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 English hops, a history „„„„„„„ ffliMi 
 
ENGLISH HOPS 
 
THE HOP MARKET J.\ THK BOROUGH. 
 
 {Fioiii {(II Jill Lira. 'Dig of ] 7:20.) 
 
ENGLISH HOPS 
 
 A HISTORY OF CULTIVATION 
 
 AND PREPARATION FOR 
 
 THE MARKET FROM 
 
 THE EARLIEST 
 
 TIMES 
 
 By GEORGE CLINCH 
 
 F.S.A SCOT., F.G.S. 
 
 ,, ''^^' ^l^'H '^ 
 
 ,ONDON : M<:CORQUODALE & Co. LXD. 
 
(2 i.f 
 
 172465 
 
 

 ENGLISH HOPS. 
 
 Contents. 
 
 List hf Illtstkatkixs vi 
 
 Pkef.ack vii 
 
 Chai'tek 1. — De.scription ot the Hop-plant. 
 Botany. ChemLstry. Medicinal Propertie.^. 
 L'ses of the Hop-bine. Varieties 1 
 
 t'H.iPTEit II. — Propagation. Soils. Cultivation 
 and preparatifin for the ^larket. Hop-growing 
 districts 2'.', 
 
 Chai'TER III. — The Hop-market. Prices. Unties 
 on Hops. Hoji Control. Statutes of the 
 Realm 4.-> 
 
 Chai'tek I\'. — Hi.story of Hoj)-growing. Early 
 jjictures. Hops in ancient times. Books 
 relating tf> Hop-growing. Small flrowers . . (il 
 
 BiBLIOliRAI'HY : — 
 
 Section A. — Books Ili:', 
 
 Section B. — Index to the .Journal of the 
 South Eastern Agricultural College. Wve. 
 
 Vols. I.— xxir '..Ill 
 
 Section 0. — List of Parliamentary Papers 
 relating to Hops. 1S(MI—U)(IS . .' .. .. li:;. 
 
 Index i 10 
 
 V. 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 ]■■](.!. 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 Ij 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 1() 
 17 
 18 
 1!) 
 20 
 21 
 oo 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 2.5 
 2(j 
 
 28 
 29 
 
 ■ Hijii Maikct in the Bcnuii.;li, 1729 
 
 The female Hop 
 
 Tlie male Hop 
 
 Hop-pickers on the joad 
 
 Hop-pickers resting 
 
 Sunday morning with the Ho])-picker 
 
 A bimch of well-grown Hop.s 
 
 Hop-picker.s at J'addock Wood 
 
 Hop-pickers at work 
 
 The Chequers Inn, Tudeley 
 
 Hop-pocket ready for filling 
 
 Case for packing pocket of Hops ... 
 
 Hrtp-picking at Farnham, Surrey, 18.3.') 
 
 Acreage, &c., of Hops, ISIS-UII.") 
 
 Li.st of first pockets of Hop.s, 18.54-1897 . 
 
 Jlass-meeting in Trafalgar Square, 1908 
 
 Betting on the Hop Duty, 1812-1802 ... . 
 
 Engraving of thi^ Hop-plant, 1484 
 
 Kngraving of the Hiqj-plant, 1499 
 
 Engraving of the Hop-jilant, 1581 
 
 Copj' of tithi-page of R. Scot's hook, 1578 . 
 
 Tying Hops in 1574 
 
 Training Hops in 1574 
 
 Stripping Hops from the poles, 1574 ... 
 
 C round plan of oast-house in Kent, 1574 . 
 
 Facsimile of lines from Tusser's poems 
 
 " Leander leads Letitia to the scene "... 
 
 Illuminated address presented to Jlessrs. W 
 1882 
 
 Plujtograph (.»f the Le May (.'hallenge (.'up 
 
 The Small Crowi'r : Hop-picking in 1779 
 
 FroiilUpicce 
 
 eAOn 
 ■2 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 II 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 28 
 29 
 33 
 37 
 38 
 41 
 48 
 50 
 53 
 57 
 01 
 02 
 03 
 00 
 
 & H. 
 
 May, 
 
 S3 
 
 93 
 95 
 97 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 No surv^ey of the natural wealth and industries 
 of England can be regarded as complete which does 
 not include an account of the cultivation and drying 
 of hops. The subject has long been one in which 
 the writer has taken a keen interest, and during 
 the past few years he has had the great advantage 
 arising from collaboration with Messrs. W. H. and 
 H. Le May, the widely-known firm of Hop Factors 
 in the Borough. These gentlemen were able from 
 their life-long experience and stores of knowledge 
 to bring the information up-to-date, to correct 
 the author on many practical points, and to 
 infuse into the book a vital interest which cannot 
 fail to add much to its value. 
 
 During the writing of the book, Mr. Edward 
 Le May, a member of the firm, has passed away, 
 and the writer desires to put on record his deep 
 sense of obligation for the friendly and valuable 
 help he received from him. He desires, also, to 
 express his thanks for much assistance rendered 
 by the Eight Honble. Lord Northbourne ; 
 Dr. F. W. Cock, F.S.A., of Appledore ; Mr. E. S. 
 Salmon, of the South Eastern Agricultural College, 
 Wye ; Dr. B. Daydon Jackson; and Mr. Arthur L. 
 Humphreys, for many bibliographical details. 
 
 george clinch. 
 
 Sutton, Surrey, 
 August, 1910. 
 
ENGLISH HOPS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Description of the Hop-plant. Botany. 
 
 Chemistry. Medicinal properties. Uses of 
 the hop-bine. varieties. 
 
 There are two distinct species of the hop-plant. 
 One, called the Japanese Hop {Humulus japonicus), 
 is a native of Japan, China, and the adjacent 
 islands, and, although grown in this country as an 
 ornamental climbing plant in gardens, it is useless 
 in brewing. 
 
 The other species, the ordinary hop (Humulus 
 Lwpulus, L.), is a native of large areas in Europe 
 and Western Asia. It grows freely in the southern 
 and south-western parts of the British Islands. 
 
 All the kinds of market hops belong to this 
 species, known to botanists, as has been remarked, 
 as Humulus Lupulus. This is a pre-Linnean term 
 in which two substantives occur, hence Lupulus, 
 being not an adjectival term, should be written 
 with a capital letter. 
 
Humulus is a Litin term meaning fresh earth, 
 and is applied to the hop in allusion to the plant's 
 habit, when unsupported by poles, &c., of creeping 
 
 along the ground. 
 
 Fig. 1. — T/ie frill. lie ri<i/\ Sfieciiin'ii of Fiigglc's Hnp. wiUi the front 
 fetiits removed in order to sIiok' structure. 
 
 There are male and female hop-plants ; the 
 male hop, when planted in the hop-garden in the 
 
Fig. 2. — The male Hop [Fiiggle's). 
 
proportion of about 1 per cent., tends to increase 
 the size of the cone of the female plant and the 
 weight of the crop. 
 
 The female flower, technically known as the 
 strobile, is really the hop of commerce, and its 
 functional parts are best seen in an early stage of 
 growth when the hop is " in burr." The ovary, 
 which contains a single ovule, is surmounted by 
 two long stigmas covered with long hairs, or 
 papillae. 
 
 If the hop is pollenated the brush, having per- 
 formed its functions, withers and drops off, and 
 the hop begins to develop. Those hops which 
 have not received ^^ohen grow out more slowly, 
 and do not generally attain so large a size. 
 
 The well-grown hop consists of (1) stipular 
 bracts (or " petals ") which bear few lupuhn- 
 glands and no seed, and (2) bracteoles which occur 
 in pairs and bear seeds and lupuhn. 
 
 The chief value of the hop is contained in the 
 small round particles of amber-yellow coloured 
 dust, called lupuhn. Hop growers and brewers 
 call this yellow substance the " condition." The 
 lupulin glands are hollow, and contain a mixture 
 of oil and resinous material which imparts to beer 
 the keeping quality and the peculiar and highly- 
 prized aroma and flavour which characterise it as 
 a beverage. 
 
The lupulin glands first appear as small cup- 
 shaped objects, and in due course, when the hops 
 are nearly ripe for picking, they become filled with 
 an oily resinous matter, which becomes opaque 
 when the hops are ready for drying. 
 
 Lupulin has been found by chemists to contain 
 (1) an essential oil, (2) resin, (3) wax, (4) bitters, 
 and (5) perhaps one or more alkaloids. All or 
 most of these are soluble in water and alcohol. 
 
 The hop possesses medicinal values quite apart 
 from its use in flavouring and preserving beer. 
 
 Nicholas Culpeper, in his English Pliysitian 
 enlarged, of 1695, mentions the hop as a well-known 
 plant. " They delight to grow in low moist 
 grounds," he writes, " and are found in all parts 
 of this land. They spring not up until Afril, and 
 flower not until the latter end of June ; the heads 
 are not gathered until the middle or latter end of 
 Seftenibery 
 
 Culpeper regards the hop as under the dominion 
 of Mars, and attributes to it blood-cleansing 
 properties of great value in a vast number of 
 disorders. He points out that medicinally the 
 tops, or young shoots, of the hop are valuable 
 as well as the flowers, and that the wild hop 
 possesses virtues which are as important as those 
 of the cultivated kinds, an opinion which was 
 shared by Keynolde Scot. 
 
^ 
 ^ 
 
Culpeper's account, interesting as showing the 
 fancies and superstitions of his time, may be 
 disregarded, or much discounted, nowadays when 
 the behef in planetary influence is no longer held. 
 
 Hops are now used in the form of hop-pillows, 
 and as tincture or infusion taken internally for 
 their soporific and tonic effects. The most 
 important of the medicinal virtues, however, 
 reside in the lupulin. 
 
 As a medicine, certain decoctions and syrups of 
 hop-flowers or cones are used in pestilential fevers, 
 scurvy, &c. 
 
 Young shoots, when about three inches above 
 the ground, are sometimes boiled and eaten as 
 asparagus. 
 
 The hop-bine, after the hops are gathered, has 
 sometimes been put into silos for fodder and also 
 used for litter for cattle, and it is frequently used 
 as a foundation for ricks of hay or corn. 
 
 A rough cloth made from the fibre of the hop- 
 bine, used for making pickers' bins, hop-pokes, 
 etc., was made about 1830-40 by Mr. John 
 Ledbitter, at Farnham. 
 
 VARIETIES OF HOPS. 
 
 Roughly, the varieties may be arranged in three 
 groups, known according to the period of their 
 maturity, as early, main crop, and late. 
 
10 
 
 Early Hops. 
 
 Hobhs's Early. — These hops have green bines, 
 and are not of large size. They ripen rather earher 
 than Prohfics, and are of slightly better quality. 
 This variety is very little grown now. 
 
 Flemish Red-Bine. — An early large hop, deficient 
 in lupulin ; no longer grown. 
 
 Prolific. — This is a large hop, but rather deficient 
 in quality and flavour. The hop itself is of an 
 orange tint when ripe ; it contains a large quantity 
 of purple-coloured seed, and the bine is red and 
 short. It was reared in 1852 from a plant selected 
 from a garden of Old Jones's hops by Mr. Thomas 
 Guest, of Chill Mdl Farm, Brenchley, Kent. Very 
 few are grown now. 
 
 Tolhurst Hops. — This hop was raised bv 
 Mr. James Tolhurst, of Horsmonden, in the earlv 
 eighties. It is the most prohfic and heaviest 
 cropper of any hop known grown on clay soil. 
 During the last few years the flavour has been 
 greatly improved by cultivation. It is a good 
 copper-hop. 
 
 Meopham. — Large, coarse, medium-flavoured 
 hops, containing only a small proportion of lupulin. 
 The plant has a red-coloured bine. It probably 
 originated from the Flemish hop. 
 
11 
 
 
 o 
 
13 
 
 Henhani's Jones's Hop attains a rather pretty 
 golden colour when ripe, and is of good size. 
 Lupulin is scarce, but the flavour is fair. The 
 bine is thin and pale in colour. This variety was 
 raised by Mr. Iden Henham, of East Peckham, 
 Kent. 
 
 White's Early. — This may be regarded as one 
 of the best of the early hops. It has good flavour 
 and is of pale golden colour, the petals being loose 
 and open at the tip. The yield is uneven and 
 seldom satisfactory to the grower. This variety 
 was introduced by Mr. George White, of Hunton, 
 near Maidstone, in 1852. 
 
 Bramling. — This variety is widely grown in all 
 the best hop-growing districts. The hop is of 
 good size, firm and compact, and partakes of the 
 character of the best Golding hops. The name was 
 given from the fact that the plant was selected by 
 a farm-bailiff named Smith, on Mr. Musgrave 
 Hilton's farm at Bramling, a hamlet in the parish 
 of Ickham, near Canterbury. The Bramling hop 
 came into popular and extensive favour about the 
 year 1865. 
 
 Amos's Early Bird. — This is an excellent variety 
 of early hop, thrives in good districts, and closely 
 resembles the Bramling. It was raised by Mr. 
 Alfred Amos, of Wye, Kent. 
 
 Bennett's Early Seedling. — Although of only 
 medium size, this kind is well furnished with 
 
14 
 
 lupulin, possesses a moderately good flavour, and 
 favours stiff soils. This variety is believed to have 
 been grown from seed by Mr. Bennett, of Wrotham, 
 Kent. 
 
 Secdes Early Golding was raised by Mr. Scale of 
 Horsmonden. Very few are now grown. 
 
 Main Crop Hops. 
 
 Rodmersham, or Mercer's Hop. — This is a dis- 
 tinctly valuable hop, being prolific and well fur- 
 nished with lupulin. It was selected by Mr. R. M. 
 Mercer, of Rodmersham House, Sittingbourne, 
 about the year 1880, from a garden said to be 
 over 100 years old at Mailing, Kent. 
 
 Cobb's Hop is of good flavour and of a Golding 
 character. It was introduced about the year 
 1881 by Mr. John Cobb, of Sheldwich, near 
 Faversham. 
 
 Whitehines. — This is a variety of the Golding, 
 of a most delicate flavour, grown principally at 
 Farnham, and in Hampshire, and also at Canter- 
 bury. 
 
 Greenbines are practically limited to Farnham 
 and Hampshire. Both varieties are highly prized 
 by the brewers. 
 
 Cooper s White. — Its colour and lupulin contents 
 are good. It is grown mainly in AVorcestershire 
 and Herefordshire. 
 
o 
 
17 
 
 Mafhon. — This hop is principally grown in the 
 counties of Worcester and Hereford, and is cer- 
 tainly suited to their soils. It closely resembles 
 the Bramling hop, is full of lupulin and of good 
 aroma, and is much appreciated by the brewers. 
 
 Fuggle's Hop. — This hop flourishes on stiff 
 land, is of strong flavour, and much prized by the 
 brewer. The original plant of this variety was 
 discovered in a flower garden at Horsmonden, 
 and sets were introduced to the public by Mr. 
 Richard Fuggle, of Brenchley, about the year 
 1875. 
 
 Bates^s Brewers. — This variety was selected bv 
 Mr. John Bates, of Brenchley, about the year 
 1879 or 1880 from a garden in the Sevenoaks 
 Weald district. The six sets yielded by the 
 original plant were bought for a bottle of whisky 
 apiece. The hop is of excellent quality, full of 
 lupulin and of good flavour, and as its name 
 implies, a really good brewers' hop ; but it does not 
 produce a heavy crop, and consequently is not 
 much in favour with our growers. 
 
 o-^ 
 
 Old Joyies's Hojj is w^ell-shaped, of good colour, 
 of medium size, and of good flavour. The bine is 
 short and green. It was cultivated under the name 
 of Jones's Hop as early as 1798, but is now little 
 grown, as it bears only a small crop. 
 
18 
 
 Golding. — This is the choicest, richest, and most 
 valuable variety of hops grown, and the name has 
 been erroneously applied to some of the inferior 
 sorts. In reality, however, there is only one 
 variety to which the name Golding belongs. This 
 was raised about the year 1790 by Mr. Golding, 
 of Mailing, and in the course of a few years it was 
 widely grown in all the best districts. Goldings 
 are characterised by the large size and perfect 
 shape of the hop. 
 
 Tutsham Hop. — This variety was produced at 
 Tutsham Farm, West Farleigh, is of the Golding 
 character, and of good shape and flavour. It was 
 raised by Mr. Gerald Warde, Tutsham Hall. 
 
 The Grape Hop. — The hop itself is squarish in 
 section, and grows in very short branches, giving 
 the crowded appearance of a bunch of grapes, to 
 which circumstance the name is clue. Colour and 
 flavour are both good. It will grow on most soils, 
 but very few are grown now. 
 
 The Mayfield Grape is an improved Grape hop. 
 These are also very rarely grown, tho Fuggles 
 having taken their place. 
 
 Late Hops. 
 
 Canterbury Jacks, Buss's Goldmgs, or Wild Hops. 
 This is a small hop of the shape of the Golding, but 
 with thin and pale-coloured "petals." The 
 flavour is good, but the supply of lupulin is small. 
 
19 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Fig. (). — A huiicli of u'el/-nro'u'ii hops from Mr. Ellis's garde), 
 Fust Failei^h. Kenl. 
 
21 
 
 The plants have red bines and are very hardy. 
 The v.iriety was originally obtained about the year 
 1869 from Lyminge, in Kent, and grown with 
 success by Mr. B. Buss, of Elphicks, Horsmonden. 
 There is little or no difference between these and 
 those known as Canterbury Jacks, Wild Hops 
 and Late Red Bines. 
 
 Cole-gate's Hop. — These hops are long and narrow 
 in form, and very late in ripening. The branches 
 are slender and the leaves deeply serrated. This 
 variety is grown on the clay soils of Kent and 
 Sussex. They were introduced about the year 
 1805 by Mr. David Colegate, of Chevening, in Kent. 
 They have gone almost out of cultivation. 
 
 Other varieties mentioned by old writers are 
 Golden Tips, Pretty Will's, Williams's, Ruflers, 
 Apple Puddings, and Waring's Imperial. These 
 varieties are almost extinct. The two last were 
 once grown in the Weald. 
 
 Generally speaking, it would seem that the 
 varieties have probably been developed by selection 
 and cultivation, and experience having discovered 
 their excellences or defects, their peculiar suita- 
 bility or otherwise for particular soils, or aspects, 
 or neighbourhoods, the grower has naturally selected 
 the variety known to be best adapted for his own 
 farm. 
 
22 
 
 One of the results of the excellent experimental 
 work and researches accomplished by the South 
 Eastern Agricultural College, at Wye, Kent, has 
 been the production and determination of several 
 new varieties of hops. Experience will show how 
 far these new varieties may excel, and to what 
 extent they are likelv to supersede, the old and 
 well-tried kinds. 
 
23 
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 
 Propagation. Soils. Cultivation and pre- 
 paration FOR THE MARKET. HoP-GROWING 
 DISTRICTS. 
 
 There are two methods of 23ropaffating the hop, 
 namely, from seeds and from cuttings. Practical 
 men prefer the latter method because it is more 
 easy to j^reserve the true strain m that way than 
 it would be from seedlings. It has been noticed 
 by hop-growers that when hops are propagated 
 from seed twenty-five per cent, of the plants are 
 of the male sex. Occasionally, but very rarely, 
 male and female hops are produced by the same 
 plant, and instances are on record of male plants 
 being produced from cuttings taken from the 
 female hop-plant. 
 
 Soils. 
 
 The selection of suitable soils is one of the most 
 important matters to be considered in establishing 
 a hop garden, and from the days of Reynolds Scot 
 downwards all writers on the subject have paid 
 great attention to it. 
 
 While experience has proved that land with 
 a rocky sub-soil, such as is found in the valley of 
 the Medway, is particularly suitable for hops, the 
 plant is found to flourish on the clays in the 
 Wealden districts of Kent and Sussex, and the 
 deep loams and brick-earths of East Kent, 
 
24 
 
 especially in the districts extending from Rainham 
 to Faversham and Canterbury and thence to 
 Sandwich. 
 
 Another important principle of successful hop- 
 growing is the obtaining of a dry mulch, by the 
 frequent loosening of the surface of the soil by 
 cultivation. This is done either by digging by 
 hand, or by means of a horse nidget, preferably 
 the former. Of course, one object of this loosening 
 of the soil is to kill weeds, but an equally desirable 
 aim is to produce a friable, powdery condition of 
 the soil which affords the handiest and most 
 effective means of checking evaporation of moisture 
 from the ground round the roots of the hop-plant. 
 A certain amount of moisture is necessary to the 
 healthy growth of the hop-plant, and this dry 
 mulch furnishes the best means of preserving it. 
 
 Poling and Stringing. 
 
 This work is done during the winter, before 
 the new growth starts. In the old system, from 
 two to four poles were employed for each hill, 
 according to the various kinds of hops ; and 
 sometimes two poles and three poles were placed 
 alternately in the rows of hills. Chestnut and 
 ash-poles were generally used. 
 
 A great saving in the life of the poles was effected 
 some years ago by steeping the lower ends in 
 creosote, which was then heated to the boiling 
 point. 
 
25 
 
 In recent times a new system of permanent 
 wire-work has superseded the old-fashioned poling. 
 The wires are supported by stout poles, and the 
 string, made of cocoanut fibre, is fastened to a 
 stake in the hill and carried to the wires overhead, 
 which are placed from 12 to 14 feet above the ground. 
 
 There are several systems of stringing, those in 
 more general use being known as the Butcher 
 principle*, the Worcester principle, and the um- 
 brella principle. The purpose of these different 
 systems is so to distribute the bine as to expose 
 it to the maximum of sun and air. 
 
 In or about the year 1874, Mr. Thomas Coley 
 introduced what was called the patent vinery 
 system of poling, in which diagonal short poles were 
 fixed from about the middle of one pole to the 
 i;pper end of its neighbour. The cost was rather 
 heavy, amounting to £70 or upwards an acre. 
 
 The chief advantages of this system were (1), 
 that the poles were made more stable in that way, 
 and more able to resist wind pressure, and (2) that 
 the hops were, in consequence, less damaged by 
 battering against the poles ; moreover, hanging 
 as they did from the diagonal poles, they had a 
 certain play, free from the perpendicular poles, 
 which tended to save them from injury. 
 
 Another old method, which has also been aban- 
 doned, was that introduced by Mr. Farmer, of 
 
 * Introduced bv Mr. Butcher, of Selling, Kent. 
 
26 
 
 Kyrewood, Tenby, in which the hops were trained 
 on horizontal wires fixed on perpendicular poles. 
 The defect of this method was that the hop-bine 
 required constant tying because it is not according 
 to the nature of the hop-plant to grow out laterally. 
 
 Dressing. 
 
 When the digging in the hop garden is first done, 
 generally in March, the earth is thrown out from 
 the hills so as to expose the roots of the hop plants. 
 With a pruning knife, the old bine, within an inch 
 or two of the crown, is cut away. The parts which 
 are cut away, having several buds upon them, are 
 used to form sets for new plants. 
 
 Pulling. 
 
 This is one of the earliest operations to be 
 carried out in hop cultivation. The first bine which 
 appears is frequently of a very rank nature, the 
 joints of which are wide apart and unfruitful. 
 These are pulled out by careful and observant 
 growers, and the succeeding bines are tied up to 
 the poles. These bines are usually found to be 
 much more closely jointed and more prolific in 
 bearing hops. 
 
 Tying. 
 
 As soon as the suitable bine has a sufficient 
 growth, the tying operations are commenced. 
 Rushes are commonly used for this purpose, and 
 
27 
 
 the work is done by women. The process has to be 
 repeated two or three times during the season as 
 the bine cHmbs up the pole or strino;. 
 
 Manuring. 
 
 A great variety of manures have been used at 
 different times for the improvement of the hop 
 crop. The best and most rehable are doubtless 
 farmyard manure, bone-meal, feathers and fur- 
 waste, Peruvian guano, and fish guano. Fish 
 manures, such as sprats and mussels, are powerful 
 and immediate stimulants of growth. Artificial 
 or chemical manures include nitrate of soda and 
 sulphate of ammonia. 
 
 AV ASHING. 
 
 All practical and scientific hop growers rely much 
 upon washing to free the hop-bine from insect 
 pests. A mixture of soft-soap, sulphur, quassia 
 and water is sprayed on the growing hop-plants by 
 means of a hand-pump or a machine-pump, drawn 
 by horse or motor power. Tobacco infusion is 
 also used. Enterprising growers wash as soon as 
 the aphis appears in their plantations. 
 
 Sulphuring, 
 The use of flowers of sulphur has long been 
 known as an excellent antidote to the mildew. 
 It is dispersed, by means of a special machine, 
 over the whole plant before the burr develops 
 into a hop. 
 
28 
 
 Picking. 
 
 The gathering of the hop-crop, which must be 
 done at the precise period of ripeness when the 
 quahty and flavour are at their full, and before 
 the hops begin to fall to pieces, is done as quickly 
 as possible, and men, women and children from 
 
 Fig. 7, — Hop-pickers at Paddock ]Vood. 
 
 London and the 2>rovincial towns, and from the 
 neighbourhood of the hop-gardens, are employed 
 in the work. In certain parts of East Kent five- 
 bushel wicker baskets are used to contain the hops 
 as they are pulled of! the bines. In other districts, 
 bins constructed of light wooden frame-work and 
 a large receptacle of rough sacking or canvas, take 
 the place of the large baskets. 
 
29 
 
31 
 
 Men. known as bin-men, are employed to cut 
 the hop-bine near the ground, up-root the poh>s, 
 and bring them to those who pick the hops. 
 
 The kirge baskets of East Kent are of known 
 capacity, but during the process of picking there 
 is a tendency for the hops to sink down in a way 
 which woukl tell unfairly tr) the hop-picker. This 
 is remedied by horizontal strings in the basket 
 which, upon being pulled, tend to hover-up the 
 hops. 
 
 In modern days when the wire-system prevails, 
 bins are moved along to the hops, the top string is 
 cut allowing the hops to fill over the bin. The 
 hops are then quickly stripped into the bin. 
 
 The score of the number of bushels of hops 
 picked has long been kept in a very ancient manner, 
 by means of wooden tallies, somewhat resembling 
 exchequer tallies. These are sticks or strq^s of 
 wood about 16 inches long, cut into two pieces, 
 the tallvman retaining one part, and the picker 
 retammg the other. They are brought together 
 when required for the recording of the amount 
 picked, a file beuig employed for markmg the two 
 pieces at once wdth a narrow channel or grove. 
 The slight irregularities in the depth, direction and 
 position of the marks so made form the best test 
 of the genuineness of the complementary parts of 
 the tallv. This custom is now confined to East 
 Kent. 
 
32 
 
 In other districts the amount of hops picked is 
 measured bv the " measurer " and recorded in 
 writing by the " booker," who also enters it in the 
 picker's book. 
 
 Dryinci. 
 
 The great importance of the judicious and 
 sufficient drying of hops has been known from the 
 earhest period of hop-growing in Kent. Full 
 directions for the drying process are given by 
 Keynolde Scot, who wrote at the latter end of the 
 sixteenth century. He also gives plans and 
 
 sections showing the construction of the oast-house 
 and furnace. In those early times, of course, the 
 method of constructing the drying apparatus was 
 primitive, and directions for handling the hops 
 indicate a rather rough-and-ready treatment ; but 
 in Scot's book, as in all early accounts, the main 
 principles inculcated are the same as they are 
 to-day. The moisture of the hop must be driven 
 off by a rapid current of hot air. 
 
 Bradley, who wrote and published his Riches of 
 a Hop Garden in 1729, mentions the use of a hair- 
 cloth upon which the hops were spread out for 
 drying in a layer of at least six inches. The same 
 writer gives, on page 95 of his book, a ground plan 
 of the old type of hop-oast and kiln, differing but 
 little from that figured by Reynolde Scot. One 
 end of the building is provided with a floor on which 
 
33 
 
 5-« ,s ' *V^^ 1 
 
 '^i^^CMyy^ 
 
 
35 
 
 the green hops are placed, and the other has an 
 apartment in which the dried hops are placed to 
 cool, preparatory to being p;i.cked in bags or pockets. 
 
 Lance, whose Hof Farmer, 1838, is a store- 
 house of important information on the subject of 
 hops in the earlier half of the 19th century, men- 
 tions the following as the main points to be aimed 
 at in drying hops : they should be so dried as to 
 retain a natural greenish yellow liue ; the seeds 
 should be dry and hard, and the stalks brittle ; 
 heat should be applied equally all over the drying 
 floor, and the hops should not be made damp by 
 the fall of condens'.cl moisture or reek ; drying is 
 cimiplete when hops and stalks are brittle. 
 
 Wood, charcoal, and turf were the fuels formerly 
 in use for drying. The object was to obtain as 
 much heat as possible without smoke. For this 
 purp(jse c.\st-iron furnaces were introduced which 
 could be fed with fuel near the entrance, the main 
 part of the smoke being consumed in its enforced 
 passage through the fire beyond. 
 
 The cone-shaped roof of the kiln above the 
 drving-floor, and the surmounting cowl moving 
 with the changing wind, by which the moisture 
 was carried of!, were well-known in the early part 
 of the 19th century, if not indeed at the end of the 
 18th century. 
 
36 
 
 Anthracite and charcoal are the two kinds oi 
 fuel now most in use for drying hops, and great 
 improvements in drying have been effected by the 
 introduction of the hot-air system invented by 
 Messrs. William Arnold & Sons, of Branbridges, 
 Paddock Wood, Kent. 
 
 POCKETIXG. 
 
 As soon as hops are sufficiently dried and cooled 
 they are pressed closely into pockets made of 
 strong and closely-woven canvas. From the 
 
 accounts published in old books on the subject it is 
 evident that there were two kinds of receptacles 
 used for the packing and marketing of hops, 
 namely (1), rough, common bags made of refuse 
 hemp, fine tow and hr„y intermixed, and calculated 
 to contain 2| cwt. of hops of inferior, or dis- 
 coloured quality, and hops of later picking ; and 
 (2), pockets made of strong canvas, as above, with 
 a capacity of about 1|- cwt.* for the finest and 
 best-flavoured hops. 
 
 In order to fill the pockets tightly and evenly 
 with hops, the upper part of the pocket was sewn 
 to a wooden hoop so as to keep the mouth open for 
 the reception of the dried hops. This wooden 
 hoop, or ring, was made a little larger than the 
 circular hole cut in the drying-floor through 
 which the pocket was passed. 
 
 * The pockets for hops in tlic Farnhaiii and Hampshire districts 
 are made of finer cloth, and contain from 2 to 2-.! cwt. of liops. 
 
Originally the hops were pressed tightly down 
 into the pocket by a man or hid standing witliin 
 it. An improved method of pressing was after- 
 wards introduced in which a wooden lever was 
 
 Fig. 10. — Hop-pocket ready jor filling. 
 
 employed. At the present time a simple pressing- 
 machine, worked by a crank moving a small cog- 
 wheel in connection with a larger cog-wheel- 
 mechanical leverage — is used. 
 
38 
 
 AVe find that as early as 1838 there was a patent 
 hydraulic press in use for the packing of hops. 
 This was invented by Bramah, and was so success- 
 ful that by its means hops could be compressed to 
 the hardness of a soft deal board. One hundred 
 pounds of hops were in this way so diminished in 
 bulk as to occupy only two cubic feet of space. 
 
 
 
 i,:2!«&:pm".i(»;ai!i 
 
 Fig. 11. — Case for packing pockets of Imps, 1S74. 
 
 In the present day the weight of the cloth for 
 hop-pockets is 24 ozs. per yard, and the quantity 
 5 3'ards, making a total of 1\ lbs. per pocket, which 
 with a further half-pound allowed for string and 
 marking-ink brings the total weight up to 8 lbs. 
 per pocket. The tare allowed the buyer is 6 lbs. 
 
39 
 
 Marking. 
 
 In the earlier part of the 19th century each 
 district had a person appointed by the Excise 
 whose duty it was to see the hops weighed 
 and mark the weight on the pocket, also to seal 
 the pocket by marking a large black ink cross 
 over the opening. The year of growth, the grower's 
 name, parish and county had to be marked plainly 
 on the pocket. Pockets containing hops grown 
 in Kent were generally marked with a rampant 
 horse in allusion to the ancient badge of the county. 
 The Farnham hops were marked with a bell, and 
 those from Sussex with a crowned shield charged 
 with six birds. 
 
 HOP-C^KOWING DISTRICTS. 
 
 The acreage of land under hops in Kent is, and 
 always has been, much greater than that in the 
 other English counties in which hops are grown. 
 
 The following were the acreages of hopdands in 
 the six principal hop-growing counties in 1880 
 and 1907 :— ' 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 1907. 
 
 Keat 
 
 ... 42,977 . 
 
 .. 28,169 
 
 Sussex 
 
 9,4011 . 
 
 .. 4,243 
 
 Herefordshire . . . 
 
 5,934 . 
 
 .. 6,143 
 
 Hampshire 
 
 3,03« . 
 
 .. 1,842 
 
 Worcestersliire... 
 
 2,760 . 
 
 ., 3,622 
 
 Surrev 
 
 2.32S . 
 
 744 
 
40 
 
 In the year 1866 Essex had an area of 137 and 
 Suffolk of 127 acres of land under hops, but by the 
 year 1880 the amount had been very much dimin- 
 ished. Nineteen other English counties are recorded 
 as having, at various times towards the latter part 
 of the 19th century, small areas under hops, but in 
 almost negligible and declining amounts. 
 
 The reason why particular parts of the country 
 are devoted to hop cultivation is to be found in 
 the special suitability of the soil. This suitabihty 
 has been discovered by the experience of hop- 
 farmers, but it is so intimately related to the 
 geological character of the district that, generally 
 speaking, a geologist could easily predict in what 
 neighbourhoods hop-gardens are likely to be found. 
 
 Kent. — There are five well-defined hop-growing 
 districts in Kent : — 
 
 (1) East Kent. — A district extending from 
 Chatham to Canterbury and beyond. The clays 
 and loams in this area grow the finest hops of 
 Kent. 
 
 (2) Mid-Kent. — Here the hop-gardens, mostly 
 on the soils of the Lower Greensand, produce 
 Goldings of very high quality and of great brewing 
 value. 
 
 (3) North Kent. — A small district producing 
 hops which rank between those of East Kent and 
 Mid-Kent. 
 
41 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
43 
 
 (4) West Kent. — A comparatively small district. 
 
 (5) Weald of Kent. — This is a very large and 
 productive hop country lying between Edenbridge 
 on the west and Headcorn on the east ; south- 
 wards it extends to Tunbridge Wells, Lamberhurst, 
 and Hawkhurst and Tenterden. 
 
 Sussex. — Hop-growing is confined to the eastern 
 part of Sussex. Some of the best land yields 
 heavy crops, as much as a ton, or even a ton and a 
 half per acre being recorded. The sort most 
 generally grown now is Fuggle's. Mayfield 
 Grapes, Jones's and Colegate's are practically 
 extinct. The gardens are mostly small and 
 scattered, and are generally situated in sheltered 
 valleys in the richest land. 
 
 Surrey and Hampshire. — Hop-growing in these 
 two counties is confined to a space 20 miles long by 
 about 6 miles wide situated on or near the western 
 boundary of Surrey. The Farnham hops have 
 long been famous for their excellent quality. 
 
 Worcestershire. — The hop-gardens, or hop-yards 
 (as they are called), are chiefly in the western part 
 of the county and produce hops of excellent 
 quality. Hops are grown largely in the Teme 
 Vallev. 
 
44 
 
 Herefordsliire. — A considerable acreage is under 
 hops on the eastern side of the county. The best 
 hops are grown on the banks of the River Lug and 
 upon the equally fertile alluvium of the valley of 
 the Wye. 
 
 In both Worcestershire and Herefordshire great 
 progress has been effected in hop cultivation in 
 recent years, and very excellent hops are now 
 
c? 
 
 45 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Hop-market. Pp>ices. Duties on hops. 
 Hop control. Statutes of the Realm. 
 
 For many years past the main market for hops 
 in tlie south-east of England, inchiding those of 
 Kent, Sussex, Surrey and Hampshire, has been in 
 the Borough High Street, Southwark. Prefixed 
 to Bradley's little book on the Riches of a Hop- 
 Garden, 1729, is an engraving (see frontispiece) 
 giving an animated picture of the Borough Hop 
 Market. It represents the butchers' and green- 
 grocers' stalls, and on the ground-floor of the old 
 Town Hall is the Hop Market. Several pockets of 
 hops in the Market and other pockets on adjacent 
 two-wheeled carts are shown. Many of the people 
 attending the market as well as those in the local 
 inns are shown drinking beer. 
 
 There are several noteworthy points about the 
 enoraving. One sees in the distance, for instance, 
 the embattled gateway which forms the entrance 
 to London Bridge. Near it is the church of St. 
 Thomas, and the Cock Public House is also shown 
 near the market. 
 
 There were other hop markets at Canterbury, 
 Maidstone, Hastings, Hereford, Worcester, and the 
 
46 
 
 annual Hop Fairs at Worcester on September 19th, 
 and Weyhill, Hampshire, on October 12th, and 
 Maidst(.me October 17th. 
 
 Certain rules governed the selling and buying of 
 hops. It was the rule that hops, in bulk, should 
 be actually brought to market before being sold, 
 and in 1800 one hop-grower was fined £500 and 
 imprisoned for a month for forestalling the hop 
 market. The offender was Samuel Ferrand 
 Waddington, a man who resided near Tonbridge 
 where he had purchased a large number of hop- 
 gardens with a view to controlling the price of 
 their produce. 
 
 Prices of Hops. 
 
 Some valuable information as to the prices at 
 which hops have been sold from the 16th century 
 downwards is furnished by J. E. Thorold Rogers's 
 History of Agriculture and Prices in England. 
 
 In the following figures it is probable that the 
 prices of many of the hops from Kent, Surrey, 
 Sussex and Essex appear under the heading of 
 the London hop markets, but local prices have 
 been quoted where possible. 
 
 The earliest prices recorded are as follows : — 
 
 Per cwt. 
 
 1583 £1 6 
 
 1584 £1 16 
 
 1590 £1 8 C'ambrids'e 
 
47 
 
 
 
 Per cwt. 
 
 
 1591 
 
 
 £2 18 
 
 Cambiidge 
 
 1608 
 
 
 £2— £5 
 
 )» 
 
 1699- 
 
 1700 .. 
 
 £4— £7 
 
 Dart ford. 
 
 1700- 
 
 1701 .. 
 
 £6 
 
 
 1701- 
 
 1702 ,. 
 
 £1 15 
 
 j> 
 
 , 
 
 
 £1 14— £1 18... 
 
 London. 
 
 1702- 
 
 1703 .. 
 
 £5 
 
 
 1709 
 
 
 £3 5— £4 5... 
 
 ., 
 
 1710 
 
 
 £3— £5 12 ... 
 £7 10— £8 15 
 
 " 
 
 1714 
 
 
 £10— £13 
 
 
 1750 
 
 
 £7 7 6 
 
 „ 
 
 1790 
 
 
 £3 10— £5 15... 
 
 Kent. 
 
 179.3 
 
 
 £11 11— £13 13 
 
 E. Kent. 
 
 .J 
 
 
 £10 10— £11 10 
 
 AV. Kent. 
 
 By the courtesy of Messrs. Tabrum & Son we 
 reproduce their table of the acreage, total growth, 
 imports and exports, and prices of Hops from the 
 year 1813 to 1915. (See page 48.) 
 
 Hops are known to have been imported in 
 considerable quantities by the merchants of South- 
 ampton during the 15th and 16th centuries. Prom 
 the town records of Southampton it appears that 
 in the year 1608 the price of hops was £8 per cwt., 
 whilst the price of malt was only 2s. a bushel. 
 
 Considerable advantages to the hop trade have 
 arisen from the adoption of modern scientific 
 methods. The principle of cold storage is now 
 largely adopted by the brewers, and in this way 
 the delicate flavour of the hop is well preserved. 
 
48 
 
 YEAR 
 
 ACHEAGE 
 
 GROWN 
 
 IMPOflTS 
 
 EXPORTS 
 
 TOTAL TOR 
 
 HOME 
 
 CONSUMPTION 
 
 ESTIMATED 
 CONSUMPTION 
 
 AVERAGE PRICES 
 Sopl. to Dw 
 
 per cwt fr,j„ 
 
 YEAR 
 
 Eaot Kant. 
 
 "TZ 
 
 S„„.. 
 
 
 1313 
 
 39,521 
 
 246,016 
 
 Fill 
 
 1,092 
 
 243,924 
 
 1 91 .440 
 
 190/- 
 
 156/ 
 
 98/ 
 
 1813 
 
 1816 
 
 +4,219 
 
 86,284 
 
 13 
 
 893 
 
 85,304 
 
 178,559 
 
 280/- 
 
 262/ 
 
 231 /- 
 
 1816 
 
 1819 
 
 51,014 
 
 480.990 
 
 47 
 
 1,022 
 
 460,015 
 
 196,516 
 
 90/- 
 
 78/ 
 
 65/ 
 
 1819 
 
 1826 
 
 46,718 
 
 46,344 
 
 2,999 
 
 10,893 
 
 37,450 
 
 312,647 
 
 420/- 
 
 360/ 
 
 330/ 
 
 1325 
 
 1826 
 
 50,471 
 
 610,959 
 
 1,874 
 
 3,960 
 
 508,873 
 
 270,843 
 
 110/- 
 
 92/ 
 
 96/ • 
 
 1826 
 
 1335 
 
 53,816 
 
 438,274 
 
 ml 
 
 9,784 
 
 428,490 
 
 377,174 
 
 120/- 
 
 92/ 
 
 76, 
 
 1835 
 
 1840 
 
 44,086 
 
 63,626 
 
 106 
 
 8,291 
 
 55,341 
 
 382,317 
 
 294/- 
 
 270/ 
 
 250/ 
 
 1340 
 
 1846 
 
 51 ,948 
 
 452,714 
 
 3,283 
 
 4,581 
 
 451,416 
 
 378,302 
 
 119/- 
 
 93/ 
 
 80/ 
 
 1846 
 
 1949 
 
 42,798 
 
 148,668 
 
 6,271 
 
 2,836 
 
 151,104 
 
 343,016 
 
 178/- 
 
 147/ 
 
 132, 
 
 1849 
 
 1854 
 
 53.825 
 
 88,188 
 
 119,677 
 
 12,047 
 
 195,818 
 
 385,107 
 
 400,- 
 
 330/ 
 
 300, 
 
 1864 
 
 1855 
 
 57,757 
 
 743,047 
 
 24,662 
 
 19,180 
 
 748,629 
 
 392,953 
 
 147/- 
 
 106/ 
 
 90 
 
 1855 
 
 1861 
 
 47,941 
 
 213,867 
 
 149,176 
 
 9,321 
 
 353,712 
 
 436,037 
 
 187/- 
 
 162/ 
 
 140/- 
 
 1861 
 
 1870 
 
 60,680 
 
 700,000 
 
 127,853 
 
 21,913 
 
 806,940 
 
 568,910 
 
 96/- 
 
 63/ 
 
 45,'- 
 
 1870 
 
 1875 
 
 69,171 
 
 700,000 
 
 256,444 
 
 18,087 
 
 938,357 
 
 692,286 
 
 122,' 
 
 93/ 
 
 30,. - 
 
 1875 
 
 1878 
 
 71,789 
 
 700,000 
 
 168,834 
 
 17,324 
 
 851,610 
 
 716,156 
 
 102 
 
 73,: 
 
 60'- 
 
 1878 
 
 1379 
 
 67,671 
 
 160,000 
 
 262,766 
 
 9,608 
 
 413,257 
 
 664,443 
 
 220;- 
 
 189/ 
 
 ICO' 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 66,698 
 
 440,000 
 
 195,987 
 
 20,892 
 
 615,095 
 
 686,219 
 
 I0«/- 
 
 83/ 
 
 70, 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 64,943 
 
 465,000 
 
 147,569 
 
 23,190 
 
 579,369 
 
 610,643 
 
 150/- 
 
 126/ 
 
 100,- 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 65,619 
 
 1 20,000 
 
 319,620 
 
 14,094 
 
 425,526 
 
 497,687 
 
 420,' 
 
 375/ 
 
 320/- 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 68,016 
 
 560,000 
 
 129,900 
 
 22,812 
 
 667,088 
 
 484,658 
 
 162,- 
 
 135/ 
 
 112 
 
 1883 
 
 1384 
 
 69,259 
 
 420,000 
 
 256,777 
 
 18,256 
 
 668,621 
 
 495,537 
 
 160/- 
 
 130 
 
 116,- 
 
 1884 
 
 1835 
 
 71,327 
 
 509,170 
 
 266,962 
 
 14,468 
 
 761,664 
 
 499,758 
 
 103,- 
 
 80/ 
 
 60/ 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 70,127 
 
 776,144 
 
 163,769 
 
 69,323 
 
 860,580 
 
 485,623 
 
 82/- 
 
 66 
 
 42, ■ 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 63,709 
 
 467,516 
 
 146,122 
 
 27,760 
 
 574,877 
 
 499,087 
 
 100/- 
 
 80, 
 
 55/- -A 
 
 
 1 ^'IJ 
 
 1888 
 
 58,494 
 
 281,291 
 
 216,606 
 
 14,811 
 
 483,086 
 
 504,222 
 
 203/- 
 
 160 
 
 130/, 1 
 
 ? 
 
 lSi9 ' 
 
 1339 
 
 57,724 
 
 497,811 
 
 200,690 
 
 18,089 
 
 680,412 
 
 511,514 
 
 86/- 
 
 63 
 
 50/. iri/-"! 
 
 ISS1 
 
 1390 
 
 54,551 
 
 283,629 
 
 188,028 
 
 12,372 
 
 459,286 
 
 651,219 
 
 258, 
 
 200 
 
 170/-^ 
 
 101- 
 
 ISio 
 
 1891 
 
 56,148 
 
 436,716 
 
 195,264 
 
 9,740 
 
 622,240 
 
 570,130 
 
 152/- 
 
 126 
 
 105/- / 
 
 121 
 
 ISOl 
 
 1392 
 
 56,259 
 
 413,259 
 
 187,507 
 
 10,673 
 
 590,093 
 
 575,020 
 
 1 68/- 
 
 135 
 
 1 28/- II 
 
 '"1 
 
 l^jl 
 
 1393 
 
 57.564 
 
 414,929 
 
 204,392 
 
 18,748 
 
 600,673 
 
 673,291 
 
 160/- 
 
 135 
 
 120/- / 
 
 ZOI 
 
 Ifj-l 
 
 1894 
 
 59,535 
 
 636,846 
 
 169,165 
 
 20,839 
 
 805,162 
 
 674,691 
 
 88/- 
 
 67 
 
 46/- 
 
 t.-A 
 
 l^flr 
 
 139. 
 
 68,940 
 
 663,396 
 
 217,161 
 
 13,132 
 
 767,426 
 
 565,687 
 
 90/- 
 
 66 
 
 42/- 
 
 !W- 
 
 /efj 
 
 1846 
 
 64,217 
 
 463,188 
 
 207,041 
 
 13,303 
 
 646,926 
 
 604,035 
 
 96/- 
 
 60 
 
 45/- 
 
 P// 
 
 nil. 
 
 M't; 
 
 50,863 
 
 41 1 ,086 
 
 164,164 
 
 16,494 
 
 559,746 
 
 610,751 
 
 105/- 
 
 70 
 
 66/- 
 
 SI. 
 
 W?7 
 
 \fi-n 
 
 49,735 
 
 366,698 
 
 244,136 
 
 20,389 
 
 680,345 
 
 636,288 
 
 156/- 
 
 140 
 
 130/-I / 
 
 1^1 
 
 ISiJS 
 
 189'J 
 
 61,843 
 
 661,426 
 
 180,233 
 
 14,700 
 
 826,969 
 
 661,763 
 
 80/- 
 
 65 
 
 56/j 
 
 Tl 
 
 ISOCj 
 
 ' 1 9UU 
 
 51,308 
 
 347,894 
 
 198,494 
 
 18,685 
 
 527,803 
 
 662,339 
 
 138/- 
 
 117/ 
 
 103/- / 
 
 ooj. 
 
 l^oo 
 
 1901 
 
 1 10U 
 
 IQ07 
 
 51,127 
 moll 
 
 11 lA 
 
 649,387 
 Ml oi^l 
 
 JfiJJo 
 
 JJI, IJij 
 i^To Ji/ 
 
 J/* Ifllr 
 
 116,042 
 Ifl JJi 
 
 ,0, <f.-3 
 .11 111 
 Id Jit, 
 IJff/i 
 
 '*«■>;/ 
 
 22,702 
 
 mil, 
 
 X JJlj 
 
 -'"l-'i 
 ISLjS 
 
 ItT*i 
 
 n .•»«. 
 ii^^iit 
 
 lli/l. 
 
 742,727 
 
 1,71 '19 
 ^K jri 
 jjj lis 
 
 111 oil 
 
 649,903 
 
 Ljc I'J-l 
 11,1 ill. 
 rp i„s 
 1,10 3rt 
 
 bic llu 
 ici 13-f 
 
 s,x,i,> 
 
 68/- 
 /-'J/. 
 /to/ 
 
 -LDOj 
 
 &! 
 
 li 
 
 //OL 
 
 66/ 
 lis-/ 
 lOSl 
 
 IS if 
 imi 
 
 if 
 
 lobi 
 
 48/- 
 7-7",- 
 lool 
 
 /7->f 
 So/. 
 
 113/ 
 1.5/ 
 
 Jfo'l 
 
 liol- 
 
 Slfl- 
 111 
 '-7- 
 
 SI./ 
 
 ll-l 
 
 J"! 
 "/■ 
 
 ll'l 
 liol 
 l^.i 
 Iffi, 
 IfOS 
 
 11, t 
 ll'l 
 
 ll'l 
 
 11] 1° 
 
 
 :'■ est 
 JS h). 
 
 Ji/OJj 
 
 J;j we 
 
 St,, isF 
 
 /ia /ti/ 
 HJ fti 
 lU If" 
 11 !"'■ 
 J*<1 JJ7 
 
 '7 ''7 
 iclm 
 ij.ijt 
 
 in') 
 
 1,10 1^0 
 
 ijfc ill 
 ii^s- 111 
 
 io/ ^ 9i 
 
 m/- 
 
 Jos/ 
 ii.il 
 "■>'/ 
 
 "7/ 
 
 J oof 
 
 7i?, 
 
 llto/ 
 
 ito/ 
 
 IFS/ 
 
 iW 
 
 'V 
 
 IfiX 
 1,11 
 /?'<• 
 
 mi 
 
 Fig. in. — Acreage, tokil gionili, inip'Vls. e.rf^oiis. &■€., of ho/>s. 
 
49 
 
 The following is a copy of a note of the sale of 
 hops at a record price, the original being preserved 
 in the offices of Messrs. \X. H. & H. Le May, Hop 
 Factors : — 
 
 66, BoROVGH High Street, 
 
 Loxnox, IS.E., 
 
 Aiiijiist il/i, issi^ 
 
 Sold for and on account of Tlminas ^laiiwavin"', Ks(j., 
 
 By W. H. & H. Lc Mav, 
 
 The First Pocket of Kent Hops, 
 
 grown Season J8S2. 
 
 One Pocket Brenchley Hop--. 
 
 Cwt. cjrs. I'ls. 
 Gross ... 1 1 6 
 
 Tare ... U (i 
 
 Nett ... 1 1 <i at £50 [lei- cwl. £62 10 
 
 Commission £1 13 i> 
 
 Carriage " 5 7 
 
 Pient and Insurance tt ti 2 
 
 1 18 9 
 
 £60 11 3 
 
 W. H. k H. Le :May, 
 
 Hop Factors. 
 
50 
 
 UCT EHOWWO DATE Of ARRIVAL OF 
 
 ■ISET POCKTT or HOPS IN TWE BOROUOM 
 
 FIjR Fffm-FIVE YEABB, IBM - 1898. 
 
 .■ £•!.» al] Ir.LrrcBi. In the i.tt1v(.1 acd aat* of Uir fli 
 
 . poclcat. CMSeS 
 
 ,e&2. Aug P- 
 
 KQA f.F-S 
 
 J- N, THli'fFI.CH 
 
 KLJ PL. BREHCHI.EY 
 
 iy>F.li PL. hi^DXHLFl' 
 V; U'lHO 
 
 V L-n-LFS'JTAn 
 
 liAnij 
 tiRi'VLf ; 
 
 f^ "Jr.'.l.r-' 
 
 bRwrHi.ri' 
 
 EHOM Ljrv 
 
 L'l.EUCMLTf 
 
 LkCBCKLL"'; 
 
 F6iTTn.cf:>* 
 D!*ET nin-ot. 
 rr/,p'j>T'jk8T 
 
 tlUUCKLEV 
 BKDI01L.EY 
 WRLE t-L. BRHMCHLFT/ 
 
 VAUMbO 
 
 
 /r c*-jn.Tf 
 
 HDJ-SHUMliEN 
 
 
 E 
 
 EAI 
 
 K>.rd,i3i 
 
 
 
 UFOE 
 
 I'JJOJEH 
 
 
 
 R. TOio^rri' 
 
 CflPTl: 
 
 
 
 DAIT 
 
 LThUrpT 
 
 
 
 R. TOWPEITI' 
 
 TAPlL 
 
 
 
 r>v.r.E 
 
 w/.KiJr. 
 
 
 
 yeerP * frcr. IB 
 
 -t ic IBsn b'H xtie 
 
 Ti 
 
 
 -old by '»>ssx 
 
 »i H. i, M. rj ifj*Y. 
 
 07 
 
 PRICE rat cw. 
 
 C£0. 0- 0, 
 
 C. <-■ 0. 
 
 tic . c c . 
 
 l^\. IC. C 
 
 (X . i> 
 
 £1C. 
 
 Ci. 
 
 
 Fig. 14.— A/s/ .i/yirs/ poclwls oj Hops, IS.H-IS'JT 
 
51 
 
 For twenty-two consecutive years (1876-1897) 
 the first pocket of liops was consigned to these 
 gentlemen. 
 
 A gold medal bearing the following inscripti(ms 
 
 was struck and presented to each member of the 
 
 firm of Messrs. W. H. & H. Le May in the 
 
 year 1SS2 : — 
 
 Pix'sented 
 
 to 
 
 W. H. & H. Le^May, 
 
 Hop Factors, 
 
 to commemorate 
 
 their successful exej'tii'U^ 
 
 to raise the value 
 
 of the Hop Crop 
 
 in the 
 
 Memorable Year 
 
 of 1882, 
 
 Subscribed to and 
 
 Presented 
 
 by 
 
 the 
 
 principal Hop-uro\ver> 
 
 of 
 
 Kent and Sussex. 
 
 Duties on Hops. 
 
 Hop-growing received great encouragement in 
 the year 1862 when the excise duty on hops was 
 abolished. This tax on the produce of hop-gardens 
 amounted to an average annual charge of nearly 
 £7 per acre. It was specially unfair to growers in 
 
52 
 
 the Weald of Kent where the yield of hops was 
 large and the value of the produce low ; whilst in 
 East and Mid-Kent and in the Farnham district, 
 ^^here hitrher-priced hops are grown, the burden 
 was comparatively light. So unfair was the duty 
 tliat in some cases the hop farmer had to pay' as 
 much as £15 per acre, although his hops did not 
 realise £3 per cwt. 
 
 In the year 1862, also, the import duty on htjps 
 was taken ofi. Owing to a very serious aphis blight 
 verv high prices were obtained for hops in 1882. 
 The average price of English hops in the season 
 1882-3 was £18 10s. j^er cwt., and some of the best 
 samples reahsed £32 per cwt. 
 
 Some valuable information as to fluctuations of 
 prices of hops, and injury to the English industry 
 caused by German and American competition, was 
 laid before a Select Committee on the Hop Industry, 
 a committee organised in 1908. The late Mr. 
 Edward Le May took a very active part in this 
 commission and gave evidence before it. In the 
 voluminous report issued as a Blue Book the 
 evidence of several expert witnesses is printed in 
 full, and the whole tendency of the evidence was 
 in favour of the imposition of a duty on foreign 
 hops imported into England. It was pointed out 
 that such a duty would at once encourage the 
 English hop-growers and benefit the labouring 
 classes. 
 
53 
 
u5 
 
 Owing to foreign competition the acreage of hops 
 had been reduced from 71,789 acres in 1878 to 
 •44,938 acres in 1907, a reduction of 26,851 acres. 
 In consequence of continued free imports the 
 acreage was further reduced to 36,661 in 1U14. 
 
 On Saturday, 16th May, 1908, a monster and 
 enthusiastic demonstration took place in London 
 as a protest against the injury inflicted on the 
 English hop trade by free importation of foreign 
 hops. Processions from the London railway 
 stations excited great popular interest. At the 
 great meeting held in Trafalgar Square, resolu- 
 tions were adopted in favour of imposing a duty 
 of 40s. a CA^t. on imported foreign hops. 
 
 Hop Control. 
 
 The Great War has had an important effect 
 on hop growing. The limitations imposed on 
 brewing have naturally been reflected in the 
 amount of hops required. 
 
 In the year 1917 the Board of Agriculture 
 ordered the acreage of hops in England to be re- 
 duced to 50 per cent, of those grown in 1914, the 
 remainder of the hop gardens to be grubbed. 
 
 A Controller of Hops was appointed in 1917, and 
 the whole of the Enghsh hop crop, and the growths 
 of hops for the years 1914, 1915, and 1916, both 
 English and foreign, remaining on the market, 
 
56 
 
 were taken over at a valuation, the money being 
 provided by the Government. Factors were 
 
 employed to psss the hops into the Control and to 
 sell them for the Control to the merchants who in 
 turn sold them to the brewers. 
 
 A committee of persons interested in hops, con- 
 sisting of four growers, four factors, four merchants, 
 four brewers, and four representatives of the Board 
 of Agriculture, wrs formed for the purpose of 
 advising the Controller, Mr. G. Foster Clark, of 
 Maidstone, who had been appointed Controller by 
 the Bofrd of Agriculture. 
 
 The whole business of hop control was conducted 
 in accordance with the usual custom of the trade, 
 at values fixed by the Control. 
 
 In the year 1918 the average amount to be 
 paid for hops was fixed by the Hop Controller at 
 £16 10s. per cwt. to the grower. The maximum 
 price to be charged to the brewers was £19 os. 
 
 The produce and money value of the hop- crop 
 have always been subject to great variations from 
 year to year. A good deal of betting as to the 
 results of the crop and the amount of duty 
 payable on it has taken place at various times. 
 The following table shows at a glance the fluctua- 
 tions in the betting annually between the 
 years 1812 and 186-2. 
 
■ )/ 
 
 
 
 ^^_— 
 
 ^^__ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 FLUCTUATIONS IN THE BETTING 
 
 
 THE HOP Dl T' 
 
 {. 
 
 T. ,W........ !.._., ....^...,.,«., ....... „ 
 
 1612 ~^>~-~.~ 
 
 Jl'S'E 
 
 S CLV. 
 
 ACGOOT 
 
 6ErT0:MBER 
 
 OCTOBH. 
 
 IN OLD^'^OTT 
 
 1612 
 1813 
 
 :,L u„ ,», ^xh 
 
 :,. ,.0, -i,,! „., 
 
 1,5 ,.«|,.» ,1., 
 
 7,5 ..,.|„» 
 
 .« 
 
 7tt 
 
 no, 
 
 ^, M, ;i 6. 
 
 03 SO IS 47 
 
 .0 42 ,0 41 
 
 42 40 2 
 
 
 
 
 30,561 19 3 
 131,482 ■^ 3 
 
 1813 u" i:;ii i-''! \v 
 
 lUi UO 125 130 
 
 135. UO ISO: I.S. 
 
 UO UOj 105 
 
 135 
 
 UO I30| 132 
 
 
 
 18H III w, \ur. „>, 
 1815 1 101. loo: 84, n- 
 
 -'.^,^,^ 
 
 Uh u 
 
 ^'-T 
 
 150 U 
 
 1.12 
 
 1.S2 
 
 UO; 144^^ 
 
 
 
 H0,292 f, 2 
 133.H7H 16 3J 
 46,302 1.^ Vi 
 66,522 2 S) 
 
 1814 
 1815 
 1816 
 
 leiT 
 
 a, . 
 
 77 
 
 " 
 
 
 .. 
 
 6. OO'IOO^ 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 1816 Mn i.w iM Ni 
 
 H. us J» IS, 
 
 1.0 ISO U',' 1. 
 
 12,1 „0| OS 
 
 5S 00! 50! 
 
 IS17 I.A^ 1 !■■ ].»-. I-T 
 
 l„> .s .», ., 
 
 S .,„ 60 
 
 61 J 7|l .0 
 
 6. 64 60 
 
 
 
 1818 !■■ Hn 1.1 
 
 r„, LIS u„ u. 
 
 no 12s ., 6. 
 
 125 130' ISO 15. 
 
 US 150 Tli' 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 lOVSi 13 6J 
 
 1818 
 
 1619 i-'M - J- ■■ 
 
 11,1 is~ nj , 
 
 no IJ-. no isi 
 
 170 200 110^ 220 
 
 225 230 230 
 
 
 
 242.076 I 2 
 
 1819 
 
 1620 11" ; '■ 1 ." ' '■ 
 
 
 IS, 1.0 1,., ., 
 
 
 00 .5 75! 
 
 
 i "•■'" • " 
 
 1820 
 
 1821 in> il:. Hi 10, 
 
 1822 "m"^"^" 
 
 vI^i^Trlv" 
 
 m~sli^. 
 
 155 15 
 
 llOj 1.5 
 
 200 100 1. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 —\ 203.72, 1, 0, 
 
 1821 
 1822 
 
 I60' 160 
 
 200 200 200 
 
 1823 lo,'. i"n 1.'.. III. 
 
 ~~~~ 
 
 ,o~"i J. 
 
 00 20 20 26 
 
 ~~~' 
 
 ' 26,037 n ot 
 
 1823 
 
 1S24 nil !■' ^^ 
 
 -i LIS III, IS, 
 
 12s r,o 111 1. 
 
 IIS r~ U, 156 
 
 160 155 155 
 
 
 1824 
 
 1825 !,■' -.'. '■' 
 
 1826 i;-i 1 lii 1 111 II. 
 1927 iJi iiM 1,(1 ■, 
 
 1S28 !-■■ I."' >■■• "" 
 1829 1 ''~^- i."i i.'i 
 
 ~~.'^~ 
 
 100 uoV 105 201 
 
 ™i~;^»:'^' 
 
 
 
 
 1826 
 1826 
 1827 
 1828 
 1829 
 
 
 
 
 260,33|. 94 
 
 lool 
 
 
 130 125I n 
 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 1.10,m« 1. :j 
 3i..,^'.„ 10 61 
 
 
 —.^:^ 
 
 so 45; 0! 30 
 
 
 1 
 
 1830 i-'i' iHi 11." 1." 
 
 ,,„ ,.;,; i!-: , 
 
 00 .5 1,: u. 
 
 120 m, ,, 03 
 
 ins ,05 OS' 
 
 ; ; i^*,oi; k ij 
 
 1830 
 
 1831 u<j ir, Iti: \2- 
 
 
 ■;;; ::■ „, :.• 
 
 
 162 102 155 
 
 i ni.sf.4 10 ij 
 
 1831 
 
 1832 ii" r" v;^ i.u 
 
 
 100 ISO' l,s'u ISO 
 
 i.''o ISO 15. n; 
 
 
 , IJO.OM t 3i 
 
 1832 
 
 1833 HO 1 11. Mil r,- 
 
 
 170 170 180 100 
 
 '"1 "''i "'1 '" 
 
 
 '; 15R,50S ; 
 
 1833 
 
 1834 1 "■ ]-■" iiri nil 
 IB35 lii. 1J-. I'j', i.'i. 
 
 '.■. 1,1,1 03 100 
 iss |7„; ISji 200 
 
 A ' 
 
 my OS 
 
 Itis' llfl 13i ISO 
 
 156 ,..! I72I 
 
 
 
 139,71.) H 2i 
 235,207 2 Hi 
 
 1834 
 1835 
 
 los! 22. 
 
 22i. 220: 230 22a 
 
 245|255!25.j 
 
 
 
 183G i.t" I'll. II.:, I"' 
 
 .;;: ,7., 1,0' u. 
 
 ■Jii' ;w 2-2r,\ ^00 
 
 ,..|l.5lS205 
 
 2051 1m' im! 
 
 
 
 200,332 1; llj 
 
 1836 
 
 1837 I'.'i iii; 1-,;. i,',i 
 
 1838 i.> 1^0 iM ifi,'. 
 
 ,.0, ,;: ,;; ,,0 
 
 1-. u- 1 Itf 
 
 idii 16,;. 200: 200 
 
 2.oi ,00! „oi 1,5 
 
 I. i ' 
 
 165' 170 l.so; ISS 
 
 , 1 1 
 
 1.0I 1.,' 1.0 
 
 160 ISS ISO 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 H8,57N 3 01 
 171, SS6 9 lOj 
 
 1837 
 J838 
 
 1839 i-.'i i.-,o i,w i.-,o 
 
 Irti 165 100' IBs 
 
 200 IBS 200" 200 
 
 200' 200' 210 230 
 
 230 230 220 
 
 
 
 :0S,Sj7 7 7t 
 
 1839 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1840 1.^1 i;n is" iso 
 
 ISO' lio 120 90 
 
 so 00 «■ Ml 
 
 W 3i' 25 32 
 
 2.' 32' 32I 
 
 
 
 34,001 16 Ij 
 
 1840 
 
 1841 M-, Hi i.',o H', 
 
 US ISO lis' 160 
 
 IGO US 160, L6S 
 
 11,0 IBsfno 175 
 
 161 160 160 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 IIO,li» 1 G) 
 
 1841 
 
 1842 140 un nd: iKi 
 
 ISO MS 130 US 
 
 loo UO i;m no 
 
 ISO' ISO' 150 ISO 
 
 ISO liS| 160 
 
 
 
 IG9.77fl 6 Ot 
 
 1842 
 
 1843 ' Mil HO no Mil 
 
 1,0 no UO 1.0 
 
 TTIi^'-T^i^ 
 
 UO 130 140 
 i3S' 130' 12s 
 
 
 ISO HOI 135, 
 
 
 
 lJ3,i09 l» H 
 
 158,033 a 2i 
 212.'J39 IS 71 
 
 1843 
 1844 
 1846 
 
 1846 
 
 1844 i lio ISO' im! i;,o 
 
 
 
 130 13S ho; 
 
 
 
 1845 i.'-o, lioi i;,u| L'.n 
 
 1846 ii; Hi no| loo 
 
 1847 \u:~c'~;~o 
 
 ISS' ISjl 100 1-0 
 
 T7^ im, ifls m 
 
 200I IOj 
 
 ~ 
 
 1.0 
 
 165 16S 160 
 
 
 
 flj'l 110 130' US 
 
 l+o US ISO 161) 
 
 IBO 170 
 
 200 
 
 200' 200; 210, 210 
 
 220 
 
 22. 
 
 ISO ISS 100 ISS 
 
 LsO| ifisl iBo; 100 
 
 200' 210 190 200 
 
 IMIj; lt.51 IBS 190 
 
 ISO i;s^ i7fi i«o 
 
 185 
 
 2.0 
 
 2is,aos 14 oj 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 \M ir.r) lei iro 
 
 I7S' ISO loo I9S 
 
 2;:, 1S0| i,s 1^0 
 
 200 205 2ro 210 
 
 100 SO OS' 6: 
 
 200 20s I9S' 200 
 
 ^205 
 
 220 
 
 212,418 i >1 
 
 70.791 7 1} 
 232,576 H 4} 
 
 1848 
 1849 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 
 1849 MO 1.10 i,W 100 
 
 1850 i.'L.~7^,~^o 
 
 1851 ■ 100 Nio ifK, li.r 
 
 100 00 00 100 
 100 11,0 100 100 
 
 ~'~ 
 
 .; i; 
 
 
 75 100 
 200 105 
 
 1,0 HO 
 
 220; 240 
 
 lou' no' 11)0 tis 
 
 5S, ;ioj 125' lis 
 
 125 
 
 
 1B52 IM i.-,o ivi i.,o 
 
 IS-. 1„0 170 16S 
 
 17J i»is; iJ 1.0 
 
 210 2U0 210, 220 
 
 240 2aO' 25CI| 250 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 244, .166 2 ,-1 
 152,677 IJ 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 1853 i ISO 1.W IK. i.-.o 
 
 I2„ 120 130 no 
 
 nolnoWsojiss 
 
 ISO; IfcO Iso' 100 
 
 160 160 160 HO 
 
 100 
 
 i 1854 ■ 1711 170 .711 uii 
 
 10,; lis! lOOj 00 
 
 SOr^oj 7S; so 
 
 BO' 7S 
 
 50 0. 
 
 bJ ,t?o 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 47,3119 9 10 
 
 1864 
 
 E 1855 ' 2W wo loo [Jfin 
 
 21.' 21.' 22si 230 
 
 ^ 2S0 
 
 
 2 70' 300 
 
 300 
 
 
 31t^ 310, 310 
 
 3^^ 
 
 010 
 
 "~ 
 
 3911,035 6 5} 
 266,399 16 Bl 
 229,204 1 11 
 2S4,00l 14 9i 
 328,070 2 101 
 
 1865 
 1856 
 1867 
 1858 
 1859 
 
 1857 i.'.o i',i, i;,rr I'i'ri 
 
 _|j?i_|^'_^ ™ 
 
 
 210 225 
 
 260 260 
 
 200 
 
 280, 2^^ 260| 250 
 
 200 
 
 1,(0. lOfi 
 
 llSj 1 5 
 
 120' HO 
 
 '•"1 "" 
 
 ' 1 1 
 
 no 200 210. 220 
 
 220 
 
 2=0 
 
 1858 I'.ii I'.o ion' r.o 
 
 US ISO 200 200 
 
 21.220;22.|230 
 
 2S 
 
 225 
 
 
 27? 270 270 2HI: 
 
 27o| aro 
 
 1859 i:ii lio i,W I.','. 
 
 ','> ''" 175 165 
 
 t; S '»! «" 
 
 260 
 
 260 
 
 2.0 27. 
 
 275 260 260^280 
 
 290 
 
 300 
 
 I860 1 200 iod 20o; iOd 
 
 1,0' ,60 ,;; iS 
 
 1^' 130 120, 00 
 
 po! ;oj »; so 
 
 so; 45I I . 
 
 :i 
 
 50 
 
 53,435 . „ 
 
 1860 
 
 1B61 liO liO 130, lOr, 
 
 " •■' 
 
 ",™j"»|'» 
 
 iKj 120J ,00| iS 
 
 
 ..s 
 
 ,15 
 
 .,.,,„ 
 
 1861 
 1862 
 
 1662 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 t 
 
 ' n 
 
 ,^_ 
 
 
 Fig. lG.~Bi'l/iiig on Ihe Hop Dv.ly, 1812-1S02. 
 
58 
 
 Statutes of the Realm relating to Hops. 
 
 The most important of the Statutes of the 
 Reahn deahng with hops is one passed in the first 
 year of James I (1603-4), chapter 18, entitled, 
 " An Aete for avoyding of deceitfull selhnge, 
 buyinge, or spendinge corrupte and unvvliolesome 
 Hoppes." 
 
 The Act sets out the frauds practised by f(jreign 
 hop merchants who supply hops mixed witfi 
 " leaves, stalkes, powder, sande, strawe and log- 
 getts of wood, dross and other soile," in order to 
 increase the weight. It was provided that every 
 person so offending should forfeit his hops. It was 
 further provided that all brewers who should use 
 hops in this unclean condition, whether they were 
 imported or grown within the realm, should, in 
 like manner, forfeit the hops ; one part of the 
 amount of tlic forfeiture to go to the king, and 
 the other to the person who detected the fraud. 
 
 In the reign of Queen Anne there were passed 
 two Acts of Parliament dealing with hops. In 
 1702 an " Act for the Rehef of Masters of Hoys 
 and other Vessels carrying Corn and other Inland 
 Provisions within the Port of London," provided 
 that the customs dues should be limited to Is. 8|d. 
 for every hoy with a cargo not exceeding fifty 
 quarters of corn or fifty bags of hops. 
 
 Another Act of 9th Anne, chapter 13 (1710), 
 dealt with the importation of hops into Ireland. 
 
59 
 
 In section xxxii. it was provided that the import- 
 ation of hops into Ireland should be confined to 
 those grown in Great Britain. Flemish hops were 
 expressly prohibited, and a breach of this regulation 
 involved forfeiture of the hops themselves and 
 also of the ships in which they were conveyed. 
 A duty of threepence per pound was laid on all 
 hops imported. 
 
 In 1734 a duty of one penny per pound Avas 
 imposed on all hops grown and cured in England. 
 It was at the same time made obligatory on hop 
 growers to furnish particulars of their hop grounds 
 to the excise authority under a penalty of forty 
 shillings an acre. All particulars of oast-houses 
 and storag;e-houses had also to be furnished. A 
 fine of £10 per cwt. was imposed for removing 
 foreign hops from their pockets and re-bagging 
 them in English pockets. In order to prevent or 
 deter persons from defrauding the revenue, a 
 penalty of £40 vv-as incurred by using more than 
 once the same pocket bearing the mark of the 
 excise officer. 
 
 Another serious offence was to remove hops 
 before they had been weighed and packed ; the 
 penalty was £50. Concealment of hops was 
 
 punishable by the forfeiture of £20 and the con- 
 cealed hops. The use of any bitter ingredient 
 instead of hops in brewing rendered the brewer 
 liable to a fine of £20. 
 
60 
 
 The whole of the operations of drying, weighing 
 and packing hops was carried out under the over- 
 sight of the excise officers. Timely notice had to 
 be given them of all proposed operations, and 
 severe fines were inflicted on defaulters. 
 
 In the earlier half of the 19tli century* dutits 
 were payable in the March and October following 
 the year of production. During the period 1819- 
 1822 the payment of duty was made in September 
 and November. 
 
 * Lance'a book on The Hop Farmer, from wLicli some of these 
 particulars were derived, was written and published in 183s<. 
 
Gl 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 History of Hop-growing. Early pictures. 
 
 Hops in ancient times. Books relating to 
 
 Hop-growing. Small Growlers. 
 
 The three accompanying ilhistrations are photo- 
 f^raphic reproductions of perhaps the earhest 
 pictures of the hop-pUmt : — 
 
 i^tmij 
 
 
 3la»ppulii» 
 
 bopfcn 
 
 Fig. n.—EuiirdVuig of On Ho,h-h!:iiii. 1484' 
 
62 
 
 (1) Wood L-ut ill a herbal printed bv Peter Schovfiei at 
 ]ilayeiice in l-iS-l. It is noteworthy that the stiobiles arc 
 small in size and undeveloped in form. Another edition of 
 the book was printed at Passau in 1485. (Fig. 17.) 
 
 LXXVfll 
 
 LVPPVLVS 
 
 Fig. \S.—IIngyaviiig of the Hop-plant. 1499. 
 
 (2) Wood cut of the hop showing larger and more definite 
 strobiles, published in a book commencing " Incipit Tractatus 
 (le virtutibus herbarum,'' printed at Venice in 1499. (Fig. 18.) 
 
63 
 
 (3) Wtjod bliick of the hop-planfc, published in Plaulanim 
 sivp xtirpium icjue-s, printed at Antwei'ji by ('. Plantin in 
 1581. The same wood-blook was afterwards used in Gerard's 
 Herbal. By an error of the artist, the bin^' is shown climl)in!j; 
 the poh:' in a contrary way to nature. (Fic. IK.) 
 
 Fig. 19. — Engraving of ihe liop-plnnl . l.'iSI 
 
64 
 
 Hops in ancient times. 
 A hop garden is first mentioned in a deed of 
 gift made by Pepin, father of Charlemagne, in 
 768. In the 14th century the hop was an important 
 object of cultivation in Germany. From studies 
 in the philology of the various names by which 
 this plant is known among different tribes, it seems 
 clear that the hop existed in Europe before the arri- 
 val of the Aryan people. Several different peoples 
 must have distinguished and utilised the plant suc- 
 cessively, each giving it a different name, and this 
 Coes to show that the hop was extensively known in 
 Europe and Asia before it was used in brewing. 
 
 In the Promptorium Parmdorum, a very curious 
 and remarkable English dictionary which is be- 
 lieved to have been compiled about the year 
 1440, we find hops mentioned, thus — 
 
 "Hoppe: sede for beyre." 
 Both the word and its definition may have been 
 imported from Flanders, from whence it is pro- 
 bable beer was imported to England during the 
 1.5th century. This is most interesting as proving 
 conclusively that hops were used in brewing beer 
 at least as early as the first half of the 15th century. 
 
 The following recipe is given in Kichard Arnold's 
 
 Chronicle {the Customs of London), first published 
 
 in 1502 :— 
 
 " To brewe Beer, x quarters malte, ij quarters wlieet, 
 ij quarters ootes. xl 11' weight of lioppys. To uiake Ix 
 barclls of sencrvll beer." 
 
65 
 
 The statement has been made that the use of 
 hops was forbidden in the time of Henry VI in 
 consequence of a petition to the House of Commons 
 against "the wicked weed called hops," but as 
 the petition does not appear on the Kolls of 
 Parliament, one may take leave to doubt the 
 whole statement*. 
 
 Among the privileges conceded to strangers 
 from the Low Countries who settled at Stamford, 
 1572, is a clause regarding the free exercise of 
 husbandry, in which hops and all things necessary 
 to gardens are mentioned. 
 
 Ale, an ancient drink very popular in England, 
 was not hopped. f Beer, on the other hand, whose 
 origin is more closely associated with Teutonic 
 tribes, had a bitter flavour produced by the use 
 of hops. In addition to the valuable tonic char- 
 acter they impart to beer, hops form its best known 
 preservative. Until the 16th century all beer, as 
 distinct from ale, drunk in England was imported 
 from the Continent, where it was brewed in con- 
 siderable quantities. Flanders and Grermany 
 were famous for their skill in brewing. 
 
 It would appear that the first beer brewed in 
 London was made by strangers. This is indicated, 
 
 * See Xotes and Queries, 12th May and 7th July, 1900. 
 
 ■f The ancient malted beverage of the Anglo-Saxons and English \Ya.s 
 certainl}' ale, and not flavoured with hops. 
 
66 
 
 if not actually proved, by the following statement 
 in Arnold's Chronicle of London, 1502 (1811 edition, 
 pp. 87-88) :— 
 
 '" Where as the byere brewars straungers wyl not obey the 
 wardeyns of the crafte of brewers nor sufler tlieym to serche 
 as Englishe brewers doo. And where also as the sayd byer 
 brewers make congregacions off theyr selfe and there make 
 setaynders of straungers Flemyngis Duchemen contrary to 
 certeyn ordvnauncis made and aj)roved bee my Lorde Mayre 
 and Aldinnen wherein is contryved that no straunger byere 
 brewer shal reta_yn or sette a werke ony straunger unto tyme 
 every suclie straunger had presentyd aswel afore the Cliamber- 
 lej'n as afore the wardens of the crafte for the tyme beyng 
 and at theyr presentement a fyne hadde be made for every 
 straunger so sette a werke. Please it mv Lorde Mavre Aldirmen 
 and Gomen Counseil considered that y" prince of noble 
 meniorye Kynge Edward iiij by his lettres patentis grantyd 
 to the wardevns of brewers and theyr successours the serche 
 alle manner lycour made wyth malte to enact that the 
 wardeins of brewers may have auctoryte and power to serche 
 al maner biere brewers according to the sayde graunte. 
 Also that all congregacions of straungers bere brewers be 
 fordone and no more used and that the presentement of 
 byere brewers servauntis may be made afore the chamberleyn 
 and wardevns and their fynes of their presentacion bee had 
 and levyd accordynge to the sayde acte upon certeyn penaltees 
 therfore bv vow to be ordevned." 
 
 The date when hops were first used in England 
 in the brewing of beer has been stated in certain 
 popular books of reference to be the year 1524. But 
 this is not quite accurate, because earlier instances 
 of their use for this purpose can be given. For 
 example, in the churchwardens' accounts of the 
 
67 
 
 parish of Stratton, Cornwall, under the year 1514, 
 we find the entry " for hoppys, the laste brewyng 
 iiijd," and there is internal evidence pointing to 
 the conclusion that this was not the first occasion 
 when hops were so used.* 
 
 In a manuscript relating to the household of 
 King Henry VIII at Eltham, January, 1530, is 
 an injunction to the brewer not to put hops or 
 brimstone into the ale.f 
 
 Household accounts of the establishments of 
 the wealthy contain several entries which furnish 
 evidence of the use of hops in brewing beer at 
 this and subsequent dates in the 16th century. 
 Further illustrations may be found in the house- 
 hold and privy purse accounts of the Lestranges 
 of Hunstanton, Norfolk, for the year 1530. | These 
 contain the following interesting entries relating 
 to the purchase of hops : — 
 
 Itm pd the xxviijth day of July for vj ston 
 
 of lioppys at ij.s. iiijrf. the stoon — xiiij — 
 
 It the ijd day of Septembre for half a hundred 
 
 hoppys — ix iij 
 
 It pd the iiijth day of Octobre to Robt. 
 Banyard by the hands of John Sift' for 
 one hundred lioppys — xviij — 
 
 Itm pd xxviijth day of January to Francs 
 the Flemyng for cccxxxiij lb lioppys at 
 xij«. the hundreth — xxxix iiij 
 
 * Archceohgia, Vol. XLVI, p. 204. 
 
 f Archceolryjia, Vol. Ill, p. 157. 
 
 % A rchmolorj ia , Vol. XXV, pp. 504-5- 
 
68 
 
 One other instance, later in the century, may be 
 given. ■ ■' 
 
 In the household book of Lord North* under the 
 dates of 1577 and 1578 are entries of moneyes paid 
 for " Hopps," doubtless for brewing. These pur- 
 chases are interesting as indicating large brewings 
 of beer for household use. Lord North had a large 
 hop garden on his own estate. 
 
 In the BulwarJce of Defece (Defence), written 
 by William Bullein about the middle of the 16th 
 century, the author states that hops were then 
 being grown in Suffolk. Editions of his book 
 were issued in London in 1562 and 1579. 
 
 The most important of early printed accounts of 
 Kentish hops is " A Perfite platforme of a Hoppe 
 Garden," of which three editions appeared towards 
 the end of the 16th century, namely, in 1574, 1576, 
 and 1578. The author was Reynolde (or Reginald) 
 Scot, a writer who is better known for his Dis- 
 coverie of Witchcraft. He was a member of the 
 family of Scot, of Scott Hall, in the parish of 
 Smeeth, near Ashford, and his book is of particular 
 value for the present purpose, because his obser- 
 vations and advice were founded on his own ex- 
 periences of hop cultivation in this part of Kent. 
 
 * Arcliceohgia, Vol. XIX, pp. 29G-7 
 
69 
 
 ^ flerfttc platfnrntE 
 
 of a Hoppe Garden, 
 anft nutssmt Ittstnicttona for th^ 
 
 making and mayntenaunce thereof, 
 
 luitlj notE5 aub rulta for wformatioit 
 
 of all abuses, commonly practised 
 
 tljercin, beiu netESBarie ani 
 
 expedient for all men 
 
 to Ijfllie. lubtilj in sun 
 
 luisE IjatiE la isae 
 
 toilli 'So)j5. 
 
 Now newly corrected and augmented 
 
 [By Tle^nolde Scot. 
 
 'Proverbs If. 
 
 Who so labourelh after goodnesse, findeth his desire. 
 
 Safjien 7 . 
 Wisedome is nymbler than all nymble things. 
 She goeth through and attayneth to all things. 
 
 ^, Imprinted at London by Henrie 
 
 Denham, dwelling in 'Pater noster 
 
 Rowe, at the Signe of 
 the Starre. 
 
 I57S. 
 Cam privilegio ad imprimendum solum. 
 
 PiQ, -20. — Copy of lille-p.ig:' of R. Scot's book. 1578. 
 
70 
 
 The book is full of practical instruction on the 
 selection of suitable soil and situation for a hop 
 garden ; of preparation of the ground ; setting 
 the plants, poling, tying, hilling, gathering, drying 
 and packing hops. In many respects the infor- 
 mation is as useful to-day as it was nearly three- 
 and-a-half centuries ago when it was published. 
 
 As the book is now scarce and difficult to obtain 
 for the purposes of consultation, the following 
 extracts and epitome may be acceptable. 
 
 In speaking " of apt and unapt grounde for 
 Hoppes," he says : 
 
 " If you shall feele a clod (being dissolved with water) to 
 be very clammy, or cleaving like waxe to your fvngers in 
 kneading it, the same to be profitable lande, &c. . . . 
 a dry grounde, if it be riche, mooloe, and gentle, is the so)'le 
 that serveth best for this purpose, and such a moulde must 
 either be sought out, or else by cost and labour be provoked. 
 If it be a verye shallowe rocke (excepte you raise it with greete 
 or good earth) vou shall not set your Poales deepe, steddie, 
 and fast ynough, to withstand the force of the wynd." 
 
 With regard to situation, Scot does not advise a 
 directly southern aspect. He adds that the garden 
 " Should also be placed neare to your house, except j'ou be 
 able to warrant the fruite thereof from such fyngers as put 
 no difference betweene their owne and other mens goodes." 
 
 The preparation of the ground consists in tilling 
 it 
 
 " In the begynning of Winter with the Plough, if it be great, 
 or with the Spade, if it be small, and this doe, not onh' the 
 
71 
 
 yeare Ijefore you plant it, but also everye year after, even 
 so long as you meane to receyve the uttermost commoditie 
 of your (J-arden, assuring your selfe that the more paynes you 
 take, and the more cost you bestowe rightly hereupon, the 
 more you doe double your profite, and the nearer you resemble 
 the trade of the Flemmino'." 
 
 " The Ty.me to cut and set Hoppe Eootes. 
 
 '" In the ende of Marche, or in the beginning of Aprill, 
 repayre to some good Clarden orderly kept, as wherein the 
 Hoppes are all of a good kinde, all yearely cut, and wherein 
 all the hylles are raysed very high (for 'there the rootes will 
 l)e greatest), then compounde with the owner or keeper thereof 
 for choyce rootes, which in some places will cost sixe pence 
 an huudreth, but commonly tliey shall be given unto you, 
 so as }-ou cut them your selfe, and leave every hill orderly 
 and fully dressed .... And now you must choose 
 the biggest rootes you can finde (that is to say) such as are 
 in bignesse three or four inches about. And let every roote 
 which you shall provide to set, be nine or ten inches long. 
 Let there be contayned in every such roote, tliree joyntes. 
 Let all your rootes be but the springes of the yeare last 
 pjast " 
 
 Precise directions for distinguishing between 
 good hops, unkindly hops, and wild hops, follow. 
 Next are directions for " setting of Hoppe Rootes," 
 and as to the distance at which the hills should 
 be made from each other. 
 
 It was clearly the custom, in Scot's time, to 
 make quite large and lofty hills, as may be seen in 
 the accompanying facsimiles of some of the 
 
72 
 
 wood cuts which adorned his book. These represent 
 the operations of tying and training the hops to 
 the poles, etc. (Figs. 21, 22, 23.) 
 
 Fig. 21. — Tying Hops in 1574. 
 
 Fig. 22. — Training Hups in 1.J74. 
 
73 
 
 In a garden one acre in extent Scot advises that 
 the hills should be divided by a space of at least 
 eight feet, but in gardens of smaller size the hops 
 may be planted seven feet apart. 
 
 Fig. 2:3. — Stripping Hups front tlie pulei 111 1574. 
 
 The section entitled " Of Poales," advises the 
 use of alder poles, of from 15 to 16 feet long. These 
 should be cut between Allhallowentyde (31st 
 October) and Christmas, and, after being shaped 
 and sharpened, should be piled up immediately. 
 Directions are given for the erection of poles, and 
 mention is made^ with wood-cut illustrations, of a 
 " Crowe of Iron " and " a forked wooden toole, 
 with a poynt of yron " with which the holes for the 
 poles were pierced in the ground. Every pole was 
 directed to be inserted a foot-and-a-half in the 
 soil, and so placed as to lean a little outwards. 
 
74 
 
 " Of the gathkring of Hopff>s. 
 " Note that conimonlye at Saint Margaret's daye (20th 
 July), Hoppes blowe, and at Lammas {1st Augt.) they bell, 
 but what time your Hops begin to cliannge colour (that is to 
 saye) somewhat before Michaelmas (11th Oct.) (for then you 
 shall perceyve the seede to channge colour, and waxe browne) 
 you must gather them, and for tlie speedyer dispatch thereof 
 procure as much lielpe as you can, taking the advantage of 
 fayre weather, and note that you were better to gather them 
 to rathe* than to late. 
 
 " To do the same in the readyest and best order, you must 
 pull downe foure hylles standing togither in the niiddest of 
 
 your Garden, cut the rootes of all those hilles 
 
 then pare the plot small, level it, throwe water on it, treade 
 it, and sweepe it, so shall it be a faire floore, whereon the 
 Hoppes nmst lie to be picked. 
 
 " Then beginning neare unto the same, cut tlie stalkes a 
 sunder close by the toppes of the hilles, and if the Hoppjes 
 of one Poale be growne fast unto another, cutte them also 
 a sunder wyth a sharpe hooke, and with a forked staffe take 
 them from the Poales. 
 
 ■' You may make the Forke and Hooke (which cutteth a 
 sunder the Hopjpes that grow togither) one apt instrument 
 to serve both these turnes, as is hereafter shewed. 
 
 " Then may you with the forked ende, thrust up, or 
 shoove off, all such stalkes as remavne upon echo Hoppe 
 poale, and carye them to the floore prepared for that purpose. 
 
 " For the better dooing hereof, it is very necessarye that 
 your Poales be streight without scrags or knobbes. 
 
 " In any wise cut no more stalks than you shall cary away 
 within one houre or twoo at the most, for if in the nieaue 
 time the Sunne shyne bote, or it happen to rayne, the Hoppes 
 (remayning cutte in that sorte) will be much impaired thereby. 
 
 * "To rathe " = too earlv. 
 
75 
 
 '" Let all sucli as lieipe vou, staiide rounde about the fli,iore, 
 and . . . speedily strip tlieui into Baskets* jn-epared 
 ready therefore. 
 
 " It is not hurtfuU greatly though the smaller leaves be 
 rayngled with the Hoppes, for in them is retayned great 
 vertue, insomuch as in Flaunders they were sold Anno Domini 
 1566 for xxvj.s. viijrf. the hundreth, no one Hoppe beyng 
 mingled with them."| 
 
 Instructions are next given as to the disposal 
 of the poles when the hops are picked, winter work 
 in the hop garden, manuring, cutting hop-roots, 
 and the like. 
 
 An important section of this entertaining and 
 instructive volume is devoted to the process of dry- 
 ing hops. The construction of the "Oste" with its 
 "Roumes" and "Furnace or Keele" is set forth in 
 detail, with wood cut illustrations of the elevation 
 and ground-plan. (Fig. 24.) The house itself 
 
 Fig. 24. — Ground pla)i of oast-house in Kent, 1574. 
 
 *From this it seem.s clear that bins were not yet employed in hop picking. 
 
 ■f Attention may be drawn to thi.s interesting fact, serious objection 
 being made by modern brewers to the presence of any leaf at all. 
 
76 
 
 AA'as to be a building 18 or 20 feet long and 8 feet 
 wide, containing three rooms, the middle and 
 principal of which was the oast proper 8 feet square. 
 The forepart was for the reception of green hops, 
 the hinder part for those which had been dried. 
 The furnace itself was to be 13 inches wide, 6 or 7 
 feet long, and the height 30 inches. Several holes 
 were made or left in the brickwork walls of the 
 furnace, the upper part of which was to be 
 " dawbed verye well with niorter." It is directed 
 that the bed, or drying-floor, must be placed almost 
 5 feet above the lower floor, and composed of 
 wooden laths laid a quarter-of-an-inch apart. On 
 this drying-floor the hops were to be carefully 
 spread out in a layer about 18 inches deep. Drying 
 was to be continued until the hops acquired a 
 browned but bright appearance. 
 
 A section " Of the packing of Hoppes " deals 
 with a method of packing not very unlike that 
 in vogue in Kent before mechanical means were 
 employed for pressing the hops into the pockets. 
 
 The book is written in charming language and 
 in the vigorous style in use during the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth. Its directions to the hop grower 
 are of considerable value to-day, and afford re- 
 markable testimony to the high state of agricul- 
 tural knowledge in general, and of the proper 
 treatment of hops in particular in Kent in the 
 latter part of the 16th century. 
 
77 
 
 Another early writer who gives some interesting 
 particulars about the cultivation of hops in 
 England is Tusser. Thomas Tusser was born, 
 probably in 1524, at Rivenhall, near Witham, in 
 Essex, and he died in 1580. A recent biographer 
 has well described him as a "good, honest, homely, 
 useful old rhymer," and adds that he has been 
 called " the British Varro." He wrote his Hun- 
 dreth good pointes of husbandrie when engaged in 
 farming at Cattiwade in Suffolk. The work was 
 subsequently enlarged, in 1573, to Five Hundreth 
 Points. The following transcript of his " Lesson of 
 Hop-vards " is made from page 89 of the edition 
 of his Five Hundred Points, published at London 
 in 1663. 
 
 A Lessox of Hop-yaeds. 
 "Where hops will urow, 
 Here learn to know, 
 Hops many will come, 
 In a rood of room. 
 Hops hate the land 
 With gravel and sand. 
 The rotten mould 
 For hop is worth iiold. 
 The sun south-west. 
 For hop-yard is best. 
 Hop-plot once found, 
 Now dig the ground. 
 Hops favoureth malt, 
 Hops thrift doth exalt. 
 Of hops more reed. 
 ^\'hen time shall need." 
 
78 
 
 On page 92 of the same book are the following 
 lines : 
 
 " A LESSON. Where and ^^'HE^ to Plant a Goou Hop-yard. 
 " Whom fancy perswadetli, among other cops, 
 To save for his spending snfficient of hops : 
 Must willingly follow, of choices to chuse 
 Such lessons approved, as skilful do use. 
 
 NAUGHT FOR HOPS. 
 
 "Ground gravellv, sandv, and mixed with clav. 
 Is naughty for hops ever^- manner of way, 
 Or if it be mingled with rubbish and stone. 
 For dryness and barrenness, let it alone. 
 
 GOOD FOR HOPS. 
 
 " rhoosi; soil for tlie liop of the rottenest mould. 
 Well dunged and wrought as a garden plot sliould : 
 Not far from the water (but not over-flown) 
 This lesson well noted is meet to be known. 
 
 " The Sun in the South, or else soutlilv and West, 
 Is joy to the hop, as welcomed guest : 
 But Wind in the North, or else northly East, 
 To hope is as ill as a fray in a feast. 
 
 "Meet plot for a hop-yard, once found as I told. 
 Make thereof account, as of jewel of gold : 
 Now dig it and leave it the Sun for to burn. 
 And afterward fence it to serve for that turn. 
 
 THE PRAISE OF HOPS. 
 
 " The hop for his profit, I thus do exalt. 
 It strengthneth drink, and it favoureth malt, 
 And being well brewed, long kept it will last. 
 And drawing abide, if ye draw not too fast." 
 
79 
 
 Readers may like fco see tlie original text, 
 which is shown in the accompan3^ing illustration. 
 (Fig. 25.) 
 
 A Idioo.'.A'hcn ind wb.enw plant * 
 
 N«'.i>;hl !tir 
 
 IV ffl^^■'■'•'' "■' 
 
 " ' '"^nb mnv,u { tM4^< f!>f;0,> 
 
 tofi 
 
 'nlriiMntfiHup'^'t 
 
 ap^ctt 
 
 i^w 0io*tuk 
 
 f. ,^ 
 
 • ^-X^r-Fj-j UfiUi/ 
 
 .2"' 
 
 sff?f?watici3|?, ^ 
 
 
 . r oftsap, 
 
 itv 
 
 <f gj^oa-^i*?. 
 
 f 
 
 f .'fonf. 
 
 ( 
 
 il-neUmoulO. 
 
 
 5a ^<nMn ploHtjOultj: 
 
 £ 
 
 ... iU)t "brr f?sjU)n ) 
 
 
 '"-n U'b? lifHiVurj, 
 
 i3 
 
 ; .7iih i^unifiin^i&rl, 
 
 
 < Mn"":!^UcO t 
 
 Ji 
 
 au!'H''laO, 
 
 ta'v 
 
 .i kaO. 
 
 
 ," riiunc ^i 1 iulO, 
 
 ' > 
 
 !of iiolu; 
 
 il. 
 
 1 , /fishnffi!, 
 
 
 'J';- ti'jfNUEirn. 
 
 7J. 
 
 .Si^CfSfidi' 
 
 
 ' '- uu\l imii^ 
 
 ^f 
 
 d W i\\ Uiiy 
 
 (41 'Y,'!/l 
 
 ' ■ >. -At' <'^fi^. 
 
 
 FlG. 25. — Facsimile of lines from Titsser's poems. 
 
 Gervase Markham, who published his Inrichment 
 of the Weald of Kent in 1631, 1636, 1649, 1664, 
 1668 and 1675, has a few words to say about hops. 
 
80 
 
 In one section of his book lie discusses the means 
 of destroying moles, and writes : — 
 
 To conclude for this matter of medicines, or for the 
 helping of gardens, hop-yards, or any small spot of ground, 
 there is not anything held more available, than to sow in 
 that place the herb called Palnia Christi ; for it is found by 
 certain experience, that wheresoever that herb groweth 
 naturally of it self, or otherwise, is either purposly sown or 
 planted, there in no wise will any Moal abide." 
 
 The Palma Christi is the Ricinus communis of 
 Linnseus, popularly known as the castor-oil plant. 
 
 Some of the chief points in the cultivation of hops 
 in Kent have been mentioned in the poem, entitled. 
 The Hop Garden, a Georgic in two books written 
 by Christopher Smart, himself a Man of Kent, 
 born at Shipborne, near Tonbridge, in 1722. 
 
 The following extracts will serve to show the 
 style of the poem, and also the careful observations 
 which the poet made on hop growing and drying 
 during the early days of the industry in his native 
 county : 
 
 " This site for thy young nursery obtained 
 Thou hast begun auspicious, if the soil. 
 As sung before, be loamy ; this the hop 
 Loves above others ; this is rich, is deep, 
 Is viscous, and tenacious of the pole. 
 Yet niaugre all its native worth, it may 
 Be meliorated with warmth compost." 
 
81 
 
 . tlLV lands 
 ^\'llic■ll tiist have felt the siift'niug spade, and drank 
 The strength'ning vapours from nirtricious marl. 
 This done, select the choicest hop, t'insert 
 Fresh in the opening glebe. Say then, mv muse, 
 Its various kinds, and from the efEete and wile. 
 The eligible separate with care ; 
 The noblest species is by Kentish wights 
 The master-hop y'clept. Nature to him 
 Has given a stouter stalk ; patient of cold, 
 Or Phoebus ev'n in youth, his vernal blood 
 In brisk saltation circulates and flows 
 Indefinitel)' vigorous ; the next 
 Is arid, fetid, infecund, and gross. 
 Significantly styled the Friar : the last 
 Is call'd the Savage, who in ev'ry wood, 
 And ev'rv hedge, unintroduced intrudes. 
 
 ' Soon from the dung-enriched earth, their heads 
 The young plants will uplift, their virgiir arms 
 They'll stretch, and marriageable claim the pole. 
 Nor frustrate thou their wishes, so thou may'st 
 Expect a hopeful issue, jolly mirth, 
 Sister of taleful Momus, tuneful song, 
 And fat good-nature with her honest face. 
 But yet in the novitiate of their love, 
 And tendernesss of youth, suffice small shoots 
 Cut from the widow'd willow, nor provide 
 Poles insurmountable as yet. 
 
 Now are our labours crown'd with their reward, 
 
 Now^ bloom the florid hops, and in the stream 
 
 Shiire in their flowdng silver, while above 
 
 Th' embow'ring branches culminate, and foi-m 
 
 A walk impervious to the sun ; the poles 
 
 In comely order stand." 
 
82 
 
 The following lines portray a familiar scene in 
 
 hop picking in olden times, and the operation of 
 
 drying {see Fig. 26) : 
 
 " Tlie Cumulating Mob 
 Strive fur the mastery — Avho first may fill 
 Tlie belh'ing bin, and cleane,st cull tlie hops ; 
 Nor ought retards, unless invited out 
 By Sol's declining, and the evening's calm, 
 Leander leads Letitia to the scene 
 Of shade and fragrance — then th" exulting band 
 Of pickeis, male and female, seize the fair 
 Reluctant, and Avith boist'rous force and brute. 
 By cries unmov'd, they bin-y her i' th' bin : 
 Nor does the youth escape — him too thev seize. 
 And in such posture place as best may serve 
 To hide his charmer's blushes ; then Avith shouts 
 Thej' rend the echoing air. and then from both, — 
 So custom has ordain'd. — a largess claim. 
 
 Thus nuuh be sung of picking: — next succeeds 
 
 The important care of curing : — quit the field, 
 
 And at the kiln th' instructive muse attend. 
 
 t>n your hair-cloth, eight inches deep, no more, 
 
 Let the green hops lie lightly ; next expand 
 
 The smoothest surface with the toothy rake. 
 
 Thus far is just above ; but more it boots 
 
 That charcoal flame burn ecjually below ; 
 
 The charcoal flames, -which from thy corded wood, 
 
 Or anticpated poles, with wond'rous skill, 
 
 The sable priests of Vulcan shall prepare. 
 
 Constant and moderate let the heat ascend ; 
 
 Which to effect, there are who with success 
 
 Place in the kiln the A-entilating fan. 
 
 Hail, learned, useful man * whose head and heart 
 
 ( 'onspire to make us happy : deign t'accept 
 
 One honest verse ; and if thy industrv 
 
 Has served the hop-land cause, the muse forebodes 
 
 This sole invention both in use and fame. 
 
 The mystic fan of Bacchus shall exceed. 
 
 When the fourth hour expires, with careful hand 
 
 The half-bak'd hops turn over. Soon as time 
 
 Has well exhausted twice two glasses more 
 
 They'll leap and crackle with their bursting seeds 
 
 For use domestic, or for sale mature. 
 
 * Dr. Hales 
 
83 
 
 Fig. 20. — " Leander leads Leiiiia to the scene." 
 
85 
 
 In the year 1729 the book entitled The Riches 
 of a Hoi) Garden exfluhi/d, was published. A 
 second edition, without date, was also issued. 
 The author was Richard Bradley, F.R.S., Pro- 
 fessor of Botany in the University of Cambridge, 
 and he dedicates his work to the Duke of Beaufort. 
 Both editions are rare, and much prized by 
 collectors. 
 
 The information which the book contains has a 
 certain value as indicating the early 18th century 
 methods of hop cultivation and drying, yet it is 
 obvious that the author lacked practical experience 
 of the subject upon which he wrote. 
 
 The engraved frontispiece, however, is of the 
 highest interest, because it gives a contemporary 
 view of the Hop Market in the Borough of 
 Southwark. 
 
 One may obtain information on several matters 
 connected with the cultivation of hops in Kent, 
 and particularly in the Maidstone district, at the 
 latter end of the 18th century in William Marshall's 
 Rural Economy of the Southern Counties (Kent, 
 Surrey, and Sussex), 1798. The section relating 
 to hops occupies pp. 170-303 of the first volume, 
 and is treated at some length. Many of the facts 
 given are of great value for the present purpose, 
 although it is clear, from internal evidence, that 
 the writer's experience of hop-growing, in Kent 
 at any rate, w^as limited and superficial. 
 
86 
 
 In speaking of manures, Marshall points out the 
 great value of woollen rags for hop cultivation. 
 These were brought from London in large netted 
 bundles costing about £5 a ton, and spread over 
 the hop garden every third year, at the rate of 
 one ton per acre. 
 
 Many varieties of wood were used for hop-poles, 
 comprising chestnut, ash, sallow, willow, birch, 
 maple, oak, hornbeam, and beech. 
 
 By the year 1790, when Marshall evidently 
 collected the facts for his book, bins were used 
 for collecting the hops when picked ; tallies were 
 employed for recording the measure of hops 
 gathered ; oast-houses sometimes comprised as 
 many as eight or ten kilns, or drying-floors ; 
 charcoal, coke, and charred pit-coal were the 
 fuels employed in drying ; and, even at that 
 early date, sulphur was thrown on the fires with the 
 object of bleaching and improving the appearance 
 of the sample of hops. 
 
 Lance's book, The Hop Farmer, 1838, gives 
 many details as to the natural history, cultivation 
 and treatment and properties of the hop. He 
 devotes separate chapters to — 
 
 Antiquity, history, and laws. 
 
 Geological observations. 
 
 Botanical and physiological observations. 
 
 Qualities of the hop. 
 
 Diseases. 
 
 Chemical and scientific observations, and 
 
 The practice of hop culture. 
 
87 
 
 His views are valuable as indicating the state of 
 hop cultivation in England, and the opinions and 
 practice of hop farmers during the first half of the 
 19th century. It may be added that Reynolde 
 Scot's book, " A Perfite Platforme of a Hoppe 
 Garden,'' was unknown to Lance until after the 
 pages of his book were in type, but at the end he 
 gives, in the form of an appendix, pp. 161-166, a 
 short account of this the earliest book on Kentish 
 hops ever published. 
 
 An article containing much useful and practical 
 information on the management of hops w^as 
 pubhshed in 1848* by Mr. Samuel Rutley, who 
 received a prize for his essay from the Royal 
 Agricultural Society. Apart from its really practical 
 facts and advice, the work is valuable as showing 
 the ideas on hop cultivation w'hich prevailed 
 about the middle of the 19th century. 
 
 The author deals, as Reynolde Scot did many 
 years before, with soils, situation, preparation of the 
 ground, setting-out, planting, digging, dressing or 
 cutting, poling, earthing, and manuring a hop 
 garden ; with diseases of the hop ; with hop- 
 picking and drying ; and on a variety of other 
 points, such as the best method of preserving 
 hop-poles for future use, and the annual cost of 
 cultivation. 
 
 * Journal of the Royal AgricnJttiral Sociely of England, Vol. 9, 
 pp. 532-582. 
 
88 
 
 In the matter of situation, Rutley advocates 
 the selection of ground sloping towards the north, 
 partly with a view of obtaining shelter from the 
 prevaihng south-west winds at the period when 
 the crop is ripe and most likely to be damaged 
 thereby, and partly because the hops are hkely to 
 receive more hours of sunshine than if they had 
 an entirely southern aspect ; partly, also, to 
 save the hops from being scorched by the mid- 
 day sun. 
 
 Ploughing, he considers, the very worst form 
 of tilling a hop-garden. " I would advise," he 
 writes, " every young hop-planter never to stick 
 a plough in his hop-ground after it is planted 
 ; it tears and injures the roots, closes 
 the ground with the tread of the horses, laying it 
 in a state that requires more labour to get fine 
 than when dug, and making it more unkind all the 
 summer." In the few cases in which horse culti- 
 vation can be employed, the writer is favourable 
 to the use of the nidget, a small horse-scarifier. 
 
 In the selection of the varieties of hops for 
 planting, he advises Goldings, Canterburys and 
 Grapes, whilst Jones's and Colegate's varieties are 
 advocated less warmly. AVildings, Golden Tips, 
 Ruflers and Flemish hops are not recommended.* 
 
 * It will be remembered, o£ course, that several other valuable 
 varieties have been introduced since the above was written. 
 
89 
 
 The diseases of hops comprise wire-worms, 
 fleas and flies, the hop-frog-fly, and mould or 
 miklew. For wire-worms the remedy suggested is 
 to place in the ground a number of potatoes cut 
 in halves. These should be buried each day in the 
 earth close to the hills and examined from time to 
 time. The wire-worms have a great liking for 
 potatoes, which prove a powerful counter-attrac- 
 tion to the tender, young hop-plants.-j- 
 
 Little can be done to prevent the depredations 
 of the flea, except to keep the surface of the 
 ground free from clods of earth which are apt to 
 harbour the fleas. The encouragement of lady- 
 birds is recommended, these little beetles finding 
 their natural food in hop-fleas. Hop-frog flies are 
 entrapped by knocking them off the bine and 
 catching them in a tray coated with gas-tar. The 
 effect of a thunderstorm or shower on such pests 
 as these is remarkable, and does more to clear the 
 hops in a few hours than days of artificial treat- 
 ment. 
 
 Mould, or mildew, is regarded as due to damp- 
 ness and insufficient air and light. The remedy is 
 obvious ; the plants must be placed at greater 
 distances apart, or pinched back so as to admit 
 plenty of fresh air. 
 
 ■f Another counter-attraction adFoeated by some authorities is to 
 scatter crushed rape-seed over the ground. 
 
90 
 
 Rutley's information about hop-picking is pre- 
 cise and interesting. He writes : — ■ 
 
 " Hops are either picked in large baskets or in bins, the 
 latter being the most general, the bin-frames being sufficiently 
 large to take a cloth for two persons, or a family of a woman 
 and two or three children, to pick in ; a man to jjnll poles 
 to ever}' fom- or five of these bins, to what is called a bin's 
 company, consisting of eight or ten full-grown pickers, or 
 of such a number of children as may be equal thereto ; the 
 pole-puller, or bin-man, as he is called, in addition to his 
 labour of pulling poles, to hold up the bag or poke for the 
 man who measures to put the green hops in, to carry them 
 to the wagon or cart tliat talces them away to the oast, and 
 to strip the bine of! the poles after the hops are picked off 
 from all he pulls, for the sooner the bine is taken off the poles 
 the better, since when h'ing in lumps in wet weather they 
 are more liable to be injured, as the bines hold the wet. The 
 bin-man, with his pickers, is placed to a certain number of 
 hills, which is called a set, remains with them there until it 
 is all piejced. and then tlicv move all together to another set ; 
 100 hills general) V are put to a set, which afterwards forms 
 a stack of poles. 
 
 " These arrangements, although perhaps of minor importance, 
 tend to prevent confusion, and promote regularit}- among 
 the pickers, particularly when there are a great many. Hops 
 are picked by the bushel, and are measured in a basket 
 holding about 10 gallons, imperial measure ; the basket 
 should be lightl}' filled level with the rim ; the price given per 
 bushel varies with the crop, from 3 to ■! bushels for a shilling 
 up to 9 or 10 in good crops ; thev should be picked free from 
 leaves, with the exception of a few small ones, and not in 
 bunches. Hops are much cleaner picked than they used to 
 be forty years back ; at that time one penny per bushel was 
 a common price for a good crop." 
 
91 
 
 Samuel Rutley's description was written in 
 1848, and lie comments on the great improvements 
 made in drying hops and in the construction of 
 oasts for the operation. He draws particular 
 attention to the introduction of circular kilns, 
 which, he says, were invented by the late Mr. 
 John Read, of Regent Circus. 
 
 In the Farmer's Calendar, 1827, Arthur Young 
 estimates the cost of a new hop garden will range 
 from £80 to £90 per acre for the first year, whilst 
 the annual expenses subsequently will amount to 
 £30 to £40 per acre. The same writer points out 
 that small hop-gardens do not thrive so well as 
 large, and that it is desirable that hops should be 
 grown near a populous neighbourhood in order 
 that sufficient hands may be procurable during 
 the hop-picking season. 
 
 He adds : 
 
 " There is one situation in which it may be prudent to 
 plant. He who possesses a bog, especially a flat, deep bog 
 in a sheltered spot, and yet not too confined, may very 
 profitably convert it into a hop-ground. A solid, weighty 
 peat-bog makes an excellent hop soil when laid into beds 
 b_y transverse trenches. Such land is a natural dung-hill, 
 and will demand such manures as may perhaps be easily 
 procured. Here the chances are favourable. If such a spot 
 be not chosen, the best preparation of the land for hops is 
 two successive crops of turnips or cabbages both fed on the 
 land by sheep, and off early enough for ploughing and planting 
 the land in March. They may be planted in rows at eight 
 feet asunder, and six feet from hill to hill, which will give 
 
92 
 
 full space for all the requisite operations. Three, four, or 
 five fresh cuttings arc planted in each hill, or spot which is 
 to form a hill. In this month (March) old plantations are 
 dressed, the hills opened, the roots pruned, and mould or 
 compost returned. The time of poling depends on the shooting 
 of the plants." 
 
 Under the heading of April this author writes : 
 
 " The chief business of this month, in the hop-ground, is 
 that of poling. ... In poling there are several points 
 which demand consideration, such as the quality of the soil, 
 and the degree in which the last crop weakened the exuberance 
 of the plants. If overpoled one year they are weakened, 
 and must be underpoled the next. The time of picking, 
 whether late or early, has also an influence. . . . The 
 number of poles per hill varies from three to five. Their 
 sort, size, length, and position when set, are all of consequence." 
 
 In May it is recommended to — 
 
 ' ' Dig the new planted hop garden this month : earth up 
 the plants, and see that no weeds are left to infest them. At 
 this time you should also pole your old plantations, propor- 
 tioning the poles to the age and growth of the hops. Within 
 a short time after the bines are tied to the poles." 
 
 In June, 
 
 " If tying the bines to the poles was not finished last month, 
 it should be done early in this ; which is also a busy season 
 for cultivating the intervals in the various methods practised 
 in difierent hop districts. About Midsummer, hops at 
 Farnham are pruned by cutting off the spare bines, these 
 are used as hay to feed cows." 
 
>rt 
 
 mj 
 
 r-y 
 
 ' .' r 
 
 LLIAM HENRY LE MAY. ' HARbES LE MAY. 
 I \1 ERBERT LE MAY DWARD LE MAY 
 
 %! 1,, nOl' F.s.CTOi?-. 
 
 Fig. =11.— Illuminated addresi f resented lo Messrs. W. H. & H. Le May, 18S-'. 
 
95 
 
 Messrs. W. H. & H. Le May are offering at 
 the Ashford Cattle Show an open Challenge Cup 
 {see illustration) for the encouragement of hop 
 cultivation generally. The following inscription 
 is engraved on the cup : 
 
 Le MAY'S open CHALLENGE CUP. 
 
 Presented for Competition by Messrs. W. H. & H. Le May, 
 
 Hop Factors, 67, Borough High Street, London, S.E.I ! 
 
 For the Best Quality and Best Managed growth of English 
 
 Hops. 
 
 To become the property of the Grower winning it three times. 
 
 Fig. 28. — Phoiograph of the Le May Challenge Cup. 
 
96 
 
 Small Growkes. 
 
 All the available evidence goes to show that 
 hop gardens were formerly much smaller than they 
 are to-day, and that the cultivation was on a much 
 more modest scale ; but the great importance of 
 the small grower is now generally recognized. 
 
 The small growers provide the nursery of the 
 hop-growing industry. They educate the actual 
 workman thoroughly in all details of the business, 
 particularly the important process of drying. It is 
 chiefly from this source that the larger growers draw 
 the supply of their practical men ; consequently it 
 would be in the interest of all to encourage the 
 small man by allowing him to increase his acreage 
 to such an extent as to enable him to work on 
 an economical basis. This is considered to be at 
 the least eight acres. A less acreage than this does 
 not allow the employment of the requisite labour 
 for general work, for washing, for picking, and for 
 drying. Especially is it very difficult to secure 
 pickers and a practical dryer when only a very 
 small acreage is to be dealt with. 
 
 This has been proved by the fact of so many 
 small growers having grubbed their entire growth, 
 when by the recent order they were compelled 
 to reduce the acreage below what is the economical 
 limit; another argument in favour of encouraging 
 the larger number of growers is the fact that a 
 man having a mixed farm, by growing a certain 
 

99 
 
 acreage of hops, is enabled to employ more labour 
 to the ultimate benefit of the whole farm, and 
 increased production of food. It is also in the 
 interest of the smaller brewers, as it is from the 
 smaller growths of hops that he draws his supply. 
 
ENGLISH HOPS. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Sectiox a. — Books. 
 
 Section B. — Index to the Journal of the South Eastern Agricultural 
 College, Wye, Vols. I.— XXIT. 
 
 Section C. — List of Parliamentary Papers relating to Hops, 1800-1 908. 
 
i03 
 
 Sectiijn a. — BOOKS. 
 
 BlCKEKDVlCE, J. 
 
 Curiosities of Ale anil Beer. Svo. London. ( I 8SfS) ; in). Oi-Oo 
 deal with Hops. 
 
 BuTH, Walter. 
 
 England's Improvement by . . . Enclosure, Tillage, Doubling 
 the Growtli of Wood, Planting of Hops, &e., 1(553. 
 
 Booker, Rev. Luke, LL.D. 
 
 The Hop Garden, a Didactic Poem. Svo. Nmrpnr!, 1799. 
 Another Edition. Svo. n.p. ISOO. 
 
 Boys, .Johx. 
 
 General View of the Agriculture of the County of Kent. 2nd 
 
 Edition. 8vo. London, 1813. 
 Implements and Appendage.s to the Hop-gronnds. pp. .5.3-.5(i. 
 Hop-grounds, pp. 131-13<i. 
 
 Bradley, R. 
 
 The Riches of a Hop-garden Explain'd. Svo. London, 1729. 
 2nd Edition. Svo. LMndon. n.d. 
 
 The frontispiece (engraved) is the same in each edition 
 and gives a view of the Borough Hop-ilarket. 
 
 Brayley, E. W. 
 
 Beavities of England and Wales, Kent (Vol. Vlll.), pp. 437-439. 
 
 Candolle, Alphonse de. 
 
 Origin of Cultivated Plants. Svo. l^ndon, ISSH, jip. 1(32-1(5-1. 
 
 ■' C.4SDOR." 
 
 A letter to S. F. Waddington, Esq. in reply to liis appeal tj the 
 British hop-planters — " Be Candid Where You Can." Svo. 
 Southwark, 1800. 
 
 Chapman, A. C. 
 
 The Hop and its Constituents. A Monograph on the Hop-plant. 
 Svo. London, 1905. Contents: — " Tne Hop Plant,' by 
 Prof. John Percival. " The Physical Gharac'teristics of a 
 Ciood Hop," by Prof. John Percival. "Fertilisation an I 
 Cross-fertilisation of the Hop," by Albert Howard. " The 
 Manuring of Hops," by Bernard Dyer, D.Sc. "The Cold 
 ■Storage of Hops," by Lawrence Briant. "The Essential 
 Oil of Hops," by A. (J. Chapman. "The Bitter Substances 
 and Resins of Hops," by Dr. Georg Barth. " Hop Alkaloids, 
 by Philip Schidrowilz. "The Part Played by Hop Tannin 
 in Brewing. {No name.) 
 
104 
 
 Clknxh. Gkuugi-;, 
 
 Kent {The Little Giiifles). Loi(don. 1903. Hops, pp. 24--JG. 
 
 CoLEr, T. 
 
 Vinery Piineiples <it Growing Hop,s, 1870. 
 
 GoopKE, CJkorg k. 
 
 The Moileni Domestic Brewer (containing observation? on 
 Hops), linio. II. p., 1811. 
 
 " Corn, Roots. .\xd other Crops of the Farm." 
 
 A Practical Guide. No author's name given. Svo. London 
 (Ward. Lock & (.'o.|. n.d. Hops are dealt with verv Ijrietiv 
 on pp. li"l-l:il. 
 
 H.wis. G. W. 
 
 Handbook on the chemistry of Hops. Svo. London. 1895. 
 
 Lie \'.\ynes. 
 
 The Kentish (iarland. 2 Vols.. 1881. This boolc contains several 
 songs relating to Hops. See under Dibdin.G. — Hop-8urPER. — 
 Hops — PvOpe. C. ; iSmart, G. 
 
 DiBDiN, Charles. 
 
 Hop-Pickers' Son"-. Printed in De "S'avnes Tlie Ktnli-^h Garland. 
 1881. Vol L, p. 44.-,. 
 
 DiBDIN, C'HARt.ES. 
 
 Tlie Jovial Jlan o£ Kent. Printed in De Vavnes The Kenlirh 
 Garland. 1881. Vol. I., p. 414. 
 
 DoDD. Georoi:. 
 
 The Food of London. Svo. London. LS.iO. pp. 4.'i'i 460 relate 
 to Hops. 
 
 Dublin University Magazine. 
 
 A valuable article on Hops in Vol. 4?. i 
 
 Dyeb, Bernard, and Shrivell, F. W. E. 
 
 Six Years' E.\'periments on Hop Manuring, 1901. 
 
 Edinburgh Review. 
 
 A valuable article on Hops in Vol. 110, 186:.'. 
 
 Encyclopedia Britannica. 11th Edition. lOld. 
 
 Hops. XIII... pp. 677b-68i!. 
 
 Brewing. IV. oOliD. 
 
 Cultivation of Hops. IX. 9l:!ii. XL 810c 
 
 Duty on Hops. IX. r>(iOc. 
 
lOo 
 
 Fakj;y, John 
 
 General View of the Agriculture oi Jjerliy.sliire. \'iil. i'. 8v'0. 
 London, 1813. 
 
 On page 167. It is stated that whilst no hops are cultivated 
 in the County the plant grows wild, freely, in Belper, Cress - 
 well, Duffield, Great Wilne, Killaniarsh, 'Little Wilne, ilar- 
 ston-Montgomery, Mercaston, Pinxtou. Kostou. Walton- 
 on-Trent, &e. 
 
 Fraser's Ma(!AZ1.\K. 
 
 A valualile article on iio\>s in Vol. 10 of the New iSeries. 1877. 
 
 Freake, a. 
 
 Observations and experiments on the lliimnltis Ltipula^ of 
 Linnasus ; with an account of its use in gout and other 
 diseases ; with cases. 2nd Edition. Svo. London, 181IJ. 
 
 GiLOBE EnCYCLOP.EDIA. 
 
 Edited by John M. Ross, LL.D., 187!). Vol. HI., p. 42.3. 
 
 GOSTLING, M'lLHAir. 
 
 A wallc in and about the City of Cantcrljury. New E lition. 
 Svo. C'anlerbury, 1825. Hops. p. 1. 
 
 Gross, E. 
 
 Hops in their botanical, agricultural, and technical aspect. 
 Svo. London, 1900. 
 
 Hall, A. I). 
 
 Investigations upon the growth of Hops, IS9.')-l!llil. Svo. 
 London, 1902. 
 
 Hall, A. D. 
 
 Report upon a chemical and physical study of the soils of 
 Kent and Surrey. Svo. London, 19(12. 
 
 Harmswokth Escyclop.sdia, The. 
 
 Article on Hops. Vol. IV., p. 31Sl. 
 
 Hasted, E. 
 
 History of Kent. Fol. Edition. Vol. T., cxxiii., and various 
 references in other volumes. 
 
 HiNT,s TO THE Hop-Plantek, respecting his Market, with observations 
 on the intended prosecution of Mr. Waddington. &c., to 
 which is added a Hop-duty table. — " By a lover of liis 
 country." Svo. Cranhrook and Boheriibridge. 1800. 
 
 Hop-Grower'.s Guide, The. 
 
 By a Hop Surveyor of Maidstone. Clutthini, 1822. 
 
 Hop-Growing ox the Pacific C'oa,st of America. 
 Svo. London, 1913. 
 
106 
 
 Hop Jovrxal. The. 
 
 fondiictcd by R. Tiunur. Xo. 1. Vol. I. l.jth .Januaiy, 1S74. 
 No. 04." Vol. V. 17th December, 1878. 
 
 Hop-Measvkixc; Baskets. 
 
 A Song. Printed in De Vaj-nes The Kentish Garland, 1S81. 
 Vol. I., p. 446. 
 
 Hop-Planter's Assistant, The. 
 Svo. Maidstone, 1780. 
 
 Hop-Supper, The. 
 
 A Song. Printed in The Kentish Songster, p. xxii. 3rd E lition. 
 Canterbury, 1784 ; and De Vaj-nes The Kentish Garland, 1881. 
 Vol. I., p. 447. 
 
 Hops. The papers put forth bj' .J. Hunter and Jolm Shepherd 
 in a dispute concerning the purchase of the growth of hops of 
 Sir J. Pyni Hales, at Beaksbourne, and some others at 
 Bourne (with the written decree of the House of Lords). 
 Privately jjrinted, 1769. 
 
 From J. C. Hotten's Handbook, No. 2289. 
 
 Hops: A new Song for the year 1776. 
 Addressed to the Farmers of Kent. 
 Printed in the Kentish Gazette, 4th September, 1776, in De Vavnes 
 
 The Kentish Garland, 1881. Vol. I., pp. 442-443, and in' The 
 
 Invieta Magazine. Vol. I., p. 131, 1909. 
 
 Instructions for Plantinc; and Managinc; Hops, and for Raising 
 Hop-Poles. 8vo. Duljlin, 1733. 
 
 Ireland, Samuel. 
 
 Picturesque Views on the River Medway from the Nore to the 
 Vicinity of its Source in Sussex. 4to. London, 1793, 
 pp. 93-98 (with engraving) refer to hops. 
 
 Kentish Songster, The, or Ladies' and Gentlemen's Miscellan}-. 
 4th Edition. Sq. Svo. Canterbury, 1792. 
 
 The Hop-Supper is printed on pp. xxxii-xxxiii. 
 
 Knight. C. 
 
 Cyclopfedia of Manufactures, &c. pp. 1027-1029. 
 Inaccurate in some particulars. 
 
 Lanoe, Edward Jarman. 
 
 The Golden Farmer. Published under the superintendence of 
 several who feel interested in farming pursuits. Svo. 
 London, 1831. 
 
 Hops are dealt with on pp. 28-44, 59, 69-70, 79. 80-82. 
 Published by Ridgway, 169, Piccadilly, for Edward 
 .larman Lance, Survej'or and Auctioneer, Lewisham. 
 
 Lan(. E, Edward Jarman. 
 
 The Hop Farmer, or a complete account of Hop Culture, 
 embracinir its History, LaAis and Uses, founded on scientific 
 principles. 
 
 Published by Ridgway & Sons. 1838. 
 ( Vjpy in Lord Northboume's Library. 
 
107 
 
 LoxfjLEY. John (of Rochester). 
 
 The case of the Hop-Planters, unler the a hlitional dutj' of 1802. 
 Sro. Rochester, 1803. 
 
 LovETT, Edward. 
 
 Article on Hop-tallies in The Reliquary, 1879. Vol. III., pp. 37-40. 
 
 Maekham. Gervase. 
 
 The Inrichmcnt of the Weald of Kent. 4to. London, 10.53. 
 Reference to treatment of hop-yards, p. 18. 
 
 Markham, Gerva.se. 
 
 ilarkham's Farewell to Husbandry. 4to. London, 1684. 
 
 Chapter xx. (pp. 109-112), " The Inriohing of all manner 
 of Barren Grounds, and to make it fruitful to bear Hopps." 
 
 .Marshall. William. 
 
 The Rural Economy of the Southern Counties. 2 Vols. Svo. 
 London, 1798. 
 
 Vol. I., pp. 170-303, deal with hops. 
 
 Merritt, Eugene. 
 
 Hops in Principal Countries of the World, their Supply, Foreign 
 Trade and Consumption, 1907. 
 
 U.S. Department of Agriculture. 
 
 illTCHELL, W. 
 
 A Few Words on Hops, 1863. 
 
 Morton, J. C. 
 
 A Cyelopje lia of Agriculture. 2 Vols. 8vo. Edinhiirgh and 
 London, 18.5.3. Vol. IT., pp. 42-67. 
 
 MouL. Duncan. 
 
 Week-ends in Hopdanl. Svo. London and Tonbridje. n.d. 
 
 MUGOERIDGE, C. -J. 
 
 Map of the Hop District of Kent and Sussex, 1844. • , 
 
 Murray. 
 
 Handbook for Travellers in Kent and Sussex, 1883. pp. xiv., 79, 
 107, 120, 134, 136. 
 
 Myeick, H. 
 
 The Hop : its culture and cure. Springfield, 1904. 
 
 Xesbit, J. C. 
 
 Analyses of the Mineral Ingredients of the Hop. — Jour. Roy. 
 Agric. Soc. of England. Vol. VII., pp. 210 223 (1846). 
 
 Percival, .John. 
 
 The Hop an I its English Varieties, \%m.~.Jour. Roy. Agric. 
 Soc. of England. Vol. LXII., pp. 67-95. 
 
 P0PUL.4.R Encyclop.bdia, The. 
 
 Article on Hops. Half Vol. VII., p. 169. 
 
10 s 
 
 pRVNNE, William. 
 
 A declaration anfl protestation against tlie illegal tax an I extor- 
 tion of excise in general, and for hops in particular. 4to. 
 London, l(i.54. 
 
 K.iNDALL. William (Nurseryman. Maidstone). 
 
 The State of the Hop Plantations. 8vo. London. 1800. 
 
 lUcHAEDsoN. John (of Hull). 
 
 Thoughts anil Hints on the Impioved Practice of Brewing .Malt 
 Licpiors (including strictures on hops, &c.}. 8vo. 1777. 
 2nd Edition. 17S1. 
 
 EOFE, C. 
 
 The Hop Garden (A Poem). Printed in Do Vaynes The KenlUh 
 Garland. 1S81. Vol. I., pp. 4:i7-441. 
 
 P.ol.and, Arthuk. 
 
 Parming for Pleasure and ProHt : P>.oot firowing aiul the Culti 
 ration of Hops. Svo. London, 1880, pp. 143-184. 
 
 llUTLEY. SAMUf-:L. 
 
 On the best mode of managing Hops in its various Ijranches. 
 Prize essay. — Jour. Roy. Agric. Sue. of England, 1848. 
 Vol. IX., pp. 532-582. 
 
 Salmon, E. S. 
 
 Report on the trial of new varieties of Hops at East Mailing Fruit 
 Research Station, 1917. Svo. Ashford and London. Januarv, 
 1918. 
 
 Salmon, E. S. 
 
 The Value of Hop-Breeding Experiments. (Reprintel from the 
 Journal of the Inslitule of Breiviny. \'ol. XXIlf. No. 2. 
 February. 1917.) 
 
 Salmo.n", E. S., and Amo.s, Arthl'e. 
 
 On the value of the male hop. (Reprinted from tlie Journal nf 
 the I n.iiilute of Brewing. Vol. .XIV., No. 4, May. 1908.) 
 
 Scot, Reynolde. 
 
 A Perfite Platforme of a Hoppe Garden. 8vo. London. \'<1A. 
 Other editions were pulilished in l.')7t) and l."i78. 
 
 SiMMONDS, P. L. 
 
 Hojis ; their Cultivation, Commerce, and Uses in Various Coun 
 tries. 8vct. London, 1877. 
 
 S5LART, ChRI.STOPHER. 
 
 The Hop Ciarden. A CTCoraic, in tw(j books. 4to. London 
 1752. 
 
 Printed in Poems on Sereral Occasions, 1752 ; in Free- 
 man's Kentish Poets, 1821, Vol.11., p. 279; and (extracts) 
 in Ue Vav2ies, J. H. L., The Kentish Garland. 1881. ^'ol. L, 
 pp. 430-436. 
 
 Sjiith, .J. P. 
 
 A Worcester Prize Essay on Hop Cultivation. — Jour. Ron. .igric. 
 tioc. of Enghind. Vol. XX\'. 
 
109 
 
 South Eastern Aoeicultbral College, Wye. Sec Section B. 
 
 Stockberger, W. W. 
 
 The Farmer's Bulletin, No. 30+, on Growing ami (Airing Hops 
 U.S. Department of Agriculture. 
 
 Stone, William. 
 
 An addrets to the hop-planters of the cijiinty of Kent on the 
 establishment of a inajt for the sale of hops in the borough 
 of Maidstone. 8vo. i[aid4onc, 1819. 
 
 Stkatton, Kev. J. Y. 
 
 Hops and Hop-Pickers. Svo. S. !'.("'. K. Loudon, 1SS3. 
 
 Vallance, J. 
 
 On the Preservation of Hops, 1S22. 
 
 Vasselot de Kegxe ( ) Coniil and JIontjiokt ( — de) Coiinl. 
 
 Hoji (Jiiltivation. 
 
 Translated by A. W. Hey woo 1. Svo. Wynhenj, 18.ji5. 
 
 Victoria History. 
 
 Hampshire. Vol. V., pp. 4y9-.-j(J0. 
 
 Herefordshire J. 421; Suirey III. 133-13-1 ; Worcestershire II. 314. 
 
 Waddisgton, S. F. 
 
 An appeal to the British hop-jJanters. 8vo. London, 1800. 
 {See under Candor, also Hints.) 
 
 Way-, ■]. T., and Ooston, George. 
 
 Analyses of the ashes of plants. — Jour. Boy. Arjric. tSoc. of 
 England. Vol. IX. (1848), pp. 136-174. 
 
 Hops, pp. 144-146. 
 
 White, William. 
 
 Historv and Gazetteer of Hampshire, 1873. pp. .59, 203-204, 2,j4, 
 278, 357, 617. 
 
 Whitehead, C. 
 
 Hop cultivation. Svo. London, 1893. 
 
 Whitehead, Charles. 
 
 Hops; from the .set to the skydights. Svo. London, 1881. 
 
no 
 
 Whitehead, Charles. 
 
 Fifty Years of Hop-Farminr;, 1890. — Jovr. Boy. Agric. Soc. of 
 'England. 3 Ser. Vol. 1., pp. 321-3-18. 
 
 Whitehead, Charles. 
 
 Sketch of the Agriculture of Kent, 1899. — Jour. Boy. Agric. Soc. 
 of England. Vol. X., part iii. 
 
 Wilson, J. M. 
 
 Rural Cyclopaedia. 4 Vols. Svo. Edinburgh, 18-17-1849. 
 Account of Hops in Vol. II. (1849), pp. 686-699. 
 
 Young, Arthue. 
 
 The Farmer's Calendar. Svo. London, 1827. pp. 152, 18S, 
 237, 279 and 392. 
 
Ill 
 
 Section K. 
 
 IXOEX TO THE JOURNAL OF THE SOUTH EASTERN 
 
 AOPJCULTURAL COLLEGE, WYE. Vols. I-XXU. 
 
 Hop, A new Eaeniy of the. F. V. Theobald, ix. 41. 
 
 Aphis, An old account of the migration of the, xii. 70. 
 
 Notes on the life history of, an I suggestions for its 
 
 prevention. F. V. Theobald, ix. 3-3. 
 
 Bibionidae in Roots. F. V. Theobald, xvii. 16.3. 
 
 Bugs, needle nosed. F. V. Theobald, ii. 11. 
 
 Cone Flea. F. V. Theobald, xii. 63. 
 
 Conferences, 1894, i. 21 ; 1895, iii. 3 ; 1896, v. 43 ; 1897, vi 
 
 37 ; 1901, xi. 130 ; 1903, xiii. 187 ; 1907, xvii. 462. 
 
 Diseases, Chemical Treatment of. H. H. Cousins, ii. 17. 
 
 Dogs. F. V. Theobald, viii. 3.3. 
 
 Drying, il. J. R. Dunstan and H. ^^'. Harding, xv. 233. 
 
 Drying Temperatures. J. Percival, v. 34 ; vi. 34 ; xiv. 227. 
 
 Flea, The. F. V. Theobald, ix. 43 ; xii. 61. 
 
 Garden, vi. 24 ; viii. 3 ; ix. 5 ; x. 23 ; xi. 3 ; xii. 12 ; xiii. 103 ; 
 
 xiv. 22 ; xvi. 20 ; xvii. 57 ; xviii. 81 ; xix. 59 ; xx. 84. 
 
 Flea in British Columbia. F. V. Theobald, xvi. 175. 
 
 Gi-rowers' Tour in Germany. JL J. R. Dunstan, xiii. 195. 
 
 Jumper, The. F. V. Theobald, xv. 104. 
 
 Hale, influence on the " Growing out " of Hops. E. S. Salmon, 
 
 xviii. 337 ; xix. 382. 
 
 supplied to Growers. E. S. Sabnon, xix. 385 ; xx. 471. 
 
 Mould. J. Percival, ii. 4. 
 
 E. S. Salmon, xvii. 368 ; xix. 345. 
 
 cecid. The. F. V. Theobald, xvi. 143. 
 
 Plant, Observations on the Growth of. John Percival, iii. 29. 
 
 Pests. F. V. Theobald, xvii. 164 ; xx. 175. 
 
 Resins, v. 30 ; viii. 15 ; xix. 375. 
 
 the determination of, vi. 30 ; ix. 15. 
 
 String, The testing of. vii. 40. 
 
 Wash, complete, ii. 20. 
 
 An improved. H. H. Cousins, ii. IS; iii. 32. 
 
 Washes, Water for making up, xv. 171. 
 
 Wilt. J. Percival, xi. 87. 
 
 Hops, A Beetle attacking. F. V. Theobald, xviii. 154. 
 
 Animals injurious to. F. V. Theobald, xiv. 79; xxi. Ib4-lti8 ; 
 
 xxii. 265-268. 
 
112 
 
 Hops, C'arabii-1 or Ground Beetle Larvas in. F. \'. TiieobaM, xiv. 79. 
 
 damaged b}' Eanvigs. F. V. Theobald, ii. 30. 
 
 Disease.? of. H. H. Cousins, iii. 14. 
 
 Eelworm disease or Nettlehead in. F. V. Thcol)ald, xvi. 139; 
 
 xviii. 155. 
 
 ICelworm disease of. .J. Percival, i. 5 ; xi. 80. 
 
 Effect of cutting the Bine at Picking Time. A. D. Hall, x. 23. 
 
 Effect of Stripping. A. T>. Hall, x. 31 ; xi. 7. 
 
 Estimation of iSoft E,esins in. R. H. Carter, xix. 375. 
 
 Experiments, and Notes on. 1896, v. 23 ; 1897, vi. 26 ; 1898, 
 
 viii. 3 ; 1899, xix. 5 ; 1900, x. 23 ; 1901, xi. 3 ; 1902, xii. 12 ; 
 1903, xiii. 103; 1904, xiv. 211 ; 1905, xv. 203: 1906, xvi. 
 335 ; 1907. xvii. 359 ; 1908, xviii. 339 ; 1909, xix. 365 ; 
 1910, XX. 455; i913-14, x.xii (1014) 499-5.32. 
 
 Male, sent out to growers in Kent and Sussex. E. S. Salmon, 
 
 xxi. 425-428. 
 
 Hop Experiments, Manurial. iii. 15 : x. 33 ; xi. 9 ; xii. 18 ; xiii. 103 ; 
 xiv. 231 ; XV. 206 ; xvi. 335. 
 
 Hops, Kxpiu'iinents upon Cultivation of, at Coulhurst. vi. 32; viii. 8; 
 ix. 14: xi. 18; xii. 28; xiii. HI; xiv. 23<j ; xv. 203; 
 xvi. 344 ; .xvii. 359. 
 
 Fever Flies damaging. F. V. Theobald, xviii. 152. 
 
 Field Experiments upon. A. D. Hall, vi. 26. 
 
 Flat Millepedes in. F. V. Theobald, xiv. 81 ; xvi. 142. 
 
 Influence of the Male Hop on the "Growing Out" of. E. S. 
 
 Salmon, xviii. 337. 
 
 Leather .Jackets in. F. V. Theobald, xv. 106. 
 
 Liver of Sulphur and Bed Spider on. F. \'. Theobald, xiv. 83. 
 
 Manurial Experiments upon. A. J). Hall, x. 33 ; xi. 0. 
 
 Mould and Mildew Feeding Cecids. F. V. Theobald, xiv. 82. 
 
 On the raising of new varieties of. E. S. Salmon anrl A. Amos, 
 
 xvii. 392. 
 
 Raising new varieties from Seed. E. S. Salmon, xviii. 358; 
 
 xix" 365; XX. 445; xxi. 407-425. 
 
 The Raspberry Weevil attacking. F. V. Theobald, xiv. SO. 
 
 Samples for analj'sis, xviii. 209. 
 
 " Seeded " and " Seedless " in English and German \'arieties. 
 
 E. S. Salmon, xviii. 347. 
 
 " Seedless," On the Production of. E. S. Sabnon, xviii. 344. 
 
 Training Experiments, v. 39 ; x. 29. 
 
113 
 
 ■ ' "' ' Section C. ' ' 
 
 LIST OF PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS RELATING TO 
 HOPS, 1800-1908. 
 
 To amjiid Act for preventing Frauds in the Hop Trade. 
 1813-U (32) (138). 
 
 For preventing Abuses in Packing Hops. 1817 (214) (349). 
 
 For the more convenient Payment of the Excise Duty on 
 Hops. 1828 (439). 
 
 To regulate the Payment of Duties on Hops. 1831 (299). 
 
 To alter and amend 54 Geo. Ill, for preventing Frauds and 
 Abuses in the Trade of Hops, and to make further Pro- 
 visions relating to Hops. 18-51 (39). 
 
 Sixteenth Report of Commissioners of Inquiry into the E.xcise 
 Establishment and into the Management and Collection 
 of the Revenue (Hops). 1835 (18)! 
 
 Duties on Hops. 
 
 1801 (45) 1819 (116) 1822 (148) 
 
 1816 (47) 1819-20 (44) 1823 (52) 
 1818 (235) 1821 (33) 
 
 Hops Imported and Exported. 1819 (293) 1823 (37). 
 
 Quantity Exported from Great Britain to Ireland and Foreign 
 Countries, and Imported into Great Britain. 
 
 1824 (62) 1825 (110) 1826 (63) 
 
 Duty on Hops of the Growth of the year 1826. 1826-27 (31). 
 
 Number of Acres of Land in Great Britain under the Cultiva- 
 tion of Hops in 1826. 1826-27 (75). 
 
 Quantity of Hops Exported from and Imported into Great 
 Britain in the year ended 5th January, 1827. 1826-27 
 (18.3). 
 
 Namber of Acres of Land in Great Britain under Cultivation 
 of Hops ; Duty on Hops, distinguishing the Districts, and 
 the Old from the New Duty ; Quantity Exported from 
 Great Britain to Foreign Countries, distinguishing the 
 Countries to which the same have been Exported ; 
 
lU 
 
 Quantities to each Country ; Quantity of Foreign Hops 
 Imported into the United Kingdom, distinguishing the 
 Ports where Imported, and the Countries from whence 
 Exported. 
 
 1821 
 
 (151) (505) 
 
 1831-32 (88) 
 
 1842 
 
 (m 166) 
 
 1822 
 
 (282) 
 
 1833 (96) 
 
 1843 
 
 (in 135) 
 
 1823 
 
 (38) (232) 
 
 1834 (213) 
 
 1844 
 
 (m 121) 
 
 1824 
 
 (129) 
 
 1835 (152) (195 
 
 1845 
 
 (in 137) 
 
 1825 
 
 (52) 
 
 1836 (257) 
 
 1846 
 
 (in 136) 
 
 1826 
 
 (34) 
 
 1837 (in 490) 
 
 1847 
 
 (in 154) 
 
 1828 
 
 (157) 
 
 1837-38 (in 321) 
 
 1847- 
 
 8(in 101) 
 
 1829 
 
 (110) 
 
 1839 . (in 153) 
 
 1849 
 
 (m 111, 296) 
 
 1830 
 
 (189) (277) 
 
 1840 (in 121) 
 
 1850 
 
 (in 154) 
 
 1831 
 
 (59) 
 
 1841 (in 254) 
 
 1852 
 
 (in 205) 
 
 Hops grown in each Parish, 1829 to 1835, and Duty. 1839 
 
 (569). 
 
 Parislies from wlucli Agreements liave been received, con- 
 taining any Provision for distinguishing Ordinary and 
 Extraordinary Charges in respect of Hop CTrounds. 
 1840 (176). 
 
 Account showing how often in each year, from 1800, the 
 Payment of the Hop Duties has been'deferred. 1849 (288). 
 
 Duty on Hops of the Growth of the year 1849. 1850 (in 154). 
 
 Number of Acres of Land under Cultivation for Hops, and 
 Duty charged in each collection in each year, 1837 to 
 1850 ; the Average Amount of Duty per Acre ; and 
 whether the Acres returned in the Sussex, Hereford, or 
 Worcester Collections are according to Statute, or any 
 local or customary Admeasurement. 1851 (101). 
 
 In each year from 1837 to 1851. 18.52 (151). 
 
 (Quantity of Foreign Hops entered for Home Consumption, 
 and Quantity Exported in each of the years 1846 to 1850 ; 
 the Quantity in Bond on 1st January in each of the years 
 1846 to 1851 ; also. Quantity of British Hops Exported 
 in each of the same ^^ears, and to what places. 1851 (321). 
 
 Number of Quarters of Malt made between 10th October. 
 1849, and 10th October, 1850 ; Number of Acres of Land 
 in Great Britain under the Cultivation of Hops in 18.50, 
 and Duty on Hops of the Growth of that year ; Quantitv 
 of Hops Imported and Exported, and number of Pounds 
 Weight charged with Duty in 18.50. 1851 (173). 
 
115 
 
 Number of Persons appointed as Hop Excisemen and 
 Assistants, 1841 ; stating their Names, their usual Place 
 of Abode and Occupation, District and County for wiiich 
 appointed, and Total Sums of Money paid to each. 
 1842 (275). 
 
 Contracts entered into by the Commissioners of Greenwich 
 Hospital for Hops, 1830 to 1844 ; Names of Parties to 
 each Contract, and the Price paid by the Commissioners. 
 1844 (236). 
 
 The Hop (Prevention of Frauds) Act ; 1866. 
 
 Amend, in Com. 1866. 
 
 The Tithe Commutation Acts Amendment Act; 1873. 
 
 Amend, by the Select Com. 1873. 
 
 Hop Substitutes Act. 1890-91, 1892, 189.3-94, 1894. 
 
 Report on operation of Excise and Customs Duties on Hops ; 
 with Proceedings, Evidence, Appendix, and Index. 1857. 
 
 Report on Hop Industry ; with Proceedings. 1889. 
 
 Report ; with Proceedings, Evidence, Appendix, and Index. 
 1890. 
 
 Tithe Commutation Acts Amendment Bill, Report ; with 
 Proceedings, Evidence, and Appendix. 1873. 
 
 Return of Number of Acres under Hops, &c. Market 
 Gardens, and Orchards, during each year 1867-80 ; and 
 of Importation of Hop,s, &c., during each year from 1840. 
 1881. 
 
 Account showing deferment of payment of Hop Duties, to 
 what periods, and on what securities ; total weight of 
 Hops charged with Duty, in each year, 1800 to 1852. 
 1852-53. 
 
 Amount received as Excise Duty on Hops, and expenses 
 incurred in collection yearl}^, 1847 to 1851. 1852-53. 
 
 Amount of Hop Duty charged in 1859 and 1860, and due 
 and unpaid on 1st March and 1st April, 1861. 1861. 
 
 Number of Acres of Land under cultivation for Hops, and 
 amount of Duty charged in each collection, average 
 amount per acre, &c., 1837 to 1852. 1852-53. 
 
 In 1837 to 1853 18.54. 
 
 In 1838 to 1857 1857. 
 
116 
 
 Number of Acres of Land under Cultivation, and amount of 
 Duty on Hops of Growth of 1852 ; quantity Exported 
 and Imported ; number of Pounds Weiglit charged with 
 Duty in 1852. 1852-53. 
 
 Similar return for 185.3 ; giving total numbei' of Pounds 
 Weiglrt of Foreign Hops charged with Duty for home 
 consumption. 1851. 
 
 Number of Acres of Land under Cultivation in 1851 ; amount 
 of Duty charged in each collection ; and average amount 
 of Duty per Acre, &c. 1854-55. 
 
 Number of Acres of Laud under Cultivation in 1855 ; amount 
 of Duty charged in each collection ; quantity Exported 
 and Imported ; number of Pounds Weight of Foreign 
 Hops charged with Duty for Home Consumption ; rate 
 of Duty charged, and quantity of Foreign Hops in Bond 
 on 1st January, 1856. 1856. 
 
 In 1856 
 
 1857 (Sess. 2). 
 
 
 In 1859 
 
 1859. 
 
 In 1857 
 
 1857-58. 
 
 
 In 1860 
 
 1860. 
 
 In 1858 
 
 1859 (Sess. 2). 
 
 
 In 1860 
 
 1861. 
 
 
 In 1861 and 
 
 1862 
 
 1862. 
 
 
 Number of Acres under Cultivation yearly ; amount of Old 
 Duty in each year ; date of Deferment of Payment of 
 Duty ; average price of Barley, and quantities of Malt, 
 in quarters, charged with Dutjr, 1815 to 1859. 1859 (Sess. 2). 
 
 Number of Acres under Cultivation, 1859 to 1861 : total 
 amount of Duty charged in eacli year ; amount of Dutv 
 Due and Unpaid on 1st January and 1st February, 1862 : 
 number of cases in which Legal Process has been resorted 
 to for its recover)'. 1862. 
 
 Return of average amount of Duty charged on British and 
 Foreign Hops, in the ten years preceding Repeal of the 
 Duty, calculated at Three-halfpence per Pound, and net 
 amount realised from Increased License Duty charged on 
 Brewers in lieu of Hop Duty, in 1862-63. 1864. 
 
 Returns of Acres under Cultivation in each year, 1854 to 
 1871, and amount charged for Brewers' Licences, from 
 30th September, 1863, to 20th September, 1871. 1872. 
 
 Return of Hops Imported during each month, from 1st 
 September, 1853, to 1st March, 1854, with Countries whence 
 Imported, and Duty paid. 1854. 
 
117 
 
 Retun) of Hops, Britisli and Foreign, Exported, with amount 
 of Drawback, iu eacli month from 1st September, 1853, 
 to 1st March, 1851. 1851. 
 
 Return of Old Duty charged on Hops ; Cjuantitics of Foreign 
 Hops Imported, and rates of Duty charged ; quantities 
 of Engbsh and Foreign Hops Exported,' 1830 to 1854; 
 c^nantity of Foreign Hops in Bond on 5th Jirly, 1851. 1851. 
 
 Return of Foreign Hops Imported, and of Englisli and 
 Foreign Hops Exported in 1855 ; Pounds Weight of Hops 
 charged with Duty in 1854 ; Foreign Hops in Bond on 
 5th January, 1855^ &c. 1854-55. 
 
 Return of Hops Exported to caclr Foreign Country, from 
 5th January to 30th June, and from 1st July to 31st 
 December, 1855, with j^ears in which British Hops were 
 grown ; cj^uantit)' of Foreign Hops Imported, &c. 1856. 
 
 Return of amount in Old Duty charged on English Hops ; 
 and number of Cwts. of Foreign Hops Imported in each 
 year, 1854 to 1856. 18-56. 
 
 In 1854 to 1857. 1857 (Se.ss. 2). 
 
 Number of Cwts. of Hops Exported and Inrported yearly, 
 1837 to -1856. 1857 (Sess. 2.). 
 
 Return of Quantit)' of British and Foreign Hops Exported ; 
 of Foreign Hops Imported ; of Pounds ^\'eight of Foreign 
 Hops charged with Duties for Home Consumption, 1857 ; 
 of Foreign Hops in Bond on 1st January, 1858, &c. 
 1857-58. 
 In 1861 1861 
 In 1862 1863 
 In 1863 and 1864 
 In 1864 and 1865 
 In 1865 and 1866 
 In 1866 and 1867 
 In 1868 1868-69 
 For 1868-69 1870 
 For years ending 30th September, 1878 and 1879 1880. 
 For i879-80 1881. 
 
 Number of Cwts. of Hops Exported and Imported ; of Foreign 
 Hops charged with Duty for Home Consumption ; amount 
 of Drawback paid on British Hops Exported ; declared 
 Value of Beer Exported and Drawback ; number of 
 Acres of Land iruder Cultiyation for Hops, and amount 
 of Duty charged, &c., 1837 to 1858. 18.59 (Sess. 1). 
 
 
 For 1869-70 
 
 1871 
 
 
 For 1870-71 
 
 1872 
 
 1864 
 
 For 1871-72 
 
 1873 
 
 1866 
 
 For 1872-73 
 
 1874 
 
 1867 
 
 For 1873-74 
 
 1875 
 
 1867-68 
 
 For 1874-75 
 
 1876 
 
 
 For 187.5-76 
 
 1877 
 
 
 For 1876-77 
 
 1878 
 
118 
 
 Return of Quantity of Bi'itish Hops Exported from 1st 
 January to 31st 'March, 1862. 1862. 
 
 Return of amount of Old Duty char;;cd on Hops, and rate 
 of Duty on Englisli and Foreign Hops, in 1816 and 1862 ; 
 ((uantity of Foreign Hops Imported, and lemaining in 
 Bond in each jea.i^ 1859 to 1862. 1862. 
 
 Return of extraordinary Rentcharge per acre respecting Hop 
 ({rounds in different Parishes in Kent, Surre}', Sussex, 
 Hampshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, and Notting- 
 hamshire. 1857. 
 
 Return of Parishes in which Applications have been made to 
 Tithe Commissioners for Additional Rentcharge by way 
 of extraordinary charge on any Hop Grounds or Market 
 Gardens newly Cultivated, &c. " 1873-1881. 
 
 Return of Parishes in Kent and Sussex in which extraordinai'y 
 Tithe charge for Hops, Market Gardens, Orchards, &c., 
 was distinguished at time of commutation, with acreage 
 and extraordinary charge per acre, and acreage under 
 such cultivation in 1880 ; total area and population, 
 total amount of Tithe and Rentcharge and Extraordinary 
 Tithe levied in each Parish, in 1880,'&c. 1882. 
 
 Report from the Select Committee on the Hop Industry ; 
 with Proceedings, Minutes of Evidence, Appendix, and 
 Index. 1908 (213). 
 
119 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 Aiiios's iiiiHy Bird Hops ..'.' 1.'? 
 Aphis Blight in 1882 ... fii' 
 
 Apple Pudding Hops ... 21 
 
 Arnold's C'hroti icle of Loudon (U-(i(i 
 Bates's Brewers' Hops ... 17 
 
 Bennett's Early Seedling 
 
 Hops ... '. ': i:^, 14 
 
 Betting on the Hop Duty... •')(j, .')7 
 
 Bibliography 101-118 
 
 Bradley's Riclief of a Hop 
 
 Giirden 32, 4 J. So 
 
 Bramah's Patent ilachine 
 
 for Pressing Hops ... ;!S 
 
 Braniling Hops 13 
 
 Buss's C4oldings — i'ee Can- 
 terbury Jacks, 
 
 Butcher's Principle of 
 
 .Stringing Hops 25 
 
 Canterbury' Jack's, Buss's, 
 
 Gelding, or Wild Hop ... 18.21 
 
 Challenge Cup (Messrs. Le 
 
 May's) 95 
 
 Cobb's Hops 14 
 
 Cold Storage for Hops ... 47 
 
 Colegate's Hops 21 
 
 C'olej''s Patent Viner\- 
 
 System 25 
 
 Cooper's White Hop. 
 
 Culpeper, N. 
 
 Diseases of Hoi>s 
 
 Dressing Hops ... 
 
 Dry Mideh ... , 
 
 Drying Hops 
 
 Duties on Hops 
 
 Eisex Hops 
 
 
 - : • ■ , 
 
 P.40 E 
 
 
 T^'uggle's Hops 2, 
 
 3, 17 
 
 
 Golden Tips Hois 
 
 21 
 
 
 Golding Hops 
 
 is 
 
 ; Grape Hops 
 
 IS 
 
 
 Greenbine Hops 
 
 14 
 
 
 Hampshire Hops ... 39, 
 
 43, 45 
 
 
 Henham's Jones's Hops ... 
 
 13 
 
 
 Herefordshire Hops 
 
 39, 44 
 
 
 Hobb's Early Hops ... ... 
 
 10 
 
 
 Hops, Botany of 
 
 1,2 
 
 
 Hop Control 
 
 55, 5fi 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 89 
 
 2(i 
 
 24 
 
 ... 32-.30, 91 
 
 51-55, 59, 60 
 
 40 
 
 Farmer's Principle of 
 
 Stringing Hops 25, 2() 
 
 Flemish Red-Bine Hops ... 10 
 
 Fuels used in Dr\-ing^Hops 35, 30 
 
 Hops, First Pockets ... 49, .50. 51 
 Hop-growing Districts . . . 39—44 
 Hops, Imports and Export 4S 
 Hops. Male and Female ... 2-5 
 
 Hop Markets 4b 
 
 Hops, Marking 39 
 
 Hop-picking 90 
 
 Hop-pockets 36, 37, 39 
 
 Hop Propagation 23 
 
 Hops, Soils suitalilc for ... 23,24 
 
 Hop-tallies 31 
 
 Hops, Varieties of 9-21 
 
 Hamulus japoiiicifs I 
 
 Humulus Lupulus 1, 2 
 
 Hunstanton, Brewing in 1530 67 
 Hydraulic Power for Press- 
 ing Hops 3S 
 
 Japanese Hop 1 
 
 Kent Hops ... 39. 40, 43, 45 
 Lance. The Hop Fiinner . . . 35, 86 
 Le May, Edward 52 
 
 Le May, Messrs. W. H. & H. 
 
 51, 93, 95 
 
 Lon Ion, First Beer Brewed 
 
 in 65, 66 
 
 Lupulin 5, 6 
 
120 
 
 IXDEX — tonti lined. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 -Manuring Hops 27 
 
 Markhara, (I., on Hops ... 7(1,80 
 
 Marking Hop.s 39 
 
 Marshall, W., Rnral 
 
 Economtj 85,86 
 
 Mathon Hops 17 
 
 Mayfield Grape Hops ... 18 
 
 Meophain Hops 10 
 
 Mercer's Hops — See Ro;l- 
 niersham 
 
 North, Lord, Brewing for, 
 
 in 1577 and 1578 68 
 
 <tld Jones's Hop 17 
 
 Parliamentary Papers 113-118 
 
 Picknig Hops 28-32 
 
 Pictures (Early) of Hops ... 61-63 
 
 Pocketing Hops 36-38 
 
 Ploughing, Injurious Effects 
 
 of" ...' 88 
 
 Poling and Stringing ... 24-26 
 
 Pretty Will's Hops 21 
 
 Prolitic Hops 10 
 
 Pro>ti}floriuni Parfiilontin ... 64 
 
 Propagation of Hops ... 23 
 Pulling Hops 26 
 
 ilo buersham, or Piercer's 
 
 Hops 14 
 
 Rufler's Hops 21 
 
 Rutley, S 87 
 
 S;'ot, K.. Pcrfite pinlfonne 
 
 of a Hoppe Garden, 6, 9, 32,68-76 
 Scale's Early Golding Hops 14 
 
 araall Growers 96-99 
 
 1\*.GB 
 Smart, C, The Hop Garden 80-82 
 
 Soils for Hops 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 Southampton, Hops Im- 
 ported at 
 
 
 47 
 
 Stamford 
 
 
 65 
 
 Statutes of the Realm 
 
 58 
 
 -60 
 
 Stratton, Brewing in 1514 
 
 
 67 
 
 Suffolk Hops 
 
 40, 
 
 68 
 
 Sulphuring Hops 
 
 
 27 
 
 Surrey Hops 39, 
 
 43, 
 
 45 
 
 Sussex Hops 39, 
 
 43, 
 
 45 
 
 Tolhurst Hops 
 
 
 10 
 
 Trafalgar Square Demon 
 stration 
 
 53. 
 
 oo 
 
 Tusser's Poems on Hops . . 
 
 77 
 
 -79 
 
 Tutsham Hops 
 
 
 18 
 
 Tying Hops 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 Umbrella Principle o: 
 Stringing Hops 
 
 
 25 
 
 ■^'arietics of Hops ... 9 
 
 -21, 
 
 88 
 
 Waring's Imperial Hops .. 
 
 
 21 
 
 Washing Hops 
 
 
 27 
 
 White's Early Hops 
 
 
 13 
 
 White bine Hops 
 
 
 14 
 
 Wild Hops — See Canterbury 
 Jack's 
 
 
 Williams's Hops 
 
 
 21 
 
 Worcestershire Hops 
 
 39 
 
 43 
 
 Worcestershire Principle o 
 Stringing Hops 
 
 
 25 
 
 Wye, South-Eastern Agri 
 cultural College 
 
 
 oo 
 
 Young,A., Farmers' Calendar 91 
 
 ,92