Limestone Coal. Above it, in Penny Farm Gill, is found 
 a hard sandstone or quartz-grit, which forms a recognisable 
 horizon along Baugh Fell, though it is less marked- and perhaps 
 
THE SOUTH-WESTERN CORNER OF THE MAP. 49 
 
 absent on the south side of the hill. This is succeeded upwards 
 by a shale containing the Little Limestone, of which the follow- 
 ing is a section : — 
 
 Coska Oill, the tipper part of Penny Farm, OiU. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Shale 
 
 Little /Chert - - 5 
 
 Limestone. \ Limestone, passing down into - - 2 
 
 Sandstone ...... 1 
 
 Shale 15 
 
 Sandstone - - - - - - - G — 
 
 The remainder of the gill exposes alternations of shale and 
 sandstone for a distance of 250 yards, when a sandy limestone, 
 about 2 feet thick, and containing obscure impression of brachio- 
 pods, appears. This we believe to be the equivalent of the Crow 
 Limestone of the north-east corner of this map, though we fail 
 to identify the Ten -Fathom Grit in the underlying mass of 
 shales and sandstones. The base of the Millstone Grit crosses the 
 gill about 300 yards beyond the Crow Limestone, but rock is 
 not seen in place till we reach some flags about 150 feet above 
 the base of this sab-division. ' 
 
 Between Penny Farm Gill and Taitbs Gill a fault running 
 east of, and parallel to the Dent fault, throws in a strip of the 
 Tipper part of the Great 8car Limestone (Melmerby Scar Lime- 
 stone). North of Taiths Gill, the Melmerby Scar Limestone 
 occupies the whole space between the two Dent faults, as far as 
 the valley of the Rawthey. 
 
 A. S. 
 
 (4.) Nor Gill. 
 
 For about a third of a mile northwards from its termination 
 in Hebblethwaite Gill, the direction of Nor Gill corresponds 
 nearly with the strike of the beds, the strata being either 
 vertical or inclined to the south of east at angles varying from 
 25° to 60°, and the stream flowing between straight walls of 
 limestone. In the east bank the lower argillaceous beds (Raven- 
 stonedale Limestone) pass under the Melmerby Scar Limestone, 
 the greater part of which rock, however, is masked by Drift 
 and is indicated only by numerous swallow-holes. The following 
 detailed section of the lower beds of the Carboniferous Series 
 was here taken : — 
 
 ' Nor Gill, through Penny Farm Wood. 
 
 Fejb's, 
 Argillaceous and sandy limestone with thin partings 
 of shale -..-.-. 
 
 o 6S856. D 
 
Lower Lime- 
 stone Shales 
 and Base- 
 ment Beds. 
 
 '50 CARBONIFEKOUri LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 Fr.. 
 Grey calcareous sandstone with green 
 
 partings and white nodules - - 40 
 
 Red and green shale with hard sandy 
 
 bands and numerous concretionary 
 
 white nodules at the top - - 12 
 
 Purple and white mottled sandstone - 3 to 4 
 Red conglomerate - - - 3 
 
 Red sandstone - - - - 2 to 4 
 
 Red conglomerate - - - - 20 
 
 Conglomeratic grey and pnrple sand- 
 • stone with bands of red conglomerate 
 
 interstratifled - - - - 17 
 
 Red conglomerate of Hebblethwaite Grill, 
 
 estimated at about ... 900 
 
 As we approach the Dent fault, the section becomes more and 
 more complicated, and the limestones, shales, and sandstones are 
 so jumbled up together that- it is impossible to identify any of 
 them with certainty. 
 
 The fault is not clearly seen, but it is supposed to cross the 
 valley about 80 yards south-west of a sheepfold, where the 
 stream takes a more easterly course. On the west side of this 
 place we see shale with thin sandstone, similar in character to 
 the argillaceous lower liitiestones already mentioned ; and on 
 the east side, limestone, apparently brecciated, and isiterstratified 
 with shale, and probably forming part of the Melmerby Scar 
 Limestone. This limestone continues as far as abend in the- 
 gill about 50 yards north-east of the sheepfold. A fault 
 parallel to, and forming part of the Dent fault is supposed to 
 cross here, a belt, about 80 yards in breadthy of Melmerbj' Scar 
 Limestone lying between the two (p. 49). , / . , 
 
 About 200 yards south-west of the supposed place of the 
 fault the limestone on the north side of brook is succeeded by 
 yellow sandy limestone, and this, by broken and jointed sand- 
 stone containing a band of shale. The limestone strikes S. 8° E.. 
 and. dips apparently westwards at 57°, but at a bend in the 
 stream and on its-nprth side vertical limestone strikes W.,13° S.,. 
 or almost at right angles to that above-mentioned,. there being 
 most probably an east and west fault here. North of this point 
 the section is obgcure- for a distance • of about 50 yards,; but 
 sandstonCj shale, and limestone, are seen in places dipping in 
 various directions and at varying angles. These cojatinue until 
 shattered limestone is brought in apparently by a fault which 
 crosses the valley in an E. 5° N. direction and hades to the 
 south. This shattered rock extends northwards for about 44 
 yards farther, when what seems to be a fault hading to the 
 south at 60° and running W. 17" N., brings in on its north side 
 solid blue limestone, differing most distinctly from the weathered, 
 and faulted rock on its south side. 
 
 Limestone continues along the north-west side of the stream 
 as far as a path across the valley. Here it contains a band of 
 flaggy sandstone. On the south-east side the sandstone is 
 
THE SOUTU-WESTEKN CORXEa OE THE MAP. .'al 
 
 shifted its own breadth to the north-east along a joint which 
 must run along the bottom of the gill. The limestone occu- 
 pies a space of 49 feet on the north-west side and dips E. 41° N. 
 at 78°. But there is no corresponding limestone on the south- 
 east side, though the fault which shifts the sandstone-band is 
 not suflScient in itself to throw out the limestone altogether. 
 The gill now turns sharply to the south-east. At the bend dark 
 shales are brought in very curiously. They have the appearance 
 of being contorted, and of having been completely squeezed out 
 by the sanrlstone, for the limestone and sandstone lie close 
 together higher up the stream. The Uent, fault probably 
 runs through at this bend and accounts for the absence. of the 
 limestone mentioned above on the south-east side of the brook. 
 
 The gill here falls nearly into the line of strike of the rocks, 
 the direction of which is N. 35° W., and the dip south-west. 
 The following strata are exposed : — 
 
 Nor Gill, 10 yards east of the East Bent Fault. 
 
 Feet. 
 Limestone - - - 10~ 
 
 Dark shale - - - - 3 
 
 Limestone - - - - 5 >d. 
 
 Bark' shale - - - -21 
 
 Sandstone - - - - 5J 
 
 About 20 yards east from this sharp turn in the stream a 
 fault, throwing down to the south-east, crosses in a direction 
 S. 16° W., and brings the dark shale between the two limestones 
 down to the south side of the channel. Eighteen feet farther 
 east a second fault crosses in a direction S. 22° W. and throws 
 the shale up again, the water now running in a course cut 
 out of the shale between the sandstone and the limestone. 
 
 The gill aigain turns towards the north-east, and at the bend 
 intersects a band of limestone 3 feet thick. Here there is a 
 complete change in the strike of the beds. This limestone 
 crosises in a direction N. 16° E., with an apparent dip W. 16° N. 
 at 65°. The sandstone on its east side shows smoothed and 
 striated joints, and although the actual break is not seen there 
 must be a fault running throtigh here in the direction shown 
 on the map. The limestone' and the rocks' in its immediate 
 vicinity are probably inverted, so that the real downward suc- 
 cession will be as follows, dthoiigh the sandstone at the bottom 
 of the section seems to be the highest rock : — • ' 
 
 Nor Gill, 20 yards east of the East Dent Faidt. 
 
 -Ft. Ins. 
 Sandstone -.----- 
 
 Dark 8hale - - - -- - -10 
 
 Sandstone, an irregular band : - ' - - - 1 1 
 
 Dark shale ■ - - - - - -5 6' 
 
 Dark shale with bands of limestone - - - 1 6 
 
 Limestone - - - - - - - 3 
 
 Sandstone - - - - - . 
 
 n 2 
 
52 OAEBONIFBROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 The sandstone at the top of the foregoing section continues 
 north-east above a little waterfall. It is shattered and shows 
 slickenside. Above it come dark shales and then a limestone 
 7 feet 6 inches thick, vertical and striking S. 37° E. with about 
 2 feet of soft material on its east side resembling " fault-stuff." 
 Dark shales come next, and these are succeeded by sandstone 
 more or less flaggy, dipping E. 44° N. at 80°. Then follow 
 alternations of sandstone and shale containing two bands of 
 earthy limestone 2 feet and 1 foot 4 inches thick respec- 
 tively. Here the dip is E. 25° N. at 75°. Above these strata 
 comes the Middle Limestone consisting of an upper and lower 
 bed with shale between them. This is ovei-lain by dark shale 
 with nodules of ironstone, containing a limestone 2 feefc 
 thick, and this by dark shale with sandstone and flaggy 
 bands. The dip is here E. 40° N. at 60°. 
 
 The Five-Yards Limestone comes next in succession and 
 gives the following measurements : — 
 
 Nor Gill, 145 yards east of the east Dent Fault. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 Dark shale with nodulei of ironstone - -• 
 
 rLimestone with Productus giganteus at 
 
 Five-Yakds J the base - - - - -46 
 
 Limestone. i Shale - - .-OS 
 
 L Limestone - - - - - 2 3 
 
 Hard flaggy sandstone . . - . . 
 
 At this place a small fault throws down the dark shale and 
 sandstone against the flags under the limestone. 
 
 East of the Five- Yards Limestone is dark shale and then 
 sandstone. The strike now changes to N. 14° E., and the sand- 
 stone follows the east side of the brook, which here runs for a 
 short distance in that direction. Dark shales with sandy bands 
 and ironstone-nodules continue up to a small waterfall. Here 
 a fault sloping to the east and ranging S. 23° W., brings in 
 a massive sandstone which extends eastwards to another small 
 waterfall, where another fault, which hades to the west at 
 60°, crosses in a direction S. 10° W. Above this the dip becomes 
 less, and at a bend in the stream, above a waterfall, hard sand- 
 stone with soft bands dips S. 57° E. at 22°. At the next 
 bend a band of limestone, about 4 feet thick, is poorly 
 exposed. 
 
 Eastwards we pass up over a series of dark shales and sand- 
 stones, the dip, 120 yards east of the limestone, decreasing to 
 15° in a direction E. 17° S. The Underset Limestone occurs at 
 a sharp bend in the stream, about 230 yards farther to the 
 north-east. It is followed by black and yellow shales, and these 
 by sandstone with bands of shale, which begin to run down into 
 the gill where a small brook enters from the north side, and 
 reach the bottom at a waterfall. Here the dip is S 37° E 
 at 7°. 
 
THE SOUTII-WESIlia^' CJ.INER OF THE MAP. 53 
 
 The Main Limestone comes on east of this waterfall, and is 
 succeeded by dark shale interbedded above with bands of sand- 
 stone, lying nearly flat. Above those lies hard sandstone which 
 passes up into coarse grit, the Coal-Sill. As we ascend, the 
 strata given below follow in regular order, until the brook is 
 lost in the peat which covers the side of West Baugh Fell. 
 
 Nor QUI on West Baugh Fell. 
 
 Dark shale. 
 
 Dark sandy chert (the Cnow Limestone). 
 
 Shales. 
 
 Sandstone, flaggy. 
 
 Shales witli bands of sandstone. 
 
 Dark shale. 
 
 Cherty sandstone (the Little Limestone). 
 
 Dark shale with bands of sandstone. 
 
 Flaggy sandstone ^j Coal-Sill. 
 
 Dark shale and sandy shale. 
 TuE Main Limestone. 
 
 (5.) Whinny Gill. 
 
 The section in this gill in the vicinity of the West Dent fault 
 has 'already been described (p. 42). East of the fault thinly- 
 bedded limestone with thin bands of shale comes on above the 
 conglomeratic beds. This limestone is also on end, but rolls 
 slightly in the direction of the dip. Sandstone, with a calcare- 
 ous band in the centre, dipping E. 28° S. at 70°, luns thence 
 along the north-west side, and limestone along the south-east side 
 of the gill, the stream cutting into the limestone with shale-bands 
 (Ravenstonedale Limestone) for a short distance. Above its 
 junction with Gutter Scales thinly-bedded limestone is seen in 
 the channel of Whinny Gill, followed by massive limestone, the 
 strike of which seems to be E. 7° N. The next exposure of lime- 
 stone lies north of the load to Marsh Yeat, where it dips E. 38° S- 
 at 40°, and is followed by sandy calcareous beds dipping W. 30° N. 
 at 70°. 
 
 The stream here divides. Following the northern branch we 
 next see a limestone resembling the Melmerby Scar Limestone. 
 We have not ventured, however, to correlate it as such, but have 
 included all the beds here exposed in the Ravenstonedale Lime- 
 stone. About 280 yards above the division of the stream lime- 
 stone dips E. 38° S. at 70°, and here the water disappears under 
 the surface. A small mossy flat now borders the stream, and 
 we see no solid rock until we come to a hard sandstone striking 
 across the brook in a direction N. 38° E., but there are many 
 f cagments of the lower limestones in the soil. Still higJier up 
 we again cross the Dent Fault, and, at the road leading to Birks, 
 find an exposure of Coniston Limestone Shales. 
 
 Turning now to the central branch of the stream we see ver- 
 tical limestone striking N. 42° E. East of a small valley, about 
 
54 CABB0N11'£E0US LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 half-way up this branch, and on its north side, we observe 
 alternations of limestone and shale, dipping E. 44° N. at 70°, all 
 forming part of the Ravenstonedale Limestone. 
 
 A change in the direction of the dip takes place almost imme- 
 diately, for some thinly-bedded, grey, sandy limestone next seen is 
 inclined at an angle" of 50° in a direction N. 6° E., and is followed 
 by calcareous sandstone and earthy limestone, which dips N. 16° 
 W. at 53°. At this place some whitish clayey shale, with a 
 south-westerly strike, lies in a vertical position, possibly in con- 
 sequence of a fault. Shale occurs higher up on the north side 
 of the stream, and is succeeded by sandstone and sandy shale 
 which dip W. of N. 
 
 A small trench on the eastern side of Whinny Gill exposes a 
 limestone, sandstone with shale -partings, apparently immediately 
 below the limestone, and shale below the sandstone again. 
 Farther eastwards soft black sl^ale dips to the N.W. at 65°, 
 while at the top of the stream sandstone dips W. 25° N. at 70°, 
 with an intermediate band of limestone which forms a little 
 grassy knoll on the north side of this little valley. All the strata 
 here seen are probably inverted. 
 
 (6.) Gutter Scales. 
 
 The section here exposed more nearly resembles those in Nor 
 Gill or Taiths Gill. East of the junction with Whinny Gill the 
 lower beds of the limestone series, consisting of sandy shale, 
 shale and impure earthy limestone, dip E. 30° S. at 54°. 
 Above them, at a limekiln and as far eastwards as a sharp 
 southerly bend in the stream, we find a limestone which 
 might be included in the Melmerby Scar Limestone, but at the 
 next turn in the brook there is a cliff composed of bands of blue 
 and grey limestone, the grey limestone not differing much in 
 appearance from those in the lower series. Here the strata are 
 vertical and strike S. 30° W. 
 
 The brook now follows a ravine cut out in weathered lime- 
 stone, dipping N. 34° W., and containing a thia band of soft 
 dark shale, best shown on the north side. Similar rocks continue 
 until a band of blue limestone strikes across the ravine in a 
 southerly dirf ction. A little farther to the east a band of soft 
 dark shale, dipping W. 30° N. at 55°, is succeeded by thin lime- 
 stone with shale-bands, probably the Five- Yards Limestone. 
 
 Gutter Scales, 10 yards east of the east Dent Fault. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 TheFivb-Taeds r|J^ff°°«^i*^^«dtop . - 3 « 
 
 LI..BXOKB (P). \^--,, : : : :t 
 
 
 
 East of this outcrop and on the south side of the ravine a band 
 of hard sandstone is exposed, but farther oast again, the cliff is 
 
THE SOUTH-WESTERN CORNER OF THE MAP. 
 
 ■entirely composed of dark shale. Close to the hard sandstone the 
 'dark shale is vertical, but near the top of the cliff apparently 
 dips to the east. 
 
 •Alteniiitions of sandstone and shale continue up to and east of 
 a limestone-band .5 feet in thickness, and strike S. 35° W., but 
 turn rather more westwards at a dark shale which follows the 
 thickest bed of sandstone. A limestone seen here in the brook, 
 if in,' situ, strikes against the sandstone and indicates a fault, 
 possibly one of those seen in Nor Gill. Dark shale now occurs 
 on both sides of ' the ravine until we come to a ilaggy sandstone, 
 striking S. 42° W. across the stream. Here the gill turns to 
 the northwards and following ■ the strike flows for about 70 
 yards in a gorge cut down between some of the sandstone -b^ds. 
 It then again turns eastward and passing across the strike of the 
 strata shows alternations of sandstones and shales, in a vertical 
 position and striking S. 30° E., as far as a waterfall. At a sharp 
 bend above the waterfall, a band of limestone 7 feet thick, and 
 also vertical, trends in a direction S. 31° W. A band of yellowish 
 white sandstone and soft finely grained sandstone lies next below 
 the limestone, and itself rests upon a hard, fine-grained, gan- 
 nister-like rock, which much resembles a sandstone seen in a 
 small brook south of Gutter Scales, where it forms a well- 
 marked ridge. This ridge continues southwa,rd, enclosing a small 
 hollow between itself and the line of some old coal- workings. 
 But if the limestone in Gutter Scales and the limestone over the 
 thick sandstone in Nor Gill be the same bed, it must be thrown 
 down to the west by the continuation of one of the faults seen 
 in Nor Gill. 
 
 From the limestone-band in Gutter Scales, dark shale with 
 bands of ironstone continue eastwards to the road to Marsh Yeat. 
 Above the road dark shale and sandstone, ranging nearly in the 
 .same direction as the limestone, are also vertical, but at a bend in 
 the giU turn over and have an apparent dip W. 20° N. at 53°. 
 They are overlain by a sandstonle, apparently unconformably, the 
 appearance being in reality produced by a; shift due to lateral 
 pressure. A small fault throws the strata 1. foot down to the 
 west here, and a larger fault throws up the sandstone-bed on the 
 east above the surface of the brook. The section at the fault 
 being as follows : — 
 
 Outter Scales, about 30 yards east of the road to Marsh Yeat. 
 
 Fx. Ins. 
 Dark Btale -.----- 
 
 Sandstone - - - - - - -60 
 
 Sandy shale with thin bands of sandstone - - 2 '0 
 
 Dark shale - - - - - - -13 
 
 riaggy sandstone - - - - - -56 
 
56 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTOXE SERIES. 
 
 Sandstone continues along the south side of the brook for a 
 short distance and is followed by dark shales and these by dark ' 
 earthy sandstone which dips E. 25° S. at 55°. This is likewise 
 overlain by dark shale. In the north bank a band of hard 
 sandstone dips E. 18° S. at 62°. 
 
 At a sharp bend in the stream dark shale dips at a high angle, 
 but on the opposite side lies flat, or nearly so. East of this, a 
 small cliff on the south side of the brook displays the shale well. 
 Near its bottom are sandy beds which form dark flags, and at 
 its top there is sandstone-rubble. Higher up the stream dark 
 sandy shale lies under flaggy sandstone. Farther north the dip 
 of the sandstone is E. 24° N. at 50°. 
 
 (7.) Taiths Gill and Blue Caster. 
 
 The West Dent Fault crosses Taiths (jill at a point where the 
 brook turns sharply to the north-west. The section is not clear 
 enough to show the actual fault, but to the west of this bend 
 Pale Slates, in part' stained red (p. 32), are exposed. Working 
 eastwards from the fault, we see first a hard sandstone on 
 the north side of the ravine. This rock dips W. 40° S. at 70° 
 and is succeeded by a limestone, also much jointed and contain- 
 ing irreiiular layers of black carbonaceous matter. It occupies 
 both sides of the gill, but there seems to be a break running 
 across in an E. 22° N. direction, for the dips on the two sides 
 of .the valley do not correspond. On the north side of the 
 gorge hereabouts there is an enormous mass of limestone- 
 fragments cemented together in a matrix of calcareous clay 
 resembling such material as occurs in faults. 
 
 The river now comes through a narrow gorge in the limestone 
 on the west side of the east Dent Fault. Here a band of flaggy 
 sandstone strikes across in a direction S. 30° W., dipping at 60°. 
 The following is the apparent succession of the strata : — 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Flaggy sandstone about - - . - - 10 
 
 Sandy limestone - - - - - -18 
 
 Limestone ----... 
 
 Thinly-bedded limestone - - - . - 
 
 Limestone - . . .... 
 
 A small fault shifts the thinly-bedded limestone on the south 
 side of the gorge in the manner shown in the accompanying 
 plan : — 
 
THE SOUTH- WESTKRN CORNER OF TDK MAP. 
 
 57 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 the Grir 
 dths Gi 
 
 By R. Russell. 
 
 Plan of a small fault in the Gxrhoniferows Limestone in 
 Taiths Gill. 
 
 Scale, 3 feet = 1 inch. 
 a Massive limestone. h, c, d Thinly bedded limestone. 
 
 The fault trends nortli-east and shifts the beds marked (l/, c, d,) 
 to the east about 3 feet; but on reaching the bed (b) on its 
 south side, runs along it for about 4 feet before it continues its 
 eastward course. On the north side of the gorge the slips in 
 connection with this small fault are much more complicated. A 
 prolongation of this fault eastwards would carry it into the main 
 fault. 
 
 The east Dent Fault crosses the valley in a N. 22° E. direction 
 and brings in the strata above the Great Scar Limestone. 
 The hade varies considerably. On the north side, near the top 
 of the bank, it is nearly vertical, bnt on the south side it slopes 
 at 45° to the E. 22° S., so that a flaggy sandstone on the 
 downthrow side is brought down to the limestone on the up- 
 throw side of the fault. 
 
 The water frdls over a dark earthy limestone which ranges 
 N. i33° E., and lias an apparent dip w estward of 62°, the rocks 
 being in reality inverted, so that, as we proceed eastwards we 
 pass over beds higher and higher in the series, although we seem 
 to be doing exactly the reverse. Thi.s inversion of the strsita, 
 with the sharp folding presently to be described, is illustrated 
 in the accompanying ligure. 
 
 The limestone extends almost to a road which here crosses 
 Taitiis Gill. Flaggy sandstone containing a band of earthy 
 limestone next comes in, and is succeeded by another limestone 
 which extends eastwards from the road for a distance of 
 about 8 yards. It is not easy to identify these limestones, but 
 it is probable that the first-mentioned is the Hardraw Scar 
 and the last-named the Simonstone liimestone. Dark s!:ales 
 
58 
 
 m 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Cb 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rsS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •ca 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 as 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 s 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^8 
 
 cS 
 
 
 
 
 1-H 
 
 fc, 
 
 -W3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 12! 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 QQ 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 § 
 
 
 °g 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 f^ 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^.^ 
 
 
 » 
 
 ^ 
 
 B . 
 
 U 
 
 d 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 '3 
 o 
 
 .,5^ 
 
 ,.S« ■« 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 
THE SOUTH-WESTEKN CORN IK OF THE MAP. r-9 
 
 and sandstones occur on the east of these outcrops. Where 
 the stream turns to the north-east above a waterfall, it exposes 
 bands of dark shale und hard sandstone, its course Jjere 
 nearly following the strike of these beds which dip W. 24° N. 
 at 58°. At the next bend in the stream the hard sandstone, 
 occurs in nodular masses and thin bands with dark shale- 
 partings. It is followed by dark shale with bands of sand- 
 stone, the shale containing a bed of ironstone with casts 
 of S'pirifer. The limestone, which is 8 feet thick, runs 
 N. 37° E. across the valley, and dips at 75° This bed we have 
 taken to be the Five-Yards liimestone, an identification which, 
 however, is uncertain, for several of the distinct characteristics 
 of that band are wanting, nor was any trace of the Middle 
 Limestone found in the strata on its west side, nor, indeed, 
 anywhere in the Taiths Gill section. 
 
 To the east of this band there follows a great thickness of 
 dark shale with ironstone-nodules, which is succeeded by 
 Sandstone, apparently having next to it another bed of lime- 
 stone 4 feet thick. The sandstone dips W. 30° N; at 80°, aild 
 the limestone trends much in the same direction, but at the 
 top 'of the bank becomes vertical. Dark shales, alternating 
 with flaggy sandstone follow next, in a vertical position and 
 striking N. 30° E. They occupy a space of about 50 yards, 
 but above this the section is not clear; the rocks seem to con- 
 sist mainly of shales with a band of sandstone. 
 
 West of thfe junction of a small brook on the north with 
 Taiths Gill there is a very sharp anticline. The channel of the 
 stream is cut through sandstone containing two thin bands of 
 limestone dipping on the west side W. 32° N. at 62°. 
 Within a space of 86 feet the beds roll over, and the dip at 
 the mouth of the small brook on the east side is E. 27° S. at 56°. 
 The sequence of strata runs as follows : — 
 
 Taiths Gill, 450 yards east of the east Bent Fault. 
 
 1 Ft. Ins. 
 
 Sandstone . - - I 
 
 Sandy shale 
 Shale .... 
 
 Limestone, enorinital - - - - - 7 
 
 Sandstone - - - - - - - 4 
 
 Shale - - - - • - - 6 
 
 Limestone - - - • - --20 
 
 Sandstone .-.---- 
 
 In the space between the anticline and the vertical strata 
 on the west, the beds overlying those in the above section are 
 tent on both sides of the ravine into a very sharp syncline. 
 
 The/measures east of the anticline are apparently the dark 
 shales and sandstones which occur on the west, repeated 
 by a fault, although the sections are not precisely the same. 
 High up on the side of the ravine a band of sandstone dips 
 towards the east, at angles varying from 60° to 90°. It is 
 overlain by shale, sandy shale, and flaggy sandstone. 
 
CO CAKBOXIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 From the place marked " Cinder Oven " on the- 6-incli map 
 the dip is less steep, and where shaly sandstone runs down into 
 the channel of the brook, it falls to 34° towards S. 40° E., but 
 along the south bank the strata turn up more quickly. In due 
 course all these strata run down to the brook, with a dip 
 of 15° towards E. 28° S. Sandstone-blocks and fallen debris 
 now obscure the section for a short distance, but below and up 
 to an old shed, sandstone occurs in the bottom of the gill. StUl 
 further eastwards flaggy sandstone rests on dark shale. The 
 beds now, though gently undulating, become nearly horizontal. 
 
 The Underset Limestone might have been expected to crop 
 out between the Cinder Oven and the Shed. No trace of it, 
 however, was found. But the sandstone and dark shale east of 
 the anticline much resemble those which lie below that lime- 
 stone in the Rawthey. 
 
 Dark shales and flaggy sandstones extend as far east as a 
 sheepfold. Beds higher in the series come in gradually until 
 the position of the Main Limestone is indicated by a large 
 number of limestone-blocks. This limestone is overlain by dark 
 shale, flaggy and coarse sandstone, shales, and a thin band of 
 limestone, the equivalent of the Little Limestone. The last- 
 named is followed by dark shale containing three principal 
 bands of sandstone, the uppermost of which is the thickest. 
 Near where the stream first begins to cut out a distinct channel 
 for itself, the representative of the Crow Limestone, a band of 
 black chert, 2 inches thick, is visible. The succession above the 
 Main Limestone is exactly similar to that already referred to in 
 the description of Nor Gill (p. 53). 
 
 Continuing northwards from Taiths Gill, we find little diffi- 
 culty in tracing on the Dent faults, by means of sections of 
 Silurian Rocks north of Peter's Moss, and of Great Scar Lime- 
 stone, the largest exposure of the latter occurring south of the 
 road from Bluecaster Gate. North of Raven Thorn Gill several 
 swallow-holes mark the east side of this fault, where also rocks 
 belonging to the Yoredale Series are exposed. 
 
 Almost due east of the head of Bluecaster Gill limestone, 
 apparently vertical, is seen in a swallow-hole. About 100 yards 
 farther north, in another large swallow-hole, limestone dips 
 W. 28° N. at 70°. In a third swallow-hole, about 40 yards 
 farther north, the following strata, dipping W. 23° N. at 70°, 
 were measured : — 
 
 Swallow-hole near Bluecaster Gill Head. 
 
 Ft. Iks. 
 Limestone - - - - - - — 
 
 Limestone in thin beds ... 
 Shale ..... 
 
 Limestone 1 r ■ u j 
 
 Daik calcareous sandstone H^^^i^S °°« ^ed 
 Shale, about .... 
 
 Limestone ? - 
 
 Shale, about .... 
 
 Hai'd sandstone .... 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 6 
 2 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
THE SOUTH-WESTERN CORNER OP THE MAP. 
 
 61 
 
 Similar beds are seen in the next swallow northward where 
 the dip is W. 20° N. at 65°. The swallow -hole, which is marked 
 " Cavern " on the 6-inch map, shows, on the west side, sand- 
 stone containing a band of dark shale with the same dip as that 
 last given. Limestone occurs in the middle, occupying about 
 6 yards of the section exposed, while dark shale with a soft 
 clay-band lies on the east side. At the surface these shales 
 seem to turn over and dip to the east. They are, however, 
 probably inverted. 
 
 (8.) The Rawthey. 
 
 There are excellent sections exposed in the River Rawthey 
 from its rise on Baugh Fell throughout the whole of its course. 
 East of the West Dent fault, limestone seems on the south 
 side of the valley to rest naturally upon the Pale Slates, 
 but, directly north of Hall Intack, is thrown down by a 
 fault from the hill-side to the level of ihe river, which has 
 cut a narrow gorge through it. The stream runs for about 80 
 or 90 yards between cliffs of massive limestone, dipping 
 N. 58° W. at 70°. Dark shales with thin bands of limestone 
 occur next, dipping E. 27° S. at from 80° to 82°. Further east, 
 a massive limestone followed by shales, sandstones, and lime- 
 stone is well exposed in the south side of the gorge. Another 
 massive limestone, also followed by shales, sandy lime- 
 stones, and sandstones, succeeds, and the Hardraw Scar Lime- 
 stone coming next continues as far as a wooden bridge, 
 where the dip is E. 29° S. at 78°. The following section gives 
 the complete sequence from the bridge to the fault : — 
 
 The Rawthey, from a wooden bridge to the West Dent Fault. 
 
 Hakdbaw Scar Limestone 
 Sandstone 
 
 Eault down east. 
 Dark shale - 
 Sandstone - 
 Dark shale - 
 Limestone - 
 Dark shale 
 Limestone - 
 Hard sandstone 
 Hard dark shale 
 Hard sandstone 
 Sandy limestone 
 Shale 
 Hard grey sandstone 
 Hard, dark, sandy shale - 
 Shale with encrinites 
 Limestone - 
 
 Dark shale and nodular bands 
 Limestone, abont - 
 Sandstone - - . 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 5' 
 
 t> 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
62 
 
 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 
 
 . Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 Shale .... 
 
 _ 
 
 - 6 
 
 
 
 Hard sandstone ... 
 
 . 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 
 Dark shale with sandy bands 
 
 _ 
 
 - 7 
 
 » 
 
 Limestone, oherty on the top 
 
 . 
 
 . 5 
 
 
 
 Chart 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 Dark shale - - - 
 
 - 
 
 , . 1 
 
 6 
 
 Sandstone - - ' - 
 
 
 '■' . 1 
 
 1, 
 
 Dark shale .... 
 
 
 6'ins. to 
 
 1 
 
 Sandstone - 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 Dark shale .... 
 
 
 6 ins. to 
 
 5 
 
 Flaggy sandstone - 
 
 - 
 
 . 1 
 
 
 
 Dark shale 
 
 . 
 
 )-» 
 
 3 
 
 Limestone, abont - - - , 
 
 
 . 72 
 
 
 
 G-rey shale with bands and nodules 
 
 of limestone 12 
 
 
 
 G-rey limestone, thinly-bedded - 
 
 
 - 4 
 
 8 
 
 Shale - . - 
 
 - 
 
 - 8 
 
 3 
 
 Black limestone, thinly'.bedded - 
 
 . 
 
 - 2 
 
 6 
 
 Hard dark calcareous shale 
 
 . 
 
 - 1 
 
 8 
 
 Gbeat Scab Limestone ; the lower beds abuiting 
 
 
 against the Dent Fault . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 The dark shale rises up on the west side against the sandstone 
 as if it were unconformably overlain, by it. The sandstone dips 
 E. 29° S. at 78° and passes under thq Hardraw Scar Limestone 
 at the wooden bridge, where the inclination is 72°.- East of the 
 bridge the ravine widens and the section becomes obscure. On 
 the path along the side of- the valley finely grained sandstone 
 dips at a high apgle, apparently in the same direction as the 
 limestone. 
 
 In a small brook between the wooden bridge and Hall Intack 
 Bridge the Simonstone Limestone crops ^ -out. In a cliff on 
 the west bank, above the outcrop of the limestone, the following 
 section was measured : — 
 
 ITie Rawthey Valley ; in a brook west of Hall Intaok Bridge^. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 Shale .... 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 Sandstone .... 
 
 
 - 3 
 
 6 
 
 Shale with bands of sandstone - 
 
 
 - 7 
 
 
 
 Sandstone - . - . 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Dark shale with sandy bands 
 
 
 - 9 
 
 
 
 Hard fine-grained sandstone 
 
 
 - 6 
 
 6 
 
 Dark shale, about -' 
 
 
 - 20 
 
 
 
 Simonstone Limestone 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 The dip. of the shale is W. 4° N. at 28°, or in the opposite 
 direction to that at the wooden bridge. 
 
 The Simonstone Limestone, with a sandstone below it 
 dipping W. 14° S. at 9°, occurs on the south side of the river, 
 and runs thence by a limekiln through Eowantree Gill. East 
 of Hall Intack Bridge it passes down into sandy limestone and 
 this into a hard quartzose sandstone, on which the water 
 runs. At. first the beds roll slightly but then acquire a general 
 westerly dip of 14° or 15°. From below the sandstone a shale 
 
THE SOUTH-WBSTEKN COKNBK OF THE MAP. 
 
 63 
 
 next comes up into the section, then a band of impure 
 stone containing fossils, the section being as follows : — 
 
 The Ba/wihey, 25 yards east of Hall Intack Bridge. 
 
 Ft. 
 SiMONSTONE Limestone 
 Hard quartzose sandstone - 
 Shale ... 
 
 Impure limestone with fossils 
 Shale 
 Limestone . 
 
 Sandstone - 
 Sandy shale 
 Sandstone ■ 
 
 lime- 
 
 Ins. 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 Eastwards the shale runs along a cliflF on the south side of the 
 river, while the impure limestone comes down into the bed of 
 the stream east of the fence at Intack House. At this fence a 
 higher band of shale, with sandstone below it, runs along the 
 middle- of the cliff. Proceeding eastward the sandy limestone 
 rises up again on the south ' side of the river with a dip to W. 
 24° N. a,t 10°, but the strata now begin to rise more rapidly- 
 eastwards and the Hardraw Scar Limestone where it comes 
 up in the river is' inclined W. 6° N. at 16°. Here the river bends, 
 southward, and cuts through the upper beds of that limestone 
 into a band of shale. A cliff on the south-west side gives the 
 following section of the strata immediately above : — 
 
 The Rawthey, 300 yards below Needlehouse Gill. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 Flaggy sandstone ..... 
 
 Shale - ■ 
 
 Flaggy sandstone ■ 
 
 Limestone 
 
 Shale 
 
 Sandstone • 
 
 Shale 
 
 Flaggy sandstone - ... 
 
 Dark shale ...... 
 
 (■Limestone, earthy - . 16 
 
 < Shale 3 
 
 [Limestone, thin-bedded and flaggy 
 
 This limestone occupies the channel as far as a wood west of 
 Needle House, where it contains many corals, encrinites, and 
 some Producti'. A sandstone dipping W. 27° S. at 7°, here 
 rises. from beneath it, and with the strata named in the follow- 
 ing section forms a small oblong inlier : — 
 
 The RoAvthey, near Needlehouse Oill. 
 
 Hard sandstone 
 
 Shale 
 
 Flaggy sandstone - 
 
 Shale 
 
 Flaggy sandstone and shale 
 
 Dark shale ... 
 
 Sandstone ... 
 
 Dark shale - 
 
 Sandstone, irregular 
 
 Dark shale • - - 
 
 Hard sandstone (in the bed of the river) - 
 
 Habdeaw Scab 
 
 LlMBSTONE. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins 
 
 about 1 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 - 1 
 
 6 
 
 . 
 
 10 
 
 - 6 
 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 . 
 
 10 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 - 3 
 
 
 
64 CARBONIFEKOUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 A short distance to the eastward the strata roll over to the 
 east, and the HardrawScar Limestone on the south side of the 
 Kawthey, dipping S. 13" E. at 9° rans down into the bed of the 
 river at the mouth of Needlehouse Gill, and forms a gorge for 
 some distance, the band of shale under its upper bed giving rise to 
 a small waterfall at Uldale Bridge. A dip, increasing to 21°, soon 
 brings the beds above this limestone down "into the bottom of 
 the valley. 
 
 We get no more clear sections, until at the west end of 
 a wood near Uldale House we find dark shale dipping 
 S. 42° E. at 32°. This is succeeded by flaggy sandstone, 
 containing two thin bands of dark shale, which come down to 
 the river at the next bend in its course, and dip at 32° in a 
 direction S. 28° E.. The flaggy sandstone is succeeded by the 
 Middle Limestone, consisting of two members with a dark 
 shale between. Except in a small stream on the west bank we 
 see no more of the limestone along the south side of the 
 Kawthey between this point and a gill east of Hall Intack, 
 which contains loose blocks, supposed to belong to that rock. 
 
 Above the Middle Limestone lies dark shale, and above this 
 again flaggy sandstone, dipping Sv 35° E. at 36°. The next 
 series of flaggy beds runs down to the river just above Blea 
 Gill. About 40 yards higher up flaggy sandstone dips S 30° E. 
 at 5°, so that the change in the dip on the east side of the 
 anticline is rapid. 
 
 The Rawthey now runs- south-east in a gorge cut through 
 sandstone as far as the first waterfall, the strata here lying 
 nearly flat. Finely-grained sandstone continues up to the 
 second waterfall, the Five-Yards Limestone cropping out in 
 the south bank below the fall. At the fall the section is as 
 follows : — 
 
 The Rawthey, 420 yards above Blea Gill. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Hard sandstone .... 
 
 Shale -----.. 6 
 
 Five-Yabds Limestone --..36 
 
 Hard sandstone, forming the waterfall - - 5 7 
 
 Soft calcareous sandstone ... 36 
 
 Hard sandstone ..... 
 
 The following section measured above the waterfall shows 
 that the lower beds of the hard sandstone pass into lime- 
 stone : — 
 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 
 rBlue limestone 
 
 . 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 Five-Yaeds 
 
 J Hard finely.grained sandstone 
 
 _ 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 Limestone. 
 
 1 Blue limestone 
 
 . 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 I. Dark limestone 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 This limestone is exposed also in Blea Gill and in the road 
 near Uldale House. 
 
 Between this and the third waterfall sandstone and flaggy 
 beds, dark and shaly in parts, are well exposed, the valley 
 
THE SOUTH-WESTERN CORNER OF THE MAP. 
 
 65 
 
 having been cut down througH a sandstone worked in the 
 Rawthey Gill quarry into these flaggy beds. The lower part 
 of the sandstone is false-bedded, arid forms the waterfall. 
 Along the south-west side of the valley and above the waterfall 
 the Underset Limestone forms a Ime of crags. At this waterfall 
 the following section is exposed : — \ 
 
 The Rawthey, 180 yards above Queen's Stone Gill. 
 
 Ft. Iks. 
 
 Underset Limestone, with 
 
 irregular bands and 
 
 
 
 nodules of chert 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 Hard gannister-like sandstone 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Soft sandy nnderclay 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Hard quartzose sandstone 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 Dark sandy shale 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Dark shale 
 
 
 . 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 Sandstone 
 
 . 
 
 - - - 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 Soft yellow shale 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Flaggy sandstone 
 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 Dark shale 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Sandstone, seen to - 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 Ine. 
 
 
 
 In a small streaia south-west of this waterfall the Underset 
 Limestone rests on the hard gannister-like sandstone. Here the 
 section given below was measured : — 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Dark shale ... 
 
 Limestone? - 
 
 Flaggy sandstone 
 
 Hard sandstone with chert 
 
 Dark shale 
 
 Black chert - - - 
 
 Dark shale, a thin band 
 
 Undehset Limestone, about - 
 
 Hard gannister-like sandstone 
 
 A small stream joins the Rawthey about midway between 
 the third and fourth waterfalls. The section of the strata 
 above the Underset Limestone there exposed differs slightly 
 from the one given above. 
 
 The Rawthey Valley, 270 yards above Queen's Stone QUI. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Dark shale - - - 
 
 Limestone? ... 
 Hard sandstone 
 
 Hard sandstone with cherty bands 
 Dark shale " - 
 Hard bastard limestone 
 Hard " galliard " 
 Black chert . - - 
 
 Hard dark ' ' {galliard " 
 Dark shale 
 Undebset Limestone - 
 
 Above the fourth waterfall the stream flows in a ravine cut 
 out in the Underset Limestone, which here dips S. 10° E. at 4°. 
 The limestone is succeeded by the chert-beds, and these again 
 by a hard sandstone, on the top of which tha water runs. 
 
 G3856. £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
fab CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 At a southerly bend in the gill a thin band of limestone comes 
 in and continues as far as the more southerly of two small 
 tributaries. In this stream the strata up to the Main Lime- 
 stone are exposed as follows :- — 
 
 The Rawthey Valley, 700 yards above Queen's 
 
 Stone Gill 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ft. Ins 
 
 Coarse grit - 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 Dark shale 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 Main Limestone, 
 
 junction 
 
 obsoni-e here; in 
 
 the 
 
 
 neighbourhood 
 
 . 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 30 
 
 Flaggy sandstone 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 6 9 
 
 Dark shale 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 5 
 
 Black parting 
 
 . 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Dark shale 
 
 . 
 
 ... 
 
 
 3 
 
 Sandstone 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 10 9 
 
 Dark shale 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 
 13 6 
 
 Sandstone 
 
 . 
 
 ... 
 
 
 8 
 
 Dark shale 
 
 ■ 
 
 - 
 
 
 9 
 
 Beds not seen 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 Limestone 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 2 9 
 
 A coal-seam, worked between the Underset and Main Lime- 
 stones in the Rawthey Valley, west of Holmes Moss, appears to 
 be the sauie bed which has been unsuccessfully tried on the up- 
 throw side of the fault higher up the valley (p. 67). The 
 number of the adits and the size of the rubbish-heaps at the 
 former place leads us to infer that the seam was of some value 
 there, but no information concerning it could be obtained. 
 
 Though the Main Limestone crops out in Coska, Haskew, Nor,, 
 and Taiths Gills, it forms no ieature along the hill-side between 
 these streams. North of Taiths it is exposed east of Raven 
 Thorn, and also close to the source of Raven Thorn Gill. A line 
 of swallow-holes connects these exposures with those in Slate 
 Gill and other small tributaries of the Rawthey. In one of 
 these the full thickness of the Main Limestone reaches about 
 80 feet, or somewhat less than in Stony Gill on the east side 
 of Baugh Fell (p, 74).. Where the lower part of the Main Lime- 
 stone forms the sides and bed of the Rawthey the stream becomes 
 very picturesque. 
 
 At 100 yat-us south-east of a sheepfold two small fauMsi half a, 
 cliain apart, and with throws of 2 or 3 feet, cross the valley, in 
 a direction E. 26° N. About 30 yards further south-east a 
 parallel fault throws the strata down about 20 feet to the south- 
 east, thus bringing the black chert over the Kme&tone down into 
 the channel of the river. Forty yards farther south-east, again,, 
 another nearly parallel fault throws the strata down about 40 
 feet to the nortK-west ^so> as _"to bring the Main Limestone up 
 again on the south-east side. Jn all these faults quartz in finely 
 crystallized hexagonal pyramids with a little copper-ore dis- 
 distnbuted throughout, , forms the vein-stuff. The copper-ore 
 seems originally to have been all pyrites, but decomposition has 
 le^ to the formation of blue and green carbonates which have 
 stained the vein in a pretty manner. One of the smaller veins. 
 
THE SOUTH-WESTEUN CORNEK OF THE MAP. 
 
 67 
 
 was tested in a trial-hole, but did not yield nearly enough ore 
 to be worth working. Veins filled with crystallised quartz and 
 bearing a little copper-ore are not uncommon in the Garsdale 
 and Grisdale area and in the country about the head-waters of 
 the Eden and Ure. 
 
 The Main Limestone now flanks both sides of the deep valley 
 and gradually runs down into the river at Kawthey Gill Foot. 
 Here its top is clearly seen with a little black chert over it 
 showing an approach to the Swaledale type. 
 
 A few trial-pits and levels on the up-cast side of the fault 
 last referred to indicate the presence of a small coal-seam which, 
 however, does not appear to have been much worked. Lower 
 down the Kawthey a coal, occupying about the same horizon, 
 has been rather extensively wrought (p. 66). 
 
 (9.) Needlehouse or Uldale Gill. 
 
 Needlehouse (or Uldale) Gill joins the Eawthey on the east 
 side of the anticline. For some distance north-eastwards it runs 
 in a deep gorge cut down through the Havdraw Scar Limestone. 
 The dip, at first S. 18° E. at 1U°, increases to 15° in a direction 
 S. 10° E., where a hard, calcareous, and quartzose, flaggy sand- 
 stone comes on above the limestone. At the foot-path to Needle 
 House a band .of sandy lipiestone or calcareous sandstone,, 
 weathering like limestone, crosses the str^m. The gill then 
 follows the strike of the rocks, and the Wtter flows on sand- 
 stone until a hard quartzose band, 1 foot 6 inches thick, similar 
 to the calcareous sandstone above-mentioned, is reached. This 
 band is overlain by sandy shale containing bands of calcareous 
 sandstone, succeeded by 9 feet of dark shale, which again is 
 followed by sandy shale and flaggy sandstone, with a dip to 
 S. 2,5° E. at 12°. The dark shale comes down to the bed of the 
 stream about midway between a foot-bridge and the first water- 
 fall, and then begins to rise up towards the north-east. The 
 waterfall is formed by the hard calcareous sandstones, the dark 
 shale lying in the river-bank above. There must, therefore, be 
 either a sharp roll-up or a fault here. 
 
 Eastwards the dark shale runs down again into the river-bed, 
 and the sandstone above it forms the second waterfall. Here 
 the dip is S. 27° E. at 10°, while at Uldale Bridge the Simon- 
 stone Limestone dips at 15° in a direction S. 38° E. Between 
 Uldale Bridge and the bottom of the first waterfall we have the 
 
 following section : — 
 
 Needlehouse Gill. 
 
 SiMONsioNE Limestone 
 
 Sandstone - 
 
 Shale 
 
 Sandstone - 
 
 Soft sandstone 
 
 Sandstone - 
 
 Dark shale - 
 
 HsTd calcareous sandstone 
 
 Sandy shale with bands of calcareous sandstone 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 13 
 1 
 
 E 2 
 
68 OAEBOHriFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 The Simonstone Limestone is overlain by dark shale and 
 bands of earthy limestone. Higher up, on the north side of the 
 gill, these limestone-bands come up again and then dip at 17° 
 under dark ^hale. 
 
 Flaggy sandstone continues along the south side of the ravine 
 to the bend in its course between the second and third water- 
 falls, where it dips N. 33° E. at 21°. It is followed by dark 
 shale, sandy shale, and flaggy sandstone, forming a small water- 
 fall. Above this sandstone are shales with flaggy sandstone, 
 and a hard sandstone which forms another small fall, and has 
 above it a band of earthy limestone containing fossils. The 
 measures over this limestone are not clearly exposed, but a short 
 distance above, a sandstone, containing a thin band of shale, is 
 followed by shaly niicaceous beds with thin partings of shale, 
 dipping at 28° in a direction S. 56° E. These are succeeded by 
 a bandjpf earthy limestone at the bottom of the third waterfall, 
 near a small stream from the south, the dip gradually increasing 
 here to 32°, S. 63° E. Above the earthy limestone is a band of 
 shale, 4 feet 4 inches thick, containing a bed of. sandstone 
 3 inches thick. This is followed by a hard sandstone forming the 
 waterfall. 
 
 The lower bed of the Middle Limestone comes down at the 
 top of the waterfall. It adheres closely to the hard grey sand- 
 stone below. A n^^w gorge cut down through the limestone 
 to the sandstone forms the channelin which the brook flows. 
 
 The following table gives the sequence of strata from the 
 Five-Yards to the Simonstone Limestone :— 
 
 Needlekouse QUI. 
 
 ["Limestone ..... 
 
 Five-Taeds J Hard, dark, sandy band 
 Limestone. | Shale ..... 
 
 L Limestone . ... 
 
 Sandy underolay with rootlets, passing up into lime. 
 
 stone -..-... 
 
 Hard sandstone, &c. ..... 
 
 Flaggy sandstone - .... 
 
 Dark shale .---... 
 
 Flaggy sandstone with bands of shale 
 
 Bark shale ....... 
 
 Sandstone at fourth waterfall .... 
 
 Dark shale - - - . 
 
 Flaggy sandstone ...... 
 
 Dark shale ........ 
 
 "Limestone, about . . . 
 
 Dark shale with nodules, about - 
 Layer of fossils .... 
 
 Dark shale with nodules ... 
 Hard limestone, with encrinites abun- 
 dant, and Fro&actms giganteut - 
 Dark shale - . . . . 
 
 MiuDLE J Hard limestone .... 
 
 Limestone, j Dark shale with thin bands of limestone . 
 I Dark shale . . . . 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 4, 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 (H 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
THE SOUTH- WESTEKN COUNER OE THE MAP. 
 
 69 
 
 Limestone, thinly bedded 
 
 Limestone, nodular 
 
 Shale 
 
 Limestone 
 
 Shale 
 ^Limestone 
 Hard sandstone with brown spots 
 Shale .... 
 
 Sandstone - . . . 
 
 Shale 
 
 Hard earthy limestone 
 Sandstone .... 
 Shaly and sandy bands 
 Sandstone - - 
 
 Shale .... 
 
 Sandstone . - . . 
 
 Earthy limestone with oncrinites and 
 
 passing down into 
 Hard sandstone ... 
 Hard sandy shale ... 
 Sandstone - . . . 
 
 Shale with bands of sandstone 
 Flaggy sandstone - 
 Sandy shale ... 
 
 Dark shale .... 
 Flaggy sandstone ... 
 Shale with bands of sandstone 
 Dark shale with ironstone-nodules, about 
 Dark shale and bands of earthy limestone 
 SiMONSTOSE Limestone 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 other fossils. 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 11 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 The dip in the Middle Limestone is S. 56° E. at 35°. East- 
 wards it continueiS to increase regularly, ^,nd at the flaggy sand- 
 stone east of the waterfall reaches 45° to S. 68° E., and still 
 more at the base of the Underset Limestone, where, however, it 
 suddenly changes, and the beds become nearly horizontal, as was 
 the case in the Rawthey (p. 64), without the intervention ol 
 any ftiult. 
 
 R. R. 
 
CHAPTER V.- 
 
 70 
 
 -CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 — continued. 
 
 DiSTEiCT 2. Gabsdale and Grisdale. 
 
 The Hardraw Scar Limestone, which plunges down eastwards 
 at Garsdale Foot (p. 43), rises again just above Ingheads 
 Bridge and exposes its whole thickness of 20 feet on the north 
 side of Scar Foot.Bridge. It is all hard and compact, and the 
 lower part somewhat siliceous. 
 
 Ascending the stream above Ingheads Bridge we pass over 
 some 75 feet of sandstones and shales with two thin beds of 
 impure limestone and reach the Simonstone Limestone. Its out- 
 crop and thickness are not clear ; the top consists of rather more 
 than 10 feet of fairly pure limestone, below which lie some 
 10 feet of flags and shale. At the base is another limestone of 
 doubtful thickness, but not more than 10. feet. On the south 
 side of the dale its course is fairly clear and the whole is seen in 
 Inghead Gill. On the north side the ground is drift-covered but 
 part of the limestone occupies the bed of Garth Gill some 
 .50 feet above the. high road. 
 
 The Simonstone is separated from the Middle Limestone by 
 ■about 150 feet of grits and shales which are exposed in many 
 places, both in the main stream and the gills leading into it. A 
 clear section of the strata about the horizon of the Middle Lime- 
 stone, seen in Garth Gill, gives the following measurements : — 
 
 Oarth GUI, Garsdale. 
 
 Thin flags 
 ..Shale - 
 
 PlVE-YAEDS 
 
 -Limestone. 
 
 Flags - 
 
 Shale - 
 
 Middle 
 Limestone. 
 
 r Bed limestone 
 I Shale 
 L Limestone 
 
 r Limestone 
 
 \ Shale 
 
 L Limestone 
 
 Shale 
 
 ■Calcareous grit 
 
 Shale 
 
 Flags 
 
 Shale 
 
 Limestone 
 
 Grit - 
 
 Shale 
 
 G-rits, about 
 
 Shale and grits, about 
 
 Simonstone Limestone 
 
 Feet. 
 
 6 
 3 
 3 
 
 4 
 20 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 40 
 60 
 
GARSrALE. -71 
 
 Above Scar House, on the north side of the dale, the Middle 
 limestone is seen in a small gill and its outcrop may be easily 
 followed to the section in Garth Gill mentioned above, but a 
 few yards beyond this it is completely buried under thick 
 Drift. At Clough it is again well exposed in the beck, its 
 upper part being false-bedded and variable in thickness, while 
 the shale below is fossiliferous ; the bottom part of all usually 
 comes off in massive blocks and is characterised here by the 
 presence of many small irregular spots of calcite, as is the case 
 in Swaledale and Higher Teesdale (p. 106). East of Clough the 
 outcrop is entirely covered by Drift or Alluvium until we get 
 to Dandry Mire, near which place there are several small 
 exposures of the characteristic bottom -part of the limestone, in 
 small drains going through the Alluvium. 
 
 On the south side of Garsdale a railway-cutting at Ingheads 
 •exposes this limestone as follows : — 
 
 Middle 
 Limestone. 
 
 Railway-cutting, Garsdale. 
 
 Limestone ... 
 Shale .... 
 Limestone ... 
 Grit (calcareous) 
 .Linipstone 
 
 Feet. 
 6 
 4 
 6 
 4 
 10 
 
 The section of this bed varies much, for in Cat Gill, 500 
 yards further north, there is more limestone and less shale and 
 grit than in the railway-cutting. The outcrop" keeps practically 
 'dear of Drift for some distance northwards. 
 
 The Middle Limestone is succeeded by about 60 feet of flags 
 and shale, as shown in the section in Garth Gill given above. 
 Above them is the representative of the Five- Yards Limestone, 
 •consisting in this district of two small limestones with a shale- 
 parting. Though thin, they are , persistent and frequently 
 exposed. On the south side of Garsdale a clear section in Cat 
 Gill shows the following details : — 
 
 Cat Gill, Garsdale. 
 
 Five-Yaeds 
 
 LlUESTONE. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 {Red limestone . • - - 5 
 
 Shale ■ . - - - - 6 
 
 Limestone with Froductus giganieus - 5 
 
 Both these bands appear in Ceaseat Beck, but owing to the 
 thick Drift their further outcrop becomes obscure. 
 
 The strata between the Middle and the Five- Yards Lime- 
 stones, and the latter limestone itself, are well exposed in a 
 gorge 300 yards north of Clough, and also in various sikes on 
 the east side of Grisdale ]3eck. The sections do not differ 
 materially from those in Garsdale. 
 
 The Five- Yards Limestone lies in the middle of a mass of 
 soft shale, which forms a series of hollows in the gills on the 
 
72 CAEBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SElllES. 
 
 north side of Garsdale. Above these hollows there runs a 
 feature, sometimes a bold scarp; produced by a massive sand- 
 stone. The Three- Yards Limestone of the mining districts 
 seems to be represented by a band, from 1 to 2 feet thick, 
 resting on this sandstone. It is rarely visible, but crops out in 
 Rackenthwaite Gill (near Swarth Gill), and in the gill which 
 rises at the Baugh Fell Coal-pits, It also occupies the bed of 
 Ceaseat Beck, just at its junction with Long Gill, for more than 
 100 yards, but there seems no reason to suppose it to be more 
 than a few feet thick, five at the most. Its top is not at all 
 clear here and the same band of limestone forms the bed of the 
 stream all the way. A little over a mile north of this it crops 
 out at Gabey Hill in Grisdale Beck, but the intervening ground 
 is covered with great masses of Drift. 
 
 The Main and Underset Limestones run through Swarth Gill 
 Wood, but are much obscured by the enormous mass of debris 
 which has been washed down from the hollow in the hill-side 
 known as Swarth Gill Hole. The Underset Limestone consists 
 of the following divisions : — 
 
 Swarth QUI, Bmigh Fell. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 yy r Black even-bedded calcareous shale - 3 to 4 
 UNDEjiSET I Ljj^ggtojje with silicified corals in the 
 
 iiiMESTONE. ^ upper part .... 9 
 
 Shale 8 
 
 Sandstone - . - - - - - - 4-)- 
 
 At a limekiln in Dry Gill, three-quarters of a mile further 
 west, this limestone is said to be 15 feet thick. The Main 
 Limestone is exposed to a thickness of about 1 5 feet in a gill 
 SOO yards further east. About 50 feet above it a coal-seam has 
 been worked for more than a mile westwards in a line of old 
 shafts and levels. It occurs also on West Baugh Fell, but the 
 seam below the Underset has been there more extensively sought. 
 The overlying strata, up to the base of the Millstone Grit are 
 concealed by debris near Swarth Gill, and can be better studied 
 on the east side of Baugh Fell. 
 
 The Underset Limestone from Swarth Gill eastwards has a well- 
 marked outcrop, being in fact accompanied by a continuous line 
 of swallow-holes, till we reach Greenside Quarry, where it is 
 worked as " Black Marble." It is crystalline and of great hard- 
 ness ; and full of crinoid fragments which give it a handsome 
 appearance when polished. The black cheris, so characteristic 
 of this limestone, are well seen here, but only part of the lime- 
 stone is exposed. It must be at least 10 feet thick, perhaps 
 more, as it forms a considerable spread to the east of the quarry 
 Swallow-holes mark the outcrop thence as far as Grinning Gill, 
 where the limestone is about 10 feet thick. In a quarry,' 
 opened in it a little further to the north-east, it must be quite 
 1 5 feet thick and is a fairly pure encrinital limestone. We now 
 
GAKSDALK. '' 73 
 
 lose sight of it under Drift, until we reach a clear section of 
 both limestone and cherts in Bitter Beck, the cherts being con- 
 siderably thicker than before. A small seam of coal here crops 
 out some 20 feet below the limestone; but is too thin to le of 
 any economic value. Thick Drift again obscures tl)e outcrop, 
 except in two little streams further north, till we resell ;i spot, 
 wliere the clay seems to have slid away from the hill, leaving 
 a bare face of the Underset Limestone. Its course after this is 
 again Drift-covered nor does it come into view in Grisdale 
 Beck. 
 
 , Near High Ing, however, the scar made by this limestone is 
 quite distinct, and the bed can be carried on west from here by 
 various stream-sections near East House, Fea Fow, Flust, and 
 in the sike south of Nettle Brow. In the same sections the chert 
 and cherfcy shale above the limestone are also seen distinctly. 
 
 The total thickness of strata between the Underset and the 
 Main Limestones is about 80 feet. In a sike not quite a quarter 
 of a mile south of Nettle Brow a thin limestone rests on sand- 
 stone, a little above the Underset chert. On Garsd ale Common 
 there is a, little above the same bed a felspathic sandstone with 
 quartz -pebbles. 
 
 Coal has been extensively worked on the top of Garsdale 
 Common at a depth of about 39 feet below the Main Limestone, 
 both by shafts and drifts. In the adjoining Quarter-Sheet 
 (97 S.W.) this coal is still (1883) being worked on a small 
 scale ; the thickness in the present workings averages %\ inches. 
 On the north-east side of Grisdale Beck, by High Ing, and in 
 the sike one-third of a mile north-west of Nettle Brow, various 
 trials for coal have been made at a depth of about 25 feet below 
 the Main Limestone, but apparently with little success. 
 
 East of Swarth Gill the outcrop of the Main Limestone is 
 marked by swallow-holes, and here and there by small openings 
 made for lime. Grinning Gill shows the Main Limestone as 
 well as the beds above and below it, as follows : — 
 
 Grinning Gill, Garsdale. 
 
 Feet. 
 Shale ... ... 30 
 
 Grits and shale - - - - - - 20 
 
 Calcareoas wedffes on grit-ba.nds - - 15 
 
 Shale - " - - - - - - 25 
 
 Little Limestone ...... 3 
 
 Grit - - ..... 3 
 
 Shale with a coal-smut at base - - - .25 
 
 Shales and grits ■ - ■ - - - 50 
 
 Main Limestone - - . - . - 20 
 
 Grit ... - - - 13 
 
 Shale - 25 
 
 „ f Chert .... 2 
 
 Underset gj^ j^ ... .5 
 
 Limestone. I Lim^^tone 10 
 
 Grits and shales - - - - - - 
 
74 CAKHONlFEliOUri LIIIKSTONE SERIES. 
 
 The Main Limestone appears in all three branches of Ceaseat 
 Gill maintaining much the same thickness, but further north is 
 completely concealed by the creeping of the Drift up the hill. 
 A large swallow- hole shows its top just north of Stony Gill, 
 while the whole of- it comes into view in each of the three gills 
 to the north. It is at once apparent that a great increase in its 
 importance has taken place, it being here about 40 feet thick. 
 From Shorter Gill the Main Limestone forms a steep scar for 
 some little distance north and still increases in thickness, but the 
 dip, which turns somewhat to the north, brings it again under 
 Drift. At Rawthey Gill Foot and in the stream one-third of a 
 mile west-south-west of Nettle Brow, there are good sections of 
 the limestone. Between High Flust and High Ing, and east of 
 High Ing, the outcrop in the hillside is again quite distinct. 
 
 On Garsdale Common it makes a good bare outcrop round the 
 Ordnance Station, 1679. The base-line at the north-east end of 
 the hill is rather indefinite ; there are various large masses of 
 broken limestone some distance north-east of the position 
 assigned to it on the map, but they seem all in a more or less 
 shaken condition, and it is doubtful whether any of them are 
 in place. Possibly they are glacially transported masses ; the 
 slope of the hill seems hardly steep enough to give rise to 
 landslips in the ordinary sense of the term. 
 
 The following is the general section of the strata above the 
 Main Limestone on the north side of Grisdale Beck : — 
 
 Grisdale. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 rine-grained, compaGt, flaggy sandstone, probably the 
 
 Ten-Fathom Grit or part of it - - - - 25 
 
 Shale with occasional large calcareous nodules or wedges 120 
 
 liTTLE Limestone with chert on top - - - 5 
 
 ihafe*""^. ! ". : I together from 25 ft. to 60 
 
 Coal -.--.. 08 
 
 Sandstone or pebblv grit with quartz- 1 . ., „_ „ 
 
 pebbles, shale and cherty shale - .|together - 25 
 Main Limestone ...... 
 
 The pebbly grit is seen well in the sike one-third of a mile 
 east of Nettle Brow. The coal has been worked at High Flust 
 and from there along the outcrop south-east for nearly a mile 
 by a series of old levels ; the thickness is reputed about 8 
 inches. 
 
 The Little Limestone and chert crop out in the sikes that run 
 past Flust and Round Ing, and the chert in the sike east of 
 Nettle Brow. The thick shale that comes on above these makes 
 a great bank-feature all the way from Nettle Brow to the hill- 
 side north of East House. The supposed representative of the 
 Ten-Fathom Grit is best exposed in the sike one-third of a mile 
 north of Round Ing. 
 
GEISDALE. 75 
 
 At the soutli-east end of Swarth Fell there are no good 
 sections of the rocks between the supposed Ten-Fathom Grit 
 and the base of the Millstone Grit. The only bed that has 
 been traced at all is a strong gannister, which occurs at a 
 distance of perhaps 70 feet above the top of the Ten-Fathom 
 Grit. 
 
 Just east of Swarth Gill a considerable number of levels 
 have been driven into the Little Limestone Coal, clearly 
 marking its outcrop. The limestone, with its accompanying hard 
 siliceous bed, makes a distinct feature higher up the hill. 
 
 The lowest bed of the 50 feet of shales and grits mentioned 
 in the section of Grinning Gill (p. 73), is a coarse grit charac- 
 teristic of the horizon at which it occurs. Over a large area 
 this bed, the first grit above the Main Limestone, is almost as 
 full of small pebbles as the basement-bed of the Millstone Grit. 
 The upper branches of Ceaseat Beck show well the whole of 
 these rocks, the Little Limestone being remarkable for its un- 
 varying character and thickness. They are again seen in the 
 three small streams that drain into the upper part of Grisdale 
 Beck. In one of these the Little Limestone Goal has been 
 w^orked to a small extent for burning the limestone that crops 
 out lower down the hill. At every stream as far as Rawthey 
 Gill, the limestone can be seen, and in that valley the coal also 
 has been worked, a considerable number of levels having been 
 driven into it. On the west side of the valley, the Little Lime- 
 stone first appears just north of two small faults (p. 66), and 
 from this point it can be traced for about half a mile as far as 
 the two little gills that flow into the Rawthey, west of Holmes 
 Moss. In the more northerly of the two the foUowmg section 
 was measured : — 
 
 The Rawthey ValUy. 
 
 Little Limestone 
 
 I'nooidal sandstone 
 
 Shale 
 
 Grit 
 
 Shale 
 
 Ooal-smnt 
 
 Shale and grits, the lowest grit very coarse - - - 55 
 
 Feet. 
 
 - 3 
 
 - 3 
 
 - 25 
 
 - 6 
 
 - 30 
 
 In Slate Gill a flinty sandstone may represent the same bed. 
 On the same horizon in Taiths Gill there occurs a band of lime- 
 stone. Cherty sandstotie and fragments of chert alone mark 
 the position of the Little Limestone in Nor GiH. In Coska 
 Gill a branch of Penny Farm Gill, the Little Limestone more 
 nearly approaches what we find on the east and north sides of 
 Baugh Fell. The section is given in the dcEcription of Penny 
 Farm GiU on p. 49. 
 
 The Coal-Sills make no distinct feaiture around West Baugh 
 Fell, but their position is indicated by an almost continuous line 
 
76 C'AEUOXIFKROUS I.I3IESTO-VE SERIES. 
 
 of rubble-heaps along the side of the hill, just above the Main 
 Limestone. I'he stream-courses show the sills to consist of 
 flaggy .'-andstone, passing up into grit. 
 
 The Little Limestone is overlain on Baugb Fell by about 125 
 feet of shale with flaggy sandstones in the upper part, the 
 whole being capped on the north-east side of the hill by the 
 Crow Limestone. On the north and -north-west sides of Baugh 
 Fell the strata between these two limestones consist of dark 
 shale with three principal bands of sandstone, the features 
 formed by which can be traced for a considerable distance 
 round the Fell. 
 
 These strata roughly correspond to the " Crow-beds " and the 
 " Ten-Fathom Grit," of Swaledale and Arkendale. The shales 
 and flags are, owing to their soft nature, constantly cut through 
 all round Baugh Fell. Here and there they contain impersistent 
 calcareous wedges in the upper part, but otherwise call for 
 no special attention. The Crow Limestone can be identified 
 in the ujiper part of Ceaseat Gill, where it is about two feet 
 thick, but this part of the series lies in a hollow, and is much 
 obscured as far north as the head of Bitter Beck. There it can 
 be seen by fragments of lime-stone to be resuming its normal 
 character and from this point it steadily increases in thickness 
 until in Red Gill it becomes a fairly pure encrinital limestone, 
 10 feet thick. It now begins to thin away westward, and in 
 Rawthey Gill is only four feet thick, and so siliceous that it 
 passes into a chert. 
 
 In the more southerly of the two small gills west of Holmes 
 Moss, a band of chert, 3 feet thick, seen a short distance below 
 the base of the " Grindstone," probably represents the Crow Lime- 
 stone. A thin band of dark chert occurs also near the source of 
 Taiths Gill, and black shale contains a thin band of chert 
 in Nor Gill on the same horizon. Penny Farm Gill exposes a 
 sandy limestone, 2 feet thick, and believed to be the equivalent 
 of the same band (p. 53). 
 
 Separated from the Crow Limestone by about 30 feet of shale 
 is a gannister, a dense siliceous rock, often as much as 30 feet 
 thick, with a band of carbonaceous matter or a " coal-smut " in the 
 middle. This rock probably corresponds to the" Grindstone" of the 
 country further north, and is important as giving a fixed horizon 
 by which we can check our identification of the base of the 
 Millstone Grit. In Rackenthwaite Gill it is well seen, and a 
 few yards further east there is a trial for the coal in it, but the 
 seam apparently was valueless. East of this the quantity of 
 down- wasK. becomes so great that the features of the hill are 
 quite obscured, and it is not till the face becomes less steep that 
 the " Grindstone " is again seen. Grinning Gill gives a complete 
 section of this rock showing the coal-smut in the middle. The 
 upper part of the bed is full of the casts of rootlets. 
 
 The out-crop of the "Grindstone" now becomes the best- 
 marked feature on the east side of Baugh Fell, and continues 
 
GEISDALE. 77 
 
 SO for ii great distance. In the small streams east of Rawthey 
 Gill the lower part frequently consists of flaggy sandstone, but 
 the upper is always dense and hard, and has an nlmost glassy 
 top. It forms a bold scar just before entering Eawthey Gill. 
 On the south-west side of the river the Drift creeps up the hill 
 above the outcrop of this bed, but does not quite obscure the 
 feature made by it. Emerging from the Drift-cover the rock 
 appears again in a little stream flowing down from the north-east 
 corner of Baugh Fell to join the Eawthey. It is here about 
 25 feet thick with the usual carbonnceous band in the middle. 
 Thence round the north side of Baugh Fell it forms a distinct 
 feature, exposures of the gannister occurring here and there. 
 East of the source of Nor Gill it makes a well-marked escarp- 
 ment, but then is lost to view under debris. Above the grind- 
 stone there lie usually about 30 feet of shale, the uppermost 
 portion of the Carboniferous Limestone Series, which, however, 
 are generally concealed by down-wash from the Millstone Grit. 
 
 The beds above the Main Limestone here form a link between 
 the type seen in Swaledale and Wensleydale, and that in the 
 district farther north in the Pennine Hills, where the small 
 coal-seams in the Carboniferous Limestone Series begin to 
 acquire some economic importance. 
 
 C. T. C, A. S., G. B. 
 
78 
 
 CHAPTER VI.— CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES 
 
 — continued. 
 
 DlSTEICT 3. 
 
 (1.) Ravknstonedale and Upper Eden Valley. 
 Lower Li/mestone Shales. 
 
 These rocks occupy a belt rather under half a mile in breadth 
 on the south flank of Ravenstonedale. They are not to be seen 
 east of the Dent fault which bounds the Silurian Fells, nor 
 indeed for a mile west of it, their probable area here being 
 well covered up with Glacial Drift, but in the stream a short 
 distance above Artlegarth the base of them is well exposed. 
 Here are greyish-green shales, dipping N.N.E. at 15°, and below 
 them a calcareous sandstone with quartz-fragments. This is 
 resting in the stream on green and mulberry-coloured Silurian 
 mudstones which are dipping at an angle of 70° N.N.E., and 
 are much impregnated with brown carbonate of lime which has 
 run into the joints from the overlying Carboniferous rocks. 
 Not a trace of the well-known Basement Conglomerate occurs 
 at this spot. In the same gill below Piper Hole at a higher 
 horizon in the series are brown earthy limestones under black 
 shale, and at the next bend in the stream yellow earthy lime- 
 stone and shale with corals, crinoids, &c. 
 
 Thackthwaite Gill, south of the village of Ravenstonedale, 
 shows in descending order greenish sandstone, black shale, a sea- 
 green clay, and red sandstone, and lying below, but higher up 
 the gill, is red shale. 
 
 For a mile west from here no sections are visible in the Lower 
 Limestone Shales, but before coming to the edge of the map 
 we get two very good exposures in Pinskey Gill and Weasdale, 
 especially the former. In Weasdale below th0 lowest house 
 are Silurian flags dipping vertically and striking east and west, 
 overlain, lower down the stream, by hard sandy grit with 
 black smuts, micaceous shale, and solid mudstones. These are 
 dipping north at about 13°. In Pinskey Gill, north of the road 
 going from Newbiggin to Weasdale are greenish-grey gravelly 
 conglomerates of pre-Carboniferous rocks, and a short distance 
 south of the bridge is seen the following section in descending 
 order: — 
 
EAVENSTONE DALE. 
 
 79 
 
 PinskeyGill. 
 
 'Soft giey plate .... 
 
 Iiiglit-grey shale . - . . 
 
 Yellow dolomitio limestone, the upper half open 
 and porous - - - 
 
 Blue-grey shales 
 
 Brown impare limestones 
 
 G-rey shales - - . . 
 
 Rippled mudstones with Produatus 
 Lower Shals ----- 
 Limestone < Mudstones - . . . 
 
 Shales. Shales - - - - - 3 
 
 Sandy mudstone - - - 
 
 Plate 
 
 Shale . - . - - 
 
 Limestone - - - 
 
 Plate and shale - - . - 
 
 Pine gritty limestone 
 
 Beds not seen - - - 
 
 |- Soft shales, vertical and striking W.N.W. 
 
 SiLUEIAN 
 EOCKS. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins 
 
 - 3 
 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 6 
 
 - 8 
 
 
 
 - 5 
 
 6 
 
 - 2 
 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 (> 
 
 - 2 
 
 
 
 - 12 
 
 
 
 to 5 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 - 3 
 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 
 - 2 
 
 
 
 - 12 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 9 
 
 Five or six good sections of the base, extending over two 
 miles of country, bring us to where the Basement Conglomerates 
 come on beneath the Lower Limestone Shales, but there is no- 
 thing to warrant us in supposing that they have any existence 
 in the part of the map now under consideration, and certainly 
 it is obvious to an observer on the ground that their non-exist- 
 ence is not due to a fault- along the line of junction of the 
 Carboniferous and Silurian Rocks, as was erroneously suggested 
 on a former edition of the Geolpgical Survey Map, but to the 
 .Lower Limestone Shales having been deposited on the denuded 
 Silurian surface direct, the red conglomerates being entirely 
 absent. The beds which we have been describing are essentially 
 marine throughout. They contain corals, crinoids, and bra- 
 chiopods. This is not the case with the red conglomerates 
 and associated sandstones ; such fossils have not been found 
 in them nor in rocks of similar appearance and position in 
 other places. The position of these latter, the rapidity with 
 which they come in and' die out, their arrangement, and litho- 
 logical character, consisting almost entirely of pebbles of local 
 rocks, are highly suggestive of their having been deposited in 
 valleys.* 
 
 Tfie Great Scar Limestone Series. 
 
 Under this heading we include two great masses of lime- 
 stone separated by a series of shales with limestones and sand- 
 stones, which, though unknown in the country around Ingle- 
 
 ' Possibly rirer-gravels of Carboniferous age 
 
 .— K. H. T. 
 
80 OAEBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 borough, acquires an importance in the north-western part 
 of this district. We *may call these three groups in ascending 
 order the Kavenstonedale Limestone, the Ash Fell Beds, and 
 the Melmerby Scar Limestone. They rest on the Lower Lime- 
 stone Shale and are succeeded above by the Yoredale Series. 
 There are subordinate beds of shale and sandstone at various 
 hoiizons amongst them, but this is the general succession of the 
 main calcareotis masses of the Carboniferous System here. _ 
 
 The chief expanse of Limestone in this Quarter-Sheet lies in the 
 north-west quarter. It is bounded on the south (with the inter- 
 vention only of the Lower Limestone Shales) by the Silurian 
 Fells. On the east it runs up to the overlying Yoredale Series 
 of the Wild Boar Fell range and across the Eden to the same 
 rocks along the same line of strike. The same overlying rocks 
 just come into the margin of the map on the north, and the 
 irregular triangular area of Permian Rocks lying between 
 Crosby Garret, Wharton Hall, and Hartley, and enclosing Kirkby 
 Stephen, makes an indent into its area along the same edge of 
 the map. 
 
 The Kavenstonedale Limestones, the lowest member of the 
 series, are best exposed in Scandal Beck above about and below 
 the village of Kavenstonedale, where from excellent and con- 
 tinuous river-sections, their thickness may be easily calculated. 
 They are here from 1,.500 to 1,700 feet in thickness. The lowest 
 beds show in several places a whitish or light-blue grey compact 
 limestone with porcelainous fracture. The Kavenstonedale 
 Limestones are full of fossils ; soiiie beds are crammed with 
 brachiopods which give a tissile character to the m^iss. 
 
 We also often get, near the base, yellow, somewhat dolomitic- 
 looking liinestones. Grey limestones also occur. About two- 
 thirds up in the thickness of the Kavenstonedale Limestone lies a 
 bed which, though insignificant in dimensions, is interesting as 
 running for some distance, attaining a larger developmsnt to the 
 west and being fairly traceable at intervals. This rock which 
 in the Memoir on the Country around Kendal, &c. is described 
 as the Brownbf r Beds, consists of a horizon along which quartz 
 is abundant, sometimes as fine sandstone, more often as quartz- 
 pebbles, of a coarser material in a matrix of limestonp. 
 
 The most easterly point where we have recognized it, is in a 
 little brook close to the Sedbergh Road opposite Oooks Beck 
 near Cross Bank. Here may be found traces of a limestone 
 containing quai^tz-pebbles. It should pass under Howber Head, 
 and a sandstone occurs at about the same horizon in the lower 
 lane to Kavenstonedale. This seems figain to lie on the same 
 horizon as a limestone with quartz pebbles a quarter of a mile 
 further west in some fields above Claylands. It appears again 
 Tinder, a mile to the west in the bluff lying in the fork between 
 Scandal Beck and Couplands Beck and should pass by Friar 
 Bottom, for it is seen in force beneath the railway-bridge, east of 
 Brownber. Here, too, it is a limestone crammed with pebbles of 
 
RAVENsTONEDALE. 81 
 
 quartz. Hence to Ravenstonedale Moor Drift comes on and the 
 section is hidden, but in another mile the beds are well seen in small 
 quarries and have been much used for " throughs." Here there 
 are beds of sandstone, above the limestone with quartz -pebbles. 
 For their course hence to Orton the reader is referred to the 
 above-mentioned Memoir. 
 
 The Ash Fell beds are well seen in many places as on the 
 Sedbergh Boad, and the Ravenstonedale Road, under Ash Fell 
 Edge in Smardale and thence along the escarpment towards 
 and beyond Sunbiggin Tarn. On the Sedbergh Road they show 
 a thickness of between 500 and 600 feet. At least three lime- 
 stones occur here in the intercalated sandstones and are tolerably 
 thick. 
 
 About half a mile to the west of this these limestones appear 
 to be losing character, not thinning out so much as deteriorating 
 into calcareous shales with nodules and sq,ndy clays, About the 
 Ravenstonedale Road the two upper limestones, the thickest in 
 the above-mentioned sections, are only represented) by very thin 
 limestones, and there is no trace of the third. In. Scandal Beck 
 the limestones are quite insignificant, but the sandstones and 
 grits are in strong force. 
 
 At a farm called Bents, one mile north of Newbiggin, the 
 sandstones form a bold broken cliff, and there is a story that 
 their appearance deceived a marauding party in one of the 
 border-raids, who turned back thinking that the masses of rock 
 were houses, and that a village had escaped their foraging and 
 not been sacked.* ; 
 
 Two thin limestones occur north of these we]l-marked grits 
 under Bents Hill, and further west one of them grows considerr 
 ably in thickness and covers a broad extent in Rayseat Pike, 
 showing that the westerly dying out of these limestones, if a rule, 
 is not without exceptions. 
 
 The conditions which resulted in the intercalation of these 
 sandstones in the great mass of Carboniferous liimestone recur 
 again and again, though in less force, in the great thickness of 
 limestones of Ash Fell and the continuations of the same beds 
 away to Crosby Ravensworth, showing how arbitrary and con- 
 ventional, if convenient, any sub-divisions in these beds are. 
 One of these beds of sandstone crosses Red Stone HiU between 
 the Sedbergh and Ravenstonedale roads, and gives it its name. 
 Another or the same, being at about the same horizon, lies north 
 of Bents Hill. It is broken by a fault with a downthrow on the 
 west, being thrown to Great Ewe Fell, whence it may be traced 
 down into the valley of Potts Beck, south pf Little Asby. 
 Several other intercalated beds of shales or sandstones occur 
 here too between it and the escarpments of the Yoredale Series. 
 
 .* For those who take an interest in such matters it may be as well to call atten- 
 tion to the very high walls surrounding the " Fold " at Lytheside, a farm house o£F 
 the Sedbergh Eoad, which have evidenfiy been constructed with a view to safety on 
 such occasions. 
 
 o 63856. F 
 
82 CAEBOMIFEEOUS LIMESTONE gEKIKS. 
 
 East of the Dent Fault, or where its continuation, if it go bo- 
 far, may be supposed to come on, we have the following localities 
 where beds other than limestone occur in the Great Scar Limer 
 stone area. At Tarn Mire, in a little mound surrounded by 
 Alluvium, a brown sandstone was seen dipping south, but it is 
 doubtful whether it is in place. At Fothergill Close, north of 
 Birkett Tunnel and east of the railway, a red soil lies between 
 two ridges of limestdne and seems to indicate a weathered sand- 
 stone. Along the ridge Minsefer (called " Mineber " on the map) 
 the limestone is gritty and contains small angular fragments of 
 quartz, the whole -being of a red colour. A sandstone interbedded 
 with pink limestone crops out in the Eden near the footbridge 
 south-east of Lammerside Castle. One or two beds of sandstone 
 occur in Thring Gill, above Redding House, in two places with a 
 fault between, and still higher up two more beds, or the same 
 faulted down, are seen in an anticline which is crossed by the 
 stream. On the hill above Lochthwaite, one mile east of Nateby, 
 a sandstone crosses the top of the hill and with the underlying: 
 shales has caused a slip to occur. 
 
 Yoredale Series. 
 
 These rocks form a belt of varying breadth, according to the- 
 steepness of the dip, ajong the east side of the limestone-area,, 
 and extend thence along the valleys and across the cols between 
 the Millstone Grit Fells. 
 
 The base of the Series is muffh shattered and contorted about 
 the old lead-mines east of Hartley, but a little further south, 
 from Ladthwaite fell-wards, we have an excellent and probably 
 unbroken sequence. The beds it is true are here dipping at 
 first, apparently to the west at high angles, but this is probably 
 only a reversed dip and not a broken series or an anticline^ 
 They seem gradually to return from that reversed position to. 
 the normal easterly dip and eventually, on the fell-tops, nearly 
 flatten out, and the limestones do not here by their position, 
 lend any support to the view that they have been bent over and 
 repeated in an arch, as- they do to the north and again to the 
 south. Eleven limestones above the main mass may be seen here 
 on Hartley Fell and along the flanks of the upland valley of 
 Duckerdale, counting up to and inclusive of the Great or Main 
 Limestone. 
 
 The lowest four are best' exposed in the hill north of Lad- 
 thwaite (where some old lead-mines have existed), the third and 
 fourth being thin and close together. From this point it is 
 better to take the Hartley Fell Road to Rollinson's Pits, which, 
 in itself forms a section and crosses all the beds. Where the 
 road is out in the open it crosses a limestone obliquely, and 
 further on, where it rises more steeply by a wall, passes two 
 more. These are probably in ascending order the Single 
 Post, Cockle Shell, and Middle Limestones of the rocka 
 
UPPER EDEN VALLEY. 
 
 b3 
 
 forming the Pennine Escarpment. Then we cross a wide 
 ridge of sandstone and come upon another limestone, grey, 
 weathering brown. This is probably the Five-Yards Lime- 
 stone. It is about 15 feet thick. From this point we cross 
 very hard grits again by the shootiag-house, and a little 
 further, leaving the road on the south, we may descend the 
 stream to see the following section : — 
 
 Reigill, Hartley Fell. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Grey shale - . 
 
 . 
 
 
 Grit 
 
 . 
 
 - 30 
 
 Shales 
 
 . 
 
 - 40 
 
 Dark limestone (Five- Yards Limestone P) 
 
 - 14 
 
 Shale 
 
 
 . 5 " 
 
 Grit 
 
 
 . 6 
 
 Shales 
 
 
 . 5 
 
 Coal-smut ... 
 
 
 - Oi 
 
 Sandstone and shale 
 
 
 - 12 
 
 Fine-grained sandstone - 
 
 
 - 8 
 
 Coal-Bmut . 
 
 
 - Oi 
 
 IJnderolay ... 
 
 
 . 2 
 
 Grit 
 
 
 - 25 
 
 Alternations of flags and shales 
 
 
 . 26 
 
 Beds not seen 
 
 
 . 40 
 
 Limestone (Scae oe Middle Limkstone P 
 
 ) - - 15 
 
 )>129ft. 
 
 A thin, limestone thought by Mr. Dakyns to be the Three- 
 Yards Limestone, crosses the beck near the road a little above 
 where this section commences. If this be sb, the limestones in 
 this section will probably be as indicated. 
 
 Then follow in ascent blue sandy shale and plate and a 
 sandstone, which a little further south in Duckerdale shows a 
 thickness of 60 feet. A little higher up the stream we come ta 
 the Underset Coal, which has been worked along the outcrop for 
 some distance to the north but not much to the south. From 
 this points onwards the Underset Limestone is crossed three 
 times by the stream, owing to a fault and a repetition of the 
 bed by an anticline, but an undisturbed section may be; seen 
 by following the road. The best sections of the Underset and 
 Main Limestones occur, however, in Reigill above this point to the 
 left of the road, and in Duckerdale to the right of it, where the 
 two scarps follow each other round the hills with picturesque 
 regularity. Between these two limestones a chert appears both 
 in Reigill and in the road, and a coal in the former beneath the 
 Main Limestone. Another coal shows at four feet above it in a 
 pot-hole. The Maiu Limestone cannot be less than 60 feet 
 thick, and forms a long row of large pot-holes along its upper 
 edge. A 25-foot grit occurs not far above it, and a little higher 
 up, where the stream branches, a red chert is seen. Beyond, 
 grey shales show a considerable thickness and then come two 
 beds of flags, the lower one having a brown gingerbread -like 
 top with fossils in it. Above this a chert should follow, but is 
 
 p 2 
 
84 OARBONIPEKOUS LIMBSTOXi! SEBIE9. 
 
 obscured by Drift in the stream. It may be seen in the fell, 
 however, to the north and south of the stream-bed, and another 
 chert is also to be found by hunting about. These two cherts 
 probably represent the Fell Top Limestone, and may be traced 
 for some distance, although from their thinness this is a task 
 which requires careful work. 
 
 The Main and Underset Limestones continue round the head 
 of Duckerdale, and the former makes the broad and conspicuous 
 expanse of Tailbrigg. The south side of the higher part of 
 Duckerdale is masked by Drift and " tumble," but there can be 
 no doubt of the range of these escarpments along that side. 
 Tailbrigg is a sloping plateau of bare limestone, forming, in fact, 
 a dip-slope, and at its inner edge the surface-water has made, 
 and drains into, a number of pot-holes which are of consider- 
 able depth ; some of them probably go through the entire thick- 
 ness of the limestone, which must be 60 feet. One of them 
 can be entered by the stream-course for some distance, and 
 probably would be worth further exploration. The sides of 
 these pot-holes are beautifully fluted by the dripping of the 
 water from above, and show vertical ridges as sharp as knives. 
 
 Two sandstones and a thin limestone occur between the Main 
 and Underset Limestones in the road going down from Tailbrigg 
 towards Nateby, the limestone probably being the equivalent of 
 the chert above-mentioned in Reigill. The Three- Yard Lime- 
 stone is not visible in the road, but may be traced by pot-holes 
 a little north of it, and probably is indicated by a mossy 
 calcareous spring about 150 yards south of it. In descending 
 by both the gill and the road more limestones may be seen, and 
 a short distance below them a coal has been extensively worked 
 at some time for coke, cinder-ovens occurring on the line of out- 
 crop in places. Two more limestones take us down to the main 
 mass where the boundary must be a fault, for the last of them 
 appears to be turning over by an anticline, and dipping against 
 the main mass. The series, therefore, is not complete here as it 
 is in Rigg Beck and Duckerdale. 
 
 At the head of Thring Gill the mass of limestone on Tailbrigg 
 ends off abruptly on the fell, and appears to be thrown by a 
 fault against some sandstones which belong to another horizon. 
 Below them, along the ridge which bounds the south side of the 
 valley, we first pass over a wet interval, probably shales, and 
 then in succession come upon the Fell Top Cherts (two beds), a 
 sandstone, more shales, and then at Green Hill the Main or 
 Great Limestone. The downthrow to the south must therefore 
 be considerable, as will be seen on the map. The fault seems to be 
 running in a west-north-west direction and crosses Thring Gill 
 at a waterfall a little above a sheep-fold, some way below the 
 old coal-workings. A thin limestone is here faulted against a 
 sandstone and is dipping away from it to the south-west. 
 
 This fault does not appear to penetrate the main mass of the 
 Great Scar Limestone, but joins or is cut off 'by the next fault 
 
UPPER EDEN VALLEY. 
 
 85 
 
 on the south, which runs through the prominent feature called 
 Blea Combe (spelt Bleakham and Bleakholme on the map) 
 towards the north-west, and from the gill above Carr House 
 takes probably a northerly trend, forming the boundary between 
 the arched Yoredale Rocks already mentioned and the great 
 liiuestone-tract. 
 
 In the ridge of Great Bell, and on the fell going towards 
 Mallerstang Fells End, eight limestones may be seen, iu eluding 
 the Main Limestone. The Fell Top Cherts also crop out in the 
 higher part of the series in Southwaite Gill. 
 
 The lower part of the Yoredale Series appears to be well con- 
 tinuous from Great Bell to the Eden at Janny Wood, hard by 
 the high road, where the following section is traversed by the 
 stream : — 
 
 Janny 
 
 Wood. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins 
 
 Black limestone and Bh.alo 
 
 
 - 10 
 
 
 
 Sh»le - - 
 
 
 ■ 4 
 
 
 
 Ferruginous limestone 
 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 3 
 
 Black shale 
 
 
 - 15 
 
 
 
 Limestone 
 
 
 - 78 
 
 
 
 Sandstone ... 
 
 
 - 42 
 
 
 
 Limestone 
 
 
 - 8 
 
 
 
 Hard sandstones and shales 
 
 
 . 20 
 
 
 
 Dark limestone, dipping at 40° ; 
 
 the main mass. 
 
 
 
 Four more limestones appear in the little gill which comes 
 down from Southwaite, iu continuous order with the above 
 section, but they are not suflSciently well shown to enable one to 
 give measurements. These limestones are, however, fairly well 
 exposed higher up the river, after passing some small faults 
 below Catagill Scar. The river-section indeed for some distance 
 is well worthy of study for its geology as nell as its beauty. 
 The best section of these beds, however, is that seen in the 
 Midland Railway from, and south, of Birkett Tunnel. The beds 
 all dip to the S.E., for the most part at 45°. The following are 
 the particulars in descending order in the cutting, commencing 
 near the first bridge over the railway on the south side of the 
 tunnel. 
 
 Section South of Birkett Tunnel. 
 
 Black shale with ironstone-nodules 
 Limestone, yellow and red at top 
 Sandstone - . - - . 
 
 Shale 
 
 Sandstone . - - - • 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale 
 
 Flaggy sandstones ... 
 
 Dark shales withironstone-nodules, sandy above 
 
 Limestone with shaly bands 
 
 Sandstone . . 
 
 Limestone . . - - . 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
86 
 
 CAKBONIFEHOUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Shales with rippled sandstones 
 
 . 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Ironstone with forominifera 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Sandstone - - ^ 
 
 . - . . 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Layers of sandstone and shale 
 
 .... 
 
 14. 
 
 
 
 Coal 
 
 2 ins. to 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Clayey shale 
 
 . 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Wodular limestone-rubble 
 
 ... 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Limestone with ooal-Bmut at base - - - 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Shales 
 
 • <i - - 
 
 4. 
 
 6 
 
 Coal 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Sandstone - 
 
 .... 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Shales 
 
 . . . - 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 Grrit with crinoids 
 
 .... 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Shale 
 
 .... 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Coal-smut - 
 
 . . . - 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Shale - 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Fine earthy sandstone 
 
 . 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 Shales 
 
 .... 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Soft grit and shales 
 
 - 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 Grey earthy limestone with many fossils 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Dark shale - 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 Hard sandstone - 
 
 . 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 Hard shales 
 
 ... 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Coal-smut - . . 
 
 . . . • 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Shale and oalliard 
 
 . 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 Gap caused by a fault, downthrow south * • 
 
 * 
 
 
 Grit, more than - 
 
 - 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 Micaceous shale - 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Coal 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 White underolay-shale 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Hard sandstone - 
 
 .... 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 AltemationB 
 
 ... 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Hard fine-grained sandstones 
 
 .... 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Shales . ■ . 
 
 .... 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Limestone, grey mottled-orange 
 
 , weathering in holes at 
 
 
 
 top ... 
 
 Shales with calliard 
 
 ... 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Galliard-like sandstone - 
 
 .... 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Alternations of grit and shale 
 
 . 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Shale 
 
 . 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Limestone - . . 
 
 ... a 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Shales with limestone-nodules and pyrites 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Limestone, light-grey 
 
 ■ 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 Shales and mudstone 
 
 ..... 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Coal-Rmut - - 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Limestone, earthy 
 
 ... 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Shales 
 
 - . - - 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Nodular limestones with foraminifera 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 Shale with little nodules - 
 
 ..... 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Limestone, light-grey weathering brown, with thin 
 
 
 
 shales in places, large Produati on one horizon 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 Fine grey shales - 
 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 Coal 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Blaok oalliard 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Shales 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Calliard and shale 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 Coal 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Shaly grit - 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Shales 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 I'laggygrit 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 Harder flaggy grit 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 Shales, sandy, mioaoeous- 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 
UPPER EDEN VALLEY. 
 
 87 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ikb 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 
 - 20 
 
 
 
 . 21 
 
 
 
 ■ 4, 
 
 6 
 
 . 6 
 
 
 
 . 6 
 
 
 
 - 4 
 
 
 
 ■ 9 ins. to 1 
 
 
 
 - 11 
 
 
 
 . 2 
 
 9 
 
 26 to 30 
 
 
 
 . 1 
 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 6 
 
 . 1 
 
 6 
 
 . 12 
 
 
 
 Flaggy saudstone ■ . - ■ 
 
 Shales, sandy and flaggy . . - 
 
 Fine solid freestone, with shale in places 
 Black shale, with small nodules of ironstone 
 Limestone, grey-brown - - 
 
 Black shales with nodules of ironstone - 
 Brownish-grey limestone - - - 
 
 Hard shale .... 
 
 Thin smut, lying on - - - "I 
 
 Earthy limestone with large ProdMcti at top j 
 Crumbling shale with large Produoti 
 Impure limestone, shaly upwards 
 Fine black shale with nodular ironstone 
 Shaly limestone .... 
 Shale, fossiliferous 
 Dark greyish-brown limestone 
 Dark limestone, at the Tunnel-mouth, seen to 
 
 A sandstone occurs in the main mas3 of the limestone a short 
 'way below, and may be seen a littlo above the southern en- 
 trance of the tunnel. 
 
 A comparison of the Janny Wood section and so much of the 
 jBirkett Tunnel section as may reasonably be supposed ta 
 represent it will show how very variable these beds are, the 
 •distance between the two localities not being more than three 
 fourths of a mile. We have, indeed, difSculty in refcognizing 
 any of the more well-marked beds of the Yoredale Series in 
 the latter section, though the greater part of this series must be 
 represented, as only two more limestones, on the hillside above, 
 intervene between the end of the section and the Great or 
 Main Limestone. 
 
 To resume, on the east side of the Eden Valley, south of the 
 great Bleacombe Fault which throws the Main Limestone down on 
 the south a considerable distance (at least as low as the Three- 
 Yards Limestone), this rock seems to run along the side of the 
 valley in a fairly continuous range, only broken by small 
 faults, by Castlethwaite to Outhgill and Birk Rigg. It is 
 interrupted by at least four faults here, which range between 
 west-north-west and north-west. Three are downthrows on the 
 north and one on the south, 
 not seen again on this side of 
 being covered up with Glacial 
 Main Limestone itself is often 
 
 bigness. The beds above, including the cherts, crop up at 
 intervals in reward for a diligent search, and are not, consider- 
 ing their size, so much covered up. In Scar Gill, the northern 
 branch of the stream passing Castlethwaite, we see the follow- 
 ing section : — 
 
 Scar QUI. 
 
 Feet. 
 Chert, against a fault ..... p 
 
 Hard fine-grained sandstone- .... 7 
 
 Shales ....... 30 
 
 Chert-band, thin ....-- 
 
 Black shales, well shown ..... 90 
 
 Chert with limestone at base - - - - 30 
 
 The Underset Limestone is 
 the valley along this distance, 
 Drift and Alluvium, and the 
 only exposed by reason of its 
 
88 CAEBONIFEROTJS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 ■ And in the next gill south we have in continuous descending 
 order from this horizon : — 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Shale 
 
 Grit - - - 26 
 
 Calcareous grit with orinoids, seen alio in Miregill Sike, 
 
 half a mile further south - . - - -7 
 
 Micaceous shaly mudstone . . - - - 15 
 
 The two cherts crop out at a much higher level in Sloe Brae 
 Gill, whence they range south with an easterly dip to the next 
 fault, but injStone Close Gill they are descending the stream by 
 a dip-slope. 
 
 A big fault with a west-north-westerly trend and a down- 
 throw to the north runs between Birk Rigg and Cranberry, and 
 on the north-east side of Little Fell brings the base of the 
 Main Limestone against, or rather above the topmost of the 
 two cherts. This chert is 30 feet thick with cherty shale 
 above, and below it are sandstones and flags about 30 feet 
 thick. In the gill next north the lower chert shows a thickneas 
 of 7 feet, and probably is more. 
 
 On the west side of the ridge this fault is much lessened, 
 partly by another ranging north-north-east with a downthrow 
 west, and yet another bearing north with a similar downthrow, 
 which probably cuts it off altogether. 
 
 The range of the several cherts and limestones on the west 
 side of Little Fell is better described by the map than by any 
 Words. The dip is low at the summit, but increases quickly as 
 you descend, and becomes vertical before joining the Great Scar 
 Limestone. The cherts make well-marked mounds of perished 
 rock with continuous features, and the limestones may be 
 noted chiefly by the ranges of pot-holes on the Moor, and they 
 are sometimes to be seen in the little streams. The upper 
 limestones are fairly continuous and safe to trace for some 
 distance, but the lower and lesser are not easily recognizable 
 from one section to another. 
 
 R. H. T. 
 
 (2.) Malleestang. 
 
 The Main and Underset Limestones are both easily traced 
 along the upper part of Wensleydale, a district known as Lunds, 
 into Westmorland. On the east side of the valley, near Ais Gill 
 a pair of trough-faults, which are also quartz-and copper-veins' 
 running north-east about 100 yards apart, slightly shift the 
 lines. Thence the Main Limestone can be traced quite clearly 
 as far as Elm Gill, and the Underset nearly as far. But on the 
 north side of the gill both limestones are found outcropping 
 at a much lower level. The beds are evidently thrown down 
 to the north by a fault running east-south-east. Eastward the 
 massive grits that form the southern part of Mallerstang Edge 
 
MALLEKSTASG. 89 
 
 end abruptly at the slack north of High Rigg. Thus we get a 
 good general direction for the fault hereabouts, which points 
 for the same slack on the County-Boundary, a little north of 
 Scarth of Scaithes, as a fault running up Sleddale points for; 
 but the fault must change its direction eastward from east- 
 south-east to east north-east. 
 
 On the west side of the Eden we hnd equally good evidence 
 for tbe fault in the abrupt termination of the Mam and Under- 
 set Limestones. Both of these beds are well seen from the 
 south up tp the latitude of Hall Hill and Hazel Gill,, where 
 we find the beds thrown down to the north along a line 
 which requires but a slight curve to bring it into coincidence 
 with tlie direction of the fault on the east side of the river. 
 This line trends west north-west from Hall Hill to High iJol- 
 phinsty, a conspicuous nick in the fell. On the south side of 
 this line the Main Limestone is found on Little Wold more than 
 1,500 feet above the sea, and on the north side the same bed 
 is at the level of the railway, about 1,000 feet above the sea. 
 
 The Main Limestone is overlain by black shale, .sandstone, 
 and chert. These beds are well exposed in Hell Gill and in two 
 small gills (one of which is called Joseph Gill) flowing from the 
 moorland on the east side. The succeeding beds are buried in 
 Drift along the course of Hell Gill ; but at the elbow, 200 yards 
 above the spot where the County- Boundary leaves the stream, 
 a thin limestone crops out, which we suppose to be the Crow 
 Limestone. 
 
 In Joseph Gill and the other small gill we see a strong but 
 thin sandstone above the cherty shales. This may represent 
 the Ten-Fathom Grit. Over it we have shale in which a small 
 fault runs north-east, i.e., parallel to the other faults. Higher 
 up we see nothing but peat till we reach the Rigg. At the 
 north end we find flugs dippinn; south-east at 10° ; and several 
 blocks of gannister are lying about on the Rigg. We therefore 
 suppose this to be the outcrop of the bed of gannister that lies 
 below or foims the lower part of the Ingleborough Grit. Im- 
 mediately north of the copper-veins, sandstone lies beneath the 
 Main Limestone, and noith of Slade Edge the Underset Lime- 
 stone has a basement sandstone. At Hanging Lund the under- 
 lying beds consist of shale on a thin limestone on sandstone, 
 the thin limestone being p-obably the Three- Yards. 
 
 West of the Eden all the gills give good sections. Above 
 Angerholme the lower part of the gill exposes only Till. The 
 upper part shows black shale up to 60 feet under Till, and then 
 the Underset Limestone. Above it is a thin shale, a thin hme- 
 Btcne, and then more shale ; then a sandstone on which rests the 
 Main Limestone. A similar section occurs in Bank Gill, except 
 that here we see a considerable mass of sandstone, below the 
 Underset Limestone, and that the little limestone above it is 
 partly chert. In the railway-cutting near this place, barely half 
 a mile north of Angerholme, a limestone, overlain by shale, may 
 
90 CAKBONIFEKOUS LIMKSTOME SERIES. 
 
 be referred to the Five-Yards, but it eannat be traced owing 
 to Drift. The Main Limestone forms a fine ggcarpment ; its base 
 bends round owing to a sharp rise of the beds as we approach 
 the fault, and is slightly hitched by a few cross-veins, containing 
 some copper-ore. The most northern of these faults breaks 
 through the Millstone Grit of Wild Boar Fell. 
 
 The beds overlying the Main Litriestdne are obscured, north- of 
 Ais Gill, by masses of slipped and tumbled rocks from the scars 
 of Wild Boar Fell, but in Packers Gill we get a section showing 
 chert and then a thin limestone andi over that calcareous plate 
 and shale. A feature over the spring at the head of the gill 
 looks like the escarpment of a rock, probably the gannister-like 
 ^it or quartzite, which was noted on the ridge south of Dol- 
 phinsty. ■ ^' 
 
 Close to the fault at Dolphinsty we see, some way above the 
 Main Limestone, a strongish sandstone, on which lies a thin lime- 
 stone beneath shale, above which is another isandstone and then 
 fossiliferous cherty beds. Above these comes the bed of quart- 
 zite or gannister-like grit. These beds cannot be traced far 
 southward, as they soon get quite covered with the debris from 
 the higher scars of the fell. . There is no true Glacial Drift, 
 but quite down to the limestone the ground is strewn with 
 scattered blocks of grit, which must either have been ice-borne 
 or else have slid down on snow from the scars above. The beds 
 mentioned above are also to be seen, as well as the Main Lime- 
 stone, at the head of Scandal Beck. 
 
 Below the outlier of Millstone Grit of Little Fell we cross, on 
 the descent into the Eden valley, iflaga and shale in Fool Sike. 
 A little farther north, at Grey Stbnes,.a bed- of gannister, which 
 cannot be traced south up to the fault, evidently corresponds to 
 the gannister or quartzite that occurs 100 feet below White 
 Walls (see above). The next section is in^ shale below the 
 gannister, but it is only below the grainings that we get any- 
 thing like a continuous section... Here we have at the sheepfold 
 in Deep Gill a bed of calcareous mudstone and chert, which also 
 forms Ling Hill a little further north. Below the chert we see 
 in one or other of the gills called Deep, Cowstead, and Long 
 Gills, shale with a thin fossiliferous limestone at its base, and 
 then a thin layer of flagstone, the sole representative hereabouts 
 of the Ten-Fathom Grit, Below the flagstone' there comes shale 
 with thin layers of chert on limestone, and then sandstone and 
 shale immediately over the Main Limestone, the base of which 
 crosses the railway close to Long Gill, 'rising north. The 
 Underset Limestone and intermediate beds, including a thin 
 limestone, are visitle at Hazel Gill, 'but 'further north these lower 
 beds are quite hidden by Till. Immediately south of Hazel 
 Gill a fault throws the beds dbwn to the north-east, but the 
 ground is rather obscure. 
 
 On the east side of the river the Underset Limestone crops 
 out above Elm Gill close to the big fault, and also above Thrang 
 
MALLEK8TANG, 91 
 
 Bridge, but between these spots is quite hidden by Till. The 
 Main Limestone appears in Crag Gill and Great Gill, overlain 
 by chert, and in Knowes Sike there is a good section of the rock 
 with sandstone below it at Thrang Force. Hence the outcrop oi 
 the bed northward is marked by great swallow-holes as far as 
 Wether Hill, where it is thrown down to the north by a fault 
 running north-west and south-east. This fault is clearly seen 
 to break the grits of MaUerstang Edge and to cross the County- 
 Boundary at a spot called Gregory Chapel. 
 
 J. R. D. 
 
92 
 
 CHAPTER VII.— CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE 
 SERIES. — continued. 
 
 District 4. 
 
 (1.) The Valley of the Uee (Wensleydale). 
 
 This valley, under the name of Yoredale, is so well known 
 from the writings of Prof. J. Phillips that we shall content our- 
 selves with giving a few details. The higher beds which form 
 the watershed between Wensleydale and Swaledale belong to 
 both districts alike and will be described later on. The follow- 
 ing general section gives the thicknesses of the beds in the 
 upper part and on the south side of the dale : — 
 
 Fbii. 
 
 Shales 60 to 120 
 
 Main Limestonb ...... 60 
 
 Sandstone and sb.ale - - - - - 35 to 20 
 
 Coal, 8 to 4 inches ----- ^ 
 
 Sandstone and shale ..... 60 
 
 Unjiebset Limesioke (upper part dark and cherty) - 20 
 
 Sandstone and shale ..... loO 
 
 Yellow limestone -.---- 6 
 
 Sandstone and shale ..... 70 
 
 Crinoidal limestone . - - - -Ito^ 
 
 Flags and shale ...... 50 
 
 Five-Takds Limestone, productal and yellow in the 
 
 upper part ... 
 
 Strong flagstones"! 
 Shale with fossils J 
 
 ("Limestone 
 
 I Shale with fossils 
 
 Middle , Limestone 
 I^™^«^°^»-1 Thin parting . 
 [_Spotted limestone 
 Sandstone and shale 
 Occasional dark and impure limestone 
 Sandstone and shale 
 Coal .... 
 
 TT „ r Sandstone and shale - 
 
 ' L Sandstone and shale . 
 
 9 
 100 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 12 
 
 n 
 
 5 
 i 
 
 35 
 
 H 
 
 70 to 80 
 
 20 to 30 
 
 SiMONsiONE Limestone 
 
 Shales and sandstone with two thin limestones - . 40 to 60 
 
 Hakdhaw Soae Limestone, sometimes in two beds - 50 
 Sandstone "1 cnt-^inn 
 
 Shalo with ironstone / 80 to 100 
 
 Gbeat Scab Limestone, with a shale-parting near the 
 top and a sandstone near the lowest part seen ; ex- 
 posed to about 100 
 
WEXSLETDA.LF. 93 
 
 The Hardraw Sear Limestone is well seen in the bed of the 
 stream called Whitfield or Mill Gill (north-west of Askrigg) from 
 Slape Wath to Mill Gill Force, where the water is predipitated 
 over the basement-beds of this limestone and underlying black 
 shale. Coinpact yellow, fine-grained sandstones beneath receive 
 the falling water, and on the east bank form a clifi", which has 
 been quarried to some extent and used for building purposes. 
 Thomgill Force, at the head of Thorngill's Grove, occupies a 
 similar geological position at the base of the Hardraw Scar 
 Limestone, which eastward crops out in the road at Lea Gate 
 leading from Askrigg into Swaledale. Eastward this limestone 
 forms a fine terrace from Newbiggin, Nappa Scar, and Wood- 
 hall Mill, the high road following its strike, and nearly defining 
 its lower boundary. The junction with the underlying beds is 
 well seen in the »car above Newbiggin Beck, below the road, 
 and. near Nappa Hall. 
 
 Following the Hardraw Scar Limestone westwards from Mill 
 Gill, we find it thick-bedded and quarried at Spen House ; a 
 small cave occurs in the rock below the road and the Gill Keld 
 well issues from the base of the limestone. In Skell Gill the 
 limestone in the beck is jointed and much shaken ; westward 
 it makes a bold escarpment known as Shaw Cote Scar, nearly a 
 mile in length. The upper boundary of the limestone is defined 
 by numerous swallow-holes, and the lower rests in the escarp- 
 ment on a sandstone, a few feet down in which numerous springs 
 issue. Westwards by Litherskew and Sedbusk sections are not 
 numerous, but many swallow-holes occur, and the limestone is 
 often seen to rest on a sandstone. 
 
 This is best exposed at the celebrated waterfall known as 
 Hardraw Force, where the united streams of Fossdale and Heame 
 Beck fall over a scar formed by the limestone and its basement- 
 sandstone, with a gorge cut out of the underlying shales, thus 
 affording a very good section of the beds. The same limestone 
 forms Cotter Force also, in the Cotterdale Beck, westward from 
 which point it becomes entirely covered up by Drift. 
 
 The Simonstone Limestone comes well into sight east of Ask- 
 rigg in Newbiggin Beck, near Horrabank House, and in Whitfield 
 Gill below Whitfield Gill Force. About 30 feet below the base 
 of the limestone there is a band, 2 feet 6 inches in thickness, of 
 very compact limestone of a dark colour and breaking with a 
 conchoidal fracture ; it is exposed in the bank above Slape Wath, 
 where the bridle-road crosses the beck. The Simonstone Lime- 
 stone is also well seen in Skell Gill in the bed of the stream, above 
 the farm of that name, and again in Mease or Maze Gill and in 
 its escarpment above Litherskew, where it is very fossiliferous. 
 Thence it can be easily traced by Low and High Shaw, above the 
 hamlet of Simonstone, to Fossdale Beck. It is laid bare in Cot- 
 terdale Beck also, but westward from that place is quite concealed 
 by Drift on the north side of the Ure. But on the other side of 
 the river in the beck just above Mossdale Head it is fully exposed. 
 
94 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 with a thin limestone below it crossing the stream by the bridge. 
 Between the two comes a strong sandstone largely quarried in. 
 the construction of the railway. In the map neither of these 
 limestones have been carried on west owing to the great thickness 
 of Boulder Clay in this direction. 
 
 In the same beok a limestone, 1^ feet thick, between the 
 Simonstone and the Middle Limestones, is seen at a point about 
 100 yards above the head of the plantation. The distance 
 below the Middle Limestone is probably 50 or 60 feet. 
 
 The Middle Limestone comes well into view both in Whitfield 
 Gill and also in Sargill, as the upper part of Skell Gill is called. 
 In ascending the latter gill from the Simonstone Limestone, 
 75 feet of shale with a few sandstone-bands are passed over, and 
 we come to a dark-coloured limestone about 2 feet thick, over 
 which there are between 75 and 100 feet of shale and sandstone 
 underlying the Middle Limestone. A large number of springs 
 issue from this rock. It is much traversed by joints which are 
 wide and open and were probably filled with vein-stuff, to 
 obtain which some old levels enter the hill near the old lime- 
 kiln. There is also a good section in Mease Gill, the beds from 
 the Middle Limestone downwards being seen in the following 
 continuous sequence : — 
 
 Mease Bill. 
 
 MlDBlB LlMESTOKE ..... 
 
 Sandstones, shales, and flags .... 
 
 Coal ....... 
 
 Sandstones, micaceous flags, calcareous shales, and 
 
 shales - . .... 
 
 Simonstone Limhstone - . - . - 
 
 Shales and massive sandstone ... 
 
 Shales with calcareous bands .... 
 
 Immediately west of Mease Gill is the large cave called the 
 Mease Holes, the entrance of which is in the top-bed of the 
 Middle Limestone, and descends some distance into the hill-side. 
 Thence the Middle Limestone can be easily traced to Fossdale 
 Beck. The coal in connection with it was recently being worked 
 above Sedbusk, where it was from 8 to 14 inches thick. West 
 of Fossdale the lower beds are much obscured by Drift ; but the 
 Middle Limestone crops out on the east side of Cotterdale 
 from the hamlet to Black Rash Wood. Immediately west of 
 Cotterdale it is quite buried in Drift, but it appears again about 
 the Moor Cock (near Hawes Junction), where the coal below it 
 was formerly extensively worked. 
 
 On the south side of Mossdale Beck also this coal, 18 or 
 19 feet below the limestone, has been extensively worked ; the 
 thickness here is not known. About 5 feet above the coal is a 
 thin, dark, impure limestone. In the railway-cutting one mile 
 west of Thwaite Bridge (Wensleydale) the coal is about 6 inches 
 thick ; it seems at first to be lying in gentle anticlines, but this 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 148 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
WENSLEYDALE. 95 
 
 appearance is really due to the varying thickness of the beds 
 between it and the Middle Limestone ; the base of the limestone 
 keeps nearly level all the time. 
 
 ' There are good sections of the Middle Limestone in the sike 
 that runs between the " w "and " C " of " New Close Allotments," 
 and in Great Gill and Dry ' Beck. The top part is separated 
 from the middle by three or more feet of fossiliferous shale, and 
 the lower part is characterised by the presence of many small 
 irregular spots of calcite (see also p. 71). In Great Gill the 
 shale above the Middle Limestone is full of fossils and contains 
 nodules and thin courses of impure limestone. 
 
 Between the Middle and the Five- Yards Limestones (the 
 " Fourth Set ") there are usually thick good flagstones, corre- 
 sponding to the Lower Brigstone Hazle of Alston Moor. They 
 have been extensively quarried in Great Gill and in the sides of 
 the sike alluded to. 
 
 There are good sections of the Five-Yards Limestone in Great 
 Gill, and the two gills next east, and in one a third of a mile 
 slightly east of north of Hillary's Hut. The upper part- generally 
 Weathers very yellow ; the lower part is crowded with Productus. 
 The total thickneis averages perhaps 10 feet. 
 
 In the sikje alluded to there is a band of crinoidal limestone 
 about 70 feet below the Three-Yards Limestone (the " Third 
 Set "). The thickness varies from 6 inches to 1 foot, and there 
 is shale botlx above and below. The same bed is seen in the gill 
 that comes into Great Gill a little above the " G " of " Gill." 
 
 As a rule very little of the Three- Yards Limestone is seen, and 
 its position is often doubtful. There is an exposure, however, in 
 the sike alluded to in the New Close Allotments, and in the one 
 that comea iiito Dry Beck .by the " y " of " Dry " ; i(n the last 
 place it is greatly decomposed into ochre, and cannot be more 
 than a few feet thick. 
 
 In Wensleydale on both sides of the river two sets of flagstone 
 have been extensively quarried, viz., those corresponding to the 
 Lower Brigstone Hazle mentioned above, and also those correspond- 
 ing to the High Brigstone Hazle. The finest quarries in these 
 flagstones lie on the north iside of the river a little east of the 
 road from Hawes to Muker. The surfaces of the flags here 
 worked show some peculiar impressions, which have been 
 described hy Professor W. C. Williamson under the name of 
 Frotichnites Davisi* 
 
 The Three-Yards and Five- Yards Limestones both crop out in 
 Johnstone Gill north of the Moor Cock and also above the 
 hamlet of Cottierdale. ' They are both seen in Fossdale but 
 cannot be satisfactorily traced. The latter comes into view in 
 Sedbusk High Pasture ; and finally both appear in Sargill. 
 Here the section of the Five-Yards Limestone is limestone 2 feet 
 
 » " On some uudescribed Tracks of Invertebrate Animals from the Yoredale 
 Bocks." Mem. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc. for 1884-85. The fossils were 
 diicovered by Mr. C. E. De Ranee. 
 
96 CAKBONIFEEOUS LIMESTONE SKKIES. 
 
 6 inches, on shale 6 feet, on thin limestone forming a cap to 
 sandstone. 
 
 The Underset and Main Limestones, as a rule, make such 
 splendid escarpments throughout Wensleydale as generally to 
 be quite unmistakable, and the map shows better than words can 
 tell the run of the beds. We merely give a few details. 
 
 In Mossdale, the only portion of the country south of the Ure 
 which occurs in this map, the Underset Limestone does not make 
 a pi-ominent band, but its position is fixed by various gill-sections 
 at a height of about 1,450 feet on the hill-end south of the word 
 " Mossdale." The top is dark and cherty. There are traces of 
 coal 30 or 40 feet below the base of the Main Limestone just 
 outside this map, at the head of the gill that runs into Great 
 GUI by the " 11 " of " Gill.'' This is no doubt the same seam as 
 that worked further west on Garsdale Common. The seat of 
 the coal is a strong sandstone, the upper part of which contains 
 quartz- and felspar-pebbles. The Main Limestone, on the same 
 hill-end, is partly covered with tumbled blocks which obscure 
 the base to some extent. 
 
 There is a good stream-section in Goodham Gill, on the west 
 side of the Ure at Shaw Paddock, from the base of the Underset 
 up to the supposed representative of the Fell-Top Limestone. 
 In this section, and also in the next gill to the south, a little 
 limestone rests on sandstone, a little above the top of the Under- 
 set ; the exact thickness is not clear. Twenty feet below the 
 Main Limestone there is a fireclay, but no coal is visible. The 
 chert and " EedBeds" — impure limestones, weathering yellow — 
 above the Main Limestone are seen very well, and just above 
 these is the horizon for the coal that has been worked so ex- 
 tensively near High Flust in Grisdale. The base of the sup- 
 posed representative of the Ten-Fathom Grit is somewhat in- 
 definite, the flagstones getting gradually more thinly bedded 
 and mixed with shale as we go down in the section. Above the 
 top of the sandstone we get about 20 feet of shale, and then the 
 thin cherty limestone, which we suppose to represent the Fell- 
 Top Limestone of the country further north. 
 
 The Main Limestone is well exposed at Bed Nook Quarries at 
 South Lund Pasture, where it is underlain by thin shale and a 
 coal-seam, which was formerly worked at Gibson's Pasture. The 
 Underset Limestone crops out at High Shaw Paddock and in 
 the quarries to the north. 
 
 One of the best sections of the entire series of beds from the 
 base, of the Underset Limestone to the coal-seams above the base 
 of the Millstone Grit occurs in the gill running from the Old 
 Coal-Pits above Lambfold Crags to Lunds Church. Above the 
 terrace of Drift, which extends up to Shaw s, the Underset Lime- 
 stone is seen to be exceedingly cherty- in its upper portion, and 
 to be overlain by shales with a coal-seam about 5 inches in 
 thickness ; above this occur about 20 feet of fine-grained sand- 
 stone. The stream above is precipitated over the lower beds of 
 
Ft. 
 
 Ins 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 , WENSLEYDALE. 97 
 
 the Main Limestone in a picturesque waterfall. At the sheep- 
 fold above the " High Way," a mountain-road which follows the 
 upper boundary of this limestone for a considerable distance, 
 the following section occurs : — 
 
 Lunds Fell. 
 
 Black shale • 
 Black chert - 
 Limestone - 
 G-annister - 
 Black shale - 
 Rippled flags 
 Black shale - 
 
 Black shales are deeply cut into by Scars and Lambfold Gills, 
 bands of flaggy sandstone being numerous, and ironstone-nodules, 
 some of large size, occurring in the shales. These beds underlie 
 a band of calcareous yellow sandstone, weathering into holes, 
 above which come black shales with isolated nodules of calca- 
 reous sandstone, overlain by the rather massive jointed grit, 
 which forms Lambfold Crags, and can be traced to the Grass 
 Gill Crag to the north-north-west. 
 
 In liove Gill, above High Dike, south of the Lambfold sec- 
 tions, 20 feet of shales overlie the Main Limestone, and are over- 
 \ lain by a few feet of rippled flags, on which rest 2 feet 3 inches 
 of dark limestone ; above occur about 100 feet of black shale 
 with yellow fine-grained sandstone. The shales last seen are 
 highly disturbed, but appear to be overlain, at the sheepfold, by 
 a highly fossiliferous chert, above which comes compact grit 
 with occasional quartz-pebbles. Above the sheepfold the fault, 
 ranging north-north-west through Johnstone Gill, repeats the 
 chert-bed higher up the stream, and throws the base of the 
 Millstone Grit further to the north, on the east side. ' The 
 ascending series above the Little Limestone in this gill consists 
 of about 100 feet of black shale with sandstone-bands near the 
 base, underlying Millstone Grit. 
 
 If we follow the Main Limestone from the watershed between 
 the Eden basin and the Ure, down the valley traversed by the 
 latter river we find its base at the following levels above the 
 Ordnance datum : — 
 
 Height of the base of the Main Limestone in Wenaleydale 
 above the sea. 
 
 Jingling Hole, Hell Gill 
 
 South Lunds Pasture - 
 
 The High Way, Thwaite Bridge Common 
 
 Seavy Sike Force, West Gill, Cotterdale 
 
 Heame Top, east entrance of Cotterdale 
 
 Waterfall, Fossdale Beck, 
 
 Pike Hill, Abbotside - 
 
 High Clint .... 
 
 o 638S6. 
 
 Height in 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Feet. 
 
 IN Feet. 
 
 - 1,260 
 
 90 
 
 . 1,400 
 
 — 
 
 . 1,600 
 
 80 
 
 - 1,360 
 
 
 
 . 1,590 
 
 65 
 
 - 1,475 
 
 60 
 
 - 1,640 
 
 85 
 
 - 1,650 
 
 — 
 
98 CAEBONIFEEOUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 The Main Limestone' north-west of Askrigg occupies a con- 
 siderable' extent of ground on Whitfield Fell and Stack Hill, its 
 base forming tbe scars :kn®wnL as High Sckr on the west and 
 Ball Fell Scar on the east. About- 20 feet above it there occurs 
 a bed of limestone which can be traced continuously from Seavy 
 Outter southward to Whitfield FeU, and thence northward by 
 Black Hole and Lealamb Pot to the fault or " land-slide " known 
 as Red Braes fault: On the west side of the fell this little lime- 
 atone is cherty; but on the eastern side, on the slopes over- 
 hanging the col between the Oxnop and Askrigg valleys, it is 
 pure and white, as it is also on Satron Brow at the opposite side 
 •of Oxnop Gill. Cherts and Red Beds and shale occupy a space 
 nearly three-quarters of a mile broad between the top of the 
 Main Limestone and the. base of the Ten-Fathom Grit on the 
 south side of Blackstoue Edge, and within this space there occurs 
 an outlier of the Ten- Fathom Grit, capped by shale and a small 
 tract of pebbly Millstone Grit, measuring 160 yards from north 
 to south, and 60 yards in breadth. 
 
 North-east of Askrigg the Underset Limestone forms the 
 ■escarpments called EUerkin Scar and the Combs. The outcrop 
 is only 50 yards wide in places at the first locality ; but at the 
 Combs, where the beds are rolling, it occupies a breadth of 
 •about 200 yards. The Main Limestone also, which has been 
 quarried on both sides of the road from Askrigg to Summer 
 Lodge, forms a well-marked and picturesque escarpment on the 
 margin of Woodhall Moor. The deep indentation called Crowe 
 Knot Nick, following the line of the Mount Pleasant fault, 
 afibrds a good opportunity of examining the rock. The base- 
 jment-beds are mainly made up of corals to a thickness of "10. or 
 12 feet. Both limestones are well seen going east, where they 
 spread out a good deal on a slope dipping to the south ; but the 
 lower limestones are much obscured by Boulder Clay. Several 
 small veins, however, mostly running north-north-west, have 
 been proved and worked in this south-east comer of the map. 
 
 At Windgate Greets three distinct bands of limestone, pierced 
 by many swallow-holes, some of which are 28 feet in depth, 
 OQCur above the Main Limestone. At Fleak Well a bed of 
 flSrgs, probably representing the Ten-Fathom Grit, immediately 
 underlies the pebbly Millstone Grit, and throws out the water. 
 The flags are well exposed also at Long Band close to the road ; 
 but at Whirley Gill,JIead on the southern side of tiie water- 
 >course they are not to be seen. Thus there is reason to think 
 that in this neighbourhood the Crow Limestones and the Ten- 
 Fathom Grit almost, if not entirely, die away. About half a 
 mile west of Long Band a 10-inch coal was once worked in the 
 shale under the flags. 
 
 J. R. D., C. E. K, C. T. C. 
 
BISTWJSEX WENSIiEYl^ALv: AND SWALED.VLE. 99 
 
 (2.) The Watershed between Wensleydale and 
 swaledale. 
 
 At the eastern edge of the map the pebbly Millstone Grit 
 occupies a large area over the Fleak and Beldon Bottom ; but 
 along the south-eastern margin of the map sections of the beds 
 above the Main Limestone are very poor, all being hidden 
 beneath widespread peat and Diilt, and thus the base of the 
 Millstone Grit in Beldon Bottom is uncertain ; but there can be 
 no great thickness of the rock. 
 
 Some interesting sections are observable in the sike coming 
 down from Beldon Mouth to Bleaberry Hole ; the apparent 
 base of the pebbly grit is reached, and a bed of black shale 
 is seen containing a COal-seam 10 inches in thickness which 
 is worked from headings driven into the side of the hill ; 
 the shales beneath this coal, when followed eastward to Sod 
 Dyke Nick, are found to rest upon the Crow Cherts; but 
 in the Smelting Gill, the corresponding space is filled with 
 another bed of pebbly grit, which forms the massive escarpment 
 called Scar Brow. This pebbly grit dwindles away eastward, 
 ■and in a small outlier, resting on the Crow Cherts, reaches 
 only a few feet in thickness. Following the Smelting Gill 
 down, we find pebbly grit resting on the Ten-Fathom Grit with 
 a mere trace of the Crow Limestone between them. Below 
 the yellow, rather fine-grained sandstone of the Ten-Fathoin 
 Grit series are the usual dark shales. 
 
 The fine mass of fell which is known as Oxnop Common, and 
 ■culminates in. Blackstone, is an outlier of the Millstone Grit. It 
 terminates north-westwards in Stony Gill Head, a narrow gorge, 
 «xhibiting on both sides interesting sections of the pebbly 
 grit. Crow Limestones, Ten-Fathom Grit, and the cherty bands 
 •of the Red Beds. The Ten-Fathom Grit can be traced entirely 
 Tound Blackstone, and consists of compact grit with occasional 
 flkgs ; from Stony Gill Head to Seavy Sike Gutter it is over- 
 lain by a very white limestone, on which rests the pebbly grit ; 
 on the eastern side of the Fell, the beds intervening between 
 the Ten-Fathom and pebbly grits consist of Crow Limestone, 
 earthy and jnassing into cherts, overlain by shales. 
 
 On the long eastern slope of Blackstone lying between the 
 outcrop of the Ten-Fathom Grit and Oxnop Gill, the structure 
 is complicated by a line of fault or sharp change of dip or 
 both, which has repeated the outcrops of the Red Beds and 
 Ten-Fathom Grit and thrown down the outlier of pebbly 
 Millstone Grit know as Red Braes. This line of fault ranges 
 north -north-west and passes immediately north of Lealamb Pot, 
 a large swallow-hole, where a thick bed (rf limestone is exposed, 
 dipping to the north-east. The ground still further east by 
 Oxnop Gill is a good deal obscured by landslips, no doubt due 
 to the easti3rly or nbrth-easterly dip. 
 
 G 2 
 
100 CAEBONIFliliOUS LIJilJESTONE SEKIEg. 
 
 Westwards from Stony Gill Head the presence of the white 
 crystalline Crow Limestone is indicated by swallow-holes at 
 Black Pot Head ; thence westward the pebbly Millstone Grit 
 rests directly on the Ten-Fathom Grit, which crops out above 
 Tom Pratt Sike and Ruth Boggy Wells. Westward the pebbly- 
 grit is seen in the bed of White Sike in Roundfold Gutter, and 
 in the sike between the two, and also in Cogill Beck near the 
 intersection of White Beacon Gutter. Between the base of the 
 grit and the top of the Main Limestone, the sections in this 
 tract are obscure, being covered with Glacial Drift. South of the 
 Black Bank Shooting Box, the Ten-Fathom Grit, consisting of 
 thin-bedded sandstones , appears at the base of the pebbly grit. 
 It is next seen in Dry Gill, where it is separated from the pebbly 
 grit by about 11 feet of shale, and from thence westward it 
 can be traced round Stags Fell, overlying shale, cherts, and Red 
 Beds. 
 
 The Ten- Fathom Grit occurs as fine-grained flaggy sandstones 
 separated by bands of shale at Sod Hole Gill, with black shale 
 both above and below it. Further south 8 or 10 feet of flaggy 
 sandstone appear in the gill which runs down from Lower 
 Millstones to Pike Slack. From this section it can be traced by 
 means of occasional loose fragments through and around tlie low 
 hill called Bleak Haw, which is capped by an outlier of pebbly 
 Millstone Grit. 
 
 A large mass of fell, west of the Buttertubs pass and south of 
 the Stockdale vein, lies between the upper part of Wensleydale 
 and Swaledale, and, forming Abbotside and Angram Common, 
 culminates in the Great Shunner Fell, 2,340 feet above sea 
 level. 
 
 For convenience of description we limit this district on the 
 north by the Stockdale vein, which runs across Angram 
 Common. The position of the vein is fixed in the following 
 manner. The Underset and Main Limestones can be traced 
 round the fell from Clifi" Beck to Thwaite Beck by means of 
 features and of swallow-holes. Just above Cliff" Beck, and close 
 to the high road from Muker to the Hawes, there are in the 
 Main Limestone several very large swallow-holes of great 
 beauty, known as the Buttertubs. But on the north side of 
 Thwaite Beck both limestones end abruptly along an east and 
 west line against the Stockdale vein, the position of which is 
 thus fixed. 
 
 A small area containing outcrops of the Main and Underset 
 Limestones exists in Great Sleddale on the south side of the 
 Stockdale vein ; but there is nothing special to be said about 
 these exposures of limestone, except this; here we find the 
 Underset Limestone to be immediately overlain by sandstone ; 
 this is unusual among the Yoredale beds, in which the general 
 rule is that limestones are overlain by shale. 
 
 The beds above the Main Limestone are very changeable and 
 many points connected with them are obscure. We will therefore 
 
BEXWKEN WENSLEiDALE AND SWAI.EDALE. 10] 
 
 describe ihe sections somewhat minutely. We begin with the 
 beds in Stockdale immediately south of the fault, so as to work 
 continuously round the hill with the sun. 
 
 In Caw Gill immediately above the Main Limestone we have 
 a thin bed of chert overlain by shales and these by flags. The 
 flags we consider to be the Ten-Fathom Grit. . They are over- 
 lain by a thick bed of shale in which is a thin sandstone. In 
 Thwaite Beck the section is as follows : Above the Main Lime- 
 stone we have shales, near the top of which there is a thin, 
 calcareous, cheity bed. Then; come flaggy shales and sandstone 
 with a fossiliferous top, showing Cauda galli, which forms a 
 waterfall. This sandstone we correlate with the Ten-Fathom 
 Grit. In the shales above the waterfall there is a thin lime- 
 stone and a little higher up a bed of gannister, and then a grit 
 next flagoy shale and then a thick bed of grit, which forms a 
 good feature running up to Whetstone Rigg. These two grits 
 form good features across Thwaite Common, but become obscure 
 before we reach Grainy Gill. 
 
 In the grains at the head of this gill, however, we get good 
 sections, as follows : Shale over the Main Limeatone with some 
 chert; and then a thick mass of sandstone and shale, which 
 corresponds to the bed we have been calling Ten-Fathom 
 Grit. There is a thin limestone in these beds near the top, and 
 another at the top of the sandstone. About 25 feet higher up 
 we have a gannister-like grit with pebbles, and about 25 feet 
 above it a thick bed of coarse grit. These beds evidently 
 correspond to the gannister and grit of the previous section. 
 
 Howgate Edge consists of grit on sandstone and corresponds 
 mainly with the pebbly gannister ; but owing to the great amount 
 of debris on the hillside, it is uncertain whether the Ten-Fathom 
 Grit is represented by the ' lower part of Howgate Edge or is 
 entirely hiddir'n. On the east side of Cliff Beck, however, we 
 have a clear section in Long Scar. Here we have pebbly grit 
 on shale and coal, on pebbly gi'it, on shale, on limestone, on 
 sandstone. The sandstone at the bottom is the bed we have 
 been calling Ten-Fathom Grit, and here, too, we have distinctly 
 seen the little Crow Limestone, which generally marks its top. 
 The overlying pebbly grits are considered by everybody to be 
 Millstone Grit, and there can be no doubt that the lower one 
 corresponds to the coarse grit on the top of Ingleborough. 
 
 In Fossdale over the Main Limestone we have chert and a thin 
 limestone, and then a considerable thickness of shale, and then 
 our Ten-Fathom Giit, in the shape of a thick bed of flaggy 
 sandstone. Its base is exposed to view at the first waterfall 
 above the Main Limestone. A calcareous bed forms its top. 
 Immediately above it comes the pebbly grit of Howgate 
 Edge. 
 
 The beds deteriorate rapidly north-westward, for in the next 
 gill beyond the Cotterdale Coal-pit, Long Gill, the ascending 
 section above the Main Limestone is : Shale more than 50 feet 
 thick, then the Ten-Fathom Grit represented by flaggy shale 
 
102 CARBONIFEROUS LUIESTOJSE SEUIES. 
 
 with a little sandstone, and then more shale ; the total thickness 
 of strata between the limestone and the Millstone Grit being 
 rather over 150 feet. In East Gill the Ten-Fathom Grit is a 
 mass of flaggy sandstone and shale> In the overlying shale 
 there is a thin fossiliferous Crow Limestone. Westward all is 
 obscure, and the Ten-Fathom Grit cannot be traced at all, which 
 is not surprising, as it consists of shale as much as of sandstone. 
 It does not show at the surface in West Gill, its place being 
 hidden by thick Till. The Crow Limestone is unusually thick 
 and is undei-lain by a sandstone with Cauda galli. 
 
 Quite at the head of Great Sleddale, due north of West Gill, 
 we have above the Main Limestone a thick bed of shale with a 
 little sandstone. Above the shale there comes a bed of .flagstone, 
 which answers in every respect to the Ten -Fathom Grit. In the 
 overlying shales there is a band of fossiliferous limestone. A 
 little higher up we have a thin gannister-like sandstone ; then 
 a thick bed of shale and calliard ; and over the sliale a. bed of 
 flags succeeded by a strong grit, which forms Lady Edge. It is 
 obvious that the fossiliferous limestone is the Crow Limestone 
 of West Gill ; and the gannister-like sandstone is probably the 
 hard sandstone of Coal Force ; but if so, the overlying shales are 
 here much thicker than in West Gill. The flags and grit 
 evidently correspond to the pebbly grit. Tracing the beds east- 
 ward, we find the gannister in Adam Gill with the overlying 
 flags, but the grit is not seen. 
 
 In Stackers Gill we get a good section above the Main 
 Limestone; to wit, a thick mass of shale containing, a thin 
 limestone ; then the Ten-Fathom Grit with a thin limestone on 
 its top ; then shale, and a sandstone corresponding in position 
 with the gannister ; then shale and sandstone. A similar, but 
 fuller section, is seen in the grains of Watery Gill, especially in 
 that descending from Daddy Mea Edge, and in Brian Grain. 
 The section above the Main Limestone is as follows : Shale and 
 ironstone ; sandstone (the Ten-Fathom Grit) with a thin lime- 
 stone on or near its top ; shale ; grit and sandstone ; coal ; 
 shale ; sandstone ; thin shale ; sandstone, on which lies a fossili- 
 ferous linjestone ; shale ; sandstone with Cauda galli ; thick 
 shale and then the sandstone of Brian Grain Edge ( = that of 
 Pickersett Edge). Between Brian Grain and Great Sike the 
 ground is obscure and the sections are not quite parallel. Over 
 the Main Limestone we have cherty shales and then the usual 
 Ten-Fathom Grit ; then shale with a thin gannister, which we 
 could not trace ; and over the shale a pebbly grit and breccia, 
 forming a seat to a coal ; then shale and more pebbly grit ; then 
 more shale and a double bed of gannister-like sandstone ; then 
 shale again and then a bed of pebbly grit ; then grit and sand- 
 stone ; shale ; flags ; thick shale, and flnally the grit of Shunner 
 Fell Rake. This brings us round to where we started from, as 
 the next gill is Stockdale. The correlation of the beds which 
 we have attempted is exhibited in a tabular form on p. 146. 
 
 J. R. D., C. E. R. 
 
103 
 
 CHAPTER VIII.— CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE 
 SERIES — contin ued. 
 
 DiSTEICT 5. SWALEDALE. 
 
 This portion of the district extends fi'om a mile above Keld 
 to the eastern margin of the Quarter-Sheet. The geological 
 structure is not as a rule hard to make out, owing to the pro- 
 minence and comparative constancy of character of the diiferent 
 limestone-bands. The sandstones and shales are usually less to 
 be depended on, but even these, excepting when we get up into 
 or just below the Millstone Grit, seem to be more constant than 
 is the case in some districts. The map shows the different bands 
 of limestone with such clearness that we deem it unnecessary to 
 to describe their courses in detail. We shall, hpwever, notice 
 the positions where the}' show most prominently, and their chief 
 variations in thickness and character. 
 
 A little way within the adjoining Quarter-Sheet 97 N.E. two 
 streains near together on the south side of the Swale come down 
 from Whitaside Moor, which give most excellent sections, 
 perhaps the best in the whole dale ; the Hardraw Scar, the 
 Middle, and the Main Limestones, are particularly well jseen. 
 
 Perhaps the most important fault in Swaledale is that known 
 as the Stockdale Fault, described in detail on p. 171. This enters 
 the eastern margin of the sheet about a mile nortH of the Swale, 
 and runs rudely east and west. It has a large downthrow to the 
 north, with the effect that the three lowest limestones m%pped in 
 the dale are nowhere seen within this area on the north side 
 of it. 
 
 The lowest limestone seen anywhere in Swaledale, whether in 
 this sheet or not, is that below the Hardraw Scar Limestone. It 
 is exposed in two localities only, viz., in Gunnerside Beck close 
 on the east side thereof, at the upper end of the village, and in 
 the bfed of the Swale half a mile west of Gunnerside. The beck- 
 section shows the limestone bent into a rather sharp anticline 
 with shale in the centre. It is not improbable that a little way 
 below the shale comes more limestone, but nothing is actually 
 seen below it. The limestoile-top is not definitely shown, but 
 we may, perhaps, estimate the thickness as 25 feet. The shale 
 as far as seen is about 6 feet thick. In the Swale west of Gunner- 
 side only the top of the limestone appears. The limestone may, 
 perhaps, directly underlie the Alluvium and terrace-gravel 
 which spreads out on either side of the foot of Gunnerside 
 Beck. 
 
 The beds of sandstone and shale that come between this and 
 the Hardraw Scar Limestone are well exposed in Summer Lodge 
 Beck, on the south side of the Swale opposite Giinnerside, on 
 the banks of Gunnerside Beck a little above the village, in Ivelet 
 Beck on the south side of the Stockdale fault, and in Cliff Beck 
 
104 
 
 OABBONIFEROUS LIMESTONJi SEEIES. 
 
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SWALEDALE. 1 05 
 
 by Scar House. Opposite the foot of Gunnerside Beck, and 
 between this locality and Spring End, the thick sandstone below 
 the Hardraw Scar Limestone has been largely quarried. Below 
 this s.andstone in the river-scar opposite the beck-foot, there are 
 at least 40 feet of shale seen with half-inch nodules and courses 
 of ironstone ; the base is not reached. 
 
 The two liii^estones next above, viz., the Hardraw Scar and 
 the Simonstone, run as a rule not far from horizontally, save 
 near faults, all the way from half' a mile wc-st of Summer Lodge 
 Beck to Thwaite Beck. Immediately on the west side of the 
 first-mentioned beck their outcrops, and also those of the next 
 three limestones above, are so entirely obscured by Boulder Clay 
 that we have not mapped them. The "band " of the Hardraw 
 Scar Limestone is particularly prominent just opposite the foot 
 of Gunnerside Beck, and a few hundred yards east of Spring 
 End. It forms the lowest limestone outcropping on the north 
 side of the Swale between Gunnerside and the eastern margin 
 of the map, but it is not usually so evident here as on the south 
 side of the Swale. On the same side of the Swale west of 
 Gunnerside it is largely Drift-covered, and for this reason we 
 have not always connected the different exposul-e.". It makes a 
 scar on the top of the gorge 200 yards north- north-west of 
 Gunnerside village bridge, and is again seen on either side of 
 Ivelet Beck south of the Stockdale fault. Further west still it 
 is exposed in the north bank of the Swale three quarters of a 
 mile below Muker, and en the edge of the Alluvium one third 
 of a mile east-north-east of this village. The lower part of the 
 limestone comes into the Swale for a little space above the foot 
 of Oxnop Beck, and then, owing to the dip changing into an 
 easterly direction, comes out again at a point about a quarter of 
 a mile above the foot of the beck. There are good sections 
 in the limestone in Oxnop Beck near the bridge, in Cliff Beck 
 100 yards above Scar House, and at the waterfall above Haver- 
 dale Mill in Summer Lodge Beck. The average thickness is, 
 perhaps, .50 feet, but it is certainly more than this near the 
 eastern margin of the map between Gunnerside and Low Row. 
 In a quarry 200 yards south of Gunnerside Beck-foot some of 
 the lower "posts "* of the limestone are false bedded. 
 
 There are several thin limestones below the Simonstone Lime- 
 stone and it may be remarked that this is also the case with the 
 Tyne Bottom Limestone of Alsron Moor and H igl^er Teesdale with 
 which this limestone undoubtedly corresponds. They are well 
 seen in Oxnop Beck and Routin Gill. In the latter gill there is 
 a 7-inch coal under the little limestone next below the Simon- 
 stone, and in Coal Sike — a sike close east of Greenseat Gill — a 
 coal on much the same horizon has been worked on a small scale. 
 
 The outcrop of the Simonstone Limestone is particularly dis- 
 tinct on the dale side opposite Gunnerside. Indeed this is the 
 
 * A North-Country term for beds. 
 
1C6 CABBONIFEllOUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 case with all the mapped limestones in the dale excepting the 
 lowest one below the Hardraw Scar Limestone; from some of 
 the cottage-windows in the village it is possible to see them all , 
 at once. Perhaps the best beck-section is in Oxnop Beck 
 300 yards above the bridge. The average thickness may be 
 estimated at 25 feet. ' 
 
 The flaggy sandstones under the Middle Limestone are par- 
 ticularly strong in Thwaite and Cliff Becks, and have been largely 
 worked by levels and quarries in the latter locality. In both 
 these becks, too, there are, at a .distance of 50 or 60 feet below 
 the limestone, various thin limestones and calcareous sandstones. 
 They are best seen in Thwaite Beck a little below the "e" of 
 "Moor Close," but the section here is faulted. The top bed is a 
 good limestone perhaps 2 or 3 feet thick ; below this comes 
 an impure limestone I 2 or 18 inches thick with a gannister-post 
 above and a calcareous sandstone about 3 feet below. 
 
 Near Spring End a 2-inch coal lies a few feet below the Middle 
 Limestone. A 6-inch coal occurs also a little below in Cliff Beck 
 and in a sike that comes into this beck from the south east (east 
 of Thwaite quarry). 
 
 The Middle Limestone forms a readily traceable band on the 
 south side of the Swale all the way from 300 yards south-east 
 of Spring End to Oxnop Beck, in which beck there is a good 
 section ; also on the north side of the dale from a little west of 
 Barf End to the eastern margin of map. In some places it is as 
 thick as the Main Limestone, liut it is really composed usually 
 of three parts separated by thin divisions of shale and sandstone. 
 Near Low Bow the total thickness is sometimes abi.ut 70 feet, 
 but further west it gets thinner and perhaps the average in the 
 dale generally does not exceed 45 feet. In the level just above 
 the high road a quarter of a mile east of Rowleth Wood it was 
 proved to be about 60 feet. On the north side of the Swale 
 between Barf End and the eastern margin of map it forms three 
 features on the hillside, separated by thin partings of shale and 
 sandstone. On the east side of Oxnop Beck also its outcrop 
 presents the same character. As a lule the upper part is a good 
 grey limestone and averages perhaps 25 feet in thickness. The 
 middle part is darker and less pure-looking. The lower part is 
 again a good grey lime.-tone ; it is about 8 feet thick, weathers 
 usually in massive blocks, and is niarked by the presence of 
 many small irregular calcite spots of doubtful origin. These 
 characters correspond so well w ith those of the Scar, the Cockle- 
 shell and the Single Post Limestones of Upper Teesdale, Alston 
 Mnoi:, &c. that we do not hesitate to correlate the parts of the 
 Middle Limestone with those bands. To ishow the change that has 
 taken place in the beds between these areas, we give below the 
 average section of them as found in Upper Teesdale within 
 Quarter-.Sheet 102 N.E. 
 
SWALEDALE. 107 
 
 t 
 
 Equivalents of the Middle Limestone in Teesdale. 
 
 Feet. 
 Scar Limestone - - . - - - 22 
 
 Sandstone and shale 
 
 COCKLBSHELI, LiMF.STONE - 
 
 Sandstone and shale 
 SiNGiE Post Limestone - 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 In CliiF Beck and Thwaite Beck it is not clear that any- 
 parting exists between the upper parts. 
 
 The Middle I^imestone is the lowest bed seen on the north 
 side of the Stockdale fault. It occurs in two localities on this 
 north side, viz., in Gunnerside Beck half a mile or so above the 
 village, forming an inlier, on the downstream side of which 
 upper beds come in owing to a dip in this direction steeper 
 than the fall of the beck, and in Ivelet Beck close on the north 
 side of the fault. In Gunnerside Beck the upper part of it is 
 false-bedded and full of Productus. 
 
 Between the Middle Limestone and the one next above there 
 is usually a thick bed of good flagstones corresponding to the 
 Lower Brigstone Hazle of Alston Moor, &c. They have been 
 extensively quarried in Low Row Pasture. 
 
 A few feet below this next limestone there is in Gunnerside 
 Beck a one-inch coal. The limestone (the Five-Yards Lime- 
 stone of the earlier chapters) is by some miners called the 
 " fourth set " and by others the " third," the latter passing over 
 the thinner yellow limestone above without a name. In 
 Swaledale it is usually a good grey limestone not specially 
 characterised by Productus (as it is in its lower part in 
 Wensleydale) and averages perhaps 20 feet, though sometimes 
 it may get up to 30 feet. It does not usually make much show 
 on the hillside, as the. strong sandstone close above tumbles over 
 and greatly obscures the outcrop. It is, however, quite clear on 
 the dale-side south of Gunnerside Beck Foot, between this locality 
 and Gill Head, and on the north side of the Swale half-way 
 between Barf End and Brownsey House. There are also good 
 beck-sections in Gunnerside Beck near the " u " of " Gunnerside 
 Gill," and in Ivelet Beck south-west of Shoregill Head. In the 
 last-named beck there is a parting of about 3 feet of fireclay and 
 shale within it. 
 
 The sandstone that comes a little way above this limestone 
 and which, as already said, so frequently tumbles over and 
 hides its outcrop, no doubt corresponds to the Upper Brigstone 
 Hazle of Alston Moor. There are several large quarries in it 
 up Gunnerside Beck. 
 
 The next limestone, the Three-Yards Limestone of the earlier 
 chapters of this book, is, strictly speaking, the " third set," 
 counting downwards from the Main Limestone. It makes a 
 bare band in one place only in the dale ; this is slightly east of 
 south of the foot of Gunnerside Beck, and at an elevation of 
 
lOS CAEBONIFEKOUS MMESTONE SEEIEP. 
 
 about 1,400 feet. There are good beck- sections in Gunnerside 
 Beck a little above the first '' G " of Gunnerside Gill," and again 
 further up th"! same beck about a quarter of a mile below 
 Blakethwaite Smelt Mill, a position to which the limestone is 
 thrown up by a fault. Other sections occur in Ivelet Beck 
 250 yards west-north-west of Shoregill Head, and in Clifi" Beck. 
 The thickness is generally about 10 feet, and the rock weathers 
 yellow. This is much its character in the Alston Moor and 
 Upper Teesdale district where it is commonly called the Three- 
 Yards Limestone. In CliflF Beck it is only 4 fegt thick and has 
 sandstone both a'jove and below it. In Ivelet Beck it lies 
 between sandstones. We may remark here again that such a 
 succession is unusual in the Carboniferous Limestone series, 
 the almost invariable rule being that limestones are underlain 
 by sandstones but overlain by shales. 
 
 The flags and shales between this limestone and the Underset 
 are seen particularly clearly near the foot of the east and west 
 gill south of Lownathwaite Mines. They are here excessively 
 false-bedded. 
 
 In Hard Level Gill there is a one-;nch coal on gannister 
 immediately below the Underset Limestone. A little below 
 Kisdon Force — on the Swale half a mile below Keld — a smut of 
 one or two inches in thickness occupies a similar position ; the 
 gannister below is excessively hard and compact and rests with 
 an irregular base on a clayey sandstone. At the foot of 
 Swinner Gill the same hard gannister is seen clearly, and below 
 it, about 20 feet below the limestone, is a one-inch coal on 
 fireclay. 
 
 The Underset and the Main Limestones generally occupy 
 higher ground than the beds already mentioned and are con- 
 sequently less frequently obscured by Drift ; at the same time 
 they are so thick and so close together that they can hardly be 
 mistaken anywhere. The thickness of the Underset varies 
 perhaps from 20 feet to twice that. The Underset Chert is of 
 very variable occurrence. Where most strongly developed there 
 is still generally an admixture of impure limestone near the 
 top, e.g , in Gunnerside Beck. At other times it is mixed 
 throughout with lumps and bands of limestone in about equal 
 proportion to itself, e.g., at Hooker Mill Scar (Kisdon), and 
 there is some doubt whether ii; should be included with the 
 limestone or not. In the locality mentioned it has not been 
 included. On Muker Side, Satron High Walls, and at the Old 
 Gang Smelt Mill there is little or no chert. In the last two 
 cases the change from chert to limestone appears very rapid. 
 
 In Oxnop Beck and on the east side of Ivelet Beck the Main 
 and Underset Limestones are unusually near together, but the 
 thickness of the parting is not known exactly. At " Fairy Hole," 
 too, a quarter of a mile south of Summer Lodge, the two lime- 
 stones are almost in contact, though in the closely adjoining 
 
SWALEDALE. 10.9 
 
 Bloody Vale the parting, consisting chiefly of sandstone, is about 
 40 feet thick. 
 
 Scarcely a quarter of a mile west of Greenseat Gill there are 
 a coal and fireclay immediately under the Main Limestone. 
 They rest on a gannister. A little south of the south-easterly 
 gill (West Amgill) east of Kisdon, a two-inch coal is also seen 
 about 2 feet below the limestone. In West Amgill a gannister, 
 4^ feet thick, comes immediately under the limestone, but no coal 
 was observed. 
 
 The base of the Main Limestone on the hill south of Gunner - 
 side runs at a height of between 1,500 and 1,600 feet. On the 
 west side of the Oxnop Gill disturbances the base is rather higher. 
 It forms a band running round Kisdon which is prominent on 
 all sides, excepting for a little space opposite Thorns and between 
 this locality and the foot of East Gill, where it is almost entirely 
 Drift covered. The dip on Kisdon is generally northerly or 
 north-north-westerly, so that the height of the outcrop on the 
 south side of the hill is much higher than on the north ; on the 
 south side it varies between 1,500 and 1,600 feet, and on the 
 north side between ] ,000 and 1,100 feet. Between Amgill and 
 Keld the dip is north-east at angles of 3° or 4°, and much the 
 same as the slope of the hill, so that the outcrop must cover a 
 considerable area, but it is chiefly covered by Boulder Clay. On 
 the north side of the Swale between East Gill and Swinner Gill 
 the outcrop is a double one, being repeated by the " Hurrace 
 Vein " (see p. 176) which downthrows to the south. In 
 Swinner Gill itself it is exposed three times in the stream-bed 
 owing to faults with a prevailing southerly downthrow; the lowest 
 exposure occurs south-west of the Smelt Mill, the middle one 
 almost due west, and the highest 200 yards north-west of the 
 mill. From Swinner Gill to a little below Muker on the north- 
 east side of the Swale the s-car made by tlie Main Limestone is 
 very prominent, and tiie same is the case in Gunnerside Gill, 
 particularly near the head of the gill, and on its eastern side 
 along Winterings Edge and in the High Scar a quarter of a 
 mile nortli-east of Whin Hall. On the east side of Gunnerside 
 there is, on the north side of the Stockdale Fault (see p. 171), a 
 steep southerly dip of the beds into the fault, so that the outcrop 
 of the Main Limestone descends to a much lower level close to. 
 the fault than it is a little further north. In the valley of Hard 
 Level Gill it is not usually seen very well, owing to the wide- 
 spread covering of Drift. It, however, comes twice into the 
 stream, the highest exposure being between the Old Rake Hush 
 Vein on the south and the North Rake Hush Vein on the north, 
 these two veins throwing here in opposite directions. 
 
 The thickness in the Swale one mile west-north-west of Keld 
 and in the beck that comes between the " K " and " e " of the 
 " Keld " of " Keld Side " (Blackburn Beck) cannot be much over 
 40 feet, but in most parts of Swaledale it can justly claim the 
 name of Twelve-Fathom Limestone so often given it. Nodules 
 
110 CARnONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SEEIES. 
 
 of chert are occasionally found witl)ia the mass of ithe limestone, 
 e.g., near the base in the east' and west gill, south of Lownath- 
 waite Mines. ' 
 
 Average section of the Swaledale Carboniferous Limestone 
 Series between Low Row and Keld, froni the Main Lime- 
 stone downwards. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ¥t. 
 
 Ini 
 
 Main Limestone - 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 Sandstone and shale 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 Occasional coal - 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 Sandstone and shale 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 Undekset Ohekt, varies from 
 
 . 
 
 to 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 TJndekset Limestone, varies from 
 
 20 feet to 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 Sandstone and shale 
 
 . 
 
 V . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 Limestone '*> 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Sandstone and shale 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 Limestone 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 Strong flagstones and shale 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 Middle Limestone 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 Sandstone and shale 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 Occasional coal - 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Sandstone and shale 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 Litaestone 
 
 _ 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Sandstone and shale 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 SmoNSTONE Limestone 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 Sandstones and shales with several thin, limestones 
 
 ■I 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 Sandstones and shales 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 Hakdkaw Soak Limestone 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 Sandstone and shale 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 Limestone 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 Shale, base not seen 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 On top of the Main Limestone there is usually a mixed series 
 of cherts and impure limestone-bands which go by the name of 
 the Main Chert, and there is some doubt which Tine to take for 
 the top of the limestone proper. As a rule, it is in this area 
 taken below these bands. In some places there is also above 
 the Main Chert another cherty series separated therefrom by 
 shale. Parts of this series may consist of a yellow crumbly- 
 weathering crinoidal limestone, which are called " Red Beds," 
 and other parts of blacker cherts, &c., called " Black Beds." It 
 appears that the " Red Beds " usually come above the '' Black 
 Beds," but we do not know that this order is universal. 
 
 North of High Kisdon a grey crinoidal limestone, a little 
 above the Main Limestone, fi)rnis a prominent band for half a 
 mile or more. On Satron Moor also a limestone on about the 
 same horizon is well seen between the Stottergill Mine and 
 Scar Band ; at the latter locality it has been worked in several 
 quarries. 
 
 In the part of Swaledale at present being described, no sand- 
 stone is known between the Main Limestone and the Ten- 
 Fathom Grit, excepting in the Stonesdales, on Kisdon, and half 
 a mile east of Keld. On Kisdon the sandstone is seen but 
 obscurely ; it occurs near the top of the limestone, is fine-grained 
 
SWAtEDALE. 111. 
 
 and riibbly in texture, and. contains plant-remains. On the 
 north side of a " bush,"* half a mile east of Keld (Beldi Hill 
 Hush) there is a sandstone about 6 feet thick, about 20 feet 
 above the line taken for the top of the Main Limestone. In 
 East Stonesdale the shale below the Ten-Fathom Grit contains 
 thin courses of clay-ironstone. 
 
 The Ten-Fathom Grit is the only sandstone in the Carboni- 
 ferous Limestone Series which we Ixave generally mapped, as in 
 the lower part of the series the limestones are themselves quite 
 sufficiently numerous to indicate the geological horizon of any 
 place, and they are generally much more readily traceable than 
 the sandstones owing to the swallow-holes which occur along 
 the outcrops, even if covered with some thickness of Boulder 
 Clay. In this area its course is therefore at once evident in the 
 map, as it is the only bed of the series coloured as a sandstone. 
 Between Stottergill Mine and Summer Lodge Tarn there rise 
 here and there through the peat several eminences, such as Great 
 Bull Head and Little Bull Head, which are outliers of the Ten- 
 Fathom Grit, and consist chiefly of flags. The Ten-Fathom Grit 
 forms an outlier on Kisdon, but the base here is not very definite. 
 The show made on the hillside is much more satisfactory on the 
 east side of the Swale east of Kisdon, and in Summer Gill. The 
 outcrops on the west side of the Angram valley and in West 
 Stonesdale, though in some places probably unusually broad, are 
 not seen well owing to Drift. In the upper part of West Stones- 
 dale a small inlier commences at the foot of Tan Gill and extends 
 up to about half-way between Mould Gill and Lad Gill (north 
 of Mould Gill), where the cherts above once more enter the 
 stream; the grit here is mostly flaggy and soft. The Ten- 
 Fathom Grit by no means always attains the thickness implied 
 by its name. On Muker Common it is doubtful whether the 
 thickness ever exceeds 30 feet, and on Crackpot Moor it is also 
 abnormally thin in places. In Ivelet Beck . it is, on the other 
 hand, considerably over 60 feet, and probably throughout the 
 north side of the Swale it is more often over 60 feet than imder. 
 It seems also to be abnormally thick on Kisdon. In some places, 
 ^.g., in Gunnerside Gill, it is divisible into three parts, a lower 
 flaggy and shaly, a middle massive or flaggy, and an upper 
 gannister. The upper gannister makes a strong scar on the 
 south side of West Arngill Head a quarter of a mile north of 
 the Arngill Head, marked on the one-inch map. Near the 
 Blakethwaite dams there is a 3-inch coal in it. In East Gill, 
 which comes into West Stonesdale Beck from the west by the 
 " 1 " of " Stonesdale " Beck, and on the fellone mile north-west of 
 Thwaite, it contains casts of shells besides rootlets. The parting 
 between the upper and middle divisions often consists of lime- 
 stone or of limestone and chevt,.e.g., in Hind Hole Beck, in the 
 east and west gill by Swinnergill Mines, and on Raydale Side. 
 
 * For an e-xplanation of this term see p. 166. 
 
112 CARBOXIFEROTTS LIMESTONE SEEIES. 
 
 In the east and west gill south of Lownathwaite Mines the lime- 
 stone is dark and ferruginous, and probably only about I^ feet 
 thick. In East Gill it is scarcely 1 foot, but there is also a 
 calcareous sandstone a little below ; under the sandstone thei-e 
 is on the east side of the gill a 2-inch coal on fireclay. It is 
 often a matter of doubt, e.g., in East Stones lale, where to take 
 the base-line of the grit, for the lot-al flag-bands near the bottom 
 strengthen and die out again rapidly. 
 
 The beds between the base of the Millstone Grit and the top 
 of the Ten-Fathom Grit are very different in different localities. 
 On Crackpot Moor (south of Gunnerside) the total thickness 
 between them is ordinarily less than 50 feet, but the details of 
 the beds are not clear. On Muker Common the thickness is 
 still less, often only a few feet, and in some places it is possible 
 even that therj is no parting at all ; at the head of Greenseat 
 Gill the parting is about 7 feet and mostly shale. In Lover 
 Gill it is as follows, beginning f lom above : — 
 
 Feet. 
 Coal, a few inches - . - . . 
 
 Shale ■ - . .... 2 
 
 Mreolay and gannister . - . . - IJ 
 
 We cannot be certain though that this fireclay and gannister 
 may not represent merely the top of the Ten-Fathom Grit so 
 often seen on the north side of the Swale. 
 
 With these sections the general section in Stonesdale is in 
 striking contrast. It is somewhat as follows, beginning from 
 above : — 
 
 Strata between the Millstone Grit and the Ten-Fathom Grit in 
 
 Stonesdale. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 110 
 
 Shale with half-inch ironstone-courses 
 
 Shale with ironstone-nodules - 
 
 Impure cherty limestone - - . - 10 
 
 Shale - ----- 5 
 
 Coal, trace ----.. 
 
 Fireclay or gannister - - - - - 10 
 
 Shale with ironstone-nodules - - - - 50 
 
 Limestone, impure (Upper Fell Top Limestone ?i, 
 
 varies from - - - . - 1 ft,, to 3 
 
 Shale ------- 25 
 
 Limestone, impure (Lower Fell Top Limesiose ?), 
 
 vanes from - - - - - 1 ft. to 3 
 
 Shale with ironstone-nodules 
 Crow Chert and cherty limestone 
 
 ;} - - 35 0? 
 
 It can scarcely be supposed that this great thickness is due 
 to the upper part of the section being contemporaneous with 
 what is elsewhere included in the Millstone Grit, for, though 
 in some parts of Stonesdale there is little or no pebbly grit 
 below the Tanhill coal, still there is a thick development of it 
 at the head of Potshaw Gill (the gill opposite Lad Gill), and the 
 
swaijEdalb. 113 
 
 shales below are not much, if at all, thinner than usual. Such 
 an explanation, therefore, can at most only account for part of 
 the change, and we must conclude that most of the change is 
 due to the oncoming of fresh beds between the base of the 
 Millstone Grit and the top of the Ten -Fathom Grit as we 
 advance northwards from the south of the Swale. 
 
 The proportion of chert in this Stonesdale section is much les-s 
 than usual in Arkendale or most of the rest of Swaledale north 
 of the Swale, and it seems as if the chert has been replaced here 
 to a large extent by musses of shale with a few hard calcareous 
 bands. The two lower bands of limestone noted in the section 
 probably represent the Fell Top Limestones of the district 
 further north. The upper band is sometimes compound ; the 
 two pai ts of it lie close together in Dover Hole Sike, and the 
 lower part can bei followed to Tan Gill, where it contains 
 flattened casts of. Posidonomya (?). About 30 feet below 
 is another shaly, hard, calcareous band, and 30 feet below this 
 again the Crow Chert. On the opposite side of the dale, in 
 Thomas Gill, these shales form a bold scar in which the follow- 
 ing section is seen : — 
 
 Shale .■-.... 
 
 ■ Lime.stone with casts of Productus 
 ■ Shale . . . . 
 
 . Cherty bed . . - - 
 
 Tell Top 
 Limestone ? 
 
 Shale - 
 
 Chert3f bed - 
 
 Shale, to base of section 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 1 
 
 1 6 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 In Potshaw Gill' there are again two Fell Top Limestones, 
 each barely 1 foot thick. In the west bank of East Gill by a 
 sheepfold rather over a quarter of a mile below the Gill Head 
 there are various thin clayey limestone-courses, which probably 
 represent the Fell Top Limestone. 
 
 The fireclay (or gannister) varies in character. Quite at the 
 head of the dale it is merely a small underclay with a coal-smut 
 above. In Tan Gill also it shows this character : below the Low 
 Level there are two small underclays, but it is probably the 
 lower one of these that is the most persistent. In Lad Gill it 
 resumes its character of a thin, hard, gannister-like bed, cropping 
 out just below where the old road crosses. In Mould Gill 
 (south of Lad Gill) it is partly a fireclay and partly a hard dark 
 sandstone with rootlets. In Thomas Gill, on the west side of 
 Stonesdale, it has lately been exposed in a shalcrgorge ; it is a 
 thin, 'flaggy, and gannister-like bed hardly 1 foot thick with 
 a coaly base. At the south end of the hill between Raven Seat 
 and West Stonesdale, the gannister thickens considerably, and, 
 as it occurs in the midst of a mass of shale, makes a peculiarly 
 sharp feature known as " Crack Band." Round the south end 
 of Black Moor, and on the east side of East Gill about a quarter 
 of a mile below East Gill Head, it again makes a strong feature. 
 
 o 63856. H 
 
114 CARBONIFEEOUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 In the last-nained place there is again an impure limestone just 
 above it, and also an upper fireclay 30 feet above. 
 
 The Crow Limestone is usually represented in West Stones- 
 dale only by cherts, but at the foot of Tan Gill a kind of wedg« 
 of the typical encrinital limestone occurs. The chert is seen in 
 Thomas' Gill a little above the sheepfold, in Stonesdale Becfc 
 some distance above the bridge, and in some quarries west and 
 south-west of the bridge. The best exposure, however, occurs 
 in Mould Gill (north of Lad Gill) close to a new coal-road, where 
 the .chert is quarried for road-metal. 
 
 The Grow Limestone in Mould Gill. 
 
 Ft. Iss. 
 
 Shale, about 30 
 
 Chert - , 19 
 
 Shalybeds - - ■ - - "5 
 
 Chert - - - , - - - .70 
 
 In Gunnerside Gill the following is the general section from 
 the Millstone Grit base downwards : — 
 
 Coal 
 
 Gannister- or fireelay - 
 
 Shale - - ■' ' 
 
 Chert - 
 
 Gannisteror fireclay 
 
 Shale and chert-bands - 
 
 Ceow Chert a»d Limestone 
 
 a 
 
 Feet. 
 30 
 
 -J 
 
 '.} 70 
 
 The coal under the pebbly grit is visible near Hind Hole 
 Beck, on Eaydale side, at Gunnerside Beck "Head, and in the 
 gill half a mile north-west of Blakethwaite Smelt Mill. In the 
 first-mentioned place it is 9 inches thick,; where exposed > in 
 Gunnerside Beck it is 7 or 8 inches thick, but at a point 200 
 yards south-west of here there is 15 inches of coal resting on 
 another 15 inches of mixed shale, coal, and fireelay. The 
 gannister-seat sometimes changes into .grit or flagstone; in 
 Gunnerside Beck and East Gill it is in parts very coarse-grained 
 and contains prominent pebbles of quartz. The two gannisters 
 with an intermediate coal are seen well in the scars on the south 
 side of the east and west gill by the Swinnergill Mines. In 
 Gunnerside Beck, in the Gill about a quarter of a mile north- 
 west of Blakethwaite Smelt Mill, and at Little Punchard Head 
 a bed of hard, cbmpact; grey chert lies on top of the lower gan- 
 nister or fireclay ; perhaps this corresponds to the cherty limestone 
 above the thick gannister of " Crack Band " in Stonesdale. The 
 Supposed Fell Top Limestones of Stonesdale seem to •be repre- 
 sented eastwards in part by chert. In the east and' west gill 
 by the Swinnergill Mines: there are on this horizon 2 or 3 feet 
 of limestone and cherty. sandstone resting on less cherty flag- 
 stones. In the east and west gill south of Lownathwaite Mines 
 a thin band of very compact dark chert full of spiral univalves 
 
SWALEDALE. 115 
 
 crops out ; some 12 feet under this a calcareous sandstone, 2 or 
 3 feet thick, and occasionally coarse or almost pebbly, appears. 
 ; In Gunnerside Beck, &c., the Crow Ohert and; Limestone 
 above the Ten-Fathom Grit readily interchange. This is seen 
 very well on comparing the section in the gill that goes through 
 the second " a " of ." Blakethw^aite!" with .that in the sike scarcely 
 a quarter of a mile west by the Lower Blakethwaite dam. The 
 limestone is as a rule of a yellow tint, excessively crinoidal and 
 decomposes rfeadily. It makes an unusually strong show on the 
 dip-slope in Gunnerside Paetuifejand seems here almost as pure 
 and grey as the Main Limestone. Near Little Punchard Head 
 it' is again fully exposed, and has its usual yellow crinoidal 
 character; it is, nearly 40rfeet thick, and has yielded in some 
 parts as much lead- ore as the Main Limestone. 
 
 C. T. C. 
 
116 
 
 CHAPTER IX.— CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES 
 
 — continued. 
 
 District 6. Arkendale.* 
 
 We preface our description of the Yoredale Rooks of Arken- 
 dale with a section of the beds from the Millstone Grit down to 
 the Third Set (Three-Yards) Limestone as shown in a shaft. 
 
 ' Section in a Shaft at Fourth Whim, Wet Shaw, Arkendale. 
 From a copy lent by Dr. Robinson of Richmond. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Coal - - - . - 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 Millstone G-kit, a coarse-grained, thick-bedded pebbly 
 
 
 
 grit . . - - 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 fc6 
 
 6 
 
 Shale .... 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 Mudstone . . . - 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Shale .... 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Mudstone . . - - 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 Shale 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Mudstone .... 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 Shale .... 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 Flinty chert 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 Shale .... 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Crow Chert, a siliceous mudstone 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Shale .... 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 Second Crow Chert 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 Ceow Limestone, a brown calcareous mudstone or 
 
 im. 
 
 
 
 pure limestone -, 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 "Soapy grit" 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Coal .... 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 "Soapy grit" 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Shale .... 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Ten-Fathom Grit - 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 Shale ... - 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 Grirdle-beds, thin shaly flags 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 Chert or Iron Bed, rusty silioeous mudstone 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 " Red Beds "... 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 Shale . - . - 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 " Black Beds," generally black siliceous mudstones 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 Shale .... 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Mudstone .... 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Shale .... 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Main chert 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 Main Limestoite - 
 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 Sandstone - 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 6 
 
 Shale - ... 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 Underset chert ... 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 Underset Limestone 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 Sandstone .... 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 Girdles, generally thin shaly flags 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 Sandstone .... 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 Shale .... 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 Third Set of limestone (Three-Yards Limestone) 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 The usual abbreviated form of Arkengarthdale. 
 
ABKENDALE. Il7 
 
 The Five- Yards Limestone has a fairly clear outerop in 
 Arkendale. It is first shown by a line of large swallow-holes 
 on top of the east bank opposite Shepherd's Lodge, from which 
 spot it may be followed into the river, where its whole thickness 
 of about 30 feet is exposed. It weathers rather yellow and seems 
 to be impure. The west bank of the river is composed of thick 
 Drift but part of the limestone is seen, dipping east, in Roe 
 Beck, a little above Shepherd's Lodge. Its course is thence 
 obscured by Drift as far as Punchard Gill where a considerable 
 part of the rock again crops out, just below the farmhouse. 
 From this point eastward into the next map it is completely 
 Drift-covered. 
 
 Just north of the outcrop of this limestone in Arkle Beck, 
 what looks like the same bed appears in the bank above ; it 
 rapidly descends into the bottom of the vaUey bub was not to be 
 found in the stream ; it seems far to thick to be the soiall lime- 
 stone above the Five- Yards Limestone, and as there is clear 
 evidence of a vein in the foot of the bank between tlie two out- 
 crops, we infer that the Five-Yards Limestone is here repeated 
 by a fault. 
 
 The beds immediately .above the last-described are well 
 exposed in Punchard Gill where the following section was 
 measured : — 
 
 Punchard Gill. 
 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins 
 
 Thkee-Taeds Limestone, witli grit-top and Ijase 
 
 - 10 
 
 
 
 Shale 
 
 - 10 
 
 
 
 Coal 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 Shale 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 
 Close-grained sandstone - - . . 
 
 - 25 
 
 
 
 Shaly flags . . . - . 
 
 - 15 
 
 
 
 Five- Yards Titmestone . . - - 
 
 
 
 The Three- Yards Limestone is visible here alcne, in this part 
 of Arkendale. Owing to the great mass of Drift at the Lead of 
 Arkendale the grits and shales above the Three-Yards Lime- 
 stone (Twenty-seven Fathoms Grit) are rarely exposed. The 
 few isolated exposures in Roe Beck call for no special notice. 
 
 On the north side of Dale Head, the Underset Limestone is 
 exposed in the hillside above the first farm. Its outcrop con- 
 tinues quite bare for some distance north-west, and several 
 powerful springs issue from it. Just above the New Bridge it 
 becomes obscured by thick Drift and is more or less conjectural 
 right round the head of the valley, till we reach the high road 
 to Tanhill. 
 
 A little south of this, close to a watering-trough, are some 
 shake-holes into the limestone, while a little further on some 
 glassy cherts which rest upon the limestone are exposed. Both 
 the limestone and cherts occur in Roe Beck, and the former is 
 well marked further east by swallow-holes. Routh Quarries 
 are worked in the Underset beds, and show well two faults. 
 
118 CAEBONIFEKOUS LlIilES'l-ONE SERIES. 
 
 both of which throw, down to the south.. Bunchard Gill gives a 
 fine view of the same rocks, the chert here being a strong bed 
 with hard glassy- cores, some 20 feet thick, while the limestone 
 is about 15 feet-i thick. The limestone is quite bare round- 
 Tongue End and may be followed to Little, Punchard Gill, south 
 of which a feature alone shows its position. Just beyond the 
 sheepfold this bed rises so rapidly as to suggest' a fault;' but 
 the Drift renders this point obscure. The cherts come into sight 
 again at Danby Dam and a little further on the limestone crops' 
 out and can be followed to Danby Level, and to the edge of the 
 map. The Eight-Fathoms Grits or " deading," which come next 
 above, are not well seen except about Routh ; they call for no 
 special notice. 
 
 The Main Limestone forms a finely marked feature where it 
 enters this area, about Arkengarthdale Head. The large 
 number of swallow-holes higher up the hill clearly show where 
 the cherts above set on, Close to Raven's Park Farm, a small 
 hollow shows some 5 or 6 feet of chert with about^a foot of 
 shale beneath and then the top of the Main Limestone. As the 
 cherts here do not make a strong feature they are most pro- 
 bably split up by shale-partings. To the north-west of the 
 farm the Drift creeps up over the outcrop of this bed, but big 
 swallow-holes frequently give a view of its top, while the base 
 is finely exposed in Roughton Keld,' whence a large stream 
 constantly issues, apparently draining the water from the 
 ■opposite side of the watershed. i 
 
 For a long way to the north there is no further evidence till 
 we reach the great rushy hollow in which Mud Beck splits up. 
 Here a powerful spring, evidently rising from the Main Lime- 
 stone, deposits much tufa. Robin Dub, a large round hole, 
 with a similar spring at the bottom, evidently comes off the 
 same rock. The higher reaches of Crook Sike are cut through 
 thick Drift, and it is impossible to say whether this limestone 
 continues right across the watershed to join the outcrop con- 
 nected with the Greta area or not ; in absence of reliable 
 evidence we have ended it off as shown in the map. Passing up 
 the great hollow in Rusby Moor and over the watershed we 
 come upon limestone and chert in the head of Hound Beck, 
 near Sleightholme ; from which it is evident that the Main 
 Limestone lies close under the peat all along this valley. 
 
 Except for some doubtful swallow-holes there is no evidence 
 of this bed on the west side of Mud Beck or in the great hollow 
 about Beck Crooks, the first clue to its exact position being a 
 swallow-hole in which the Black Cherts appear just above White 
 Springs. A short distance further on the limestone itself is 
 quarried in Swansit Quarry. The whole rock has been opened 
 out here, but in Roe Beck it is obscured by Drift and detritus. 
 In the Deer Holes, a series of large swallow-holes a little to the 
 south-east, in several cases the limestone is exposed with a few 
 feet of the black cherts above it. Similar swallow-holes occur 
 
AEKENDALE. 119 
 
 round Routh Top. After rounding the hill this bed is thrown 
 down some 20 feet by Routh Vein. This may be clearly made 
 out both by old pits and the swallow-holes, some of the latter 
 with chert at the top occurring close to the main bed of lime- 
 stone. The cherts about here form a small biit sharply defined 
 feature immediately above the limestone, and the interruption in 
 this feature clearly marks the position of the fault. A second 
 fault seems to throw down the base of the limestone a few feet, 
 but it does not affect the top sufficiently to be marked at the 
 outcrop. Bare limestone shows at intervals as far as a large 
 quarry on the side of Punchard Gill. Just below this quarry, in 
 the stream, the base rests on grit, while up the beck the junction 
 of the top with the cherts on the north bank is soon reached. 
 A small fault here throws the limestone up some 15 feet, but 
 shortly aftpr the top re-enters the stream, the cherts above 
 it being finely exposed. This unusually clear section yielded 
 the following measurements : — 
 
 Punchard Gill. 
 Shale . . - . 
 
 White crystalline limestone 
 
 Shales 
 
 Very hard, almost glassy cherts (main cherts) - 
 
 Shale-parting ' . - . . . 
 
 Main Limestoite ... - - 70 
 
 Between Great and Little Punchard Gills the fault just 
 referred to gives a double outcrop to the Main Limestone. The 
 top seen in the bed of the stream may be followed by means of 
 large swallow-holes round into Little Punchard Gill. Its lower 
 part is cut out by the fault which throws the Main Cherts 
 against the middle of the limestone. Continuing down the hill 
 we come to a second series of swallow-holes, which again show 
 cherts- over the limestone and give a second upper, boundary. 
 This boundary ends off in both valleys against the fault. The 
 base] seen in Great Punchard Gill may also b§ followed to the 
 .second gill, which shows the limestone lying, on both sides of 
 the stream, on the grits below. This boundary is suddenly cut 
 off by the fault which throws the Underset against this base of 
 the Main Limestone. The latter rock crops out higher up on 
 both banks of the stream and enters its bed just above Punchard 
 Level (better known as Boat Level). Here it forms the sides of 
 a very picturesi^ue gorge ; giving in fact a perfect section of its 
 whole thickness. About Low White Hill the top of the Main 
 Limestone is quite clear on the south of the fault ; but for a 
 short distance is repeated on the north side. The base-line is 
 not repeated and may be followed from the new level round 
 the front of the hill and above Danby Dam. Just south of 
 this the fault seems to split into two, but the ground is rather 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 - 35 
 
 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 
 - 20 
 
 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 
 - 15 
 
 
 
 - 15 
 
 0? 
 
120 CAKBONIFEHOUS L[Mb',STONE SERIES. 
 
 obscure. The upper boundary of the Main Limestone is clearly 
 marked by swallow-holes, which frequently show chert resting 
 on limestone, as in Rowantree Holes. A little further down the 
 hill the south branch of the fault crosses the stream and north of 
 it there seems to be a second top to the limestone ; this can be 
 followed into the limestone-quarry close to the kiln. The second 
 branch of the fault has been proved to pass close to this kiln and 
 to throw the top down, probably nearly 20 feet. From this 
 point to the edge of the map the outcrop of the Main Limestone 
 is clear and unbroken. 
 
 The strata above the Main Limestone on the north side of 
 Dale Head diiFer from those seen in the area about Reeth and 
 Danby End. Instead of cherts and shale -partings we have a 
 considerable thickness of grits and shales. The best developed 
 of these at first is the bed known as the " wormy grits," on top 
 of which lies a thin band of limestone better known further 
 north as the Little Limestone. The " wormy grits," so called 
 from their containing vast numbers of fucoid markings, are 
 quarried at Baxton Nab, and can be followed round the foot of 
 Cleasby Hill, forming Brow Edge, and so passing into the bold 
 crag of Bleakhow Edge. The limestone above them, though not 
 visible here, is known to exist from mining evidence in the 
 closely adjoining area. In Long Gutter, one of the branches of 
 Crook Sike, several flaggy grits set in between the " wormy 
 grits " and the Main Limestone, one of them makrag a strongly 
 marked terrace about Garded Hill. 
 
 The Little Limestone and the grit on which it rests form a 
 small scar at the junction of Ease Gill and Frumming Beck. In 
 a gill on the north of the former the Little Limestone, with 
 cherts and shales immediately above it, is again exposed, after 
 which it passes rather obscurely along the hill- top beyond the 
 limits of this Quarter-Sheet. The flaggy grits and shales below 
 the " wormy grits " are well exposed lower down Ease Gill, 
 showing a still greater deviation from the lower Swaledale type. 
 The same beds form the rounded outlier of Coney Seat Hill. 
 After leaving Frumming Beck the " wormy grits " may be fairly 
 well followed by their feature round the west side of a great 
 hollow, till we reach the highest wall of the Beck Crooks Intake. 
 Here they form a small scar in places, and one little stream 
 shows chert and siliceous limestone resting on them ; the beds 
 dip sharply towards a fault, which throws them up to the west. 
 They reappear at a pile of stones, whence they are easily fol- 
 lowed to Little Red Gill, on the east side of which they form a 
 strong crag. Chert-fragments above the Little Limestone abound 
 here, but the limestone itself is probably dissolved away at the 
 outcrop. 
 
 A large fault now throws these beds down into the bed of the 
 stream at Beck Crooks, but for some distance further their out- 
 crop is completely Drift-covered. In Annaside Beck the " wormy 
 grits " are succeeded upwards by impure limestone and dark 
 
AKKEKDALK. 
 
 12! 
 
 chert with shale-partinga. 
 this stream is given l::!elow : 
 
 The whole sequence of the beds in 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins 
 
 - 15 
 
 
 
 - 15 
 
 
 
 - 3 
 
 
 
 - 8 
 
 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 
 - 2 
 
 
 
 - 4 
 
 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 
 - 15 
 
 
 
 - 10 
 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 6 
 
 - 3 
 
 
 
 - 15 
 
 
 
 , Annaside Beck. 
 
 Shaly sandstone . - - . . 
 
 Shale ...... 
 
 Shaly chert ..... 
 
 Shale 
 
 Pink and white limestone and chert 
 
 Shaly chert - - . - 
 
 Impure limestone ..... 
 
 Shale 
 
 Cherty beds with thin sandstone . 
 
 Hard cherts ..... 
 
 Chert with laminse of shale 
 
 Chert and limestone .... 
 
 " Wormy grits " (part only) 
 
 To the east the grits rapidly die out and the Swaledale type 
 of the rocks is resumed. 
 
 The Little Limestone round Cleasby Hill is succeeded by a 
 series of cherts and shales, the uppermost part of which forms 
 the Red Beds. Swallow-holes along the top of the Red Beds 
 indicate the presence of limestone ; they occur more especially 
 at the northern foot of the hill.. The lower cherts and shales 
 crop out at intervals about Green Hill and in the head of Long 
 Gutter, the flaggy cherts of the Red Beds, which are calcareous 
 and fossiliff rous here, forming little detached hills, such as Tam- 
 how Hill, Long Rigg, &c. 
 
 In Ease Gill these beds are scarcely recognisable. The follow- 
 ing section of them occurs there : — 
 
 Ease QUI. 
 
 Thin flags and shale 
 
 Chert, dark and shaly 
 
 Shale 
 
 Chert 
 
 Shale 
 
 Chert and limestone (Little Limestone) 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In Frumming Beck the highest of these cherts puts on a cal- 
 careous aspect and becomes redder, evidently beginning to assume 
 the appearance of the Red Beds to the south and east ; while 
 about the horizon of the second are calcareous shales with Cauda 
 gain, similar to those seen near Booze in Arkendale. 
 
 These beds make a considerable spread about Little Cocker ; 
 that hill consisting of very fossiUferous, calcareous, shaly beds,, 
 similar to those on Tarnhow Hill, and forming the base of the 
 Red Beds. To the south-west they are cut off by a large fault 
 as shown on the map, and are not met with again till a fine 
 section in Lad Gill (Annaside Head) is reached, where they 
 assume the typical form of the Red Beds, and consist of a 
 
122 CAKB(:)NIFr.ROtJS LIMESTONK SERIES. 
 
 massive re,^ encrinital limestone with cores of pink glassy chert. 
 Below are black chert's and shale, representing the Black Beds^ 
 while further up the stream we have the shales and shaly flags 
 at the base of the Ten-Fathom Grit. The Red Beds may now 
 be easily, followed eastward to the corner of Leading Stead Hill, 
 where they form a bare surface. Across Roe Beck and on to 
 Routh Top they make a clear feature,, while at the latter place 
 they are frequently exposed in the little " hushes " about the 
 small dams. It is noticeable that they become rather shaly 
 here, and contain less limestone than in Lad Gill. At the same 
 time veins- in them have yielded less lead-ore. They are now 
 thrown down by Routh Vein and are traceable to (ireiat Pun- 
 chard Gill by the feature they make, which is not as well 
 marked as usual. In the Gill itself the red limestone and chert 
 does not seem at all well developed. The various " hushes " on 
 the south .side of the stream show the shaly cherts, and Little 
 Punchard Gill, where it turns sharply west, exposes the red 
 limestone and chert above the shaly chert^. RoUnd Whaw Edge 
 there are no good sections of the Red Beds, but they have been 
 turned out in several of the pits on the hill close to the east 
 edge of the map. 
 
 The Ten Fathom Grit crops out in the upper part of Cleasby 
 Hill, which is capped by a moderately strong grit, but not, 
 however, the highest bed of the series, which is somewhat of a 
 gannister in appearance. 
 
 In Ease Gill the term Ten-Fathom Grit, as so often happens 
 with names of this class, becomes a misnomer, for the series 
 considerably exceeds that thickness, owing to the incoming both 
 of flaggy bed^ below and of shale-partings in the middle. The 
 section in one part of the stream bank runs as follows : — 
 
 The Ten-FatlioDi Grit, Ease QUI. 
 
 Shale ..... 
 
 Sandstone - 
 
 Shale ...... 
 
 Sandstone ..... 
 Shale - - - - 
 
 Sandstone - 
 
 In Ease Gill the sandstones frequently die oiit and come on 
 again in wedges, the beds as, a. ivhole being more shaly than the 
 typical Ten-Fathom Grit. The strong gannister-like grit at the 
 top of the series becomes much thicker in this area, as may be 
 observed in Dry Gill, where the Crow Limestone rests upon it. 
 It is this grit that further north develops into the " Firestone," 
 and not the whole Ten- Fathom Grit as is often supposed. 
 
 The Crow Limestone rests on the top of the Ten-Fathom Grit 
 in the stream just below William Gill Foot, but it is cut out to 
 the north by a rather large fault ; to the south it is obscured by 
 Drift, till we reach Annaside Beck, which gives a nearly com- 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
ARKENDALE. 123 
 
 plete section of these beds. The limestone and grits now make 
 a fairly good feature as far as Lad Gill, which has made a clean 
 cut through the whole of theni. As usual there is a considerable 
 bed of shale at the base, while above are shaly flagsi Above 
 the shaly flags a short but deep gorge has been cut in the 
 stronger flags of the Ten-Fathom Grit., ,At the top of the scar 
 iDounding the gorge lies a little shale, and then, on the flat above, 
 the gannister, while still further up the stream are the Crow 
 Cherts. To the east of this stream the Ten-Fathom Grit makes 
 a broad spread, but is mostly covered with thick peat; the 
 b)ase, however, is clear enough. Round the head of Roe Beck, by 
 Routh Top and into Great Punchard Gill, the feature of these 
 beds is well marked ; and on the north bank of the latter stream 
 the whole series is exposed. On the south side, owing to enor- 
 mous landslips, the outcrop of these flaggy grits is not so clear, 
 but about the head of Little Punchard Gill the top is well shown 
 by the Crow Limestone, which can be easily traced ; the base, 
 both here and round Whaw Edge, makes a fairly bold feature. 
 On Flincher Bottom Moss the Crow Beds again mark the upper 
 boundary, but after passing Luck's All Vein the upper beds are 
 faulted out by Dam Rigg Vein. The peat-road down the hill 
 shows in its bottom and sides the lower flags of the Ten-Fathom 
 Grit and enables us to fix the position of the base. 
 
 The Crow Limestone itself has a rather obscure outcrop in 
 the ground south of Ease Gill. It is seen in Frumming Beck, a 
 little above a large sheep-fold, and again in Dry Gill, where it 
 rests on the gannister-like top of the Ten-Fathom Grit. , The 
 moor about here is much peat-covered and almost featureless, so 
 that it is impossible to fix the course of the grit accurately. 
 The upper boundary is exposed due north of Cocker Quarry, 
 which shows pretty nearly where the Crow Beds end ofi" against 
 a fault. A second nearly parallel fault terminates their range 
 westwards. Further up Frumming Beck some strong black 
 cherts, belonging to this series, occur. The Top Crow Chert, 
 which has a small bed of limestone (Fell Top Limestone) above 
 it, becomes, in the quarry on Great Cocker, sandy and flaggy, so 
 as almost to pass into a very fine sandstone, but still preserves a 
 cherty nature. To the east the top-cherts are soon cut ofi" by 
 the fault, which separates Great from Little Cocker, but to the 
 west they may be followed for some distance by little swallow- 
 holes in the calcareous bed, the line of swallow -holes falling 
 almost into the line of the fault which bounds the Millstone 
 Grit. 
 
 On the south side of this fault the strata rise rapidly to the 
 south, until we reach Mirk Fell End, where they flatten. In 
 consequence these highest calcareous' and cherty beds are brought 
 to view in a few places. One of. these is marked on the six-inch 
 map at the head of Dry Gill, near Tan Hill, as a " limestone- 
 quarry," and has apparently been aUo worked to a small extent 
 for road-metaK A great flood that occurred in this district in 
 
124 CAEBONIFEKOUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 December 1882 tore up a huge mass of peat from the little 
 stream, Seavy Sike, close to Tan Hill, and laid bara a perfect 
 pavement of this highest calcareous rock, beautifully polished 
 and striated by glacial action. 
 
 Returning to the area near William Gill, we observe that the 
 cherts seen at Great Cocker crop out again in Great Red Gill, 
 and must continue along Mirk Fell Side parallel to William 
 Gill ; for the lower Crow Cherts and shales occupy the sides of 
 the stream most of the way, up to a small branch near a coal- 
 level, in which the following section of the Top Chert is met 
 with : — 
 
 Oreat Red Gill. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Fell Top Limestone - - - 4 
 Top Grow Chert, flaggy chert with Frodmcims - - 5 
 Shale - 
 
 In William Gill itself the upper Crow Beds are obscured by 
 Drift, but about Annaside Head there are several clear and 
 interesting sections : — 
 
 Annaside Head. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 Fell Top Limestone, thin, resting on "1 >; n 
 
 Top Ckow Chbht, with Froduotus J ' - o v 
 
 Shale - - .... 5 
 
 Chert ... - - 2 
 Shale - . - - . .60 
 
 Coal - . . - .4 inches to 1 
 
 In the next little gill close by the section is as follows : — 
 
 Kear Annaside Head. 
 
 Fell To? Limestone .... 
 Top Ceow Chekt ..... 
 
 Shale 
 
 Coal, 6 inches \ 
 
 Sill, 3 „ / 
 
 Shale 
 
 Thin flags ...... 
 
 Shale 
 
 Cherts ..... 
 
 Shale . - 
 
 Ceow Oheet and Limestone 
 
 Shale --.... 
 
 G-annister, top of the Ten.Pathom Grit . 
 
 About 200 yards east of this section two bands of limestone 
 suddenly wedge in below the coal, the lower one being 5 feet 
 thick and coarsely encrinital; but this seems quite a local 
 phenomenon. 
 
 In Lad Gill most of the cherts reappear, though not the 
 basement-limestone, but at the head of Roe Gill the latter bed 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins 
 
 . 1 
 
 10 
 
 - 6 
 
 
 
 - 10 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 . 10 
 
 
 
 . 2 
 
 
 
 - 10 
 
 
 
 - 15 
 
 
 
 - 2 
 
 
 
 - 15 
 
 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 
AEKENPALE. 125 
 
 apparently thickens much and has a well-marked outcrop. The 
 lowest cherts and limestone here make a strong feature above 
 the Ten-Fathom Grit, a higher feature being caused by the Top 
 Cherts which are turning to a very hard siliceous, almost glassy 
 rock, a character which they maintain through the rest of their 
 outcrop in the Arkendale Area. A line section of all these 
 beds in the head of Great Punchard Gill yields the following 
 measurements : — 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 
 - 30 
 
 
 
 - 15 
 
 
 
 - 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Great Pv/ncha/rd QUI. 
 
 Shale ...... 
 
 Fell Top Limestone ; on -very hard chert 
 Shales with thin bands of dark chert 
 Limestone with wedges of chert ... 
 Shale and chert ..... 
 
 Oeow Limestone; encrinital ... 
 Ten-Fathom Grit, flaggy grits .... 
 
 In no other section about this area do the lowest beds of the 
 Crow Series contain so much limestone as here. The three 
 lowest beds form one bold scar on the north side of the stream ; 
 to the south enormous landslips, complicated by a fault, render 
 the exact outcrop rather obscure, but the Crow Limestone has 
 been exposed lately in a hand-level by the side of the old coal- 
 road that crosses into Swaledale. The Top Cherts, however, 
 form quite a bold scar to the south of the fault shown on the 
 map, and are remarkable for the vast number of siliceous casts 
 of little Ooniatites contained in them. These are opal-like in 
 character and give thin fragments of the rock a semi-transparent 
 aspect. The feature made by these cherts may be followed to 
 the " hush " at Little Punchard Head, where they are cut oif by 
 Bishop's Vein. To the south they run round into Blakethwaite 
 Gill. There aie several exposures of the lower cherts close 
 above the Ten-Fathom Grit in the neighbourhood of Little 
 Punchard Head. About Great Pinseat the Crow Beds fre- 
 quently come into view ; in some quarries close to the peat-road 
 (wrongly marked " limestone-quarries ") the cherts above the 
 Crow Limestone are worked for road-metal, and a series of small 
 shafts due north of the western quarry shows this limestone quite 
 clearly. Dam Rigg Vein and Luck's All Vein throw the cherts 
 against the Ten-Fathom Grit, thus cutting out the Crow Lime- 
 stone, and run on as a master-vein into the adjoining area to the 
 east. About Wetshaw Head on the Arkendale side fragments 
 of the Top Cherts abound, and the beds occur in place in a 
 hand- level close to the moor- wall. 
 
 Between the top of the Crow Cherts and the Millstone Grit 
 there intervenes a variable thickness of shale, some 30 feet up 
 in which occurs a carbonaceous band, generally accompanied by 
 an underclay or more frequently a gannister. A second under- 
 day appears above this, but the lower band proved to be the 
 
126 CAilBOXIFEKOCS LIMESTONK SERIES. 
 
 more constant, and has been of considerable. use as a datum-line 
 for estimating the curious changes that take place in the base of 
 the Millstone Grit above. The coal that accompanies this lower 
 gannister was formerly worked further east on Hurst. Moor. 
 
 The band of gannister occurs in this.district aibout the head 
 of Grfeat Punchard Gill and again at the Head of Ro^ Beck. 
 Here the basal grit of the Millstone Grit being .absent, it makes 
 a sharp feature in the hillside and can be foJlowed for several 
 hundred yards. 
 
 In William Gill it crops out at the mouth of the great coal- 
 level, bwt- is quite lost sight of along Mirk Fell Side. Close to- 
 the, high, road, about Great Red^Gill,;it has once -been used for 
 road-metal. . Its occurrence here, close tp the Little Limestone, 
 marks dearly the^josition of a. large fault.; 
 
 Further west the gannister and coal just ^-ise above the bed of 
 Mirk Fell Gill some distance above th^ bridge ; the- coal is about 
 6 inches and the gannister 18 inches thick, the latter consisting 
 of an intensely rhard white siliceous rock. , Close above the 
 gannister- lies a jthin band of limestone which , contains beautiful 
 specimens of Qoniatites ; but unfortunately is broken up into 
 little bits by joints, sp that it is quite impossible to extrac:t the 
 fossils whole. These beds, which here appear on the crest of a 
 sharp anticline, are again brought to the surface, higher up the 
 sti:eaira,rby a fault shown on the map. 
 
 G. B. 
 
127 
 
 CHAPTER X.— CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES 
 
 — continued. 
 
 District 7. 
 
 (1.) BiBKDALE, AND THE XJPPEB . PaBT OF THE BASIN OF 
 
 THE Swale. 
 
 The district bordering Mallerstang on the east is called Birk- 
 dale. This name is applied to the continuation of the Swale 
 valley above its junction with Great Sledd£|le. 
 
 The lowest beds are found in thfe north. What these are is 
 clear from the sections in Westmorland, south-east of Kirkby 
 Stephen. A small inlier of the Main Limestone appears in the 
 yatUey-bottom, north of Uldale Beck.* It is overlain by .shale, 
 sandstone, and grit. The sandstone and grit form a dip-sliipe 
 at Lambs Moss. These beds in their position, as well aS in 
 character, co'rrespond to those mapped in the next Quarter- 
 She^t (102 S.E.) as " the coal-sills." They are here, as there, 
 overlain by the thin Little Limestone, which crops out at the 
 road-side, nob quite 400 yards south-east of Uldale Beck foot, 
 at a little gill called Sweet Gill. It is a cherty limestone, and 
 chert occurs at about the same horizon in the main stream a 
 little further south. The limestone is exposed in the next gill to 
 the north (Black Scar Gill) and chert again stiir further north, 
 beyond which the bed is hidden under peat and detritus. 
 
 In Uldale the sandstone and shale over the Main Limestone 
 appear ; but the Little Limestone is not visible there, though it 
 is seen not far off along with chert in Lambing Hole gutter. 
 At the wash-fold in Uldale shale comes on above the " coal- 
 sills," and a little higher up a limestone, 1^ feet thick, rests on 
 sandstone. 
 
 At a waterfall the shale is overlain by a sandstone, which we 
 identify with the Ten-Fathom Grit. The sandstone is overlain 
 by chert and that by shales. Near the top of the shales- there 
 is a thin sandstone with a fossiliferous top and perhaps a second 
 similar bed not far off. At Uldale Force we get a gannister- 
 like grit, with a thin coal in it, resting iipp^ the shales. Imme- 
 diately above the force there appears to be a fault ; for the 
 gannister looks as if it would abut against shales, which are 
 vertical, striking E. 10° N. As we do not again meet with the 
 gannister up stream, the fault must throw the. strata down to 
 the west. There is an apparent break in the grits over the 
 vertical shale ; but that looks like a downcast east. Conse- 
 
 * Not to be confounded with the dale of the same name, which lies on the south, 
 west side of Wild Boar Fell. 
 
128 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 quently we believe the big fault, which in Westmorland throws 
 the Main Limestone down west, to bend in such a way as to 
 pass just above Uldale Force. It is not very satisfactory, but 
 such a big fault can hardly die out all at once, and we could see 
 no evidence for any other course for it. 
 
 Over the disturbed shales, which are sandy and flaggy in 
 their upper parts, there comes a bed of sandstone and grit, the 
 top of which runs up the hollow to Seavy near to Fell End ; at 
 least so we judge by the shape of the ground, for the over- 
 lying shales are not actually visible here. Higher up comes the 
 great mass of coarse grit and flagstone which forms Mallerstang 
 Edge. 
 
 South-east of. Uldale the run of the beds is obscure and 
 puzzling to a degree. The base of the upper grit of Mallerstang 
 Edge is traceable along Lodge Edge nearly to Brockholes, and 
 the underlying shales crop out in several places. In these shales 
 there is certainly one, if not two beds of sandstone, the lowest 
 of which corresponds in position with the bed over the dis- 
 turbed shale in Uldale. It crops out in the higher parts of 
 Little Lodge Gill, in the grains of Great Lodge Gill, and in 
 Gres^t Doe Sike. At a lower horizon in three of ^ these gills we 
 found sections in grit and sandstone. We did not actually get 
 any shale between this lower grit and the higher sandstone ; 
 Ijut there appeared to be some ; for the grit could very well be 
 traced into Brockholes Gill, where we did see overljring shale, 
 which looked as if it would run between the two beds. 
 
 In Brockholes the base of the grit is flaggy. Jn position it 
 corresponds apparently with the Mallerstang Flags. The under- 
 lying shale is exposed below Brockholes Force. Below the shales 
 we have a bed consisting of pebbly grit, flags, and grit, suc- 
 ceeded downwards by shales. The exact course of the conglo- 
 merate north-east from Brockholes Gill is hidden by Drift, 
 except close to the gill ; but there can be no doubt that it runs 
 to where a conglomerate appears in Great Doe Sike, which also 
 forms a crag south of that stream. At this crag a fine-grained 
 blocky sandstone lies cheek by jowl with the conglomerate. 
 The shales overlying this blocky sandstone come out in Doe 
 Sike below the exposure of conglomerate. We therefore sup- 
 posed a north and south fault to run between the conglomerate 
 and /the blocky sandstone. But we do not see the conglomerate 
 again north of the section in Doe Sike. 
 
 The blocky sandstone, though it cannot be actually traced 
 under the Drift from one spot to the other, is evidently the same 
 as a bed of sandstone and gannister, with a coal in it, seen in 
 Great Lodge Gill. The underlying shale forms an inlier ; for 
 owing to a roll of the beds the gannister crops out twice in the 
 gill. Immediately north of these sections in Great Lodge Gill 
 ■vye see in Little Lodge Gill the Ten-Fathom Grit and the over- 
 lying chert, and over the chert come shales in which occurs a 
 thin sandstone with a fossiliferous top, precisely as in Uldale. 
 
EIKKDALE 4.ND THE UPPER SWALE, 129 
 
 Therefore we suppose an east and west fault to run between 
 Great and Little Lodge Gills. Over the shale lies a little sand- 
 stone, which we take . to be the base of the gannister. The 
 gannister is obviously the same bed as that of Uldale Force. 
 
 . In Brockholes Gill below the blocky sandstone shales and a 
 thin fossiliferous limestone crop out near the foot of Little Doe 
 Sike, the latter answering perfectly to the Fell Top Limestone. 
 Further down stream we come upon the Ten-Fathom Grit, of 
 which we get a fine section at the waterfall and in the gorge 
 below it. There are here two seams of coal in the grit. The 
 underlying shales, which contain two or more thin beds of 
 fossiliferous limestone, appear near the wash- fold. 
 
 Between Little and Great Sleddale the run of the beds is 
 obscured by peat and detritus ; but most of the small gills give 
 sections. In the branch of Little Sleddale called Coal Gill we 
 have the impute fossiliferous Fell Top Limestone, as in Doe 
 Sike, and above it the strata described later on, p. 141. The 
 next gill which afibrds sections (Eas Gill) lies about 700 yards 
 east of Little Sleddale. At the foot we have the Ten-Fathom 
 Grit ; and above that a good section in shale, which contains 
 several thin impure limestones or " shiver-beds " (cherts). Not 
 far above the highest of these, which is of a better quality than 
 the others, we see a lot of broken gannister lying about ; but 
 the solid rock does not appear. Above this spot there is a great 
 deal of shale, over which comes a sandstone ; and then shale 
 again and over it grit and sandstone. In Black Scar Gill little 
 is to be seen, and in Grew Gill only lumpy plate and shale. 
 
 Though the ground, described above, on the west side of 
 Birkdale is rather obscure, yet the section in the main streams 
 itself is clear enough. We will briefly point out the beds met 
 with in descending the stream from the inlior of Main Lime- 
 stone mentioned above (p. 127). At the ford near Uldale Foot 
 a bed of sand.stone of the " Coal-sills " is seen : while shale and 
 sandstone of this series forms Black Scars. We come upon the 
 overlying chert (Little Limestone) at a foot-bridge 500 yards 
 below the ford. ^The Ten-Fathom grit crops out in the stream 
 below Birkdale Cross ; and below Crook Seat we come to the 
 underlying shales with thin limestones. Here the beds seem to 
 be thrown down east by a fault, for we next get in the river 
 the calcareous beds that lie above the Ten-Fathom Grit. This 
 rock forms the bed of tiie river as far as Filers, where the over- 
 lying chert comes down to the stream. The grit has a coal in 
 it, which is visible 200 yards below EUers Bridge. The top of 
 the rock is generally formed of gannister immediately overlain 
 by chert or limestone. The grit itself is generally flaggy and 
 consequently its base is often rather indefinite. There is a 
 curious section at the top of the grit just above the first water- 
 fall below Little Sleddale. The top bed consists of fossiliferous 
 sandstone with Cauda galli on a plant-bed. This is like the 
 usual form of top ; but here the fossiliferous bed is apparently 
 unconformable over sandstone and shale. Probably this is due 
 to the underlying sandstone being extremely false-bedded, 
 o 63856. I 
 
130 CARBONIFEROUS LTMESTONB SERIES. 
 
 Just below Birkdale Farm we noticed a curious block of 
 green sandstone full of chert-pebbles. Unlucldly it was not 
 in ' place ; but proliably it had not come far. There is also a 
 singular top to the Ten-Fathom Grit in Whitsua Dale. The top 
 is there formed of a peculiar-looking green rock, six inches 
 thick, lying on sandstone with Cauda galli, which lests 'Oti 
 fossiliferous sandstone. Tliis is so like the top in Birkdale that 
 we cannot help thinking that the block of green sandstone with 
 chert-pebbles comes from the same horizon. 
 
 The obscurity of the ground on the west side of Birkdale is 
 caused quite as much by the fact of the beds dipping in ths 
 same direction as the slope of the ground, and by the presence 
 of great masses of Drift, as by the faults which exist. All 
 these causes of obscurity being absent on the east side, that 
 quarter is much clearer. The. beds come into view in several 
 of the gills descending from Coldbergh Edge ; and as they are 
 all alike, it will be enough to give a general section. 
 
 At the bottom we have the inlier of Main Limestone men- 
 tioned above (p. 127) ; and over tiiis shale and sandstone capped 
 by chert and the Little Limestone. Over the limestone come 
 shales with a fossiliferous sandstone or a sandstone with a 
 calcareous top ; then come more shales, and then a bed of flaggy 
 sandstonfe, the Ten-Fathom Grit, on which lies a bed of cberfc ; 
 over the chert come shales, in which there are two thin beds of 
 fossiliferous limestone (the Fell Top Limestone). Over the 
 shales comes a bed of gannister or gannister-like sandstone, and 
 over the gannister a thick bed of shale, above which we have 
 the grits of Coldbergh Edge. The beds below these grits can 
 be traced by means of frequent sections all down Birkdale to 
 Swaledale proper, that is to the junction with Great Sleddale. 
 The most southern cooiplete section is at EUers Brow south of 
 Birkdale Farm. In the river we have the Ten-Fathom Grit 
 overlain by chert, above which come shales. The two Fell Top* 
 Limestones, very thin, crop out close together above Ellers,. 
 ^aud at the waterfall the gannister (here very thin) forms Ellers 
 Brow. Shale lies over the gannister, and above the road we 
 come to the base of the grit-outlier shown on the map. A little 
 further east, over Birkdale Farm, a sandstone equivalent ta 
 the gannister is seen, tod the underlying shale, at the farm,, 
 below which comes the chert at the Ten-Fathom Grit. We da 
 not see thfe gainnister again going east nor the Fell Top Lime- 
 stones, so that they cannot be traced into Whitsun Dale. 
 
 Following the beds into Westmorland we detect the two fossili- 
 ferous Fell Top Limestones and the overlying gannister in 
 several of the gills, and can by this means trace them as far as 
 Standards Mir^. ' 
 
 The evidence fbr the fault which breaks the beds at Bastifell 
 and north of Nirie Standards is conclusive in Westmorland : 
 for the Main Limestone and associated beds are thrown up to 
 the north; so that the flags at Bastifell correspond to the Ten- 
 Fathom Grit. Like it they are overlain by chert and shales, im 
 which occur two thin seams of fossiliferous limestone overlain 
 
BIRKDALE AND THE UPPER SWALE. 131 
 
 by a bed of gannister-like sandstone, priecisely as in all the 
 sections in Birkdale. The gannister makes a fine escarpment at 
 Fox Cragsj and abuts against the high Millstone Grit of Nine 
 Standards. -'Die' same bed forms 'Winton Farce, below which 
 one of 'the Fell Top - Limestones occurs. It crosses the water- 
 shed and County-Boundary about the head of West End gutter 
 and plxinges down against the fault, which is seen in the stream 
 sit the head of Whit.sun Dale. 
 
 Eastwards the fault is visible in the bed of Backstone * Beck. 
 It throws gannister, dipping sharply south, against flaws and 
 shales well up in the Millstone Grit, a shift of considerably over 
 200 ft. There it splits into two ; a northern branch ' passes 
 through Backstone Castle, and throws Yoredale shales (close 
 under the Millstone Grit) against the gannister, which is here 
 finely developed; while a southern branch, crossing Near 
 Grains, is well seen in' the sides of a liitle gorge. Between the 
 two branches lie Yoredale rocks, while south of the southern 
 branch the Millstone Grit extends some hundred yards east- 
 wards, thus clearly marking the line of fracture in spite of the 
 covering of Drift. This southern branch dwindles away to a 
 mere hitch of 2 or 3 feet in the foot of Little Bitch Gill. 
 
 The gannister, which forms Backstone Castle, also crops out 
 east of the little slack which runs thence northward. It forms 
 several fine crags known as the Hawthorn Crags and has thin 
 seams of coal associated with it. The rock is" compact and hard 
 and the top is beautifully polished. That there are no scratches 
 seen is probably due to the fact that the other rocks were so 
 much softer as to be incapable of scratching it. 
 
 Near Hawthorn Crags. 
 
 Gannister, variable 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale .... 
 
 Coal -smut .... 
 
 Grit and flaga, very variable 
 
 Coal-Bimit . •- 
 
 From this point southward the rock rapidly thins, for the 
 following section was proved in a, small adit-level : — 
 
 , Little Bitch GiU. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Sandstone full of carbonaceous plant-casts - .- I O 
 
 Carbonaceous shale . . ..30 
 
 Laminated siliceous bed . . . - - 2 
 
 Hard isipure coal - - - . ' . - 1 6 
 
 Dark shale . , • . 
 
 From this point the dip takes thesei beds below the stream- 
 level; but'a roll 'quickly brings thean up again, and the gan- 
 nister reappears in Foxhole Gill. For some* distance to the 
 south the ground is obscured by great landslips and when seen 
 again the only representative of the gannister is three feet of 
 fireclay. 
 
 * This should be Bakstone or Bakestone, — J. B. D. 
 
 ' I 2 
 
 Fr. 
 
 In«. 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 f> 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 0- 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 0- 
 
 
 1 
 
132 OAEBONlFEEOnS LIMESTOXE SERIES. 
 
 Turning round into the next valley we find the gannister 
 exposed in the numerous gills on both sides of the main stream, 
 being in all cases a flaggy siliceous rock accompanied by a few 
 inches of coal. A particularly good exposure of it occurs at the 
 foot of the great waterfall north of Kaven Seat. The shale 
 between it and the overlying pebbly grit is here 150 feet thick, 
 while at Punchard Head, about six miles to the easb, it is only 
 50 feet, and the intervening sections show a steady decrease of 
 thickness to the east. 
 
 At the south end of the hill above Raven Seat the gannister is 
 seen in Caveside Gill. Three veins and a smash and a fault 
 cross this gill ; and the gannister seems to be thrown down on 
 the north ; but the section is not quite clear. On the south and 
 east of the gill the gannister is very hard and strong, and forms 
 a sharply defined feature known as Crack Band. Higher up the 
 gill, near the smash, a coal six inches thick underlies a gannister 
 six inches thick. 
 
 The base of the Ten-Fathom Grit and the underlying cherty 
 beds crop out in Whitsundale Beck just below Oven Mouth, 
 three quarters of a mile below Raven Seat. At this spot, which is 
 at the foot of Caveside Gill, the grit is crossed by a calcareous 
 vein, which may also be a fault, trending N. 35° E. Perhaps 
 this vein is connected with those seen in Caveside Gill. From 
 Oven Mouth the grit is in force along the stream up to Raven 
 Seat. The rock consists of ripple-marked flags, false-bedded in 
 places, and somewhat massive ; and forms at Boggle Hole a fine 
 gorge, the cliffy side of which is in places coated with calcareous 
 tufa. This is rather singular, as the overlying beds contain 
 but little lime. 
 
 Just below Raven Seat a shale is interbedded not far from the 
 top of the sandstone ; and at the bottom of this shale-band there 
 is a fossiliferous bed on the top of the main mass of sandstone. 
 Perhaps this fossiliferous band should have been taken as the 
 top of the Ten-Fathom Grit, but the overlying sandstone is not 
 easily separated southward from the main mass. Above Raven 
 Seat the sandstone over the shale-band comes to the stream, its 
 base forming the High Force ; and near the wash-fold above 
 High Force the overlying fossiliferous beds come on. These 
 appear also in the main stream half a mile west of Raven Seat. 
 
 Higher up Whitsun Dale, and a little below the foot of Little 
 Cogill, there is a thin seam six inches thick (belonging to the 
 fossiliferous bands^ Crow Beds), of a peculiar green colour, resting 
 on sandstone with Cauda galli. A similar seam occurs at about 
 the same horizon in Westmorland below Nine Standards, and 
 probably also in Birkdale (p. 130). 
 
 The highest of the cherty bands that occur in this part of 
 ihe series rises from Whitsundale Beck at the foot of Long Gill 
 and can be followed on the east bank as far as the next gill, 
 beyond which the ground is obscured by landslips as far as 
 Blae Gill, where the upper chert has a clear outcrop. On both 
 flides of Bottom Beck, exposures of one or more of the cherts 
 are numerous in the little side gills ; and in one of them, Lodge 
 
Ft. 
 
 Iks. 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 WINTON AND KABER TELLS., 133 
 
 Gill, flattened specimens of Goniatites and Orthoceras are fairly 
 plentiful. At the south end of the hill above Raven Seat, Caveside 
 Gill affords a complete section of these beds at this horizon : — 
 
 Caveside Gill. 
 
 G-aDnister 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale 
 
 Chert 
 
 Shale 
 
 Chert 
 
 Shale 
 
 Chert 
 
 Shale 
 
 Ten-Fathom Grit ...... 
 
 (2.) WiNTON AND KaBEB FeLLS. 
 
 There is a good deal of obscurity about the Yoredale beds on 
 these fells. Immediately east of the Bastifell fault there is a 
 pretty clear section. South of the word " Crag " in " Greenfell 
 Qrag " there are sandstones with a coal forming Scurreth Edge ; 
 and over them we get the cherty Underset and the Main Lime- 
 stones, followed upwards by calcareous shales and the grits of 
 Peatpot Hill. These are evidently the " coal-sills " without the 
 coals. Over these we find shales with chert, and over the shales 
 flags forming Bastifell, which correspond to the Ten-Fathom 
 Grit. On the flags come thin limestone, chert, and shale ; and 
 still higher up cherty limestone not far below the gannister- 
 like sandstone of Fox Crags (p. 134). 
 
 The Main Limestone appears close to the fault and can be 
 traced eastward for half a mile to the head of Seavy Sike. 
 Here a fault which is seen in the Gruntley Beck seems to pitch 
 up the beds on the north-east side, so that the. Main Limestone 
 forms the prominent green hill called High Dolphinseat, below 
 which we have chert and limestone, presumably the Underset. 
 This limestone, though it cannot be traced the whole way owing 
 to Drift, is running to unite with the Underset in tlowgill Sike. 
 But the Main Limestone of High Dolphinseat instead of fol- 
 lowing the run of the Underset seems to be cut off by a fault 
 along its northern face, up-casting on that side ; for the slope of 
 the hill known as Kaber Rigg is formed by a sandstone and two 
 strong limestones dipping north or north-east at a greater angle 
 than the slope of the ground. These two limestones are 
 obviously the Main and Underset ; and are striking eastward for 
 Stowgill, where there is a clean-cut section, showing both of 
 those rocks and their basement-sandjtones with a thin limestone 
 between them, such as is not unusual. Westward the Underset 
 Limestone, which forms the green band known as Low Dolphin- 
 seat must be thrown down to the outcrop already mentioned. 
 The Main Limestone can be traced on pretty fairly considering 
 the Drift, to unite with the outcrop above Howgill. In the gill 
 we see below it two beds of limestone, namely, the Underset and 
 the intermediate bed, very cherty, as in Stowgill. 
 
13 i' CAHB0NIFEE0U8 LIMESTONE 8EKIES. 
 
 East of Stowgill: the Main Limestone lies in the form of a 
 broken anticline. Over it we have good sections of the upper 
 beds in all the gills descending.: into the Belah from Winton and 
 Kalier Fells, the general ascending section being shiver-beds and 
 shale, grits and sandstones (" coal- sills "), on the top of which is 
 the thin but pure Little Limestone. This is exposed in Blea- 
 berry Beck, especially near Slapewath Force. Over it come 
 fossiliferous shiver-beds, and a set of sandstones and shales, the 
 Ten-Fathom Grit, well seen about Bleaberry Force ; on it we 
 have a thin limestone and chert, above which come shales ; and 
 over the shales more sandstones with «hale-partings and cherty 
 limestone at the top, above which come the shales with the two 
 thin fossiliferous Fell Top Limestones underlying the strong ) 
 gannister-like sandstone of Winton Force. The gannister ap- 
 pears not only, in Fox Crags and at Winton Force, but also 
 under Brownber Edge, where it has a coal on or near its top. 
 It is overlain by a considerable thickness of shale. But though 
 the genefal succession is clear enough, the details are uncertain; 
 for the various sandstones are all much alike, and between the 
 Main Limestone and the gannister there is no well-marked bed 
 that can be followed far ; and the gannister itself becomes poor 
 eastward. On the east side of Middle Gill it seems to be thrown 
 down eastward by a fault; for a rock like it, and having a 
 little limestone below it, occurs at a lower level in the next 
 gill (Deep Gill) than can be accounted for by dip. This rock is 
 3, double sandstone with a coal at the base of the upper bed. 
 We cannot trace the gannister further east : but it crops out 
 with its coal in Little Wygill just below the road leading to the 
 Kettlepot Colliery, underlain by the two Fell Top Limestones. 
 
 In Deep Gill there is a considerable thickness of shale over 
 the representative of the gannister ; and near the top of the 
 shale a thin sandstone and coal. The coal was formerly ex- 
 tensively worked at the Kettlepot Colliery, and by means of the 
 old adit-levels can be followed into Yorkshire. Over it we have 
 a thin shale and then a sandstone, which can be traced round 
 to unite with the MiUstone Grit of West Stonesdale. The sand- 
 stone is overlain in Back Gutter by irony shale with fireclay. 
 The shale passes up into flaggy sandstone ; but the base of the 
 latter, owing to the great amount of peat covering the hill, is 
 not clear. 
 
 In Great Wygill and ReagiU two thin fossiliferous limestones 
 answer to the Fell Top Limestones, and over them lie two thin beds 
 of sandstone, above which comes the Tanhill coal-siU and coal: 
 over the coal there is flaggy shale, and lastly the flags of Taylor 
 Rigg. The geology here is somewhat obscure. The shale below the 
 flags crops but again in Ease Gill at from 20 to 30 chains from 
 the County-Boundary ; and then we have cherty beds in the 
 stream striking along it ; so that it looks as if we had crossed 
 a. fault throwing up lower beds oil the east side. A north- 
 westerly fault with such a throw breaks the beds of Grey Grits, 
 which may be the fault in question. But between Ease Gill and 
 Grey Grits comes an important east and west fault described 
 
WINTOX ANDKABEK FELLP. 135 
 
 above (p. 123) in Arkendale, the evidence for the course of which 
 westward we will now give. 
 
 At the north edge of the map we have the following beds 
 ■which have been traced southward from excellent sections on 
 Stainmore (in the adjoining Quarter-sheet, 102 S.E.) : these are 
 the Main Limestone which occurs west of the. high road leading 
 from Arkendale to Barras in Westmorland ; above it the coal- 
 sills very strong, with the road running upon them ; east of the 
 road the Little Limestone, pure ^nd encrinital in places, makes 
 a good feature ; over it, though not well seen, come shales, and 
 finally the outlier of strong sandstone forming the hill called 
 High Grey Grits. Now in Potter Sike, where we should expect 
 to fin4 the Main Limestone, we have instead cberty shale, such 
 as occurs al5ove tlie Little Limestone ; and below these we have 
 •a thin limestone, precisely like the Little Limestone, resting on 
 ^rits like the coal-sills; and below the grits a tliick limestone 
 -crops out, which cannot well be anything, else but the Main 
 Limestone ; and below it in due order the Underset. Thus it is 
 clear that immediately south of Grey Giits and north of Potter 
 Sike there must be a fault throwing the strata, down on the 
 .south- west side. This fault is clearly shown in the next map 
 (102 SiE.) by the repetition of the limestones^ 
 
 It will be seen by the map that the direction of the fault in 
 Yorkshire is more east and west than the one described above 
 in Westmorland : but it would seem as if the latter were only 
 .a branqh of the former, which may go straight on, throwing out 
 successive branches to the N.W. ; for there are several nearly 
 parallel faults in Westmorland running north-westwards on the 
 north side of the east and west fault. The most eastern of these 
 shifts the. Grey Grits, and in the next map is clearly proved by 
 the repetition of the Little Limestone of Plat. Then comes the 
 fault just described as throwing down the Main Limestone of 
 Green Rigg to Ewebank : a third, more doubtful, breaks the 
 Main Limestone on Ewebank : a fpurth ranges along the Belah 
 valley from Woofer Moor, where it cuts off the Little Limestone, 
 io High Ewebank, with a great downthrow on the south-west 
 side ; for the Main Limestone apf)ears again on that side, crop- 
 ping out below High Ewebank, and overlain by shale and strong 
 ^rits with a little limestone, which do very well for the coal- 
 sills. These are best .=een on tiie south side of the Belah, where 
 thej^ are thrown along with the Main Limestone and shifted 
 west, by a. prolongation of the east and west fault; so that the 
 Main Limestone is thrown westward from Cowan Edge to the 
 outcrop (mentioned above, p. 133) in Stowgill. The. faults on 
 Kaber Eigg and Dolphinseat have the same general direction 
 as the faults mentioned above. The consequence is that the 
 Main' Limestone is broken no less than eight times between 
 .Bastifell and Grey Grits. It may then be well understood that 
 ^here is much uncertainty about the precise positions of the 
 many similar sandstones that occur in the measures over the 
 Main Limestone. 
 
 J. R. D. 
 
186 
 
 CHAPTER XL— CARBONIFEROUS HOCKS— fxmtinwd. 
 Millstone Gbit. 
 
 (1.) Baugh FeU. 
 
 This hill is capped by a little over 500 feet of Millstone Grit. 
 The series here consists to an unusually large extent of soft 
 flags and shales. On the south and south-east sides of the hill 
 we have an equivalent of the Ingleborough Grit in a coarse 
 pebbly sandstone, well developed in Swarth Gill and Racken- 
 thwaite Gill, and thence eastwards as far as Long Gill. But 
 here the grit becomes flaggy, and in Rawthey Gill and north- 
 wards gets so soft and thin as to be recognisable only by its rela- 
 tive position tp the " grindstone " below. Around the north and 
 north-west sides of the hill flags, apparently ou the same horizon, 
 overlie dark shale and form a distinct feature, which, however, 
 in the south-west side loses itself under piles of sandstone-blocks 
 and shale, that have slipped from above. 
 
 A descending section in Swarth Gill shows thick sandstone 
 with thin bands of shale, passing down into grit with a few 
 scattered quartz-pebbles, the presumed Ingleborough Grit. This 
 grit rests on sandstone, in part resembling gannister, which is 
 underlain by shale with thin bands of sandstone. Where well de- 
 veloped the pebbly grit has a kind of gannister on the top of it ; 
 this forms the sill of the coal-seam that has been so extensively 
 mined at Tanhill. The coal itself occurs, as a " smut " only, 
 in Rackenthwaite Gill (the next gill east to Swarth Gill), but & 
 little further east has been mined by a considerable number of 
 drifts, shown on the map as the Baugh Fell Coal Pits. The 
 gannibter crops out in Grinning Gill, and fragments of coal 
 indicate the presence of the seam also, though peat conceals its 
 actual outcrop. East of this gill we have no clear indications of 
 its existence. The Tanhill Coal is succeeded by a great thick- 
 ness of shales and flags with here and there lenticular wedges of 
 grit; the only noticeable point in them being the presence in 
 the upper part of Swarth Gill of some calcareous bands occupy- 
 ing approximately the same horizon as those shown under Water 
 Crag Hill some 15 miles to the north-east (p. 158). 
 
 About 360 feet above the pebbly grit above mentioned a 
 second coar-se and massive rock forms the brow of the hill, and 
 150 feet higher up a, third coarse pebbly grit forms a small 
 escarpment, followed by a gentle slope, in which black shale 
 crops out. The second of the three pebbly grits runs round the 
 southern side of Baugh Fell and extends northwards to West 
 
WILD BOAK FELL. 137 
 
 Baugh Fell Farm in a nearly level plateau. Some flaggy sand- 
 stones overlying it were formerly worked for paving-stones and 
 flags in the Baugh Fell Quarry. The uppermost of the three grits 
 forms the higher plateau known as East Baugh Fell. Lastly 
 the highest point of the hill, 2,216 feet above sea-level, is 
 occupied by a small outlier of flaggy sandstone, the geological posi- 
 tion of which may be best indicated by stating, that if the hill 
 had been 50 feet higher, the horizon of the Trilobite Limestone 
 (p. 145) of Great Shunner Fell would have been reached. The 
 uppermost of the three grits consists in its upper part of an 
 intensely hard gannister, full of casts of roots and stems of 
 plants. 
 
 Flaggy' sandstones and shales crop out in streairilets of West 
 Baugh Fell, between the two lower grits. One of the sandstones 
 yields excellent flags and has been quarried for this purpose. 
 
 A fault crossing the summit of Baugh Fell in a north-easterly 
 direction, is shown by an abrupt fall to the west of the two 
 upper strong grits. Near East Tarns it has the effect of causing 
 a kind of step in the grit-sarface of the hill-top, the edge of the 
 step being within 2 or 3 feet of the fault, and finely ice-polished. 
 This effect of the fault is noticeable from a distance and makes 
 its position unmistakable. It is evidently dying away, in the 
 north face of the hill, for it shifts the upper grit a few feet only 
 and does not appear to cut the lower one at all. 
 
 A. S., G. B. 
 
 (2.) Swarth Fell. 
 
 The base of the Millstone Grit of Swarth Fell is not well 
 shown. The line taken is 140 or 150 feet above the top of the 
 Ten-Fathom Grit. There is little bare rock seen along this 
 line, but at the head of the Sike that runs past Round Ing some 
 loose blocks of pebbly grit occur which seem nearly in place ; 
 and there are also various blocks of gannister belonging perhaps 
 to a bed immediately below the pebbly grit. Half a mile or so 
 north of this place there is no pebbly grit seen at the base, but 
 only some rather strong flagstones resting on shale. The grit at 
 the north end makes a good feature for some distance south. 
 
 On the west side two beds of sandstone are seen in the beck 
 running down from the col between Swarth Fell and Wild Boar 
 Fell, and probably represent the Coal-Sills. A coal has been 
 worked lower down the stream, and an impure cherty limestone 
 is also visible. 
 
 R. H. T. 
 
 (3.) Wild Boar Fell. 
 
 In our description of the Yoredale Rocks of this neighbourhood 
 (p. 90) we referred to a gannister- like sandstone or quartzite. 
 About 100 feet above this rock comes the lowest of the Wild 
 Boar Fell Grits, forming a cliff known as White Walls. This 
 
138 MILLSTONE GUIT. 
 
 grit is double, that is, it consists of two. distinct beds parted jjy 
 a band of shale of no great thickness. There- is a coal-seam on 
 the top of the lower grit. These two grits form the upper part 
 of the scar called Scriddles ; and, though much obscured by slips 
 and masses of detritus in Yoadcomb, can be traced to Low White 
 Scar at the south-east end of the fell. Here they bend round 
 Aisgill Head, and form the flat between Wild Boar and Swarth 
 Tells. The lower part of the rock forms Standard Brow, below 
 which the underlying shales are seen. Thence northward round 
 the west side of, Wild Boar Fell the position of the base is 
 somewhat uncertain, as the rocks are hidden by thick peat, 
 ^ut near the head of Forceps Sike a bed of gannister crops out, 
 which is probably near the top of the rofik. Oy^r the White 
 Walls Grit comes a thick shale, nearly in the middle of which is 
 a, thin, but persistent bed of calcareous sandstone. At or near 
 the top of the shale is a seam of coal. Over the shale comes the 
 grit which forms the top of Wild Boar Fell, a plateau of a mile 
 in length from north-east to south-west, girdled by precipices 
 along its eastern face, known as Black Bed,. Yoadcomb, and 
 High White Scars. At the southern end of the last the base of 
 the grit bends round to form the Band, encircling the corry at 
 Aisgill Head, and, though the precipices cease, yet the outcrop 
 of the bed is clearly marked by the steep face of the Band, and 
 a similar escarpment along the west face of the fell to the 
 north-east point known as the Nab. A fault, which is a con- 
 tinuation of a copper -vein, with a downcast on the north-west 
 side, is visible near the Nab, and two small parallel faults throw 
 the strata down north in Yoadconib Sear. 
 
 J. R D. 
 
 (4.) Little Fell. 
 
 Immediately north of the fault at High Dolphinsty the 
 highest beds seen are micaceous sandstone and shale, forming 
 the ridge as far as Low Dolphinsty. Beneath the shale is a 
 hard sandstone or grit, the top of which crosses the ridge at 
 Low Dolphinsty. Its base is marked by a spring on the east- 
 ward slope, and runs round the promontory called Little Fell so 
 as to form an outlier, the western outcrop being fairly well 
 marked by the shape of the ground. A little way below it 
 another bed of grit also forms a scar, but does not appear in 
 Long Gill on the west side, its place being hidden by peat. 
 Beneath it we have black shales, well exposed in Collier Gutter. 
 In these shales there is a thin seam of fossiliferous sandstone 
 and some chert. The beds roll about a great deal ; and at the 
 place where we see the chert a fault, running north-west, crosses 
 the gill. This fault can be traced by means of the swallow- 
 holes in the Main Limestone of Scandal Beck heading for 
 Dolphinsty. The two grits forming Little Fell a'-e without any 
 
LITTLE FELL. 139 
 
 doubt the two beds of White Walls. They are best seen at 
 Middleark Scar, which gives the following section : — 
 
 Middleark Scar^ Little Fell. 
 
 Grit (top not seen) 
 
 Black shale 
 
 Gannister, with, irregular bas6 
 
 Soft-sandy grit 
 
 Harder grit (base not seen) 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 - 20 
 
 
 
 ■ 2 
 
 
 
 - 7 
 
 
 
 J. R. D. 
 
 (5.) Mallerstang Edge and the neighbouring part of Birkdale. 
 
 Before describing in detail the grits forming the rugged crags 
 of Mallerstang Edge we will give the general section and the 
 correlation established by comparison of these grits with those 
 of Wild Boar Fell,. Scunner Fell, and elsewhere. 
 
 The tighest rock seen on the top of the Fell at High Seat is 
 a san,datone with a thin limestone at its base. A little lower 
 there is another sandstone which is in places of a gannister-like 
 character. Belov)? the gannister come greenish grits and shales, 
 and then a Strong gannister-like grit, and probably more shale. 
 The shales are bluish and irony, and contain a thin fossiliferous 
 limestone with crinoids, Spirifer, and Prod actus. Below the 
 shales comes a group of several grits with shale partings and 
 coals. These form Mallerstang Edge, High Band, High Loven 
 Scar, Hanging Stone Scar, and Brant Crag. The lowest part of 
 this group is equivalent to the grit of the Nab, Black Bed 
 Yoadcbmb, and High White Crags, and the Band, on Wild 
 Boar Fell, and to the grit 6f Swarth Fell and Swarth Fell Pike 
 in Westmorland ; and to the grit of Knoutbeny Currack, Brian 
 Grain Edge, Shunner Fell Rake, Pickersett Edge, and Hearne 
 Edge on Great Shunner Fell ; and also to the grits of Jinglemea 
 and Broadmea Crags in Cotterdale, and probably to the grit of 
 Long Crags under Sails. We consider this rock as equivalent 
 also to the grit bf Water Crag and Rogan's Seat. This group of 
 grits we call B on the general table, p. 146. 
 
 Below it comes a thick shale, and then a thin but persistent 
 bed of calcareous sandstone (C), precisely as on Wild Boar Fell. 
 This forms the "Low Band on Mallerstang. It is often flaggy. 
 
 Below the underlying shale we have group (D) of grits. 
 This consists of' two beds close together, often forming two scars. 
 There is a coal on the top of the lower bed. This group, which 
 forms Low Loven Scar is the same as the lowest grits on Maller- 
 stang FeiU End. It is obviously the equivalent of the grits of 
 White Walls and Low White Sear on Wild Boar Fell, and of 
 the grits forming Coldbergh Edge. 
 
HO ' MILLSTONE GKIT. 
 
 Owing to the obscurity of the ground between the Ure and 
 Mallerstang Edge, we cannot directly make out the relation 
 of the group of grits (D) and the grits of Howgate Edge and 
 Ingleborough. There can, however, be little doubt that D 
 corresponds to the beds D' and D^ (in whole or in part) of the 
 Shunner Fell sections, which lie above the horizon of the 
 Howgate Edge grit. 
 
 Below the group D on Wild Boar Fell there is (as' stated 
 above) a quartzite or gannister-like grit. This is probably 
 identical with the similar grit of Lambfold, which itself is pro- 
 bably the equivalent of the lower part of the Howgate Edge or 
 Ingleborough grit. 
 
 We will now give some details about the Mallerstang beds. 
 Immediately north of the Sleddale and Dolphinsty fault we 
 have in Ked Gill an outcrop of group C as a faulted inlier con- 
 taining Cauda galli. At the foot of Slate Gutter there is a 
 good section of the shale just below group B. In these shales 
 there is a thin sandstone not far below B. The base of B runs 
 south-east from Red Gill to Brant Crag and thence to an 
 exposure of massive grit in Little Grain. The fault probably 
 runs just south of the Crag, but it is not actually seen. A bed 
 of grit occurs in the stream 200 yards below group B. This we 
 suppose to be on the south side of the fault. 
 
 Close to the fault on th^ west side of the Red Gill a bed of 
 flaggy grit occurs which is rather puzzling. It contains numerous 
 casts of Spirifer and Productus. From its position it would 
 seem to be a part of B ; but we do not know of any other place 
 where B is fossiliferoas. Perhaps there may be a branch fault 
 down north on the north side of the foasiliferous band, which 
 would then be the calcareous grit of group C. 
 
 In Red Gill 300 yards above the base of B we come to a 
 section in shale, above which is a grit with StigTnaria and a 
 gannister top. This bed forms a wide-spreading dip-slope to the 
 north ; but south of the gill can only be traced a short way. It 
 either dies out or coalesces with the grit of Brant Crag ; for the 
 first grit seen above that crag is on a still higher horizon. 
 
 On the horizon of the latter grit, due west of Hugh, Seat, 
 there is a curious bed consisting of a mass of rounded and 
 broken quartz-crj'stals. Above it there comes a thick bed of 
 shale, with a grit over it, probably as an outlier, on the sl6'pe of 
 Hugh Seat. In the shale at the head of Red Gill there is a seam 
 of coal ; and on the top of the grit forming High Loven Scar 
 there is also a coal. 
 
 The fault which breaks the Main Limestone at Wether Hill is 
 clearly to be traced through the grits of Mallerstang by a great 
 gash in the escarpment and by the shifting of the beds down 
 north. Its extension into Yorkshire is ver^ uncertain; but it 
 probably is a continuation of the Stockdale Vein. North of the 
 fault group B consists of five beds. The principal escarpment, 
 
MALLEKSTANG EDGE. 141 
 
 known as High Band, is formed of three grits on the top of 
 which there is a coal and underclay. Above the coal lie two 
 beds of grit, the lower of which can be traced. Over these grits 
 comes a thick shale, above which are the grits and limestone of 
 High Seat. A small fault, down on the south-west side, crosses 
 the County-Boundary at High Seat. Evidence of this fault is 
 got on the Yorkshire side in spar and slickensides at the head of 
 Brockholes Gill. 
 
 A bed of gannister also on the south side of the gill abuts 
 against shale. A fault on the same random is seen in Westmor- 
 land, but with an opposite downthrow. At 200 yards north of 
 High Seat a fault crosses with a downcast to the north-east, the 
 principal evidence for which is in Westmorland ; but signs of it 
 were also seen in Yorkshire in the grains of Brockholes Gill. 
 
 A third fault of more importance, with an upcast on the north- 
 east side, crosses the County-Boundary 450 yards north of the 
 previous fault. This fault is seen in Westmorland not far from 
 the boundary. In Yorkshire it seems to split into two. One 
 bi'anch bending south crosses Brockholes Gill at the foot of the 
 grains, where it brings shale on the west against the underlying 
 coarse grit on the east ; the other branch goiug straight on 
 crosses the gill at Brockholes. We could not trace any of these 
 faults far south of Brockholes Gill, for the ground between that 
 gill and Great Sleddale is very obscure ; the features are poor 
 and the ground much cumbered with detritus. 
 
 In Coal Gill, a branch of Little Sleddale, we have above the 
 Fell Top Limestone (p. 129) a carbonaceous sandstone with 
 gannister and coal. This obviously is the equivalent of the 
 blocky sandstone and gannister of Uldale and Doe Sike. The 
 coal and gannister probably have shale over them, but this 
 cannot actually be seen. A little higher up conglomerate and 
 white pebbly grit appear in both branches of Coal Gill ; and in 
 Great Coal Gill a coal a little above the conglomerate, and still 
 higher a great series of flags a good deal disturbed. 
 
 At the north end of Mallerstang Edge, called Fells End, two 
 of the beds of grit have been much quarried for flags and ashlar. 
 There are four beds of grit here beneath High Pike. The lowest 
 is hardly recognizable, being covered with debris, but its exist- 
 ence is well known from its having a coal-seam in connection 
 with it, which has been worked, and it forms a conspicuous 
 feature further south. 
 
 Two levels enter the hill lower down and east of the quarry- 
 tipa. A lower level runs up from Blue Gill on the Yorkshire 
 side and communicates with the others by shaft. The coal is 
 said to be 4 feet thick, of which 1 foot in the middle is onl3' 
 good for limeburning, and to lie on a grit which was not visible 
 here. From the coal to the top of High Pike it would seem 
 that the four beds here with the interlying shales make a thick- 
 ness of over 300 feet. This is not the top in this district, foi 
 below High Seat and west of it another sandstone wijfh interven • 
 
142 MlLLSTONW GKIT. 
 
 ing shales comes on, giving another 100 feet, and further beds 
 taking us' to the top df the hill make a total af about 700 feet. 
 
 The Fells End coal-seanf appeaTS to be continuous, or at any 
 rate visible at intervals, to the colliery at Outhgill. On the way 
 the grit which forms its " seat " grows in' thickness and impoi'- 
 tance and forms a well-marked scar. Half way between Fells 
 End and: Blea Combe Scar thei coal is exposed, and there it is 
 only 30 inches thick, with shale-partings. 
 
 Beds 2 and 3 of these grits, counting from the' base, are both 
 flaggy in character, and No. 3 contains in some places? bullions of 
 calliard, which no doubt would deteriorate it as a flag-rock. 
 This is the case about Trough Riggs, near the Colliery. No. 4 
 is much coarser and generally a conglomerate. A coal-smut 
 occurs on the top of it just abovfe the Blea Combe fault, south of 
 High Brae. 
 
 These crags run along with rugged parallelism and form a 
 picturesque bit of scenery, enhanced by the talus of huge fallen 
 blocks on the,. slopes beneath. With regard to this one striking 
 feature is observable in several places. The talus often does not 
 make a slope creeping up to the base of the rock from which it 
 is derived but forms a raised ridge at a little distance with a. 
 hollow between. At first this was not easy to explain, for the 
 ridge of rubbish forms an obvious trap for any falling fragments. 
 It seems probable though that in the winter when most of these 
 blocks are falling the hoUow between is filled up with unmelted 
 snow, over which the fragments slide until their progress is 
 arrested by preceding fragments at the lower edge of the snow, 
 or if their impetus is too great they may of course bound oa 
 beyond, still leaving the hollow side of the ridge unfilled save 
 by snow. This explanation seems plausible, but has not been 
 verified by personal observation in the winter. 
 
 The upper part of the series, above the five grits already 
 mentioned, is covered with rainwash and peat; it probably 
 consists mostly of shale, but at the top two grits are seen with 
 one little yellow and ochreous limestone, full of the stems of 
 crinoids, between them, 
 
 J. R. D., R. H. T. 
 
 (6.), Abbotside Common and Shunner Fell. 
 
 The first important feature above the Main Limestone is 
 that formed by the coarse grit of Long Scar and Howgate Edge 
 over the Buttertubs pass between Swaledale and Wensleydale. 
 This rock is of a marked lithological dharacter,. and forms so 
 prominent a feature that it can be traced over the whole extent 
 of the southern part of the map and identified from step to step 
 in various localities. It thus forms as a whole a. fixed datum- 
 linfe. The beds immediately above it can only be identified by a 
 careful comparison of adjacent sections. 
 
 But above these more obscure beds we have another fixed 
 line, namely, that given by the outcrop of the rock forming 
 
ABBOTSIDE COMMON AND SHUNNER FELL. 14S 
 
 Pickersett Edge. This rock can be clearly traced' all round 
 Great Shunner Fell, of which it forms the basis. Its base is 
 marked by the nearly unbroken features fcnown as Brian Grain 
 Edge, Shunner Fell Rakes, Picker'setfc Edge, Jinglemea, and 
 Broadmea Craj^s. Its extreme north-western point is marked 
 by Knoutberry Currack. 
 
 In the grains at the . hpad of , Grainy Gill xy^e find pebbly 
 gannister-like grit about 25 feet above tbe Ten-Fathom Grit and 
 about 25 feet higher a thick bed of coarse grit (p. 101). Above 
 the coarse grit we have shales with gannister and coal ; and 
 then a sandstone, which is not well seen, but which seems to 
 correspond with the grit of Whetstone Rigg. Tracing these beds 
 round the hill we find the pebbly gannister thickening out to 
 form Howgate Edge, while the overlying coarse grit with its. 
 coal forms a higher feature, the top of which runs by an adit- 
 level to the coal, Tirhic^i was once got here, and above the coal- 
 level, comes Hood Rigg formed by the rock of Whetstone 
 Rigg. The grit on Howgate Edge and its correlation with the 
 Ingleborough Grit has .been already jnentioned (p. 101). 
 
 It has a thin shale-band and a coal-seam in it near its base. 
 Its top is gannister, above which there is a coal, 1 foot thick. 
 The base of the next grit, namely, that which lies below the 
 workable coal mentioned above, i^ a little below the next water- 
 fall in Fossdale. "This bed is also a pebbly grit. Above it we have 
 shale and sandstone ; and over the shale the base of the Hood Rigg 
 grit is found at the next waterfall, on the 1,850 feet contour. 
 The grit cannot be traced continuously further westward. 
 
 In Hearne Beck the grits of Howgate Edge are very poor. 
 The upper bed seems to have thinned away entirely ; and the 
 lower one is only represented by rather coarse yellow flags, 
 below which occur black shales and fine-grained false-bedded 
 sandstone, forming a ■ waterfall, which probably correspond to 
 the Ten-Fathom Grit. 
 
 The Howgatfe Edge or Inglebdrough' Grits form a bold pro- 
 montory between Hearne Beck and Cotterdale, called Humesett. 
 The rock is a massive, pebbly, felspathic grit in two divisions, 
 formed by an interbed of shale containing a coal-seam. The 
 top of the upper division consists of gannister, a little above 
 whiph is a coal-seam. 
 
 The beds deteriorate rapidly north-westward, for in the 
 next gill beyond the Cotterdale Coal-pit, Long Gill, the grit of 
 Humesett Crag has dwindled to a tbin sandstone; and the 
 uppe:^ member is represented by a calliard-like sandstone. The 
 beds above this are not well seen, but appear to be principally 
 shale. Two beds of sandstone occur in the shale, one near the 
 top and the other near its base, not far above the calliard-like 
 top of the Ingleborough grit. In East Gill the Ingleborough 
 grit consists of two beds of pebbly grit ; and in the overlying 
 
144 MILLSTONE GRIT. 
 
 shale a bed of sandstone occupies a similar position to that 
 mentioned as occurring in Long Gill. 
 
 At the horizon of the Ingleborough grit in West Gill we have at 
 the base a, massive sandstone at Coal Force. This bed thins south, 
 as in the two next gills it is 8 and 4 feet thick. There is a coal 
 below it. Over the sandstone comes a thin bed of shale and 
 then pebbly grit in two beds. All these beds, namely, pebbly 
 grit, basal sandstone, and Crow Limesrone can be traced soutli 
 as far as How Mea gill, beyond which everything is obscure. 
 
 Sections now become nbiiormal and puzzling. In Scars Gill 
 above the Ten-Fathoin Grit we have a thick and massive bed 
 of hard gannister-like sandstone, which forms Lambfold and 
 Cross Gill Crags. Over the gannister there comes a shale and 
 then a pebbly grit with a thin coal. The grit itself is only 
 4 feet thick. The gannister is probably an abnormal develop- 
 ment of the hard sandstone of Coal Force in West Gill, and 
 perhaps represents the lower of the two Humesett grits. The 
 little pebbly grit seems to be all that remains of the upper part 
 of the Ingleborough grit. Over it we have a considerable thick- 
 ness of shale, and then sandstone and shale with a coal. 
 
 Northward the gannister becomes obscure, while the thin 
 pebbly grit is replaced by a false-bedded calliard-like sandstone. 
 This bed crops out in the two next gills and becomes, as we go 
 north, partly a compact sandstone and partly a coarse grit. 
 Over this there comes in Washer Gill a thick bed of shale and 
 then a coarse felspathic grit and gannister lying uuconformably 
 on the shale in a verj"- marked way. This bed we were not able 
 to trace. 
 
 The Ingleborough coarse grit cannot be traced north of the 
 Ure head-water, where it forms Hellgill Crags. The gannister 
 which forms the base of the Ingleborough grit cannot be traced 
 satisfactorily north of Washer Gill. In Birks Gill thin calliard 
 occupies about the same horizon : this bed was, however, not 
 seen in the Ure ; but a sandstone occurs there rather lower 
 down which may be the equivalent of the gannister, but the 
 ground betweea the two is too much rfrift-covered to allow of 
 the beds being traced. It seetns probable, however, from sections 
 in and near Stockdale and from general considerations that the 
 gannister in question is the gannister of Uldale Force (p. 127) 
 and that it is the equivalent ot the grit of Howgate Edge. 
 
 North of the head-water of the Ure thick masses of Drift 
 conceal the rocks : but the beds seem to rise in that direction, 
 so that we hypothetically take the base of the upper Ingle- 
 borough grit to where %. grit is seen on the County-Boundary, 
 and in Hell Gill, but eveiything is very uncertain. In Hell 
 Gill the beds run against the Sleddale fault, the further evidence 
 for which we give in our description of the Mallerstang district. 
 
 Following Scars Gill upstream to a bend where it has eaten 
 into the south bank, we find the following interesting section : — 
 
ABBOTSIDE COMMON AND HHb'XXKE FELL. 145 
 
 Scars QUI, Lunds. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Black shale - - . . . - 20 
 Pebbly grit - . . . . - 6 
 Shale - ... . 14 
 
 Grit 2 (+) 
 
 The last-named bed is the upper parfcion of the Lambfold 
 grit, which is thus seen to be overlain by a second bed of pebbly- 
 grit separated by shale; the upper pebbly grit, however, appears 
 to be inconstant and to wedge out horizontally.* In the over- 
 lying shales occur two thin coal-ssams, the lower being about 
 9 inches, the upper about 7 inches in thickness. 
 
 Overlying the beds just traced we have a thick mass of shale, 
 in the lower part of which there are several beds of sandstone ; 
 but on the Wensleydale side of Shunner Fell none of these are 
 well enough marked to allow of their being traced far. In the 
 north-west part of the district we have been able to trace two 
 of these beds for about a mile. The lowest of them is a flag- 
 stone, which is seen in Jingling Sike, the head-water of the 
 Ure, and in Washer Gill. It seems to coalesce northward with 
 a lower bsd of grit. The next bed is pebbly as well as flaggy. 
 Over it there comes a thick bed of pure shale. These shales 
 appear in all the gills descending from Great Shunner Fell, and 
 in such of those on Sails as give any section at all. Over 
 this shale comes the well-marked grit of Pickersett Edge. This 
 grit consists of several beds of sandstone separated by shale. 
 The lowest bed, which forms the edges mentioned above, is 
 generally a flagstone, as may be seen at Hearne Head. Here 
 we find the upper })art of the rock to be a coarse grit, with a 
 gannister-top. But these characters are not constant. The 
 westwaid extension of the bed towards Knoutberry Currack 
 seems to consist entirely of coarse felspathic grit. In drawing the 
 top of this bed round Great Shunner Fell we have been guided 
 partly by sections and partly by the shape of the ground. 
 
 The overlying bed is a very thick shale, which forms the 
 greater part of Shunner Fell. In it there are two thin bands 
 of fossiliferous limestone, which are to be seen near Shunner 
 Fell Well on the west side of the hill. In one of these Mr. Good- 
 child found a trilobite. (See also p. 160.) A tiny outlier of grit 
 forms the extreme top of Great Shunner Fell. 
 
 Sails is another outlier of the same beds as those which form 
 Shunner Fell. The Pickersett Grit is represented by twp massive 
 beds of grit, the lower of which is pebbly. Over these comes a 
 thick bed of shale, in which a thin calcareous band was seen in 
 one spoif near the head of Jingling Sike. The brow of the hill 
 is formed by a bed of grit over the shale, and the top by sand- 
 stone. On the north side of Shunner Fell we ha\e numerous. 
 ' sections similar to those on the south side, and here, ^oo, we 
 naturally find the sandstone-beds between the h; rizons of the 
 Howgate and Pickersett Edge Grits to become stronger and 
 more definite eastward. 
 
 J.R.D,, C.E.K 
 
 * It ix uncertain which of these two grits is the representative of the Ingleborough 
 Grit.— J. «. D. 
 
 o C38:.e. K 
 
146 
 
 MILLSTONE GBITi 
 
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MUKEB COllMOiSr. 147 
 
 (7.) Muker Cfjrnmon. 
 
 •On Muker Common the base of the lowest pebbly grit runs 
 at an elevation of between 1,500 and 1,860 feet, and shows no 
 sharp changes of level, excepting here atid there where it is 
 thrown by faults, among the chief of which we may mention 
 the Mnker Side vein and the Lover Gill vein. The first of 
 these throws the base of the Millstone Grit down on the east 
 side nearly to a level with the top of the Main Limestone on the 
 west side ; the second vein has a large downthfow Westwards. 
 
 Coming on above the lowest feature of the grit we have 
 usually another, or in some places, two others, composed of grit 
 of much the same massive pebbly character. The stream-seci- 
 tion in Lover Gill shows the parting between the two features 
 seen there to consist of a thin smut resting on a few feet of fire- 
 clay and cla3'ey flags. 
 
 Above these pebbly grits we have a coal resting on a fireclay 
 ■or gaimist'er. This no doubt represents the coal known further 
 north as the Tanhill seam. A section in the west bank of Lover 
 ■Gill shows the seam in two portions, as below : — 
 
 The Tanhill Coal in Lover Gill. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Coal - - - » - - -13 
 
 Gannister, &e. - - - - - -16 
 
 OoAL, mixed with shale - - . . . 10 
 
 Thirty yards on the east side of the sike another section shows 
 the parting cousiderably thicker, thus : — 
 
 Ft. Im. 
 Coal, thick ...... 
 
 Shale 8 
 
 Coal - - • - - ■■ - 8 
 
 On Muker Edge the seam has been worked in a sike at the 
 head of Greenseat Beck, and a little way on the north-west 
 side of hefe, and in another sike a little west of the Grains. 
 
 In the head of the sike that runs into CHff Beck by the 
 second "f " of " Cliff"' the beds that come on over the seaai con- 
 sist in the main of alternations of shale and flaggy sandstone. 
 Two of the, flagstone-bands contain carbonaceous streaks and 
 plant-remains and make small features under the peat. 
 
 The pebbly grit at Stags Fell is separated by shales into two 
 distinct beds, the outcrops of which form two picturesque and 
 wellrmarked escarpments of weathered jointed crag?. The entire 
 series from the base of the lower to the top of the upper bed 
 .attains a thickness of about 80 feet. On Bleak Haw about 45 
 feet of shales intervene between the top of the Ten-Fathom Grit 
 and the base of the pebbly grit ; following the latter northwards 
 to Turned Hill, we see it gradually overlap the shales, until it 
 rests directly on the Ten-Fathom Grit. The whole of these 
 beds are cut off on Willy Road End, and thrown down westward, 
 
 K 2 
 
148 .MILLSTONE GRIT. 
 
 by the Lover Gill fault. The fault from this point, as far south 
 as Thurly Gill, was formerly worked for lead-ore and blende. 
 The refuse-heap from the air-shaft near Willy Road End con- 
 tains numerous fragments of the Ten- Fathom Grit. 
 
 The moors between Oxnop Gill and Lovely Seat consist chiefly 
 of shales, which afibrding a retentive subsoil have allowed the 
 growth of extensive peat-bogs over them, such as the Giles Great 
 Stones Hags, Ruth Bog, White Beacon Ha,gs, Cogill Head Hags, 
 and Quarry Hags, , The pebbly grit circles round the Cogill 
 valley, forming an imposing escarpment at Black Bank, espe- 
 cially between the Shooting Box and Black Bank Top, at the 
 latter of which places it splits up into two beds. Between Quarry 
 Hags and Annasett Rigg a good bed of flags was formerly ex- 
 tensively quarried ; it crops out in Cogill Seave Bead ; above it 
 lie the following beds : — 
 
 Pt. Ins. 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 Lovely Seat. 
 
 Grit, rather pebbly, to the top of Lovely Seat (2,213 
 feet) - - - ... . about 
 
 Shale ------„ 
 
 Grit 
 
 Shale ------,, 
 
 Flags - , 
 
 Dark shale, with calcareous concretions - ,, 
 
 The outlier of Oxnop Common or Blackstone consists of a 
 basement-bed of pebbly grit, passing in its upper part occasion- 
 ally into gannister ; above this lies a thick bed of black and 
 grey shale with a coal-seam, which was formerly w orked, and is 
 stated to be 10 to 14 inches thick. This shale is overlain by a 
 compact fine-grained grit, which forms the summit of Black- 
 stone. A small outlier of pebbly Millstone Grit, known as Red 
 Braes, has been faulted down on the eastern slope of the fell, 
 and another measuring 160 yards from north to south by 60 in 
 breadth lies on its south side. 
 
 C. E. R., C. T. C. 
 
 (8.) Beldon and Crackpot Moor. 
 
 The Millstone Grit, which occupies the Fleak and Beldon 
 Bottom, has already been i-eferred to (p. 99); it reaches no 
 great thickness. 
 
 The outlier which forins Crackpot Moor consists tlioughout of 
 coarse and somewhat f elspathic pebbly grit. It forms two 
 features On the hill : the lower one is the natural base of the 
 outliet ; the higher one is seen most distinctly 30 or 40 yards 
 north of the Ordnance Station 1,772. It would seem as if the 
 parting between the two divisions cannot at most be more than 
 a few feet thick. There are quarries in the outlier, both near 
 the north-western and north-eastern portions. For an account 
 of the interesting chert-mass on the top see pp. 190, 191. 
 
 C. T. C. 
 
NINE STANDARlJS AND COLDBEUGH EDGE. 149 
 
 (9.) Nine Standards and Coldbergh Edge. 
 
 In the hillside below Coldbergh Edge we tind in ascending 
 order the Ten-Fathom Grit, on which lies a bed of chert, and 
 then shales with the Fell Top Limestones (p. 130). 
 
 Over the shales comes a bed of gannister or gannister-like 
 sandstone, then a thick bed of shale, on which lie the grits of 
 Coldbergh Edge. _ 
 
 The lowest bed" of Coldbergh Edge is a thin grit, 8 to 10 feet 
 thick, on which is a coal. Over the coal comes a bed of "shale, 
 and then flaggy grit, the pifincipal rock of the Edge. Thiu rock 
 in reality consists of several beds of grit, some of which are 
 coarse, and flags and gannister with shale-partings. The base 
 of the whole series is well marked all along Coldbergh Edge 
 from the County-Boundary to the head of Mould Gill, where 
 the underlying shale is well exposed. East of the gill tlie exact 
 position of the base is not quite clear. It is apparently faulted 
 down on the east side. The underlying shale, however, is seen 
 in Little CogiU, and over it there is a particularly clear section 
 of coarse felspathic false-bedded grit. The base appears again, 
 probably faulted up, in Gi-eat Cogill; and again in Cray GiU 
 where the rock is exactly like that in Little Cogill. But north 
 of Davy Mea Well a considerable thickness of local Till obscures 
 the ground, and the manner in which the bed ends off against 
 the fault there shown is problematical. 
 
 Though the grit of Coldbergh Edge can be well traced, its 
 base-line is broken in sevei'al places by small faults or slips. 
 The rock itself varies in character, consisting of irregular masses 
 of coarse grit and gannister, apparently deposited in the form of 
 banks nearly surrounded by shale. The top is therefore a 
 merely general line. The grit (generally coarse) can be traced 
 as far as Bastifell, where it is cut off by a fault and brought 
 against a bed of flagstone that occurs lower in the series, 'i'he 
 overlying shales are exposed in several places and at the very 
 heads of the gills a band of fiags over the shale. This band of 
 flags is succeeded by a steep bank, probably occupied by the 
 shale whiich appears immediately south of Nine Standards Rigg, 
 in the gill called Near Grains. The highest shales seen are 
 encrinital and are therefore considered to be the same as those 
 exposed in Lad Gill (p. 156). The shale is succeeded by the 
 rock which forms the Rigg. The lower part consists of flag- 
 stone, which has been quarried, and the upper of coarse grit. 
 
 About two miles south-east of Coldbergh Edge an outlier of 
 Millstone Grit forms that part of Abbotside Common called 
 Tarn Moss, in which lies Bitkdale Tarn. The northern boundary 
 is quite hidden by peat; but the southern is clear enoughfrom 
 Crook Seat on the west to Hill Top on the east. The most 
 complete section- is got east-south-east of the tarn, where • we 
 have in descending order gnarled grit, flags, shale with coal, 
 coarse grit on sandy shale. The flags have been extensively 
 quarried at the Hill Top quarry. 
 
 J. B. I). 
 
150 MIIXSTOXE GEIT. 
 
 (10.) Raven seat Moor. 
 
 In the outlier between West Stonesdale and WLitsun Dale the 
 base of the Millstone Grit varies much. About Kettlepot and 
 Brownber Edge' the typical basement-bed is entirely absent and 
 the Tanhill Coal has been adopted as the base-line. Eut at the 
 high end of the deep scar in Thomas Gill, West Stonesdale, just 
 v^here the coal ceases to be workable, a thin pebbly gannister 
 sets on. The Tanhill Coal in the gill rests on this bed; which 
 further south, while retaining' its gannister-top, develops down- 
 wards into the coarse grit exposed in the scar about the head 
 of Potshaw Gill. Still further south another change occurs, and 
 the coarse gtit either passes into, or is replaced by finely lami- 
 nated soft sandstone, which passes insensibly into the shales 
 beneath. This flaggy basement-bed continues ■ all along the 
 hillside above Eaven Seat, the little gills, such as Caveside, 
 Intake and Lodge Gills, affording clear section «< of it; In the 
 last-named the flags are clearly dying away again, for the coarse 
 grit rests on a small thickness of them, while a little further 
 north the coarse pebbly giit rests immediately on thfe shales of 
 the Yoredale Series. This last relation is well shown in. Graining 
 Scar, about a mile north of Raven Seat, where the base of the 
 Millstone Grit is thrown down abruptly several hundred feet. 
 
 It is noticeable, too, ithat the upper part of this basement-grit 
 is hard and polished, and so full of rootlets, as to lead us to 
 suppose that the Tanhill Coal rests immediately upon it. Fol- 
 lowing this grit southwai d, along the west side of the valley, 
 such proves to be the case, for the fragments of coal may be 
 followed from the head of Blea Gill for about a quarter of a mile 
 to the north-west on the top of Low Whitsundale Edge. The 
 grit below slowly thickens till Little Bitch Gill is reached, where 
 it attains its maximum development and is a coarse crumbly 
 felspathic grit with numerous small pebbles. Once more it is 
 gradually replaced by the fine flags and before turning round 
 towards Kettlepot there is very little of the giit left. 
 
 It may be seen from the above that where the sections are 
 good the Tanhill Coal is rarely, if ever, absent altogether ; but 
 it has been successfully mined quite at the nor{h-east end only 
 of the outlier, in the area marked on the One-Inch Map as 
 Kettlepot Colliery. There it was in former days extensively 
 worked and can consequently be easily followed' from the 
 County- Boundary to the head of Deep Gill. According to an 
 old miner the seam was 18 inches thick. In one of the grains 
 of Deep Gill there is no sandstone or "seat" of any kind con- 
 nected with the coiil, the basement-grit being entirely absent, 
 and in another there is only a very thin bed of sandstone. 
 
 The flaggy grits above the Tanhill Coal, which are so well 
 developed about Tanhill, make a bold scarp round Kettlepot Side 
 as far as the most southerly coal- workings, South of the faults 
 they occasionally occur in' massive wedges, such as form the 
 sharply marked hill of Robert's Seat. Clf>se to the great fault 
 
EAVENSEAT MOOK. 151 
 
 ?iT3QV§ .Raven Seat, they terrace both sides of the valley, and 
 have been quarried just below Alderson Seat, where they show 
 the usual coarse-grained flaggy charact/er. Further north they 
 seem to be lost in the general slope of the hill, which must here 
 cfljpjtain an unusually large proportion of grit. 
 
 On Alderson Seat we have a much higher bed of strong 
 grit, but as it has ho distinguishing' features it is not possible to 
 say certainly whether it is below or above the " Fossil Grit." Most 
 pirobably it is below. It is interesting on account of the fine 
 examples which it presents of roches mowtonniea. The ice-sheet 
 evidently came' from the west-soiith-west and rode right over this 
 hill. 
 _'The highest rocks, of which the horizon can be exactly fixed, 
 ocpur between the two faults north of Raven Seat. Standing 
 at the base of fhe waterfall we see the valley suddenly blocked 
 by ^a ^ugS; wall of flaggy grits and shales. The highest grits 
 arQ fbssiliferous and contain casts of encrinites in abundance ; 
 towards tlie top they are shaly and occasionally show the 
 ih'afkings known as Cauda galli. These clearly correspond to 
 the "Fossil-Grit" seen at the foot of Water Crag (pp. 156, 157). 
 The beds above and below them form bare scars, of which the 
 following is an approximate section :. — 
 
 WaterfaU north of Raven Seat. ' 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 G-annilster-grit, with rootlets -~] f 20- 
 
 Hard coal - - - I Grits ofWater Crag) 4 
 
 Shale and coal - - - f and Baugh Fell Top | 2 
 
 Coarse grit - - -J L 20 
 
 Shale " - ' - - ■ -■ . - - . 30. 0- 
 Small gannister - -'- - - -30 
 
 ■ Shale - ■ 20. 
 
 FoBsiliferoiiB flags - - 1 . r 20 
 
 Shale - - - -r "Fossil Grit" -^20 
 
 Sandstone, rather fine - -J- [50 
 
 ■ Shale - - - - - 25 
 
 Shales and flags - - - - - - 36 
 
 Grit - - - . - - - 30 
 Flags and grits, top of the Tanhill Flags, to base of the 
 great fall. 
 
 9n the north side of the second fault the beds are thrown up,, 
 ^d a little calcareous nodular bed which lies some way below 
 'the " Fossil^Grit," appears in^ the stream. A rapid rise in the 
 \)qAs ifi the north soon brings out the great mass of coarse flags 
 which' .form th^ great spread towards the County- Boundary. 
 At East Gill Head, two miles east of .the waterfall, we find an 
 '■sdtiDuost identical section. 
 \ • G. B. 
 
 (11.) Water Crag, Rogan's Seat, and Tan Hill. 
 
 This area is nearly confined to the fell-tops and therefore 
 contains but few good stream-sections. It is too, for the most 
 
152 MILLSTONE GBIT. 
 
 part, overspread by a thick covering of peat, which increases the 
 difficulty of tracing out small details. The sandstones or grits 
 are often extremely false-bedded and liable to very sudden vari- 
 ations iu thickness and occurrence. Still they may be said to 
 usually form four chief beds, the united thickness of which, 
 however,, falls short of that of the shaly portion of the series. 
 The lowest grit is usually a coarse massive rock with many 
 pebbles of quartz and felspar. The felspar is generally in a 
 decomposing kaolinised conditiou, but occasionally scill hard 
 and with cleavage-faces visible. The rock is often soft and 
 crumbly even to the fingers, owing perhaps to the rapid decom- 
 position of the felspathic constituents, and the scars weather in 
 somewhat rounded pillowy blocks. This character is common 
 to the same grit in other parts of this district. At its maximum 
 development this lowest grit probably reaches nearly 100 feet 
 in thickness, but in such cases it is usually divisible into two 
 parts by a thin shale and coal-parting. This is well seen in the 
 clear section of the base of the Millstone Grit about Great 
 Punchard Head. 
 
 Oreat Punchard Hiad. 
 
 Tanliill Coal 
 Coarse pebbly grit 
 rireolay and coal-smut 
 Coarse pebbly grit 
 Yoredale Kooks 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 To the north these grits rapidly die out and appear in the fine 
 escarpment facing Bowes Moor only as little wedges of a flaggy 
 nature, but to the south and overlooking Swaledale they continue 
 to form a sharply marked feature, for some distance. A similar 
 thin coaly parting occurs in Hind Hole Beck, where it gives the 
 grit on the south-east side of the beck a double feature. The 
 basement-grit is clearly shown in Gunnerside Beck Head, to the 
 south side of the Blakethwaite vein, both in the stream and the 
 scars: But it changes in development frequently and suddenly, 
 and in some cases becomes so thin, as scarcely to make a feature. 
 This is the case on the fellside south of Hall Moor and east of 
 Hind Hole, though in Hind Hole itself, only a quarter of a mile 
 away, it is very thick. On the above fellside it appears in situ, 
 or nearly so, in various places, but with a thickness of not much 
 ■over 12 feet. In the west bank of East Gill the thickness is 
 10 or 12 feet. This thickness it keeps for some distance to the 
 south-weit, but it is no longer always coarse-grained and pebbly 
 throughout, as it also contains bands of fine-grained hard sand- 
 stone and shale. 
 
 On the south-east side of Black Moor it suddenly gets thicker 
 (perhaps in the first instance by the incoming of a lower bed pf 
 grit), and ' forms a strong scar of pebbly grit, one of the blocks 
 in which measures 10 feet in length. At the south end of 
 
TANHILL COAL. 153 
 
 Black Moor and for a quarter of a mile to the north-east it 
 continues to make a great show and then suddenly thios north- 
 wards. In the slip-head, north-west of Black Moor, there is 
 nothing found to represent it below the fireclay, some 5 feet 
 thick, which underlies the Tanhill Coal. At the head of the 
 sike by Low Brown Hill this fireclay contains a good many 
 quartz -pebbles, but there is still no true grit seen below it. 
 
 The pebbly grit must, however, be in place close by for there 
 are a good number of blocks of it on the north side of a landslip 
 at the gill-head, and a still larger slipped mass 110 yards to the 
 south east. In a runner 80 yards south-east of the quarries 
 between Lad Gill and Low Brown Hill the grit is seen in place, 
 with its usual pebbly character, but it makes no feature and is 
 probably very thin. There is clearly no pebbly grit above the 
 great Low Level, but a few yards further north a thin though 
 sharply-defined gannister-bed sets on. Like the normal pebbly 
 grit it is full of pebbles, but the matrix is extremely hard and 
 compact. A small outlier of this rock occurs at Drover.s Hole 
 where the County-Boundary crosses the high road, but nothing 
 more is seen of it in the many clear sections to the east of 
 Tanhill excepting a small wedge in William Gill. 
 
 Tanhill Goal. 
 
 Lying close above and sometimes directly on the pebbly or 
 basal grit is usually a seam of coal, known as the Tanhill Coal. 
 About Tanhill its outcrop is clearly shown by the numerous 
 levels and pits driven in it. About Mirk Fell Head it comes 
 into sight in numerous small sikes, its outcrop being repeated in 
 one place by a small fault On the face and flanks of Mirk 
 Fell several trials and two small shafts show that the seam has 
 dei^enerated to little more than a smut. A very sharp roll over 
 of the beds, to the north of the high road, brings on the coal 
 again in Mirk Fell Gill, on both hanks of which it appears some 
 200 yards below the Bridge. It has never been tried in this 
 area, indeed its rapid northerly dip renders the working of it 
 impossible without much pumping, even supposing the seam to 
 be of good quality. Returning to the east side of Mirk Fell 
 some pits put down recently showed only a smut of coal. Some 
 distance to the south in a small branch of William Gill, a level 
 driven on the outcrop of the coal, proves it to range from 1\ feet 
 to sometimes as much as 4 feet, but the average is about 2 feet. 
 In William Gill and on the east side frequent sections in little 
 runners show that the coal rapidly deteriorates in a northerly 
 direction. A shaft between Great and Little Scolit reached it at 
 a depth of 68 feet, but it was loo thin to work, and at Annaside 
 Head a level was driven into the outcrop, but the seam proved 
 to be of no value. All along the face of the scarp looking into 
 Arkendale, sections of the seam are frequent, and as we approach 
 Punchard Head we find the seam splitting into three parts, the 
 section at Roe Beck Head being as below : — 
 
154 MILLSTONE GIUT. 
 
 Roe Beck Head. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 fCoal - - - - 2 
 
 , . 1 Shale - - . - - . e, a 
 
 . Tanhill Goal <! Coal - - - - - . 2 
 
 I Shiale - - - - - 5 
 
 l^Coal smut ... - 3 
 
 The coal seems to be impure here, but a little- ftirther south 
 from a considerable number of old pits some good; coal was 
 obtained. The level at Punchard Head also: shows tjie seam in 
 three parts, each of which may be seen in the stream. A little 
 south of this a large fault throws up the seam, and there is no 
 trace of it for some distalhce. , Three borings were put down 
 towards the higher part of . Great Puncljard He^^d, but in none 
 of them dc;es the coal seem to be of anyvalue, j 
 
 Proceeding in a southerly direction fr0m Tanhill into Stones- 
 dale, where the coal has been exterisively worked, we find tbe 
 seam resting on a thin bed of, pebbly gauriister, which has a 
 clear outcrop betweeA Tun GilL 'and Mouli.Gill (north of Lftd 
 Gill). Further south the gannister is often replaced ' by a doft 
 underclay, and the exact '.position is not so clear. As we 
 approach Lad Gill the seam appears to thin away, for a small 
 level, driven in the bank just above the stream, showed it to be 
 much split up, and quite useless. 
 
 Further , sputh at Mould Gill Head .we see 8 iiiche? of coal 
 but not th,e top. Abput,a quarter of, a mile,, south-south-east of 
 Jiere it is abput-2 feet thick: but much, mixed with shale.. On 
 tt^e, -v^est side of iEast Gill it crops out in two places. A section 
 in the long gike south-east of . Hind Hole Beck shows 14 inches 
 of coal, mixed with shale, regtingvon fireclay ; but the top is not 
 Peen. ,, 
 
 At Gunnerside Beck Head it was formerly worked, to a small 
 extent,, by shafts and levels, on both sides, of the Blakethwaite 
 vein"; but its thjpkness does, not seem to be now known. , 
 
 It may be inferred from, the aboye facts, that the workable 
 coaJ is restricted to a small area bouuded to the north by a line 
 drawn through Tan Hill through William Gill Level. A parallel 
 line drawn from Lad Gill . in Stonesdale to the head of Gunner- 
 side Peck seems to indicate roughly its southern liujit. To the 
 ea^t about. Punehard. Head it is very uncertain, parts being 
 fairly good and tben -.turning worthless witliin a few yards. 
 IJoubtless there would be ; some poor coal within the^ area here 
 indicated, but there, seems to be none of any value outside it. 
 The '^illiajm, Gill Level ^could proceed no further owing to water, 
 so that there must still be a large area of probably good coal in 
 the neighbourhood of Water Crag whicji may be some day 
 reached by a rise from the great Gunnerside Level, that is i£ it 
 should ever,bfi thought worth the expense. The small patch of 
 coal in the Bowes Royalty, known as the King's Pit, has been 
 practicnlly worked out, but there is a deal of coal to be won yet 
 from the great level in Stonesdale. 
 
TANHILL GOAL. 155 
 
 The coal itself varies much in quality, but it always contains 
 a considerable amount of ash. That won from the William GUI 
 pit burns with an intense white heat, indeed few coals give out 
 so much, but as it is very " small " and will not coke, it requires 
 care in burning. About Tan Hill some of the. coal easily cokes 
 and is then a fairly good fuel, but not so hot as that of William 
 Gill. 
 
 It is difficult now to realise what an important seam this 
 once was, but when it is stated that people came with carts for 
 coal from Appleby, Penrith, Kirkby Stephen, Bowes, and HaWea, 
 we understand why there are so many old shafts sunk to this 
 seam, A curious illustration of the great age of some of these 
 workings was given some short time back when the workmen, 
 in " holing " into some old levels, found a pick cut out of wood, 
 the points only being tipped with iron ; a relic evidently of the 
 days when iron was a scarce commodity. 
 
 Overlying the Tanhill coal and separated from it by a varying 
 thickness of shales there is usually a thick bed of flaggy grits 
 sometimes coarse sometimes finer. These form the most massive 
 rocks in the district and make a fine show close to the little inn. 
 Their massive nature is doubtless partly due to false^bedded 
 wedges, but the coarse flags have the look also of having been 
 cemented together by a deposit of silica. Very fine examples of 
 ice-roiinding are to be seen in them at Tan Hill. 
 
 Along the northern scarp-face, overlooking Bowes Moor, the 
 
 . coarse flaggy character is maintained, and many openings have 
 
 been made for road-metal. A worse material could not well be 
 
 &Und, for it crushes to powder within a few weeks of being 
 
 laid down. 
 
 About William Gill Head the beds are finer, almost sandy 
 shales, but there is little true shale here. ' The old Coal -road 
 along Annaside Edge is made on typical coarse flags, which here 
 form a bold feature. At Great Puuchard Head again the whole 
 series is finer in grain, as the stream-section clearly shows. A 
 boring was put down here just about the 2,000-foot contour 
 and passed through the following beds : — 
 
 : Boring for the Tanhill Coal, at Great Punchard Head. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Peat and soil 
 Brown metal (shale) 
 Grey metal 
 • Grey post (sandstone) 
 Grey metal 
 Post 
 
 Dark metal 
 Grey metal 
 Post 
 Tanhill Coal (shale and coal) 
 
 This shows the shaly nature of the greater part of the series 
 for a distance of nearly 200 feet above the Tanhill Coal ; but at 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 193 
 
 
 
156 MILLSTOjNE guit. 
 
 the same time it should be said that part of the metal is very 
 s;indy, perhaps strictly shaly flags. 
 
 Going in a southerly direction from Tan Hill down Stonesdale 
 the old dale-road passes for a considerable distance along the 
 flaggy grits, numerous small openings being a'so made here for 
 Toad-metal. In Lad Gill Quarry three-quarters of a mile north- 
 east of Stonesdale Bridge, and in Frith Quarry further south, 
 good typical sections occur. On either side ot East Gill they 
 make a fine show, great landslips o'ten occurring at their 
 junction with the more shaly beds below. In some places there 
 are between the third and basement-grits two separate sand- 
 stone features, the rocks foraiing which itiay vary in character 
 considerably. Sometimes we have excessively even bedded fine- 
 grained flags, as at the south forking at East Gill Head, but 
 more usually coarse-grained submassive flags. In Hind Hole 
 Beck the upper bed makes a strong feature and contains some 
 fairly large quartz-pebbles ; the lower bed, consisting of fine- 
 grained, flags mixed with shale, makes no distinct feature. 
 Round the head of Gnnnerside Beck the second grit has a 
 strongly marked outcrop, but on the west side it is mostly 
 covered with peat. 
 
 In Lad CJii], West Stonesdale, there is an unusually fine 
 section of tlie Millstone Grit series. Some distance above the 
 first grrat scars of grit lies a succession of grits and shales, 
 above which, just where Seavy Sike (the first branch-gill) joins 
 Lad Gill, is a small coal-seam some 4 inches thicl?, which may 
 be followed in the banks of the stream for some distance down. 
 Then, still ascending, we come to more flags and shales, till we 
 reach the next branch of the gill. Here a calcareous nodular 
 bed crops out and may be traced some distance. In clear 
 sections it can generally be recognised, and therefore forms a 
 useful horizon. For example, when the beds roll sharply over 
 to the north on Bowes Moor, this same calcareous bed is seen at 
 the junction of Mirk Fell Gill and the next gill west, and serves 
 to show how rapidly the be'ls fall over to the great fault. 
 
 Above the calcareous band there lie some 50 feet of dark 
 shales, crowded in places with fragments of a small-stemmed 
 encrinite. These shales fonn quite a characteristic feature of 
 the bed of the gill for a great distance east, for the be;'s rise at 
 about the same rate as the stream. Above the shales, but much 
 obscui-ed here by peat, comes the " Fossil-Grit," forming with 
 the underlying shales an undoubtedly niarine group. In a sike 
 on the east side of the head of Gunnerside Beck, there is a 
 sandstone with casts of fossils seen a little way below the 
 feature taken for the " Fossil-Grit." This grit usually consists 
 of rubbly flags of somewhat coarse grain and marked with 
 numerous small spots of ochre. Casts of Spirifers, Crinoids, &c. 
 are very frequent, and occasionally the ' original calcite is still 
 observable. Sniall carbonaceous streaks and plant-remains also 
 occur. There is a good section of it on the east side of Rogan's 
 Seat near the 2,000-foot contour, also in the feature below the 
 
STONESDALli. 157 
 
 Long Rigg (East Stonesdale), and again at Great Punchar.l 
 Head, a little below the 2,000-foot contour. At East Gill Head 
 it consists of a soft calcareous sandstone, underlying flags, and 
 contains flags only rarely. The base of the " Fossil-Grit " at 
 Punchard is about 50 feet above the borehole mentioned on 
 p. 155, so that we can tell the exact thickness of the beds 
 between the Tanhill Coal and this grit ; it is in fact vpry nearly 
 250 feet. The " Fossil Grit " really consists of two beds here, 
 the lower one only yielding fossils so far as we could see. Both 
 features are continued along the front of the great hill facing 
 Bowes Moor, but just under Water Crag they combine, perhaps 
 through the shale-parting dying away, and we have the whole 
 marine group in one sharply defined hill ; at the base of which, 
 some 250 yards south of William Gill Colliery, runs the little 
 calcareous nodular bed. Further west the whole group is 
 obscured by a great sheet of peat, here of unusual thickness. 
 
 In the shale above the " Fossil-Grit " by the Long Rigg, about 
 a third of a inile slightly south of east of East Gill Head, a thin 
 sandstone-band runs like an intrusive dyke, with shale on either 
 hand. Its sides do not appear to be faults. Perhaps it repre- 
 sents a contemporaneous hollow that was subsequently filled 
 with sand. 
 
 In East Gill, above East Gill Head, a blocky gannister with 
 shale above and below it, but no coal with it, comes on some 
 way above the " Fosiil-Grit." This same gannister appears also 
 south of Lad Gill (Stonesdale), wiiere its very clear outcrop 
 serves to niarlc sharply the position of a fault. Both branches 
 of the Water Crag fault are equally well shown by this same 
 bed at the head of Great Punchard Gill. 
 
 The highest grit is generally a thick massive rock, often with 
 big pebbles of quartz. It differs from the lowest grit in being 
 harder or less crumbly, owing perhaps to the comparative rarity 
 of felspai-. There is a good section of it in the stream above 
 East Gill Head. Here it is compound ; the bottom part is rather 
 flaggy below and contains carbonaceous streaks, but upwards.. 
 gets massive and pebbly, and contains casts of large trees. The 
 middle part is a thin shale with a coal-serim about a foot thick ; 
 the upper part is a strong gannister, full of rootlets and occa- 
 sionally of small pebbles. This soft band in the grit causes it 
 to weather in two features, and the lower one often stretches a 
 long way beyond the upper. This is seen at East Gill Head, 
 .where the lower grit extends half a mile west of the upper. 
 The outlier on which the Ordnance Mark 1855 is placed consists 
 of the lower bed only. Both grits are extremely well shown in 
 Water Crag, the gannister being hard and full of rootlets, tlie 
 lower forming a long line of massive blocks. A double feature 
 runs round the top of Rogan's Seat also. To the north-east at 
 the hea'l of Gunnprside Beck there is a good section in the part 
 of . the stream railed the Straits ; the upi)er part is here fine- 
 grained, false-bedded, and flaggy ; below this comes a false-bedded 
 pebbly portion lying on a coal a few inches thick, and below 
 
1j8 millstone GKIT. 
 
 this again a thin gannister and flags. Good hill-side exposures 
 occur in the Loag-Kigg on the east side of East Gill Head', and 
 in a crag, called Little' Water Crag, one eighth of a mile south* 
 ;wtest of the " G " of Great Punchard Headi 
 
 On the hill one third of a mile south of Water Crag- a bed of 
 fine flagstolies overlies a thick shale •witli ironstone and some 
 few calcareous nodules. Near the base of the shale there are 
 various thin coals and thick gannisters or fireclays. About 1 20 
 yards up the ^sike*, between Long Rigg and Wham Bottom, 
 various thin irregular sheets and dyke-like ribs of harder rock 
 occur in the fireclay ; they are perhaps due to infiltration along 
 cracks or joints. About 120 yards below the junction of this 
 sike wich another there is a thin calcareous sandstone in which 
 an occasional' crinoid fragment has been found. All the above 
 beds are higher in the series than the highest grit, and are 
 preserved here owing to their having been let down between the 
 two east and west faults that bound Water Crag and Rogan's 
 Seat. They are the highest beds seen on the north side of the 
 Swale. 
 
 C.T.O., G;B. 
 
 (12.) Between Gunnerside Beck and the Swale. 
 
 No less than four outliers of Millstone Grit come under this de- 
 scription. The north and south boundaries of the northern patch 
 ■are by no means of certain character and position, the fell-top 
 being covered by thick peat and occasional Boulder Clay 
 beneath it which obscure geological details. The northern 
 boundary we suppose to be formed by the faults described on 
 p. 172; the southern boundary is generally a natural one. It 
 is separated by at most only a little distance from the northern 
 edge of the next outlier, and possibly may in places run up to 
 it and form a connection between the areas. 
 
 The next outlier to the south is bounded on the north by the 
 Hurrace Vein and on the south by the West Arngill Vein which 
 have downthrows in opposite directions, south and north respec- 
 tively. 
 
 The separation of the two most southerly outliers is chiefly 
 due to the South Arngill Vein, which throws down to the north 
 again. 
 
 The three most southerly outliers are all formed of the thick 
 pebbly grit usually found at the base of the Millstone Grit. 
 There is a good section in it in the sike at the head of Ivelet 
 Beck, from the letter " G " of " Gunnersid,e Pasture " northwards ; 
 the general dip in the sike is south and not far from the same 
 angle as the hill-slope, so that there need be no great thickness 
 of the bed, in spite of the different elevations of the north and 
 south parts. 
 
 In the m6st northerly outlier the pebbly grit at the base is 
 seen in the east and west sike by Swinnergill Mines, and in a 
 scar on the north side of this sike, to be divided into two 
 
SUKBENDEE MOSS AND GREAT PINSEAT. 159 
 
 popbions by a parting of shale and coal ; the parting though very 
 iihim is still enough to cause a feature on the hill. » 
 
 ' Above this grit there is in a sike at the head of the east and 
 west gill south of Lowna,thwaite Mines, about 200 yards nearly 
 due east of the grit-base in the gill, a coal at least 16 inches 
 thick, with an apparent high dip to the' south-west. This no 
 doubt represents the Tanhill coal, or part of it. We add part of 
 iti for a little further west in the same sike another seam lies 
 directly on the grit with 3 feet of fireclay above it; and there 
 are indications of another coal, perhaps that of the high dip 
 coming on above the fireclay. 
 
 Ninety yards south-south-east of Lownathwaite High Whim, 
 by the " L " of " Lownathwaite," there is an old level, which is 
 possibly in the coal.: A good deal of coal was at one time got 
 out of the High Whim, but this is said to have been from the 
 seam at the base of the pebbly grit. 
 
 In the east and west sike by Swinnergill Mines a fireclay 
 appears just sver the pebbly grits, but the section is obscure 
 and does not show whether there is any coal or not. A little 
 above this a feature is formed by coarse-grained flftggj^ sand- 
 stone which can be traced a little distance southwards towards 
 the -dam on the fell-top. Three hundred yards north-east of the 
 4ara there is a bare feature of much the same kind of rock and 
 probably belonging to the same bed. i 
 
 C. T. C. 
 
 (13.) Surrender Moss and Great. Pinseat. 
 
 The fairly large outlier of Millstone Grit on Surrender Moss 
 has a roughly triangular shape. Of the portion included in this 
 map the western part of the north boundary is the well-known 
 Priarfold Vein. When this meets Greygame Vein, it is said to 
 follow the latter for some distance and so ceases to bound the 
 Millstone Grit. The boundary seems, however, to be a small 
 vein, forming a prolongation of the large one, for some 200 or 
 300 yards further east, after which the grit has certainly a 
 natural outcrop. 
 
 The southern or south-western boundary is practically a 
 natural one formed by a bold scar of the basal pebbly grit. 
 'This rock is here peculiarly massive ; it contains the usual 
 number of pebbles and is decidedly felspathic. A noticeable 
 feature is the number of Tnoutov/nee faces which it presents. 
 It was proved to be 85 feet thick in the Fourth Whim.* At 
 the top of this shaft the Tanhill Coal reposes on the pebbly grit, 
 and is said to be 2 feet 6 inches thick, but it may not be all 
 present here ; a little further east it is shaly, but uniformly 
 about 4 feet thick. The position of this coal is not plain on the 
 -west side of the hill, but there is a feature showing here and 
 
 * Two different shafts have been called the Fourth Whim ; oddly enough both 
 commence on the Tanhill Coal. The one here referred to is the Surrender Shaft. 
 
160 MILLSTONE GEIX. 
 
 there tlirough the peat which is composed of flaggy sandstones, 
 and which must overlie the coal and represent the bed which 
 comes between the basement-grit and the " Fossil Grit," or at 
 least a portion of it. 
 
 The highest beds in the hill probably occur in a small round 
 outlier a quarter of a mile south of the " M " of " Surrender Mine." 
 They are exposed, in a small quarry and consist of flagstones 
 lying over shale. The flags and shales above the Tanhill Coal 
 are also seen in two little gills close to the east edge of the map. 
 
 Though there are no pits actually in this area the workings 
 to the east probably extend into it underground. These beds are 
 brought down by the Greygame Vein, which has a considerable 
 downthrow to the east. 
 
 The small outlier of Great Pinseat consists entirely of the 
 pebbly basement-grit. The rock is exposed in two quarries, one 
 on the west side of the outlier, just south of the Arkendale 
 boundary, the other on the east, close to Wetshaw Head Stone. 
 The outlier seems to be bounded on three sides by faults. The 
 most uortherly, which has lately been proved in the Danby Level 
 working, gives the grit on this side a peculiarly sharp straight 
 edge. In working along this a small branch-vein was en- 
 countered, which, on being copied from the plan, we found to 
 coincide very closely with part of the west edge of the grit. 
 Its throw, however, was only a few feet. Ou the south side 
 there is a little ambiguity „because though at the -surface the 
 bounding fault is entirely on the Surrender side, it is not so in 
 the Main Limestone. In consequence this fault has lately been 
 proved on the Danby side where it has a throw of 36 feet down 
 north, and followed to the boundary ; it was long ago proved on 
 the Surrender side probably as the " Far North," and from 
 Moulds Low Level it was known as " Black Jock." Its excep- 
 tionally great hade made it difiicult at first to recognise at the 
 surface. 
 
 C.T.C., G.B. 
 
 The following marine fossils have been obtained from the Mill- 
 stone Grit of Shunner Fell: — Ghonetes, Linrjula, Orthis resv/pi- 
 nata, Productus, Bhynchonella pleurodon, Phil., Spirifera, 
 Sti eptorhynchv,s crinistria, Phil., and Orthoceras. 
 
161 
 
 CHAPTER Xn. 
 
 PERMIAN AND TRIASSIC ROCKS. 
 Permian. _ 
 
 These rocks represent the next chapter after the Carboni- 
 ferous in earth-history. Before they were formed those of the 
 Carboniferous system underwent much gentle crumpling, fault- 
 ing, and general disturbance, and great portions of them were 
 removied, so that Permian beds rest unconformably on various 
 members of the Carboniferous series. Besides this, ia this 
 neighbourhood different portions of the Red Rocks are over- 
 lapped by others, so that that member which forms the base at 
 one point, thins out or dies off, and another, which overlies it, 
 rests on the Carboniferous rocks at another point. This is a 
 consequence of the irregular surface on which they have been 
 laid. Both of these phenomena point to considerable physical 
 changes going on before and during the time of deposit. 
 
 The Permian rocks are more highly developed and show a 
 much greater thickness, and cover a greater breadth of country 
 in the lower course of the Eden than here, where we only get 
 the southern apex of the area. The rocks of this age visible in 
 this map consist principally of brockram (a local name for a 
 breccia of fragments of limestone in a calcareous or sandy 
 matrix). They lie over an area of irregular form representing 
 a rude triangle, at the northern edge of the map, with Crosby 
 Garrett, Nateby, and Whingill near the extreme corners. They 
 form a synclinal fold dipping towards the Eden near Kirkby 
 Stephen. 
 
 On the west these rocks are first seen at. Crossby Garrett 
 Church Hill. The Church itself stands on Carboniferous 
 Limestone, and the graveyard is partly on that and partly on 
 red shale and sandstone beneath. These give the steep feature, 
 or scarp, which runs round the south side of the graveyard, 
 and are seen in the steep ascent of Church Lane. The brockram 
 occurs a little higher up, but is not very well shown. 
 
 Yellow and red brockram and red sandstone dip gently to 
 the north-east in or close to the stream at Benbow Wood. Car- 
 boniferous rocks show up in the fields west "of a line from 
 here to Crosby Garrett Church, but not to the east of it, and the 
 pi®8(jpiption is that Permian rocks occupy the drift-covered 
 area. A little outlier forms a conspicuous mound in a square 
 field north of the railway and north-west of Smardale Hall. 
 It rests upon a yellow dolomitised Carboniferous limestone. 
 Brockram occurs also in the field immediately east of Smar- 
 dale Mill. 
 
 North and east of this there is a series of exposures of Car- 
 boniferous limestones, sandstones, and shales forming an inlet 
 o 638S6. !< 
 
162 PEBMIAN BOCKS. 
 
 into the Permian area. The next prominent exposure of breccia 
 or brockram is in a railway-cutting half a mile north-east of 
 Smardale Station, where the beds are well seen. They have 
 apparently been deposited in a hoUow, and dip at an angle 
 of about 20° towards the Carboniferous rocks against which 
 they rest towards the east. 
 
 In a lane to the north near " Stripes " there appears to be an 
 exposure of yellow brockram. Brockram is also shown beneath 
 Drift in the railway-cutting north of Waitby Level-Crossing. 
 In the lane between this and Waitby red brockram crops out 
 for some distance, but does not cross the Tebay branch-railway 
 until it gets to Kirkby Stephen Lower Station. There is a 
 heavy spread of Drift to the noi"th-east of the line here, but 
 between the station-bridge and Stenkrith Bridge brockram 
 is exposed with a dip to the north-north-east. From this point 
 to Thring Gill and near Wharton Hall sections in the brockram 
 are frequent, both along the river and on both sides of it. 
 
 The most southerly patch is intersected by Thring Gill near 
 its junction with the Eden. It is thrown down by a fault 
 ranging north-north-west, and lies upon Carboniferous lime- 
 stone. Another patch lies west of this fault at the next bend 
 of the river, and a third, on the west side 6f the river, extends 
 west of the footpath to Wharton Hall. The junction is well 
 seen. The main mass of the brockram shows its base well in 
 the little brow of the road from Thring Gill to Nateby, and 
 above the right bank of Thring Gill and of the Eden below its 
 junction with the gill. The base crosses the Eden immediately 
 west of Nateby. 
 
 From this point downstream is a fine exposure of brockram, 
 and in its course the stream passes through some beautiful bits 
 of river-scenery. In its lower beds the brockram is soft and 
 easily disintegrated, but as you approach Stenkrith the rock 
 is strongly cemented with calcareous matter, and as hard and 
 massive as any Carboniferous limestone, which it strongly 
 resembles in bedding, joints, and fracture. The rock breaks 
 across the matrix and enclosed fragments indifferently, and in 
 the weathered joints, enlarged by water-action, hardly exhibits 
 its composite nature ; but freshly fractured surfaces show by 
 colours, the limestone-fragments remaining white in a red 
 matrix, how the rock has been built up.- The mass is full 
 of big water-bearing joints, and the river wanders along in 
 these by devious 'channels. The celebrated " Span of Eden " is 
 partly due to a great portion of the water escaping from the 
 main channel and finding its way by side-courses and under- 
 ground channels. There is probably a thickness of about 200 
 feet of brockram. The top is to be seen at the foot of Stenkrith, 
 where the brooki'am dips into a large pool, a* pretty sure sign 
 of softer beds coming on, and accordingly we find above it 
 in the banks a trace of shales and many exposures of soft red 
 sandstone, which is correlated by Mr. Aveline with the St. Bees 
 Sandstone. 
 
PERMIAN BOOKS. 163 
 
 The b'rookram has been much quarried for building between 
 the two roada which run to Steilkrith and the Riail way Station at 
 the southern end, and it is frequently to be seen along both 
 these roads and underlies nearly the whole of the town. The 
 top of' it runs from Gomer Dub (Stenkrith) already mentioned 
 by Mell Wood to the milldam of the Upper Mill, where it is 
 seen crossing the Eden. Fine sections of it show in the cliff 
 below the Vicarage, and it is visible almost continuously alohg 
 the river by the Low Mill to Eden Cottage. In some parts of 
 this the brockram is of a decidedly yellow colour, and looks 
 much dolomitised. 
 
 R H. T. 
 
 The upper members ,of the Permian group, namely the Mag- 
 nesian Limestone aii^ Plant-Beds, which are developed in Hilton 
 Beck near Appleby, are poorly represented in the southern end 
 of the "Vale of Eden. They have been recognised by Mr. Aveline 
 ■a, quarter of a mile north of Hartley, in Hartley. Beck, and in 
 Podgill, as mentioned below. 
 
 Trias. 
 
 The area occupied by the outlier of Trias near Kirkby Stephen 
 was surveyed by Mr. Aveline, lately our colleague on the Geo- 
 logical Survey, and to him is due the identification of a soft 
 red sandstone here exposed as St. Bees Sandstone, and the 
 recognition of a marked overlap of the Permian group by that 
 rock. This identification rested partly upon the finenes-! of 
 grain of the sandstone and its general similarity to the St. Bees 
 Sandstone of the district further north, but more especially upon 
 the presence beneath it of the topmost members of the Permian 
 ^roup, as mentioned above.* 
 
 The following description is taken from the notes left by 
 Mr. Aveline : — " The St. Bees Sandstone is vi^ell exposed 
 along the banks and in the bed of Podgill, and the River 
 Eden, also in Hartley Beck at Hartley. On the west I believe 
 the St. Bees Sandstone is faulted down against the brockram, 
 which is well exposed in the Eden east of Stenkrith Bridge. 
 As there is no space between where the St. Bees Sandstbne is 
 exposed at Comer Dub and the brockram (all beds, such as 
 marls, Magnesian, Limestone, and Plant-Beds, being absent) the 
 brockram is most likely the Lower Brockram, although I 
 believe the Upper and Lower Brockram come together 
 further north, the Penrith Sandstone having either thinned 
 away or passed into brockram, which is more likely. On the 
 east the St. Bees Sandstone lies on the Carboniferous Lime- 
 stone in the bend of Podgill, below Ewebank Scar. Here we 
 
 * It is perhaps right to state that these views are not shared hy Mr. Tiddeman, 
 •who regards the rook as Penrith Sandstone, and attributes its fineness of grain to its 
 having been derived frorn Carboniferous rooks of finer texture in the southern than 
 in the central parts of the Vale of Eden. 
 
 L 2 
 
164 PERMIAN HOCSS. 
 
 have Boft even-bedded sandstone and marly shales, with a few 
 inches of what might be Upper Brockram or Magnesian Lime- 
 stone, resting directly on Carboniferous Limestone. This looks 
 like overlap.'' 
 
 " In Hartley Eeck, east of the railway-bridge, there are a few 
 feet of marly shales below the red sandstone, then a few feet of 
 what may be the Magnesian Limestone. Here it is not clear 
 if there is a fault or not between the Permian and Carboniferous 
 which is highly dolomitised. 
 
 "After a later visit to Hartley Beck,* I think it certain 
 that the St. Bees Sandstone and shales overlap the brockram. 
 At the strong spring on the south side of the beck the St. Bees 
 beds repose on a bed of Carboniferous Limestone, while in the 
 beck below, they rest on brockram. It looks as if there had 
 been a fault between the Carboniferous Limestone and brock- 
 ram before the St. Bees beds were deposited. 
 
 " With this complete break between the St. Bees Sandstone 
 and the brockram, the one overlapping the other, no faults are 
 required,! as I at one time considered necessary." 
 
 * Accompanied by B. H. Tiddeman. 
 
 t i.e. Between the brockram and St. Bees Sandstone along the trestern junction 
 of the two as mentioned above. — B.H.T. 
 
165 
 
 CHAPTER XIII.— METALLIFEROUS MINING. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 The principal metal obtained from the numerous mines within 
 this district is Lead. Under the form of galena this occurs in 
 direct association with faults, either in the fonn of disseminated 
 crystalline masses scattered throughout the fault-breccia itself ; 
 or else in the form of ramifying sheets and strings extending 
 outwards from the plane of the fault into the rock adjoining. 
 Under the name of " flots " veins of the kind last mentioned 
 form an important feature in the mining geology of parts of the 
 district. The galena is usually very poor in silver. 
 
 Within the limits of this map the ore occurs chiefly in the 
 calcareous and cherty members, though the associated siliceous 
 strata yield important supplies as well. The arenaceous mem- 
 bers rarely afford any regular supply, except where the matrix 
 of the vein traversing the rock extends over an unusual width 
 and is tolerably free from clay. Shales are almost invariably 
 poor. 
 
 Hardly any ore has been detected in the Silurian strata, and 
 the Permian rocks, so far as is yet known, contain none at all. 
 The principal ore-bearing beds are in the upper part of the 
 Great Scar Limestone and thence upwards to near the base of 
 the Millstone Grit. Most of the ore yet obtained has been got 
 from a zone, variable in vertical extent, which has the Main 
 Limestone as its medial band. Even on this horizon the veins 
 that have been proved to contain ore in workable quantities are 
 nearly restricted to the south-eastern quarter of the map. Iso- 
 lated vein^ and occasional indications of ore occur in other parts, 
 but have proved of little importance. 
 
 In the metalliferous portion of the district the mines of 
 Arkendale, Surrender, Old Gang, Lownathwaite, Swinnergill, 
 Beldi Hill, Keld Side, and Lane End on the north of the Swale ; 
 and Lover Gill, Muker Side, Spout Gill, Summer Lodge, and 
 Whitaside on the south side, have, in past years contributed 
 very largely to the annual yield of British Lead, while mines 
 hardly of lesser importance have been worked at Stags Fell, 
 Sargill, Beezy, Beldon Bottom, and various places in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Askrigg in the corresponding part of Wensleydale. 
 Ore has also been obtained, occasionally in considerable quan- 
 tities, in the Great Scar Limestone adjoining the great faults at 
 Hartley Birket, Bells, and Clouds, but the quantity discovered 
 seems in each of these cases to have been liable to more abrupt 
 variations even than usual. 
 
 The mining industry of Swaledale is a very old one. How 
 profitable some of the mines once were is well shown by the 
 immense heaps of " deads " that lie on the fell-top between 
 
166 METALLIFEHOUS MINING. 
 
 Gunnerside Hushes and Hard Level Gill, and by the name of 
 the old house, Merryfield, that lies on the fell at a height of 
 about 1,800 feet. It is doubtless the general rule that the most 
 accessible is the first, to. be. found and worked i out, and that 
 thus for the future there lies in store more expense, in the form 
 of longer levels and more pumping, before satisfactory returns 
 are acquired. The readily recognisable veins have all been well 
 ., tried, where they cross irocks that are "kindly," and not too 
 ■ deeply buried. 
 
 ., The system of " Hushing," that is of making a dam and 
 .flooding from.it along a certain line so as to bare the rocks and 
 .make a cut through, has been largely resorted to in times past 
 ■for. discovering and working the veins. The gravel in the beck- 
 bottoms Tbelow where ithe Hushes come in often contain sufficient 
 flood-ore to repay working, and there are now (18S2) several 
 men and boys thus engaged both in Gunnerside Beck and 
 Swinner Gill. 
 
 The old ,smeltingrplaces or " Baal Hills " as they are called — 
 a name evidently of ancient origin — are generally found in som» 
 ibreezy hillside situation with a spring near at hand. Several of 
 ithem occur near Winterings, and there are two about a quarter 
 of a mile east-south^teast of Satron. 
 
 Here and there small quantities of cerussite have been worked 
 jat a profit ; but these seem to occur almost exclusively in close' 
 .proximity to the surface, and are, doubtless, due to the altera- 
 tion of the common galena. The minerals accompanying the 
 .galena vary in different parts, of the district. As a rule calcite 
 .and barytes with more or less iron-pyrites and zinc-blende 
 ^preponderate, accompanied in exceptional cases by quartz or 
 -fluorspar. Zinc -blende occurs with the galena occasionally in 
 considerable qTiantities, but the cost of transport on an ore of 
 low value is too great to^admit of this mineral being worked at 
 a profit. Calamine occurs, but only in small quajititi6s. 
 
 Calcite is far the commonest mineral found in the, veins. It 
 occurs in large well-developed nail-headed crystals in strings in 
 the Main -Limestone on the north side of Beldi Hill Hush, and 
 in the face of a Jiatural scar crossing Thwaite Beck about 300- 
 
 iyards above the village ■ ,■ 
 
 Barytes is common along the course of the Friarfold vein 
 between Hard Level Gill and Great Pinseat. It also occurs in 
 the Old Kake vein (Merryfield),- the Blakethwaite vein, &c. 
 
 The fluorspar does not usually show the rich colours found. in 
 some districts. It has been noticed in the South Amgill vein,, 
 the Old Rake vein (Merryfield), the Friarfold vein near Sur- 
 render, the Smarber mine, the vein crossing the Swale.near the 
 Marble Scar. (Gunnerside), the Lover Gill vein, and otheijs. 
 
 A little copper-pyrites, with its usual accompaniments of blue 
 and green carbonates (chessylite and malachite), occurs in some- 
 of the veins traversing the Carboniferous Kocks ; but these occur- 
 rences are, almost without exception, confined to the part of the 
 district outside -the lead-bearing area. The principal mine where= 
 
. METALLIFEROUS MINING. 167 
 
 Copper-ore has ■ been worked is situated in the Great Scar 
 Limestone of Clouds, close to the Dent fault. 
 
 Various quartz-veins, frequently showing well-developed 
 crystals, sometimes of amethystine quartz, cross the bare plateau 
 of the Main Limestone by High Ing and East House (Grisdale 
 Beck). They make conspicuous ridges, often several yards wide, 
 as they cross the limestone, and contain a small proportion of 
 copper-pyrites, partly converted into the blue and green car- 
 bonate. East of High Ing there is an old trial-shaft in the most 
 conspicuous vein. 
 
 Similar copper-bearing quartz -veins occur in Mallerstang, 
 and the adjoining parts of Yorkshire, and have been worked or 
 tried for copper near Hell Gill and also under Wild Boar Fell. 
 This ore has been worked on a small scale in Great Sleddale 
 also, and traces of it have led to a few trials here and there over 
 several other parts of the Carboniferous area. A little ore was 
 obtained many years since from the disturbed mass of Great 
 Scar Limestone lying to the east of Kirkby Stephen ; but the 
 quantity raised was insufficient to warrant more than a few 
 shallow workings. Copper was also met with in small quan- 
 tities in working to the bottom of a deposit of haematite along 
 a fault traversing the same mass of rocks, but is said to have 
 given place to galena at a short distance down. Some of the ore 
 raised at Clouds occurs in the form 6f fahlerz (grey copper-ore). 
 
 Iron occurs chiefly in the form of nodules of cl'ay-ironstone 
 disseminated through the calcareous portion of the shales of the 
 Carboniferous Series. Here and there the ■ abundance of the 
 nodules and the high per-centage of iron in them have led to a 
 commercial enterprise on a small scale. Attempts of this nature 
 have been made near Appersett, west of Hawes, in the shales 
 below the Hardraw Scar Limestone ; and again at one or two 
 places near Tan Hill, in the shales lying immediately' beneath 
 the Millstone Grit. None of these undertakings have proved 
 commercially successful. 
 
 In the form of limouite iron is sometimes found in the 
 
 veins, especially in the upper part of those veins which extend 
 
 upwards to the general level of the mountain-tops of the district. 
 
 Its manner of occurrence is suggestive of its being due to the 
 
 ■hydration of deposits of hflematite. 
 
 Hgematite is confined to the Carboniferous Rocks in the north- 
 west part of the -map close 'to^thfe present outcrop of the red 
 ^ rocks of the Eden Valley, Like the other metals mentioned it 
 occurs either in, or is intimately associated with, f aulti^, and is 
 most abundant in rocks of a calcareous nature. It forms 
 extremely irregular pockets sheets, and strings, 'extending in all 
 directions along any divisional planes that may happen to occur. 
 Part, at least, of the haematite occurs in a substitutional form 
 replacing the carbonate of lime of the limestone. Bedding and 
 other signs of stratification are distiiictly traceable into the ore ; 
 chert-nodules and other unkindly matter remain unconverted in 
 the mass ; traces of corals, encrinitesj and other fossils occur just 
 
168 MEIALLIFEKOUS MIMING. 
 
 as in the limestone ; and lastly, a transition from haematite into 
 comparatively unaltered limestone can be observed, even in 
 hand-specimens. The evidence relating to this subject collected 
 here seems to point to the deposition of the haematite having 
 been due to the infiltration of ferruginous matter from the red 
 rocks that once extended far beyond their present limits. Where 
 this infiltration affected the permeable sandstone and shale, the 
 ferruginous matter appears to have been widely diffused through- 
 out the entire mass, deeply imbuing it with iron to a consider- 
 able depth from the surface. On the other hand, where it 
 reached the limestone the downward flow could take place 
 only along the joints or any chance plane of division in the 
 rock. Hence the concentration of the ore and the replacement 
 by it of the carbonate of lime took place only along these planes. 
 In the Swaledale district iron-ore is generally very rare and 
 we have not noticed any undoubted instance of " famped " or 
 decomposed limestones near veins : these rocks are probably 
 closely connected and their absence in Swaledale is striking 
 considering how abundant they are in the adjoining and in 
 many respects similar mining districts of Higher Teesdale and 
 .Weardale. 
 
 Faults and Veins. 
 
 The mere enumeration of the faults occurring in the area of 
 this map . would alone occupy several pages ; and would be of 
 little use, as the map shows, better than words can tell, their 
 position and direction. The principal faults from a strati- 
 graphical point of view have already been described. The 
 chief of these is the great dislocation and line of crush which 
 we have termed the Dent Fault (pp. 8, 9, 43-60). 
 
 The next important set of faults is that which under the 
 name of the " Stockdale Vein " ranges in an east and west 
 direction along Swaledale. It throws the strata down on the 
 north side, at one point as much as eight or nine hundred feet, 
 and can be traced from the Westmorland border eastwards for 
 some distance beyond the limits of this map. The western part 
 of this fault has already been described in treating of the rocks 
 (pp. 88, 100, 140), and we shall presently describe its course in 
 Swaledale. It is worthy of remark that, although this fault 
 ranges along the dale, it does not seem to have had any direct 
 effect even in initiating the course of the river. 
 
 A second important east and west set of faults, with the net 
 result of a throw down south, gives rise -to the important series 
 of mineral veins worked from Arkendale westward. The well- 
 known Old , Gang Mines are worked along this set. These are 
 described below. 
 
 J. G. G., C. T. C. 
 
 (1.) Wensleydale. 
 The Windgates Fault, in the south-east corner of the map, has 
 a downthrow to the east, and ranges from Dowker Hole north- 
 
WJililSLETDALB. 1G9 
 
 west to the Summer Lodge Lead-Mines, where it blends with 
 or is cut off by the Summer Lodge Veins. At Dowker Nick the 
 fault throws the bottom of the Crow Limestones against the 
 base of the pebbly Millstone Grit, in which a thin coal-seam has 
 been worked from several shallow shafts. The numerous shafts 
 further south were sunk to follow the fault, which is a vein 
 bearing ore in the Main Limestone. At Brounfield Mine, east of 
 Woodhall Greets, the fault is said to throw the strata down seven 
 fathoms to the east, but it would seem to increase in throw north- 
 ward. There is here for some distance a narrow strip of the Main 
 Limestone on the upcast side of the vein. Much of the ore about 
 here was got in " flots " and in strings running about north-east 
 on the west side of the main vein. One of these has a throw of 
 8 to 10 feet. 
 
 The Sod D3'ke Nick Fault ranges northeast and south-west 
 with a small downthrow to the east. It traverses the Ten- 
 Fathom Grit, which consists of flaggy shales with an intervening 
 bed of compact sandstone. In the cherty limestones beneath the 
 grit the fault was found to bear lead-ore, and it has been worked 
 to a small extent as a vein. 
 
 The Beezy Bottom west vein is a fault with a downthrow to 
 the west at the Beezy Hill old lead-mine; but at Stottergill 
 mine it does not appear to have any throw ; but a small fault 
 ranging S. 10° W. occurs there, which shifts the outcrop of the 
 Little Limestone. The Oxnop Gill faults are best studied on 
 the Swaledale side, and will be described presently. 
 
 The Sargill fault is a downthrow to the east of seventy-two 
 feet near Sargill Lead-Mine, where it has been largely worked 
 for lead-ore as a fissure -vein. A level has been driven along it 
 for a distance of three-quarters of a mile towards Annasett 
 E/igg ; it follows the western side of the vein, and runs under 
 the Main Limestone, but at about 1,000 yards from the entrance 
 enters that limestone, and is driven in it. 
 
 About 200 yards north of the entrance to the mine an air- 
 shaft disclosed the following section : — 
 
 Sargill Lead-Mine. 
 
 Plate 
 
 Grit 
 
 " Douk " (crushed shale) 
 
 Coal 
 
 Grit 
 
 Main Limestone - 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 - 5 
 4 ft. to 6 
 1 ft. to 1 6 
 
 4 
 
 - 1 
 
 - 72 
 
 A little north of the air-shaft the vein takes a sharp bend, 
 and is joined by a cross-joint called Weir's Vein, which has been 
 followed underground. 
 
 The fault is seen at Cogill Head, where it throws gannister- 
 sandstone on the east against black shale with nodules and 
 lenticular masses of limestone on the west ; the shales contain a 
 lOrinch seam of coal, formerly worked in two pits on the north 
 side of the stream. Further north it throws dark shale on the 
 
170 METALLIFEEOUS MINING. 
 
 east against the compact grit, which forms the ridge known as 
 Peter Bigg: ' . , ' 
 
 The Sargill west fault rangeSjaboiitMnorth-north-west) parallel 
 to the Sargill fault, but is a downthrow to the west. , It can be 
 traced from the Underset Limestone ooiithwards to Quarry- 
 Hags, whereit sHghtly dislocates the Millgtone Crrit. 
 
 The Sargill Head fault is parallel to the last two, and throws 
 down the shales below the Ten-Fathom Grit on the west against 
 the Main Limestone of Sargill Head on the east. 
 
 The Stags Fell fault is the southern continuation of the Lover 
 , Gill vein of Swaledale. It cannot be satisfactorily traced south 
 of the Hungry Well on the Hawes and Muker Road, but is well 
 seen in Cat Snout Gill and thence northward for about a mile, 
 the Main Limestone on the west abutting against lower beds on 
 the east. 
 
 J. R. D., C. E. R. 
 
 (2.) Swaledale. • 
 
 The Lover Gill vein has a large downthrow to the north-west, 
 and near the fqot of Lover Gill throws the top of the Underset 
 Limestone on the north-west side some distance below the base 
 of this hed on the other side. Where it crosses Lover Gill it 
 must be in two parts, or else have a reversed hade, for the main 
 Break crosses the gill west, of the row of old shafts. There is 
 room in the gill for another break along these shafts. 
 
 In the north-east " hush " there is, about five yards east of 
 the chief fault, another shift with a downthrow of 2 or 3 feet 
 in the opppsite direction, that is, to, the east. Strong strings of 
 fluorspar are also seen 10 yards off on the east in the south 
 bank of Cliff Beck. Where it crosses this beck the throw causes 
 the top of the Middle Limestone on the east side to lie below 
 the base of the Five- Yard Limestone on the west. 
 
 The tw;o veins, each with a westerly downthrow, which cross 
 Thwaite Beck close together^ some 220 yards west of Thwaite 
 Bridge, are supposed continuations of the Lover Gill V"ein : the 
 more westerly vein throws the Simonstone Limestone into the 
 stream on the west side against sandstone some distance below 
 this limestone on the east side. The course between Thwaite 
 Beck and Cliff Beck is for the most part obscure, but there is, 
 200 yards nOrth of CliffBeck, what seems to be a small exposure 
 — perha,ps iin outlier — -x)f the Five.- Yards Limestone, brought 
 doVra by the fault against the lower part of the Middle Lime- 
 stone., 
 
 It IS hard to interpret the ground satisfactorily on the west 
 side of Oxnbp Beck. West of Hole Bottpra it is necessary to 
 supppse three faults,, Eill roughly north and south: one within 
 60 yards of the beck with a downthrow west to aci:ount for the 
 presence of the "redlaeds " (above the JVtain Limestone) in Force 
 Beck (the east and west beck south-west of Hole Bottom), w^^ile 
 the Underset crops put in Oxnop.Beck close by, the Main Lime- 
 
8WALEDALE. 171 
 
 stone being apparently omitted ; another not far from the sharp 
 bend in Force Beck with a downthrow east, to account for the 
 presence of the Main Limestone in the >lower part, of Shawden 
 Gill (the gill to the west), though the " red beds" in Force Beck 
 have a westerly dip ; and a third west of the road with a down- 
 throw east to explain the Shawden Gill exposure of the Main 
 . Jiimestone being suddenly lost on the west, and beds under 
 the Underset Limestone occurring instead. 
 
 Of the faults on the east side of Oxnop Beck, the two on the 
 north running west-noiih-west are both quite clear as they pass 
 through the Main and Underset Limestones. The others make 
 little or no show .on the surface. We drew them in company 
 with a miner who had received much information from his 
 forelders. Some of the mines near here, are said to have been 
 wonderfully rich, but the ore lay chiefly in " flats." 
 
 The Stockdcde Vein. — This, one of the, largest and most per- 
 sistent faults iij the Quarter-Sheet, is named from Stock Vale 
 west, of . Thwaite, where it was formerly worked. It has not 
 been tried in many places and is generally supposed to have (too 
 great a throw to be a promising ore-bearer. The most recent 
 trial, on the east side of Gunnerside Beck a quarter of a mile 
 above the village, did not meet with much success. 
 
 From the eastern margin of the map to Gunnerside Beck the 
 beds on the north or low side of the fault are characterised by a 
 steep southerly dip, whereas those on the south side are almost 
 horizontal. Hence though there is a large throw a gradual 
 flattening of the beds on the north side would" speedily 
 diminish it. 
 
 At Stony Gill Hole, north-east of Brownsey House, the 
 downthrow north is probably 300 feet or more, as it throws 
 out nearly all the beds between the base of the Main and the 
 Five-Yards, Liinestpnes. At Barf End the Main and Middle 
 Limestones are thrown side by side. 
 
 About 160 yards west-north-west ' of Brownsey House there 
 is an old shaft in the vein. A more recent level, 80 yards or 
 so north of this shaft, starts considerably on the north of the 
 break, in the chert above the Main Limestone. The level 100 
 yards north of Barf End is also on the north side of the vein. 
 
 On the west side of Gunnerside Beck the vein disappears for 
 some, distance under Drift, but there is a good section of it 300 
 yards above the foot of Ivelet Beck. On the east side of the 
 beck a recent slip has exposed the crushed rock ; the hade is to 
 the. north Wid cpnsideraHe. The beds on the north are almost 
 flat but on the south they are much disturbed : about 20 yards, 
 in this last direction there is a parallel crush and the §ands.tone 
 is twisted and splintered. The lowest bed seen in the beck on 
 , the north side is the top of the Middle Limestone, and this lies 
 against the sandstones and shales below the Hardraw Scar 
 - Limestone. 
 
 On the east side of the Swale, near Muker, the break can be 
 Joc3,lised.to within a few yards. The Hardraw Scar Limestone 
 
172 MBTALLIFEBOUS MINING. 
 
 on the south side of it abuts against a strong sandstone below 
 the Five-Yards Limestone : the sandstone dips at 23° to the 
 south-south-west, but the limestone lies almost flat. The high 
 southerly dip on the north side has doubtless greatly helped to 
 produce the landslip on the south of Kisdon. 
 
 In Thwaite Beck there are two parallel faults 20 or 30 yards 
 apart. They appear each to be from 5 to 8 yards wide. Both 
 hade to the north, but the southern one appears to have the 
 greater break — throwing the Main against beds a little above 
 the Simonstone Limestone. The beds near are much confused 
 and stringed with calcite : those on the north side dip steeply 
 south- south-east and hence again considerable landslips have 
 ensued. 
 
 Veins between Lownathwaite and Swinner Gill. — Between 
 230 and 300 yards east-south-east of Lownathwaite HouSe the 
 lowest Millstone Grit with its usual pebbly character abuts 
 against the hard more finely -grained Ten-Fathom Grit. The 
 normal distance between these beds is in this locality nearly 
 100 feet, and it is hard to account for their proximity without 
 supposing a large fault with downthrow to the south. No such 
 fault indeed appears to have been noticed in the DoUy level, 
 which is now inaccessible, but we are unable to explain the 
 surface-indications without supposing a fault much in the 
 direction of the one suggested in the map. We have supposed 
 this fault to cross the Lownathwaite north vein near Lowna- 
 thwaite House, and then to run for some distance almost due 
 west. For several hundred yards beyond the house it forms a 
 bank facing north, strewn over with blocks of pebbty grit, as 
 if this rock were nearly in place ; on the north of the bank 
 about 300 yards from the house a feature covered with loose 
 chert strikes against it. 
 
 Possibly the fault is the same as that generally called " Low- 
 nathwaite Great Break." This was met with in the workings, 
 nearly 500 feet below the surface, at a point about 340 yards 
 west-south-west of Lownathwaite House. It was of considerable 
 width and full of black " dowk," looking very unpromising for 
 ore. The direction is given as S. 33° E. A large downthrow 
 to the west was proved, the sandstone below the Underset on 
 the east side being brought against the Main Limestone on the 
 west. It is certain that the position deep down in the level is 
 not the same as at the surface, for the base of the Millstone 
 Grit is readily traceable between Lownathwaite hushes and the 
 east and west gills south of them, and no great fault could cross 
 it without observation. 
 
 Between Lownathwaite High Whim (by the " L " of " Low- 
 nathwaite") and the Swinnergill scars the feU is greatly 
 obscured by peat, and occasional Boulder Clay beneath it, and 
 the course of the veins is doubtful. In the Swinnergill levels 
 the three chief veins. North, Middle, and South, are said, after 
 proceeding a certain distance east, to have met a vein called Field 
 Marshal vein coming from the west-north-west, and then to 
 
SWALEDALE. 173 
 
 have run along it for a consiaerable distance before they 
 separated. After separating their directions have a considerable 
 northerly trend in them, so that they do n6t point at all directly 
 for Lownathwaite. We have accordingly adopted the suppo- 
 sition that they meet another west-north-west vein known at 
 Hind Hole, and again run along it for a certain distance, and 
 that when they separate they run more nearly due east. As in 
 Lownathwaite, so too in Swinner Gill, parts of the mines are so 
 deep under the surface that owing to the hade the positions of 
 the veins in them are far from coinciding with their surface- 
 positions. 
 
 The base of the Main Limestone for 200 yards north of 
 the Lownathwaite North Hush is marked by a level feature 
 and line of springs. But suddenlj' it becomes obscure, and in 
 the hush, 1 00 yards or so further north, lies at a considerably 
 lower level. Whether this is due to some fault or to a sudden 
 change of dip is not clear, but even in the latter case there may 
 also be an accompanying break. An old miner tells us that he 
 remembers seeing a break in the beck-side, . about 100 yards 
 north of. the mouth of Priscilla level (close by the west side of 
 Gunnerside Beck at the foot of the North Hush), but it is not 
 seen now. 
 
 A little below the road, a mile north of Barf End, the base of 
 the Ten-Fathom Grit suddenly gets lower to the north. The 
 surface-appearances strongly suggest a fault, and there are three 
 old shafts close by which have been sunk in expectation of one. 
 The mining-agents too always considered there was a fault here, 
 until the underground workings, at no great depth, proved there 
 was not. The Victoria level, which starts by the " Q " of " Old 
 Gang Smelting Mill," is driven 300 yards west-south-west of 
 the place in question, and did not find anything except the 
 Watersikes veins, both of which throw down south-west, or in 
 the opposite direction to the change of level ; the Victoria level 
 was in hard rock where it should have crossed the apparent 
 fault. The extreme south-east workings of the Watersikes 
 North vein should also have proved the eastward continuation 
 of the apparent fault, but found nothing. 
 
 A fault is suggested proceeding from the Hurrace vein south- 
 east of the Ordnance Station, 1856, near Jingle Pot Edge, and 
 running thence close by this station. .The pebbly grit-feature 
 on the east of the hill is well marked, but about 60 yards south- 
 east of the Ordnance Station it either suddenly changes dij), and 
 runs down south, or else is thrown into a lower position by a 
 west-north-westerly fault with a downthrow west. It is not 
 clear which is. the case. 
 
 The Main Limestone, a quarter of a mile north of Winterings, 
 appears to be thrown down to the north about 10 feet. The 
 base is not actually seen on either side owing to a talus of 
 broken limestone, and we should not have drawn a fault if there 
 had not also been a nick in the scar, such as faults often make, 
 and a shift also in the chert-features above the limestone. 
 
3 7-1 METALLIFEKOUS MINING. 
 
 The Whitaside vein is well known in Quarter-Sheet 97 N.E. 
 ]t has-been prowed in two -levels on the east side- of Summer 
 Lodge Beck near the "d" of " Lodge," and has- still here a large 
 downthrow south, throwing out most of the Middle Limestone. 
 It has not. been produced west of the beck because for a long 
 way this side is entirely obscured; by Boulder Clay. Beyond 
 this Drift-area .there are two faults, either of which, as far as 
 position and direction go, might answer for a continuation of it, 
 namely, the one that passes through the first " H " of " High 
 Hangers," and the one a little north of this, by the North Gate. 
 But the latter is said to throw down to north about 6 feet, and 
 the former too appears to throw in this direction, whenever any 
 throw can be ascertained. So we cannot well correlate either of 
 them with the Whitaside vein. , . - 
 
 In the Marble Scar, Gunnerside, there is a section of a fault 
 running almost horizontally: it has certainly some throw but 
 on what side is not clear. In the bed of the Swale near by 
 ;there are several strings of calcite, fluorspar, and galena running 
 ■east, and west, through the limestone below the Hardraw Scar 
 Limestone ; these are often supposed to be continuations of the 
 veins seen in Gunnerside Beck about 100 yards above the 
 bridge. 
 
 Under the outcrop of the Middle Limestone in Routin Gill, 
 Muker, there are limestone-exposures with strong strings of 
 calcite and vein-stuff, apparently pointing south-east. But the 
 exposures are much broken, and the dip variable, and as there 
 is a well-defined slip-head close by on 'the east side of the- gill, 
 they may be but slipped masses. Hence it is impossible to say 
 what the true point of the vein is. 
 
 Three-quarters of a mile south-west of Angram there are two 
 exposures of chert, one above and> the other below the Ten- 
 Fathom Grit, and each with an abnormally high dip slightly 
 west of south. The ground, is too much obscured by Boulder 
 Clay to afford satisfactory evidence, but we have suggested a 
 line of fault running at right angles to the dips. 
 
 On the south side of Ivelet there is a remarkably sudden bend- 
 down of the beds to the south, well seen along the road leading 
 from the village to the old bridge over the Swale, near the foot 
 of Oxnop Beck. Just where the change of dip occurs, a crack, 
 filled with crushed shale, breaks through the beds in one place. 
 It is scarcely an inch wide, and of doubtful, if any, throw. 
 
 The West Arngill vein throws down to the north just about 
 the entire thickness of the Main Limestone. It has, however, a 
 distinct hade to south-west, that is, a reversed hade. West 
 of the foot of Easter Gill there are no surface-indications of a 
 continuance of throw, and we may consider that the east-north- 
 east veins (veins of White Wallis scar) coming in with opposite 
 throw practically neutralize it. Still it is possible that the .vein 
 may continue as a break, even if with no appreciable throw, 
 and it is said in support of this supposition that the Cat Bake 
 level (100 yards north-west of Keld), after following the vein 
 
SWALKDALE. 175 
 
 seen at the level-mouth for about 120 yards, met with another 
 one coming in from the south-east, hy whioh the first vein was 
 deflected to that direction. 
 
 The Blakethwaite vein proved excessively rich near the head 
 of Blakethwaite and it is often discussed hoW best to drive to it 
 so as to drain the workings and open out fresh ground. A 
 favourite idea is to drive north along the Blind Gill vein until 
 Blakethwaite be cut, there being thus a chance of getting good 
 returns even in the preliminary part of the "work. 
 
 Within the Arkendale royalty it is known as the Bishop's 
 vein. The eastern termination of this vein was proved on 
 Wham Edge by the series of shafts, &c. due north of the quarry 
 in the Crow Cherts by the peat-road. The Crow Limestone is 
 a little dolomitised, but no vein-stuff or throw proved, so it may 
 be said to commence just to the west. There are two branches 
 of it in the boat-level, the northern one of which is just under 
 Bishop shaft and has a throw of 9 feet down north. 
 
 The vein enters the Swaledale ground from the east at Little 
 Punchard Head and runs nearly due west therefrom. At the 
 head of Gunnerside Beck it throws the Tanhill coal on the north 
 a little below the base of the pebbly grit on the south. A few 
 hundred yards west of the beck it appears to branch into two, 
 eaph with a downthrow north. The northern branch throws the 
 grit 300 yards west of the beck into the beck (at a place called 
 the straits) and then crosses the watershed a 'little south 'of 
 Wham Bottom. About 275 yards east of where it is supposed 
 to cross, there irs an exposure of iron-istained clay— perhaps in 
 the vein — and the shale on the north dips steeply northward at 
 right angles to the direction of the fault. ■ The Long Rigg grit is 
 the same as that in the gill a quarter of a mile above East Gill 
 Head, the fault passing between them. At East Gill Head the 
 fault is exposed on the west bank of the stream and throws one 
 of the grits (the third counting from the basement-grit) rather 
 over 15 feet up on the south side. The little rootlet-gannister 
 above the grit has a very clear outcrop here and is also thrown 
 up to about the same " extent. After this, this branch seems to 
 join the one next south. 
 
 The southern branch does not show clearly until it crosses 
 the shelly sandstone half a mile north-west of Rogan's Seat. 
 The throw at this point may be about 30 feet ; there is a dis- 
 cordance in the dips on either side, that on the south being 
 almost nil, while on the north it is steep to the north-west. A 
 little further east this branch itself splits into two, each with a 
 downthrow north. The northern part is still marked for some 
 distance by a diseordaince of dips. The southern part has nearly 
 flat beds on either side ; it is seen clearly in East Gill and has 
 a throw here of perhaps 40 feet, bringing the gannister-bed near 
 the top of the Yoredale Series against the base of the Millstone 
 Grit on the north. Westwards it passes just north of Frith 
 Tarn, the southern edge of the hill above being quite straight 
 and evidently a line of fault.- 
 
176 METALLIFEROUS MINING. 
 
 On the eastern side of West Stonesdale these two parts can 
 also be inferred. The northern part ends the grit-feature 100 
 yards south of Lad Gill, and throws it into the gill 100 feet or 
 so. The southern passes just south of the grit-quarries about 
 half way between Lad Gill and Low Brown Hill, and has also 
 been proved at a considerable depth below the surface in the 
 Stonesdale Moor Mine. The engine-shaft (by the "1" of 
 " Stonesdale Beck ") starts a little below the Ten-Fathom Grit, and 
 is sunk 299 feet down to the top of the Underset Chert. From 
 the shaft bottom a crosscut was driven slightly east of north 
 until an east-north-east vein, with a downthrow north of 3 or 4 
 feet, was met. This proved rich for some distance and it was 
 risen in to near the surface, and then driven along eastwards 
 until it met the southern part of the Blakethwaite vein. This 
 latter vein was then followed eastwards for some 200 or 300 
 yards, but unfortunately no ore was found : the workings were 
 in the Main Limestone on the south or upthrow side and in the 
 Main Chert on the north. The amount of throw was from 7 to 
 9 fathoms. A small fault of 1 or 2 feet downthrow to the north 
 was proved about 60 yards south of and parallel to the vein. 
 
 It is not unlikely that >the two parts of the fault seen south 
 of Lad Gill unite again near the foot of the gill. At all events 
 as we trace the lines from the east towards this locality they 
 seem to be gradually approximating. 
 
 West of the West Stonesdale Valley the break cuts oflF sharply 
 the well-defined flaggy grits (the first grit above the basement- 
 grit), which form Robert's Seat Band, and then it curves round 
 this south side of Caesar Hill, which is strewn with fragments of 
 the next grit above. This bed rests in the great hollow against 
 the base of the Millstone Grit, and as we know from the coal- 
 borings at Funchard that the Tanhill coal is some 250 feet 
 below the base of this bed, the throw in the hollow is equal to 
 250 feet added to the united thicknesses of this bed and the 
 basement-grit. The throw must then at this point exceed 300 
 feet. 
 
 On the west side of Graining Scar the break is still greater, 
 for the basement-grit is in contact with a still higher grit. It 
 then seems to meet another powerful fault on the north and is 
 to a great extent cut out, but possibly continues with a small 
 throw that cannot be traced at the surface. 
 
 The Hurrace vein is seen in section in the east bank of 
 Swinner Gill, not quite a quarter of a mile above the foot. 
 The breccia filling it is about 3 feet wide, and consists chiefly 
 of fragments of limestone, cemented together by calcite. The 
 sides are vertical. It has a large downthrow to the south, the 
 base of the Main Limestone on this side lying against the base 
 of the Underset on the north. The limestone on the south side 
 is flat, and contains many parallel calcite -strings. The sand- 
 stone and shale, on the north, incline slightly southwards when 
 within 3 yards of the vein. Close on the west side of the gill 
 the break appears to be in two parts, and contains a limestone, 
 probably the Underset. 
 
&WALEUALE, ' 177 
 
 The fault on the north-easb side of Beldi Hill is marked by a 
 valley, and the valley on the north side of the hill may also be 
 considered due partly to this, and partly to the Swinnergill 
 veins. Between this valley and East Gill the Hurrace vein, and 
 some of the Swinnergill veins, are generally supposed to come 
 together, the latter running along the former for this distance. 
 West of East Gill the chief break takes a sharp change of 
 direction, and divides into three parts. M.any. miners consider 
 these to represent the Swinnergill veins separating again, and 
 suppose a fourth vein to continue north-west from the scar with 
 the direction of the Hurrace vein, but of this there is no clear 
 evidence. 
 
 In the scar above the mouth of the Cat Kake level, near Keld, 
 there is a split running south-west from the chief vein. The 
 split throws the beds down southwards about 4 feet, but hades 
 to the north at a considerable angle. 
 
 Near Green Sike, east of Gunnerside, the Middle Limestone 
 is thrown down to the west by a vein running north-north- 
 east, which was followed by means of a level, starting a little 
 above the high road, to a little beyond the house. In the sike 
 south of the house the sandstone abutting against the limestone 
 on the west side of the vein dips at 20' to the south-south-east. 
 The cheek of the vein is exposed clearly as it passes through the 
 Simonstone Limestone half a mile west south-west of Green 
 Sike. 
 
 Two faults may be clearly made out in the Arkendale side of 
 Great Punchard Head. After crossing the boundary the main 
 gill splits into two. One branch runs nearly due north, and re- 
 enters the Arkendale royalty. Ascending this stream we pass 
 thin flags and shales rising at about the same rate as the channel. 
 The gill now turns sliarply westwards, and enlers a series of 
 well-marked beds. First we pass two thin tiaggy grits, the 
 features of which both seem faulted off to the north. A little 
 further uphill the same two beds are again clearly faulted up ; 
 close to the upper one some smashed shale lies on edge close 
 against the fault. The throw here must be nearly 50 feet. A 
 break of 16 feet was cut in the coal- level, ju-t in the line of this 
 fault, and probably forms the continuation of it. 
 
 The stream now breaks into two, and near the south branch 
 blocks of gannister like grit are seen, probably belonging to the 
 highest grit, while close to is tlie shale some distance below the 
 grit. Ill the other branch the little ganni>ter above the next 
 grit below (the Fossil Grit) crops up dipping steeply, while close 
 to this again are the two little flaggy grits evidently thrown up 
 alongside it. The two thin flags may be followed round the north 
 of Water Crag, and coalesce here to form the Fossil Grit. 
 
 After crossing to the Swaledale side these faults coalesce and 
 form the fault bounding Water Crag on the south. The massive 
 grit and gannister of Water Crag are the same as those of East 
 Gill, a quarter of a mile above East Gill Head, and of « a crag 
 100 yards south-west of the " G " of " Great Punchard Head." 
 
 o fiS856. M 
 
178 METALLIFEROUS MINING. 
 
 A quarter of a mile south of the Ordnance Station 2,176 there is 
 a gap crossing the watershed, which is probably 'due td the* 
 fault; on the north side of the gap is the strong Water Crag 
 grit, on the south shale with ironstone-nodules, capped by thin 
 flags. About East Gill Head the throw is not as large as 
 appears at tirst, for the diiFei'-ence in level is partly caused by • 
 the southerly dip on the south side of the fault. At Raven 
 How the beds are tilted evidently under the influence of the 
 break. From this point its position is obscure until it cuts the 
 Fossil Grit, which it throws down about 30 feet. In one of the 
 little branches of Lad Gill it causps a smash in the shales, and 
 soon after this appears to join the large fault crossing Tarn Rigg 
 between East and West Stonesdale. 
 
 North of Lad Gill there must be a fault with a downthrow 
 south of about 50 feet. For a few yards south of a level driven 
 in the hill side just above the Tanhill Coal, the great mass of 
 grit above the coal forms the banks and bed of the stream at a 
 lower level. This fault is doubtless cut out by the northern 
 Tarn Rigg Fault which has an opposite throw. It must split 
 up almost directly to the north-east into a number of little 
 breaks, found when working the coal in this direction from the 
 low level. A fault, which probably has no great throw, crosses 
 the bend of the old road close to the Lad Gill sandstone-quarry. 
 The beds dip down the hill, so that the fault, though small, 
 causes a considerable shift of the outcrops. This fault is pos- 
 sibly the same as the more northern of the two shown north of 
 Potshaw Gill, on the west side of Stonesdale. The base of the 
 Millstone Grit is so obscure that we cannot here determine the 
 -amount of the shift,, but at Thoma^s Gill Hill we recognise 
 the upper part of the Tanhill Flags, wliile in the little stream 
 at the south foot of the hill the Fossil Grit crops out, from 
 which we infer a displacement of at least 75 feet, if not more. 
 Further down this little gill, Csesar Gill, this fault throws the 
 shales just above the Fossil Grit against the little calcareous 
 nodular band (p. 15f)), a shift of nearly' 100 feet. It next cuts oflf 
 the Water Crag grit on the north side and afterwards probably- 
 meets a large fault shown to the south, the two nearly cutting 
 .one another out. 
 
 C. T. 0. 
 
 (3.) Arkendale. 
 
 The ground about Danby End in Arkendale is much broken 
 up by faults. The Great Blackside vein enters this area just 
 north of the Arkendale boundary and passes close to the old 
 •reservoir. The Fourth Whim shows that on the south side we 
 have a small thickness of shaly.beds above the Tanhill coal on 
 about 86 f e^t of ,pebbly grit. A little further west the massive 
 tbp-chert is seen in a large hole close to a wall, and as the chert 
 is more than 50 feet below the base of the pebbly grit, the 
 throw of the vein may be roughly considered as 140 feet down 
 south. 
 
AEKENDALE. 179 
 
 On Surrender Moss the Great Blackside vein is also called 
 the South Mid vein. After reaching Grey Game it is supposed 
 tO' go off along it, their throws practically neutralising one 
 •another for a certain distance, after which it starts off again 
 separately, with its former direction and large throw, as the 
 Friarfold vein. At each sharp change of direction a compara- 
 tively weak vein appears to keep on in the old line. 
 
 In the Arkendale mines a fault having a downthrow north of 
 .S6 feet has been proved just undpr the stone at- Wetshaw Head. 
 This was in the Main Limestone : the large hade of the vein 
 brings it to the surface weU on the Surrender side and it here 
 forms the southern margin of . the Millstone Grit of Great Pin- 
 seat. It has been proved to rapidly lose throw going west, 
 but it could not be followed east as it crosses the royalty. 
 Owing to the bend in the boundary-line, however, it once more 
 «nters the Arkendale side under the name of the " Black Jock "* 
 vein. It has yielded much lead-ore in the Main Limestone and 
 accompanying beds. 
 
 Parallel to and a little north of the last is another vein having 
 a throw of 9 feet down south. At the surface it bounds the 
 northern edge of the outlier of Millstone Grit at Great Pinseat. 
 This too has been fairly productive. 
 
 To the north of this is Luck's All vein. The usual throw is 
 only some 9 feet down to the north-east, and it can only be 
 noticed at the surface where joined by Dam Rigg vein and the 
 Sun vein, both of which are lost in this vein. It is easily seen 
 that on the top of the hill the Crow Limestone is thrown against 
 the higher Crow Cherts, but this large throw is quite local. 
 
 Dam Rigg vein all along its course throws the Crow Cherts 
 against the Ten-Fathom Grit. The pits and the shape of the 
 ground show the position clearly at the surface. The throw in 
 one place was proved to be 72 feet down south. 
 
 Sun vein runs parallel to the last and has only a throw of 
 4 feet down to the north. Its position has been recorded on the 
 map entirely from mining information. 
 
 Cocker vein cuts the Red Beds in Little Punchard Gill, and 
 has been proved in Punchard Level, also known as the Boat 
 Level. Westward it has been found in Cocker High Shaft, 
 where it throws the Crow Limestone up on the north side nearly 
 20 feet. In a direct line with this vein there is a disturbance 
 in the Top Cherts, which, however, are not actually fiaulted. 
 There seems no reason to suspect a fault cutting the Millstone 
 Grit. To the east the vein has been followed for some distance, 
 but it gradually becomes a mere string, which joins Luck's All 
 vein mentioned above. 
 
 Just west of Cocker Low Shaft a small vein. Shaker's vein, was 
 encountered. It runs rather west of north, and joins Wharton's 
 string, which was also proved in the workings from the Boat 
 Level. This last vein no doubt forms the continuation of the 
 
 • A common miner's term fol zinc-blende. 
 
 M 2 
 
180 METALLIFEKOtTS MINIXG. 
 
 fault that so clearly cuts the Millstone Grit some 200 yards 
 south of the Coal-Level, where it throws down north at least 
 50 feet. To the west this vein appears to die away in a sharp 
 bend of the beds, as may be seen in the south side of the stream 
 further up Great Punchard Head. It may be remarked that 
 the veins seem to bear but little ore about Punchard Head. 
 
 Ill Great Punchard Gill a fault cuts the Main Limestone and 
 throws it down some 1 5 feet to the north; It would appear to 
 die out to the west before reaching the Ten-Fathom Grit, or at 
 any rate its throw is too small to be detected at the surface. 
 But to the south-east it rapidly increases in throw, and in Little 
 Punchard Gill brings the base of the Main Limestone against 
 the Underset beds. In a level driven a little further down the 
 hillside the vein proved practically barren. Continuing in the 
 same direction it splits into two ; the southern branch crossing 
 close to Rowantree Holes, for the cherts crop out below the 
 upper part of the Main Limestone. The north branch has 
 been proved in some levels close to the limestone-quarry, and 
 repeats the outcrop of the upper part of this bed. It is probable 
 that both branches die out further east. 
 
 Near Eouth End, Arkendale, there are two well-marked faults, 
 both shown by the Routh quarries in the Underset Limestone. 
 The northern one is also marked by the base of the Main cherts 
 at Routh Top being thrown up against the base of the Red Beds, 
 as is well seen at a little level. It certainly continues as far as 
 the top of the Red Beds, and seems to cut the base of the Ten- 
 Fathom Grit close to the " Standard Man." The second fault 
 is parallel to the first, but has a smaller throw ; it does not 
 seem to extend to the top of the Main Limestone. A level, 
 starting close to the limestone-quarry and driven towards these 
 faults, soon met a small vein which seems to bend about in an 
 odd manner and has but little throw. It is possible that the 
 Routh North vein may join this and be the small vein shown 
 just under the Standard Man. Very little lead was met with, 
 the beds north of Great Punchard Head not being prolific in 
 this neighbotrrhood. 
 
 G. B. 
 
 (4.) Various nearly horizontal faults. 
 
 It is a common mining experience that veins in horizontal 
 strata vary in hade greatly, and that they sometimes, especially 
 at the bottoms of hard beds, run horizontally fof a certain dis- 
 tance befote breaking through the bed above. In the sike about 
 half a mile north-west of Blakethwaite Smelt Mill there is a 
 section that shows both a clear faiilt with a hade approaching 
 horizontality, and a horizontal line of junction of beds which 
 also is in all ]probability a fault. On the north side of the un- 
 doubted fault there is chert resting upon fireclay over shale, on 
 the south side all shale. The throw and hade are to the south. 
 On the upper side of the horizontal junction we have the same 
 chert, and shale above, both dipping steeply north, and on the 
 
VARIOUS FAULTS. 181 
 
 > 
 
 low side the fireclay and shale below, both lying nearly hori- 
 zontally. At the junction itself is about half an inch of grey clay, 
 like crushed shale or " douk." Another horizontal vein in the 
 Marble Scar, "west of Gunnerside, is described on p. 174. 
 
 In East Gill about 60 yards below the south part of the Blake- 
 thwaite vein there is a fault in shale with a southerly hade, 
 approaching the horizontal. The Barbara vein, on the easb side 
 of Gunnerside Beck, also has a great hade. 
 
 In Mossdale Gill, Wensleydale, about 180 yards above Moss- 
 dale Head house, strong strings and nests of calcite and yellow 
 fluorspar, which run nearly horizontally, are exposed in or close 
 to the bed of the stream. On the west side of the stream they 
 have a great hade to the west. The vein to which they belong 
 must have some throw, for it brings up a dark sandstone through 
 3 or 4 feet of the lower portion of the Simonstone Limestone. 
 
 C. T. C. 
 
182 
 
 CHAPTER XIV.-COALS AND BUILDING STONES. 
 
 (1.) Coals. 
 
 The principal coal seams worked in this area occur in the 
 higher part of the Yoredale Series and the lower part of the Mill- 
 stone Grit ; other and less important seams also will be referred 
 to here in the order of their formation. 
 
 Traces of coal occur in association with the sandstones occur- 
 ring in the topmost beds„ of the Great Scar Limestone in 
 several localities ; but none of them much exceed an inch in 
 thickness, and they are often represented by little more than a 
 mere smut, or by scattered carbonized remains of vegetable 
 origin. In the Yoredale Series coals, also very thin, generally 
 occur in the sandstones and shales whiih separate the Hardraw 
 Scar and Simonstone Limestones ; but althpugh these seams 
 may be detected in nearly every well-exposed section, none of 
 these ever assume any economical importance. 
 
 In the next group of sandstones and shales one or more 
 seams of coal commonly appear, and the higher of these", namely, 
 that just below the Middle Limestone, has been worked over a 
 large area chiefly for lime-burning and similar purposes, as it is 
 generally too impure and sulphury to be of much use in the 
 house. This is the seam which was onre worked so much 
 about the Moor Cock Inn near Hawes Junction, and that was 
 described by Phillips under the name of the " Coal of Lun^^y 
 Thorn." The greatest thickness attained by this seam is about 
 18 inches, but one foot is nearer t!ie average. 
 
 In the next group of limestones, sandstones, and shales, over- 
 lying the Moor Cock Seam, two or three unimportant seams are 
 traceable, but none of these have been considered worth working. 
 Beneath the Underset Limestone, however, pnd at a variable dis- 
 tance from it, occurs a coal-seam that eventually develops consider- 
 able importance towards the north-west. It can be traced over 
 nearly the whole of the area of the map, but is not worth work- 
 ing except over the western third of the Carboniferous area. In 
 Garsdale, and in the region lying to the north-north-east it has 
 been worked at intervals, and at one time formed an important 
 source of the local supply. Old pits are dotted along its out- 
 crop around Baugh Fell, the west side of Swarth Fell, Wild 
 Boar Fell, Mallerstang, Tailbrigg, and Nine Standards, near 
 Kirkby Stephen ; and under the name of the Borradale Seam it 
 is even yet worked for such purposes as its quality is adapted 
 for. 
 
 The next higher seam occurs at the base of the Main Lime- 
 stone. This is the " Coal of Cotter Fell " of Professor Phillips 
 
COALS AND BUILDING STONES. 183 
 
 from the name of the fell where it was most worked. Like 
 the last-named seam it is remarkably persistent, although vari- 
 able in thickness and character. About one foot seems to be 
 its average thickness where it has been worked at all. 
 
 Where the arenaceous type of beds associated with the Little 
 Limestone is fully developed the sandstones under the name of 
 the " Coal Sills " usually bear at least one seam, or its represen- 
 tative. This has been worked here and there along much of the 
 higher ground lying to two miles or so on the east side ■ of the 
 Dent fault, and it eventually develops into a seam of consider- 
 able economic importance beyond the northern limit of the map. 
 
 Coal has also been found in the Ten- Fathom Grit, but its 
 value does not appear to have been set very high generally. 
 The principal coal-seams occur in . connection with the grits of 
 Howgate Edge and Humesett. "There are two seams, one above 
 each of the two grits. Both of these have been worked in 
 various places, but the more important is the upper one. This 
 is the Tanhill Seam which for many generations has been the 
 principal fuel employed for household purposes. The coal 
 ranges in thickness from a mere smut up to about 50 inches, 
 and is generally of fair quality. It has been worked in different 
 places over nearly the whole of the Carboniferous part of the map 
 The two chief localities after Tan Hill (described on pp. 153-155) 
 where it has been worked are the Kettlepot Colliery in West- 
 morland, and on Fossdale Moor and Cotterside in Yorkshire. 
 On Fossdale Moor there are three coal-seams, the principal of 
 which was described by Sedgwick under the name of the Tuma 
 Fell seam, and considered to be the same as the Tanhill seam. 
 A (Seam believed to be the same has also been worked on Muker 
 Edge, and to a small extent at the head of Gunnerside Beck, 
 and is known too in many other spots on the north side 
 of' the Swale. This coal aJLso occurs just at the top of the 
 section in the Fourth Whim by the Surrender Mine. A coal 
 believed to be on the same horizon was also once worked on 
 Baugh Fell. 
 
 Professor Sedgwick well remarks : " As not less than three 
 beds of coal are found here and there subordinate to this 
 group (the lowest Millstone Grit), it would be impossible to 
 prove that in all the above-mentioned places the coal is pre- 
 cisely upon the same parallel. It is, however, so considered 
 hy the miners of the neighbouring districts."* 
 ' A coal-seam near the base of the Millstone Grit was, and is, 
 still being worked under Mallerstahg Edge (p. 141), and other 
 seams occur here and there throTighout the higher members ; 
 'but none of these have been much turned to account, and 
 since the introduction of railways the local supply has to a great 
 extent given place to that from the refjular coalfields. The Tan- 
 hill Seam, however, is still used in the wilder pa,rts of the country» 
 
 * Tram. Geol. Soc, toI. iv., p. 82, 183.5. 
 
184 BUILDING STONES. 
 
 We have already noted that peat is used in the smelt-mills, 
 as well as for household purposes. 
 
 Fireclay, as a rule, is not found below any of these coal-seams, 
 but the associated strata, both above and below frequently 
 contain abundant traces of vegetable matter. Sootlets of 
 Stigmarici are of common occurrence in many of the sandstones 
 and fragments of Galamites, Sigillaria, and Lepidodendron 
 are fairly abundant in the same beds. The vegetation traceable 
 in direct association with the coals is usually in the form of 
 linear-leaved plants, without any trace of the fern-like fossils 
 found in such, profusion in the coal-bearing strata of other 
 localities. Distinct traces of lamination are observable in most 
 of the seams, and all of them are liable to be split up by the 
 interbedding of sandstone or shale. 
 
 Lastly, there is a marked assooiation of the coal-seams with 
 beds of limestone with marine fossils, which come on either a few 
 feet above the seams, or else, very frequently, set in at, or about, 
 the same geoloa-ical horizon at no great horizontal distance. 
 
 ^ " ^ J.E.D., J.G.G. 
 
 (2.) BuiLniNG Stones. 
 
 The Silurian Kocks of this district furnish an inferior kind of 
 building-stone, which under the name of " Whin " or " Blue 
 Whin," is employed in the vicinity of the quarry for farm- 
 buildings and similar purposes. Most of the mateiial of this 
 kind is obtained from the Coniston Grit. 
 
 Here and there the flagstones of the Coniston Flags are split 
 up along the cleavage-planes into a coarse kind of slate ; but 
 hardly any of the material is of sufficient practical importance to 
 merit more than a paj'sing mention. 
 
 The Bluecaster greenstone has been quarried for walling 
 purposes, or occasionally farm-buildings, but the quarries are all 
 too near the surface to touch the undecomposed part of the rock. 
 
 The principal building-stones of the district are obtained from 
 quarries in the Carboniferous sandstones. Locally, nearly every 
 one of these sandstones develops into building material of more 
 or less value ; but the principal horizons are in the group of 
 sandstones intervening between the Underset and the Three- Yards 
 Limestones, aild between the latter and the Five-Yards Limestone. 
 These two groups form the Upper Hawes Flagstone and the 
 Lower Hawes Flagstone groups respectively, so named from the 
 locality where they are most extensively worked, on the north 
 side of Wensleydale, close to the town of Hawes. Flagstones of 
 very good quality are obtained from these beds at Hawes and 
 elsewhere within the area embraced by this map. 
 
 In Swaledale proper the chief sandstpnes quarried are those 
 below the Hardraw Scar, Middle, and Five-Yards Limestones, 
 and that between the Three and Five-Yards Limestones. There 
 are also large quarries up Gunnerside Beck in the Ten-Fathom 
 Grit. 
 
BUILDING STONES. 185 
 
 A thinner kind of flagstone used to be largely quarried in 
 years back, and employed under the name of " slate " for 
 roofing purposes, but the cost of the timbering required to 
 support it has gradually caused its employment for that purpose 
 to be abandoned. Now and then the limestones of the Carboni- 
 ferous series are also employed for building-materials; but 
 houses built of limestone aie said to be invariably damp, and 
 moreover, the stone is not easily " dressed." 
 
 The sandstones and grits of the Millstone .Grit Series likewise 
 yield good building-stone occasionally. One of the best flagstones 
 obtainable from the Carboniferous Rocks of this part is yielded by 
 the second member of the Millstone Grit Series at Hill Top 
 quarry, above Keld, already mentioned in the description of the 
 Millstone Grit (p. 149). Occasionally the coarse pebbly grit of the 
 Ingleborough Grit has been quarried ; but it seems less in favour 
 as a building-material than the finer grained and more compact 
 sandstones of the Yoredale Series. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of Kirkby Stephen the more compact 
 and better-bedded varieties of the Permian Breccias are rather 
 extensively made use of chiefly as building- stone ; but though it 
 forms, when well-selected, a good-looking and durable stone, the 
 material is rarely sufficiently coherent to admit of its beint^ dressed 
 to any great extent. Capital gate-posts are easily obtainable 
 from these beds, and they seem to be in favour for this jjurpose 
 at a considerable distance from the parent-rock. 
 
 J. G. G. 
 
186 
 
 CHAPTER XV.— SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 GlaciAl Drift. 
 
 Though Glacial Drift occurs more or less over much of the high 
 ground, yet the principal masses as a rule are confined to the 
 lower tracts, whence the Drift creeps irregularly upwards, 
 clinaing in gradually thinning sheets to the fell-sides, till it 
 finally, dies away in detached patches left only in sheltered 
 spots. On the lower ground the Drift lies more or less in the 
 form of diumlins with their axes nearly- parallel to the trend of 
 . the adjoining valleys. The drumlins generally give place at the 
 junction of two of the larger valleys to long spits, which gradually 
 thin away as the distance between tke two streams increases. 
 
 Owing to the thick mantle of hill-peat that wraps the higher 
 parts of most of the fells, the upper limit of the Glacial Drift 
 cannot always be defined with any ceitainty. Sections here 
 and there through the peat-hags often expose deposits that 
 contain far-travelled or up-carried boulders, which are often 
 as well glaciated as any to be found at lower levels. There is 
 abundant evidence that many bouMers have travelled uphill ^ 
 but whether this implies that the whole of the ice moved in the 
 same directions is somewhat uncertain. ,; 
 
 'J he Drift consists mainly of stiff blue or dark -grey Boulder 
 Clay, and follows the law of distiibution so frequently observed 
 in other districts, viz., that the thickest and widest deposits 
 occur on slopes that face away from the source wlience the 
 material was cairied. Thus in Gunnerside Beck, a little above 
 Guimerside, there is a considerable thickness of Drift on the 
 west of the beck and scarcely any on the east side, and similarly 
 in Oxnop and other gills. 
 
 Considering the great amount of Drift in the country, good 
 sections are not plentiful. Perhaps the best is that in a cutting 
 on the North-Eastera Railway near Kirkby Stephen Station. 
 In the fell country one of tlie best occurs in till just above West 
 Stonesdale. Good sections may also be seen in the eastern 
 oranches of Mud Beck near Bow Hills where the streams have 
 cut little scars in the Boulder Clay, which is very sandy and 
 stony and contains n any boulders of the Water Crag Grit. Fine 
 sections also occur in Arkendale, for the south banks of Arkle 
 Beck give a continuous expo-ure of Drift for a great distance. 
 These banks are often 50 feet high, showing that the bottom of 
 the Arkle Valley is deeply covered by glacial deposits. As is 
 often the case, the banks of Boulder Clay slide away in wet 
 weather, and frequently disclose large boulders of Millstone Grit 
 and limestone. 
 
 The upper part of the Ure Valley, known as Lunds, is more or 
 less overspread with Drift to a height of about 1,200 feet above 
 the sea-level. The upper boundary of the principal mass of 
 
GLACIAL WEIFr. 187 
 
 "Drift roughly corresponds with the base of the Underset Lime- 
 stone, but a terrace of Drift generally occurs on the shale 
 between the Underset and Main Limestones, both of which rocks 
 form prominent and, for the most part, bare scars. Thin 
 patches of Drift occur above the Main Limestone as high as the 
 1,600-foot contour. 
 
 The river Ure in this part of its course winds through flat 
 alluvial and peaty tracts, which appear to be the sites of small 
 tarns formed in the spaces between mounds of Boulder Clay. 
 Several of these Drift -mounds have distinct names, as Ling 
 Hills, Shortclick Hill, Green Pot Hill, Cowshaw Hill, Garr 
 Rigg. The name of " rigg " is more often applied to them than 
 that of « hill." 
 
 The western slope of the entrance to the Cotterdale Valley 
 consists of Boulder Clay lying in mound-shaped masses, among 
 which we may mention Crook Rigg, High Rigg, Cotter Rigg. 
 Between the " riggs," or drumlins, the Drift is not thick, and 
 the underlying rock is often exposed, as at Curly Sandstone- 
 quarry ; the rock emerges also at the base of the Drift in the 
 exposure of sandstone known as Nanny Dunne Table, which 
 throws out a strong spring of that same name near New Piece 
 House. 
 
 The eastern side of the valley is much steeper, and holds 
 Drift in patches only on the lower slopes ; the outcrop of the 
 Middle Limestone is well exposed like those of the Underset 
 and Main Limestones above it. At Blea Pasture, however, the 
 upper boundary of the Drift rises to 1,400 feet above the sea, 
 on the shoulder separating Cotterdale from the Hearne Beck 
 valley. In the latter valley the Drift rises eventually to 
 1,600 feet, ascending higher on the west side than on the east, 
 and concealing for some distance the outcrop of the Main 
 Limestone. 
 
 The tongue of rough grass-land called Fossdale Pasture and 
 Great Haw consists of Boulder Clay of a pale-yellow tint, with 
 numerous rectangular blocks, chiefly of local sandstone; in 
 places the clay passes almost insensibly into gravel, which 
 occurs in lenticular patches. The Drift rises to about 1,450 
 feet, and thins off just below the ba'^e of the Underset Lime- 
 stone. On the eastern slope of Fossdale the Drift is practically 
 absent, a narrow terrace only occurring immediately above the 
 alluvial flat which extends from Cloven Gill to the waterfall 
 just above Clough Wood. Below this waterfall a deep rocky 
 gorge extends to the foot of the wood. But when Hearne and 
 Fossdale Becks unite the valley widens considerably ; and gives 
 room for a small patch of Drift on the eastern slope above the 
 alluvial flat. In the main valley of the Ure nothing but 
 Boulder Clay was met with in the railway-tunnel near Ma^sdale 
 Head. The Drift is also very thick immediately west of 
 Askrigg. 
 
 Between Cogill and Whity Gill, on the peat-covered tract 
 known as Bodystead, it reaches up to a height of 1,500 feet 
 
18S SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 above the sea-'level. It appears to be here about 60 feet thick. 
 Above Cogill Fold it consists of a rather stiff yellow clay with 
 many fragments of local sandstone, seldom exceeding a few 
 inches in diameter, and all more or less rounded. Below Broad- 
 mea, at Bracken Gutter, the Cogill Beck has worn out a steep 
 bank 20 to 30 feet in height, in which the Drift is distinctly 
 current bedded. South of the stream it forms extensive 
 mounds, which are. best seen from an eminence. 
 
 In Skell Gill the surface of the Simonstone Limestone is 
 glaciated under tough glacial clay containing many pebbles, 
 chiefly of sandstone, and all of local origin. 
 
 The bottoms of Grisdale and Garsdale are more or less 
 Drift covered ; but at the junction of the two and for some 
 distance up the east side of Baugh Fell, the stony clay is so 
 thick as to obliterate all traces of the solid geology. Indeed it 
 is not easy to say to what height the deposit extends in this 
 part of the district, for well-marked local till occurs in Long 
 Gill at so much as 2,000 feet above sea-level. The long water- 
 shed between Eawthey Gill Foot and Grisdale is also for the 
 most part thickly covered. There is clear evidence that 
 Grisdale Beck originally joined the Clough close by Hard Ing 
 Bridge, thus flowing several h' ndred yards west of its present 
 position. The little gorge above O!ough Farm was cut by the 
 river in consequence of the pre-glacial valley having been 
 blocked with thick Boulder Clay. In this area we have found 
 no pebbles that suggcit an origin from a distant locality, the 
 Drift-materials being apparently all of local origin. 
 
 The Drift in the west end of Garsdale consists purely of 
 Carboniferous materials, and is everywhere packed with stones, 
 most of which are scratched. It rises occasionally into drum- 
 lins, such as Bellow Hill at the fourth milestone from Sedbergh, 
 andrtspreads in thick masses over the line of comparatively low 
 ground marking the position of the Dent Fault. The Longstone 
 Fell at the west end of Rise Hill is heavily loaded with great 
 ridges or drumlins of Boulder Clay, the axes of which run 
 pretty constantly in an east and west direction. The distribu- 
 tion of the "limestone-boulders shows that the Drift here 
 travelled from east to west ; for while boulders of this rock 
 occur (sometimes plentifully as in Hole Beck) on the west side 
 of the Dent Fault, the Coniston Flags have not contributed to 
 the Di-ift on the east side of this line. On reaching the foot of 
 Garsdale and the other similar valleys the Carboniferous Drift 
 seems to have turned southwards, and not to have spread to 
 any great extent over the Silurian area. The west slopes of 
 Baugh Fell are also thickly covered by Boulder Clay, running 
 up to a height of 1,400 feet above the sea, and it is only in the 
 deeper w ater-courses that a view of the rock can be obtained. 
 In one instance only has a truly stratified gravel been observed 
 in this neighbourhood. A low esker occuis about 300 yards 
 north of Fell Yeat, consisting, as is seen in some small excava- 
 tions, of well-stratified sand and gravel. We could not ascertain 
 
GLACIAL DRIFT. ] 89 
 
 •whether this deposit was older or newer than the Boulder Clay ; 
 but regard it as probably contemporaneous with, and passing 
 laterally into it. Near Hebblethwaite Hall we notice again 
 that boulders of limestone abound in the Drift, on the west 
 side of the limestone-outcrops. 
 
 The country north of Whinny Gill is pretty uniformly 
 covered, and solid rock is rarely exposed save in the bottoms or 
 sides of the numerous streams. On the west side of the Dent 
 Fault the Drift consists of stiff blue clay, containing fragments 
 of local and foreign rocks many of which are striated. But on 
 the east side of the fault the deposit is almost entirely composed 
 of fragments of local sandstone in a sandy or clayey matrix. 
 Occasionally there are foreign pebWes, but they become ex- 
 tremely rare a quarter of a mile east of the fault. So strongly 
 does this surface-deposit resemble decomposed rock that it is 
 difficult to separate mere rain-wash from Boulder Clay. 
 
 In the valley of Backside Beck, a clay-drift with fragments of 
 local rocks covers the steep slopes up to an elevation of 1,2.50 feet. 
 The beck and its tributaries, w ith the exception of the two first 
 above Benne End in which Drift alone is exposed, have cut 
 through the glacial deposit and exposed the -Silurian rocks 
 beneath. In the two excepted becks clay, well packed with 
 stones, overlies stratified Drift with bands of current- bedded sand 
 at about the 1,000-foot contour. At Naithwaite the beds are 
 loamy and intermixed with sand, the whole containing a few 
 well-rounded stones. 
 
 Glacial Drift ascends the Silurian rocks in the valley between 
 Harter Fell and Clouds Fell to a height of about 1,1 uO .feet 
 above the sea-level, while eastward over the limestone-slopes it 
 occurs at somewhat higher levels, and consists of a dull-red or 
 grey clay with pebbles and semi-rounded blocks of Carboniferous 
 sandstone and limestone, some of the latter being remarkably 
 well-glaciated. A typical section occurs in a pit on the old 
 Sedbergh road, 400 yards south of the Friends Meeting House, 
 marked as a quarry on the six-inch map. Numerous swallow- 
 holes on Black Moss, and the gills between Eller Hill and Nash 
 House, also give good exposures. Higher up in Uldale the 
 Drift creeps up to 1,250 feet, and a patch of local sandstone-drift 
 occurs east ot Flint Howe at an elevation of between 1 ,500 to 
 1,600 feet. 
 
 Hog's back mounds or drumlins of Boulder Clay are prominent 
 on the south side of the Swale valley between Oxnop Beck and 
 Muker. Their longer axes are rudely parallel to the valley. 
 In the Boulder Clay tract on the west side of West Stonesdale a 
 series of features points in a general direction slightly east of 
 north, and undoubtedly crosses over the beds beneath. Even 
 where there is a no greater thickness than 2 or 3 feet of Drift, 
 a feature, carved out of the thick shales which lie between the 
 Millstone Grit and the Ten Fathom Grit, runs in that direction. 
 The direction is that in which it appears, from other evidence 
 shortly to be mentioned, th«t the ice locally moved. Similar 
 
190 sl'peuficia:. weto.^it?. 
 
 features occur near Tan Hill in the form of long ridges of 
 shale pointing north-east ; others of a similar kind, on the fell 
 about a mile north-east of Muker, run slightly south of east.. 
 
 The dry valleys over the watershed east of Keld (between there 
 and Keld Side) and those on the west side of Cliff Beck, about 
 half a mile south-west of Thwaite, are also perhaps of the same 
 character. The former have an east-north-easterly direction and 
 consist eniirely of Drift. The latter run north-east and are 
 partly in rock. 
 
 On the west side of Mossdale Beck the general direction of 
 the drumlins and " slacks " or valleys within the Boulder Clay is 
 east or slightly south of east. They thus keep rudely parallel 
 to the depression of the Garsdale Head valley, the Ure valley, 
 and the intervening watershed. 
 
 The boulders in the clay are often striated and usually more 
 •or less rounded and worn. But in the gill a third of a mile south 
 of Angram and certain other places there are many bits of shale 
 which might be wrongly supposed to be all but in situ. 
 
 Neither in Swaledale, Wensleydale, nor in the district of 
 Mallerstang have any boulders foreign to the dale been observed, 
 but there are in various places some which must have come 
 from a considerable distance and have been pushed up from lower 
 ground. Thus in the valley of West Stonesdale many big 
 boulders of grey limestone, most of them doubtless belonging to 
 the Main Limestone, lie some distance north of and on higher 
 ground than the highest exposure of this bed in the stream ; 
 even as far north as Lad Gill many such boulders occur mixed 
 with others of the " Red Beds." In the Drift in an old quarry in 
 Millstone Grit, 130 yards south of the gill south of the " a " of 
 " Stonesdale Moor " much chert is also found. The above 
 facts point strongly to the Drift having locally travelled rather 
 northwards, perhaps under the influence of ice from Shunner 
 Fell. 
 
 The occurrence, too, of numerous boulders of the Water Crag 
 grit at the head of Mud Beck shows that a large portion, of the 
 ice^rsheet swept over one side at least of this hill, and, moving 
 north-eastward, carried with it large blocks of the rocks it 
 encountered; and the ice- worn fronts of such grit-masses as 
 Alderson Seat show how thick the ice must have been and in 
 what direction it travelled. 
 
 On the west side of East Gill, about a third of a mile below 
 the junction at the top of the " e " of " Head," there is a thin 
 spread of Drift: which contains much chert. Near the head of 
 the. gill west of Little Punchard Head there are many drifted 
 chert-pieces. The nearest chert in place is in Blakethwaite Gill, 
 only a short distance away, and straight to the west in a line 
 for the top of Rogan's Seat, but it lies at a lower elevation than 
 the drifted pieces. 
 
 The Millstone Grit on Crackpot Moor and also above Whita- 
 side Tarn is scattered over with chert-fragments which have 
 probably come from lower ground, to the west. About 100 
 
QLACIi.L DEIT"T. 191 
 
 yards south-south-east of the Ordnance Station, 1,772, there is 
 a large mass of chert with no constant dip, which has probably 
 been glacially transported. Its extreme length from east to 
 west is about 100 yards, and its breadth scarcely half that, but 
 the boundaries are not always definite. The mass is covered 
 with green, in strong contrast to the heather of the surrounding 
 grit. 
 
 Another but much smaller mass of chert, with Main Limestone 
 on either side of it, lies in the sike that runs into Cliff Beck a 
 little below the last " f " of " Cliff." It appears to dip north east 
 ut 30". If in place it must be let down between two faults, but 
 it is probably a transported mass. 
 
 In weathered surfaces Boulder Clay often loses much of its 
 fine clayey matter and assumes a sandy or gravelly aspect, as, for 
 example, near Low Oxnop and Kearton's Wood, which makes it 
 hard to distinguish it from the Glacial sands. Deposits of 
 this latter kind are apparently rare, but two ridges of such 
 occur on the south side of the Swale near the plantation north of 
 Mudd House ; in the more northern ridge there is a section 
 showing gravel and stiff stony Boulder Clay mixed up together, 
 below which there is said to be sand. Similar ridges occur half 
 a mile south-south-east of Angram, and immediately east of 
 
 -A-ygill- 
 
 Besides Boulder Clay and sand or gravel there are other 
 varieties of Drift which cannot be properly called either, for 
 example, at the head of the gill south of the "M " of " Melbecks," 
 150 yards north of the Old Gang Smelt Mill, near Routin Gill- 
 head and Greenseat Beck-head, and along the sides of this latter 
 TDeck, &c. In the first-mentioned locality it consists largely of 
 fine flaggy sandstone, sometimes in large masses, derived from 
 the flags above the pebbly grit. In the third and fourth it 
 consists chiefly of blocks of pebbly grit. In the last it is from 
 three to eight feet thick, and is composed chiefly of fragments of 
 sandstone embedded in a varying and often small proportion of 
 yellow clay. The sandstone is not pebbly as a rule, but belongs 
 to the sandstones quite close at hand, as if only pushed down a ' 
 short gentle slope from the parent- scars. In such a case as this 
 it is perhaps impossible to say that the bed may not have been 
 produced by the gradual movement of the " soil-cap." 
 
 Contortions which are only superficial and of Glacial origin 
 are probably common, but it is not often that proof of their 
 character can be obtained. Those in the shale about a quarter 
 of a mile south-west of the " M " of " Melbecks " we suppose to 
 be due to the passage of ice. 
 
 The valley on the west side of- Kisdon (Swaledale) is so deep 
 and wide that we cannot suppose it to have been formed by the 
 little stream by which it is at present drained. It must in 
 pre-Glacial times have been formed by the Swale or a portion of 
 it. We say a portion because both East Gill and Swinner GiU 
 join the Swale below the head of the old valley, and it is scarcely 
 likely that they went along it. They would more naturally go 
 
192 SUPEEFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 along tbe present Swale valley on the east side of the hill, and 
 the size of this valley is so large, and the distribution of Boulder 
 Clay on either side of such a character, being thick on the west 
 side but almost absent on the east, that we must suppose it in 
 the main to be pre-Glacial, as well as the old one. 
 
 We may then look back to a time when the water of Sleddale, 
 Birkdale, Whitsundale, and West Stonesdale, travelled along the 
 valley wesb of Kisdon, while that of East Gill and Swinner Gill 
 followed the valley on the east. The " divide " between the two- 
 valleys would, near Keld, be only 300 yards or so wide probably, 
 and gradually it would by denudation lose in height more and 
 more, until perhaps it was finally breached by some great flood. 
 We should suppose it to have been only a wealc buttress for long 
 ages previously, for there are three east and north-east faults. 
 known, whiclj. must have crossed it, and three others with a 
 south-east direction which may also have partially ajffected it. 
 
 GiACiAL Stri^. 
 
 Only a few striated surfaces of rock in place have been 
 observed in Swaledale. There are, however, some very fine 
 instances in Low Row Pasture on the flagstones above the 
 Middle Limestone. The directions of the striae vary from about 
 E. 4° N. to E. 1 4° N., that is, they point, roughly speaking, 
 from Great Shunner Fell. There are also some striations on the 
 west side of East Gill, on a fine-grained gannister about a third 
 of a mile south of East Gill Head. The striae cro.ss one another 
 in these two directions, east and west, and north and south ; the 
 former set may possibly be due to a landslip, in the course of 
 which the exposure occurs. 
 
 All the outcrops of grit about Tan Hill are in many cases 
 rounded and occasionally scratched, the striae pointing east by 
 norih ; as are alsci the grits of Alderson Seat fincidentally 
 mentioned above) where the direction of striation is north-east. 
 Belonging to the same set of striations are some very fine ones 
 that occur on grey grits (Polly Moss) in Westmorland, near tbe 
 north edge'of the map. There are there two sets of striae pointing 
 respectively north-east by east and east-north-east. There is 
 nothing in the striae themselves to show in which direction the 
 ice moved, but the shape of the ground would indicate that the 
 movement was towards the east. 
 
 Some fine striae are exposed on a hard sandstone in the railway- 
 cutting about a mile west of Thwaite Bridge, Wensleydale. The 
 direction varies froni east to about E. 28° S., but the average 
 may perhaps be taken as E. 13° S., which is much the same as 
 that of the Ure valley near by. The most extensive exposures 
 occur on the south side of the line : on this side besides the upper 
 surfaces of the sandstone-blocks, their vertical sides that face the 
 north, or the centre of the valley, are also smoothed and striated. 
 The striae on these side-surfaces generally run nearly horizontally. 
 
 A remarkable exposure of a glaciated rock surface has been 
 made in the cutting on the Midland Railway about one mile 
 
GLACIAL STEI^. 193 
 
 south of Hawes Junction. The surface is very uneven and 
 presents many ledges with vertical and horizontal faces, all of 
 which are strongly grooved. The movement of the ice has clearly 
 been from south-west to north-east, that is up Garsdale, though 
 from the general direction of the Drift-transport (p. 188) it 
 might have been supposed that the ice-flow would have been 
 down the dale. 
 
 On the brockram near and north of Kirkby Stephen low 
 Station and again in the bed of the Eden, west of the mouth 
 of Podgill, several strise have been noted by Prof. Hughes and 
 Mr. Goodchild, their general trend being north-east, but in the 
 railway-cutting east of the Station Mr. Tiddeman has observed 
 striae running south-east. 
 
 The top of Baugh Fell, consisting as it does of a hard gan- 
 nister, has retained a character of great interest to the glacial 
 geologist. Though nearly 2,200 feet above the sea-level, the 
 ledges of rock which show through the peat are rounded and 
 striated in a manner almost unique. The roches moutonnees are 
 often nearly ] 00 yards long, many parts of the surface being 
 polished like glass. The fine striations, too, are beautifully pre- 
 served and point roughly north-east and south-west. The 
 scratches themselves do not show in which direction the ice 
 moved, but it is probable that the motion was from the south- 
 west, as in the railway-cutting, for in many places the grit-beds 
 have been turned up almost on edge apparently by pressure 
 from that quarter. 
 
 As regards the movement of the ice, one of the most instruc- 
 tive views to be had in any part of England, is that from the 
 Buttertubs pass between Swaledale and Wensleydale. Looking 
 thence southward, across Wensleydale, one sees the gable-ends 
 of tlie hills between the big dales running into Wensleydale 
 from the south, to wit, Widdale, Snaizholme, and Duerley, 
 massed with Drift trending down Wensleydale across the mouths 
 of the side-dales. One can, in imagination, see streams of ice 
 flowing down each of these dales and turning eastward as they 
 severally join the main stream flowing down Wensleydale. 
 
 To Slim up this part of the subject it seems that the ice 
 moved down the larger dales, so that its drainage was much the 
 same as the water-drainage is now ; but that in the upper parts 
 of the basin of the Swale, where the streams flow generally from 
 north to south, the movement of the ice was generally eastw^ard 
 with, perhaps, a touch of north in it, so that it crossed the line 
 of the present drainage and actually flowed over into the basin of 
 the Tees ; and that at one time ice flowed over from Garsdale-into 
 Wensleydale, and that probably at the same time the highest 
 hills in the neighbourhood, at least up to nearly 2,200 feet 
 above the present sea-level, were scraped and scored by masses 
 of ice moving from the south-west towards the north-east.* 
 
 * " The Glacial PheDomena of the Eden Valley and the Western Part of the 
 Yorkshire-Dale District " were fully discussed by Mr. J. G. Goodchild in the Quart. 
 Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxl., pp. 55-9D, 1875. 
 
 o 63856. N 
 
194 
 
 CHAPTER XVI.^SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS— continued. 
 
 River Gravels and Alluvium. 
 
 The Alluvium calk for but little notice., The principal extent 
 of it occurs along the southern edge of the map, near the Hawes, 
 where abundance of fine sand and loam is cleairly the sedilnent 
 brought by the Ure into an old rock-basin, the barrier of which 
 is now cut through by the river between Aysgarth and Bear 
 Park. 
 
 About the head of Wensleydale, and also near the head- waters 
 6f the Lune, about Ravenstonedale, irregular patches of Allu- 
 vium occur among the Drift-mounds. These patches seem, in 
 many cases, to occupy the sites of silted-up tarns. 
 
 The alluvial deposits of the Rawthey, below Rawthey Bridge, 
 consist of coarse gravel, arranged in two or more terraces. 
 
 In Swaledale both the alluvial flats and the higher terraces 
 are chiefly composed of coarse gravel, as we should expect from 
 the gradients of the becks. The size and tumultuous arranger 
 ment of the boulders in some of the. gravels are very striking, i ■ 
 
 The high terrace south of the Swale near Gunnerside runs 
 for such a distance beside the present river, and has in many 
 places such an even top and well-defined back — notwithstanding 
 its age and liability to denudation — that we are not inclined to 
 consider it other than fluviatile, though possibly it may belong 
 to a time but little removed from the Glacial Period. There is 
 a corresponding terrace on the north side of the Swale west of 
 Gunnerside. Both these terraces, when traced up OxnopJBeck 
 and Gunnerside Beek respectively, get to be little above the 
 present water-level. 
 
 The high terrace a mile or more below Gunnerside, on the 
 south side of the Swale,' consists of angular gravel not un- 
 frequently mixed with pieces of shale. Muker is built on a high 
 terrace, and there is another of about the same height, with a 
 better defined outer margin, on the south side of the Swale 
 ■opposite this village. A high terrace at the foot of S winner 
 Gill shows in section a considerable thickness of gravel mixed 
 with irregular bands of fine sand and loam. The upper part is 
 more uniformly of coarse gravel. 
 
 Near Keld there are several high terraces, possibly more than 
 have been mapped. The various rocks near the river make 
 features which are sometimes hard to distinguish from river- 
 ierraces, and the water may once have been over them, even if 
 there is now little or, no gravel left. The Swale here abounds 
 in waterfalls and rapids, and we should in great part estimate 
 the age of the terraces by the time taken to wear these rapids 
 backwards. - 
 
 J. R. D., C. T. C. 
 
PEAT. IS*5 
 
 Peat. 
 
 A. large' portion of the fell-tops and less steep valley -sides are 
 ■aeovered with thick moss- peat. ^ As one would expect, the growth 
 is usually thickest and most constant where the drainage i.s 
 least efficient ; thus on Boulder Clay tracts it is very noticeable, 
 but on limestones free of Drift it is rare. Its direct economical 
 importance is not at present large, though in the remoter dales 
 it is still cut for hbusehold-use, and in the lead-mining districts 
 for the smelt-mills. In the mills it is mixed with a small 
 portion of coke to help to keep the fire open. 
 
 Well-defined, basin-shaped peat-areas or bogs are rare. The 
 Tom Hags, rather more than a quarter of a mile to the west- 
 south-west of the hamlet of West Stonesdale, and the Sto6ps 
 Dub, three quarters of a mile 6ast-north-east of Gunnerside, are 
 both still partly tarns and partly bogs, but'they.are only small. 
 A fine example of peat growing in a land-locked hollow occurs 
 in Rushy Moor Bottom at the head of Mud Beck ; a second 
 somewhat similar mass lies a little further south. 
 
 Tree-stems are common in the peat at heights and situations 
 where trees do not flourish now. Birch appears to be the 
 commonest, but alder and oak are also not unfrequent. The 
 oak is sometimes so sound that it can be used for ladders and 
 other purposes. The following are some of the high localities 
 where they have been observed, frequently near the bottom of 
 the peat : — 
 
 In the sike a quarter of a mile south-east of the " t " of 
 " Water Crag," over 2,050 feet. Near the bottom of the 
 peat. 
 In the sike next west of the above, nearly 2,050 feet. Near 
 
 the bottom of the peat. 
 On Muker Common a little south of the " r " of " Muker." 
 
 over 2,000 feet. 
 South side of Wham Bottom (Gunnerside Beck), over 2,000 
 
 feet. Near the bottom of the peat. 
 South side of Great Punchard Head, between 1,900 and 2,000 
 
 feet. Near the bottom of the peat. 
 A little south-east of Satron High Walls, nearly 1,700 feet. 
 Near the head of Hard Level Gill, nearly 1,700 feet. Near 
 the bottom of the peat. 
 
 Except where the bare rock comes to the surface or in the 
 afaces 6i the grit scarps, the whole of the Millstone Grit area 
 may be said to be entirely peat-covered. For example, excepting 
 the Water Crag 'Grit, nearly all but the escarpment between 
 Punchard Head and Stonesdale is buried under peat ranging 
 from 5 to 10 feet in thickness. . About the head of William Gill 
 the covering is particularly thick. It spreads over Ravenseat 
 Moor in the same manner except that the grits form stronger 
 features and are more often clear. In the intervening valley of 
 West Stonesdale there is no peat, and partly in consequence of 
 
 N 2 ■ 
 
196 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 this the valley is entirely grass-covered, as far up as its head at 
 Tai) Hill. We here enter a large peat area which stretches 
 westward as far - as Nine Standards and Coldbergh Edge, and 
 thence southward to Birkdale Tarn* The greater part o£ 
 Birkdale Common west of the beck is covered with peat, as is 
 also Angram Common and Abbotside. The peaty character of 
 the ground is often indicated by the names, such as Tarn Moss, 
 Lambs Moss, Short Moss Haggs, &c. 
 
 FromJTan Hill northward to the edge of the map only the 
 valleys are free of peat, Bowes Moor and Sleightholm Moor 
 being entirely covered, except oh Cocker Ridge. The great, 
 hollow north of Annaside Edge is partly overspread ; the 
 horizontal surface of the Ten-Fathom Grit is thickly covered, 
 but the scarp-face is clear, and the same may be said of most of 
 the beds as they crop out. East of a line drawn from the top 
 of the Main Limestone at Ravens Park to the top of the same 
 bed at Roe Beck, tne valley on both sides is practically free of 
 peat. Little patches do occur here and there but they are 
 insignificant compared with the masses covering the rest of the 
 ground. 
 
 C. T. C, G. B. 
 
 Landslips. 
 
 Many of the larger slips have evidently been helped by th& 
 dip of the beds being partly down hill : for example, the slips 
 below Hooker Mill Scar, the north end of Kisdon Hill, Green 
 Gill Bottom (Ivelet Beck), the north side of Thwaite Beck 
 between Moor Close and Thwaite, Oxnop Beck, the south side 
 of the east and west gill that comes into Gunnerside Beck from 
 the west by the"G" of Gunnerside, part of the Winterings, 
 slip. But there are others, including those in the thick shales; 
 below the Millstone Grit on either side of West Stonesdale, andf 
 on the west side of East Stonesdale, and the very frequent 
 sliding of banks of Boulder Clay, that cannot have been helped 
 thus. 
 
 On the west side of Oxnop Beck the slipped ground in the 
 Main and Underset' Limestones presents a succession of scars 
 each of which might at first be taken in turn to represent a 
 natural feature formed by the base of the rock, were not other 
 similar features visible. It is hard to say under how much 
 of the slipped area there is limestone in place. The lowest 
 limestone exposure is in situ as well as the highest, and as the 
 dip of the beds is about equal to that of the slope from the top 
 to the bottom of the area, the intervening space has probably 
 itself also been once occupied by sound limestone, and many of 
 the brokesn masses may be but little out of place. 
 
 0. T. C. 
 
 ' i c is worth metitioning that gulls breed on the shores of this tarn. 
 
CAVES. 197 
 
 Caves. 
 
 In Swinner Gill there is a cave called Swinnergill Kirk 
 just under the waterfall over the chert on top of the Main Lime- 
 atone, north of the North vein. The limestone dips steeply up 
 stream, and the cave follows for a certain distance, so that all 
 the water that comes down over the waterfall enters the 
 cave and retraces its steps for this distance. It was once 
 proposed to adopt the cave as a mine-level, and it was explored 
 for about 140 yards. The water is said to come out to the 
 surface again in the east bank of Ea"^t Gill, as a strong spring 
 in the Main Limestone. 
 
 The base of the Main Limestone contains a small cave in 
 Aygill (Keld), and where it crosses Gunnerside Beck. In the 
 last locality there are also various enlarged cave-like joints. 
 
 A cave of considerable extent was encountered many years 
 ago in mining in the Main Limestone on the north side of 
 Arkendale. In parts it was 30 feet high, with large stalactites 
 hnnging from the roof, some even reaching to the floor. It 
 probably owed its origin to the underground stream which 
 issues at Roughton Keld some distance above Dale Head Farm, 
 ■and after a short course joins the main stream. The stalactites 
 ^were broken up and many fragments carried away as garden- 
 ornaments. The cave was afterwards filled up by the refuse 
 from the lead-mine. 
 
 C. T. C, G. B. 
 
 Cultivation Terraces. 
 
 There are prominent old cultivation-terraces, or " lazy beds," 
 on the north side of the valley between Gunnerside and Ivelet. 
 Such terraces are generally known in the North of England by 
 the name of " Reins." 
 
 C. T. C. 
 
 Neolithic Flint-Implements. 
 
 Two flint-scrapers were disoovered on the banks of the River 
 Ure immediately below its source, and near the County Bound- 
 ary. The flints were perhaps derived from the Yorkshire Chalk, 
 none such occurring in the Glacial Drift of this district. The 
 scrapers do not appear to have been much used. A somewhat 
 doubtful flint-scraper was found by Mr. Powell of Towyn, near 
 Abergele, at the Carbonate of Baryta Mine above Aysgarth. 
 In character and colour it resembles these found at the source 
 of the river. 
 
 C. E. R. 
 
199 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 FOSSILS FEOM THE GAEBONIPBEOUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 
 
 These fossils were collected, seyeral yeairaJii_go_hy:Er-QfJEJi£^._HBgieB^ 
 Mr. J. G-. GoodcKild, and R. Gibbs, late fossil-lcolleotor to the Geological 
 Survpy, and were identified by Mr. B. Etheridge, formerly Palaeontologist 
 to the Srirvey. They were obtained from numerous localities in the 
 dales named below; Ihle dales are indicated i in the colums by letters as 
 foUo-^TS : — j 
 
 ,. ; ; E=Eden Valley. S=Swaledale. 
 
 I G=GarsdaIe. ■W=Wensleydale. 
 
 Bi=:!BayenstonedaIe. 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 it 
 
 5 : 
 
 
 eS.v 
 
 w 
 
 1 
 
 ■s 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 Is 
 
 
 1- 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 ,1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 f 
 
 PlANTS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *1 
 
 
 
 
 G&lam^tes - ! - 
 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 ■.. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 w. 
 
 
 .• 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 .. 
 
 .- 
 
 StiginariBflcoide3,.Bro»g'. - 
 
 b* 
 
 •• 
 
 ■• 
 
 w. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■• 
 
 , COKAiB. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alveolites se^tosai, J'iem. |- 
 
 R, 
 
 
 •;■ 
 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 c" 
 
 
 G. 
 
 
 AmplekuB cohtlloidea, \Sow, 
 
 E. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Aulopliylluinl tungites; Mem. 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 .. 
 
 
 • 1 
 
 ■ • 
 
 • • 
 
 G. 
 
 
 Cladochonus 1 - \ -\ '• 
 Cy^tlidpl^rlliJin rdgium, Phil. 
 
 a. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 w. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 sp. - '■ 
 
 E.W. 
 
 w. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 w. 
 
 
 • • 
 
 W. 
 
 •• 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Lithostrotion junceum, JWw. 
 
 eJ 
 
 
 
 
 • . 
 
 
 
 
 yr. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 i, ; Martini, M. Mdw. - 
 
 R. 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 ^.,. 
 
 • ■ 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 „ ■ irregulare, J^hU. 
 
 B.B. 
 
 
 ■w. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 Syringopora ramulosa, Go^f. i - 
 
 ■ • 
 
 
 w. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Zaphr Aitis pliillipsi, M. ESw. 
 
 ■ ■ i • 1 ■ ; " i 
 
 .••' 
 
 w. 
 
 ■ 1- 
 
 
 
 w. 
 
 
 •; 
 
 ■■ 
 
 
 
 
 ECHIKODEBMAIA. 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aotino 
 
 prinus 
 
 
 .., 
 
 w. 
 
 ■•• 
 
 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 • • 
 
 ■•• 
 
 •• 
 
 
 icidari 
 
 s- -. :■ 
 
 E.; 
 
 
 •' 
 
 ■• 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 '■• 
 
 ^J 
 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 Poteri( 
 
 crinns 
 
 
 -■ 
 
 w. 
 
 •• 
 
 
 •'• 
 
 ■• 
 
 .: 
 
 
 ■■■ 
 
 •■ 
 
 
 ■- 
 
 .?. 
 
 " -a 
 
 StC^IDi.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Serpul 
 
 iparaljlela,Jf'Cpff j- 
 Cbttst^ceA. 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 W. 
 
 Griffitl 
 Phaiipi 
 
 ides gjobio^psi Portl. 
 
 
 ■• 
 
 
 
 •• 
 
 w. 
 
 
 i> 
 
 ■• 
 
 
 
 •• 
 
 ia-- !- 
 
 W. 
 
 " 
 
 •' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
200 
 
 CARBONIFEEOUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS. 
 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 ll 
 
 bo 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 .a 
 
 i 
 
 II 
 
 ! 
 
 
 i 
 ■i 
 
 •S 
 
 PorTZOA. 
 
 Ceriopora - - - - 
 Penestellaplebeia, Jlf'(7o» - 
 
 multiporata, M'Coy 
 
 sp. 
 
 Polypora laia, FUl. - 
 
 Eetepora 
 
 Ehombopora (Vinoularia) mul- 
 tangularis, Poril, 
 
 Bbichiofoda. 
 Athyris ambigua. Sow. 
 
 „ expausa^ PMl. 
 
 „ Boysii, teveUU ■ 
 
 „ sp. - 
 Camarophoria globnlina, PhU. 
 Chonetes Buohiana, De Kon. 
 
 „ laguessiana. Be Kon. 
 papilionacea, Phil. 
 Cyrtina aeptosa, PMl. 
 Disoina nitida, PUl. 
 Lingula Credneri, Geiniiz ■ 
 
 „ ihytiloides. Sow. - 
 
 „ squamiformis, Phil. 
 
 „ sp. 
 Orthis Miohelihi. Lei)eilU 
 
 Produotus costatua, Sow. 
 
 „ fimbriatuSj Sow. 
 
 „ gigauceus, Mart. 
 
 „ UangoUensis, Bav. 
 latissimns, Som. 
 
 „ longispinua. Sow. 
 
 margaritaceus, PhU. - 
 pUnctatus, Mart, 
 puBtulosus, PftfJ. 
 
 „ scabriculfls. Mart. 
 
 w. 
 
 E. 
 
 K- 
 W. 
 
 E. 
 
 E.W. 
 
 W. 
 
 E. 
 W. 
 
 W. 
 E. 
 W. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 •• 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w 
 w. 
 
 "W. 
 
 w. 
 
 ■■ 
 W. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 ■w. 
 w. 
 
 "vr. 
 
 w. 
 ■w. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 G. 
 G. 
 
 W. 
 
 W. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 ■• 
 
 .. 
 
 G. 
 
 G. 
 G.W. 
 
 s. 
 s. 
 
CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONK FOSSILS. 
 
 201 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ll 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 S no 
 
 1 
 n 
 
 ^ 
 5 
 
 ^ 
 a 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 ll 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 . 
 
 ProiJuo 
 
 Bhyncl 
 Spirifei 
 »» 
 
 « 
 
 Spirife 
 Strepto 
 
 Stroph( 
 
 analo 
 
 Terebr 
 
 ] 
 Aviculc 
 
 Pecten 
 Pinpa 
 Posidoi 
 
 tus aemiretionlatus, Xart. 
 
 undiferas, Se Kon. 
 
 youngiana, Dav. 
 
 >p. . . , 
 
 lonella pleurodon, Phil. ■ 
 
 ip. 
 
 a conroluta, Fhil. - •: 
 
 duplicicoita, Phil. 
 
 glabra. Mart. 
 
 Rraudicostata, M'Coy 
 
 lineata. Mart. 
 
 Qvalis, Phil. 
 
 pinguis. Sow. 
 
 striata. Mart. 
 
 triangularis. Sow. 
 
 trigonalis, Jfart. - 
 
 sp. - - - - 
 
 •ina laminosa, M'Coy 
 
 rhynohus orenistria, Phil. - 
 
 sp. 
 
 imena rhomboidalis, var. 
 e&,Phil. . . 
 itula hastata. Sow. - 
 
 sp. . . ■ . 
 
 jAMBLLIBBA»CHIATA. 
 
 (Monomyaria.) 
 
 pecten arenoaus, Phil. 
 
 aaperulu9,Jlf'Co» - 
 
 dlasimilis, Phil. - 
 
 flmbriatus, Phil. - 
 
 , interstitialis, Phil. ■ 
 
 knockoniensis, 
 M'Coy. 
 , raloropteros, M'Coy 
 
 tessellatus, Phil. - 
 
 • 
 sp. - 
 
 Sowerbyi, MCoy 
 
 labelliformis. Mart. 
 
 (lomya vetustsj Sou). 
 
 W. 
 
 E. 
 W. 
 
 E. 
 
 E. 
 B.W. 
 E.W. 
 B.W. 
 
 W. 
 W. 
 
 E. 
 
 E. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 w. 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 ■w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 •• 
 •■ 
 ., 
 
 w. 
 
 ■ff. 
 
 ■w.f 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 ■ff. 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 "W. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 GW 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 w. 
 w. 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 G. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 -w. 
 
 w. 
 
 .« 
 
 w. 
 
 G.W. 
 
 •• 
 
 W. 
 
 w. 
 
 G.W. 
 G. 
 
 w.s. 
 
 ■W.S. 
 
 s. 
 s. 
 
202 
 
 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS. 
 
 1 ' 
 
 ^1 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 .a 
 
 11 
 ■gl 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 0? 
 
 a 
 i 
 
 .a 
 
 ii 
 
 1 
 
 OS 
 
 ■g 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 PteroniteB persulcata, M'Cby 
 
 „ sp, j - : - . , - 
 
 (pWariai) 
 
 AiciL aemieoaiatsi, JU'doy '- 
 
 Cardiomorpha Egertom, If' Coi/ - 
 
 '1,1 
 Cyprioardia niodialaris, M'Coy ■ 
 
 Dolabra equiljater^lis, k'ttfy 
 
 Leda attenuata, Mem. \ 
 
 „ . sp. . ,- i .- 1 ,- i - 
 Lithodomus jenkiinsi, M'Coy 
 Myallntt, sp. - ! . ' 
 
 Nuouia - - '. ; . 
 
 Sanguiiiolitesi angtistatus, PhU. - ^ 
 
 Gabteropoda. 
 
 Acroculia (Gapulus) - 
 
 CylindriteB carbonariui, De Kon. ■ 
 
 Eulima philllipsiana, X>e Zo». ' - 
 
 EuomphaluB acutus, Sow. - 
 
 „: calyx, Jfti!. - 
 
 „i carbonarius, iSow. i - 
 
 „j Bionysii, GoW. 
 
 J quadMus, Jf'Cov I - 
 
 sp. ' - i ! - 
 
 Loxbnema rugiler^ PM2. • 1 - 
 
 soilaroidea, Pwi. 
 
 suloatuia, 11' Coy , - 
 1 ' 1 i 
 .„ ; veutrio(jsa, Z)e Mon. j .- 
 
 Natica- |- j - , j - 
 
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CJARBONIFEEOUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS. 
 
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204 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Abbotside Fell, 100, 142-146, 149 ; peat 
 
 on, 196. 
 Adam Gill, 102. 
 Agriculture, 3, 4. 
 
 Aisgill 88, 90 ; Millstone Grit of, 138. 
 Alder in peat,. 195. ... 
 
 Alderson Seat, 151; gUciation of, 190, 
 
 192. 
 
 Alluvium, 192. . . 
 
 Alston Moor, 105-108. 
 
 Andesite, 7, 17. 
 
 Angerholme, 89. 
 
 Angram, 111; fault near, 1 74 ; glacial 
 
 sands at, 191. 
 Angram Common, 100 ; peat on, 196. 
 Annaside Beck, 120-124 ; .Millstone Grit 
 
 of, 153. 
 Annaside Edge, 155 ; peat near, 196. 
 Aunasett Bigg, 148 ; mining near, 169. 
 Appersett, iron-ore near, 167. 
 Appleby, volcanic rocks near, 13, 21; 
 
 Permian rocks near, 163. 
 Arkendale, 116-126; cave in, 197 ; Drift 
 
 in, 186 ; faults and veins, 168, 175-180 ; 
 
 mining in, 165, 179 ; Tanhill Coal in, 
 
 153, 154. 
 ArkleBeck, 117. 
 Amgill, 109, 111 ; faults at, 174. 
 ArnglU Vein, 158. 
 Artlegarth, 78. 
 Ash Fell, 81. 
 Ash Fell Beds, 80-82. 
 Ashgill Shales, 6, 13-27; grit in the, 15, 
 
 25. 
 Afkrigg, 93, 98 ; Drift near, 187. 
 Aveline, Mr. W. T., on Permian Kecks, 
 
 163, 164. 
 Aygill, cave in, 197 ; glacial sands at, 191. 
 Aysgarth, flint implement near, 197; old 
 
 rock-basin near, 194. 
 
 "Baal Hills," 16S. 
 
 Backside Beck, tTpper Silurian Bocks of, 
 
 36, 37 ; Lower Silurian Bocks of, 20-26 ; 
 
 Drift of, 189. 
 
 Backstone Beck, 131. 
 
 BaU Fell Soar, 98. 
 
 Band, the, 138, <39. 
 
 Bank Gill, 89. 
 
 Bannisdale Slates, 6, 38, 39.. 
 
 Barf End, 106, 107; faults at, "1?1, IlTS. 
 
 Barf Quarries, 104. 
 
 Barytes, 166. . 
 
 Basement Beds, 9, 40-42, 45-47, 50, 79. 
 
 Bastifell, 130, 133, 135, 149. 
 
 Baugh Fell, 1 ; coal-seams of, 136, 182, 
 183 ; Drift on, 18S > Millstone Grit of, 
 136, 13:^, 151; striae on, 193;,TanhiU 
 Coal on, 183'; Torcdale "Rocks of, 45, 
 58, 71-77. 
 
 Baxton Nah, 120. 
 
 Bear Park, 194. 
 
 Beck Crooks, 118, 120. 
 
 BeezT, mining at, 165, 169. 
 
 Belah Valley, tiault m the, 135. 
 
 Beldi Hill, fault on, 177. 
 
 Beldi HUl Mine, 111, 165, 166. 
 
 Beldon, 99, 148; mining near, 165. 
 
 Bellow Hill, 138. 
 
 Bells, mining on, 165. 
 
 Benbow Wood, brockram at, 161. 
 
 Benne End, Drift near, 189. 
 
 Bents Hill, 81. 
 
 Birch in peat, 195. 
 
 Birkdale, 127-133 ; Millstone Grit of, 139- 
 142, 149. 
 
 Birkdale Tarn, 149 ; peat of, 196. 
 
 Birkett Common, 2. 
 
 Birkett Tunnel, 82, 85-87. 
 
 Birkhill Shales, 28. 
 
 Birk Rigg, 87, 88. 
 
 Birks Field Beck CRawthey), 15, 32. 
 
 Birks Gill (Abbotside), 144. 
 
 Birks Wood (Bawthey), 14, 15, 32. 
 
 Bishop's vein, 125, 175. 
 
 Bitter Beck, 73, 76. 
 
 Black Bank, 148. 
 
 Black Bed, 138, 139. 
 
 "Black Beds," 10; of Arkendale, 116, 
 122 ; of Swaledale, 110. 
 
 Blackburn Bank, 109. 
 
 Black Gutter, 134. 
 
 " Black Jock " vein, 160, 179. 
 
 " Black Marble," 72. 
 
 Black Moor, 113, 152, 153. 
 
 Black Moss, Drift of, 189. 
 
 Black Pot, 100. 
 
 Black Scar Gill, 127, 129. 
 
 Blackstone, 148. 
 
 Blackstone Edge, 98, 99. 
 
 Blae Gill, 132. 
 
 Blakethwaite, 108, 111, 114, 115; hori- 
 zontal fault at, 180. 
 
 Blakethwaite Gill, 125. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 205 
 
 Blakethwaite vei^, 152, 154, 166, 175, 176. 
 
 Bleaberry Beck (Winton Fell), 134. 
 
 Bleaberry Hole (Beldon), 99. 
 
 Blea Combe, 8.5, 142. 
 
 Blea Gill (Whitsun Dale), 150. 
 
 Blea Gill (Eawtbej), 64. 
 
 Bleak Haw, 100, 147. 
 
 Bleakhow Edge (Arkendale), 120. 
 
 Blea Pasture, Drift on, 1 87. 
 
 Blind Gill vein, 175. 
 
 Bloody Vale, 108. 
 
 Blue Caster, Carboniferous JJocks of, 56- 
 
 61; diabaee of, 32, 184j felsite-dykes 
 
 of, 35 ; Upper Silurian Bocks of, 32, 35. 
 Bluecaster Gate, 60. 
 Bluecaster Gill, 16, 60. 
 Blue Gill, 141. 
 Boat Level, 119, 175, 179. 
 Bodystead, Drift of, 187. 
 Boggle Hole, 132. 
 Bonney, Bev. Prof. T. G., on a dyke, 20, 
 
 25. 
 Booze, 121. 
 Borradale Seam, 182. 
 Bottom Beck, 132. 
 Boulder Clay, 186-193, 196. 
 Boulders, 74, 186, 190, 191. 
 Bowber Head, 80. 
 
 Bowes Moor, 152, 155-157 ; peat on, 196. 
 Bow Fell. See Baugh Fell. 
 Bow Hills, Drift of, 186. 
 Bracken Gutter, Drift of, 188. 
 Brant Crag, 139, 140. 
 Brian Grain, 102, 139, 143, 146. 
 Brigstone Hazle, 95., 107. 
 Broadmea Crags, 139, 143 j Drift near, l88. 
 Brdcktoles, 128, 129, 141. 
 Brockram, 12, 161-164. 
 Brounfield Mine, 169. 
 Brow Edge, 120. 
 Browgill Beds, 6, 28-30, 34. 
 Brownber Beds, 80, 81. 
 Brownber Edge, 134, 150. 
 Browusey House, 107 ; fault near, 171. 
 Brownsey Moor, 104. 
 Building-stone, 95, 106, 184, 185. 
 Butterlubs Pass, 100, 142; glacial features 
 
 near, 193. 
 
 Csesar Hill, fault on, 176, 178. 
 
 Calamine, 166. 
 
 Carr House, 85. 
 
 Carr Eigg, 187. 
 
 Castlethwaite, 87. 
 
 Catagill Scar, 85. 
 
 Cat Gill, 71. 
 
 Cat Bake level, 174, 175, 177. 
 
 Cat Snout Gill, 170. 
 
 Cautley, Coniston Grits of, 37 ; Coniston 
 
 Limestone of, 26, 27; Stockdale Shales 
 
 of, 31. 
 Caves, 44, 47, 197. 
 
 I Caveside Gill, 132, 133, iSo. 
 Caw Gill, 101. 
 Ceaseat Beck, 71-76. 
 Cerussite, 166. 
 Cheese-making, 4. 
 
 Chert, of the Black Beds, 110 ; the 
 Coniston Limestone, 13; the Crow 
 Limestone, 53, 60, 76, 99, 112-116, 
 123-125, 130, 132; the Fell Top Lime- 
 stone, 84, 85, 113, 125; the Little Lime- 
 stone, 49, 74, 75, 120, 121, 127, 130; 
 the Main Limestone, 66, 67, 83, 87-89, 
 101, 110, 116, 118-120; the Red Beds, 
 96, 98, 116, 119, 121, 122; the Ten- 
 Fathom Grit, 130, 132, 149; the Three- 
 Yards Limestone, 48 ; the Underset 
 Limestone, 65, 72, 73, 83, 92, 96, 108^ 
 116-118, 133. 
 
 Chessylite, 166. 
 
 Clay-ironstone, 167. 
 
 Claylands, 80. 
 
 Cleasby Hill, 120-122. 
 
 Cliff Beck, 100, 101, 103, 105-107, 147? 
 chert-boulder in, 191 ; glaciation near, 
 190 ; vein in, 170. 
 
 Clouds, Drift near, 189 ; ores on, 165, 
 167. 
 
 Clough, 71 ; Drift near, 188. 
 
 Clough River, 41, 43, 45, 70, 71. 
 
 Clough Wood, Drift of, 187. 
 
 Cloven Gill, Drift of, 187. 
 
 Coal Force, 144. 
 
 Coal Gill, 129, 141. 
 
 Coal in Millstone Grit, 183, 184 ; Baugh 
 Fell, 136 ; Coldbergh Edge, 149 ; Lowna- 
 tbwaite, 159 ; Lnnds, 145 ; Mallerstang, 
 140-142; Muker, 147; Oxnop, 148; 
 Shunner Fell, 143, 144 ; Summer Lodge, 
 169; Swarth Fell, 137; Wild Boar 
 Fell, 138; Winton Fell, 134. 
 
 Coal in Yoredale Rocks, 183 ; Arkendale, 
 126; Baugh Fell, 44, 46, 48, 66, 67, 
 72; Birkdale, 129, 131, 132; Eden 
 Valley, 83, 84 ; Garsdale, 48, 73, 75 ; 
 Swaledale, 105, 109, 111, 114, 183; 
 Wensleydale, 92, 94, 96, PS, 99, 169, 
 170. 
 
 Coal-seams, replacement of, by limestones, 
 184. 
 
 " Coal Sills," the, 10, 183 ; Baugh Fell, 
 52, 75 ; Birkdale, 127, 129 ; Kaber Fell, 
 135; Swarth Fell, 137; Winton Fell, 
 133, 134. 
 
 Coal Sike, 105. 
 
 Cocker Quarry, 123. 
 
 Cocker Ridge, peat near, 196. 
 
 Cooker vein, 179. 
 
 Cockleshell Limestone, 10, 44 ; of Tees- 
 dale, 107. 
 
 Cogill, 100, 132, 149 ; Drift near, 187, 188.. 
 
 Cogill Head Hags, 148 ; fault at, 169. 
 
 Coldbergh Edge, 130, 139, 149 ; peat near, 
 196. 
 
 Collier Gutter, 138. 
 
 Combs, 98. 
 
 Coney Seat Hill, 120. 
 
 Coniston Flags, 6, 31-37; used for slates, 
 184. 
 
206 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Coniston Grrits, 6„ 37, 38; as a;huildjng-, 
 stono, 184. 
 
 Coniston Limestone Series, 6, 7, 13-37. 
 
 Copper-ore, 66, 67, 88, 90, 166, 167. 
 
 Corner Dub, 163, 164. 
 
 Coska Gill, 46, 49, 66. 
 
 Cotterdale, 93-95, 97; Drift, of, 187; 
 Millstone Grit of, 139. 
 
 Cotter Fell, coal of, 183. 
 
 Cotter Force, 93.. 
 
 Cotter Rigff, 187. 
 
 Cotterside, coal on, 183. 
 
 Couplanda Becjc, 80. 
 
 Cowan Edge, 135. 
 
 Cowshaw Hill, 187. 
 
 Cowstead Gill, 90. 
 
 Crack Band, 113, 1,14, 132. 
 
 Crackpot Moor, 104, 111, 112, 148 ; chert- 
 boulder on, 190, 191. 
 
 Crag Gill, 91. 
 
 Cranberry, 88. 
 
 Craven, ash-beds of, 13. 
 
 Cray Gill, 149. 
 
 Crew GiU, 129. . 
 
 Crook Eigg, 187. 
 
 Crook Seat, 129, 149. 
 
 Crooks Holme, 35. 
 
 Crook Sike, 118, 120. 
 
 Crosby Garrett, 161. 
 
 Cross Bank, 80, 
 
 Gross Gill Craggs, 144. 
 
 Cross Haw, 14, 32-34. 
 
 Crowe Knot Nick, 98. 
 
 Crow liimestone, ' 10; of Arkendale, 116,, 
 122-125, 179 ; of Baugh Fell, 49, 53, 
 60, 76 ; of Mallerstang, 89 ; of Swale- 
 dale, 99, 100, 112-115, 132, 146, 169, 
 175 ; of Wensleydale, 98, 101, 102, 144. 
 
 Crushing along the Dent fault, 47. 
 
 Cultivation Terraces, 197. 
 
 Curly Sandstone-quarry, 187. 
 
 Daddy Mea Edge, 102. 
 
 Daddy Mea Gill, 146. 
 
 Dale Head, 117,120, 197. 
 
 Dam Eigg vein, 123, 125, 179. 
 
 Danby Dam, 118, 119. 
 
 Danby End, 120 ; faults near, 178. 
 
 Danby Level, 160. 
 
 Dandry Mire, 71. j 
 
 Danny Brow Gill, 43. 
 
 Danny jyiill, 43., 
 
 DavyM^a Weil, 149. 
 
 Deep Gill (Kaber Fell), 134, 150 ; (Mal- 
 
 lerstaiig), 90. 
 Deer Holes, 118. 
 Dent Fault, 8, 9, 42-62. 
 Diabase, 7 ; Blue Caster, 32 ; Cautley, 31 ; 
 
 Wandale, 20 ; Whinny Gill, 33. 
 Doe Sike, 128, 129, 141. 
 
 Dolly level, 172. .. 
 
 Dolornitised litnestoiie, 161, 164, 175. 
 Dolphinseatj 133, 135. 
 Dolphinsty, 138 ; fault, 140. 
 Dove Cote GiU, 41, 43-45,,: 
 Dove GiU, 97. 
 Dover Hole Sike, 113, 
 Dowker Hole,,168, 169. 
 Drover's Hole, 153. 
 Drumlins, 186-189. 
 Dry Beck (Wensleydale), 95. 
 Dry GiU'(Arkendale), 122, 123; (Gars- 
 dale), 72; (Wensleydale), 100. 
 Dub Gill, dyke in, 38. 
 Duckerdale, 82-84. 
 Dykes, 7, 8, 14-27, 30-36, 38, 58. 
 
 Ease Gill, 120-123, 134. 
 
 Eas Gill, 129. 
 
 Easter Gill, fault in, 174. 
 
 East Gill, 109, 111-114; Drift near, 190; 
 faults in, 175, 177, 178, 181 ; glacial 
 ffeatlires of, 191, 192 ; issue of water in, 
 197; Millstone Grit of, 143,152,154, 
 156-158. 
 
 East House, veins near, 167. 
 
 Eden Eiver, source of, 1, 2. 
 
 Eden Vallejr, 82-91 ; Drift of the, 186; 
 fossils from the, 198 ; Permian Hocks of 
 the, 161-164 ; Trias of the, 163, 164. 
 
 EUergiU, 38. 
 
 EUer HiU, Drift near, 189. 
 
 EUerkin Scar, 98. 
 
 EUers, 129, 130. 
 
 Elm Gill, 88, 90. 
 
 Esker, 188. 
 
 Etheridge, Mr. E., on fossils, 198. 
 
 Ewehank, 135. 
 
 Fahlerz, 167. 
 
 Fairy GiU, 13, 16, 32; fossils from, 27. 
 
 Fairj-Hole, 108. 
 
 Far GiU, dykes in, 35. 
 
 Far North vein, 160. 
 
 Fea Few, 73. 
 
 FeUs End, 141, 142. 
 
 FeU Top Limestone (Arkendale), 114, 
 123-125; (Birkdale), 129-131; (Eden 
 VaUey), 84, 85 ; (Stonesdale), 112, 118 ; 
 (Wensleydale), 9G; (Winton FeU), 
 134. 
 
 FeU Yeat, 47 ; esker near, 188. 
 
 Felsite, contemporaneous in Coniston 
 Limestone, 6, 13, 17,20, 24-26; in- 
 trusive, 7, 14-24, 26, 30, 32, 33, 35, 58. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 207 
 
 Keld Marshal vein, 172. 
 
 fceclays, 184. 
 
 "Firestone," 122. 
 
 Kve- Yards Limestone, 10 j (Arkendale), 
 
 117; (Baugh Fell), 44, 46, 48, 52, 54, 
 
 , 58, 64, 68 ; (Eden Valley), 83; ((Jars- 
 
 ■' dale); 70, 71; (Mallerstang), 90; 
 
 (Swaledale); 104, 107, 170, 172 ; (Wens- 
 
 leydale), 92, 95, 96. 
 Flieak, 98, 99, 148. 
 Tlincher Bottom, 123. « 
 
 Flint Howe, Drift on, 189. 
 Flint-implements, 197. 
 "Flots,"165. 
 
 Tluorspar, 166, 170, 174, 181. 
 Flust, 73, 74. 
 B'oggygiU. 17. 
 Fool Sike, 90. 
 
 Force Beck, faults near, 170, 171. 
 Forceps Sike, 138. 
 Fossdale, 93-95, 97, 101, 146 ; Drift of, 
 
 187. 
 Fossdale Moor, coal on, 183 ; Millstone 
 
 Grit of, 143. 
 "Fossil Grit," 151, 156, 157, 177, 178. 
 I'othergill Close, 82. 
 Fourth Set Limestone, 95, 107. 
 Fourth Whim Shaft, 116, 159, 178, 183. 
 Fox Crags, 131,133, 134. 
 F'oxhole Gill, 131. . ; , 
 
 Fox Hole Eigg, 16, 25. 
 Friar Bottom, 80. 
 I'riarfold vein, 159, 166, 179. 
 Frith Quarry, .156. 
 i'rith Tari, fault near, 175. 
 Frumming Beck, 120, 121, 123. 
 
 •Gabey Hill, 72. 
 
 Gala Beds, 28. 
 
 ■Galena, 165-181. 
 
 Garded Hill, 120. 
 
 •Garsdale, 43, 44, 70-74 ; coal in, 48, 73, 
 
 74, 182; copper-ore in, 67; Drift in, 
 
 188; fossils from, 198; striae in, 192, 
 
 193 
 Garth' Gill, 70. 
 
 ■Giles Great Stones Hags, 148. 
 GiU Wood (Eawthey), 15. 
 •Gill Head (Swaledale), 107. 
 Glacial Drift, 186-192; Sands, 188, 191 ; 
 
 stria, 124, 151, 155, 188, 192, 193. 
 Goodham Gill, 96. 
 
 Graining Scar, 160; fault near, 176. 
 Grainy Gill, 143, 14'6. 
 Griptolitic Mudstones, 6, 14-16, 26, 28 - 
 
 34. 
 Grass Gill Crag, 97. 
 Gravel, glacial, 188, 191. See also Riter 
 
 Gravels. 
 Grayrigg Forest, anticline of, 6. 
 Great Backside vein, 178, 179. 
 Great Ball Head, 111. 
 vGreat Bell, 2, 85. 
 
 Great Cocker, 123, 124. 
 
 Great Cogill, 149. 
 
 Great Ewe Fell, 81. 
 
 Great Gill (Mallerstang), 91 ; (Wensley- 
 dale), 95, 96. 
 
 Grreat Haw, Drift of, 187. 
 
 Great Pinseat, 125, 160; barytes near, 
 
 ■ 166; fault on, 179. 
 
 Great Punchard GiU, 122, 123, 125, 126 ; 
 faults in, 177, 179, 180; Millstone Grit 
 of, 152-155 ; trees in peat, 195. 
 
 Great Red Gill, 124, 126. 
 
 Great Scar Limestone, 9; (Baugh Fell), 
 46, 47, 49, 60-62 ; (Garsdale), 43-45 ; 
 (Ravenstoneda;le), 79-82 ; (Wensley- 
 dale), 92. 
 
 Great Scar Limestone, ores in the, 165, 
 167. 
 
 Great Soolit, 153. 
 
 Great Shunuer Fell, 1, 100, 142-146. 
 
 Great Sike, 146. 
 
 Great Sleddale, 100, 102 ; copper-ore in, 
 167. 
 
 Great Wygil], 134. 
 
 Greenfell Crag, 133. 
 
 Green Gill Bottom, landslip at, 196. 
 
 Green Hill (Arkendale), 121; (Eden Val- 
 
 ■ ley),-84. ■' 
 
 Greenlaw Rigg, 2. 
 
 Green Pot Hill, 187. 
 
 Green Bigg, 135. 
 
 Greeriseat GiU, 105, 108, 112; coal in, 147; 
 Drift of, 191. 
 
 Gi-eeneldfe Gill, 39. 
 
 Greenside Quarry, 72. 
 
 Green Sike, faults near, 177. 
 
 Grere FeU, 37. 
 
 Gregory Chapel, 91. 
 
 Greygame vein, 159, 160, 179. 
 
 Grey Grits, fault on, 134, 135. 
 
 Grey Stones,- 90. 
 
 " Grindstone," the, 10, 11 ; (Baugh FeU), 
 76, 77, 136. 
 
 Grinning GiU, 72, 73, 76. 
 
 Grisdale, 71, 72, 74-77 ; copper ore in, 67, 
 167 ; Drift of, 188 ; quartz veins in, 67, 
 167. 
 
 Grisdale Beck, pre-glacial course of, 188. 
 
 Gruntley Beck, 133. 
 
 Gunnerside Beck, 103, 105, 107-109, 111, 
 112, 114, 115; cave in, 197; coal in, 
 183 ; cultivation-terraces near, 197 ; Drift 
 of, 186 ; fault near, 173, 174, 177 ; fluor- 
 spar in, 166; landslip near, 196; Mill- 
 stone Grit of, 152, 154, 156-159 ; peat 
 near, 195 ; river-terrace near, 194; veins 
 near, 171, 174, 175. 
 
 Gunnerside Hushes, 166. 
 
 Gutter Scales, 54-56. 
 
 Hsematite, 32, 167, 168. 
 HaU HiU, 89. 
 HaU Intack, 61-63. 
 
208 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Hall Moor, 152. 
 
 Handley's Bridge, 35. 
 
 Hanging Luad, 89. 
 
 Hanging Stone Sear, 139. 
 
 Hard Level Giil, 108, 109; baiytes in, 166 ; 
 
 trees in peat, 195. 
 Hardraw Force, 9, 93. 
 Hardraw Scar Limestone, 9, 167 ; Baugh 
 
 Pell, 57, 58, 61-64, 67 j Garstlale, 43, 
 
 44,70; Swaledale, 103-105, 110, 172; 
 
 Wensleydale, 92, 93. 
 Harkness, Prof. K., on foBsila of the Coni- 
 
 ston Limestone, 27. 
 Barter Fell, 37 j Brift of, 189. 
 Hartley, 82; Permian Books near, 163. 
 Hartley Beck, 163, 164. 
 Hartley Birkett, 2 j mining near, 165. 
 Hartley Fell, 82, 83. 
 Haskew Gill, 46, 48, 66. 
 Haverdale Mill, 105. 
 Hawes Flags, 92, 184. 
 Hawes Junction, 94 ; coal near, 73, 74. 
 
 182; iron-ore near, 167; striae near, 
 
 192, 193. 
 Hawthorn Crags, 131. 
 Haymaking, 3, 
 Hazel Gill, 89, 90. 
 Hearne Beck, 93 ; Millstone Grit of, 143, 
 
 145, 146 ; Drift of, 187. 
 Hearne Edge, 139, 146. 
 Hehblethwaite Gill, Silurian Bocks of, 14, 
 
 34 ; Carboniferous Bocks of, 40-42, 46, 
 
 47 i Drift near, 189. 
 Hell Gill, 2, -89, 97, 144 ; copper-rein in, 
 
 167. 
 HellgiU Crags, 144. 
 High Band, 139, 141. 
 High Brae, 142. 
 High Clint, 97. 
 High Dolphiuseat, 133. 
 High Dolphinsty, fault at, 89. 
 ■ High Force, 132. 
 High Grey Grits, 135. 
 High Haygarth, 35. 
 High Hangers, fault near, 174. 
 High Ing, 73, 74 ; vein near, 167. 
 High Iioven Scar, 139, 140. 
 High Pasture Wood, -14, 33 ; fault at, 42. 
 High Pike, 141. 
 High Rigg, 89, 187. 
 High Scar, 98, 109. 
 High Seat, 1 , 139, 141. 
 High Whim, 159. 
 High White Crags, 139. 
 Hillary's Hut, 95. 
 High Top, 149, 185. 
 Hilton Beck, Permian Rocks of, 163. 
 Hind Hole Beck, Jll, 114, 152, 154, 156 j 
 
 fault at, 173. 
 Hole Beck Gill, 41 ; Drift of, 188. 
 Hole Bottom, faults near, 170. 
 Holmes Moss, 66, 75, 76. 
 Hood Bigg, 14.S, 146. 
 Hooker Mill Sear, 108 ; landslip near, 196. 
 Horizontal faults, 174, 180, 181. 
 Horrabank, 93. 
 " Horseshoe Limestone," 44. 
 Houghton, Mr. F. T. S., on a dyke, 20, 25. 
 
 Hound Beck, 118. 
 
 Howgate Edge, 101, 142, 143; grit of, 
 140, 144, 183. 
 
 Howgill Fells, 6, 8. 
 
 Howgill Sike, 133. 
 
 How Mea Gill, 144. 
 
 Hughes, Prof. T. McK., on a dyke, 36 ; 
 on Ashgill Shales, 16, 17 ; on fossils 
 from the Carboniferous Limestone, 1 98 ; 
 on fossils from the Coniston Limestone, 
 27 ; oiy fossils ftom the Pale Slates, 31, 
 34 ; on striai, 193 ; on the Coniston Vol- 
 canic Series, 13. 
 
 Hugh Seat, 1, 140. 
 
 Humesett grits, 143, 144, 146, 183. 
 
 Hungry Moor, 126. 
 
 Hurrace Vein, 109, 158, 173, 176, 177. 
 
 Hurst Moor, 126. 
 
 " Hushing," 166. 
 
 " Impure Productal Limestone," 44. 
 
 Ingheads Bridge, 70, 71. 
 
 Ingleborough grit, 11, 12 ; on Bangh Fell, 
 136 ; on Howgate Edge, 101 ; onKaller- 
 stang, 89, 90, 140, 143 ; on Abbotside, 
 144, 145. 
 
 Intack Wood, dykes near, 15. 
 
 Intake Gill, 150. 
 
 Inverted strata, 46, 47, 51, 54, 57, 61, 82. 
 
 IroH-ore, 32, 167, 168. 
 
 Ivelet Beck, 103, 105, 107, 108, HI, 158; 
 cultivation-terraces near, 197; faults 
 near, 171, 174; landslip in, 196. 
 
 Janny Wood, 85. 
 
 Jinglemea, 139, 143. 
 
 Jingle Pot Edge, fault near, 173. 
 
 Jingling Sike, 145. 
 
 Johnstone Gill, 95, 97. 
 
 Joseph Gill, 89. 
 
 Kaber Fell, 133-135. 
 
 Kearton's Wood, Drift at, 191. 
 
 Keld, 108-111 ; building-stone near, 185; 
 cave near, 197; faults near, 174, 175, 
 177 ; glaciation near, 190-192 ; terraces 
 near, 194. 
 
 Keld Side Mine, 165. 
 
 KensgrifF, 25, 37. 
 
 Kettlepot Collier}', 134, 150, 183. 
 
 Kinder Scout Grit, correlated, 12. 
 
 King's Pit, 154. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 209 
 
 Kirkby Stephen, Ijuilding-stone near, 185 ; 
 Drift near, 186 ; Permian Bocks near, 
 li, 161-164; ores near, 167; striae 
 near, 193 ; Trias near, 163, 164. 
 
 Kisdon, 108-111 ; glaciation of, 191, 192; 
 landslip on, 172, 196. 
 
 Knott, 37. 
 
 Knoutberry Currack, 139, 143, 146. 
 
 Knowes Sike, 91. 
 
 Lad Gill, 111, 113, 121, 123, 124 ; boulders 
 in, 190 ; faults near, 176, 178 ; Millstone 
 Grit of, 149, 1.53, 154, 156, 157. 
 
 Ladthwaite, 82. 
 
 Lady Edge, 102. 
 
 Lambfold Crags, 96, 97, 140, 144, 145. 
 
 Lambfold GUI, 97. 
 
 Lambing Hole Gutter, 127. 
 
 Lambs Moss, 127. 
 
 Lammerside Castle, 82. 
 
 Landslips, 172, 196. 
 
 Lane End Mine, 165. 
 
 Lathra Gill, 37. 
 
 '•Lazy Beds," 197. 
 
 Leading Stead Hill, 122. 
 
 Lead-mining, 82, 115, 122,148, 165-181. 
 
 Lea Gate, 93. 
 
 Lealamb Pot, 99. 
 
 Limonite, 167. 
 
 Ling Hill, 90. 
 
 Litherskew, 93. 
 
 Little Asby, 81. 
 
 Little Bitch GUI, 124, 131. 
 
 jLiittle Cocker, 121, 124. 
 
 Little Cogill, 149. 
 
 Little Fell, 2, 88, 90 ; Millstone Grit of, 
 138, 139. 
 
 Little Grain, 140. 
 
 Little Punchard Head, 114, 115, 118, 119, 
 123, 125; vein at, 175. 
 
 Little Limestone, 10, 12; (Arkendale), 
 120, 121, 126 ; (Baugh Fell), 46, 48, 49, 
 53, 60, 75; (Birkdale), 127, 129, 130; 
 (Garsdale and Griadale), 73-75 ; 
 (Wensleydale), 97 ; (Winton and 
 Kaber Fells, 134, 135. 
 
 Little Limestone Coal, 46, 48, 75, 183. 
 
 Little Bed Gill, 120. 
 
 Little Scolit, 153. 
 
 Little Wold, 89. 
 
 Little Wygill, 134. 
 
 Llandovery Beds, 28. 
 
 Lookthwaite, 82. 
 
 Lodge Gill (Birkdale), 128, 129; (Whit- 
 sun Dale), 132, 150. 
 
 Long Band, 98. 
 
 Long Crags, 139. 
 
 Long Gill (Abbotside), 101, 143, 144; 
 
 , (Baugh Fell), 72, 136, 1 88 ; (Little Fell), 
 90, 138 ; (Whitsun Dale), 132. 
 
 Long Gutter, 120, 121. 
 
 Long Kigg (Arkendale), 121; (Eogan's 
 Seat), 1S7, 158, 175. 
 63856. 
 
 Long Scar, 101, 142, 146. 
 Longstoue Fell, Basement Beds of, 41 ; 
 - Drift of, 188. 
 Lovely Seat, 148. 
 Lover Gill, 112. 
 
 Lover Gill vein, 147, 148, 165, 166, 170. 
 Low Band, 139. 
 
 Low Brown Hill, 153; fault near, 176. 
 Low Dolphinseat, 133. 
 Lower Limestone Shales, 9 ; (Baugh Fell), 
 
 42, 46, 47, 50 ; (Bavenstonedale), 78, 79. 
 Low. Level, 153. 
 Lower Loven Scar, 139. 
 Low Mill, 163. 
 Lownathwaite Mines, 108, 110, 112, 165; 
 
 faults near, 172, 173; Millstone Grit 
 
 near, 159. 
 Low Bow, 105, 107, 110; sfrise at, 192. 
 Low White Hill, U9. 
 Low White Soar, 138, 139. 
 Low Whitsundale Edge, 1 50. 
 Luck's All vein, 123, 125, 179. 
 Lunaset, 1. 
 Lunds, 2, 88, 96, 97 ; Drift in, 186, 167 ; 
 
 Millstone Grit of, 145. 
 " Lundy Thorn, Coal of," 182. 
 Lune Biver, 2. 
 Lytheside, 81. 
 
 Magnesian Limestone, 16?!, 164. 
 
 Main Limestone, 10 ; (Arkenkale), 116, 
 118-120; (Baugh Fell), 45, 46, 52, 58, 
 60, 66, 67; (Birkdale), 127, 130 j 
 (Garsdale), 72-74 ; (Mallerstang), 
 88-91 ; Swaledale), 100, 101, 104, 
 108-110,148, 197; (Upper Eden), 82- 
 88; (Winton and Kaber Fells), 133- 
 135; (Wensleydale), 92, 96-98, 101; 
 caves in, 197; ores, &c. in, 165-167, 
 169, 176, 179 ; veins and faults in, 170, 
 171, 178, 176, 180. • 
 
 Malachite, 166. 
 
 Mallerstang, 88, 91, 128; coal in, 182; 
 Drift of, 190 ; quartz-vein in, 167. 
 
 Mallerstang Edge, 128, 139-142; coal 
 on, 183 ; fault on, 88, 91. 
 
 Marble Scar, fault in, 174 ; fluorspar near, 
 166. . 
 
 Marr, Mr. J. E,, on Ashgill Shales, 25 ; 
 on Coniston Flags, 33 ; on Coniston 
 Limestone, 21, 27 ; on Stockdale Shales, 
 6, 29-31, 34. 
 
 Marsh Yeat, 53. 
 
 Mease Gill, 93, 94. 
 
 Melbecks, Drift at, 191. 
 
 Mell Wood, 163. 
 
 Melmerby Scar Limestone, 49, 50, 80-82. 
 
 Merryfield, 166. 
 
 Mica-trap dykes, f, 8, 14-17, 20, 21, 23, 
 25-27, 30-32, 34-36, 38, 58. 
 
 Microgranites, 7. 
 
 Middleark Scar, 139. 
 
 Middle Gill, 134. 
 
 O 
 
210 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Middle Limestone, 10 ; (Baugh Fell), 46, 
 48, 52, 64, 68, 69 ; (Garsdale), 44, 70, 
 71; cSwaledale), 104, 106,. 107, 110, 
 171, 177 ; (Upper Eden), 82, 83 ; (Wens- 
 leydale), 92, 94, 95. 
 
 Midland Railway, striae on the, 192, 193. 
 
 Mill GiU, 93. 
 
 Millstone Grit, 11, 12, 49, 98-100, 136- 
 160. 
 
 Minettes, 7. 
 
 Mining, 4, 165-180. 
 
 Minsefer, 82. 
 
 Miregill Site, 88. 
 
 Mirk FeU, 123, 124, 126, 163, 156. 
 
 Moor Close, 106 ; landslip near, 196. 
 
 Moor Cock Inn, 94, 95 ; coal near the, 
 182. 
 
 Mossdale, 93, 94, 96 ; Drift of, 187, 190 ; 
 fault in, 181. 
 
 Mould Gill (Stonesdale), 111, 113, 114, 
 154 ; (Coldbergh Edge), 149. 
 
 Moulds Lov Level, 160. 
 
 Mud Beck, 118 ; Drift of, 186, 190. 
 
 Mudd House, Drift near, 191. 
 
 Muker, 105, 108, 109, 111, 112; Drift 
 near, 189, 190; faults and veins near, 
 171, 172, 174; Millstone Grit near, 147, 
 148, 158, 159, 183; mines near, 165 ; 
 river-terrace at, 194 ; trees in peat near, 
 195. 
 
 Knker Side vein, 147. 
 
 Murthwaite, 17, 27, 
 
 Nab, the, 138, 139. 
 
 Nanny Dunne Tahle, 187. 
 
 Nappa Scar, 93. 
 
 Narthwaite, 35; Drift near, 189; dyke 
 
 near, 35 ; Stockdale Shales of, 31. 
 Nash House, Drift near, 189. 
 Nateby, 82, 84 ; Permian Bocks near, 161, 
 
 162. 
 Near Gill, dykes in, 35. 
 Near Grains, 131, 149. 
 Needlehouse GiU, 63, 64, 67-69. 
 Neolithic implements, 197. 
 Nettle Brow, 73, 74. 
 Newbiggin (Eavenstonedale), 81, 93; 
 
 (Wensleydale), 93. 
 Nicholson, Prof. A., on Ashgill Shales, 
 
 25 ; on Stockdale Shales, 29-ai, 34 ; on 
 
 Coniston Limestone^ 27. 
 Nine Standards, 149 ; coal on, 182 ; fault 
 
 near, 130, 131 ; peat near, 196. 
 Nor Gill, 42, 46, 49-53, 77. 
 North Gate, fault near, 174. 
 
 Oak-trunks in peat, 195. 
 Odd GiU, 17, 19. 
 Old Bake Vein, 166. 
 
 Old Gang Mine, 165, 168. 
 
 Old Gang Smelt Mill, 108 ; Drift at, 191. 
 
 Old Bake Hush, 109. 
 
 Old Bed Sandstone, 9. 
 
 Outhgill, 87, 142. 
 
 Oven Mouth, 132. 
 
 Overlap in Permian rocks, 161, 164. 
 
 Oxnop Common, 99, 148. 
 
 Oxnop Gill, 98, 105, 106, 108, 109, 148 ; 
 Drift of, 186, 189, 191 ; faults near, 170, 
 171, 174; landslip in, 196 ; river-ter- 
 race in, 194. 
 
 Packers GiU, 90. 
 
 Pale Slates, 6, 7, 28-34. 
 
 Peat, 3, 148, 184, 195, 196. 
 
 Peat-pot, 133. . 
 
 Pennine Fault, 8. 
 
 Penny Farm Caves, 47. 
 
 Penny Farm Gill, 42, 46, 48. 
 
 Penny Farm Wood, 49. 
 
 Penrith Sandstone, -16, 163, 164. 
 
 Permian Bocks, 12, 161-164; building- 
 stone from the, 185. 
 
 Peter Bigg, fault near, 170. 
 
 Phillips, Prof. J., on the base of the Mill- 
 stone Grit, 11, 12 ; on coal in the Yore- 
 dale Bocks, 183 ; on the Great Scar 
 Limestone, 9. 
 
 Pickering GiU, 26, 27 ; dyke in, 35. 
 
 Pickersett Edge, 139, 143, 145, 146. 
 
 Pike HiU, 97. 
 
 Pike Slack, 100. 
 
 Pinskey Bottom, fault at, 88. 
 
 Pinskey Gill, 78, 79. 
 
 Piper Hole, 78. 
 
 Plant-Beds, 163, 164. 
 
 Plat, 135. 
 
 PodgiU, 136, 163, 164. 
 
 FoUy Moss, stris at, 192. 
 
 Porphyrite, 7. 
 
 Potshatr Gill, 112, 113, 150; fault in„ 
 ' 178. 
 
 Potter Sike, 135. 
 
 Potts Beck, 2, 81. 
 
 FrisciUa Level, 173. 
 
 PunchardGUl, 117-119,132; borings at,. 
 176 ; Drift of, 190 ; faults and veins at,. 
 175, 177, 179, 180 ; Millstone Grit of,. 
 153-156, 157, 176 ; trees in peat near,.. 
 195. 
 
 Punohard Level, 119, 179. 
 
 Qnarry Hags, 148 ; fault near, 170. 
 Quartz, pebbles of, 41, 42, 80, 96, 97 ; in. 
 
 veins, 66, 67, 88, 166, 167. 
 Queen's Stone Gill, 65, 66. 
 
INDEX, 
 
 211 
 
 Sackenthwaite Gill, 72, 76 ; Millstone 
 
 Grit of, 136. 
 IBaven How, fault at, 178. 
 Baven Seat, 113, 132, 133. 
 Kavenseat Moor, 150, 151 ; peat on, 195. 
 £a van's Park Farm, 118. 
 Bavenstonedale, 78-82 ; Alluvium near, 
 
 194 ; Bannisdale Slates near, 38 ; fossils 
 
 from, 198. 
 Kavenstonedale Limestone, 80-82 ; (Baugh 
 
 Fdl)j 46, 49, 53; 54. 
 Baven Thorn Gill, 60, 66. 
 Bawthey Biver, 2 ; coal in the, 75 ; Conis- 
 
 ton Limestone of the, 16, 17 ; Conis- 
 
 ton Flags of the, 35 ; Drift of the, 188 ; 
 
 fossils nom the, 27 ; Graptolitic Mnd- 
 
 ^tones of the, 31 ; gravel of the, 194 ; 
 
 Millstone Grit of the, 136 ; Yoredale 
 
 Bocks of the, 61-67, 74-77. 
 Baydale Side, 111, 114. 
 Eayseat Pike, 81. 
 Beagill, 134. 
 
 -"Bed Beds," 10; (Arkendale), 116, 119, 
 . 121, 122, 179, 180; (Swaledale), 99, 
 
 110, 170; (Wensleydale), 96, 98, 100. 
 Bed Braes, 98, 99, 148. 
 Bed Gill, 76, 140. 
 Bed Nook Quarries, 96. 
 Bed Stone Hill, 81. 
 Eeeth, 120. 
 Beigill, 83. 
 ■" Beins," 197. 
 
 Beversed faults, 43-46, 170, 174. 
 Bhyolites, 13. 
 Biggs, 187. 
 
 Bise Hill, Drift on, 188. 
 fiiver Gravels, 194. 
 Bobert's Seat, 150 ; fault near, 176. 
 Eobin Dub, 118. 
 BoeBeck, 117, U8, 122-124, 126; MiU- 
 
 stone Grit of, 153, 154. 
 JBogan's Seat, 1, 139, 151-158; &ult 
 
 near, 175. 
 IRollinson's Pits, 82. 
 Boughton Keld, 118, 197. 
 Boundfold Gutter, 100. 
 iRound Ing, 137. 
 Bouth End, fault near, 180. 
 Bouth Top, 119, 122, 123. 
 Bouth Quarries, 117, 118. 
 Bouth Vein, 119, 122. 
 Boutin Gill, 105; Drift of, 191 ; veins in, 
 
 174. 
 Bowantree Gill, 62. 
 Bowantree Holes, 120 ; fault at, 180. 
 Bushy Moor, 118 ; peat on, 195. 
 Buth Bog, 148. 
 
 .^ails, 1, 139, 145. 
 
 St. Bees Sandstone, 163, 164. 
 
 SaUy Beck, 17, 18 ; fossils from, 27. 
 
 Sargill, 9*4-96 ; faults of, 169, 170 ; min- 
 ing in, 165, 169. 
 
 Satron Moor, 98, 108, 110 ; old smelting- 
 places near, 166 ; trees in peat on, 195. 
 
 Scandal Beck, 80, 81, 90, 138. 
 
 Scar Band, 1 10. 
 
 Scar Brow, 99. 
 
 Soar Gill, 87. 
 
 Scar House (Garsdale), 70 ; (Swaledale), 
 105. 
 
 Scar Limestone, 83; (Teesdale), 107. 
 
 Soars Gill, 97, 144, 145. 
 
 Scarth of Scaithes, 89. 
 
 Scriddles, 138. ' 
 
 Scurreth Edge, 133. 
 
 Seavy (Birkdale), 128. 
 
 Seavy Gutter (Wensleydale)., 98, 99. 
 
 Seavy Sike (Tan Hill), 124, 156 ; (Winton 
 
 ■ Fell), 133. 
 
 Sedbusk, 93-95. 
 
 Sedgwick, Prof. A., on coal in the Mill- 
 stone Grit, 183. , 
 
 Shaker's vein, 179. 
 
 Shap Granite, 8. 
 
 Shaw Cote Scar, 93. 
 
 Shawden Gill, 171. 
 
 Shaw Paddock, 96. 
 
 Shepherd's Lodge, 117, 
 
 Shoregill Head, 107, 108. 
 
 8h6rtcliok Hill, 187. 
 
 Shorter Gill, 74. 
 
 Shunner Fell, 1, 100-102; fossils from, 
 160 ; MUlstone Grit of, 142-146. 
 
 Shunner Fell Bakes, 139, 143. 
 
 Sills of felsite, 7, 8, 14-24, 26, 32, 33, 
 35,58. 
 
 Silver in lead-ore, 165. 
 
 Simonstone Limestone, 9; (Baugh Fell), 
 46, 47, 57, 62, 63, 67-69 ; (Garsdale), 
 43,44, 70; (Swaledale), 104-106, 1 1 0," 
 
 , 177 ; : (Wensleydale), 92-94. 
 
 jingle Post Limestone (Teesdale), 107. 
 
 SkelgiU Beds, 6, 28-30. 
 
 Skell Gill, 93 ; striae in, 188. 
 
 Slade Edge, 89. 
 
 Slape Wath, 93, 134. 
 
 Slate Gill, 66, 75. 
 
 Slate Gutter, 140. 
 
 Slates, 184, 185. 
 
 Sleddale, 100, 102, 129; copper ore in 
 167 ; fault in, 89, 140. 
 
 Sleightholm Moor, peat on, 196. 
 
 Sloe Brae Gill, 88. 
 
 Smarber Mine, fluorspar in the, 166. 
 
 Smardale, 81 ; brockram near, 161. 
 
 Smelting: Gill, 99. 
 
 Smelting, peat used for, 184. 
 
 Smelting-places, old, 166. 
 
 Sod Dyke Nick, 99; fault at, 169. 
 
 Sod Hole GiU, 100. 
 
 Soils, 3. 
 
 South Arngill vein, 158, 166. 
 
 South Mid vein, 179. 
 
 Southwaite GUI, 85. 
 
 Span of Eden, 163. 
 
 Sparran Wood, 41. 
 
 Spengfll, 25, 29, 30, 36, 37. 
 
 Spen House, 93. 
 
 Splender Gill, 16. 
 
 Spoilt Gill, mines at, 165. 
 
 Spring Bndi 105, 106. 
 
 Sprjntgill, dyke at, 17 ; felsite near, 20. 
 
212 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Stackers Gill, 102, 146. 
 
 Stack Hill, 98. 
 
 Stags Fell, 100, 147 j fault on, 170; 
 mining on, 165. 
 
 Stalactites, \97. 
 
 Standard Brow, 138. 
 
 Standards Mire, 130. 
 
 Stenkrith, 162-164; strise near, 193. 
 
 Stock Dale, 146. 
 
 Stockdale fault and vein, 100, 101, 103, 
 105, 109, 140, 168, 171, 172. 
 
 Stockdale Shales, 6,.28-34. 
 
 Stockless Gill, 25, 29, 30, 38. 
 
 Stone Close Gill, 88. 
 
 Stonesdale, 110-114; boulders in, 190; 
 Drift of, 186, 189 ; faults in, 176, 178 ; 
 landslips in, 196 ; Millstone Grit of, 
 150, 156, 157; peat near, 195; Tan- 
 hill Coalin, 154. 
 
 Stonesdale Mnor Mine, 176. 
 
 Stony Gill, 66, 74, 99, 100; fault in, 171. 
 
 Stoops Dub, 195. 
 
 Stottergill Mine, 110, 111, 169. 
 
 Stowgill, 133-135. 
 
 Straits, the, 157. 
 
 StrisB, glacial, 124, 151, 155, 188, 192, 
 193. 
 
 Stripes, brockram near, 162. 
 
 Summer Gill, 111. 
 
 Summer Lodge, 103, 105, 108 ; mining 
 near, 165, 169, 174; Tarn, 111. 
 
 Sunbiggin Tarn, 81. 
 
 Sun Vein, 179. 
 
 Surrender Mine, 159, 165, 166; coal at, 
 183. 
 
 Surrender Moss, 159, 160 ; fault on, 179. 
 
 Swaledale, 1,3, 103-115,127-133; build- 
 ing-stones uf, 184 ; faults and veins in, 
 168, 170-178; fossils from, 198; iron- 
 ore in, 168 ; Drift in, 189-192 ; mining 
 in, 4, 165, 166, 170-178; riTer-grava 
 of, 194 ; strise in, 192, 193. 
 
 Swallow-holes, 12, 60, 61, 84, 118. 
 
 Swansit Quarry, 118. 
 
 Swarth Fell, 1, 75 ; coal on, 182 ; Mill- 
 etone Grit of, 137. 
 
 Swarth Gill, 72, 73 ; Millstone Grit of, 
 135. 
 
 Swent Gill, 127. 
 
 Swinner Gill, 108, 109 ; Millstone Grit 
 near, 158, 159 ; pre-glacial course of, 
 191, 192; river-terrace at, 194; veins, 
 176, 177. . 
 
 Swinnergill Kirk, 197, 
 
 Swinnergill Mines, 111, 114, 165, 166, 
 172, 173. 
 
 Tailbrigg, 84 ; coal at, 182. 
 
 Taiths Gill, Carboniferous Kecks of, 56- 
 
 61,75.76; Silurian Bocke of, 15, 16, 
 
 25, 32. 
 
 Talus, 142. 
 
 Tan Gill, 111, 113, 114, 154. 
 
 Tan Hill, 123, 124, 151-158 ; glaciatioti 
 near, 124, 190, 192; iron-ore at, 167; 
 peat near, 196. 
 
 TanhiU Coal, 183; ancient pick in the, 
 155; (Baugh Fell), 136; (Gunner- 
 side), 175; KaberFell), 134 ; Lo-wna- 
 thwaite), 159 ; (Muker Common), 
 147 ; (Eaven Seat), 150 ; (Stonesdale), 
 112; Surrender Moss, 159, 160, 178; 
 (Tan Hill), 152-158. 
 
 Tarannon Shales, 28. 
 
 Tarnbro-w Hill, 121. 
 
 Tarn Mire (Upper Eden), 82. 
 
 Tarn Moss (Abbotside Common), 149. 
 
 Taxn Rigg faults, 1 78. 
 
 Tarns in Drift, 187, 194 ; in peat, 195. 
 
 Taylor Eigg,. 134. 
 
 Teesdale, 105-108. 
 
 Ten-Fathom Grit, 10, 12; (Arkendale),. 
 116, 122, 123, 125, 180; (Baugh Fell),. 
 76; (Birkdale), 157-130 ; coalin, 183 r 
 (Grisdale), 74, 75 ; (Mallerstang), 89, 
 90; (Muker Common), 147, 148; ore 
 beneath the, 169 ;. quarried, 184 ; (Shun- 
 nerFell), 101, 102, 146; (Swaledale), 
 99-101, 104, 110-112, 130, 132, 172, 
 173; (Swarth Fell), 137; (Wensley- 
 dale), 96, 98 ; (Winton Fell), 130, 133, 
 134. 
 
 Thackthwaite Gill, 78. 
 
 Third Set Limestone, 95, 107, 116. 
 
 Thomas Gil), 113, 114, 150; fault near, 
 178. 
 
 Thorngill Force, 93. 
 
 Thorns, 109. 
 
 Thrang Bridge, 91. 
 
 Three-Yards Limestone, 10 ; (Arken- 
 dale), 116, 117 ; (Baugh Fell), 44, 48 ; 
 (Garsdale), 72; (Mallerstang), 89; 
 (Swaledale), 104, 107, 108; (Upper 
 Eden), 83, 84 ; (Wensleydale), 95. 
 
 Thring Gill, 82, 84; brockram of, 
 162. 
 
 Thurly Gill, 148. 
 
 Thwaite, 111; glaciation near, 190; veins 
 near, 170-172. 
 
 Thwaite Beck, 94, 97, 100, 101, 105-107, 
 166 ; faults and veins in, 170, 172 ; 
 landslip in, 196; striae in, 192. 
 
 Tom Hags, a peat-tarn, 195. 
 
 Tom Pratt Sike, 100. 
 
 Tongue End, 118. 
 
 Tree-stems in peat, 195. 
 
 Trias, 163,, 164. 
 
 Trilobite Limestone, 137, 145. 
 
 Trough Bjggs, 142. 
 
 Tufa. 118, 132. 
 
 Tuffs, 13. 
 
 Tuma Fell coal-seam, 183. 
 
 Turned HiU, 147. 
 
 Twelve-Fathom Limestone, 109. 
 
 Tyne Bottom Limestone, 105. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 213 
 
 Uldale Beck (Birkdale), 127-129 ; Mill- 
 stone Grit of, 141,144. 
 
 tJldale Beck (Swarth Fell), 64, 67-69; 
 Drift of, 189. 
 
 Unconformity of Carboniferous or Si- 
 lurian Eocks, 7-9, 40, 45, 46, 78, 79 ; 
 of Permian on Carboniferous Eocks, 
 161, 164 ; of Triassic on Permian 
 Eocks, 163, 164. 
 
 Underset Coal, 46, 83. 
 
 Underset Limestone, 10; (Arkendale), 
 116, 117, 180; (Baugh Fell), 45, 46, 
 48, 52, 65 ; (Garsdale), 72, 73 ; (Mal- 
 lerstang), 88-90; (Swaledale), 100, 
 104, 108, 110, 176; (Upper Eden), 83, 
 84, 87; (Wepsleydale), 92, 96-98; 
 (Winton and Kaber Fells), 133, 185. 
 
 Ure Eiver, 1 . 
 
 Ure Valley. See Wensleydale. 
 
 Victoria level, 173. 
 
 Volcanic Eocks of the Coniston Lime- 
 stone, 6, 13, 17-20, 24-26. 
 
 Waitby, brockram near, 162. 
 
 Wandale, Coniston Flags of, 35-37; Coni- 
 ston Limestone of, 17-20,23; diabase 
 in, 20; felsites in, 16-20; Stockdale 
 Shales of, 31. 
 
 Wandale Hill Fault, 20. 
 
 Washer Gill, 144, 145, 
 
 Water Crag, 1, 136, 139, 151-158 ; fault 
 on, 177 ; trees in peat on, 195. 
 
 Watersheds, 1-3. 
 
 Watersikes Veins, 173. 
 
 Watery Gill, 102. 
 
 Watley Gill, 21, 25, 26 ; Graptolitic Mud- 
 stones of, 31. 
 
 Weasdale, 78. 
 
 Weir's Vein, 169. 
 
 Wensleydale, 1, 92-102; Alluvium in, 
 194; building-stone in, 184 ; Drift of, 
 186, 187, 190, 193 ; faults and veins in, 
 168-170;. flint-implements in, 197; 
 fossils from, 198 ; strise in, 192. 
 
 West Amgill vein, 158, 174. 
 
 West Dent Fault, 42. See also Dent 
 Fault. 
 
 West End Gutter, 131. 
 
 West Gill (Cautley), 35 ; (Wensleydale), 
 102, 144. 
 
 West Grain, 37. 
 
 West Stonesdale, Drift near, 186 ; faults 
 in, 176. 
 
 Wether Hill, 91 ; fault of, 140. 
 WetshawHead, 116, 125, 160; fault at, 
 
 179. 
 Wham Bottom, 158; fault near, 175 
 
 mining on, 175 ; trees in peat on, 195. 
 Wharton Hall, brockram near, 162. 
 Wharton's string, 179. 
 Whaw Edge, 122, 123. 
 Whetstone, 101, 143, 146. 
 Whingill, 161. 
 Whin Hall, 109. 
 Whinny Gill, Carboniferous Eocks of, 
 
 42, 53, 54 ; Dent Fault in, 42 ; diabase 
 
 in, 33 ; Drift near, 1 89 ; Silurian Eocks 
 
 of, 14, 32, 33. 
 Whitaside Moor, 103 ; mines near, 165. 
 Whitaside Tarn, chert-boulders at, 190, 
 
 191. 
 Whitaside Vein, 174. 
 White Beacon Gutter, 100 ; Hags, 148. 
 White HiU, 104. 
 White Sike, 100. 
 White Springs, 118. 
 White Wallis Scar, veins of, 1 74. 
 White Walls, 137-139. 
 Whitfield, 93, 94, 98. 
 Whitsun Dale, 130-132, 150. 
 Whity Gill, Drift of, 187. 
 Wild Boar Fell, 1, 137, 138; coal ^n, 
 
 182 ; copper- vein near, 167 ; fault on, 
 
 90. 
 William Gill, 122, 124, 126; Millstone 
 
 Grit of, 153, 155 ; peat near, 195. 
 WUliam Gill Level, 154, 155, 157. 
 Wffly Eoad End, 147, 148. 
 Windgate Greets, 98. 
 Windgates Fault, 168, 169. 
 Winterings Edge, 169; fault near, 173; 
 
 landslip at, 196 ; old smelting-places 
 
 near, 166. 
 Winton Fell, 133-135 ; Force, 131, 134. 
 Woodhall Greets, 9 8 ; mining near, 169. 
 Woodhall Mill, 93. 
 Woofer Moor, 135. 
 "Wormy Grits," 120, 121. 
 Wyegarth Gill, 38, 39. 
 Wygill, 134. 
 
 Yarlside, 25, 37. 
 Yoadcombe, 138, 139. 
 Toredale, 92. 
 
 Zinc-blende, 166. 
 
Lowdon: Printed by Etbe and Sp o tti 8 wo odk, 
 
 Printers to the Queen's most Excellent Majesty. 
 
 For Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 
 
 [8719.— 500.— 8/91.] 
 
aBHERil^b KSilHOZRS OF TBE GEOXiOCICAZ. STJIfVEY— continued. 
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 97SW - ■- 
 
 97N-W- - 
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 98 NE- - - 
 lOi SE 
 104 SW, SE 
 108 SE 
 108 NE ' - 
 110 SW 
 
 £HEET IHEiaoiSS OF THE CEOlOGICAIi SVU'V:L'2— continued. 
 
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 THE WiriNSjERAL DISTRICTS OF EMCLAND AND WALES. 
 
 " COAL-FJELDS4 — Scale, one inch to a mile. 
 
 Ani^esey,-78 <SW). 
 
 Bristol and Somerset, 19, 35. 
 
 OoalbrooTc Dale; 61 (NE & SE). 
 
 Clee Hill, 53 {NE, NW). . 
 
 Flintshire and Etenbighsliire, 74 (NB & SB1,79 (NEvSE). 
 ' Xlerby and Yorkshure ,71 (N\Y,NE,&SE),82 (MW &8W), 
 :81(BrE).87<N;E,SB).8aiSB),:. . ; ' 
 
 Toreat of Doan, 43 (SE & SW)'. 
 ■. iorest of Wyre.ei (SB),Bd (NE). 
 
 tanoashire, 8» (NW),81 tNW), 89, 88 (SW, NW). 
 . Leioeatel-shire,71 (SW),8S (NW). 1 
 
 Northumberland 4 Durham, 103, 105,105 (SE), 109(SW,SE). 
 
 1ft Staffordshire. 7ii(NW),t2 (8W),7S(NE),80-(SE),81lSW). ' 
 
 ajStafrordsBire, 54 (NW),e2 (SW). 
 
 Shrewsbury. 60 (NE),^«1(NW&SW). t 
 
 South Wales, 36; S7, 38, 40,41-, 42 (SE. SW). 's 
 
 ^»rwickshU-P.62(NESB),6S(NWSW),-')4(NE,),.i3(Ni«'). 
 
 Torishire, 88 (NB, SE5, 87 (SW),S2 (SB). 93 (SW), 
 
 COAL-FIELDS AND OTHER MINERAL DISTRIGTS- 
 
 Scale, six- inches to a mile. 
 The Coal-fields anc^ctheT mineral districts of the N. of 
 England are published .on a scale of six inciies to a ntili*, . 
 aM^* ^^ 6s. each. MS. Ot^lburcd Copies of 'other six-inch 
 maps, notlntended for publication, are deposited for refer- 
 ence in ihe Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyu Street, 
 Loudon. - I , -. •^■ 
 
 Kancasblre. 
 
 Sheet 15, ireleth.— 10, Dlverstone.— 17, Cartmel.— 22, 
 AldinKham— 17, Clitlieroe.— l'',Colne.— 49. LaneshawBr.-- 
 55, Whalley.— 56, Haggate.— 67, Winewall.— 61, Preston.—.- 
 62; Balderstone.— 63, Acorington.— 64, Burnley.— i!S, Stiper-, 
 'deBJloor.— S9, Lapland.— 70', Blackburn.— 71 , Haslingden — 
 78, Clivjger, Baeup.— 78, Todniorden.— 77, Chorley.— 78, 
 Bolton- te- Moors.— 79, Entwistle.— SO, TottinRton.- 81, 
 Wardle.— 84, Ovmskirk,— 85, Standish.— 86, Adlington.— 
 87. Bolton-le-Moors. — 88, Bury, Heywood,^89, Rflchdale,&o. 
 —92, Biokerstaffew— »3, Wigan.— 94, West Houghton.— 
 »6, Radoliffe.— 96, Middleton, Hrestwlch.— 97, Oldhiim.— 100, 
 Knowsley.— 101, Billinge.— 103, Leigh, L6wton..-^103, Ashley, 
 Eccles.— 104, Manchester, Salford.— 105, ' Ashton-under- 
 Lyiie.— 106, Liverpool.— 107, PlBsoott.— 108, St. Helen's.— 
 109, Winwick.-^lll, Oheedale,— 112, Stockport.— U 3, Part ' 
 of Liverpool. . - . . ■ ■ , 
 
 J. ' , . 
 
 >f Surbam. .,. 
 
 Sheet 1, B,yton.— 2, Gateshead.— 5, Jarrow.— 4 S. Shields. 
 
 ■^, Greenside.— 6, Winlaton.- 7, Washington. — S, Snnder- 
 
 lahd,- 9, Pt. pf Hunstahworth.- 14, Edcnondbyei's — 
 
 II, Bbohester.— 12, -Tantoby.— 13, Ohester-le-St.- 16, Hun- 
 
 Durbam — 'contiwued. ■ 
 
 stanworth.— 17, Was'kerley.— ;18, Muggleswiok.— 19, Lan- 
 ohester.-r20, Hetton-le-Hole.— 22, Wear H«ad.— 23, Eastgate. 
 —24, Stanhope. — 25, Wolsintrham.— 26, Brancepeth. — 30, 
 Benny Seat.— 32, White Kirkley.— 33, Hamsterley. — 34, 
 WliitVorth.— 38, Maize Beck,— 41, Cockfleld -42, Bp. Auok- 
 ;land.— 46, HaWksley Jlill Ho.— 52, Barnard Castle.— 53, 
 ,' Winstfin. . ■.. • 
 
 Nortbumberlaud. 
 Sheei '4i, Eo&buryi-^45, Longframlington.— 4ft'' Brooia- 
 :hill.— 47, Coquet Island.— 64, Longhoraley,— ,'i5,-trij5ham. — 
 66, .Oruridge Bay:— 63, Nuthorwitton.— 64, MOTpath;— 1'5, 
 .Newfvfegin'.— 72, Bedliugton,— 73, Blyth.— 80, Cramfiiiglon.- 
 81j Earadqn.- 82. NE. of Gilsland.— 83.. Cfiadley' Gate.— 37, 
 He^don.— S8, Long Bentliu.- 89, Tytiemouth.^gi,'' Green- 
 head.— 9i, Haltvfhistle.- 93," Ha.ydonBridge.--94, Hejchani?^ 
 95j-Corbridge. -96, Ho'rsley.^97,. Newcastle/-'9S, Walker.— 
 101,Whittield —102, Allendale Town,— y)3, Slaley.- lOS, Nevr- 
 lahd&— 106, Blackpool Br.— 107ja.llendale.— 108, Blanchlaiu). 
 — }09, Shotleyfleld.— 110, Weltho^e.— Ill, 112, Alleijhfiads. 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 Sheet 66, Seamess.— 66, Skiddaw.— 63, Tliackthwnite. — 
 64, Keswick.- 65, Dockraye.- 69, Bftttermere.- 70, Grange. — 
 71, Helvellyn.-:-7.4, Wastypattr.- 7.5, Stonethwaite Pel). 
 
 IVeStmorland. . 
 
 Sheet a. Tees He.ad.— 6, Dufton Fell.— 12, Patterdale.— 18, 
 Near Grasmere.- 25, Grasm^^ — 3S, Kendal. 
 
 c :.Torl(sblre. . 
 
 Sheet?, Redear.— 8y.p, Sallburn, 4c.— 12, Bowes.— is, Wy- 
 cliffe.— 17, Ghisboro'.— 20, LyThe.— 24, Kirkby Ravonswortb. 
 25, Aldbyrough.— 82, 33, Whi*by.-3S, Mai'Ske.— 39, Rich- 
 mond. -4|6,- Little Bfeek.— 47., Robin Hood's Bay,— ^s, Pown- 
 holme.— 68, Leyboume.-r82, Kidstones.— 84, E. Witton.— 
 
 ■ 97, Euiuj).— 98, Kirk Gill.— -99, Haden Carr,— 100, Xipfthouse 
 116, Arnulitte.— 116,'Conistone Moor.— 183, Kirkby malham" 
 — 184,/ Dale End.— 186, KildwicU.— 200,- Keighley.— goi' 
 Bingley— 202, Calverley.— 203, geacroft.— 204, Aberfo^d,-^■ 
 216, ,Peeke Well.— 216, Bradford.— 217, Calverley.- 218 
 
 ■ Leeds— 219, Kippax.— 281, Halifax.— 232, Birstil.— 2S8' 
 Bast Ardsley.— 234, (Jastleford.— 246, HudSersflrfd.— 247' 
 Dewsbury.- 248, Wakeneld.— 24f , Poatefraet.— 250, Darriag- 
 toi«^2eo, Honley.— 261, Kirkburion.— 262, DartOD.— 2fl| 
 Hpm3worth.-2B4j Campsall.— 27jJ, Holmflrth.— 273, Pem- 
 
 .ston%— 274,. Barnsley.— 276, Earfleld.- 276. Brodsworth — 
 '28i,'.LangsMl.— 2S2, Wortley.— 283, Wath upmi, Dearre"— 
 284, Conisborough.- 287, Low Bradford.— 288; Ebdesfldd — 
 
 289, Eothefham.— 3^0, Braitbwell.— 293, Hulam Mobri 
 
 295, HandSworth.- 296,' Laughton-eu-le-Morthen.— 29P 
 Waleswood-frSgO, Harthill. 
 
 . MINERAL STATISTICS.' ' * 
 
 Embracing the produce of Coals, Metallic Oresi and other Miuer'als. By R. HtJKX. From 1868 to 1857, iiiclusive 
 Is.W. each.. 1858, JPnr* /.,1s. 6d.i Jaf^ //.,5s. 1869, Is. 6d. 1861), Se.'Bd. 1861, 2s. 1 and Appendix, Is. 1863. 2s Bd' 
 18ea.2s. 6d. 1864,2s., 1865,2»:6d. 1866 to 1881, 2«. each. "•...■- ^ . .,? . 
 
 ■ (These Statistiics are now published by the Home Qfine, as partsof the Jteports of the Inspectors (if Mines.) 
 
 THE IRON ORES OF GREAT BftlTAlN. . ' 
 
 Parti. Th^ North''and North -Midland Counties of England (.Out ofprmt),' Part H. South Staffordshire Prina I» 
 ■Part HI. Souih Wales. Price U. 8d. Part IV. The Slnopsiiire 05alWl*ftiia'North sFairordshire7 Is. 3d. 
 

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